Adolescent contraceptive use GLOSSARY OF TERMS 1 Average age at first birth: Current 20-24 year olds’ reports of age at first birth among those who had a first birth before age 20 for both adolescent boys and adolescent girls. Average age at first sex: Current 20-24 year olds’ reports of age at first sex among those who first had sex before age 20 for both adolescent boys and adolescent girls (see also proportion ever had sex). Average age at first union: Current 15-19 year olds’ reports of age at first union for adolescent boys and adolescent girls (see also proportion in union). Average number of years of schooling: The reported highest level of school attended and the highest year of education completed at that level by current 15-19 year olds for adolescent boys and adolescent girls. Least effective to most effective (contraceptive method): Effectiveness based on typical or common use, representing the proportion of women who do not experience an unintended pregnancy within one year of use (see Table 1). Main reasons for not using a method: Proportion of 15-19 year old adolescent girls who provide a list reason for why they are not currently using a method of contraception, among those who do not want a child in the next two years. The top three reasons are reported. Respondents can report more than one reason (see also proportion not wanting a child in the next two years, proportion current using any method to prevent pregnancy). Modern methods: contraceptive methods including spermicides, female condom, male condom, standard days/cycle beads, pill, injectable contraceptives, lactational amenorrhea (LAM), implants, IUD, male and female sterilization (see Table 1). Number of adolescents: Calculated using the 2015 population data for 10-19 year old males and females from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. Number of sexually active adolescents: The proportion of currently sexually active adolescent boys and adolescent girls multiplied by the current population of 15-19 year old adolescent boys and adolescent girls from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (see also ever had sex, currently sexually active, number of adolescents) Proportion currently sexually active: Proportion of all current 15-19 year olds who report that they are in union or unmarried and report having sex in the past 3 months (see also proportion in union, proportion ever had sex). Proportion currently using any method to prevent pregnancy: Among 15-19 year old adolescent girls who report who report not wanting a child in the next two years, the proportion who report current use of any method of contraception (see also proportion not wanting a child in the next two years). Proportion ever had sex: The proportion of all current 15-19 year olds who report of ever having sex for both adolescent boys and adolescent girls. Proportion in union: Proportion of all 15-19 adolescent boys and adolescent girls in the mutually exclusive categories of married or living with partner. 1 Unless otherwise noted, all data come from country-specific Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), calculated with countryspecific weights recommended by the Demographic and Health Surveys program: www.dhsprogram.com
Proportion not using contraception: The proportion of all current 15-19 year old adolescent girls who report not currently using a method of contraception. Proportion not wanting a child in the next two years: The proportion of current 15-19 year old adolescent girls who report wanting to wait two years of more to have a child or a next child (if currently pregnant). Proportion of the adolescent population living in rural or urban areas: The 2015 population data for 1019 year old adolescent boys and adolescent girls, stratified by rural and urban residence, from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. The majority proportion (urban or rural) is reported. Proportion unmarried, sexually active: The proportion of current 15-19 year olds who report not being in union and having sex in the past 3 months (see also proportion in union, proportion currently sexually active). Proportion using contraception by method: The proportion of all current 15-19 year old adolescent girls who report current use of a method of contraception, by method type including modern and traditional methods (see also Modern methods, Traditional methods). Source of modern method: Among all current 15-19 year old adolescent girls reporting current use of a modern method, the top two most recent sources reported for obtaining the method, excluding lactational amenorrhea (LAM) (see also Proportion using contraception by method, Modern methods). Traditional methods: contraceptive methods including withdrawal, periodic abstinence, rhythm/calendar (see Table 1).
Table 1: List of modern contraceptive methods, by method effectiveness 2 Method Spermicides Withdrawal Periodic abstinence Rhythm or calendar Female condom Male condom Standard days or cycle beads Pill Injectable contraceptives Lactational amenorrhea (LAM) Implants IUD Male sterilization Female sterilization Effectiveness 72% 73% 75% 75% 79% 85% 88% 92% 97% 98% 99% 99% >99% >99%
World Health Organization: Family Planning/Contraception Fact sheet 351 (http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs351/en/) and Trussell, J. Contraceptive Efficacy. In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson Al, et al. Contraceptive Technology: Twentieth Revised Edition. New York (NY): Ardent Media, 2011. 2
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Table 2: Characteristics of included respondents, by country Included Adolescent Girls Year of DHS Republic of Albania 1
Included Adolescent Boys Married only Unmarried and in union X Married only None
Unmarried and in union X
In union only (too few unmarried sexually active)
2008-09 2010 2006 2014 2011-12 2008 2010 2010 2014 2011 2014-15 2010 2012 2011-12 2011-12 2013-14 2013 2014 2011 2012 2013 2014 2012 2009 2012 2011-12 2005-06 2012 2012 2014 2012 2014 2013 2008-09 2010
Republic of Armenia Republic of 2,4 Azerbaijan People's Republic of Bangladesh Republic of Bénin Plurinational State of Bolivia Burkina Faso Republic of Burundi Kingdom of Cambodia Republic of 4 Cameroon Republic of Chad Republic of Colombia Union of the Comoros Republic of the Congo Republic of Côte d'Ivoire Democratic Republic of the Congo 4 Dominican Republic Arab Republic of Egypt Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Gabonese Republic Republic of the 3 Gambia Republic of Ghana Republic of Guinea Republic of Guyana Republic of Haïti Republic of Honduras Republic of India Republic of Indonesia Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Republic of Kenya Kyrgyz Republic Kingdom of Lesotho Republic of Liberia Republic of Madagascar Republic of Malawi
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Republic of Maldives Republic of Mali Republic of Mozambique Republic of Namibia Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal Republic of the Niger Federal Republic of Nigeria Islamic Republic of Pakistan Republic of Perú Republic of the Philippines Republic of Rwanda Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe Republic of Sénégal 3
2009 2012-13 2011 2013 2011 2012 2013 2012-13 2012 2013 2014-15 2008-09 X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X
X
X X X X X X X
2014 2013 2006-07 2012 2009-10 2013-14 2011 2007 2010 2013-14 2015
X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X
Republic of Sierra Leone Kingdom of Swaziland Republic of Tajikistan Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste Togolese Republic Republic of Uganda Ukraine United Republic of Tanzania Republic of Zambia Republic of Zimbabwe 1
X X X X X X
Age at firth birth for adolescent boys cannot be calculated because no one in the 20-24 year old cohort reports a birth before the age of 20 2 Unmarried adolescent girls are interviewed but none report ever having sex so statistics on unmarried, sexually active adolescent girls not calculated 3 Insufficient sample size to calculate the main reasons for not using a method among unmarried, sexually active adolescent girls 4 Adolescent boys are not asked when they first become fathers
© WHO 2016. Some rights reserved. This work is available under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO licence WHO/RHR/16.72