t:RG: o-rc.£TY , j,gc;LE; ~0VA1Vr:s- A- ,,, EPB: 0TqeThl H Hcc~eAoBaHHH fJo_ 2 COJIEPIAHME HATPMH M XDOPMJIOB B HMThEBOI BOJIE M EE 3DEKTPOHPOBOJIHOCTh 0TqeT o coBe~aHHH Pa6oqeH rpyIIIIJ,J EBPOIIfiliCKOE PEDIOHAJihHOE BHlPO BceMHpHaH opraHH3a~HH 3ApaBooxpaHeHHH KOilEHI'ArEH J'I, ru.r EPB: 0T4BTM H HcCABAOBaHHff 2 COJIEP>KAHME HATPMH M XHOPMJIOD H . HMlbEHOI HOJIE M EE 3DEKTPOUPOBOJIHOCTb OT4eT o cooe~aHHH Pa6oqen rpynnw raara 1 - 5 wan 1978 roAa EBPOnEHCKOE PErHOHAJibHOE BIOPO BcewH~1an oprru1H3a~Hff 3ApaoooxpaHeHHH KOOEHr Ar EI I 1981 BceMHpHaR opraHH3aQHR 3ApaBooxpaHeHHR, 1981 Ha ny6AHKaQHH BceMHpHOH opraHU3aQHH 3ApaBooxpaHeHHR pacnpOCTpaHJUOTCR IlOAOllteHlrn npOTOKOAa NQ 2 BceMHpHOH ICOHBeHUHH 06 oxpaHe aBTOpCKHX npaB. 3aRBAeHHR Ha nepene•mTKY HAR nepeBOA ny6AnKauuA EaponeAcKoro peruoHaAbHOro 610po B03 qac- TH4HO HAU in toto CAeAyeT HanpaBARTb B 3TY OpraHH3aumo no aApecy: Scherfigsvej 8 , DK - 2100 Copenhagen¢, Denmark. PerHOHa.JibHOe 610po OXOTHO YAOBAeTBOpReT TaJCue npOCb6 bl. 0603Ha4eHHR, HCilOAh3yeMble B HaCTOJUD.eM H3AaHHH, H npHBO- ,D;}IMble B He M MaTepuaAbl HU B JCOeM CAyqae He Bblpallta!OT MHeHue Ce KpeTapuaTa BceMHPHOH opraHH3aqm1 3ApaaooxpaHeHHR O IOPHAH- q eCJCOM CTaTyce JCaKOH-AH6o CTpaHbl, TeppHTOpuu, ropOAa HAU paAoHa, HX npaBHTeAbCTB HAU APYrOM opraHe BAa CTH HAR 06 HX rocyAapCTBe HHblX rpaHHl.\aX. YnOMHHaHHe HeKOTOphlX KOMilaHHH HAU IlPOAYKUHH OTAeAbHblX H3rOTOBHTeAeA He 03Ha4aeT, 4TO BceMHpHaR opraHU3aQHR 3Apa- BOOXpaHeHHR OTAaeT HM npeAil04TeHue no cpaBHeHmo C APYrHMH , He ynOMRHYTblMH B TeJCCTe, HAU peKOMeHAyeT HX K HCil0Ab30BaHKIO. Ka!C npaBHAO , naTeHTOBaHHble HaHMe HOBaHHR BblAeAJUOTCR Ha4aAb- HblMH nponHCHbTMH 6yKBaMH . 3TOT AOKAaA OTpaJKaeT KOAAeKTHBHble B3rARAbl yqacTHHKOB ICOH¢epeH QHH "He o6R3aTeAbHO npeACTaBAReT pemeHHR HAH o¢u- uuaAbHYIO IlOAHTHKY BceMHpHOH opraHH3aQHH 3ApaBooxpaHeHHR, 113,ll,AHO B ,ll,AHl1l1 ISBN 978 92 890 2148 7 (печатная версия) ISSN 0250-8729 (печатная версия) CO.IJ.EPJKAHHE flPFJij,JCJIOBHE 1 HATPl1H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Bae.n;ettHe . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 i1CTOQHHKH HaTpHR B ITHTbeBOH Bo.n;e •••••••••••••••••••• 3 EcTeCTBeHHble HCT0QHHKH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 3 3arpR3HeHHe . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . 4 Ilpo~eCCbl npHI'0T0BJieHHJI IlHTbeBOH B0,ll;bl . . . . . . • . . . . 7 YpoBHH HaTpHJI B IlHTbeBOH Bo.n;e •••••• ••••••••••••• •••• 10 Coe.n;HHeHHhle IDT aT hl AMepHKH ... 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MOPHA HaTpHff, HCUOJlb3yeMblH AJlff 6opb6bl C 06.11eAeHeHHeM AOPOr, llpOHHKaeT B BOAY co CTOKa- MH KaK C AOpor, TaK H H3 xpaHHJIHlll COJIH. Ko.11H4eCTBO HOHOB HaTpHff, IlOCTynaro111ero TaKHM nyTeM, BO3pOCJIO B 10-20 pa3 no c paaneHHro c 1945 r. ( 1). TaKoe IlOBbrmeHHe COAepxaHHff XJIOpH- Aa HaTpHff a BOAe oco6eHHO BblpaxeHO BOKpyr KPYilHblX ropOAOB (2,3,4,5). □0Tpe6.11eHHe BOAbl B ropOACKHX yCJIOBHffX npHBOAHT, KaK npaBH.11O, K IlOffBJleHHro AOilOJIHHTeJlbH blX 20-50 Mr/.11 HOHa HaTpHn, B OCHOBHOM 3a C4eT MO4H H MOIDlJIHX cpeACTB. □pOMblmJleHHOCTb ~pyroH BeAy111eH IlpH4HHOH UOBbimeHHOH KOHIJ;eHTpau;HH HaTpHff B IlOBepxHOCTHblX BOAax ffBJlffeTCff BO3pacTa10111ee 3arpn3HeHHe BOAbl npOMbimJleHHbIMH npeADPHffTHffMH. Mff npHMepa HHJKe npHBOAffTCff u;H<l>pbl, xapaKTepH3yIDlJIHe COAepxaHHe HaTpHff B BOAaX PaHHa, HC- IlOJlb3yeMblX AJlff BOAOCHa6xeHHff MHJIJIHOHOB JlroAeH. KaK IIOKa3a- HO Ha PH C . 1, cpeAHffff KOHIJ;eHTpau;Hff HaTpHff 3a IlOCJleAHHH nepHOA 4 PHc. 1 Na+ M/ MOJib / 1 e 5 4 3 2 CpeAHHe KOH[.\eHTpauHH 5-.11eTHHH rrepHOA. Mr / .11 Mr / 1 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 13 14 65 H e7 ea 69 70 71 72 73 T / M 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 11cTOl!HHK: RIZA B peHHCKOH BOAe B paJ:i:oHe ~061-1ua B03pOCJia C 82 Mr/.11 (3,6 MMOJib/.11) a 1963-1967 rr. AO 119 Mr/.11 (5,2 MMOJib /JI) a 1972- 1976 rr. ( 6). B KaHaAe HaTpHH BCTpe•:iaeTCJI rrpe HMyro.eCTBeHHO B BHAe XJIOPHAa HaTpHJI ( CO.ll b H.IIH ra.11.11HT) H cepHOKHCJIOrO HaT- PHJI (cy.11b~aT HaTpHJI) . OcHOBHblMH HCTO'UiHKaMH rrocTyrr.11eHHJI HaTpHR B BOAY JIBJIJllOTCJI ITOA3eMHble 3aJiellCH COJIH B rrpoBHH[.