·WPRO 3101
1
FIRST REGIONAL SEMINAR ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: AIR POLLUTION
Sponsored by the
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION REGIONAL OFFICE FOR THE WESTERN PACIFIC
• · Manila, Philippines
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22-28 May 1973
FINAL REPORT
Not for sale Printed and Distributed by the
Regional Office for the Western Pacific of the World Health Organization Manila, Philippines July 197'
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The views expressed in t.h1s report are those of the consultants and participants at the seminar and. do not necessarUy refiect the policy of the World Health Organization.
This report has been prepared by the Western Pacific Regional Office of the World Health Organization for Governments of Member States in the Region and for those who participated in the First Regional Seminar on Environmental Pollution: Air Pollution which was held in Manila. Philippines from 22 to 28 May 1973. f
CONTENTS
1.
PREli'ACE. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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2.
MAIN CONCLUSIONS •
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3. SEMINAR TOPICS • 3.1 COWltry reports 3.2.1 3.2 Seminar topics - comments
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3 4 4 4
supplementary comments. • •• conclusions • • • ••
Air pollution in environmental perspective • • • • . • • • • • •
3.2.2 Health effects of air pollution • 3.2.3 Ambient air monitoring and emission testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Control of air pollution • • • • • • • • • • 3.2.5 Meteorological aspeots of air pollution and standards • • • • • • • . • • • • •
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3.2.6 Air pollution legislation, criteria
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3.2.7
Urban plahning • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.8 Current WHO aotivities in air pollution
4.
PROPOSALS FOR ACTION AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL •
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ANNEX 1 ANNEX 2 -
List of participants, observers. consul tants and secretariat • • • Agenda. • • • • • • •
ANNEX 3 ANNEX 4
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List of Working Papers Summary of Country Reports • Air Quality Criteria and Guides and Long-Term Goals for Urban Air Pollutants
29 33/34 35
ANNEX 5 -
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1.
PREFACE
The First Regional Seminar on Environmental Pollution: Air Pollution, organized by the WHO Western Pacific Regional Office, was held in the WHO Building, Manila, from 22 to 28 May 1973. The seminar was attended by 23 participants from 14 different countries and 5 offioial observers from the Asian Development Bank, the South Paoifio Comm1asion, the United Nati~ Development Programme, the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the World Meteorological Organization. Participants, observers, consultants and members of the WHO Secretariat are listed in Annex 1. The programme of the selll1nar appears in Annex 2. 'lbe different seotions were introduoed by the consultants, after which followed discussions. A list of working documents prepared for the seminar is given in Annex 3. seminar was opened b7 Dr A. A. Angara, Assistant Director of Health Servioe., on behalf of the Regional Director. who among other things• ..ntionecl 1;hat the p;'1mary obJeotive. of the seminar were to bring together officers concerned about air pollution prablems for exchange of information aDd to bring forth proposals or guidelines for a plan ot action on air pollution control at the regional and national levels. Although the seminar was to consider air pollution in partloular. it was pointed out that air pollution is Just one for. of environmental pollution and that it should not be .t~ed ~.i.olation. The
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With such a highly qualified group of participants. co~ed of executives from public health, clean air and planning organizations and representatives frOID lndustr"'s, it was hoped that fruitful discussions would take place. In the election of seminar officers Mr B. N. Garcia, (Pblllppines) was elected Chairman and Mr A. SekaraJasekaran, (Malaysia) Vice-Chairman. During the meeting rapporteurs were appointed for each session. Mr A. Tomassi. Regional Adviser on Environmental Health, introduced the seminar consultants and the secretariat.
At an early stage the seminar adopted a definition of air pollution given in WHO TRS 1958 as the presence in air of materials in concentrations which are hannful to man or his environment. It was also decided that for the purpose of the seminar air pollution could be limited to the outdoor ambient atmosphere although it was fully appreciated that indoor exposure for many people could be s1gnif'1cant. The seminar was closed on 28 May 1973 by Dr A. C. Reyes, WPRO Assistant Director of Health Services.
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2. The main
MAIN CONCWSIONS
oonolusions reaohed during the seminar were as
.follows: 1.
Despit.e t.he disparity of the stages of development and of the degree of pollution within the Region, the time tor basio environmental pollution oontrol planning in eaoh oountry is NOW. Exposure to the air pollutant.s discussed in this report should be kept as low as possible. in view of the serious health problelllS they may cause. Countries should oonaider adopting the long-term goals for air qualit.y, as set in the report of the Expert COIIIIII1ttee of WHO (Teohnioal Report Series No. 506). There is a need for comprehensive planning to ensure that environmental pollution matters are given appropriate oonsideration and that there is a balance between development and environmental quality. There is a need for training of pollutIon oontrol personnel, for environmental eduoation at all levels, and for the adoptlon of national obJeotives in environmental pollution oontrol. and desired results of monitoring must be firmly established at the outset.
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6. The obJeotives
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Monitoring and emiSsion results should not be oonsidered sa end in themselves but should be the basis for initiating aotion for the abatement and preVention of air pollution. Some oountries laok the finanoiAl resources and knowledge to establish and operate testing programmes and some tnternatlonal or bilateral assistance may be required. In developing countries, the most practicable measures are advocated in respect of air pollution control processes. Current transportation system studies should be reviewed in the light of potential air pollution problems. The proposals for regional action as outlined in Part 4 of this report should be given consideration. Briefly these were:
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9. 10. 11.
- 4 (a) (b) (c) the transfer of 1nformation, knowledge and teolmology lIithin the Reglon should be prOllloted; regional follow-up to this seminar would be desirable; a oonsistent systea of units for the expression of all air pollutant test results should be adopted. ,. }.l SBMIHAR TOPICS
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Country reports and. supplementary coaaents
A S1lllllll&rY of the 1nforation given in the oountry reporta on air pollution submitted by the partioipant. was prepared. The sl.lmmary lias amended b7 .uppl.-ntary intoration provided by the partioipants dur1n6 the . . .'nar and information £ained by the oonsultants durina pre-.... nar vl8its to Fiji, Japan and Malaysia. The result of thi. lIork 18 presented in Annex
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Seminar topio. -
o~ts
and. oonola.ions perspeotive
,.2.1
Air pollution in
.~tal
The environment 18 a dynaa10 interaoting system. Eaoh form of pollution, be it pollution of the air, water or soil, should be oonsidered lIith respect to ita 1apact on the whole environment rather than in isolation. Envi~ntal pollution is a resources problem with implioations of vital t.portance to public health. It is an econOlllic problem, directly affecting 1nd\lStry and -Srioul ture, and both directly and indirectly the public generally, in developed and developing countries. Since it imposes oonstraints on urban and regional growth and J)h7a1cal planning, i t 1a also a social problem, with all the attendant legal, administrative, cultural and politioal implications. Thua, it 18 obvioua that pollution problema raise several que.tions. It IllU8t be decided at lIhich stage of development a country should consider air pollution matters and who .hould pay for the control of pollution. Several agencies and experts, be it in relation to plann'ng, control or other fields, IIWJt be involved in A successful prograDDe. On the other hand, JllUCh may be gained from the ad.m1n1strative point of view if a single agency has the overall re.ponsibility. There are questiona to be considered concerning the need to bal.ance eoonOlllic growth and developmentwith the quality of the environment. Further, the lack of trained manpower "7 neo ••• itate a phased development for the aob1evelllent of environmental pollution oontrol obJectivea.
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Nuolear fallout i8 an important pollution problem which has oauaed. IIIUOh oenoern in the Region. The que8tion was rai8ed, but 1 t W&8 oons1dered that this top10 was not wi thin the terms of referenoe of the 8eminar. To a certain extent ~ relationship between air pollut1on and the environment 18 a two-way proposition. Care needs to be exercised to ensure that the solut1on of one environmental problem doe8 not it8elf give ri8e to another.
Conoluaionsa 1. De8pite the di8parity of the 8tages of development and of the degree of pollut1on w1 thin the Region, the time for bas10 envlron.ental pollut1on oontrol planning in eaoh country U NClil. When establiShing pr1orlt1es, env1ronmental pollution oontrol should be given due oonsideration w1th I"espect to other s001al or eoonOlll1o 18sues. Awareness of pollut1on probl... and potent1alcannot start too early and ahoulcl alw~ influence national, reg10nal and looal developaent plana. In developing oountr1e8, the lack of comprehens1ve data and the scarc1ty of trained manpower necessitates the phased development of environmental pollution control prosra-8.
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There 18 a need for tra1n1ng pollution control personnel, for env1ron.ental ed.uoation at all leve18, and for the adoption of national objectives in environmental pollution control. Administrative prooedures would be simplified if one single agenoy were responsible for environmental pollut10n control programmes. Suoh an agency should adopt a mult1-discipl1nary approaoh and oonsult extens1vely with other organizations.
