Preliminary report of the evaluation of the socioeconomic impact of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme

onchocerciasis control Programme in the Volta River Basin area Programme de Lutte contre I'Onchoctrcose dans la R6gion du Bassin de la Volta JOINT PROGRAMME COMMITTEE Office of thc Chairman JPC.CCP COMTTE CONJOINT DU PROGRAMME Bureau du Pr6sident JPC6. 3(ocP/8s.4) ORIGINAL: TRXNCH Novenber 1985 , JOIM PROGRAI'IME COMMITTEE Slxth sessLon Geneva 10-13 Decenber 1985 Provisional agenda lten 11 PRELI.I"IINARY REPORT OF TTTE EVALUATION OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL PROGRAMME CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1. The struggle for the finprovement of livlng conditlons has always been and remalns the fundamental rootive for any human actlvlty. Sone of the maln objectives of the Unlted Nations system are the identlflcatlon of 111s of all kinds affllcting manklnd, the napping out of methods for the fight agalnst them and the carrylng out of this fight ln close collaboration with the natlons ana po[utatlons concerned. It was with this end in view that four lnternatlonal agencl"i Lf the Unlted Natlons sysEem (UNDP, FAO, the World Bank, WIIO) supported by a group of Donors, decided Ln 1974 to assist seven West African countries(Senfn, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Ivory Coast, I"lali, Niger and Togo) affected by onchocerciasis. 2. After ten years of intense activltles for the control of the disease, the entouological and parasitological results are hlghly satisfactory. It nay however be wondered how, with the support of the Donorrs, these results are taken advantage of by the states, communities and indlviduals living ln the Protected areas. 3. Thls prelinlnary report on the evaluation of the socioeconomic impact of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) is belng submitted in response to a requesE. made by the Programmers statutory bodies. 4. The report which has been prepared i.n close collaboraEion with the Particlpating Countries, and wlth the assistance of the Sponsoring Agencies, is intended to be a reflection document primarlly for the members of the sixth session of the Joint Prograrnme Co nittee(JpC). As such, and considerlng the complexity of the subject and the linited tine available, it ls confined to highlighting the main aspects of the socioeconomic changes which have taken place ln the Programme area. Page Introductlon ... """' I The challenge .. """' 2 Trends observed ln the zone . "'t" 8 Synthesls """' 27 Concluslons 29 a JPC6.3(ocP/85.4) page 2 5. Flrst, the economic tnportance of the OCP area in the West African Region (see footnote to para. 13) is brought out from the viewpoint of its natural resources, sui.tabllity for production and settlement capacity. 6. Second, the trends observed in the area are analysed and lessons drawn: nigratory movementa (organized or spontaneous) are characteristic of the OCP area at the regional level of each country and especially at the 1eve1 of the villages. The analysis shows to what extent the indicators obtalned at the village level can help to understand the direction, significance, lntensity and motlvation of these population movements. 7. The statistics show an appreciable and sometines spectacular increase in agricultural production in the Programme area; what part should be attrlbuted Eo natural resources in thls evolution? 8. Because of the migration towards the valleys formerly subjected to onchocerclasls transmlssion, the populations concerned appear as ploneers; what are the drlving forces behlnd their dynamism and the limlting factors? 