\HJIX CacKalleBaH, A.11b6epTa, HoBaJI filOTJiaHAHJI , 10ro-3arraAHaJ1 qaCTb 0HTapHO H eC TeCTBeHHble COJIJIHble 03epa Ha rore rrpOBHHL\IDI A.11b6ep- Ta H CacKal!eBaH. B KaHaAe B 1974 r . rrpOH3B0ACTBO COJI H 5 COCTaBAffAO npH6AH3HTeAbHO 5,7 MHAAHOHa KOpOTKHX TOHH (7), a npOH3BOACTBO cyAh¢aTa HaTpHff - 0,6 MHAAHOHa KOpOTKHX TOHH (8). B KauaAe CyAb¢aT HaTpHff HCil0Ah3yeTCff rAaBHhlM o6pa30M B npOH3BOACTBe ~eAJUOA03hl H 6yMarH, CTeKAa H CTeKAOBOAOKHa H MMAa. Ou TalC)l(e HCil0Ah3yeTCff B MeHbmHX KOAHQeCTBax B npOH3- BOACTBe nHrMeHTOB H Kpacox' B OCHOBHblX MeTaAAHQeCKHX cnAa- aax, B npOH3BOACTBe MeAHKaMeHTOB H APYrHX npOMbllilAeHHblX XH- MHKaTOB H B KaQeCTBe MHHepaAbHblX A06aBOK K KOpMaM ( 7). XAopHA HaTpHff HCil0Ab3yeTCff B KaQeCTBe Chlpbff B XIDIHQeCKOH npo- MbllllAeHHOCTH AAR npOH3BOACTBa rffApOOKHCH HaTpHff H XAOpa, Kap- 60 aTa HaTpHR, XAopaTa HaTpHff, 6HKap6ouaTa HaTpHff H rHnOXAO- pH1•a HaTpHff. 3uaQHTeAbHble KOAHQeCTBa ero HCil0Ab3yi<>TCff TaK- xe npH o6pa6oTKe IlHID.H, y6oe CKOTa H KOHCepBHpoBaHHH MffCa, a TaKxe a MOAOQHOH, pM6HoH, XAe6oneKapHOH Ha llHBOBapeHHOH npOMMmAeHHOCTH (9). B CeaepHOH AMepHKe OAHHM H3 OCHOBHMX BHAOB HCil0Ab30Ba- HHff XAOpffAa HaTpHff ffBAffeTCff 6opb6a co AbAOM H cueroM Ha AO- porax. AH 3aBHCHT OT norOAHhlX YCAOBHH, HHTeHCHBHOCTH ABHXeHHff H TH- na AOporH . KaK npaBHAO' ua KPYllHble warHCTpaAH H rAaBHhle ropOACKHe AOporH HAeT 60Abme COAH, QeM ua MaAOHCilOAh3yeMMe AOporH. Bo MHOrHX pailouax CoeAHHeHHblX filTaTOB H KauaAM npaKTHKyeTCff coxpaueuHe OQHJlleHHOH MOCTOBOH ua acex 60AbfilHX AOporax. ~auuMe, noAyqeuuMe B 1965-1970 rr. a ropoAax npo- BHH~HH OuTapHO B KauaAe H ceaepo-BOCTOQHOH qaCTH ClllA, llOKa- 3bJBa!OT, QTO exerOAHO ua KaXAYlO YAHQHyi<> MHAlO paCXOAOBaAOCb OT 8,5 AO 55 T COAH, a cpeAHeM OKOAO 20 T. IlOACQHTano, QTO a KauaAe pacXOA COAH AAR 6opb6hl co cueroM H AhAOM B03pOC C 1,6 MAH. TOHH a 1968 r. AO 2,5 MAH. TOHH a 1974 r. B Coe- AHHeHHblX filTaTax paCXOA COAH AAff 6opb6hl C 06AeAeHetrne1,1 AOpor yaeAHQHACff c 0,5 MAH. TOHH a 1947 r. AO 9 MAH. TOHH a . 1970 r. (1). Yc TaHOBAeuo, QTO 25 - 507. uaueceHHOH Ha AOpory COAH npo- HHKaeT B rpyHTOBhle BOAhl. B HHAepAaHAaX B 1965-1970 rr. ua AOporax 6bJAO HCil0Ab30- aauo 110 000-500 000 T COAH (10). KoAHQeCTBO COAH, HCil0Ab- 30BaHHOH B UOCAeAHHe rOAhl ua AOporax ~aHHH, COCTaBAffAO OKOAO 250 000 TB rOA. 3HMOH 1969-1970 rr. npHQHHOH 3arpff3HeHHff KaK rpyHTOBblX, TaK H noaepxHOCTHblX BOA B ~aHHH ffBHACff' KaK IlOAararoT, XAOPHA HaTpHff, KOAHQeCTBO KOTOporo, uaueceuuoe Ha AOPOXHble llOKPhlTHff, co CTaBHAO 200 000 TOHH ( 11 ) . 6 Coo6maeTCJI, 'ITO npHMeHeHHe XJIOPHAa HaTpHJI AJIJI 6opb6bl c 06.11eAeHeHHeM AOPOr npHBOAHT K rH6eJIH AepeBbeB H nOBbllllaeT KOHQeHTpaQHIO HaTpHJI B noqBe 60.11ee qeM B 20 pa3 no cpaBHeHHIO C o6bl'IHOH (12), KaK npaBHJIO' CTO'IH ble BOAbl COAepxaT HaTpHH B KOHQeHTpa- QHJIX no KpaHHeH Mepe Ha 20 Mr/.11 Bbune, 'leM BOAa, HCnOJlb3yeMaJI B TOH xe weCTHOCTH AJIJI BOAOCHa6xeHHJI. KoHQeHTpaQHJI HaTpHJI B BOAe MHOrHX paBHHHHblX peK, HCnOJlb3yeMblX AJIJI BOAOCHa6xeHHJI, B03paCTaeT no Te'leHHIO OT HCTOKa K yCTbJO, KOCBeHHO OTpaxaJJ HaTpHJI BJIHJleT Ha xmrnqeCKHH COCTaB BOAbl B COOTBeTCTBYJOfilHX CHCTeMax B0AOCHa6xeJUIJI. IloablllleHHe KOHQeHTpaQHH HaTpHJI 3a C'leT o6opOTHOH BOAbl Ha6J1IDAaeTCJI B oco6eHHOCTH a nepHOAbl CHH- JICeHHJI ypoBHJI BOAhl B peKe. IlpOMblm.JleHHaJI peQHPKYJIJIQHJI BOAhl, mHpOKO HCnOJlb3yeMaJI KaK cpeACTBO coxpaHeHHJI BOAbl, TaKxe MO- JICeT BeCTH K nOBhlllleHHlO KOHQeHTpaQHH HaTpHJI B BOAe, OAHaKO CTeneHb TaKoro nOBhlllleHHJI 3aBHCHT OT npHMeHJJeMOH TeXHOJIOrHH. IlpoQeCChl npHrOTOBJleHHJI DHTbeBOH BOAhl BallCHblH HCTO'IHHKOM HaTpHJI B nHTbeBOH BOAe JIBJIJIIDTCJI pa3- JIH'IHhle npoQeCChl o6pa60TKH BOAhl• CJOAa OTHOCJITCJI MeTOAbl o6- pa60TKH C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM 60.JlbWHX KOJIH'leCTB HaTpHHCOAepxamHX peaKTHBOB B CHCTeMe npOMbllll.JleHH0-6blTOBOro BOAOCHa6:,eHHJI H 6hlTOBble cnoco6 bJ CMJlr'leHHJI BOAbl HOH006MeHHoro THna. 06pa- 60TKa BOAhl AJIJI HYJICA o6me c TBeHHOro noTpe6.11eHHJI BKJIID'laeT ee CMJlr'leHHe H O'IHCTKy. 3Ha'IHTe.JlbHOe KOJIH'leCTBO HaTpHJI nocTy- naeT B BOAY npH ynoTpe6.11eHHH HaTpOHHOH H3BeCTH AJIJI ycTpaHe- HHJI BblpaxeHHOH 6ecKap6oHaTHOH JICeCTKOCTH. B ApyrHX npoQec- cax o6pa60TKH BOAbl HCnO.IIb3YJOTCJI HeKOTOpble HaTpHHCOAepxamHe peaKTHBbl: <IJTOPHA HaTpHJI (NaF ) H.IIH CH.IIHKO<IJTOPHA HaTpHJI (Na2Si F 6) AJIJI <IJTOpHpOBaHHJI BOAbl; rHAPOOKHCb HaTpHJI ( Na OH) , Kap6oHaT HaTpHJI (Na2C03 ) H 6HKap6oHaT HaTpHJI (NaHC03) A~JI 6opb6hl C KOpp03HeH; rHnOX.IIOPHA HaTpHJI (NaHCl03) AJIJI Ae- 3HH<!JeKQHH H onpeAeJieHHble Koary.11J1HTbl. KoJIH'leCTBO HaTpHJI, nOCTynaromero B BOAY B pe3yJibTaTe ynoTpe6.11eHHJI KallCAOro peaK- THB a B OTAeJibHOCTH , He CTO.Jlb BeJIHKo; JIH'leCTBO MOJICeT 6b1Tb 3Ha'IHTe.JlbHblM. B Ta6.11HQe 1 npHBeAeHbl AaHHble, no.11yqe HHhle a mTaTe Mac- caqyceTC COTPYAHHKaMH