Report on the socioeconomic development of the zones freed from onchocerciasis in Ghana

()nchoccrciasis Control Progratnme in the Volta River Basin area Proqramnrc dc I-rrtte contre l'()nchocercose dans la Rtigion du Bassin de la Volta ( J()lN't' Pl{ocILAl\1 MII c'OM MI'l'l'EL. ()lllcc of tltc Chatrtttitn JOINT PROGRAMME COMMITTEE Third session Bamako, 7-lO December 1982 Provisional Agenda item 9 JPC.CCP REPORT ON THE SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE ZONES FREED FROM ONCHOCERCIASIS IN GHANA COIVIITE CONJOIN'I' DU PROGRAMME Bureau du PrJsidcnt JPCS .48 ORI G INAL : ENCILI SH 0ctober 1982 I {JPC3.4B page 1 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH October 1982 REPUBLIC OF GHANA SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF ONCHO.FREE AREAS The Government of the Republic of Ghana is very much aware of the great contribution theOnchocerciasis Control Progrannne has made to\^rards the control and eradication of Onchoceriasis, and is determined to embark on the subsequent settlement of the people and socioeconomic development of the areas so freed from the disease. This first of all necessitated the establishmenE of the National Onchocerciasis Secretariat (in tg75). Since the disease has been a complete barrier to agricultural and industrial development, in the rural areas, theSecretariat, following the Landset Survey, has been studying the developmental potential ofthe oncho-freed areas, to Promote specific development activities and to function as a coordinating body to liaise with all national bodies such as the NoRRIp (Northern RegionalRural Integrated Prograrrne), IIRADEP (Upper Regional Agricultural Development progranrne), IlRDEco (Upper Regional Development corporation), FAScoM (Farmers Services Company) and othertechnical assistance groups concerned, towards the development of the freed areas. TheSecretariat has also been highlighting the priority development activities required within the area for the benefit of the Government and potential investors. In accordance with Government objective of utilising the potential of these areas the URADEP, NORRIP, FASCOM were established to provide physical infrastructure, support services, radio broadcasting and farm inputs to the various farm units - tRADEP was established in 1974to develop 9O service centres that would provide improved extension and management services tothe Upper Region's farmers. It is also through farm loans and improved supply inputs improvingproduction of 108 ooo hectares of land (30% of total arable) currently under cultivationincluding traditional mixed mi1let and sorghum, rice, maLze, tomatoes, cotton, groundnuts andyams. It also provides improvement on farm grain storage, better animal health and husbandry services. It has also embarked on establishing ten 2OOO ha cattle ranches and developing applied research and demonstration units and ensuring proper seed multiplication methods. To complement the efforts of LJRADEP, the Farmers Service Company (FASCOM) was established in L977 as a limited liability comPany to distribute and se11 fertilizers and other reconrnended farminputs throughout 97 retail stores strategically sited in the Upper Region. The company ensures farmers adequate purchasing power by operating deferred payments schemes for thoseitems required on a seasonal basis. Ihe company also provides incentives for transportation and farmers association devel-opment through bulk discount system as well as providingfacilities for produce storage and marketing. The company has trucks, tractors and combineharvesters which are distributed to the seven districts of the Upper Region to provide bothinputs and services to farmers. similar functions are being performed by the NoRRrp and URDECO. Importance of the zone The oncho-controlled area, now administratively consisting of the Northern and Upper Regions of Ghana lies in the west African Savannah Zone, between latitudes 8'and 11"N andlongitudes 3'W an$ 1'E. The Northern Region, being largest region in-the country has an area of 70 383 1or- whilst the Upper Region has an area of 27 7L9 WrLz, Both regions together enclose about 34.4% of the total land area of Ghana. Fig. 1 shows the oncho zone in Ghana. According to the 1970 census figures, approximately L8% of the total population of Ghanalive in these regions. The projected total popul-ation for 1980 is I o41 43I and I O27 457for the Northern and Upper Regions respectively. By 1991 assuming a demographic growth rate of approximateLy 4% per annum, the Northern region will contain 1.35 million people while theUpper Region will have about 1.31 million people. I JPC3.48 page 2 The current us$ 300. per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of these areas is approximately The freed zone is a predominantly