9. Furthermore, a marked lncrease ln the rate of land occupancy is noted in some of the foroer onchocerclasis va11eys, wlth disturblng ecologlcal consequences, and a regresslon of land pressure in other areas; how ls balance restored in the utlllzation of of the resources withln the zone? I{hat are the ways and means of access to the land? 10. Third, the report atteopts to syntheslze the study. The needs have not all been satlsfled, the level of exploitaEion of the natural resources ls stlll cotrparat.ively low and the development strategles have not yet been sufflciently adapted. Such lessons show the obstacles to be cleared ln order to better understand the developEent problens of the OCP area. Considering the iuportance of this zone to all the Participating Countrles, how can these inadequacies be overcome? 11. The present report ls based on data collected from three sources: (a) documentaEion avallable frorn the agencles involved in the executlon of OCP; UNDP, FAO, the World Bank, WHO; OCPrs aichives and documents (kept ln Ouagadougou and/or Geneva);(b) (c) a survey carrLed out jointly, during the flrst half of 1985, by ECO/OCP (with Ehe assistance of consultants or contract research workers) and the aeven natlonal teams of the Partlclpatlng Countries (Benln, Burklna Faso, Ghana, Ivory Coast, t'1a11 , Nlger and Togo). This survey w111 henceforth be called'!gAS S".""y.". It was carrled out 1n the seven countries of the Prograrome, and covered 1200 fanllles ln 250 vIIlages. For the rrrltlng of this report, It was posslble to analyse only the forms relat.ive to 850 of these faroilles, belonglng to 180 vlllages. Thue the results obtained give only lndlcations; they are nevertheless slgniflcant ln a ntrmber of fields. L2. Any lnproveuent of this report requlres the help of all those who are concerned dlrectly or lndlrecEly, with the developnent actlvitles ln the countrles of the Onchocerclasls Control Programme. TIIE CHALLENGE The OCP zone and lts environment 13. The lnltial OCP area covered 654 OOO kn2. With the extensions whlch have been oq w111 be effected in the Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo and Beni.n, it t{iIl lncrease to 875 OOO kE2, whlch represents 457d of that part of West Africa situaEed south of isoline zeror' i.e. the llntt of plant growth posslbillty in thls reglon; thls includes the whole of Burklna Faso, 1 Northern llnlt of the zone where there ls no perlod wlth ralns nore than half the evapo-transpirat lon potential. I JPC6. 3 ( ocP/8s.4 ) page 3 Ivory Coast, Benln, Ghana, Togo, Senegal, Gulnea, Guinea-Bissau, Slerra Leone and Llberla and part of Maurltanla, Mali, Nlger and Nigerla.r t4. In general, the rainfall and water conditions ln the OCP area are most lnterestlng. The soLl and human potentlals are greater than the average for the reglon. Thls situatlon gives 1t a particularly great lmportance in the whole of the sudano-sahellan zone. Cllnate 15. The greater part of the OCP area ls sltuated in the sudano-sahellan reSlonr with a lret and dry season. Ralnfall varies fron the north to the south, frorn 300 llrrn to about 1400 nn. The dry season can last betlreen six and nlne months. 16. Further detalls concerning the clinatlc features of the control area are avallable ln previously publlshed documents. L7. For about ten years this reglon has been subjected to a serlous cllnatlc crlsls whose main characteristics and consequences lt ls essentlal to bear ln ulnd. 18. The reglonts ralnfall attalned its greatest deflcit ln 1983 and there has been a considerable descent of the isohyets towards the south. 