MaccaqyceTCKOro yHHBe pCHTeTa Ka.11a6pH C H TyTH.II.II (1977 r.), 7 Ta6.11Hu;a 1. IlOBbUDeHHe COAepxaHHH HaTpHH 3a cqeT o6pa6oTKH ITHTbeBoi BOAhl CoAepxaHHe HaTpHH Ko.11HqeCTBO IlpHpOCT Hace.11e HHMii B Heo6pa6o- B o6pa- A06aa.11eH- (a %) ITYHKT TaHHOH BOAe 6oTaHHOH Horo HaTpHH (a Mr/.11) (B Mr/.11) BOAe (n r4r / .1 ) A 1, 9 21,0 19, 1 1005 E 40 130 90 225 B 7 , 7 48 40,3 523 r 33 87 54 164 .ll 20 38 18 90 E 27 60 33 122 JK 5,7 13 7,3 128 C.11eAyeT o6paTHTb BHHM::IHHe Ha TO, qTO KOHD,eHTpaD,HH HaTpHH a ITpo6ax BOAM Ha BCex yqaCTKax, KpOMe OAHOro, ITpeBhUUa.11a 20 Mr/ .11, T. e. TO KOJIHqeCTBO , KOTOpoe HeKOTOphlMH CITeD,HaJIHCTaMR cqHTaeTCH npeAe.llbHhlM . l1cc.11eAOBaHRH, ITpOBeAeHHble HeAaBHO B HRAep.11aHAaX 11HCTH- TYTOM ITO HCilhlTaHHlO H H3yqeHHlO CHCTeM BOAOCHa6xeHHH COBMeCT- HO C r'OPOACKHMR opraHaMH no D,eHTpa.llli30BaHHOldy BOAOCHa6xeHmo AMCTepAaMa ITHTbeBoii BOAOH, ITOKa3aJIH, qTO KOHD,eHTpaD,HH CBRH- 1.1a B ITHTbeBoii BOAe, 3a6paHHOH R3 PeiiHa, MOJKeT 6MTb CHHJICeHa , ITO KpaiiHeii Mepe, Ha 50% npH H3MeHeHRH pH c 7 , 9 AO 8,9 . KoHD,eHTpaD,HH MeAH MOJICeT 6b1Tb CHHJICeHa Ha 75%. T exHHqe cKH 3TO .11erKO ocy~eCTBHMO Ha npaKTHKe npH qac- THqHOM CldHrqeHHH BOAM ppaHyJIHpOBaHHhlldH CMHrqHTeJIHMH H eAKHM Heo6XOAH!dble AJIH 3TOH 1.1e.11H KanHTaJIOB.IIOJICeHHH OTHO- CHTe.llbHO HeBeJIHKH, a TeXHHqecKaH HaAellCHOCTb 3TO!'O MeTOAa BhlCOKa. TaKOH BHA o6pa6oTKH ITHTbeBOH BOAhl ITOBblCH.11 COAe pJKaHHe HaTpHJI ITpHMepHO Ha 30 Mr/.11. B TO BpeMH, KaK pH ITHTbeBOH BOAhl , He ITOABepraameiicn o6pa60TKe, COCTaB.11HeT 7 , 9, a o6~aH JKe CTKO CTb a n epecqeTe Ha CaCO - 100 Mr', pH BOAbl, ITOABepr- meii c n qa CTHqHoldy CMHrqenmo , piBeH 8,9, a o6~aH llCeCTKOCTb - 45 Mr. IlpHMeHe HHe co.11eii xe.11e3a AJIH KOa!'yJIJIIl;HH H KOppeKD,HH 8 pH TaKxe o6yCAOBJIHBaeT HCilOAb30BaHHe KaAbUHH H rHAPOOKHCH HaTpHH. B IlOCAeAHeM CAyqae rrpH o6pa60TKe peHHCKOH BOAhl MOXHO OXHAaTb yBeAHqeHHH KOHUeHTpauHH HaTpHH IlOPHAKa 12 Mr/A B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ypoBHH 6y¢epHOCTH BOAhl. BblTOBhle cpeACTBa CMHrqeHHH BOAhl TaKxe HBAfilOTCH HCTOqHH- KOM IlOHBAeHHH HaTpHH B BOAe. B C1IIA a KaqecTBe 6blTOBOro CMHrqHTeAH BOAhl o6blqHO HCilOAb3yeTCH CHHTeT11qecKHH 6eAhll ueOAHT HOH03aMem,aiom,ero THila, KOTOphlH IlOBh1I11aeT COAepxaHHe HaTpHH a BOAe noqTH Ha 1 Mr Ha KaxAblH MHAAHrpaMM ycTpaHeH- HOH KaAbUHeBol HAH MarnHeBol xeCTKOCTH (a rrepecqeTe Ha CaCO ). HanpHMep, KaK 6hlAO HeAaBHO ycTaHOBAeHO B OAHOM H3 3 AOMOB B mTaTe MaccaqyceTC, KOHUeHTpauHH HaTpHH B BOAe AO CMHrqeHHH COCTaBAHAa 120 Mr/A npH xeCTKOCTH OKOAO 660 Mr/A. □ocAe CMHrqeHHH BOAhl ee xecTKOCTb coxpaTHAaCb AO 16 Mr/A, HO COAepXaHHe HaTpHH B03p0CAO AO 434 Mr/A. TeopeTHqeCKH npH 3aMem,eHHH KaXAhlX 40 Mr KaAbUHH Ha AHTP KOHUeHTpauHH HaT- PHR B o6pa6oTaHHOH BOAe 6yAeT B03pacTaTb Ha 46 Mr/A. Ha KaXAblH 3aMem,eHHhll HOH KaAbUHH HAH MarHHH A06aBAfilOT ABa HOHa HaTpHH. B Ta6AHUe 2 npeACTaBAeHLI xm.1Hqec1tHe peareHTbl, ITOAyqeH- Hhle B pe3yAbTaTe HOH006MeHHblX peaxuHA Ha KaXAble 20 Mr 3aMe- m,e HHOro KaAbUHH. Ta6AHUa 2. Bem,eCTBa, BblAeAeHHble rrpH 3aMem,eHHH 20 Mr KaAbUHH CHAbHhle KaTHOHhl (Na ) CHAbHble Ka THOHbl (H) CAa6hle KaTHOHhl (H) CHAbHhle aHHOHhl (C l) NaCl B Mr/A + CaC1 2 NaCl CaC1 2 60 160 36 36 100 HCl 20 10 9 CTaTHCTHqeCKHe AaHHhle 06 o6~eM KO.IIHqecTBe 6hlTOBblX cunr- qHTe.11eu, HCllO.llb3yeMhlX B HHAep.11aHAaX, ~eAepaTHBHOH Pecny6.11H- Ke repwaHHH, Be.11brHH H ~paHllHH, IlOAYqeHhl CoBeTOM 3ApaBooxpa- HeHHff ro.11.11aHAHH (13). B Ta6.11HQe 3 npHBeAeH pac qeT KO.IIH- 4eCTBa 6h!TOBhlX CMffr4HTe.11eu Ha ,◊Heu 1973 r. H KO.IIH4eCTBa CMffr4HTe.11eu, BBeAeHHhlX AOllO.IIHHT 0 e.J1bHO B 1973 r. YpoBHH HaTpHn B nHTbeBou BOAe Coe.n,HHeHHhle filTaThl AwepHKH B 1963-1966 rr. no nporpaKKe npo~H.11aKTHKH cepAeqHo-co- cyAHCTLIX 60.11e3HeH OTAe.lleHHff xpOHHqeCKHX 3a60.11eBaHHH H cex- QHH BOAOCHa6xeHHff 0TAe.lla TeXHHqecxoro o6ecneqeHHff rHrHeHhl 0Kpyxa101D;eu cpeAhl (c.11yx6a o6~ecTBeHHoro 3ApaBooxpaHeHHff CmA) 6h1.110 06c.11eAOBaHO 2100 CHCT~M BOAOCHa6neHHff, o6ecneqHBaro~HX OK0.110 50"/o Hace.11eHHff CoeAHHeHHhlX filTaTOB AMepHKH. Kax no- Ka3aHO B Ta6.11Hue 4, COAepxaHHe HOHa HaTpHff npH AaHHOM 06- C.lleAOBaHHH BapbHpoBa.110 OT 0,4 AO 1900 Mr/.11. IlpH6.IIH3HTe.llb- HO B 42% CHCTeM BOAOCHa6xeHHff KOHlleHTpaQHff HOHa HaTpHff B BOAe npeBLona.11a 20 Mr/.11, a B 5% c.11yqaeB - 250 Mr/.11. IlOA06- Hhle xe AaHHhle COAepxaTCff B oTqeTe O XHMHqeCKOM a1-1a.11H3e BOAhl MexmTaTHOH CHCTeMhl qeHTpa.llbHOro BOAOCHa6xeHHff Ha 1975 r. B 630 CHCTewax KOHQeHTpaQHff HOHa HaTpHff BapbHpoBa.11a OT ypoB- Hff HHxe 1 Mr/.11 AO 402 Mr/.11. B 42% c.11yqaeB oua npeBLona.11a 20 Mr/.11, a B 3% c.11yqaeB - 200 wr/.11. HH.n,ep.11aH.n,hl 8 HHAep.11aHAaX KoMHTeT CoBeTa 3ApaBooxpaHeHHff IlOArOTO- BH.11 AOK.IIM O MaKCHMa.llbHO AOilyCTmlOH KOHQeHTpanHH HaTpHff B IlHTbeBOH BOAe (6). C 1949 r. COAepxaHHe HaTpHff B IlHTbeBOU BOAe B HHAep.11aHAaX B ue.110M 3Ha4HTe.llbHO B03poc.110, KaK BHAHO Ha pHC. 2a,6,B. 3TO yBe.11HqeHHe B oco6eHHOCTH xapaKTepHO A.Jiff BOAOCHa6xeHHff H3 IlOBepXHOCTHblX HCTOqHHKOB, HO Taxxe KacaeTCff H rpyHTOBhlX BOA. YpoBeHb HaTpHff B IlHTbeBOH BOAe BapbHpyeT OT 6 AO 143 Mr/.11 (HaqHOHa.llbHhlH HHCTHTYT BOAOCHa6xeHHff, 1976 r. ). 