agricultural area with about 8O% of the labour force empl,oyed in agriculture. The second largest employment group is composed of traders (10%), manufacturers andprocessors employ 6% of the labour force while the service sector including goverrunent employees comprise 4% of the labour force. The economy here is overwhelmingly informal in nature. In conformity with Government objective of embarking on an integrated rural development of the areas so freed from onchocerciasis various proposals were collected from relevant bodies in these zones to form an integral part of a 5-Year Development Plan for the country. These proposals sunrnarize the aims and aspirations of the people as well as the goals and objectives envisaged, over the next five years with regard to the zone's resources together with Central Government and foreign investment and funds. The ultimate aim of integrating the plan of the zone with the national plan is to: (i) expand the production base contrnensurate with the need to raise the of the growing population as far as the resources will permit; living standards (ii) bring about equitable income distribution to eliminate the extremes between rural and urban incomes' (iii) provide basic essential infrastructural facilities to serve as a sprinB-board for a future accelerated economic develop,ment in the Northern sector of Ghana. Water resource develrprneq! The problem of water supply in the Oncho Zone and other areas in the Northern sector of the country has been a regular feature. Most of the seemingly big rivers are seasonal and dry up for half the year. The Government of Ghana has therefore adopted the National Water Grid System of undertaking District Water Supply Progranrne which eventually fit into the national network. Ihis system replaces the former one of planning water supply facilities for individual townships separately. The Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation has embarked on several water schemes in various places to tap the White VolEa, Kulpawn, Sissili and other rivers to supplement the existing water supply system. District schemes are also designed to take their sources of supply from medium-sized dams. In other areas mechanical pumps and boreholes or dug-outs are being designed and constructed by CIDA (CAI{ADIAN INTERNATIONAL DE\ELOPMENT AGENCY) and other agencies to augment the water supply requirement of the areas. Water projects here aim at supplying one groundwater well for every 3OO persons. Soil resources The similarity of soils within the oncho-freed zone allows them to be treated as like units when assessing their characteristics and capabilities. The soils have developed mainly from granites and are sha1low, coarse-textured and concretionary. Settlement is heavily concentrated on the deeper, finer soils towards the eastern and western boundaries. Here sheet erosion is serious and soil conservation measures are being undertaken to arrest the situation. Tn the Memprusi District which is one of the priority planning areas, there are fairly good soils and the intensity of land use varies from fairly low in the l^Iest to very high in the East the high intensity in the East is due to rock outcrops covering approximately one-third of the surface and to population pressures. This intensive cultivation practice and poor management result j_n erosion problems. Along the major river valleys and drainage courses the soils are of a1luvial and mixed a1luvial-ce1luvia1 origin. These soils are deep, fine textured imperfectly to poorly drained soils with sometimes calcerous subsoils. Most of the fertile valleys and good quality land which were unsettled due to their heavier soils and the presence of simulium flies are gradually being put to good use and are suited to a wide range of crops if drained. l I JPC3.48 Page 3 Agriculture The population of the oncho-freed areas in Ghana is predominantly rural although a large percentage of the population live in settlements larger than 2OO people. Agricultural production constitutes the economic base of the zone and about 80% of the Eotal population are small-scale farners. The zone is settled by over 210 OOO farm families but generally, agricuiturat production has been hindered by the loss of good arable land due to onchocerciasis, trypanosomiasis and rapidly increasing soil erosion. Projects in the zone are complemenEs to the ongoing onchocerciasis eradication scheme and assist in arresting soil losses from erosion. This zone takes the pride of place in cereal crop production in the country and also has a vast potential for mechanised agricultural- production. Below is a table showing the agrlcultural land use, yields and production in the Southern sector of the zone: TABLE I: AGR.ICI,LIT]RAL LAND I,SE, YIELDS AND PRODUCTION Crop ooo(ha) Yieldt e/h" Production tons l(ai.ze Rice l,{i 1le t Guinea corn Yam Groundnuts 72.7 38. 