19. Furthermore, the decade 1971-1980 rilas a perlod already consldered dry. Scarclty of daily rains of more than 40 mn 20. The study of the moving welghted averages applled to annual rainfall fractlons2 shows a stabillty of or a.sllght decrease ln daily rains lover than 40 mm, but a strong decrease 1n dally ralns exceedlng 40 m; thls alone explains 5OZ of the annual ralnfall variatlon. Persistence of the deficit period 2L. Slnce 1960, the decennial isohyets have been descending regularly tolrards the south; thls rras Dost pronounced ln 1983. "A11 the prevlous observatlons reveal a phenomenon of perslstence of the deflclt perlod."z Nevertheless, the OCP area has remained withln the llmits of the 500 to 1000 nn isohyets, which, comblned with the lsolines of plant growth possibllity, has roalntained the area in a relatively favourable situatlon durlng the past decade as regards agricultural productlon. Effect of the defictt perlod on the water resourcea 22. Measurement of the discharges of the main rlvers indicates that occurred durlng the 1971-1972 and 1983-1984 perlods.2 Furthermore, statlons recorded levels never reached. the ten lowest volumes for 1983-1984, all the 23. Ihis sltuation affected the ftlling of the dams and water catchments whether they be for agricultural or hydro-electrlc purposes, and had repercussions beyond the llnits of the Programme area. As a matter of fact, the fllllng of the hydro-electrlc dams sltuated to t.he south of the OCP boundarles depends on the ralnfall in the Progranme area, the Bandama, Sassandra and Volta baslns playlng the role of water tolrer. Thus, ln 1984, the Volta Lake, in Ghana, and the Kossou Lake, in the Ivory Coast, could no longer regularLy supply polrer to lndivldual consuners or manufacEurers in their respectlve countries. Soil resources 24. In order to sinplify this study - which ls in no rday a soll study - the French classlfication of solls, already belng used ln the PAG report, has been applled. 25. Table 1 shows the agronomic value according to the FAO classlfication. I Th"". llnlts are shown in Fig. 1. The terriEory formed by this area will henceforth be called "West African Reglon" (WAR). 2 Albergel and Grouziz: S6cheresse au Sahel - Incidences sur les ressources en eau et les productions v6g6ta1es - ORSTOM, Ouagadougou 1985. JPC6. 3 ( ocP/8s.4 ) Page 4 TABLE 1. DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL TYPES AND TIIEIR AGRICT]LIURAL VALUE IN THE OCP AREA AND THE WEST AFRICAN REGION (WAR) (in Z of WAR area) 7" OCP area West Afrlcan Region (%) Agricultural value 1. Solls with null 3.3 o.26 Good to very good 2 3 Hydroroorphic soils "Vertl solls" 6.1 1.9 4.6 0.95 Good Both 2 and 3 8.0 5.6 4 Sllghtly desaturated Ferro-alumlnous solls 5. Averagely desaturated Ferro-aluolnous so1ls 9.6 L2.0 L.7 6.8 Average to good Both 4 and 5 2t.6 8.6 Average to good6. SHghtly alluvlal solls 0.05 L.4 4+5+6 2L.6 10.0 1to6 32.9 15 8 Average to good 7 Htghly desaturated Ferro-aluolnous so11s 10.7 L3.7 8 9 Solls wlth "sexquloxides" Isohumlc solls Sllghtly eroded soils10 4L.7 0 2L.6 15.5 Average to bad 11. Halonorphic eolls o.4 1.9 8ro11 49.s 50.6 L2. Crude mlneral soils 5.4 19.8 Bad Barrages 1.5 Although thls table ls a sinplificatlon, from the viewpotnt of the agricultural value of the eoils, lt lndlcates a slgnlflcant dlfference betrreen the OCP area and the West Afrlcan Reglon. In the Programme area, the agronomlc values betldeen average and very good represent 32.92 of the total area. Thls rate falls to 15.82 outside the OCP area. Conversely, the averagq to bad values represent 702 Ln the West African Region as agalnst only 552 in the Progradme area. The agrlcultural produc tlon poEentlals of the OCP area 26. The OCP are"l occuples oo.Ly 452 of the total land area ln the West African Reglon. ItB potentlals are, however, nuch hlgher than the averages for Ehe lands sltuated outside the control zone, as shown Ln Table 2 below. 1 Th. area of the OCP countries lncludes the OCP area but it is not the whole territory of these countries that is concerned wlth the Programme. JPC6.3 ( ocP/8s.4 ) Page 5 FIG. 1. I\ I I I\\ \ t, .. { e{ I (5 oa U z ---- aoo J o tU t\ Y--' { t tU o ? \q ,'-' i r l{.1j^.. -Q\-J\tu ? o UJ -J /q ,rlq rtu 'aG tr.1 t{ ? 5 o \- I {) \\ I\ t IJ I oY l {ot{ lu ? () I t tU o z I I t t I I I I I r- - ---\I ss I I I I l I I I I( I L -\ \, c o t{J ? l{ (4 { q : tU z { ,\ q f, s T I o o o o6 tr-lA-ri E:'clz o -t 5 :tol -l I U.' z. ao u.