– Nina Rehn Robin Room Griffith Edwards 2001 - 12 , , - ) ...................................................................................... 1 – .................................................................. 7 – ....... 7 ...................... 11 .............. 14 .............................. 17 ......... 25 ...... 25 ........................................ 33 ................................................................... 43 .................................................................... 44 ........................................................................ 46 ..................................................................... 49 ............................................... 50 .................................................................... 52 .............................................. 55 .................................................................................... 55 ...................... 56 ........................................... 58 ......................................................... 63 .................................... 67 ....................................................................... 75 ...................................................................................... 79 ............................................................ 82 ............................................................. 84 ........................................ 86 ................................................................. 89 ......................... 91 ........................................ 94 .......................... 103 .................................... 103 ....................... 104 .......................... 106 ............................................................. 106 ............................................................ 107 ........................................................ 107 .................................................................................... 108 ............................. 109 ............................. 110 .......................................................................... 110 ..................................................................................... 111 ..................................................................... 115 ................... 115 ....... 117 ...................................................................... 118 ............................................ 119 .......................................... 124 ......................................................................... 125 - ..... 135 . ............................. 137 ...................................................................... 141
- 1998 - - 12 – , , - . 2 – - - (1). (2). 3 –2005 - - “Alcohol in Europe – a health perspective” (3) - - 4 – • - • - • • • 5 • 1. -21: 2. KLINGEMANN, H. Alcohol and its social consequences – the forgotten dimension. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2000 –21 3. HARKIN, A.M. ET AL. Alcohol in Europe – a health perspective. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1995 UR/ICP/ALDT94 03/CN01)