4 32.8 81. 3 49.o 31. 8 746 1 010 650 650 2 421 L 495 54 38 2t 52 118 47 249 813 295 844 584 563 Farming systems range from pure shifting cultivation, where land is cropped for four or five years and left to regenerate its fertility, to permanent cultivation where one-half or more of the land is cropped. Where fallowing is practised, the first crop after fallow is usually yams, followed by intercropped cereals and occasionally beans. The last crop is usually mi1let. Where semipermanent cultivation is established, early maize may be intercropped with a variety of vegetabies. At this stage the incorporation of crop residues, animal wastes and fertilizers is an important potential for maintaining fertiLity. Along river valleys and irrigated areas, rice is mainly grown. With the real.isation Ehat there is a positive relaEionship between agricultural growth and a definite agricultural stimulation policy, the embodiment of the development strategy of the zone with the national 5-Year Plan, aims at: (i) self-sufficiency in the production of staple food crops so that food is obtained at reasonable prices and that the population meet their basic nutritional requirement; (ii) increasing agriculcural productivity to release and generate sufficient resources for industrial development; (iii) making conscious efforts to diversify agriculture. In areas in and around thepriority planning zones annual incremental production at fuLl deveiopnent is estimatedin the orders of 4 OOO tons of millet, 12 OOO tons of yams, 18 OOO torrs of cot6on, 11 OOO tons of groundnuts and 6000 tons of tomatoes. I Fig. 2 is a map showing the land use of the freed zone JPC3.48 Page 4 The principal industrial crops grown are cotton and kenaf. The Cotton Developrnent Boardhas its headquarters in Tamale. Since L972 the crop has had a very rapid increase both inyield and hectarage cultivated. This Board produces 30% of the nation's lint cotton requirement and this is mostly grorrn in the freed zone. Plans are afoot to institute research and extension services to significantly boost up cotton production. It is planned that some 28 35o or more hectares of cotton should be under cultivation by 1985 to feed the textile factories in southern Ghana. Kenat ribbons used by the Fibre Factory at Kumasi as substitutefor jute for the production of ilib.. bags for cocoa, coffee, rice, maize and groundnuts are also grown in Tamale, Yendi, Damango and tr7alewale. Marketing In Ghana, cereals, legumes and other crops are market.ed through a vigorous but loosely connected free enterprise system. The extent of Government interference (by monopoly buying or floor price arrangements) varies between regions, being confined to rice and cotton in Lhe Oncho-freed areas. Nevertheless, official maize buying activities in other parts of the country affect farmers and consumers in the zone. There is air overall production deficit situation for annual industrial- crops (cotton and oil seeds) and some foodgrains. The srrpply/aemand gap is bridged by imports and a degree of under-nutrition. The present green revolution is therefore aimed at solving such demerits in the system. The over 6 million urban dwellers situated mainly in the Southern half of the country account for 40% of the population; they provide a continuing demand, resulting in about 50% of cereal and root crop production entering market channels. However, the somewhat arbitrary Governnent production and pricing policies for individual crops causes both supply and price distortions. This situation is exacerbated by the naturall-y extensive nature of production, relatively Poor comnunications and the consequent wide and erratic price spreads both between markets and over tinre. Mobility of population combined with conservation in taste results in a fairly brisk inter - and intra-regional trade which is characterised by a large number of participants. Trade at retail and, to a lesser extent, wholesale level, is dominated by women particularly from the south. Statutory intervention in food crop marketing occurs through the Rice Milling Unit(Ministry of Agriculture) which pays an annually fixed price at specified stations and the Ghana Food Distribution Corporation which has taken over the price support operations of the Grains Board. The Food Production Corporation also has a marketing arm. The Food Distribution Corporation attempts to intervene at farm leve1 postharvest and alleviate some of the later effects of shortages but due to shortage of storage facilities and lack of transport this activity is not very effective. The bulk of groundnut production is bought for conmercial crushing at Tamale, Tema and Accra. Demand for tomatoes is brisk and there is a tomato