62% IlOCTaB.llffeMOH BOAhl COAepxaT HaTpHff B KOHQeHTpaQHH HHXe 50 Mr/.11, 30"/o - OT 50 AO 100 Mr/.11, a B 7,5% - 60.11ee 100 Mr/.11. 10 ... ... 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Kottl.\eHTpal.\HH HOHa HaTpHH qHCJIO flponeHT (B Mr/JI) npo6 npo6 0- 19,9 1 194 58,2 20- 49,9 391 19,0 50- 99,9 190 9,3 100-249,9 178 8,7 250-399,9 74 3,6 400-499,9 10 0 , 5 500-999,9 14 0,7 1 000 H Bbone 2 o, 1 Bce ro 2 053 100, 1 BeJIHK06pHT3HHH YpoBHH HaTpHH B HCTOqHHKax BOAOCHa6xeHHH 60JibWHX ropo- AOB (HaCeJieHHe 6oJiee 500 000 qeJIOBeK) BeJIHK06pHTaHHH npeA- CTaBJieHbl a BHAe rHCTOrpaMMbl Ha pHC. 3. Hhle 3a IlHTHJieTHHI nepHOA 1969-1973 rr. 3TO - cpeAHHe AaH- HaH60Jiee BblCOKHe ypOBHH HaTpHH a BOAe a AHrJIHH o6HapyxeHhl a HCTOqHHKax npH6- peXHblX rpyHTOBhlX BOA H o6ycJIOBJieHbl HHTpy3Hei MOpCKOI BO,IJ;bl (14). 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HeeAe.n;oBaHH.11 B 3TOM HanpaBAeHHH AOAJKHhl 6hITb npo.n;OAlKeHhl e n;eAbW YTOqHeHH.11 OTHOeHTeAbHOH pOAH HaTpH.11 H APYI'HX ¢aKTO- poB B naToreHe3e runepTeH3HH y HaeeAeHH.11 3ana.n;a; oeo6oe BHHMaHHe eAe,11;yeT y,11;eAHTb B3aHMO,ll;eHeTBIDO 3THX ¢aKTOpOB. 0,11;HaKO, KaK ylKe OTMeqaAOeb , Pa6oqa.11 rpynna He eqHTaeT, qTO npoBe.n;eHHe nepBhlX MeponpH.IITHH no orpaHuqeHHW noTpe6AeHH.II HaTpH.11 e Ae,11;yeT OTKAaAbIBaTb AO nOAHOI'O 3aBepmeHH.11 Beex 3THX HeeAe,11;0BaHHH. Pa6 oqa.11 rpynna peKOMeH.n;oBaAa HanpaBHTb Bee yeHAH.11 Ha Bbipa6oTKy oeHOBaTeAbHOH KOOp,ll;HHHpOBaHHOH nporpaMMbl ueeAe,11;0- BattHA, enoeo6HhIX , HaeKOAbKO 3TO B03MOlKHO , pa3pemHTb Bee BOn- poehl, OTHOe.11IIIHee.11 K 3TOH npo6AeMe. B TO lKe BpeM.11 eAe.n;yeT no Mepe B03MOlKHOeTH no,11;TBep,1I;HTb noAyqeHHhie B ueeAe,11;0BaHH.IIX pe3yAbTaThl . lieeAe.n;oBaHH.11 eAe.n;yeT npOBO,ll;HTb Ha JllOA.IIX, TJIJ,aTeAbHO no- ,11;06paHHhIX TaKHM o6pa30M' qT06bI MOlKHO 6hIAO noAyqHTb penpe3eH- TaTHBHhle pe3yAbTaTbl AA.II pa3AHqHblX rpynn HaeeAeHH.11. AOBaHH.11 B Te B03paeTHhle nepHOAhl' KOI' .n;a oeo6eHHO BhipalKeHa TeH,11;eHD;H.II K I'HnepTeH3HH, ,ll;OAlKHhl eoqeTaTbe.11 e ,ll;OAI'OBpeMeHHhl- MH onpe,11;eAeHH.IIMH noTpe6AeHH.11 HaTpH.11, HaquHa.11 OT pOlK,ll;eHH.11. CAe.n;yeT rrpOH3BO,ll;HTb KOAHqeeTBeHHOe onpe,ll;eAeHHe HaTpH.11 npH Beex ¢opMax ero noeTynAeHH.11 B opraHH3M , 8 3THX HeeAe,11;0Ba- HH.IIX AOAlKeH rrpoBOAHTbe.11 eTpOI'HH KOHTpOAb 3a APYI'HMH " ¢aKTO- paMH pHeKa", HMeWJIJ,HMH OTHOmeHHe K runepTeH3HH. Cnen;HaAbHhle 37 HCCAeAOBaHHH CAeAyeT npoBOAHTh Ha TeX rpynnax JIIOAeH HAH OT- AeAbHbJX A~ax Ha 3anaAe' y KOTOpblX npHBl>ltlHOe noTpe6AeHHe co- AH HHJKe 3 r B AeHb (HJIB , HaCKOAhKO 3TO BO3MOJKHO, npH6AHJKaeT- CH K 3TOMY ypoBHIO), H KOTOp1>1e He OTAHtlaJOTCH reHeTHtleCKH HAH no CBOeMy 06pa3y JKH3HH H T - A · Oco6o JKeAaTeAbHblMH 61>UH 61>1 HCCAeAOBaHHH' npOBOAHMble Ha 6JrH3He~ax C pa3AH11HblM ypOBHeM noTpe6AeHHH COAH. BAHHHHe nporpaMM no COKpa~eHHJO noTpe6AeHHH HaTpHH He- o6XOAHMO T~aTeAbHO o~eHHBaTb. B nporpald?de AOAJKHO 61>1Th npeAyCMOTpeHO npoBeAeHHe KOHTpOAHpyeMMX Ha6JIIOAeHHH 3a HH3KIDI noTpe6AeHHeM COAH npaKTHtleCKH 3AOPOBblMH JIIOAhMH TaM, rAe MeCTHOe MeAH~liHCKOe HAH o6~eCTBeHHOe MHeHHe He nOAHOCTbJO noMeplKHBaeT nporpald?dy, AH60 AAH Toro, 11T061>1 H3YllHTh 3<NJeKT 6oAee JKeCTKOro COKpa~eHHH noTpe6AeHHH COAH, 11eM npeAYCMaTpli- BaeT qacTb TaKOH nporpaMMbJ. HeB3HpaH Ha TPYAHOCTH, B nepBYJO oqepeAh CAeAyeT npo- BOAHTh H3ytleHHe BAHHHHH orpaHHlleHHH noTpe6AeHHH COAH B paH- HeM AeTCKOM BO3pacTe. Heo6XOAHMO H3yt1aTb BAHHHHe COAepxaHHe HaTpHH B BOAe Ha npeAnO11TeHHe HaCeAeHHH ynoTpe6AHTh COAeHyJO n~y H Ha ypoBeHb ee noTpe6AeHHH . ECAH AaAhHeHmHe 3nHAeMHOAOrHtleCKHe HCCAeAOBaHHH OKOHtla- TeAbHO ycTaHOBHT He06XOAHMOCTh pe3KOro CHHJKeHHH o6~ero nOT- pe6AeHHH HaTpHH, TO noTpe6yeTCH, BepOHTHO, CHH3HTh KOH~eHT- pa~HJO HaTpHH B 3HatlHTeAbHOM tlHCAe HCTO'IHHKOB BOAOCHa6JKeHHH, HO CAeAaTb 3TO 6yAeT HeAerKO . rro MHeHHJO Pa6011eH rpynn1>1, Ta- KOH HCXOA AaAhHeHmHX HCCAeAOBaHHH