– – - - “World Drink Trends 1999” (1) !"#$#$$% 8 – & (2) 20 - – – – 9 - - a 9,2 +0,7 0,9 (1997) 7,7 (1997) 8,9 6,8 10,2 9,5 +1,9 2,4 +6,0 7,1 +2,0 10,8 +0,9 10,6 9,1 +1,5 9,4 +10,1 4,3 +0,89 10,8 0,9 (1997) 7,7 +0,4 1,9 (1993) 7,1 +14,2 12,0 (1993) +6,5 13,3 5,1 8,1 4,3 +1,42 6,2 +1,5 11,2 3,2 (1993) +7,0 9,5 7,9 +7,5 8,3 11,7 (1997) +7,5 10,1 4,9 +0,6 9,2 +0,5 3,5 (1997) +14,5 1,1 (1997) 1,2 (1997) +11,5 7,5 World Drink Trends 1999 (1) ³ ´ 10 – • 1 & • (18 & • (6,5 (7,5 & - & 1 – 11 – – n = 40), & 1988
32 12 – 2
1988– 10,1 9,2 –0,9 4,6 8,6 +4,0 10,0 8,9 –1,1 9,1 6,8 –2,3 8,1 10,2 +2,1 9,7 9,5 –0,2 6,1 2,4 –3,7 7,3 7,1 –0,2 12,6 10,8 –1,8 10,6 10,6 0,0 8,3 9,1 +0,8 10,4 9,4 –1,0 4,1 4,3 +0,2 6,9 10,8 +3,9 9,4 7,7 –1,7 4,9 7,1 +2,2 12,0 13,3 +1,3 8,3 8,1 –0,2 4,2 4,3 +0,1 7,1 6,2 –0,9 9,9 11,2 +1,3 7,9 9,5 +1,6 4,4 7,9 +3,5 9,5 8,3 –1,2 10,9 11,7 (1997) +0,8 11,1 10,1 –1,0 5,5 4,9 –0,6 11,0 9,2 –1,8 3,1 3,5 (1997) +0,4 0,4 1,1 (1997) +0,7 3,2 1,2 (1997) –2,0 7,6 7,5 –0,1 World Drink Trends 1999 (1) ³ ´ – 13 - - - 80- 14 – - - – – – & – 15 71,6 • & • & • - -
– – – (1) 11% – - 16 – 1998 & & & -1998 - –27,6 –17,4 +7,7 –14,3 –50,7 –5,1 –51,8 +22,8 +30,0 –2,8 –1,5 –21,8 –5,2 –10,9 –11,9 +5,8 +37,3 +245 –50 +14,9 –18,3 +78,8 +20,7 –20,9 –26,0 +33,1 –23,3 –3,0 +21,6 –1,4 +140,0 –31,3 –10,0 +233,0 +31,3 –6,2 –10,7 –3,3 –12,3 –26,6 –13,1 –13,4 –27,0 –12,6 +26,7 : World Drink Trends 1999 (1). – 17 * & - - - - * –
– 19 20 – – & – 1997 – 21 & –7 5 150 * – 13,0 2,0 – – 20,1 5,6 +140 – 8,1 1,6 – 10,0 – – +150/115 – 27,0 7,0 +140 41,0 8,5 210/210 14,0 10,0 252/168 14,1 0,8 210/140 27,0 21,0 210/140 2,1 3,0 252/168 28,0 14,0 168/112 * 22 – – 28,8 4,3 +420 – 15,8 1,3 +550 20,0 – – +420 – 6,9 1,0 +420 11,0 – – +385 – 3,0 – +824 – 9,0 2,2 +540 – 4,3 0,1 +550 – 3,3 0,5 +560 – 6,0 2,0 +400/280 400-420 –420 –560
140 – 23 - '()- *+, -10)), – 8 1997 1,2 1997 2,0 1992 2,0 1990- 2,0 1998 3,0 4,9 1,1 1992 3,5 3,6 4,0 1996 4,7 64 2,2 - 1994 5,0 8,0 2,0 1997 7,6 14,7 0,5 8,0 13,0 1,4 1965– 1985 11,5 15,0 8,0 20 60 17,0 6,0 24 – 1. World drink trends 1999. Henley on Thames, NTC Publications, 1999. 2. EDWARDS, G. ET AL. Alcohol policy and the public good. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994. - - – - – & - & 26 – 1 - & - - (1) – 27 - Alcohol Concern (2). 28 – " " Alcohol Concern (2). 29 • - • 100 000 000 , , - • - – – - –1993 • • 1000 –20% 30 – - (4000 50 000 000 - % 42 963 777 • 2,7 – 000 • 100 000 & - 31 1980 • - • , 90 - • • 1446 • 000 24,4 000 1995 • 19 966 370 32 – • 1155 (5000 • 1994 – - - • 000 - - 33 - - - (3). –11 -
35 36 – 37 160-210 –20 (4). –1998 000 100 000 100 000 , –25 000 12 –1988 1997–1998 n = 38 – – – – & - –1998 100 000 000 100 000 –1988 –1998 29 – – 2 - 2 39 - - - 3,9 000 000 – – - 38 –1998 000 100 000 100 000 000 & 40 – - - - 41 - – – - 42 – 1. EDWARDS, G. ET. AL. Alcohol policy and the public good. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994. 2. Proposals for a national alcohol strategy for England. London, Alcohol Concern, 1999. 3. KLINGEMANN, H. Alcohol and its social consequences – the forgotten dimension. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2000 (keynote paper for the WHO European Ministerial Conference on Young People and Alcohol, Stockholm, 19-21 February 2000). 4. Alkohol, Tabak und illegale Drogen in der Schweiz, 1994-1996 [Alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs in Switzerland, 1994-1996]. 