processing and canning plant at Pwalugu (20 miles from Bolgatanga) which produces tomato puree for marketing. The sale of meat is mostly directed to the informal sector. Butchers lack information on storage, neat cutting and packaging. Maintenance of meat quality, storage, and packaging is however done by the Meat Marketing Board. There is also a meat processing plant at Bolgatanga. Livestock The potential for livestock development is considerable. Cattle, sheep and goats contribute the buLk of the zone's livestock. The Upper Region accounts fot 4% of Ghana's livestock population whilst the Northern Region produces over 3OO OOO cattle and about 25O OOO each of sheep and goats. Considerable poultry and some swine are aI-so produced. I Industrial crops JPC3.48 Page 5 Llvestock stud farms are being set up at Pong-Tamale, Daboya and Bole. The Bank of Ghana, Northern Region Development Corporation (NRDC) and the Mamprusi Traditional Council have jointly established the Wulugu Livestock Company to undertake conrnercial livestock production and the ranch will cover over 4O OOO hectares when completed. Upper Regional Development Corporation (LIRDECO) has established the Kologo cattle ranch which is the biggest in the Upper Region and intends to establish ten other sma1l ranches(about 23oo ha) for local livestock owners. The cost of this project is estimated at about GHA CE 5.8 mi11ion. The Departments of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services have a livestock research and development and veterinary education centre at Pong-Tamale. This centre is engaged in research and development and in the delivery of livestock and veterinary services to farmers. Irr igat ion pro-jects The need for irrigation to counteract the defects of a single rainy season and erratic Patterns of rainfall distribution in the zone has aroused the awareness of the Government of Ghana. APart from such large dams as Vea and Tono which have contributed tremendously to the agricultural upliftment of the area, there are over 22O sma1l dams and dug-outs scattered over the freed zone. Constructional works are in progress on the nedium-sized 22 million cedis Bontanga Irrigation Project which is expected to irrigate 1 OOO hectares of land for the cultivation of various crops. Feasibility studies have been made for the construction of other dams on the White Volta and at Tafimne near Bawku. The Kulpawn-Sissili area contains one of the best ProsPects for irrigation developrrent in the zone. The Irrigation Development Authority (IDA) is largely responsible for these dams in the river valleys whilst the Ghana and German Agricultural Developnent Prograrme (GC,ADP) embarks on sma1l dam and dug-out construction in areas where the rainfall pattern is more improved. The IDA also allocates the land to local farmers for small fees and also organizes the farmers through extension services and inputs. In irrigated valleys rice, tomatoes and cotton are Srown whilst along the slopes, vegetables, maize, groundnut and sorghum are cultivated. Other proposed projects to be undertaken as financial resources and other inputs such as farm management irrigation practices, effective storage and distribution facilities for the produce of irrigation areas, technicians etc., permit are; (i) The Npaha Project located at the confluence of the White and Black Voltas to irrigate 52OO hectares of land for rice, cotton and soya bean; (ii) land ( 111.) (iv) (v) A map of The Passam Project on the Tamale-Yendi road to irrigate 12OO hectares of for rice and vegetablesl I Upper Nasia (15 OOO ha); Lower Kulpawn (27 OOO ha); Rvalugu (144 ka north of Tamale on the White Volta - 238 OOO ha); irrigation projects is shown as Fig. 3 Trans portation There are a number of transportation potentials in the area which can be built on, such as: (a) a fairly extensive road network, although it has deteriorated in many placesl (b) existing airport facilities; (c) limited but developable water transPort facilities; JPC3.48 Page 6 (d) (e) an international (,Ior1d Bank) cormnitment to Ghana's transportation system; potential economic developrnent activities in the area which could justify improvements to the transportation system; existing governnental delivery mechanism such as the Ghana Highway Authority and(f) the Volta River Authority. There are, however, several- constraints in the transportation system. These are: air and water transportation facilities;(a) very poor condition of the roads and the (b) the absence of a trucking industry; (c) very poor condition of transport fl-eets; (d) no effective weight control on highways road system). (leads to accelerated destruction of the Roads Construction of feeder roads in this zone has not kept pace with the need to open up the area for agricultural development. The