BnOAHe peaAeH. TaKHM o6- pa3OM, peKOMeHAyeTCH 3apaHee Hat1aTb IlOArOTOBKy K yKa3aHHOMy HCXOAY, 'IT061>1 B C.J!yqae, eCAH pe3yAhTaTl>J HCCAeAOBaHHH nOAT- BePAHT BblCKa3aHHOe npeAnOAOJKeHHe , COOTBeTCTBYJO~He MeponpHH- THH MOrAH 61>1 6b1Th npoBeAeHM KaK MOJKHO 61>1CTpee. TaKaH nOA- I'OTOBKa MOrAa 61>1' HanpHMep, BKAJOtlaTb COAeHCTBHe npOBOAHMblM HCCAeAOBaHHHM H pa3pa60TKY MeTOAOB o6eccOAHBaHHH H orpaHHtle- HHH 3arpH3HeHHH BOAbl COeAHHeHHHMH HaTpHH, KopoHapHaH 6oAe3Hh cepA~a, cepAet1HaH HeAOCTaTO'IHOCTh, HHCyAhT , no11e11HaH HeAOCTaTOtlHOCTh H nepeMeJKaJO~aHCH xpOMOTa oco6eHHO qacTO BCTpet1ai0TCH y AJOAeH . CTpaAaJ0~HX rHnepTeH3HeH. Bo3MOJKHO, 'ITO ycTpaHeHHe OAHOH H3 IlpH'IHH rHnepTeH3HH IlO3BOAHT 38 CHH3HTb 3a6oJieBaeMOCTb H CMepTHOCTb OT 3THX 6oJie3HeH, XOTff qeTKHe AOKa3aTeJibCTBa HMeIOTCff TOJlbKO B OTHOmeHHH HHCYJibTa . 3TO JIHmb IlOAqepKHBaeT BalKHOe 3HaqeHHe npo¢HJiaKTHKH rnnepTeH- 3HH. HMeIOTCff npOTHBOpeqHBhle AaHHble O CBR3H MelKAY COAepxa- HHeM HaTpHR B IlHTbeBOH BOAe H CMepTHOCTbIO OT cepAeqHo-cocy- AHCThlX 6oJie3HeH . B 3anHCKe OT AreHTCTBa no oxpaHe OKpyxaIO- meH cpeAhl CilJA , . npeAOCTaBJieHHOH B pacnopRxeHHe Pa6oqe0 rpyn- nw, yKa3 hl BaeTCff Ha o63op (53), B KOTOpOM coo6maeTCff O CBR3H MelKAY BblCOKHM COAepxaHHeM HaTpHR H MRrKOCTbIO noBepXHOCTHhlX BOA - 8 3TOH 3anHCKe BblCKa3h!BaeTCff npeAilOJIOlKeHHe, qTO 3a- m;HTHOe AeHCTBUe xeCTKOH BOAbl MOlKeT Ha caMOM AeJie ffBJiffTbCff He6JiaronpHRTHhlM B03AeHCTBHeM HaTpHR . TaM TaKxe coo6maeTCff, qTo Ha npOTRlKeHHH Tpex JieT, KOrAa B ~aJIJiace (mTaT Texac) HCil0Jlb30BaJiaCb xeCTKaff BOAa C BhlCOKHM COAepxaHHeM HaTpHR, CMepTHOCTb oT · cepAeqHO-COCYAHCTblX 6oJie3HeH yBeJIHqHJiacb BO BCeX KOHTHHreHTax HaCeJieHHff, B TO BpeMR KaK B COCeAHeM ro- POAe' r Ae KaqecTBO BOAbl OCTaBaJIOCb npelKHHM' TaKoro IlOBblllle- HHff He OTMeqeHO. 0AHaKO pa6oTa, npOBOAHMaR B HaCTORmee BpeMR B BeAHK06pHTaHHH , noKa He IlOKa3aJia CTaTHCTHqeCKH 3Ha- qffMYIO CBR3b MelKAY COAepxaHHeM HaTpHR B BOAe H CMepTHOCTbIO OT cepAeqHO-COCYAHCThlX 6 oJie3HeH B OTJIHqHe OT CBR3H ypOBHff CMepTHOCTH OT 3THX 6oJie3HeH C MffrKOCTbIO BOAbl. AHaAH3bl CTaTHCTHKH CMepTHOCTH - a 3TO eAHHCTBeHHO AeTaJibHO pa3pa60- TaHHaff H penpe3eHTaTHBHaff CTaTHCTHKa - He MOrJIH, KaK BilOJI- He oqeBHAHO, BhlffBHTb pa3JIHqHH MelKAY CMepTHOCTbIO, o6yCJIOBJieH- HOH IlOBblmeHHeM TfflKeCTH 6o.Jie3HH ' TaK xe KaK H pa3JIHqHH MelK- AY 3THMH a<t><t>eKTaMH H APYrHMH He3aBHCHMblMH a<t><t>eKTaMH Ha pa3- BHTHe 6o.Jie3HeH cepAQa' A.Jiff KOTOpblX rHnepTeH3Hff ffB J!ffeTCff ¢aK- TOPOM pHCKa. HeAaBHO B BeAHK06pHTaHHH HaqaTO npocneKTHB- HOe HCCJieAOBRHHe , o6~eKTOM KOTOporo ffBJI.HlOTCff MylKqHHhl cpeA- Hero B03pacTa; 3TO HCCJieAOBaHHe AOJilKHO AaTb OTBeT Ha HeKO- TOpbre H3 OTMeqeHHblX Bhlme BOilpOCOB. 06m;He coo6palKeHHR CorJiaCHO onpeAeJieHmo B03, 3AOPOBbe 03HaqaeT He TOJlbKO OTCyTCTBHe 6o.Jie3HH HJIH HeAyra, HOH ¢H3HqecKoe, IlCHXHqecKoe 8 3TOH CBff3H BKyco- Bble CBOHCTBa IlHTb~BOH BOAbl ffB.JIRIOTCff cymecTBeHHblM 3.JieMeHTOM BJIHffHHff HHrPHAHeHTOB BOAhl Ha 3AOPOBbe. BoJiee Toro, noKa- 3aHo, qTo JIHQa, OQeHHBaIOm;He BKyCOBhle CBOHCTBa ynoTpe6.JIReMOH 39 HMH IIHTbeBOH BO,D;bl KaK n.JIOXHe, BblilHBaroT B,D;BOe MeHbme BO,D;bl, HellCe.JIH Te, KOTOpble ou;eHHBalOT HX KaK xopomHe ( 28) . 06m;enpH3HaHO, '-!TO nHTbeBa.fl BO,n;a ,n;O.JIJICHa 6b(Tb 6e3BK}'CHOII ,D;JI.fl 60.JibWHHCTBa ee noTpe6HTeJieii ( 27) . C 3TOH u;eJiblO 6bl.JIO noKa3aHo, '-!TO COJieBOH COCTaB IlHTbeBoii BO,lJ;hl ,lJ;OJIJICeH 6hlTb cxo,n;- HblM C CO,n;epllCaHHeM CO.JIM B CJI10He, K KOTOpOR npHCnOC06JieHbl BKyCOBhle COCO'-IKH nOJIOCTM pTa (54). 03MeHeHM.fl co,n;epllCaHH.fl CO.JIM B C.JIIOHe 3aTpy,n;H.fleT 06HapyJ1CeHHe CO.JIM B BO,n;e no BKycy (55). Cpe,n;Hee co,n;epllCaHMe HaTpH.fl B CJI10He COCTaBJI.fleT B cpe,n;- HeM 300 Mr / JI (13 MMO.Jib/JI) npH pa36poce BeJIH'-IHH OT 78 ,n;o 600 Mr / JI (3,4-26 MMO.Jib/JI) (56). BKycoBa.fl '-IYBCTBHTeJibHOCTb no,n;aepllCeHa 3Ha'-IHTeJibHblM HH,D;H- BH,n;yaJibHblM KO.Jie6aHH.flM' Il03TOMY MaKCH.Ma.JibHO npHe.MJie.MblH ypo- BeHb HapymeHH.fl BKYCOBoro BOCUPH.f!TH.fl CJie,n;yeT ycTaHaB.JIHBaTb, HCXO,D;.fl H3 ,n;aHHb(X He ,D;.JI.fl "cpe,n;Hero npe,n;cTaBHTe.JI.fl" HaCe.JieHH.fl, a HaH60.Jiee '-IYBCTBHTeJibHOro MeHbWHHCTBa ,n;aHHOro HaCeJieHH.fl. □oporoBble KOHD;eHTpau;HH BKyca pa3JIM'-IHblX COJieii HaTpH.fl B ao,n,e □oporOBble KOHll;eHTpau;MH BKyca ( □KB) ,D;Jl.fl HOH a HaTpH.fl 3aBHC.flT OT COOTBeTCTByrom;ero aHHOHa, KaK 3TO IlOKa3aHo B Ta6- .JIHl.l;e 15. Kap6oHaT HaTpH.fl HMeeT HaHMeHbmyro □KB, a rH,n;po- Kap6oHaT HaTpH.fl - HaH60Jibmy10 □KB cpe,n;H COJieH HaTpH.fl, KOTOpble MOryT npHCyTCTBOBaTb B Il11TbeBOH Bo,n;e B om;yTHMblX KO.JIH'-leCTBax. CJie,n;yeT OTMeTHTb , '-!TO Ha pe3yJibTaT onpe,n;eJieHH.fl □KB MO- llCeT BJIH.f!Tb KOHu;eHTpau;tt.fl CO.JieH B ao,n;e, HCnOJib3yeMoii ,D;.JI.fl UOJIOC- KaHH.fl pTa, KOTOpyro o6hl'-IHO '-leTKO He yKa3hlBaroT , a COBMeCTHOe npttcyTCTBHe B UHTbeBoii Bo,n;e pa3JIH'-IHblX COJieii HaTpH.fl, TaKJICe KaK H ,n;pyrHX COJieii, MOJICeT npHBO,D;HTb K aMHTHBHblM H.JIH MaCKH- pyrom;HM 3¢¢eKTaM (59). 