0~~~~~~~~ * E873 Volume 1 0 Uttaranchal Decentralized Watershed Development Project 0 0 * ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 0 * ~~~~~Watershed Management Directorate * ~~~~~~~Uttaranchal, Dehradun . * ~~~~~~~~~21 Feb, 2004 0 *09 grn CONTENTS CHAPTER-I Pages Introduction Background 4 Objectives 7 Components 8 Methodology 8 Experiences from the past projects 11 CHAPTER-2 Environmental and Social Guidelines Step 1 Sensitization of project staff and villagers on E & S issues 15 Step 2 Selection of sub-projects/activities at revenue village level 16 Step 3 ESA at Water & Watershed Committee of GP level 16 Step 4 Review of GPWDP by DPD/PD 17 Step 5 Implementation, monitoring and learning of GPWDP 18 Flowchart Application of ESG to planning and implementation 20 TABLES & FORMATS Table 1 Environmental & social issues 21 Table 2 Salient features of lesson learned from pest projects 22 Format 1 Screening guidelines on environmental & social aspects 24 Table 3 Mitigation measures and monitoring indicators 25 Format 2 Environmental & social assessment for RVC & Water & Watershed Committee of GP 32 Table 4 Checklist for overall review of GPWDP by DPD & PD 37 Table 5 List of banned pesticides 38 Table 6 List of permissible pesticides 41 Format 3 Linkages among watershed components (cause and effect) 44 * List of abbreviations used GPWDP Gram Panchayat Watershed Development Plan * VP Van Panchayat * WMD Watershed Management Directorate, Dehradun, Uttaranchal. * ESA Environment and Social Assesment * MDT Multi Disciplinary Team * PNGO Partner NGO * FNGO Field NGO VLI Village Level Institutions GP Gram Panchayt RVC Revenue Village Committee (Infonmal body at Revenue Village of suggestive/consultative nature) * UG User Group * SHG Self Help Group * IEC Information, Education and Communication * RVC Proposals Proposals made by RVC at level of revenue village * DPD Deputy Project Director * PD Project Director 0 * 2 000 0( 9t, -le'S - '- - > + VIONI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N 1,Y)fO~~~~~~~t'tld: JNIO ll ( PIP~IINIJ, d*j jP(xrll \~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ' 0 w & * CHAPTER 1 0 S * INTRODUCTION 0 * 1.1 Background 0 The state of Uttaranchal, embodying the Kumaon and Garhwal Himalayas with a * geographical area of about 53,485 sq. km, supports a human population of 84,79,562 persons. The state, also comprising two administrative divisions - Garhwal and the * Kuamon, consists of 13 districts - Dehiradun, Uttarkashi, Chamoli, Dehradun, Pauti * Garhwal, Tehri Garhwal, Rudraprayag, Haridwar (in Garhwal Division), Almora, Pithoragarh, Nainital, Bageshwar, Champawat and Udham Singh Nagar (in Kumaon * Division). It is further divided into 46 tehsils, 73 towns, and 95 development blocks, 6561- Gram Sabhas, and 673 Nyay Panchayats and 15669 inhabited villages. The population * constitutes 0.83% and 21.40% of the total population of Indian Republic and Indian * Himalayan Region (IHR), respectively. Within an altitudinal variation ranging from 200 m to more than 8000 m above ms], the state comprises five lithotectonically and * physiographically distinct subdivisions namely, the Outer Himalaya comprising the Tarai 0 and Bhabhar, Sub-Himalayan belt of the Siwalik, the Lesser Himalaya, the Great Himalaya and the Trans-Himalaya or Tethys. Human habitation is found up to an altitude of 3500 m * asl; however, the zone between 1200 - 2000 m, largely falling in the Lesser Himalaya (1500 - 2500 m asl), is densely populated. The decennial growth rate of the population of * the state for the decade 1991-2001 was 19.20. In this region the human population is 0 continually increasing and the region is experiencing major difficulties in sustaining its growing population on its squeezing environmental resources - land availability, forests and 0 grasslands, water resource, etc. Much of the environmental resource degradation is governed by mountain specificities, viz., inaccessibility, fragility, marginality, diversity (heterogeneity), * niche (natural suitability) and adaptability (human adaptation) apart from the growing M population. They result in limited external linkages and replication of external experiences, slow pace of development, intra-regional imbalances and underutilization of regional * potential. * The total area of the state is distributed in altitude zones as given below: * * .Altiwudinal Zone Percentage of area Below 1000 meter 26.00 * 1000 - 2000 meter 33.00 * 2000 - 3000 meter 13.00 Above 3000 meter 28.00 * Uttaranchal State 100.00 * 0 S * 4 * The total geographical area of the state has been divided into four physiographic zones. S.No. Zones Regions- Area Nlajor crops 1 Zone A Tropical zone: Plains, Paddy, wheat, sugarcane, maize, (Up to 1000 m.) Terai, Siwalik hills, Valleys mango, litchi, pulses, oilseeds, soyabean, etc. 2 Zone B Sub-tropical zone: Largely Paddy, wheat, sugarcane, maize, (1000-1500 m.) un-irnigated area mango, litchi, pulses, oilseeds, soyabean, etc. 3 Zone C Cool temperate zone Paddy, wheat, sugarcane, maize, * (1500-2400 m.) mango, litchi, pulses, oilseeds, soyabean, etc., floriculture, * medicinal and aromatic plants 4 Zone D Sub-alpine, Alpine zone Pastures, rare herbs, pine etc. * _____ (>2400 m.) I_ I * The diverse agro-climate condition of the state gives it a unique advantage as well as a * competitive edge over other states in production of vegetables (off-season vegetables in context of plains) that fetch high value in the market. The challenge before the state is to * identify crops suitable for each zone depending on the climate conditions, soil texture so as * to have a focused approach in development of the agriculture in the state. The soil of Uttaranchal especially in the Terai region is very fertile and supports a large number of * crops. On the other hand the soils of the hilly region are prone to constant erosion due to steep slops making and less fertile. * The economy and livelihood patterns of the people of the state is primarily built around the forests. The State of Forests Reports, 1991 of Ministry of Environment and Forests, * Government of India estimated the forest area of the state as only 44.08% of the total area. Further, a four million livestock population in the state (according to the Livestock Census * of 1993) is dependent on forests for fodder, and the cultivated land is dependent on animal * dung used as compost. The net area sown constitutes as less as 12.6% of the total land and nearly 70% of the operational holdings are owned by marginal farmers. Hardly 20% of the * cultivated land is irrigated and Per Capita land holding is about 0.11 ha. * The population of the state primarily depends on agriculture for livelihood; about 70% of * the population is engaged in agriculture. Out of total reported area, only 14.02% is under cultivation. More than 85.0% of the cultivated land in the State is rainfed. The cropping * intensity is 160.6%. The landholdings are small and scattered. The average land holding is around 0.68 ha (that too is divided into many patches) in the hills and 1.77 ha in the plains. The State supports about 4.75 million livestock population out of which about 21.3 lakh are * cattle, 11.00 lakh are buffaloes, 3.60 lakh are sheep and 10.97 lakh are goats. * As much as 36.5% of the population of the state live under poverty line. Three hill districts, * i.e., Chamoli, Tehri Garhwal and Uttarkashi have more than 45% of their population below poverty line while the other districts have around 30-40% of population below the * poverty line. Another important aspect of poverty distribution is that poverty is more pronounced amongst some disadvantaged groups as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled * Tribes, where 44% of families are below poverty line. Inequalities are also evident in other * parameters of poverty, such as literacy and nutrition levels. For example literacy rate is 84.01% for males and 60.26% for females. In case of urban areas male literacy is 87.21% * against a female literacy rate of 74.78%. it is comparatively lower in the case of rural areas with figures of 82.74% and 55.52% for male and female respectively. Literacy rates in case S * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 S of Scheduled Castes people are even further low with 46% and 20% for male and female * respectively. * About 70% of hills population is engaged in agriculture. There is hardly any other major * source of livelihood deriving from the secondary or tertiary sectors. These sectors are very poorly developed primarily because of inaccessibility and vulnerability of mountain * regions. Although almost 70% of the population is dependent of the primary sectors, the * contribution of this sector of the GDP/NDDP is only 37.5. As a result is does not provide sufficient income levels to the people. This subsistence nature, which leads to low incomes * and instable incomes, which in turn lead to a sizeable out-migration of male members that leads to only women headed families behind, and the role of women in the household * economy becomes more important. Because of the extraction of natural resources by the inhabitants for subsistence living far * beyond their capacity to regenerate, many areas of the state are facing degradation of natural resources. For example, against the requirement of 18 ha of forests land including 5-12 ha of * well-stocked forests, per ha of cultivated land, the ratio of forest to agriculture is only 1.33:1 * and the ratio of well-stocked forests to agricultural land is only 0.84:1. Further, soil erosion from the different land use systems in the watersheds has increased many-fold and land * productivity has been declining. The water retention capacity of the fragile watersheds has reduced and people are now facing acute shortage of water. Grazing intensity is high; each ha supports about 7.99 units of livestock against the appropriate 2 livestock units. The green * fodder requirement has been estimated as 259 lakh mt per annum, but present production is only 52 lakh mt. both from the forests and agriculture. To reverse this order of deterioration of natural resources and support livelihood activities for the inhabitants' watershed management has been taken up as the functional and * planning tool for conservation of natural resources and sustainable development by the Government of Uttaranchal, through its Watershed Management Directorate (WMD). * Uttaranchal Decentralized Watershed Development Project, supported by the