area's road network is sufficient in quantity but deficient in quality. The area south of the priority planning zone for example has about 4OO km of primary roads, 1250 km of secondary roads, 4OO km of feeder roads with about 4OO lgrr of other feeder roads under construction. The main constraints have been the inadequate contractual capacity, J-ack of equipment, lack of chippings, inadequate funds for road maintenance and a lack of coordination between agencies of road maj.ntenance. In the 5-Year Plan it is envisaged that much emphasis will be placed on road construction and maintenance. Roads linking Fumbisi-Wiasi, Sandema-Fumbisi, Sandema-Chiana and other places are to be regravelled to facilitate the transportation difficulties in the area. plans are also afoot to imProve part of the route through Daboya to Frmbisi Vall-ey and the Nabungu-yabaga road which is to form an alternative route from Fumbisi valley to yapei. Health services The contribution of the heaLth services to social and economic developrent is well recognised in these areas. Actions to improve the health and soci-oeconomic situation of the existing comnunities in the zone have therefore been accepted as intimatel-y linked and mutually suPPortive. The Primary Health Care System including environmental and personal health comPonents have been built on the principle of direct conurunity participation to serve as a base for all health care. Mechanism for prompt referring of patients according to need, to supporting levels of health care del-ivery facilities has been an integral part of the system. The Primary Health care system provides services at three levels: (i) 1 A - Connnuni : Here family and conrnunity health workers, selected and comPensated by the conrnunity itself, possibly with the help of the district council are trained and supervised by the Ministry of Health to undertake basic preventive, promotive and therapeutic procedures. The major functional responsibilities include pregnancy management, birth spacing, growth and development of infants and children with emphasis on nutrition, Personal health improvement procedures, household and environnentalprotection, etc. (ii ) Level B - Local Council Sub-areas (Heal th Station Areas) : Every cormnunity with level- A workers is provided within 8 km with a health station providing the first referringpoint and contact with Ministry of Health personnel; the health station is staffed with tLTo or more comounity Health Nurse/Midwives and a Health Inspection Assistant. This leve1provides suPport and technical supervision of the Ieve1 A workers. The personnel also are engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of referred patients. l JPC3.48 Page 7 (iii) Level C - District: This is the key level in the primary health care system and serves as the base for planning, management, supervision, data collection and analysis, budgeting and financial control. A District Health lvlanagement Team comprising the District Medical Officer of Health, District Public Health Nurse, Senior Health Inspector and the Senior Technical Officer (Medical Field Unit) are responsible for all health activities in the district. This system is being implemented in West Dagomba, Bole Lawra and Bawku Districts. Facilities Scattered in and around the Zone are L4 hospitals (both Goverilrent and private), 10 health centres and 21 health posts. There are hospitals at Bolgatanga, Tamale, Yendi, Salaga, Navrongo, etc. The Epidemiology Unit of the Ministry of Health plans to set up treatrent centres to treat human onchocerciasis at villages most affected. Meanwhile the physician specialist attached to the prograrrEne carries ouE regular visits to affected areas Eo give treatment. Fig. 4 is a map showing the health facilities in the Zone. The Ministry of Ilealth has also designe<i series of progranures to control conrnunicable diseases. The Leprosy Service operates 35 Static clinics and l-O rnobile stations in areas such as Bawku, Bolgatanga and Lawra and other 178 clinic areas. Various prograune measures to control tetanus, measles, yelIow fever and tuberculosis are being pursued by the Government of Ghana in collaboration with USAID, EEC and 1JNICEF. Various mission groups also operate health services in the region and these include the Catholics, Baptists, PresbyEerians, World Evangelical Crusade and the Assemblies of God. [ducation and new technologies Formal education is that delivered through the Governnent Education Systen (GES). It consists of primary, middle, junior secondary'and secondary schools, technical institutes, teacher-Eraining colleges, specialist schools (schools for the blind and deaf) and various private schools. The Nyankpala Agricultural College trains junior technical officers for the Ministry ofAgriculture. These