3aBUCl1MOCTb opraHOJienTH'-leCKOli ou;eHKH OT KOHu;eHTpau;HH HaTpH.fl ,llJI.fl onpe,n;eJieHH.fl BKyCOBblX CBOHCTB HCUO.Jib30BaJiaCb ,D;HCTHJI- .IIHpOBaHHa.fl BO,n;a, B KOTOpyro ,n;o6aBJI.fl.JIH pa3.JIH'-lf-lble KOJIH'-leCTBa COJieH HaTpH.fl; BO,n;y ou;eHHBaJIH 52 ,n;erycTaTopa no 5-6a.JI.JibHOH mKaJie ( 60) . Ou;eHO'-IHbIMH KPHTepH.flMH BO,D;bl 6 blJIH " xopoma.fl", "6e3BKYCHa.fl", "cJierKa HenpH.flTHa.fl", "HenpH.flTHa.fl" H "n.JIOXa.fl". 3THM KpHTepH.flM COOTBeTCTBOBa.JIH CJie,n;yrom;He 3Ha'-leHHJI BKycoaoii mKaJiw: 0,00, 0,74 , 1,41, ~,07 H 2,87. 4 0 Ta6 .1nn-1a 15. IloporoBLie Ko1u:i;eHTpa1-1HH BKyca B ao.n;e HeKOTOphlX CO.JieH HaTpHJI (57, 58) BIIl< Cpe,n;HRR BilR ,n;JIR HOHOB BH,n; CO.JIH HaTpHR (a Mr/JI) B Mr/JI B MMO.Jib/.JI Rap6oHaT HaTpHR 30- 80 21 0,9 X.JIOpH,n; HaTpHJI 320- 350 152 6,7 HHTpaT HaTpHR 700 189 8,2 Cy.Jibc!JaT HaTpHR 370-1000 220 9,6 r11.n;poKap60HaT HaTpHR 1 100 422 18,3 Peay.JibTaTbl HCC.Jie,n;oBaHHH ,.ll;.JIJI X.JIOpH,n;a HaTpHR H rH,n;po- Kap6oHaTa HaTpHR, KaK BH,.ll;HO H3 pHC. 4, noKa3hlBaroT, 4TO on- THMa.JibHhle BKyCOBhle Ka4eCTBa ,.ll;.JIJI NaHC0 3 HBXO,.ll;JITCH Ha ypOBHe HHJKe 1 '5 MMO.Jib/ JI . BKyC 3THX CO.JieH 6bl.Jl ou_eHeH .n;erycTaTO- paMH B cpe,n;ueM KaK "uenp!'111THbl H 11 npH KOHU.eHTpau_uH NaCl B ,.ll;HCTH.Jl.JIHpoaaHHOH ao.n;e 465 Mr / JI ( 184 !ff Na Ha 1 JI) H npH KOHll_eHTpau.HH NaHC03 - 630 Mr/ JI ( 2 30 Mr 'la Ha 1 JI) . Bo.Jiee Toro, 3aBHCHMOCTb opraHO.JiellTH4eCKOH ou_eHKH OT KOHll_eHTpau_HH CO.JIH coaepmeHHO pa3.JIH4Ha ,.ll;.JI JI pa3.JIH4HblX CO.JieH . YKaaaHHJI 110 n1rHeHH4eC KOMY HOPMHpoBaHHIO CO,.!Jiep)t(aHHJI HaTpHH B nHTbeaoi BOAe A.JI.ff npeA ynpe)t(,n;eHHJI yxyAmeHHJI BKyca ao,n;L1 11Me10TCJI ,n;aHHble ' 4TO c pe,n;Hee co.n;ep)t(aHHe HaTpH.11 B C.JllOHe ,.ll;OCTHraeT 300 Mr/JI, O,.ll;H8KO IlOKa3aHO, 4TO B ao.n;e noporoaa.11 KOHII;eHTpau_HJI BKyca HaTpH.11 ,.ll;.JIJI TaKHX CO.JieH, KaK X.JIOpH,n; HaT- pu.11 H cy.Jibc!JaT t1aTp1rn, COC TaB.JIJleT 130-140 Mr/JI. C .n;pyroi CTOpOHbl , npe,n;cTaB.JIJleT C JI, 4TO MHHHMa.JibHOe KO.JIH'-leCTBO HaTpH.11, H eo6xo,n;HMOe ,.ll;JIH Toro, 4T06hl Bo,n;a He 6w.Jia 6e3BKYCHOH, coc- TaB.JIReT 11pH6.JIH3HTe.JibHO 35 Mr /JI . 113 BKyCOBblX coo6pa)t( e HHH )t(e.JiaTe.JibHO , 4T06bl 11HTbeBaR B0 - .n;a co.n;ep)t(a.Jia MHHHMa.JibHble KOHll_eHTpau_HH CO.JieH ( BK.Jil04aR CO.JIU HaTpHR), HO co.n;ep)t(aHHe HaTpHR ,.ll;O.Jl)t(HO 6b1Tb HHJKe ypoBHJI 1 84-230 Mr / JI. TaKoe orpaHH4eHHe npe,n;cTaB.JIReTCR u_e.Jiecoo6- pa3HbIM B C BH3H C TeM, 4TO npH KOHII;eHTpaII;HH HaTpH.11 B BO,n;e B 41 PHc. 4. 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MeTOA IL/IaMeHHOH ¢OTOMeTpHH MOXeT HCilOAh3OBaTbCH npH Tpe6yeMOM npeAeAe qyBCTBHTeAbHOCTH (63), a rpaBHMeTpHqeCKHH MOXHO npHMeHHTh TOAbKO npH 6oAee BLICOKHX KOHUeHTpanHHX. 50 ~pyrHMH MeTOAaMH HBAHIOTCH: 3) aTOMHaH a6cop6UHOHHaH cneKTOpo¢OTOMeTpHH, KOTOpaH OTBeqaeT Tpe6oBaHHJD4 npeAeAa qyBCTBHTeAbHOCTH u Toq- HOCTH, HO He HBAHeTCH CTOAh qyBCTBHTeAbHOH, KaK IlAa- MeHHaH ¢0TOMeTpHH; 4) HCilOAb3OBaHHe HOHOCe~eKTHBHhlX 3AeKTPOAOB. He- ,ll;OCTaTKOM 3TOro MeTOAa HBAHeTCH ero qyBCTBHTeAbHOCTb K HHTep¢epeHUHH . OH OTBeqaeT Tpe6oBaHHJD4 npeAeAa qyBCTBHTeAbHOCTH. 3TOT MeTOA HBAHeTCH oco6eHHO npH- rOAHLW npu IlOCTOHHHOM onpeAeAeHHH COAepxaHHH HaTpHH B He3arpH3HeHHOH BOAe H MOXeT 6hlTh HCilOAb3OBaH AAH KOHT- pOAH IlOCAe o6pa6oTKH BOAhl COeAHHeHHHMH HaTpHH. .JillTEPATYPA 1. US Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental impact of highway de-icing storm and combined sewer technology. Branch, Edison Water Quality Research Laboratory (11040 GKK06/71), 1971. 2. American Public Works Association. Water pollution aspects of urban runoff. Final report on the causes and remedies of water pollution from surface drainage of urban areas . Research Project No. 120 conducted for the Federal Water Quality Administration, US Department of the Interior, 1969. 3. Hanes, R.E. et al. Effects of de-icing ·salts on water quality and biota: literature review and recommended research. National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 91, Highway Research Board; National Research Council; National Academy of Sciences-National Academy of Engineering, Washington DC, 1970. 