World Bank, is one such initiative in this direction. However, considering the fragile bio-physical and socio-economic fabrics of the region, an Environmental and Social Management * Framework (ESMF) with guidelines for mitigation based on experience with previous projects has to be developed to be developed and keeping in mind at all levels - Government (implementers) and local people (practitioners), so that the impacts of the * interventions made for watershed development are environment-friendly, socially acceptable and economically feasible to make them long lasting. Similarly, Monitoring * procedures need to be developed and followed in executing the interventions and monitoring their performance over the long term from an environment and social * perspective the role of local people as stakeholders need to be defined and fixed based on * their skills, and capabilities, and responsibilities. * The ESMF would include the environment and social assessment (ESA) as a tool for decision making to promote environmental and socially sound practices and also deliver * the envisaged project objectives. The laws and acts applicable for the mountain ecosystem * in general, and for Uttaranchal region in particular will also be kept in mind while developing the ESGs. The Project Operations Manual will address (i). Implementation and * monitoring plan for the project, (ii) Administrative structure for implementing the ESGs, (iii). Mechanisms for capacity building and awareness raising among stake-holders, and (iv).Mechanisms for supervision and monitoring to verify the effectiveness of the ESGs * procedures to consider environmental and social concerns of other sub projects. * * 6 1.2 Objectives Uttaranchal Decentralized Watershed Development Project has the following objectives: The main objective of the proposed project is to increase the productivity and income of the rural inhabitants in the projects in the project area through sustainable management of the natural resources. Since agriculture and related activities are the main source of livelihood for the proposed target area, land based activities and livestock will play a significant role in achieving the project objectives. The project will reduce the emphasis on traditional crops and will increase prominence on high value crop and value addition trough grading, packaging, processing and encouraging organic farming. Further, to ensure sustainability of the proposed activities, emphasis will be placed on reducing subsides and ensuring cost sharing by participants for capital investments and also the recurrent costs associated with maintenance of the assets. 7 1.3 Components To realize the above objectives following three components and sub components need to be * incorporated in any of the watershed management project. * 1. Participatory Watershed Development and ManageEment * * Promotion of social mobilization and community driven sustainabole and equitable * decision making * Collectively planned Watershed Treatments * 2. Enhancing Livelihood Opportunities * * Farming Systems Improvement supporting increased employment and productivity * * Value addition and marketing support * * Income Generating Activities for vulnerable groups integrated with watershed development * 3. Institutional Strengthening and promotion of economic/livelihood activities * Capacity building of all tiers of PRIs and local community institutions in exercising rights and responsibilities * * Information, Education and Communication to promote optimization from amongst a different strategies * In order to achieve the above objectives and components, there is a necessity to develop the following guidelines / manuals: * Environmental and Social Management Framework, which includes Guidelines (ESGs)to carryout environment and social assessments, mitigation measures for * identified negative impacts and monitoring indicators for sub projects expected to be promoted under this project; and a * The ESMF would be integrated to the "Project Operation Manual" being developed separately. * 1.4 Methodology The ESMF was developed by the subject specialists of the Institute (GBPIHED) in close a consultation with WMD, Uttaranchal, and officials of World Bank. Apart from these experiences and expertise of the scientists of the Institute, the inputs from past experiences * of the WMD, Govt. of Uttaranchal and line departments of Govt. of Uttaranchal 0 (agriculture, soil conservation, forest, horticulture, animal husbandry, public works, water, social welfare, Panchayat Raj, etc.) were also sought. ESA and ESGs were developed using * matrix, checklist and other tools. * The ESMF procedures were developed primarily through collation/synthesis of secondary data/information; however, some primary information/data were collected to supplement the secondary information/data. The data/information collected from State Departments, * 8 . Universities, Institutions, NGOs, etc., was synthesized so as to delineate micro perspectives of problems and develop/modify strategic formulations. These included: * Tools/techniques/ guidelines/action plans/manuals, etc., developed by the Institute, * earlier, were used while preparing the ESMF e * In addition, regional universities and R & D institutions (VPKAS, Almora and e DARL, Pithoragarh - Agriculture and other farm associated activities; HAPPRC, Srinagar, CIMAP, Garur and Herbal Research Institute, Gopeshwar - medicinal and aromatic plants; CSWRTI, Dehradun - soil and water conservation; WIHG, Dehradun - hazard management; ICFRE, Dehradun - forest management; * Uttaranchal Academy of Administration, Nainital- institutional development; etc.) e were consulted for specific tools/techniques/guidelines of successful case studies. Examples of success stories and failures as well as specific * tools/techniques/guidelines developed by the organizations were studied and if found suitable were integrated in to the ESGs. e * A number of NGOs such as Peoples Science Institute, Dehradun; PRAKRITI, Dehradun, Uttarakhand Seva Nidhi, Almora; CHIRAG, Mukteswar; Central * Himalayan Environment Association (CHEA), Nainital; Kasturba Mahila Uthan Samttee, Kausani; VADHU, Ranikhet; etc., HIMANI, Bhimtal; Kasar Trust, Bageswar; Gramin Evam Krishi Vikas Samittee, Haldwani; Himalayan Study * Circle, Pithoragarh; Dronachal Gramodyog Paryavaran Sansthan, Dwarahat and many others were also consulted. Primary data/information were collected using open ended dialogue questionnaires and also interviewing key informants/stakeholders of the rural communities in the representative a localities. With respect of organizational structure for discussions were held with different stakeholders at different level. . A workshop was organized on December 26, 2003 at the Institute (GBPIHED) where the draft ESMF was discussed threadbare. The workshop was attended by about 60 participants * (Appendix V), including academics from the various universities, scientists and researchers from research institutions, professionals from NGOs, planners and subject specialists from * watershed management directorate and line departments of the Uttaranchal government, * village pradhans (Heads of the Panchayat Raj Institutions at village level), progressive farmers and general public. As many as 20 NGOs from all over the state of Uttaranchal * participated in the workshop. Major feedbacks / recommendations of the workshop are summarised in the following box (Box 1) S S 0 S . * 9 lm Box I: Workshop recommendations 1. Environmental aspects i Best indigenous practices should be for resources management to foster the local skill, generate employment and protect the aesthetic values. ii Potable water should be given the first priority over any other resource development and management. Traditional water sources (Naula) repairs should be using traditional wisdom (mud and stone) and not by using cement, which seal the capillaries of water sources. iii Multipurpose trees (fodder, fuel wood, fibre, fruits & fertilizer - the 5 Fs) should be planted instead of exotic species and inferior species (e.g. Pinus roxburghii, a conifer accused for drying up on water sources in the middle hills). iv Any modem technological interventions (e.g. water lifting pumps, rope way etc.) must be installed only after cost benefit (effectiveness) for the sustainability and environment friendliness of the intervention. v Cash crops, fruit plantations, marketing and other backup support (technical know- how and other aftercare services) are promoted to make these activities sustainable. vi Environment friendly alternative energy sources and/or the energy saving devices should be installed on priority basis to share the labour put in by womenfolk to collect fuel wood. 2. Social aspects i The weaker section and SC/ST groups should be consulted/informed about the project activities and their livelihood opportunities are enhanced and safeguarded. ii As women are the key persons in natural resources conservation and management in the region, their role should be pivotal in planning, decision making, implementation and monitoring iii Usufruct sharing needs to be made clear at the time of inception of the watershed development interventions so that the weaker sections interests are safeguarded. Considering that in the mountain state of Uttaranchal many of the components / sectors in a watershed (e.g., agriculture, forestry, livestock, horticulture, etc,) are interlinked with each other as resources flow from one component to other, ESGs have taken in to consideration such linkages. 