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}.2.2 Health effeots of air pollution Health effect8 of air pollution inolUde a wide speotrum of responses. At one end oan be found severe acute 1llness or even death while at the other end annoyanoe reaotions due for instance. to exposure to malodorous substancea with no well-defined disease atates are SeeD. Between these two end pOints is a wide variety of effects, from chronio diseases, or reversible disease states to changes in physiologioal functions or aooumulat1on within the body of potentially toxic substances in suoh small quantities that at the present time no health effects have been observed.
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is exposed via the ambient air to hundreds of substances and the number of possible effects is large. Furthermore, the exposure situation may vary from country to country and from area to area. Experience has pointed towards certain pollutants and effects as being of greater importanoe than others. In urban areas and around certain industries, exposure to sulphur oxides and suspended partioulates may reach high values with risk for respiratory symptoms and disease basioally of the same type as from oigarette smoking. Respiratory symptoms and eye irritation'. are a typical effeot of photoohemioal smog whioh oan result from intense solar radiation on oertain pollutants, partioularly exhaust gases from motor vehicles. In certain areas of the world large population groups are exposed to such an extent that obvious health effects occur. S1JD1lar riap in other countries with high solar radiation are large when the nuaber of motor vehiCles inoreasea. Man
Exhaust gases from petrol-powered motor vehicles contain high conoentrations of oarbon monOxide. As a oonsequenoe the urban air may, under oircumstances of traffic congestion, contain undesirably high concentrations of the &&8. The possib1lities of health hazards of carbon monoxide should always be borne in mind. Compared with other pollutants, however, th1a gas more seldom reaches concentrations, which may be considered critical if exposure time is considered. Cigarette smoking gives rise to pronounced effects of a similar nature as exposure to particulates and carbon monoxide in the ambient air. In all epidemiological studies possible effecta of smoking must thus be taken lnto consideration. During recent years much attention has been focused on exposure to substances, which, after absorption in,to the human body, have a strong tendency to accumulate. Some of the heavy metals, including cadmium, lead and mercury, seem to be of special importance. There are several examples that secondary exposure routes, e.g., ingestion of contaminated food (rioe, wheat. vegetables) may be of importance. One reason for the contamination is dustfall around metal emitting industries. With an increase in the general standard of living the more subtle effects of air pollution. such as unpleasant odours and soiling, could become more important. In the future, therefore, such effects may well become the critioal ones in the work of air pollution control officers. For most pollutants the most exact relationship between exposure levels and effeots is hot known. At a recent meeting of a WHO Expert Committee (Geneva, 5 to 11 April 1972) an agreement was reaohed concernlng expected health effects of oertain concentrations of oarbon monOxide, sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates in oombination, and photochemical oxidants. Annex 5 shows the relevant tables.
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- 7 Again-t the background given it w.. considered that national air pollution control prosr....s are fully Justified. Priority levela would have to be eatabUahed baaed on the extent of .xiating
or predicted health effecte and the availabil1ty of auch teohn1oal meana of control that could b. economioally applied generally and acoepted by the people conc.rned. Adv.rse effeots of air pollution are ..sooiated with human activiti.s. An increase in population due to an increased birth rate or improved publ1c health may th.refore l.ad to increasing pollution problems. In several countries such effecte IIIWSt be oonsidered illlportant and further emphasize the need for adequate oontrol lIIeasures. I t ahould alao be noted that there are other effeots resulting from air pollution, such aa those OIl an1IIal life, vesetation and materials. Tnese effects would often add to the priority of air
pollution control progr....s. !
Conclusions : 1. Exposure to the air pollutants lIIentioned above should be kept .. low as possible, in view of the serious health problema they may oause. Countries should oonsider adopting the long-term goals for air quality . . . a.t in the report of the Expert COIIIIII1. t tee ot WHO (Teo1m1cal Report S.ries No. 506). With the t.paot of dev.lopment. industrialization and urbanization senerally being experienced in the Region, all oOlUltries should give early cOllSideration to the .stabl1ahlllent ot air pollution oontrol ....ures. Ambient air .onitoring and a.1asion testing
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When planning an ambient air lIIonitoring programme, oonsideration should be giv.n to the seleotlon of the pollutants to be . . . .ured and the required number and aiting of 1II0Ditoring stations. Before co.aencing a moDitorins progr_, it is d.sirabl. that a preliminary aurvey is performed. In the al ting of lIonl toring atations the exiating and proJected land use, topography, eto., have to be taken into oonsideration. The use of mobile units may, under certain oirowaatanoes, be a oonvenient means to study speolfio souroea. Ther. are many .onitorins ..thads available and at a meeting in North Carolina, United Statea ot America, in November 1972, a World Health Orsanization Expert COIIIIII1tte. reoommended methods of analysia for aulphur dioxide, partioulates. oarbOn monOxide,
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'oxides of nitrogen and oxidants. When selecting the best method, considcr~tion should be given to cost, maintenance proble~~, sensitivity, preCision, comparability and interferences inherent in the methods and eqUipment. Furthermore, each method reqUires a well-tested and accurate calibration technique. Properly trained personnel, sound eqUipment and adequately eqUipped laboratory facilities are also required for effective mOnitoring programmes. The equipment available ranges from simple manual devices, such as dust Jars and lead peroxide candles to sophisticated continuous recorders. An important question exists as to whether it is best for a developing nation to employ establishea. but less reliable methods for which there are established health criteria, or to employ improved monitoring methods for which criteria have not yet been established. One solution of the problem is that any method which oan be compared with the WHO comparison method can be selected. In the development of sampling methods, both large particles whlch constitute the major part of dustfall and small respirable partlcles should be considered. Data handling and analysis are of considerable importance. Usually, mean and peak concentrations for various time intervals are recorded. In some countries where severe air pollution is being experienced, data are telemetered into a central station to provide the information necessary for the prompt control of air pollution. Emission testing is a necessary tool tor the implementation of emission standards as it provides the necessary information on the quantity, nature and concentration of pollutants from specific sources. In some cases the testing methods are prescribed in air pollution oontrol legislation. Industry may be required to monitor emissions and report results. Different techniques have been used for emisslon testing in various countries and some of the different testing methods used for stationary and mobile sources were reviewed during the seminar. In some cities, in order to save on labour and to provide for continuous monitoring of industrial sources, automatic instruments equipped with telemetering facilities or remote sensing techniques are used. Educational programmes for administrative and industr:f.al personnel are important for successful source testing programmes and the Member countries in this Region may well need a centre for training such personnel.
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- 9~ action for abatement and prevention of pollution may require sUDstantial investment by industry on capital and operating costs. It Is unreallstlc to expect major investments by industry to abate pollutlon where a government is unwilling to make adequate expenditures for facilltles which wlll produce reliable data.
Conclusions: 1. 2. The obJectlves and desired results of monitoring must be flrmly established at the outset. There Is a need to standardize monitoring programmes and methods of sampling and analysis tG facilitate the comparison of results on an international buiB. In slting monitoring stations, the location of industries and residential are... weather conditions, topography, etc •• mould be taken into accouDt.
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The aoour&Oy of .anitOrtns and emiasion testing results depends on sound • .-pling and laboratory techniques, the availability of an adequately equipped laboratory and on properly trained personnel for the collection and analysis of samples and the interpretation of the results. Monltoring and emission results should not be considered an end in the.elves but should be the basis for initiating aotion for the abatement and prevention of air pollution. Some countries laok the financial resources and expertise to establish and operate testing programmes and some international or bilateral usistance may be required.
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3.2.4 Control of air pollution The prevention or reduction of air pollution involves planning, oontrol and dilution factors. Pollutants can be prevented from escapins into the atmosphere by changes in the process or by the installation ot devices to trap the contaminants and remove them from the gas stream. Some processes are inherently harder to control than others and. there _y be technical as well u economic limits to the degree ot air pollution oontrol that is praotioable in any partioular instanoe. In almost all cases a residual quantity of pollutant is emitted and to prevent this from causing damage to man or his environment it must be diluted in the atmosphere before reaching ground level. Dilution oan be aohieved either by disoharging at an appropriate height through a stack or by establishing the plant at a site suffioiently far away from developed urban and agricultural areas. Dilution alone i8 not an aooeptable oontrol method in areas where the general levels ot pollution have reached values in excess of
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the air quality objectives. It may be used successfully in oases where existing pollution levels are low and in barren areas where there is little agrioultural or urban development. However, the possibility of long-range transportation of pollutants must be oonsidered. In Europe, for example, suoh transportation of sulphur oxides has caused considerable ooncern. In many developed urban areas motor vehicles contribute more than half by weight to the total air pollution. Petrol-powered vehicles discharge carbon mono~e, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and lead to the atmosphere. Although the oonventional diesel engine is designed in such way that it should be only a minor source of air pollution, the problem of smoke and odours from diesel-powered vehicles is well known. In practice, excessive smoke results from engine overloading or poor maintenance and operation. The problem ot measurement has affected the enforcement of,smoke emission standards for "in_service" vehicles.