4 . Hutchinson, F.E. The effect of highway salt on water quality in selected Maine rivers. In: Proceedings Street Salting-Urban Water Quality Workshop, State University of New York; College of Environmental Science and Forestry at Syracuse, 1971, pp. 20-33 . 5. Bubeck, R.C. et al. Runoff of de-icing salt: effect on Irondequoit Bay, Rochester, New York. Science, 172: 1128-1131 (1971). 6 . Interim Report on the maximum permissible concentration of sodium in drinking water. Issued by a committee of the Health Council, Rijswijk, Netherlands (1978). 7. Killin, A.F. Salt. In: Canadian minerals yearbook. Ottawa, Mineral Resources Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, 1974. 8. Nutriton Canada. Canadian food consumption patterns report (1976). 9. Effects of alkali halides in the Canadian environment . Ottawa, Ontario, National Research Council of Canada. Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environ- mental Quality, 1977. 10. Effect van wegenzout op het zontgehalte van Bodem vocht Grondwater en oppervlaktewater: Werkgroep Stichting re- latie gladheidsbestrijding zoutbalans . Delft, Nether- lands, Milieubeheer, IG.-TNO, 1977. 11. Vintervedligeholdelse, Stade og udviklingsmuligheder. Vejdirektoratet Vejregelsekretariatet. Dansk Vejtids- skrift (1977). 12. Hvass, N. Saltet og vejtraeerne. Horticultura, Q (1968). 51 13. Advies inzake Centrale waterontharding. 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Bristol, Wright, 1975, p . 145. 57. Whipple, G. C. The value of pure water . New York, Wiley,1907 58 . Lockhart, E. E. et al. Food Research, 20 : 598 (1955) . 59 . Meiselman, H. L. Cereal Foods World, 21(2): 52 (1976) . 60 . Zoeteman, B.C.J. et al. Taste assessment of individual salts in water; chemical senses and flavour (in press). 61. Birkenhager, W. H. Personal communication . 62 . US Public Health Association. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 14th ed., Washing- ton, 1976. 63. Toft, P. Personal communication. 53 XJIOPH,W,l CoAepxaHHe XAOPHAOB B BOAe KOXeT CAYXHTb noKa3aTeAeK ee 3arpR3HeHHOCTH. EcJlll COAepxaHHe XAOPHAOB B ITOBepXHOCT- HhlX HAH IlOA3eMHhlX BOAaX B AaHHOK KeCTe Bblllle, qeK B APYrHX HCT04HHKaX B OKpeCTHOCTH, TO CAeAyeT paccKOTpeTb B03KOXHOCTb ee 3arpR3HeHHR. IlpaKTH4eCKH HeB03KOXHO YAaAHTb XAOPHAhl KaK H3 ecTeCT- BeHHblX HCTOqHHKOB, TaK H H3 3arpR3HeHHblX BOA. 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JllfI'EPATYPA 1. Effects of alkali halides in the Canadian environment. Ottawa, Ontario, National Research Council of Canada, Associate Committee on Sc ientific Criteria for Environ- mental Quality, 1977. 2. Boyd, B.W. Salt. In: Canadian minerals yearbook . Ottawa, Mineral Resources Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, 1975. 63 3. Nutrient and toxic substances in water for livestock and poultry. Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences, 1974 . 4. Murray , D.M. & Ennst, V.F.W. An economic analysis of the environmental impact of highway de-icing salts . NJIS PB253, May 1976. 5 . Pollock, J.J. & Toler, L.G. Effects of highway de-icing salts on groundwater and water supplies in Massachu- setts . Boston, Mass., USGS, 1972. 6 . Terry, R.C. Road salt, drinking water and safety . Cam- bridge, Mass., Ballinger, 1974. 7 . Hutchinson, F. E. Effects of highway salting on the concentration of sodium-chloride in private water supplies. Res.Life Sci ., Autumn, 15 (1969) 8. Ralston, J.G. De-icing salts as a source of water pollu- tion. Toronto, Ont ., Ministry of the Environment, 1971. 9. Little, A. D. Inorganic chemical pollution of fresh-water . United States Environmental Protection Agency, 18010, 1971 . 10 . Pettyjohn, W.A. Ohio J . Sci. , .z.l: 257 (1971). 11 . Pettyjohn, W.A. Water quality in a stressed environ- ment, Minnesota, Burgess Publishing Co., 1972. 12 . Bond, R.G. & Straub, C.P. Handbook of environmental control. Chemical Rubber Co., 1973, Vol. 3. 13 . Schneider , W.J., USGS Circular 601-f, Fl (1970). 14 . Grohmann, A. Personal communication . 15 . Elzenga , C.H .J. & Brinkmann, F.J.J. Background paper on chloride prepared for the WHO Working Group on Sodium Chlorides and Conductivity in Drinking-Water, 1978. 16 . Antwerpse Waterwerken NV. Annual report 1976. 17 . Dansk Vandteknisk Forenings Sekretariat. Vandforsyn- ingstatistik 1974-1975. Oversigt over i ndretning og drift af vandvaerker . Viby, Denmark. 