10 1.5 Experiences from the past projects A number of watershed management projects have been undertaken in the Himalayan and the Siwalik regions with assistance from World Bank, European Community, etc. These projects have been instrumental in restoration of degraded ecosystem and socio-economic development of the people of Himalayan and Siwalik region. Analysis of the approaches adopted so far reflect remarkable changes in strategic operation so as to make the watershed development activities more productive and sustainable. For example, during the initial stages, sectoral approach was adopted and each line department was carrying out the watershed development activities in isolation without consulting and coordinating with other. In the second stage, in order to mitigate the above problem an umbrella concept was envisaged in consultation with line departments at the time of planning. However, the programmes were executed by the line departments individually. In the third phase in order to make the activities more people oriented, the activities were carried out by Village Development Committees (VDC), an institution created at village level. The VDC was directly handling the money in carrying out the watershed development activities. In the fourth phase, instead of VDC, the Gram Sabha (the grass root level PRI) is envisaged to get organically involved from planning to implantation of the activities. World Bank supported watershed development programme commonly known as lWDP (Hills-II) and EC supported Doon Valley Integrated Watershed Management Project implemented by Watershed Management Directorate (WMD) Uttaranchal for the Uttaranchal state were successful in many ways in enhancing the productivity of natural resources in sustainable manner with the participation of the local people. The performance analysis of these projects reflects their positive contributions in ecosystem restoration and socio-economic development. Through these projects interventions were carried out in various components such as forest, agriculture, horticulture, livestock and animal husbandry, water harvesting, drainage line treatment, rural infrastructure, strengthening of village institutions, etc. Some major learning lessons/experiences those emerged from these projects are summarised in the following Boxes (Box 2). 0 Box 2. Sector wise past experiences from Watershed management projects in * Uttaranchal 0 * * Gram Resources Management Association (RVC s) was formed that build confidence among the villagers and sense of control over their own futures. * * The Revolving fund generated by Self Help Groups (SHGs) is the most powerful vehicle for economic participation and social change at village level, involving * people around common economic interests. Access to credit is an important factor * in the projects village level sustainability. * Villagers themselves are capable of developing effective institutional procedures for * managing Revolving Funds and for protection of common property resources. * * While women proved to be more responsive to project interventions than men. Nevertheless, the weaker sections especially landless and women tend to get * neglected. Hence conscious effort is needed to bring them in the mainstream. . * Careful identification of the 'entry point' activity is essential. 'Entry point' * activities in the initial year of the project are most important for the institutional * building. * Most of the project activities are land based hence at times the landless tend to get * overlooked. Special efforts like improvement programmes for the income * generation need to be introduced for the 'have-nots'. * The dependency syndrome is prevalent due to the past experiences of government * programmes where subsidy component has always been extremely high. The principle of 'reciprocal obligation' introduced by the project developed a sense of local ownership of CPRs and self reliance in the communities. 0 0 * Some other salient features (successes/failures) of past experiences of watershed * development are also summarised in Box. 3. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 12 * Box 3. Some other past experiences from watershed management * Forestry: * * The VDC took the responsibility to protect and manage the plantations. * Almost all plantations are being raised by VDC except those plantations which fall in reserved forest quite far from the villages. * * The village institutions gained confidence, their capacity to manage plantations and sharing usufructs increased by training and exposure visits. * * Bamboo plantation has been particularly beneficial and appreciated by the communities. The state Govt. issued circular to all departments to approach the bamboo nurseries grown by the village people to fulfil their demand. * * Social fencing experiment has met limited success. * Agriculture: * * Cost sharing by farmers in agriculture terrace repair and vegetative field bunds and bio-compost demonstrations were restricted to marginal and poor farmers. * * To ensure environmental safeguards banned pesticides are not part of the project inputs. Use of IPM and bio-pesticides was increased and farners became aware about the restricted use of pesticides. It led to increased awareness on harmful * pesticides; biocides are also cheaper * Significant increase in crop yield was recorded in cropping intensity. * * The crop minikit and demonstration programme recorded significant adaptability. * * As most of the cultivated area is rainfed, the use of chemical fertilizers was not much in use; bio-composting was adopted as a good manuring practice and an * income generating activity. * In IWDP (Hills - II) 189 villages have been selected as bio-villages wherein only bio-fertilizers are used. . Livestock: * * Reduction of unproductive cattle units with improved varieties and adoption of * stall-feeding instead of open grazing have been increasingly accepted. * Artificial inseminations centres and natural breeding programmes have been quite * useful in livestock development and milk production * In disease control programme cattle show, veterinary camps, mass drenching, vaccination and first aid services provided at the farmers door-step boosted * livestock development. * Fodder development and silvipasture development programme went hand-in hand * to cater to the fodder demand of the livestock. * * Vaccination for livestock 0 0 13 Horticulture * The rainfed land unsuitable for agriculture was brought under horticultural land use by cultivation of fruits, vegetable, flowers, and aromatic plants. * Enhancement and strengthening of the technology base particularly up-gradation of the technical knowledge with respect to production, post harvesting techniques and marketing of the produce was effected. * Timely availability of suitable planting material and package of practices helped increase production. * Use of bio-fertilizer and bio-pesticides was encouraged chemical fertilizer/pesticide accompanied with integrated pest management (IPM) programme. Water harvesting: * In Uttaranchal water resources are enough but their proper management is lacking * Water harvesting works were very well received by the village development committees (VDCs). * Gross area under irrigation increased significantly in the project area. * Additional employment to the local labours and marginal groups was generated under this activity. * SC, ST, transhumant and BPL families were benefited by these activities. Drainage line treatment: * Upper catchments of the watershed prone to soil erosion and degradation were treated first and then the lower parts of the watershed were treated to control soil erosion. It was a very successful approach. * In the agricultural area treatment of seasonal streams/gullies were particularly helpful for increasing the area under crop acreage. Rural infrastructure: * Rural paths and link roads are key to the flow of informations, transportation of farm produce, market linkages and access to infrastructure. * Priority was given to link the villages having SC/ST and other weaker and vulnerable groups. * All works were executed by the VDC * Drinking water facility for transhumants. 14 CHAPTER 2 * Environmental and Social Guidelines * The environmental and social guidelines would promote the ability of communities to select a package of sub-projects and activities will not only minimize or mitigate the * negative environmental and social impacts but also enhancing the positive impacts * The environment and social aspects to be considered, implemented and monitored by all * project partners will be done in five stages of the preparation of Gram Panchayat Watershed Development Plan (GPWDP) and the action plans for the transhuman * population. * Stage 1: Sensitization of project staff, villagers (includes settled tribe) and * transhuman population (henceforth referred as transhumant} regarding environment and social issues to be considered in the project 1.1 Imparting training to all village, district, state level project functionaries at * initiation of the project by environmental and social assessment (ESA) cell of WMD. 1.2 Information to village community regarding environmental and social issues by * multidisciplinary team (MDT1/PNGO2/FNGOs) associated in the Project. In the case of transhumant, WMD will be responsible. * 1.3 Training to members of watershed communities and key members of formal and informal village level institutions (VLIs) and transhumant. * The Table 1 (Checklist) and Table 2 (Past Experiences) provide for environment and social issues to be considered in the project. Role and Responsibility for Stage 1 * ESA Cell of WMD: To develop training module for ESA. * * Training Cell of WMD: To arrange training on the subject. * Documentation Cell of WMD: To arrange information, education and communication (IEC) material. * * MDT/PNGOs/FNGOS: To sensitize the villagers and make them aware on environmental and social issues. * * Village Level Institutions (Water & Watershed Committee of GP, RVC * VP, UG, SHG): To accept and assimilate the ES considerations. * MDT to provide in formation regarding ESA safeguards to villagers. Outcome of Stage 1: Village community is aware of ESG and capable of applying ESG to process RVC Proposals. The WMD will perforrn similar role on * the action plan for transhumant. * ' MDT consists of technical experts of WMD on different aspects-and will work closely with the FNGOs in some districts. 2 PNGO will perform the duties of DPD but will have no financial powers. They will be responsible for the entire process and coordinate the project in the remaining districts. * 15 Stage 2:- Selection of sub-projects / activities at Revenue village level with the help of ESG to be included in the RVC Proposals and the action plan for * transhumant. A RVC will be formed in each Revenue village under the chairmanship of elected ward member/Gram Pradhan. RVC will prepare the * village level proposals. Water & Watershed Committee of GP will receive * proposals from RVC s which will be finalised by them. * 2.1 During PRA exercise undertaken by RVC / transhumant many proposals for activities to be undertaken in the village will be put forth. Each of these sub- * projects/ activities will be screened using Format 1 (a) & 1 (b). Any activity/ * sub-project falls in 1 (b) then a limited ESA required to be carried out before being included in RVC Proposals and the action plan for transhumant. * 2.2 Subprojects / activities which are selected after screening using Format 1 (b) * will be subjected to ESA as per Format 2. This exercise (application of Format 2) will result in inclusion of mitigative measures to reduce or eliminate negative * ES impacts of the subprojects/ activities. * * Table 3 will be used as reference for mitigation measures that may be required * for negative impacts. Table 3 provides comprehensive list of subprojects / activities, their possible negative impacts and monitoring indicators. 