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The nature and amO\Dlt of emissions from vehicles w111 vary with driving modes. Technology exists to reduce these emissions substantially. Adequate engine maintenance. regular checks and advice on good operation techniques would form a useful part of an air pollution control programme. Ships and aircrafw also can give rise to air pollUtion problems particularly where urban areas encroach on port facilities. Technologically, the control of such sources presents problems which are not different from those of stationary furnace and engine sources. Control of mobile source emissions generally will involve a community in significant add1tional oosta, and in many instances there may be alternatlves to motor vehicles exhaust control such as improved traffic movement or public tranaportation whlch, lf introduced, may not only aohieve the air quality desired but also have other cormnunity benefIts. The control of alr pollution frequently involves unproductive expenditure and manufacturers have been hesitant to invest in equipment which gives no direct financial return. This attitude has changed in the deve~oped countries in the Region and the implementation of legislation together with a growing awareness by the polluters of their responsibilities to the environment is resulting in the installation of effective control equipment. A survey carried out in Australia showed that the average capital cost of air pollution control in major manufacturing industries was about 8~, however, the range was wide ranging from l~ to 3?/!.. Capital costs alone do not adequately reflect the control costs which would be better expressed as a percentage increase in the cost of the goods or services of individual in4ustr1al groups.
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When oonsidering who should pay for pollution oontrol, it is aooepted that all oountries wish to enoourage industries to control pollution but some d1ftloulty has been experienoed in deciding the best way in which th1a could be done. If one government pays for air pollution control then other governments may find it very 4iffioult to make the polluter pay. On the other hand, rigorous adoption of the "Polluter Pays Principle" oommits a oontrol organization to a punitive approaoh to air pollution oontrol and this would have undesirable oonsequenoes in regard to the development of a oollaborative approaoh by industry and government. In any prooess from which a waste produot results whioh oannot be reoyoled, the means of disposal requires consideration to ensure the least possible damage to the envirollllent. Waste material oan only be disposed of into the land, water or air and the selection of whioh of these is the most appropriate in a particular oase r~qu1res a oo-ordinated approaoh by the pollution control and waste disposal organizations oonoerned. The feasibility of reoyoling or re-using materials whioh are aaid to be waste materials should always be examined.
The control measures, emission standards and enforoement methods being used by oountries in the Region and elsewhere to oontrol motor vehiole emissions with particular referenoe to the situation in Australia, Japan and the United States of Amerioa. were revtiwed. It was noted that progressively more stringent standards are being 1ntr04uoed. Conolusions: 1. .i
Co-ordination of olean air and planning legislation is necessary for the effective implementation of air pollution oontrol programmes. Regional, sub-regional and urban planning aotivities should be correlated with air pollution control programmes. In deoiding the degree of oontrol required, oonsideration should be given to the nature and oonoentration of air pollution in any partioular area.
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4. Where pollution is caused by some industrial activity which results or is likely to result in a specifio adverse effeot, in prinoiple the polluter should pay for the cost of control. This does not preolude, however, the awarding of financial inoentives, such as aooelerated depreoiation allowances or the provision of the necessary infrastruotural services. The latter approach may be the most appropriate where the oontrol of general as against speoifl0 pollutiOn problema is involved.
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In developing countries the most practicable measures are advocated in respect of air pollution control processes. This approach should take into account factors such as eoonomics and location and should allow flexibility for local interpretation.
6. Greater attention should be paid to the possibility of recycling or re-using waste materials related to air pollution and to the appropriate disposal of the captured pollutants.
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Provisions can be made to reduce significantly the air pollutants disoharged by mobile sources. Current transportation system studies should be reviewed in the light of potential air pollution problems. Meteorological aspects of air pollution •
8. 3.2.5
Wind speed. surface roughness and lapse rate are the important parameters in considering the dispersion of atmospheric pollutants contained within the layer of air next to the earth surface. On the mesoscale, atmospheric dispersion may be enhanced by the mixing induced as a result of wind blowing over and interacting with surface irregularities and obstructing features. Dispersion may also result from convective vertioal motions induced by potentially unstable lapse rates. Many dispersion equations have been proposed and some of the. are used by countries in the Region. It should be noted that the equations have to be well-tested by experiments otherwise they will give errors in the estimation of ground level concentration of pollutants. There are several examples of mesoscale phenomena observed in some areas of the Region. In one city it was necessary to restrict the height of building development near a chimney because of the potential impingement of the plume containing high levels of sulphur dioxide. In another area gaps between tall buil41ngs are being introduced to preserve land and sea breezes. On the synoptic scale, consistent with the equation of continuity, air tends to ascend within low pressure systems giving rise to potentially unstable lapse rates and winds are often fresh due to the pressure gradient. Conversely, air tends to subside within high pressure systems and the surface winds tend to be relatively light. The latter conditions, therefore, favour the build-Up of pollutant concentrations. It should be noted, however, that in the tropics there are no cold stationary anticyclones.
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- 13 Air pollution forecasting in its simplest form involves judgements based on the likely synoptic pattern and the associated parameters of lapse rate and wind direotion. Some sources of pollution are subject to an intermittent curtailment system based on weather foreoasts. On the mesosoale. smaller oirculation patterns. such as land/sea breezes. must be taken into aoco\1I1t. In the future this work could be enhanoed by the use of oomplex computer models whioh embody meteorologioal faotors inherent in the interactions between synoptio and urban scales as well as data on the desoription and charaoteristics of emission sources. Computer programmes have already been used in some cO\1I1tries of the Region for pre-siting surveys to establish suitable areas for industrial development and the prediotion of the effects of multiple emissions. But basic data are needed for the necessary understanding of meteorological conditions in an area and these could be ausmented by intelligent visual observations. Assistanoe and teohnioal advioe is available through WHO from the World Meteorologioal Organization on aspects of air pollution involving meteorology and the effects of the atmosphere on the dispersion of pollutants. Conclusions: 1. Since dilution is not the only answer to air pollution problema. th1a technique should be applied in association with appropriate oontrol measures. All involved. in air pollution control should become aoquainted. with the basic principles of meteorology; air pollution control offioers and planners need to define their proble.. clearly in order for meteorologists to assist them effeotively.
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3.2.6 Air pollution legislation. oriteria and standards The aim of air pollution legislation is to provide a legal basis to prevent oontaminants from being emitted in quantities whioh affect the oomfort and well-being of people or cause damage to property or vegetation. The legislative methods used include law derived from previously decided cases and statute law in various forms. both p\1I11tive and preventive. Nuisance actions under common or statute law can only be taken after damage has been done and both are therefore. incapable of providing a solution to the overall air pollution problems. In modern legislation the main emphasis is now being placed on prevention. TWo basic approaches are being used to implement preventive legislation: "air quality management" and "best practicable means". The "air qual! ty management" approach prohibits pollution in the ambient atmosphere from exceeding prescribed levels. The "best praotioable means" approach reqtires action to be controlled to a level which is teohnically practicable and economically feasible.
- 14 This approach has been extended in some countries by the prescription of emission, design and product standards and the establishment of a licensing and permit system. Combination of the two approaches together with emission, design and product standards and a licensing and permit system should result in the most effective air pollution control. Legislation, no matter how well it is written, will be useless unless a country's government and people attach importance to its implementation in keeping with the seriousness of the problem and are prepared to spend the necessary amounts of money on control. From studies made on the effects of air pollution, air quality guides and criteria have been determined. On the basis of these, long-term air quality goals have been established by the World Health Organization and if these were adopted generally as national long-term objectives they could provide a sound basia for action on the control of air pollution. Effective implementation of air pollution control legislation can be achieved by the use of emiSSion, design and product standards together with planning and licensing provisions. Authority to establish stack heights and to refuse approval for expansion of an existing industry is also necessary. Such a system would provide the tools by which air quality objectives could be achieVed. Their numerical values may differ from country to country because of differences in the degree of pollution that exists or because some countries may opt for higher or lower air quality objectives than others. From an examination of the maximum concentrations of air pollutants being recorded in some countries in the Region it appeared that at least in aome are .. some concentrations exceeded the air quality criteria in the World Health Organization Report (see Annex 5). This further confirms the need for action to control air pollution. In the preparation and subsequent implementation of clean air legislation, organized labour, industrial associations, the universities and planning and local government authorities should be involved; organized labour because the health and employment of workers must be consIdered; industry because of the costs involved in pollution control; the universities because of their independent and specialized knowledge; planning and local government authorities for the co-ordination of action between planning and environment control. However, air pollution legislation is concerned with the protection of the health and well-being of the community at large and this should always be the primary consideration.