officers are attached to agricultural fields and are also engaged in extension services. Al-so providing extension services to farners (livestock) are technical officers trained by the Veterinary College at pong-Tamale. There is also a farm institute at Damango and other places which teach farmers about mechanisation and to Promote farm mechanisation by providing trainees with Eractors. Organisations such as the Department of Cosutunity Developnent, National Vocational Training Institute, the Department of Rural Housing and Cottage Industries and other non-governmental organizai:ions are engaged in vocation training, rehabilitation of the blind and deaf, establishing and running rural small-scale industries and providing support to improve the quality of rural life and to develop local technology and infrastructure in the oncho-freed zone as part of the national development strategy. projecr eua/Ao/ozt The project docunrent cu.a,/Ao/oZt which was submirted ro the LJMp as a result of the reconrnendations of a triPartite review meeting is to be implemented in the course of the year. With the assumption of office of a new Executive Director and a few supporting staff at the Secretariat, the FAo has asked a mission to reappraise the present position of the project and to make reconrendations to the IIMP for the funding of the restof the project which lncludes,inter a1ia, adequate transPort, equipment for field operations with stock of spare parts, thepreparaEion of the Ten-Year development plan for the priority planning zone and complete camping equipment for persons who will be working in the priority area. It is the fervent I JPC3.48 Page 8 hope of the Government of Ghana that the UNDP will cooperate as to the financing of the project. it has always done with regard A11 agencies involved in the socioeconomic development of the oncho-freed zone in Ghana are being asked to pursue the task with dedication. The extension area The territory of the delimited extension area covers some 187 875.64 km2 wlth a population of L.4 million (1970) scattered in Seven Local Council Areas in the Volta Reglon, twelve in the Brong Ahafo Region, six in Ashanti Region and one in the Eastern Region. The projected population for 1980 is about 2.O miIlion. In the Volta Region the area covers the region around Asukawkaw, Dodi, Papase and Ahamansu, in the Brong Ahafo Region, the areas are around the Fuller Falls in Kintampo, Ejura, Prang, the Pru River Valley areas and the right-hand tributaries of the Black Volta south 'of Bamboi and Bui and the valley of the Tain and its tributaries. In line with the national objectives of establishing an irttegrated rural developrnent prograrme in all sectors of the economy, it is the firm conviction of the Governfient of Ghana to implerrent developnrent projects in all these areas and this will be greatly enhanced if the control programne is extended to the delimited area. The Brong Ahafo Region is rich in resources like timber, cocoa and grains and it is the intention of Government to make it viable. The Government has plans to execute through the Bast Fibre Board a project for the cultivation of 4OOO ha of Kenaf in the Atebubu district. A 7OO ha rice project has been planned under the State Farms Corporation !o be located in the Kwame Danso area and a 1OOO ha tomato Sprinkler Irrigation Project has been planned for Tanoso and Subinja. In connexion with the Volta Lake Fishery Developnent Complex, facilities for lending, processing, marketing, cold storage, boat building and repairs, engine maintenance and training will be established at Kwame Krom and Yeji The Volta Regional Agricultural Developnrent Progranrre (VORADEP) and the Brong Ahafo Rural Integrated Prograrune (BARIDEP) have planned large-scale joint venture mai-ze, rice and l-ivestock proJects and an array of development projects in several areas of the Zone. The implementation of these projects will be greatly enhanced by the proposed extension of the prograrme area and also the health and economic welfare of the inhabitants. HydrologicaL activity Currently going on in both the freed zone and the proposed extension area are hydrological field activities being undertaken by the Architectural and Engineering Services Corporation. Various stream gauging stations have been established along the rivers to undertake flow measurements. In the extension zone there is presentl-y a team stationed at Papase to undertake hydrological activities in the Volta Region with the assistance of the OCP. In the Brong Ahafo Region the corporation intends to update existing discharge data to a reliable level. However progress on the hydrological activity has been hindered by logistical problems. a o6 2 /- JPC3.48 Page 9 a , ! 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