2.3 Based on the screening and ESA, appropriate subproject / activities are selected and prioritized for inclusion in RVC Proposals and action plan for transhumant. . 2.4 Appropriate subprojects / activities for transhumant communities will also be * considered and screened using Format 1 (a), 1 (b) and 2 for inclusion in the action plan for them. Role and Responsibility for Stage 2 * * MDT/PNGO: Facilitation and guidance regarding ESG as whole and for individual sub-projects / activities. * * FNGO: will assist the MDT/PNGO with special reference to vulnerable * groups like women, SC, ST, BPL, etc. * Executive committee of RVC : To check the Proposals as compliance to ESG. * * MDT to advice on safeguards, on 1PM and Transhumants. * Outcome of Stage 2: RVC Proposals and action plans for transhumant follows the ESMF and conforms to ES Guidelines. * Stage 3:- Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) at the Gram Panchayat (Water 0 & Watershed Committee of GP) level. * 3.1 Water & Watershed Committee of GP prepares integrated plan of all constituent RVC s for carrying out ESA using Format 2 with specific * reference to the inter village spaces and integration within the entire * watershed. * 16 Ah 3.2 The Water & Watershed Committee of GP may make appropriate changes in the RVC Proposals in consultation with RVC representatives. The process of ES screening as per Format I (a), 1 (b) and Format 2 will be applied by Water & Watershed Committee of GP to any new or changed subproject/ activity. Role and Responsibility for Stage 3: i. MDT/PNGOs: Facilitation and guidance regarding ESG as whole and for individual subprojects/ activities. ii. FNGOs: will assist the MDT/PNGO with special reference to vulnerable groups like women, SC, settled tribes, BPL, etc. iii. Watershed Committee of Gram Panchayat: To finalise the Draft Gram Panchayat watershed development Plan ( GPWDP) which may include the proposals of the RVC as decided by the committee . Outcome of Stage 3 - Draft GPWDP follows the ESMF and conforms to ESG Stage 4:- Review of Draft GPWDP and action plan for transhumant through field appraisal by DPD. The DPD and partner NGO (PNGO) may designate authorized person for the appraisal. 4.1 The financial approval to Draft GPWDP of Water & Watershed Committee of GP and action plan for transhumant will be granted after its review by DPD/PD to ensure that it conforms to provisions of ESA using Table 4. If the Draft GPWDP of Water & Watershed Committee of GP and action plan for transhumant is found to non-conform to ES guidelines the Plan will be referred back to Water & Watershed Committee of GP /MDT with observations and suggestions for review. 4.2 When the Draft GPWDP/action plan for transhumant proposal is referred back to Water & Watershed Committee of GP /MDT and the transhumant then they will incorporate the required changes following steps 2 and 3 and resubmit the revised Plan to appropriate authority. 4.3 The field appraisal of Draft GPWDP/action plan for transhumant will be completed within period of 15 days of receipt by DPD office. Role and responsibility for Stage 4: i. DPD/PNGO: Field appraisal of Draft GPWDP/action plan for transhumant. Make observations on Plan regarding compliance to ESG, Technical and Financial issues. Recommend the Plan to Project Director after review by DPD. ii. Project Director: Approval of Transhumant Plan with observations. iii. Gram Panchayat : Convening meeting of Gram Sabha to approve and adopt GPWDP. transhumant approve the action plan. Outcome of Stage 4 - GPWDP/action plan for transhumant approved in compliance with ESG. 17 Stage 5 - Implementation, Monitoring and Learning of GPWDP and action plan for transhumant. 5.0 On receipt of appraised Draft GPWDP the Water & Watershed Committee of GP will convene a meeting of the Gram Sabha which will approve the Draft GPWDP with modification/ suggestion if any and then this adopted Plan will be termed as Gram Panchayat Watershed Development Plan ( GPWDP). 5.1 After the approval and adoption of GPWDP, the Water & Watershed Committee of GP will implement it. For monitoring purpose, last column of Table 3 will be referred. 5.2 The GPWDP will be implemented by the Gram Panchayat. The Gram Panchayat may associate RVC and any other institutions for implementation of activities as per the provision in Procurement Manual. 5.3 The MDT/PNGOs/FNGOs will continuously assist the Water & Watershed Committee of GP and other village level institutions in implementation of the GPWDP. 5.4 The major processes and impacts of activities to be monitored to ensure compliance of ESG are listed in Table 3 (column 4). 5.5 The Water & Watershed Committee of GP may monitor itself or authorize the RVC s to monitor processes and impacts at village level. However the consolidated monitoring and learning (M & L) report will be furnished by Water & Watershed Committee of GP to designated project authority. 5.6 The observations of implementation modalities and the impact of activities on enhancing the productivity and income levels in the watershed treated by the GPWDP as approved by the provisions in step Ill, IV, and V will be learned and the learning will be used to improve the provisions made in Step I and II. 5.7 The WMD will sign an agreement with the transhumant to implement the action plan approved. Make appropriate arrangements to implement the plan during the following year when they migrate to the project area. Role and Responsibility for Stage 5 i. MDT/Unit Office: Provide technical inputs for activities facilitate in record keeping; ensure participation and capacity programs are in conformity with ESG and GPWDP and the action plan for the transhumant. ii. DPD/PNGO: Ensure all reporting requirements from Water & Watershed Committee of GP to Project are facilitated by them. Ensure the implementation of all subprojects / activities in conformity to ESG and technical specifications laid down by the project. Ensure release of funds to Water & Watershed Committee of GP as per the GPWDP schedule. iii. Gram Panchayat: Procurement, implementation, record keeping as per ESG and other manuals of the Project 18 iv. Gram Panchayat, RVC , Van Panchayat, UG, SHG : Participatory monitoring and learning v. FNGO/MDT: Facilitate Water & Watershed Committee of GP and other Village level institutions in participatory M & L. vi. DPD/ PNGO: Internal M & L vii. External Consultant (M & E): Impact evaluation by sample survey viii. Project Director: Supervision of M & L activities in the area and documentation of learning ix. CPD office: Collation of all M & L in project area and outside project area. Documentation of learning Outcome of Stage 5 - Attainment of project objectives in conformity with ESMF and ESGs and learning for improvement in future. 19 Application of ESMF to Planning and Implementation Training of project functionaries in ESG Table 1 & 2 Stage- I Sensitization and training of village commnnitv transhumant and GP in FSG _7 I ~~~~Format 1 (a), Stage -II Application of ESG to proposed suuproujectz 1 (b) & 2 Table 3 Application to ESG to proposed - Stage - III RVC proposals and action plan for Format 1 & 2 r ~~~~transhumants Table 3 Application of ESG to Draft GP WDP L Stage - IV an approval of GPWDP plan by Gram Table 4 Stage -VtPanchayat and action plan by transhumants Implementation of GPWDP/action plan for Stage - V 2 transhumants incorporating ESG monitoring Table 3 _ l ~~~~~~~~and learningI TABLE 1: Environmental and Social Issues 1. Appraisal of the natural resources (land, water, air, vegetation, fauna-biodiversity) on which the sub projects/ activities will depend upon. 2. Probable impacts (positive or negative) of the sub-projects/activities on these resources. 3. Pollution of water, air and soil due to sub-projects/activities. 4. Possible management measures to mitigate the negative impacts. 5. Possible management options to enhance the positive impacts. 6. Probable negative impacts of the sub-projects/activities on any of the vulnerable group - women, SC, ST, transhumant, BPL, etc. 7. Options to incorporate the voice and choice of vulnerable group in planning process. 8. Share in the benefits of the vulnerable families and other's rights (as per the JFM rules) to accrue out of the common property resources. 9. Probability of introduction/promotion of child labour and out migration. 10. Adverse impact on the human and livestock health. 11. Promotion of any conflict among the commnunities. 