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- 15 The implementation of preventive legislation requires an organization of engineers, chemists and other technical staff which oan oarry out the necessary tests and investigations and which can advise industry on control methods. If such staff is not available then the phased introduction of emission, design and product standards to set the objectives for industries might be oonsidered. When more stringent standards are introduced they initially should be applied to new industries and only extended to existing ones If air pollution conoentrations rise to unacoeptable levels. Conolusions: 1.
Land-use considerations and air quality objectives should be oo-ordinated at the beginning of the planning prooess. Standards and short-tem air quality objectives oould be different for different countries and different parts of a oountry. of clean air and related legislation.
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3. Authority to refuse permits should be an essential part 4. Some flexibUity in the implementation of clean air leg18latlon is desirable particularly in developing countries. For such an approaoh to be effective, howeVer, an adequate staff of trained people oapable of exercising the neoessary teohnioal judgement should be aVailable. Urban planning
3.2.7
One of the recurrent themes thrCNghout the seminar was the importance of integrated pl8JlD1ng, especially in relation to the prevention of undue hannful effecta from environmental pollution. The subject was considered an essential factor in the development of national policies and programmes in the environmental pollution control field. At the regional and sub-regional level activities must also be correlated with the pollution control programme. An assessment has to be made, not only of existing problems, but also to predict likely future problems in the development of an area. Siting and planning speoiflc areas for both heavy and light industrial usage must be done with oonalderation of the likely pollution whioh may arise. In this aspeot, however, consideration must alao be given to other factors suoh as the availability of manpower, energy sources, transportation, housing for workers and.
- 16 -
other facilIties. It could be that if these provisions were made available in areas where dispersion of residual pollution would not be unfavourably affected, process operations may be induced to these sites. Social aspects also cannot be ignored. Consideration must be given to land ownership if zoning is to be used as a dilution measure. The use of industrial performance standards in establishing land-use zoning regulations was discussed as an alternative to the common approach of classifying industries aocording to broad general oategories. ConolUSions: 1. Environmental factors for consideration in planning strategies need to be developed in a form which can be evaluated against other planning parameters. Environmental faotors should be incorporated at the earliest pOBBible time in development programmes and in the preparation of strategic plans. Preferably, planning and envlronaental legislation should be complementary. Consideration should be given to the preparation of an environmental impact report in conjunction with all important development projects. The development of guidelines for effective environmental education suitable for planners' needs should be considered. Current WHO activities in air pollution control
•
2.
3.
4.
•
3.2.8
WHO has an extensive programme on air pollution on the global as well as on the regional level. A. Global programme
A collaborative programme for the establishment of criteria, levels of exposure and standards to ensure the protection of man is a long-term undertaking since it involves the identification of an ever-increasing number of new environmental agents and a continuous re-appraisal of acoepted views as new scientific information becomes available. The major objective is the preparation of criteria documents which are critical reviews of the existing knowledge of the immediate and long-term effects on III&D.'S health and welfare of various environmental factors. Such information is often neceBsary as a basis for national decisions and to give guidanoe as to how to carry out effects-oriented and other air pollution studies.
- 17 -
Current WHO aotlvltle. in the design. development and operation of praotioal air pollution monitoring aohemea involve the development of information .ystema to provide internationally comparable data on levels and trendS of air pollution and in the promotion of routine and oompar18on methods for the analysis of air pollutants. At the present time a pilot study for processing raw air quality data haa been initiated 10 fifteen oountries. The prevention and oontrol of pollution encompuaes studies of the phenomena of generation and distribution of pollutants and of their natural degradation in environmental media and the provision of guidelines for control. environmental quality management. environmental planning and legal and administrative aspects. A •• i.tanoe to re.earch 18 provided by way of grants for research and equipment. by co-ordination of re.earch and through the provision of tellowahipa. Speoial emphasla i. now also laid upon the importance of indoor monitoring. an area hitherto largely neglected. on the development of personal monitoring of air pollution exposure and on the monitoring of total environmental intake of pollutants. B. Regional proEUlDle
•
In 1970 the Regional Committee adopted a resolution requesting the Regional Direotor to pursue and intensify regional aotivities in environmental pollution oontrol. on the basis of a long-term regional programme proposed by the Regional Office. The programme oonsists ot three main groups of aotivities: 1.
Planning. review and evaluation. Inter-country group educational activities. of which the present seminar was the first - to be followed in 1975 by a seminar on water pollution. in 1977 by one on solid waste disposal. and later by a seminar on other environmental health hazards. The aotivities would then be reviewed at a Regional Conference. where policy guidelines could be formulated. Direct assistanoe to governments. on request. through advisory services (consultants or long-term experts).
2.
).
Air pollution was selected as the subject for the first seminar because it is a topic of current interest and unlike water pollution. it is not confined and affects everybody.
- 18 -
ConclusIons: 1. Health and other effects criteria are invaluable as a basis for national decisions and guidancto< .~n Che conduct of research studies and this work should be continued. There is a need to carry out additional research on the health effects of air pollution and WHO's role in that co-operative effort is supported. Governments might consider requesting WHO to provide public health consultants to advise national policy makers on the type and magnitude of health hazards resulting from air pollution. 4. PROPOSALS FOR ACTION AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL
•
2.
3.
One of the objectives of the seminar was to bring forth proposals or guidelines for a plan of action on air pollution control at the regional and national levels. This constitutes a difficult undertaking because of the great disparity in the levels of development and industrial potential in the various countries of the Western Pacific Region. The seminar was able, nonetheless, to identify some broad aspects under which tentative proposals could be formulated, with the understanding, however, that the matter required further study and consultation, both at the regional and national levels. Proposals were as follows: 1.
The transfer of information. knowledge and technology within the Region should be promoted. To this effect, the following could be considered: (a) Technical meetings dealing with air pollution are held periodically in some countries of the Region. There are instances in which a limited number of invitations are extended to neighbouring countries. The range of invitations could be expanded to incluc1e other interested countries in the Region. International assistance towards the cost of participation might be required in some cases. At all events, papers and reports from important meetings should be made available for distribution.
- 19/20 -
(b)
Information should be circularized periodically on the facilities that exist in several countries of the Region for training and refresher courses on air pollution control. Some international assistance may be requred for conducting the courses or making the documentation available in one of the official language. of the Organization in the Region. The regional inter-change of information on the technical, financial, administrative, legal and
(c)
planning aspects of air pollution control should be promoted. To this effect, ma.x1IIIUDI use should be made of the WHO International Reference Network on air pollution control, through the established Regional Reference Centre in Tok¥o and the existing and future collaborating institution. in the Region. Particular attention should be given to the distribution of technical reports on successful air pollution control programmes and of operational manuals developed by well-established agencies. 2. Regional tollow-up to this seminar would be desirable. This could take the form of: (a) further _eting of various types such aa \<forking parties, training courses. eto., sponaored and organized b~ the WHO Regional Offioe. the e.tablishment of a specialized air pollution control position in the Regional Office, under an inter-country project, for instanoe, to enable the provision of direct technical assistance to governments, on requests submitted at short notice.
(b)
,.
Consideration should be given to the adoption of a consistent system of units for the expression of all air pollution test results. The feasibility should be investigated of using any emission, design or product standards that have been adopted by individual oountries for the preparation of guidelines for developing countries in the Region.
4.
- 21 -
ANNEX 1 LISl' OF PAm'ICIPANl'S, OBSERVERS, CONSUL'fAN'lS AND SECRETARIAT
LISTE IES PAm'ICIPANTS, OBSERVA'mURS, CONSULTAN'J.'S ET MEMBRES DO SECRETARIAT
1.
PARTICIPANrS
AUSTRALIA AUSTRALlE
-
Mr Franois Dufty Regional Planning Direotor Tamar Regional Master Planning Authority P.O. Box 1181 Launceston, 1250, Tasmania
-
Mr Gordon stewart Industrial Hypene Engineer Mount Isa Mines, Ltd. 80 Erap Street Mount Isa, Queensland 4825
FIJI FIDJI
-
Mr John R.N. Hao Prinoipal Health Inspeotor Ministry' of Health Government Buildings Suva Dr O.V. NataraJan Administrator Environmental Pollution Agenoy Post Office Box 2999 Agans.
GUAM
-
HONG KONG
-
Mr Peter Peterson Senior Soientitio Offioer T.he Royal Observato~i Hong Kong
-
Dr Patrick P .K. Wong Senior Industrial Health Officer Industrial Health Division Labour Department Government Offices 5/F, canton Road Kowloon
ANNEX 1 (cont'd.)