18. Osterreichische Vereinigung fur das Gas - und Wasserfach. Betriebsergebnisse der Wasserwerke Osterreichs 1976. Vienna, 1977. 19. Schweizerische Verein von Gas- und Wasserfachmannern. Wasserversorgung in der Schweiz . Statistische Erhebungen fur das Betriebsjahr 1975 . Zurich, 1976. 20 . Durfor , C. N. & Becker, E. Public water supplies of the 100 lar gest cities in the United States, 1962 . Was hing- ton, Government Printing Office, 1964 (Geological Sur- vey Water Supply Paper 1812) . 21. Taylor , F . B. Trace elements and compo unds in waters. J . Amer . Wat. Wks Ass ., 728 (1971) . 64 22 . Information by courtesy of the Department of the Environ- ment, Province of Saskatchewan , Canada. 23. Rand Water Board. Annual report 1977 . Johannesburg, South Africa, 1977. 24. US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The toxic substances list, 1974 ed. Rockville, Maryland, 1974. 25. Milhlendahl, K. E.V . & Lennart, T. Dtsch. med. Wschr., 101(9): 335-336 (1976). 26. Gleason, Gosselin & Hodge Smith . Clinical toxicology of commercial products, 3rd ed . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins . 27 . Althaus, H. & Jung, K.D. Wirkungskonzentration gesund- heitsschadigender toxischer Stoffe in Wassur filr niedere Wasserorganismen sowie kalt- und warmbliltige Wirbeltiere einschliesslich des Menschen bei oraler Aufnahme des Wassers oder Kontakt mit dem Wasser. Gelsenkirchen , Hygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebietes, 1971. 28 . Whipple, G. C. The value of pure water. New York, Wiley, 1907 . 29. Lockhardt, E. E. e t al. Food research, 20: 598 (1955). 30. Zoeteman , B.C.J. Sensory assessment and c hemical com- position of drinking water. Thesis, University of Utrecht (obtainable from National Institute for Water Supply , P.O . Box 150, 2260 AD Leidschendam, Netherlands), 1978. 31. US Public Health Association . Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 14th ed . 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B COBpeMeHHOM o6opyAOBa- HHH, qT06hl H36exaTb TaKoro POAa CAOXHOCTeH, HCUOAb3YWT one- pan;HOHHhle yCHAHTeAH, KOTOphle oco6eHHO YA06Hhl AAH H3MepeHHH AH<!Xl>epeHn;HaAbHOH 3AeKTponpOBOAHOCTH. 0co6o BMAeAHWTCH 6ec- KOHTaKTHhle, BblCOKoqaCTOTHhle cxeMM, npHMe1nnn1e K BOAe C 60- Aee BhlCOKHMH ypOBHHMH 3AeKTponpOBOAHOCTH. ,llirH UOAyqeHHH TOqHbIX BeAHqHH 3AeKTponpoBOAHOCTH CAeAyeT HMeTb B BHAY, qTO oua 3HaqHTeAbHO BapbHpyeT B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TeMnepaTypM BOAhl. CAeAOBaTeAbHO, B 3AeKTpHqecKOH cxeMe AOAXHhl 6b1Tb npeAyCMOT- peHhl TepMOpe3HCTOphl. IlpaBHAbHaH KOMlleHcan;HH TeMnepaTyp- HblX pa3AHqHH B03Moxua TOAbKO llPH ycAOBHH, qTO H3MepHTeAbHblH 3AeMeHT C BOAOH HCUOAb3yeTCH B KaqecTBe 3AeKTPOAa cpaBHeHHH, COAepx~ero BemeCTBa B onpeAeAeHHblX KOHD;eHTpan;HHX HAH xe B TOT <!>aKT, llTO reoMeTpHH 3AeMeHTa llOCTOHHHO H3MeHHeTCH, o6ycAOBAHBaeT ueo6- XOAHMOCTb peryAHPHO llpOBOAHTb KaAH6pOBKY npH UOMOfilH paCTBO- poB CTaHAapTHOH 3AeKTp0npOBOAHOCTH pa3AHqHblX KOHD;eHTpan;HH (6). 3TOT MeTOA onpeAeAeHHH 3AeKTponpoBOAHOCTH oqeHb YA06eu AAH UOCTOHHHOro H3MepeHHH, AaeT xopomo BOCllpOH3BOAHMble pe- 3YAbTaTM H Tpe6yeT oqeub ue60AbWHX KaUHTaAOBAOXeHHH. 75 JJlfl'EPATYPA 1. Rossum, J.R . Checking the accuracy of water analyses through the use of conductivity . J. Amer. Wat. Wks Ass . , ~: 204-206 (1975). 2. Singh, T. & Kalra, Y. P. Specific conductance methods for in situ estimation of total dissolved solids. J. Amer. Wat Wks Ass.,~: 99-100 (1975). 3. Maier, D. & Grohmann, A. Z. Wasser- Abw. Forschung , 10 : 9-12 (1977). 4. Hern, J . D. Study and interpretation of chemical charac- teristics of natural water. Washington, US Government Printing Office, 1970. 5 . Rijkema, P.E. Water quality criteria for agricultural water-use. Wageningen , Netherlands, Institute for Land and Water Management Research, 1975. 6. Lind, J.E. et al. J. Amer . chem. Soc . , 55: 1780 (1959) . 76 BLIB0)ll,l H PER0MEH,llAUIDI 1. HaTp1-di B IlHTbeBOH BO,n;e MOJICeT IlOJIBJUITbCJI ecTeCTBeHHblM nyTeM HJIH B pe3yJibTaTe qeJIOBeqecKOH ,n;e.11TeJibHOCTH. 06m_a.11 TeH,n;eHIJ;HJI K IlOBblDleHmo y poBHJI HaTpH.11 B IlHTbeBOH Bo,n;e OTMeqa- eTCJI BO MHOrwc CTpaHax. 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Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) · Publications
Содержание натрия и хлоридов в питьевой воде и ее электропроводность: отчет о совещании Рабочей группы, Гаага, 1–5 мая 1978 года
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