12. Laws and Acts of Govt. of Uttaranchal and Govt. of India and World Bank safeguards. Agriculture * Selection of crops based on land quality and water availability and agro-climatic conditions. * Use of chemicals fertilizers and pesticides; Organic farming; Organic manure. * Soil and water conservation works, if required depending on the vulnerability to soil erosion. * Benefits for the vulnerable Horticulture * Sizeable amount of land holding for undertaking horticultural activities. * Locally suitable high yielding horticulture crops vis-a-vis exotic species. * Market and economic returns. * Demand for packaging material for the fruits and other products. * Benefits for the vulnerable Forest * Advantages of multipurpose trees/shrubs/edible forest species; Improved fodder grasses; Soil and water conserving species; Exotic and invasive species. * Forests fires and forest fire-lines; Social fencing. * Rights of the people recognised under various laws/rules/regulation Silvi-pasture * High nutritive value fodder trees/grasses; Open grazing; Stall-feeding. Water harvesting * Drinking water availability; Rainwater harvesting/roof top water harvesting. * Checks required on point and non-point water polluting sources. * Land availability Livestock * Livestock size in accordance with fodder availability. * Replacement/reduction of low productive livestock by high productive livestock. * Special preventive measures for diseases of animals and their control. * Mutual transfer of bulls; Insemination centres; Veterinary camps. * Non-toxic concentrate feed. * Special attention for the transhumant Natural hazards mitigation * Watershed areas/components vulnerable for natural hazards (landslides, forest fires, etc.). * Strategy required to develop to combat hazards. Income generating activities * Focus on target groups (women, scheduled caste, scheduled tribe, BPL) Infrastructure development * Ecological condition (such as vulnerability to natural hazards, deforestation, landslides, etc.), availability of land and sharing of benefits in the development/strengthening of connectivity and transport facilities. _ *~~~~~~~~~~~2 TABLE 2 Salient features of lessons learned from past projects namely Doon Valley Project and Siwalik Project Broad Lessons Learned Proposed Action or Suggestion Activities Forestation Where women assumed a predominant role in planning and management Special focus to sensitise the women and ensure there higher of plantations the survival percentage of plantation and equitable sharing participation in decision making and implementation regarding of benefits were higher. Forestry activity. Plantations which were protected by village communities or Van Van Panchayats have traditionally brought about a higher sense of Panchayats (VP) of the villages having grater sense of ownership over the ownership and commitment towards sustainable manage- ment of common lands were more successful. common lands. VPs should be strengthened. Ensure rights of transhumant are promoted Drainage Line Places where vegetative treatment were adopted starting from the source Water & Watershed Committee of GPs plan should consider treatment of erosion in the top of the drainage line the control of soil and rock treatment of drainage line from top to bottom. Vegetative treatment erosion was considerable and stable for longer period. measures are more successful than stone civil works. In places where only agriculture fields prone to erosion were treated with Water & Watershed Committee of GP plan should start treatment stone civil works and simultaneously the upstream was not treated, the from the source of erosion and treat the lower areas subsequently. created structure was not successful in ensuring the safety of agriculture land. Water The institution of User Groups has shown success in management of Focus by Water & Watershed Committee of GP, FNGO, MDT for Harvesting water Guls (minor irrigation channel) and equitable sharing of water formation and strengthening of Water User Groups. Arrangement for resources. land donation if required by those who are not vulnerable. Wherever Technical inputs were strong the quality of Water retaining Strong technical input and constant supervision for design and structures was significantly superior and satisfactory in reference design, construction of water retaining structures. quality and fulfilment of water needs. Farming Introduction and demonstrations of HYVs, cash crops, and other field- Water & Watershed Committee of GPs should ensure that all System based technologies were adopted by large number of farmers when regular innovative techniques of farming systems are introduced with and consistent demonstrations were done on pre- announced field days by guidance and supervision of experts so that ES Guidelines are technical experts. complied. Lack of mnarket linkages for cash crop, High Value Crops led to lower Cash crops should be grown after preparation of a marketing strategy. realisation of prices to farmers. Uncultivated land of absentee landlords when utilised for cultivation of Water & Watershed Committee of GP could take initiative to utilise grasses for fodder resulted in reduction of drudgery of women. lands of absentee landlords for use which benefit community. There should be an agreement with the owner. The ownership of land will remain with the original landlord who is temporarily absent because of seeking livelihood elsewhere. Organic Farming inclusive of Pest management practices are readily Water & Watershed Committee of GP should endeavour to adopt accepted and assimilated by small land holding farmers in hilly areas as Organic Farming system and strive for obtaining Certification of compared to farmers with bigger land holding in Foothill areas. Organic Farming and subsequently benefit from higher prices in 22 Broad Lessons Learned Proposed Action or Suggestion Activities imarket for branded Organic products. Increase in incidence of stall feeding animals results in higher production Water & Watershed Committee of GPs to encourage breeding of such of milk and higher productivity of lands providing fodder/. livestock which is in lactation period of longer duration of months. Incidence of diseases is considerably lower in animals in villages where Water & Watershed Committee of GPs to encourage regular health care activities were undertaken on a regular basis for animals Livestock healthcare camps. Rural Villages which had problem to transport farm produce to nearby motor Improvement of bridle paths should be done with the objective of Infrastructure road and market had faster and safer communication link after improving access to markets and school. improvement of bridle path as link road. The students who could not reach school because of missing culverts and Improvement of bridle paths should be done with the objective of bridges over swift flowing streams could attend school regularly after improving access to markets and school. construction of culverts by village community. Revolving Fund The Revolving Fund of GAREMA is used as a corpus for future Any saving by Water & Watershed Committee of GP from its plan development activities and loan to SHG in the village. expenditure should be ploughed into Revolving Fund to be used in manner similar to GAREMA revolving Fund. SHGs Creation of SHGs considerably helped improve income level of landless, Fornation of SHGs should be enhanced and mechanism created for marginal farmers and women leading to higher social equity. dovetailing with income generating activities. Holistic View The impacts of the land based Watershed Development activities Water & Watershed Committee of GPs should plan to provide of Watershed implemented by GAREMA is considerably higher in those villages that opportunity of economic growth to all socio- economic sections of the approach also have vibrant and confident social Institutions of SHG that has found Gram Sabha. The Water & Watershed Committee of GP Plan should new strength from increase in income. The conflict levels in such villages ensure that opportunities for increase in income levels of owners of are low because the conflicts that rose have been amicably sorted in large private lands, owners of marginal land and the landless are participative meetings. provided in equitable manner in the plan. Tribal and The concern for negative impact on customary practices of Transhumant MDT should ensure that information regarding customary practices Transhumants and other users of common Property resources are not voluntarily brought of Transhumant and other users of common property resources forth by VDC unless specifically asked by Project. proposed to be managed by Gram Sabha is explicitly recorded in Gram Panchayat Plan and provision of ES Guidelines are complied Transhuman have formal rights on reserved forest. Please delete are limt it to only settled tribes. Transhunian Conservation of forests for sustainable utilization of forest resources, Focus on livestock management, animal husbandry, shelter and water fodder, fuel and water, with awareness progranmmes among tribals brought needs encouraging results. It also helped their livestock requirements. 23 * FORMAT 1 (a) - Criteria for exclusion of sub-projects/activity * Screening Guidelines on Environment and Social safeguards Si. Criteria * No I Forests / biodiversity * 1 Activities likely to cause damage to wildlife, or likely to cause damage to a sanctuary by setting fire, injuring wildlife, or involving indiscriminate felling of trees or indiscriminate removal of plant, animal or mineral produce from a sanctuary * II Dams 2 Activity that involves a dam (existing or new) of 10 metres high or more * III Farming System *0 3 Agricultural activities that intend to use banned pesticides, agrochemicals in WHO classes IA, IB and n1 (refer Tables 5 & 6 for list of pesticides) * 4 Activities that involve manufacture or sale, stocking or exhibiting for sale or distribution of any insecticide, pesticide, medicine without a licence _ 5 Activities that totally eliminate indigenous races of food crop * 6 Activities that spread of Vector of diseases of livestock IV Land * 7 Activities that can cause risk of floods and damage to downstream resources * 8 No constructions related to common activities to be taken up on land owned by vulnerable groups. * 9 Activity that have any adverse impact on the indigenous people/ vulnerable families in * terms of displacement or their livelihoods being affected 10 Activity that introduce/promote child labour? * 11 Activity that exclude the vulnerable from the benefits? 12 Activity that involve production, storage and consumption of tobacco, drugs, alcohol, * etc. 13 Activity that cause damage to places of religious importance and historical monuments and cultural property. 0 * FORMAT 1 (b) - Criteria for limited ESA of sub-projects/activity Si. Criteria * No 1 Construction of water impounding structures/ earth work with a height of more than 5 * metre and less than 10 metre. 2 Construction of roads, bridge, civil works etc. that may cause destabilisation of lands. 