- 22 -
JAPAN JAPON
-
Mr Masahiro Fujiwara Chief of Emission Standards Air Pollution Control Division Air Quality Bureau Environment Agency RH-l2, 19, 2-chome Higashiyama, Meguro-ku Tokyo Mr Hironori Hamanaka Chief of Ambient Air Qual1ty Standards Planning Division Air Quality Bureau Environment Agenoy 185, 2-9-8, Honoho , Kokubunji-shi Tokyo Mr Kimpau Thai
-
KHMER REPUBLIC REPUBLIQUE KHMERE
-
Servioe du Genie sanitaire (M1n1stere de la sante publlque) Phnom Penh Dr Thongphet Phetsiriseng Directeur Service National d'Hygiene publique et de Medecine preventive Direction d'Hygiene publique et de medecine preventive Vientiane Mr Mohamed Ramli Kushairi Executive Secretary Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers
IAOS
MAIAYSIA MAIAISIE
-
P.O. Box 2194 Kuala Lumpur Mr A. Sekarajasekaran
Senior Public Health Engineer Ministry of Health Young Road Kuala Lumpur
- 23 -
ANNEX 1 (cont'd.)
NEW ZEAIAHD NOUVELIE-ZEIAHIE
-
Mr K.H. Digby
Ottice Solicitor Department of Health P.O. Box 5013 Wellington Dr Ako Toua First Assistant Director Medical. Services and Training V.D. 4: 'Plrantine Departaent of Public Health P.O. Box 2084 Konedobu Mr B1enven1do N. Garcia . National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission 772 Herran Street Man1la
PAFUA NEW GUINEA PAPUA-NOUVELIE-auDIIE
PHILIPPINES
-
Mr Jorge C. Ponce San!tary Engineering Adviser Stream and A1r Pollut1on Department of 88&1th Bureau ot Heal:tb Services .Building San La.zaro. Ccapound .Manila Mr Edgardo Villavicencio Director Philippine Chamber of Industries Durano Building Magallanes Street. Intramuros M&n11a Dr Leandro A. Viloria Protessor and Dean InstItute of Planning University of the Pb1lippines 12 MahuslQ' Street U.P. VUlage D1l1llan. Quezon City
-
-
ANNEX 1
(contfd~)
- 24 -
REPUBLIC OF KOREA REPUBLIQUE DE COREE
-
Mr Jyung Oock Choe Manager Controller Office Ssangyong Cement Industrial Co., Ltd. 24, 2-Ka, Zuh-Dong Choong-Ku Seoul Mr Chong Chill Yoon Chief, Teohnical Branch
-
Environmental Sanitation Seotion Ministry of Health and Sooial Affairs 280-651 Bulkwang-Dong Seodaemoon-ku Seoul SINGAPORE SINGAPOUR Mr Khoo Kah Gim
Chemist, Anti-Pollution Unit 1st Floor, Prinoess House Alexandra Road Singapore 3 Mr Lam Khin Khui
Chemical Ensineer Air Pollution Control Anti-Pollution Unit 1st Floor, Princess House Alexandra Road Singapore 3 VIET-HAM
-
Mr Nguyen-Sy-Tin Chef du Servioe d'assainissement
26/35
Nguy~n-Binh-Khi~m
Saigon 2.
2.
ASIAN IlEVELOPMENr BANK BANQUE ASIATlQUE IE DEVELOPPEMENT
-
Mr V. Groope
ProJects Department Engineering Unit Asian Developnent Bank P.O. Box 789 Ma.nila
- 25 -
ANNEX 1 (cont'd.)
SOtml PACIFIC CCM4ISSION C<M4ISSION DU PACIFIQUE SUD
-
Mr Claude Riohard Publio Health Engineer South Paoifio Commission Post .Box D Noumea CEIEX New Caledonia Mr Jolin B. Urner
UNI'l'ED NATIONS IEVELOPJ£lf.r PROGlWME PROORAl44E DES NATIONS UNIES POUR IE DEVELOPPEMElfr
-
c/o The United Nations Development Programme in the Philippines P.O. Box 1864 Manila Mr Frank M. Cov1ngt.on
UN:rmD STA'lES EHVIROHIBR'fAL
PROTECTION AQElfCY AGElD: lES ftAm-UJlIS POUR
IA PRomc'l'ION DE L tENVlRONNEMEHr
United States Environmental Protection Agency 100 California Street San Francisoo. California United States of Amerioa Mr Adrian Gordon
WORLD JElEOROLOQICAL ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION ltBTEOROLOOIQUE MOHDIAIE
Projeot Manager World Meteorological Organization 0/0 'Dle United Nations Development Programme in the PhUippines
P.O. Box 1864 Manila
3.
CONSULTANTS
Seminar Direotor and Consultant in Control Measures Directeur du S4m1na1re et Consultant pour les aaesures de lutte Consultant in Public Health Consultant en Sante publ1que
-
Mr Nonnan G. Thorn Environmental Laboratory Department of Health P.O. Box 5442 Auokland, New Zealand
-
Professor Lars T. Friberg Karolinska Institutet Department of Environmental Hygiene s-lo4 01 Stookholm 60 Sweden
ANNEX 1 (aont'd.)
- 26 -
I
,
I
I
Consultant in Les1s1atlon and Standards Consul tant en l'gislation et nomes
Mr R. P. Murphy Prinolpal AIr Pollution Engineer Departaent of PI.lbl1o Health P.O. Box 16,
Lid.cClllbe, N.S.W. Australia Temporary Adviser on Air Mon!toring and TestiDg Methoda Conse1l1er teaporaire pour lea methodes de .urveillance et d"analyse de l-air Dr '.romUoIai Oldta
Chief DepariMnt of C__
ID" t7
EnY1rg.en'Ml, SoieDae.
Inati._ of Publio Health M1n1strJ' of Health and Welfare Japan ~ I
I
,
I
i Mr J. Aboe4e
! ,
Offioer WHO Rea10DAl Ottioa for the Western ru1l10 lDtO~tiOD
Publio
j J •
I
Manila
I
I
Mr Polka ApH
ProJeot EnS'neer Inter-oOWltrJ' Water Supp17 and Sewerase ProJeot (WP.RO ,201) WHO Regional Oft1.e for the Western Paclfl0 ManUa
II
Dr G.J. ClearJ"
Scientist, Environmental Pollution DIvision of EnvironMntal Health World Health Orpn1z&tIon Geneva Dr
J.e.
Tao
Re&1onal Adviser on c~oable Dise..es WHO Reglonal Qtt1.e for the . Western Paolfio Manila
Mr Antonio '.ra.aaai Regional Adviser on
Environmental Beal1ob. WHO Regional Offloe for the
Western Paoifio Manila
- 27/28 -
ANNEX 1 (cont'd.)
Also present were the following WHO San!tary Engineers:
Mr A. Bes.
ProJeot Korea 4001 Seoul
Mr R. Stafford
ProJeot Malaysia 3001 Kuala Lumpur
Mr J. Valbrune ProJect Viet-Ham 3001 Saigon
1\
II II
,, I
- 29 ANNEX 2
AGENDA
TUESMY, 22 MAY
0845 - 0915 0915 - 1015
Registration Session 1: Opening speeoh by Dr A. Angara. WPRO Assistant Director ot Health Services, for the Regional Direotor Introducw1'7 remarks by the Seminar Direotor Mr H.G. 'fh0ID
Eleotion
of Chairman and Vioe-Chairman
Adoption of the Seminar Agenda Introduotion ot the Secretariat and the C01l8ul tants - Mr A. Taaassi AdlII1n1atrative intomation on the Seminar Mr F. Agard
1015 - 1045 1045 - 1215
Coffee Break Seasion 2: Introduotion ot the partioipants and observers - Chairman SUIIIII8rY' ot Country Reports (WPR/AP/l!) Mr F. Agard II
1215 - 1}45 1}45 - 1515
Lunch Break Session 3: Air Pollution in Environmental Perspeotive WPRO (WPR/AP!l) - Mr A. Tomassi and Mr H.G. Thorn.
Disoussions
1515 - 1545
!Y:!!:
"Little
Man
Big City"
· ANNEX 2 (cont 'd. )
- 30 -
WEDNESDIlY, 23 MAY
0845 - 1015
Session 4: , I
Health Effeots of Air Pollution Dr L.T. Friberg (WPB/AP/2) Disoussions 1015 - 1045 1045 - 1215 Cotfee Break Session 5: Current WHO Aotivities in Air Pollution Control - Dr G.J. Cleary (WPB/AP/9) Disoussions 1215 - 1345 1345 - 1515 Lunch Break
Session 6: Meteoro1ogioal Factors - Mr A. Gordon (wPR/AP/lO) Disoussions
1515 - 1545 1800 - 2000
F1l.III:
"Shadow of Progress"
Cocktail Party I, , ,
THURSDAY. 24 MAY
II , ,
0845 - 1015
Session
7:
I
r
,, , ,
II
Ambient Air Monitoring - Dr T. Okita (wPB/AP!3) Disoussions 1015 - 1045 1045 - 1215 Coftee Break Session 8: Emission Testing - Dr T. Oldta (wPl'I/AP/4) Disoussions
I'
ii II II
il II II
- 31 -
ANNEX 2 (cont'd.)