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(4). $ – 116 – – – – % % 50 % $ # – 117 - (3). – # – 8,5%. – – 118 – -5 450 – – 3000 - % - 119 % – 20 & $ $ # (4). 120 – (3) - & $% $ # %%–$ 121 12 - 12 – $ - - 360 (5). 122 – < 2% 0,70a 1997 0,78a 1997 0,94 1997 1,00 – 1,10 1996 1,10 1997 0,53–2,20b 1997/98 –5% 2,00 1997 2,00 – 2,50 1985 2,60 1996 2,70 1998 2,90 1996 3,12 – 4,50 – ! 5,20 1996 5,20 1999 6,74 1998 10,0 1995 a b 39 # % # 123 % $ – # - $ - (6). (3) 124 – $ – (n = 37 15 13 12 11 9 8 14 14 16 15 14 12 8 7 8 7 9 9 3 6 4 7 8 11 # 125 126 – – a – – – – – – a 127 &%% & $ % $ % $ # 128 – %–100 % $ - - - - 129 (3) # (4) - 39 % – – 130 – (7) 131 - (4). - - 132 – & % $–
% 133 $ # # , # 134 – $ - 135 (8). , # # - 136 – (4). . 9 14 # - ' – 137 , % - 14 % # 138 – - - 13 & # 14 14 , , 2 4 7 – 6 3 10 4 3 % 139 # 1990 140 – 152 # - - 141 - - &&(() • # • $ $ # •
% # • %% - 110
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$ 20 $ – # % % - – 1998 11 - – – – % # 116 – – % # – 28 %% *+,---- ).( -)*- % 5%. 117 & –11% 118 – – – & # , , – • • - • 119 % 39 - – 120 – $ 50 & $ – 80 & % $ % $ – $ –
– 41 % # $ 121 # % # $ – - -
& 122 – $ $ # $ % – 1994–1995 123 1998–1999 - # - % % 11 - 124 – - - 125 - 10 # $ 11 126 – - - - , – - - 127 : # - - 128 – – – - - 1998–1999 % - . /!0 World Drink Trends 1999 , 1999 . 1 !234560 7!! 2 2 * 4 - . - . 286 - 94!3:!0 & - - 130 – ( * *!2 .* 160 ;< !7 - * ,!56 7 - 9 ,65-= - 122!74 ;<!> ? ,56+56 @ - Lars Møller, - A! ? - . /!0 / 1! +2 +7@Börnsdottir, 131 - > C!@2!2*! - (3+5 ! =1 !13 .2 *7!!*C! 7!)?!2.<72! Federvini = 3!,<! , DC! - - A)3 : 7 - E!2F? - +=3?B +2G ,A7-" 2 +2 74 ,H ! ,!C32 - A < ,@ 32 132 – - A!é de Carvalho Barrias - 13* - - - - 2C!! .!B<9!5 - I24)@4-> 74 - : 1! - / @4-I B75 - : 90! 133 Ernst Schmid Matthias Meyer# SFA); - N. Blanchard # - F. Rothen A4!@;2@ ? . 72! *+7! - > !: - -
- . 138 – - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. – – 7. - 139 - 8. - 9. – 10. -
142 – 1985 5,0 3,0 7,0 1996 5,5 4,0 7,0 1992 9,0 6,0 12,0 1997 6,5 7,0 6,0 1993 15,0 46,0 1998 9,3 3,8 14,8 1993 4,0 29,0 1997 9,6 6,4 9,6 7,6 14,9 1995 12,8 16,3 20,8 30,0 1996 10,5 7,0 14,0 1984 1992 12,0 10,0 27,0 18,0 1997 11,0 1994 11,0 16,0 1998 12,5 9,0 16,0 1989 1992 13,6 1992 14,0 12,0 16,0 1984 1988 8,0 9,0 18,0 18,0 14,8 1985/ 1986 6,6 21,4 1997 15,5 9,0 22,0 1989 1996 – – 12,4 10,4 28,1 25,1 1998 16,0 1992/ 1993 14,6 8,3 20,6 1996 19,0 13,0 25,0 1994 1993 – – 10,0 6,0 25,0 13,0 1998 19,0 11,6 25,7 1993 1996 22,0 1997 22,7 14,6 30,2 (< 1993/ 1994 23,3 1997 32,8 16,8 48,8 1995/ 1996 15,6 52,3 1994/ 1995 33,0 (1 1997 37,0 23,0 51,0 1992 38,0 23,0 53,0
1994 24,3 41,0 8,5 16,2 28,8 4,3 13,3 20,7 6,5 - 1990 19,0 1992 14,0 1996 15,8 1,3 1993 28,0 14,0 10,0 2,6 4,9 1,5 1994 53,0 31,0 1998 1993 0,3 13,0 2,0 1992 8,0 3,0 1996 33,0 6,0 - 1992 30,4 20,1 5,6 140–280 1995 West 7,4 1,4 7,2 0,8 280–420 1995 East 9,2 1,3 1997 6,9 1,0 > 420 (13,3% 1994 11,6 1985/ 1986 14,1 0,8 56 – 10,6 1,6 1992 8,1 1,6 27,0 21,0 +210/140 > 5X 1994 / 1995 2,0 (18– 11,0 1997 5,3 1,1 3,0 1990 20,0 1998 30% of 1993 2,5 0,7 9,0 2,2 350 1995 6,57 1997 1990 20,0 1991 20,0 6,0 40– 1998 10,0 1993 23,7 3,6 15,5 4,0 1995 13,7 1997 1990 39,0 20% - 1992 16,0 2,0 57 1996 9,0 3,4 0,1 410–550 1997 4,3 0,1 2,1 3,0 1992 3,3 0,5 27,0 7,0 8,3 2,1 1988 31,2 33,4 - - 90- 15,0 28,0 14,0 +168/120 1993 9,0 5,0 1996 6,0 2,0 +400/280 –