3 Activity that limit the traditional/legal rights of indigenous people on common property * ______ resources. * 4 Activity that involve on private land causes loss of livelihood. * 24 TABLE 3 Mitigation measures for negative impacts and monitoring indicators Subprojects/activities Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring indicators AGRICULTURE * Loss in soil moisture. * High nutritional value traditional crops * Damage to crops (resistance against 1. High Yielding * Loss in soil fertility (Nitrogen, should not be totally replaced by high diseases, frost, drought etc.) Varieties Carbon, etc.). yielding varieties. * Production of grain, straw and other plant 2. Diversified * Soil and water pollution due to * Rotation of crops and bringing the products Agriculture use of pesticides. cultivated land under leguminous crops * Quality of production (taste, odour, 3. On-Farm * More demand of water for (pea, lentil etc.) will maintain soil colour, perishability etc.) Cultivation irrigation and competing fertility. * Increase/decrease in per unit land (Vegetables, spices demands on surviving/existing * Use of bio-compost, organic mulch economic benefits and condiments) sources which are used for (Green manure) and vernicompost will . Changes in nature of soil (fertility, 4. Terrace Repairs drinking. result in lesser use of pernissible hardness, moisture, colour etc.) 5. Vegetative * Pressure on local forests/ chemical fertilizers and pesticides (see . Quantity of seeds produced Boundary vegetation for fodder for Tables 5 & 6). * Reduction/increase of soil erosion and animals and packaging material. * Promotion of agro-forestry will water runoff . Loss of traditional / indigenous maintain biological fertility of soil. * Increase / decrease in work load on practices of crop cultivation. . Planting of nitrogen fixing species on women . HYVs are labour intensive and the crop field bunds will help maintain * Number of local crop varieties grown and bring more workload on biological fertility of soil. area under them women. * Selection of low water demanding * Increase/ decrease in the use of non- . Marginal groups (landless crops and rain water harvesting; storage chemical applications e.g.,bio-pesticides, farmers/labourers) will less of surface water (of streams, nalla, etc.) mechanical, cultural activities benefit, since they do not have through water storage ponds will help land to bring under HxYVs harvest more water for use in HYV * Due to monoculture chances of cropping. _ _ _r-__ _-_ z 1 . +A __ __ _ 25 Subprojects/activities Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring indicators crop failure due to frost/fog, * Plantation/protection of pest controlling insect/pest and diseases. plants (Marigold, etc.). * Discontinuation of barter * Levelling of crop fields and system and more dependency maintenance of terraces / bunds to on external resources / agents check water runoff and soil loss and, therefore, loss of self- * Plantation of fodder species in the dependency. unculturable wastelands will * Possibility of loss of local supplement fodder. races/cultivars/gene pools/ crop * More participation of males in varieties agricultural activities will reduce work * Conflicts among the load on women. neighbouring farmers due to the * Rotation of crops periodically will shade caste from vegetative restore the soil fertility. field boundary * Use of waste bio-products for packaging * Protected cultivation (use of polyhouse, polypit, polytrench, etc.) will reduce the chances of HYV crop failure. HORTICULTURE * Soil contamination due to use of * Lesser use of permissible chemical * Increase or decrease of production of 1. Fruit Crops chemical fertilizers and fertilizers / pesticides (Tables 5 & 6) will fruits and other plant products 2. Medicinal Plants pesticides and herbicides. reduce chances of soil contamination and * Quality of production (taste, odour, 3. Floriculture * Increase in water consumption, water pollution. colour, perishability etc.) therefore depletion in water * Higher use of bio-fertilizers (bio-compost, * Increase / decrease in economic benefits resources. vermicompost, microbial inoculants, etc.) per unit land * Increase in water pollution due and bio-pesticides will reduce chances of * Damage of crops against diseases, frost, to use of pesticides / fertilizers. soil contamination and water pollution drought, etc. * The marginal landholders will * Selection of crops with high efficiency in * Increase/ decrease in the use of non- less benefit, as they may not water utilization and high yield will chemical applications e.g.,bio-pesticides, have land to bring under reduce pressure on water use. mechanical, cultural activities horticulture. * Rain water harvesting; storage of surface * Possible eruption/increase in water (of streams, nalla, etc.) through 26 Subprojects/activities Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring indicators anti-social practices such as water storage ponds will supplement to drinking due flow of cash after water needs in HYV cropping.. harvest. * Preference in employment (labour) to * Health hazards due to more use marginal groups. of chemical fertilizers & pesticides FORESTRY * Introduction of exotic species. * Selection of high productive native * Area covered under afforestation (ha) * Proliferation / dominance of species over exotic species. * Increase/decrease in fodder / fuelwood 1. Afforestation invasive / exotic species a Plantation of mixed broadleaf species to yield 2. Silvi-pasture * Conflict among uses over supplement fodder. * Decrease/increase in women labour resource sharing * Strengthening of traditional institutions (days) for collection of fuel wood and * Conflict among uses over will help sort out conflict among users. fodder resource sharing * Equal sharing of resources among users * Increase/decrease in number of Oak * Shortage of grazing land during by rules/regulation. seedlings/sapling initial phase. * Provide alternative to meet the needs of * Increase/decrease in forest crown cover/ * Restrict rights of the people the people canopy closure * Increase/decrease in soil moisture * Increase/decrease in forest floor vegetation and litter layer thickness * Reduction/increase in occurrence of fire incidences * Increase/decrease in forest wealth (resin, NTFPs, leaf litter layer, fodder etc.) * Increase/ decrease in the use of non- chemical applications e.g.,bio-pesticides, mechanical, cultural activities. * All receive benefits WATER * More labour/money is required * Soil conservation measures around the * Increase/decrease in water use efficiency HARVESTING to maintain the water structures. structures (bio-engineering measures). for all activities e.g., household * Water logging due to improper * Disposal of waste water away from the consumption, irrigation, drinking, etc. 1. Village Pond drainage. ponds and proper drainage * Increase/decrease in irrigated area 2. Irrigation Channel * Water pollution through a Regular disinfections by chlorination and * Increase/decrease in crop production 27 Subprojects/activities Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring indicators 3. Water supply deposition of waste materiel due use of filters will reduce chances of water * Increase/decrease in water quality through pipelines to public use. borne diseases. (colour, taste, odour) 4. Roof water a Health impacts due to breeding a Fish rearing to consume the mosquito . Decrease/increase in time and distance harvesting of mosquitoes. eggs. per day put in for collection of water 5. Ground water * Disputes over water sharing * Proper designing of the channel of size . Access to water by the marginalized harvesting (Digging (domestic demand vs irrigation and site of channel should be ensured. groups of wells) demand) may arise. * Rules and regulations over sharing and * Alternate livelihood for those vulnerable * Mud formation along the water rational use of water to be framed by the whose land may be affected. distribution points stakeholder communities. * Access to transhumant to meet their * Marginal farmers are deprived * Construction of smaller under ground water requirements. from the benefits as they have tanks will reduce chances of leakage. small holdings. * Use of ferro-cement for repairs of tanks . More chances of water borne will reduce chances of leakage. diseases if the unclean water is * Deep wells may not be dug to reduce consumed without treatment drawing underground water. * Seepage/leakage in roof tops and * Selection of site to dig the well as per the under water tanks. convenience and cooperation of . Drawing underground water may stakeholders to reduce conflicts among lead to shortage of water in other users. adjacent sources. . Compaction of the excavated soil in the . Deposition of excavated soil dug pipelines damages the surrounding * Installation / laying of pipelines deep in vegetation the ground will reduce freezing of water. * Conflicts among the . Skill development among villagers to users/owners of the land where repair / maintain pipelines the well is dug. * Due to freezing of water in winters, water pipes get damaged and water supply gets interrupted. . Difficult on the part of villagers to maintain / repair pipelines. . Loss of land 28 Subprojects/activities Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring indicators LIVESTOCK * Introduction of exotic/alien * Limited area should be brought under * Reporting of animalcoverage species of grasses and fodder exotic species of grass plantation. * Non-occurrence of diseases/ disease crops to meet the demand of * Timely assistance from the Animal Health outbreaks 1. Natural breeding fodder, that dominate the local Department (AHD) or WMID for health * Production of milk, meat enhancement 2. Artificial species. care provisions. * Overall improvement/deterioration in insemination * Hybred animals are more prone * Control feeding of urea-molasses bricks productivity of milk, meat etc. 3. Use of Urea- to diseases. will not result in poisoning. * Quantity of fodder saved/consumed. Molasses blocks * Hybred animals require more * Farmers training and awareness * Enhancement/decrease in fodder 4. Fodder provisions for health care. programmes to check the quality of the production management * Limited breeding facility (a bull urea-molasses brick and poisoning. * Increase/reduction in work load of 5. Veterinary camps can serve only 2 animals in a * Proper packing and storage of treated women week) in case of hybred animals. fodder will not result in poisoning. * Changes in animal type (animal * Hybred animals are more prone * Veterinary camps may be sponsored from composition). to diseases. Central Kit. * Increase/ decrease in the use of drugs * Hybred animals require intensive * Services should be provided by and pesticides care attention. professionals. * Facilities extended to transhumant * Loose/moisturised feeding of * Shelter for animals owned by urea-molasses brick may lead to transhumant. poisoning. * Improper treatment of grasses or straw might lead to food poisoning. * Dependency on professionals in the artificial insemination and other activities and in the absence of professionals quality of service will deteriorate. * Poor quality vaccination may increase the out-break of diseases. 