'l'HUlISDA.Y, 24 MAY (oont1Dued)
1215 - 1~5 1~5 - 1630
Lunch Break
Field Visit. 'fo the National water and. Air Pollution Control Camm1ssion
FRIDIlY.
25
MAY
0845 -
1015
Session 91 Control ot Alr Pollution from Stationary Souroes - Mr Il.G. 'rhCIII (wPR/AP/5) Disoussions
1015 - 1045 1045 - 1215
cottee Break Ses810n 10: Control of Air Pollutlon from Mobile Sources - Mr N.G. 'rh0ID (Wl'R/AP/6) DisoussloDS
1215 - l~ 1345 -
Lunch Break
Ses810n 11: neaonatration: Saapl.1ns Methods Dr T. Oldta
SM.'URDo\Y. 26 MAY
0845 - 1015
S••sion 12: Air Pollution Legislation - Mr R. P. Murpby (wPR/AP/l)
D1soussions 1015 - 1045 cottee Break Session
1045 - 1215
13:
Crn.ria aDd StaDdarda tor Air Pollutants Mr R.P. ~ (WPII/APJ8)
D1aousalona
ANNEX 2 (cont'd.)
- 32 -
SATURDAY. 26 MAY (continued)
1215 SUNDAY. 21 MAY
Free
Free
MONDAY. 28 MAY
0845 -
S••aion 14r Review ot Conolusicms and adoption ot the draft aeminar report Session 15: Cloai!!1 S.asio!! - Dr A.C. Reyes. WPRO Asaistant Direator ot Health Serviaes
- 33/34 ANNEX
3
LIST OF WORKING PAPEBB Air Pollution 1n Environmental Perspective b7 the Environmental Health Unit. WHO Regional. Ottioe tor the Western Pacitio. Manila. Ph1Upp1nes. Health Aspeots ot Air Pollution b7 Protessor Lars T. Friberg. Karol1nska Institutet. Departlllent of EnvirolDental Hygiene. Stookholm. Sweden. Ambient Air Monitoring b7 Dr Tosh1iohi Okita. Chiet ot Laboratory ot Environmental Evaluation. Departlllent ot Co.mun1t7 Environmental Soiences. Inatitute ot Publio Health, Tokyo, Japan. Blaiaaion Testing b7 Dr Toshlichl Okita. Control ot Air Pollution trom StatioD&I'Y' Sources b7 Mr H.G. Thom, Environmental Laboratory. Department ot Health. Auckland. Hew Zealand. Control ot Air Pollution from MobUe Sources b7 Mr H.G. ThOll. Air Pollution Legislation b7 Mr R.P. Murphy, Prinoipal Air Pollution Engineer, Department ot Public Health. Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia. Criteria and Standards tor Air Pollutants b7 Mr R.P. Murphy. Current WHO Activities in Air Pollution Control b7 Dr G.J. CleaI'Y', Soientist, Environmental Pollution, Division ot Environmental. Health, World Health Organization. Geneva. Meteorological Aspects of Air Pollution b7 Mr Adrian Gordon, Project Manager. World
WPR/AP/l
-
WPB/AP/2
-
WPR/AP/3
-
wPR/AP/4 wPR/AP/5
-
wPR/AP/6
-
WPR/API7
WPR/AP!B wPR/AP/9
-
WPR/AP/lO
-
Meteorological Organization, % The United Nations Development Programme in the Pbilippines. Manila, Philippines. wPR/AP/ll SUlllDary' ot Country- Reports by Mr Folke Agard, WHO san!tary- Engineer, WHO Regional. Oftioe tor the Western Paoitic. ManUa, Philippines.
- 35 -
ANNEX 4
SUlfi\RY OF COUNTRY REPORTS
·1.
Introduction
Country reports on air pollution were received from the participants and oontained information from 14 countries. The purpose of these reports to give a greater understanding of the situation relative to air pollution in the Region.
w..
t , ,
It was not possible to summarize all the information contained in the country reports. The attached tables sUIIIIII&I'ize some aspeots wlUoh may be uaetul for ccaparison within the Region. However, as the participants did not all come from government agencies, the information submitted may not neoessarily reflect the current situation. Table 1 su.aarizea general 1n!'ormation. As a result of data presented by the partioipants during the sea1nar & table of emission standards and guidelines in use in the WesteI'll Pacific Region has been prepared (Table 2), together with a table shOWing some examples of air quality standards and goals (Table ~).
2.
Coments
2.1 The fourteen countries represent almost ~ of the total population of the WPRO Member oountries, Clrl.na not included. The urban population in per cent. of the total population varies from 85~ (Singapore) to 10lC (Laos). The overall population density counted in persona per square kilometre varies from 3600 (Singapore) to 1.7 (Auatral1a). The Kowloon area, Hong Kong, haa shown the highest urban density, 160 340 persons per square k11.tmetre. 2.2 State of industrial develOpment Gross National Product (GNP) per capita and the annual primary energy consumption per capita (MJ) have been chosen as yard sticks of industrial development. The figures in column 8 are taken from the "1969 Data" supplied by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The figures in column 9 are taken from the United Nations Statistical Yearbook 1971 converted to S.I. units. 2.3 VelUcle ownership and road systems The highest ratio of vehicle ownership existed in Guam, New Zealand, Australia and Japan ranging from 588 to 204 vellicles per 1000 persorus. The most developed road system is shown for Australia and New Zealand.
-~-
ANNEX 4 (cont'd.)
2.4
Legislation Ten of the countries have promulgated laws and regulations
on air pollution oontrol.
2.5 Research Reaearoh on air pollution is oarried out in five of the 14 oountries. A WHO Regional Referenoe Centre is looated in Japan and a WHO Collaborating Laboratory is established in Hong Kong.
2.6 Training of air pollution staff Eight oountries have training facilities. Table 4. For details, see
, I I
2.7 During the seminar oonsideration was given to the expression of results in a standard form. As a result units in the attached tables have been expre.sed ina oonsistent system. A table of oonversion faotors is also Qttaohed as Table 5.
,
i; ,
I ,
II
" ii
- 37 -
'1'ABIB 1 SlMoJARY OF COUlfl'RY HEPORTS ON AIR POLLUTION
POl!ulat1on (Pop. density in ·persons per sq. Countq ldJ.OIIIetreJ
Annual enerlll oonsum;Etion GaseOWl Liquid Solid in mep in Jt lOS
Total in
"in urban
",1llions areas 1
Joule. MoT MoT J(.
~
in Jt
lei
2
3
.2. 1029 14 }2 106 6576 1 1
6 922
Australia Fiji Guam
12.88 83 (1.7) - .~.o9 0.5JI32 D1001& 4xl07 1.291 1.1.561 . 4.11 C3 Boo' 11 160B~~ 110.7xlr? 105 53 (282) (876U 358xJ.r? 21 7.0 (181) (31) 10 3.0 2:xl04 1.!J.• O) . ~.9'" (67..11 !$O . 2.~?t -.110.6) - ~.9xlr? 2.5 (5.4) 10 }9.2 32 0.08~
0
-
Bong Kong
Japan lbIer Republio
494 o.~
Laos Mal.&781& New
-
.21.
-
142
Zealand
PaPUA New Guinea
-
184 482
Phil1PPines
(130)
ReDUb1ic ot Korea Sin_nore Viet-Hall
31.9 (324) 2.11 1(}600) 18.0 (10})
50 -
.22.~
.2xl07
B5 (24 568: 45
:D. 100
O~
-
ti.~xl08
ilpor Suva. bFor Kowloon area and Hong Kong Island.
cRefers to West Malaysia only.
TABLE 1 (cont'd.)
- 38 -
SUMMARY OF COUNrRY BBPORrS ON AIR POLLUTION
Country
state of industrial devdopment Nullber of petrol Electrioity (annual) and diesel-fueled oonsumption in million GNP US$ MJ x 1e? vehicles per 1000 p. kwh per cap. per cap. 1969 7 62 534
1 Australia Fiji Guam
8 2~0
9 196
10 439 34.6 700
687 1')412
-
390
17
32 37 116 2 2
Hong Kong Japan
850
45.7 204 a
2 000 000
1430 130 110
Khmer Republic Laos Malaysia New Zealand Papua New Guinea PhlliDPines Republic of Korea Sinll:apore Viet-Nam
44.9
28 4.7 83 440
13706
340 2230 210 210 210 800 140
16 96 6 10 29
9 026
15.4 5.7 b 166
-
30 11
13.6
0
~clud1ng soooters. b
Inoluding scooters
and
motorcyoles.
c
In addition 1 (/)7 200 scooters under 50cc.