29 Subprojects/activities Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring indicators CONSTRUCTION / * Soil loss during the construction . Treatment of the destabilized sites * Conservation of soil measured by INFRASTRUCTURE of engineering structures and through vegetative measures, jute netting, stabilized erosivity, gullies etc. INDUCED quarrying for stone and other etc. * Reduction/increase in the frequency of DEGRADATION materials . Marginal groups should be given priority slope slippages, debris flow, swollen * Siltation of water bodies in the local employment generation. streams, flash flood in downstream 1. Drainage line downstream during the . Quality of constructions should be * Increase/decrease in water yield in the treatment construction of engineering ensured to reduce the failure and more downstream sources and duration of 2. Soil and water measures. hazards in downstream. water discharge conservation Link . Maintenance of the structures * Proper designing and planning for road 0 road will require additional construction/laying will stabilize the land * Increase/decrease in number of link 3. Storage facilities responsibilities to the and reduce soil erosion/landslips. paths 4. Marketing facilities stakeholders. . Bio-physical measures to rehabilitate * Availability/non-availability in off- * Low quality constructions may disturbed land to check soil erosion. season food products lead to failure and more hazards * Use of land not suitable for other * Increase / decrease Productive land use in downstream productive purposes may be brought for infrastructure * Destabilization of the land and under infrastructure activities. . Inprovement in incomes of vulnerable soil erosion/landslips along the * Preference to marginal groups in groups (child labour) and leisure time. road cuttings. employment engraftation. * Increase /decrease in nutrition and * Siltation of water bodies . Incentive to ideal persons to promote and education levels downstream due to runoff. uphold the culture and strengthening of . Destruction of local flora during local institutions to deal with anti-social road construction and also along activities. the roads. * Construction of the structures may cause some soil erosion. * Deterioration of cultural institutions (such as barter systems, helping attitude etc.) l 30 Subprojects/activities Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring indicators INCOME * Conflict among the users over * Strengthening of village resource * Number of plants of different species GENERATING common resources management institutions to reduce raised ACTIVITIES (IGA) * Chances of excessive harvest of conflicts among the users over common * Increase/decrease in productivity. a particular species / plant parts resources * Increase/decrease in income of 1. NTFPS * Destabilization of stabilized * Prohibited use of species to avoid over beneficiary 2. Decorative items slopes dug to remove soil for exploitation. 0 3. Wood craft plant raising in the nursery * Use of Styrofoam tray to reduce soil loss * Participation of vulnerable groups in 4. Bamboo products * More demand for water for in nursery activities. decision making at the watershed level. 5. Nursery many IGA activities. * Use of water saving techniques / water 6. Mushroom * Risk of food poisoning due to harvesting to meet demand of water in 7. Beekeeping unaware use of over grown / IGA activities. 8. Integrated fish decayed mushroom. * Awareness among the users and proper farming * Chances for economic risk due training will help the users in mushroom 9. Woollen products to death of fishes due to and fish farming activities. diseases. * Processing of wool washing not be done * Water pollution due to directly in water sources. processing of wool for making * Use of masks or nose cover (cloth) during products. wool processing. * Possible occupational health hazards during wool processing. SOCIAL Maintenance of records for: MOBILIZATION / * How many people of the Water & FORMATION OF Watershed Committee of GP (including COMMUNITY Women, SC, ST, transhumant, BPL and GROUPS other vulnerable and weaker sections) attended the meeting. * Number of beneficiaries (including Women, SC, ST, transhumant, BPL and other vulnerable and weaker sections) * Whether every member of the beneficiary group is participating or not? * Increase/decrease in labour demand. 31 FORMAT 2 Environmental and Social Assessment for RVC and Water & Watershed Committee of GP To be filled up by RVC and GP being facilitated by MDT/PNGOs/FNGOs during Step 2 for selecting sub-projects/activities. Put X for negative impacts and 4for positive or no negative impacts. SI. Project Possible environmental impacts Possible social impacts Inter Inter Miti- Justi- No activities activity area gative fication for impact impact measures * decision AABDClFD ElF_K HI I ILJ KNLI_MISNJUW|PIIQ|I S TUZZZ Z Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 911 11 1 I I11 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 2 2 3 3 33 34 35 36 37 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 23 Land Aable land _____ Agriculture 1. Cultivation of _H'YVs, On-farm cultivation (cash crops/ vegetables) 2. Spices and condimients 3. Medicinal plants __ 4. Organic farming 5. Diversified agriculture 6. Terrace repairs - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - --I - - - - 7. Vegetative field __bounidaries H orticulture - - - - - - - - --- - - - - -- - - - - - 8. Horticultural crops-fruits, flowers, aromratic & ______ m edicinal plants ___________________ ___________ 9. H om esteads - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 SI. Project Possible environmental impacts Possible social impacts Inter Inter miti- Justi- No activities activity area gative fication for impact impact measures* decision 10. Essential oils - Geraniumn, Rose, Marigold, Lemon grass, etc. 11. Orchard development 12. Rejuvenation of old orchards __ Non-Arable ___land 13. Forest 14. Strengthening of Van Panchayat 15. Afforestation 16. Bamboo plantation 17. Soil and water conservation works 18. Assisted natural regeneration __Silvi-pasture_____ ____ 19. Plantation of fodder trees/shrubs/gra sses - 20. Fodder I__ development 21. Rotational grazing Water Harvesting- 22. Maintenance of existing water source/structure _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 SI. Project Possible environmental impacts Possible social impacts Inter Inter Miti- Justi- No activities activity area gative fication for ________________ impact impact ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~measures* decision 23. W aterT _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ harvesting Livestock & animal husbandr 24. Breed miprovement 25. Stall feeding _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26. Nutrition managemient 27. Disease control & health, veterinary facilities 28. Stray aninal castration Natural hazards rmtigation 30. Small landslides control 31. Drainage line treatmnent Income generating ___activities 32. NTFPs 33. Seed production and nursery raising 34. Crop processing and preservafion 35. Mushroom cultivation 36. 1 Bee keeping_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 SI. Project Possible environmental impacts Possible social impacts Inter Inter Miti- Justi- No activities activity area gative fication for impact impact measures* decision 37. Knitting and __weaving 38. Fibre production Infrastructure development 39. Storage I__ facilities 40. Transport facilities & connectivity ______ 41. Market linkage ____ _____ 42. Rural credit facilities _ _ _ _ _ _ Transhumant 43. Tenmporary shelter _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 44. Water facility 45. Animial health care 46. Fodder 47. M igratory path _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ * To fill column 36 please refer Table 2. To fill column 34 and 35, refer to Formnat 3 flow chart on linkages among watershed components (cause and effect) 35 ID Environment Impacts ID Social Impacts A Surface Water (Quality/Quantity) P Loss of Species of Medicinal Irnportance - ENV B Ground Water (Quality/Quantity) Q Generation of Solid Waste/ Wastewater - ENV C Siltation of Water Bodies R Require Chemical Fertilizers/Pesticides - ENV D Agricultural Productivity (Grain/Fodder) S Loss of (danger of extinction) to the Local Gene Pool (Plants/Crops) - ENV E Soil Quality T Workload (particularly on women) F Soil Erosion/Gully Formation, U Loss of Nutritious Food G Soil Moisture V Dislocation of People H Instability of Hill Slopes/Landslides Loss of livelihood ._____._ W Loss to SC/ST and Other Marginalized Groups, transhumants. I Air / Noise Pollution Benefits to the vulnerable J Pressure on Surrounding Trees and Vegetation Legal rights of the people protected K Forest Fire X Use of Child Labour ._____ Benefits to the transhumant L Loss of Biodiversity (Flora/Fauna) Y Increase in Insect Pest and Wildlife Attacks M Loss of Aquatic Life Z Unemployment to Local Labour N Invasion of Exotic Species Z1 Damage of Places of Religious/Historical Importance/Monuments 0 Loss of Rare, Threatened & Endangered Species Z2 Increased Social Conflicts (benefit sharing) Z3 Adverse Effect on Human Health Z4 Adverse Effect on Cultural/Ethical/Aesthetic Values 36 Table 4 Checklist for overall review of Draft Gram Panchayat Watershed Development Plan (GPWDP) by DPD and PD 1. Is the GPWDP and the action plan for the transhumant violating laws, acts, regulations of Govt. of UA, Govt. of India and World Bank safe guards in any way? 2. Is the GPWDP and the action plan for the transhumant in conformity with the budget envelop designated for the Gram Panchayat and for the transhumant? 3. Has the GPWDP/action plan for the transhumant taken care of ES concerns and followed the ESA procedures? 4. Have adequate mitigative measures been undertaken for negative impacts? 5. Can some additional measures be considered by Water & Watershed Committee of GP to further reduce or eliminate aforementioned negative impacts? 6. Does the GPWDP/action plan for nomdas create negative impact on any vulnerable group - women, BPL, SC, Tribal and transhumant communities, etc.? 7. Does the GPWDP/action plan for the transhumant provide opportunities to marginal groups in training and capacity building program? 8. Does the GPWDP promote any conflict among the communities residing within the Gram Panchayat and between Gram Panchayats? 9. Does the action plan for the transhumant create conflict with the Forest Department? 10. Does the GPWDP mention operation and maintenance mechanisms for assets developed under the project? 