- 39 TABIE 1 (cont'd) SUMMARY OF COUNTRY REPORTS ON AIR POLLUTION
• Country
Length of Existing legislation on control of air pollution usable roads in from dom •• com •• and kill. per indo sources 1000 p. Yes/No ~genoy responsible 11
Existing legislation on control of air pollution from vehicles Yes/No Agenoy responsible
1
12 Yes Yes Yes Yes .
13 a
14 Yes No Yes Yes e b
15 a State and Federal Authorities
Australia Fiji Guam Hong
66.8 5.6 5.6
state Authorities Central Bd. of Heal tho Looa1 Auth.; Town Planning Board Guam EPA The Commissioner
Guam
b
EPA
Kong
0.24
of Labour The Environment Ap:ency
Japan
9.9 1.54
Yes
0
Yes
Khmer Republ1c Laos Malaysia New Zealand Papua New Guinea
No Nod Yes
Dept. of Health & Territ. Loc. Auth.
Nod Yes
1.1
Ministry of Health No
The Commissioner of Labour and the Commissioner for Transoort __ The Environment Ap:ency The Ministry of Publio Works Ministry of Public Works
33.2
Dept. of Health & Territ. Loo. Auth.
1.9 1.3
Yes Yes Yes Yes NWAFCC MOHSA
Bur. of San. at
Yes Yes No Yes NWAPCC
Mln. of Transp. Reg. of Veh.; Traffio Police Mlnistry of Transo.
•
Philippines Republio of Korea Singapore Viet-Nam
0.9 1.2
Anti-Pol. Unit under the 1M's office & the Min. of Environment Inter-Ministerial Anti-Pol. Com.
~ational Emission standards recommended. b
Air Quality standards
and
Air Pollution Control Regulations attached.
o
Air Quality standards attached. Env. Quality Aot Is being oonsidered.
d An
TABLE 1 (cont'd.)
- 40 -
SUMMARY OF COUNl'RY HEPORrS ON AIR POWlTION Research underCountry taken
Yes/No 1
Facilities available in the country tor training ot personnel on air pollution matters
16 Yes Ho No
17 By universities and colleges Is being organized with assistance tr<XII New Zealand
Australia Fiji Guam
. j
,
I I !
a b
II
Hong Kong Japan
'!'he
Yes Yea
SIIoke AbateJllent Adviser '!'he National Inst. ot Publio Health and National Training Center forEnv. Pol.
Khmer Republic Laos Malaysia New Zealand
No No Yes c
Dept. ot Health and 2 ot Hew Zealandta universities
i 11 I
I I II II II II
Papua Hew Guinea Philippines Republio ot Korea Singapore Viet-Nam
Yes d e Yes NIH
ByNWAPCC Anti-Pollution Unit; PH Division By National Institute ot Publio Health
"
II
No
aCollaborating Laboratory tor WHO research. bAir Quality Standards attached. 0By Department of Health in co-operation with New Zealand's Central El. Generating Board. d
In Greater Manila Area the oono. ot pollutants fr<XII vehioles is tolerable.
eArmual average sulphur dioxide:
1965 - 0.006 ppm; 1969 - 0.048 ppm.
~ Smoke
Au.tralta National Quld.Une
New South Will. . t.gal Standard
tor ... Plan"
n.a b.bUac
Rl
Ja.,.., I.e.l Staadard
Slnppore Lopl _ ' "
Phl11ppin@1I lApl Standard
I . ZHlancl au1911n.e t<W' ;1_ Ind_ ~rl ••
All etat1anarr eoura••
Rl
., ., R2 (tor 10
R2 not to be aoeeded tor ..... thon 5
R} not tc.
t,~·
.2 • •1nut••/hr In ehut dr ton••
.Iou" our..... ooot .,_) at.art-\II
........ (JtllD11,
.1nutea. , t:lHa/dQ
aee4td,1!IC1 Cor mcre than 2 minute./ hr
.,.......>
.aot
"
Soot O'i1UKlpa fired plant
Sa.......... Ho. ,
-raoh 110. ,
-.. raoh 110. ,
0.1 - 0.8 0.05 - 0.5
11*', aIlIo <..u............)
0.'" 1211 CO:!
II*' at
O. /2 IrjNm'
0.'5
IIiiI' ....ral Bo11en and at l~ CO 2
Solid 2!:!:!:1ob. 0.25
0.'"
0.1 - 0.8 0.05 - 0.5 (polluted areu)
0.'"
0.11 KIV'hr
18.1.
1noln.rato~
0.25 - 0.5
0.25-0.'
D....
0.1 - o.B 0.05 - 0.5 (polluted are.. )
0.'"
0.25
0
0.50
Met.al. . .ltlns Sul~r Oxides
0.10
0.20
0.25
0.10
.'-r
~S04 • SO,
o/lb
,
0.1 '.0
0
0
q •
J.
x IO·>
0.' 6
0
0
General Sulphuric acid planta
0.1 '.5
0.'
7-9
0
0
0
5.0 with max.
_halen U .. lt
..
""'" • ""x Oenera!
II*' 0.5 1.0 0.;,5
11 trio aold pl.a,t.
0.. tired pow.r at.tiona
0
'.5 -.5
-
0
2.0 _.0 0
0
0
&1lii'
rlwrlne
and.
oc.DCNndII 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.1 O.~.
aeneral Ablllll1ma a dtAra
0.1 - 0.2 0.01
0.1
-
0
0
. •
Cadml~
oc.DCJUtda
."..,
, 10 10
0
20
1
20
0
with ax. _1 •• lon
.iii*-' •&i'*
Lead and
CQllPO'IIDCla
20
10
0
JO
20
0
,
.... -
100
Are.n~c and ocaDOUnd • 0
20
0
'0
0
An~1a>1U'
aDC1 Qa.DC'lNIe
.."..,
10
0
20
-
20
0
0
::pandO~.
, !!II 10 20
20
20
0
'1'0001 04, lb, le, SO, .."..,
20
0
20
0
0
.'0_1 ODd • _ _ MIIIal eKoept niokel oarbGa;rl
0
1!1oal carboml .,...., (tentathe) BI!Xlll_"~ "
0.5 0.1
-
(t_taU. . ,
7.6 d ••
0
0
0
0
0
7.6 0.20 0._0
-
~SulI!!1de
5 0.' 0.2
0
-
ChlGrlne
aIatl
0.0' 0.08
0
~roooo obloride ~
0._
0
•
AIR QUALI'lY OBJECTIVES AND STANDARDS
~ ORGANIZATION World Health Organisation united States Pr1alary
Sulphur Dioxide
Suspended Particles
Carbon Monoxide by Infra-red Ag/m
Total Oxidants by Potassium Iodide .-A(.g/m
Nitrogen Dioxide Remarks
Sampling '!conce9tration Measuring Conce3tration Measuring Period 'i-"Cslm at OOC Method ~slm at O'C Method 1 24 8 1 1 24 8 1 1 24 8 1 yr hrs hra hr yr hra hrs hr yr hra hrs hr
concentr~t1on Concentr~t1on Concentr~tion
.A( g/m
Measuring Method See Annex ? 1'or details of WHO .long-te1'll goals. T""'JI8rature for
60 200
H1drogenPeroxide
40 120
Reflectance
10* 40*
60* 120* 100 at 25°C Jacobs Hochiser
:~~n~!~ not Legal 5 tandards to protect public heal th I
87 400
Pararosanaline
82 284
H1gh Volume 10 at 25'C 40 at 25°C 160 at 25°C
~
-I:
~
united States Secondary
65 284
Pararosanaline
65 164
High Volume 10 at 25°C 40 at 25°C 160 at 25°C
100 at 25°C
Jacobs Hochiser
Legsl standards to protect public welfare
Japan
l.yr 24 hrs 8 hra I hr 1 24 8 1 -
114 286 65 }:}O
Conductivity
100 200
Light Scattering
Sa1tz41 at OoC 12.5 at O'C 12.5 at O·C 128 at ooC man
Legal standards to protect public health
II.>
i
Canada ,
yr hrs hra hr
Pararosanaline
I
76 l}l
High Volume
I !
50 at 25°C
Air quality objectives
15 at 25°C ' 35 at 25°C 160 at 25'C -
~I
Air Quality Standards for Guam identical to united States Standards. for expression not specified.
*Temperature
... ~
-
-
Educational institutes Count.ry Name Type of training (e.g. technical. graduate. postgraduate) Post-graduate M.Sc. Post-graduate M.Sc. Post-graduate diploma Poat certifioate Availability of places. scholarships for overseas students Places - Yes
Professional societies specifically concerned with environmental pollution control measures Are Meetings/ Publications they Conferences Name multiissued held lingual? Clean Air Society of Every , years Quarterly Journal Australia and New Zealand No
University of Melbourne University of New South Wales University of Sydney Sydney Technical College National Institute of Public Health Japan National Training Centre for Environmental Pollution Control University of Auckland New Zealand Department of Health
~ ~ ~
~
Places - Yes Places - Yea Places - Yea
Australia
Ii
~~ Japan Society of Air Pollution Once a year Several publ1cations isaued per year No Japanese I only I i
~i ~~
Technical Tachnical
) Yea - but the ) course is ) conducted in ) Japanese
Ig ~~ ~~
~ 0\
$
~""
Post-graduate (DipPHE) Technioal (Air Pollution Diploma ffiH)
Plaoes - Yes Places may be available
Clean Air Society of Every , years Quarterly Australia and New Journal Zealand
No Engliah only
iE ~ ~ : e Sl ~
~ ~ Phlippine Inatitute of EnVironmental Planning Society for Better Environment Annual Bi-annual No English only
University of the Ph1lippines Ph1lippines Centre for Environmental Studies -
Post-graduate
Yes
~
Technical
Yea
Annual
-
-
-
--
-
---
I. I - 47 TABlE 5 81 CCllVBllS1011 FAC'fOliS (F)
x inch
F
s.!. m m m m kill
Unit
0.0254 o.~
toot yard
0.9144
oha1n
20.u68
•
1.60934 6.452 0.0006452 0.093 0.836 aore 4047 sg. mile 2.599 oub. ft. .0.02832 • _ gal.. (imp.) _________ •. 0.0045% _________ mile sq. in. sq. in. sq. ft. sq. yd. ~&[r!l _O&1~9
cm2 2 m
2 m 2 m 2 m
'02
;3. ____ _ om3 ~ am'
3 m
~
cub. in. cub. ft. pint gal. (imP.) oz. lb.
16.39 28.32
0.568 4.$
W kg kg kg
0.028,35 0.454
•
•
ewt. ton (lCIIDg) ton 'short) . 1b force ton force inch w.g. mm Hg psi atm hp
SO.8 1.016
tonne. t N Newton kN
0.907 4.4lJ9 9. 964 0.2491 0.1333 6.895 101.325 746 0.004l.87 0.001055 105.5 3.6 0.004187 0.002326 0.037259 16.018 2.288,35 0.100 metre kilogram second ampere kelvin oandela mole m kg
kPa (Kilo) Pasoal kPa kPa kPa W Watt MJ (Mega) Joule MJ MJ MJ
keal Btu therm kWh cal/g; koal/kg Btu/.Lb. Btu/ft. 3 1b/ft. 3 graln/ft. 3 poise • Basi. Units
s A K Tum over for
od mol
notes.
TABLE
5 (cent 'd.)
- 48 -
s. I.
UNIT PREFIXES PREFIX
• SYMBOL T G M
MUlll' • FACTOR
tera giga mega kilo heoto deoa deci centi milli micro nano pioo femto atto
12 10 9 106 10
k h da
1~
d c In
M
n p f a
1°1 1°_1 1°_2 1°_3 1°_6 1°_9 1°_12 1°_15 1°_18 10
ii II
II II
II
jl II II
NOT]S:
After cenTersion~ the values should be expressed in terms of the multiple of submultiple most appropriate to the oues, 1!
e.g.
(1)
1 7d. 1 ft. 1 inch oonverts to 1.2446 m and ia oited as 1.24 In or 1.245 or 1.2446 m aooording to implied acouraoy. 1.01 inches converts to 0.025654 m and is cited as 0.0257 In or 25.7 Mm. Btu/lb for a calorifio value converts to 23.29256 MJ/kg and is cited as 23.293 MJ/kg. 10~014
II
(2) (3)
• •
..
- 49 ANNEX 5
• • AIR QUALITY CRl'mRIA AND GUIDES AND LONG-TERM GOAUJ FOR URBAN AIR POLLU'rANrS
Reterence: ~:
Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser. 1 1972# No. 506.
These tables IIWIt be considered in conjunction with the text given in 'the reterence documented. For the longterm goals the text is given in this annex in tull.
Air 9p&l1tl Criteria and Guides
•
'lable 6.
CO Concentrations Required to Reach ~ Carboxyhaemoglobin Levels
('l'h1s level was considered by the WHO Expert Committee to !norease the risk tor patients with cardiovascular disease)
Ambient CO
a
'l1me PJID
•
• " I
mg/m' 29 '5
hours
25 ~
24
I I
8 1
II '
I I
I I ,
117
100
,
I
t
L1gbt activIty at sea level with initial "basal" values is assumed.
a
ANNEx 5 (cont'd.)
- 50 -
Table 7.
Expected Health Effects of Air Pollution on Selected Population Groups 'Worsening of patients with pulJaonary disease
•
Pollutant SO a 2
Excess mortality and hospital adlliss10Da 500Ag/m3 (daUy average)
Vis ib Uity 8ZJIl/or human Respiratory ann07ance II7IDDtaas ertects lOO..Afg/m3 (annual arithmetic 118an) i
1.500-~
.A(g/J
(dally averace) smoke a
500~g/m3 (da1ly average)
250.-4{g/m' (daily average)
lOOAt
(a1'\lma]
sf.'
80.A{g/m3 (annual geometric 118an) 80..A(s/m3
t
I
I I
~ r
I
(annual geOlletric mean)C
II
arithmetic mean)
I I , I ,
a British Standard Practice (Ministry of !echnolosy, 1966). Values for sulfur dioxides and suspended particulates apply only in conjunction with each other. 'J.'bey m~ have to be adjusted when translated into terms of results obtained by other procedures. b'rhese· values represent ·the dirterenee of opinion within the CCXllllittee. c Based on h1gh-volu.t s_plera. Table 8. Expected Health Effects of Photochemical OXidants on Vulnerable Groups
11
I t I
.1
tI
11
Increased mortality
Increased asthmatio attacks 25QA(g/m3a 1 hour
Pulmonary dysfunction
Annoyance and eye irritation 3 200.,.4(g/m 1 hour
j
I
Not reported to date
200..At g/Ir?
~
" J'
1 hour
'I
a OX1dant as measured by neutral buttered Xl method and expressed as ozone.
'.
I I Long-term goals •
I
- 51 -
ANNEX 5 oont'd.)
Without giving priority to the adverse effects of air pollutants over other health problems, it is the opinion of the Committee that exposure to the air pollutants disoussed in this report should be kept as low as possible, as the sub-threshold levels are not well detined at present and probably will not be defined with any great degree ot certainty for a long time to COllie.
•
Since knowledge concerning the health effects ot the pollutants disoussed above decreases sharply as their ooncentrations drop, any forecast of the possible effects of levels below those given in the preceQ1ng sections must necessarily be speculative. Drawing on the information available, however, it is possible to set a level between these concentrations and the natural background level that the COIIIIII1ttee would like to see adopted as an ultimate goal, with the hope that this ·intermediate level would be unlikely to produce any 111 ettects at all. Taking into consideration all the evidence available to it, the COIIIII1ttee reached the consensus that, in the light ot pre.ent knowledge, the following recommendations oould be offered as long-term goals intended to prevent undesirable efteots trom the air pollutants under discussion (Table 9). It emphasized, however. that these are tentative reoommendations sUbJeot to change as and when more data on doseresponse relationah1pa within different populations become available.
,
•
- 52 -
TABLE 5 (cant'd.)
, Table 9. Recanmended Long-Term Goals *
Pollutant and measurement method a Sulfur oxides - British standard Procedure Suspended particula~s British Procedure a -
Limiting level
annual mean ot observations c below 9~
60/1g/ra'\ 200~m I
annual mean 9~ of observations c below 8-hour average I-hour maximum 8-hour average I-hour maximum
40Ag/m} 120 Ag/m} 10 mg/m} 40 mg/m 6o"Qg/m3 120/tg/m3
•
Carbon monoxide - non- b dispersive infrared Photochemical oxidant as measured by neutral buffered KI method expressed as ozone
*The Committee specifically urged that this table should not be considered independently of the accanpanying text. ayalues for sulfur oxides and suspended partioulates apply only in conjunction with one another. Methods are not those necessarily recommended but indioate those on which these units have been based. Where other methods are used an appropriate adjustment may be necessary. cThe permissible ~ of observations over this limit may not fallon consecutive days. b
...