11. Are the provisions for monitoring and learning sufficiently elaborated in the GPWDP/action plan for the transhumant ? 37 * TABLE 5 * List of Banned Pesticides * Aldrin Benzene Hexa Chlonrde (BHC) * Calcium Cyanide Chlordane Copper acetoarbenite Dibromocworopropane (DBCP) * Endrin Ethyl Mercury Chloride * Ethyl parathion Heptachlor * Manzona Methomyl 24% Formulation Nicotine Sulphate Nitrofen * Paraquate dimethyl sulphate Penta Choloro nitrobenzene * Penta cholorophenol (PCP) Phenyl Mercury Acetate (PMA) 0 Sodium Methane Arsonate (MSMA) Tetradifon Toxaphene Phosohamidon 85% SL * Methomyl 12.5% L Aldicarb * Chlorbenzilate Deildrin Ethyl dibromide (EDB) Maleic Hydrazide Trichloro Acetic Acid (TCA) Aluminium phosphamide * Carbofuran 505 WP Captafal 80% * Malathian 25 DP & 50% EC Methoxy ethyl mertcury chloride (MECE) Extremely hazardous (Class Ia) technical grade active ingredients of * pesticides (common name) not permissible in the project Aldicarb Difethialone Parathion-methyl * Brodifacoum Diphacinone Phenylmercury acetate Bromadiolone Disulfoton Phorate Bromethalin Ethoprophos Phosphamidon * Calcium cyanide Flocoumafen Sodium fluroacetate Captafol Fonofos Sulfotep * Chlorethoxyfos Hexzchlorobenzene Tebupirimfos Chlormephos Mercuric chloride Terbufos Chlorophacinone Mevinphos * Difenacoum Parathion . * 38 * Highly hazardous (Class Tb) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides * (common name) not permissible in the project * Acrolein Ethiofencarb Omethoate * Allyl alcohol Famphur Oxamyl Azinphos-ethyl Fenamiphos Oxydemeton-methyl * Azinphos-methyl Flucuthrinate Paris green (C) Blasticidin-S Fluoroacetamide Pentachlorophenol * Butocarboxim Formetanate Pindone * Butoxycarboxim Furathiocarb Pirimiphos-ethyl Cadusafos Heptenophos Propaphos * Calcium arsenate Isazofos Propetamphos Carbofuran Isofenphos Sodium arsenite * Chlorfenvinphos Isoxathion Sodium cyanide * 3-Chloro-1, 2-prppanediol Lead arsenate Strychnine Coumaphos Mecarbam Tefluthrin * Coumatetralyl Mercuric oxide Thallium sulphate Zeta-cypermethrin Methamidophos Thiofanox Demeton-S-methyl Methidathion Thiometon * Dichlorvos Methiocarb Triazophos Dicrotophos Methomyl Vamidothion * Dinoterb Monocrotophos Warfarin Edifenphos Nicotine Zinc phosphide * Moderately hazardous (Class II) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (common name) not permissible in the project Alanycarb Endosulfan Paraquat Anilofos Endothal-sodium Pebulate * Azaconazole Esfenvalerate Permethrin Azocyclotin Ethion Phenthoate * Bendiocarb Etrimfos Phosalone Benfuracarb Fenazaquin Phosmet Bensulide Fenitrithion phoxim * Bifenthrin Fenobucarb Piperophos Bilanafos Fenpropidin Pirimicarb * Bioallethrin Fepropathrin Prallethrin * Bromoxynil Fenthion Profenofos Bromuconazole Fenthin acetate Propiconazole * Bronopol Fentin hydroxide Propoxur Butamifos Fenvalerate Prosulfocarb * Butylamine Fipronil Prothiofos * Carbaryl Fluxofenim Pyraclofos Carbosulfan Formothion Pyrazophos * Cartap Fuberidazole Pyrethrins * * 39 Chloralose Gamma-HCH Pyroquilon Chlordane Guazatine Quinalphos Chlorfenapyr Haloxyfop Quizalofop-p-tefuryl Chlorphonium chloride Heptachlor Rotenone Chlorpyrifos Imazalil Sodium fluoride Clomazone Imidacloprid Sodium hexafluorosilicate Copper sulphate Ihminoctadine Spiroxamine Cuprous oxide loxynil Sulprofos Cyanazine loxynil octanoate Terbumeton Cyanophos Isoprocarb Tetraconazole Cyflutrin Lambda-cyhalothrin Thiacloprid Beta-cyfluthrin Mercurous chloride Thiobencarb Cyhalothrin Metaldehyde Thiocyclam Cypermethrin Metam-sodium Thiodicarb Alpha-cypermethrin Methacrifos Trizamate Cyphenothrin Methasulfocarb Trichlorfon Deltamethrin Methyl isothiocyanate Tricyclazole Diazinon Metolcarb Tridemorph Difenzoquat Metribuzin Vemolate Dimethoate Molinate Xylylcarb Dinobuton Nabam Diquat Naled 40 TABLE 6 List of permissible pesticides Slightly hazardous (Class III) technical grade ingredients of pesticides (common name) permissible under IPM. Acephate Fluchloralin Resmethrin Acetochlor Flufenacet Sethoxydim Acifluorfen Fluoroglycofen Simetryn Alachlor Flurprimidol Sodium Chlorate Allethrin Flusilazole Sulfluramid Ametryn Flutriafol Tebuconazole Amitraz Fomesafen Tebufenpyrad Azamethiphos Furalaxyl Tebuthiuron Bensultap Glufosinate Thiram Bentazone Hexzzinone Tralkoxydim Bromofenoxim Hydramethylnon Triadimefon Butroxydim Ipropenfos Triadimenol Chinomethionat Isoprothiolane Tri-allate Chlormequat (chloride) Isoproturon Triclopyr Chloroacetic acid Isouron Triflumizole Chlorthiamid Malathion Undecan-2-one Copper hydroxide MCPA-thioethyl Uniconazole Copper oxychloride Mecoprop Ziram Cycloate Mecoprop-P Cyhexatin Mefluidide Cymoxanil Mepiquat Cyproconazole Metalaxyl Dazomet Metamitron Desmetryn Metconazole Dicamba Mthylarsonic acid Dichlormid Metolachlor Dichlorobenzene Myclobutanil Dichlorophen 2-Napthyloxyzcetic acid Dichlorprop Nitrapyrin Diclofop Nuarimol Dienochlor Octhilinone Diethyltoluamide N-octylbicycloheptene Difenoconazole dicarboximide Dimepiperate Oxadixyl Demethachlor Paclobutrazol Demethametryn Pendimethalin Demethipin pimaricin Dimethylarsinic acid Pirimiphos-methyl Diniconazole Prochloraz Dinocap Propachlor Diphenamid Propanil Dithianon Propargite Dodine Pyrazoxyfen Empenthrin Pydridaben Esprocarb Pyridaphenthion Etridiazole Pyridate Fenothiocarb Pyrifenox Ferimzone Quinoclamine Fluazifop-p-butyl Quizalofop 41 * Technical grade active ingredients of pesticides unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use (common name) permissible in the project * Aclonifen Acrinathrin Alloxydim Amitrole Ammonium sulfamate Ancymidol * Anthraquinone Asulam Atrazine Azimsulfuron Azoxystrobine Benelaxyl Benazolin Benfluralin Benfuresate Benomyl Benoxacor Bensulfuron-methyl Bifenox Bioresmethrin Biphenyl * Bispyribac Bitertanol Borax Bromacil Bromobutide Bromopropylate Bupirimate Buprofezin Butachlor * Butralin Butylate Captan Carbendazin Carbetamide Chlomethoxyfen * Chloramben Chloransulam methyl Chlorbromuron Chlorfluszuron Chloridazon Chlorimuron Chlorothalonil Chlorotoluron Chlorpropham * Chlorpyrifos methyl Chlorsulfuron Chlorthal-demethyl Chlozolinate Cinmethylin Cinosulfuron * Clofentezine Clomeprop Clopyralid * Cloxyfonac Cryolite [C] Cycloprothrin Cyclosulfamuron Cycloxydi Cyhalofop * Cyromazine Diamuron Dalapon Daminozide Desmedipham Diafenthiuron * Dichlobenil Dichlofluanid Diclomezine * Dicloran Diclosulam Diethofencarb Diflibenzuron Diflufenican Dikegulac * Dimefuron Dimethirimol Dimethomorph Dimethyl phthalate Dinitramine Dipropyl isocinchomerate * Dithiopyr Diuron Dodemorph * Ethalfluralin Ethephon Ethirimol Ethofumesate Etofenprox Famoxadone * Fanarimol Fenbutatin oxide Fenchlorazole Fenclorim Fenfuram Fenhexamid * Fenoxycarb Fenpiclonil Fenpropimorph * Fenuron Fenuron-TCA Ferbam Flamprop Flucarbazone-sodium Flucyclozuron * Flufenoxuron Flumetralin Flumetsulam Fluometuron Flupropanate Flupyrsulfuron Flurenol Fluridone Flurochloridone * Fluroxypyr Fluthiacet Flutolanil tau-Fluvalinate Flopet Fosamine * Fosetyl Gibberellic acid Glyphosate Hexaconazole Hexaflumuron Hexythiazox Hydroprene Hymexazol Imazamethabenzmethyl . * 42 Imazapyr Imazapyr Imazaquin Imazethapyr Imibenconazole Inabenfide Iprodione Iprovalicarb Isoxaben Kasugamycin Lenacil Linuron Maleic hydrazide Manozeb Maneb Mefenacet Mepanipyrim Mepronil Metazachlor Methabenzthiazuron Methoprene Methoxychlor Methyldymron Metiram Metobromuron Metosulam Metoxuron Metsulfuron methyl Monolinuron 2-(1-Naphthyl) acetamide 1-Naphthylacetic acid Napropamide Naptalam Neburon Niclosamide Nicosulfuron Nitrothal-isopropyl Norflurazon Ofurace Oryzalin Oxabetrinil Oxdiazon Oxine-copper Oxycarboxin Oxyfluorfen Penconazole Pencycuron Pentanochlor Phenedipham Phenothrin Phenylphenol Phosphorus acid Phthalide Picloram Piperonyl butoxide Pretilachlor Primisul furon Probenazole Procymidone Prodiamine Prometon Prometryn Propamocarb Propaquizafop Propazin Propham Propineb Propyzamide Pyrazolynate Pyrazosulfuron Pyrimethanil Pyriminobac Pyriproxyfen Pyrithiobac sodium Quinclorac Quinmerac Quinoxyfen Pyrithiobac sodium Quintozene Rimsulfuron Siduron Simazine Spinosad Sulfometuron Sulphur Tebutam Tecnazene Teflubenzuron Temephos Terbacil Terbuthylazine Terbutryn Tetrachlorvinphos Tetradifon Tetramethrin Thiabendazole Thidiazuron Thifensulfuron-methyl Thiophanate-methyl Tiocarbzil Tolclofos-methyl Tolylfluanid Transfluthrin Triasulfuron Tribenuron Trietazine Triflumuron Trifluralin Triflusulfuron-methyl Triforine Triticonazole Validamycin Vinclozolin Zine 43 toE E3 - Li.ages.am*ong wate'r*she .'momp.nents zause an(Peffet)to address wterl ctivlyaPd iner Ia irpact intorLt 2P ' s w Watershed Cause Environmental Social Impacts Comp nents (Natural/Anthropogeni Impacts I Land/Soil 10 |Sloping land, cropfield bunds not Destabilization of Loss to property and lives Land/Soil maintained, frequent ploughing slopes, triggering of I ; ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~landslides, floods + i More workload on womenfolk Water * Lack of water harvesting measures, v and children to collect potable ______________________ mismanagement and waster of water Shortage of water, water watern water bom diseases I pollution, I Forest vegetation / Over exploitation for fodder, M w ol Biodiversity P fuelwood, forest fires Low water retention, More workload on womenfolk to por foes coe,l collect fodder & fuelwood, marginal poor forest cover,, invasion by Weeds groups depending upon MFPs for i F Use of fertilizers, pesticides I___ I__ weeas livelihood suffer Agriculture/Hortic * discounted cultivation of local v I ulture/Farming crops, drought, change in Water pollution, low yield, loss Malnutrition, poverty microclimate of gene pool, low resistance to I I insect pest disease v | Livestock Lack of quality fodder, lack of Malnutritio, p i I l l ~~~~~~~proper heaith care | |Low milk yield, prone to | { + | | ~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~diseases | More workload on l IPastures/Grazing I , , womenfolk to collect | lad * Gaing > carrying capacity | |Soil erosion &water runoff, > odrf,mdistant areas| * + j ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~loss of biodiversit l I I L Human 8 | ~~~~Can' tcope with the change in |rIncrease vulnerability, poery prn diseaedoc asesfo, I ~~environment health problem * oumirtnl 44
Groupe de la Banque mondiale · Environmental Assessment
India - Uttaranchal Decentralized Watershed Development Project : environmental assessment (Vol. 1 of 4) : Environmental and social management framework
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