= lrtB E. auJzB3 ZE (9 U-l FEA u_l 1= o_(rg o'o N tJ-, z. tLooNO oN E(J(J z a e d) vt =E ooc9oo.96: 96oo .6ED '9.Ec,E.f o=E o o z. lrl =oJ o o(L ;o(r z.o = o(O z3oF UJ LrI E.lr (r :< zo(J f, UIa @ o N Jf, z @ E :< o(,lirL rl t t ffi JPC6. 3(ocP/8s.4) Page 6 TABLE 2. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF THE OCP AREA AND THE WEST AI'RICAN REGION Suitabili of areas for various cro s ssed as a percentag e of the total area concerned Reglon OCP area West Afrlcan Region Potential Crop Very sultable Suitable Suitable + very sultable Very suitable Suitable Sultable + very sultable l{aLze Sorghun Ml11et Sweet poEatoe Cassava Cotton 50.3 41.8 37.0 60.0 40.8 42.2 47 .4 25.O 29.7 34.8 31. 6 27.5 97 .7 66.8 66.7 94.8 72.4 69.7 37.6 30.8 31. 5 53.6 36.0 31.4 44.3 25.8 35. 4 38.4 34.7 2L.6 81.9 56.6 66.9 92.O 7 0.7 53.0 27. It is therefore evldent that ln regard to sultabillty for the cultlvatlon of both food and industrial crops, the OCP area has a great production Potentlal. 2g. Furthermore, although constltutlng only 457. of. the reglonrs total area, the Programme covers 47.72 of the land very sulEable for cultlvatlon of malze, 48.02 of that for sorghum, 44.4.A of that for ulllet, 43-.3% of that for sweet Potatoes, 43.67. of that for cassava and 47.87. of that for cotton. Anlmal husband ry 29. Husbandry ls one of the main assets of the PartlclPatlng Countrles because of the latitudlnal positlon of thls zone whlch favours a satLsfactory growth of herbaceous vegetaElon fn ttre valleys where the agricultural Pressure ls 1ow and where there ls water thioughout the seasons. This prlvlleged sltuatlon has been accentuated further by the recent clinaflc crlsls which ln 1983 ieduced-the production of Sahelian pastures to a level never observed slnce a century. 30. However, the greater part of these lands which are both favourable and avallable for anlmal husbandry aie lnfested wlth savanna tsetse flies (glosslna morsltans), vectors of aniual trypanosoolasls and capable of hinderlng considerably the ralslng of non-trypano-tolerant zebus. 31. Furtheroore, shortage of waEer durlng the dry season is a serlous obstacle to the development of animal husbandry in certaln parts of Ehe Progra'nme area. 1 Sorrr".: FAO. Report on the project relatlve to agro-ecological zones. Vol. 1. Methodology and results for Afrlca, L979. Results extraPolated by the ECO/OCP tean. : JPC6.3(ocP/8s.4) Page 7 In Tour ism and mlneral resources 32. The ONCHO zone has considerable touristic potentlals and enomous mlneral deposits. the context of a recovery of the economy of the lndustrlalized countries, these reaources constltute a valuable asset for the development of the OCP area. Thelr exploltatlon under econooically profitable condltlons w111 however necessltate vast road and track Progranmes open up the sites. to I Migrant settlement potentlal Denslty of population and lntenslflcation of farnlng methods 33. Wlth 20.2 inhabitants per kn2, the OCP area is far from belng saturated thanks to lts agrlcultural potentlalltles. However, the unequal populatlon dlstrlbutlon in the OCP area and the sox6etlmes narked contrasts between the lnterfluvlal Plateaux and the valleys make the latter prlvileged as regards agricultural settlenent potential. Ilowever, the populatlon denslty is lower than on the plateaux reachlng zero ln certaln cases at the start of the Programme. 34. Thus, ln Burkina Faso, in Lg75, 4L 0OO kn2 sltuated along the rlver banks whlch represented. L7.4% of the total area of the country situate{ wlthln the Prograrme boundarles were completely untnhabited and unsultable for cultlvatlonl whlle the Mossi plateau rras overpopulated and overcropped. The same plateaux/empty val-leys contrast exlsted ln Northern Ghana. 35. Even where the valleys were not conpletely deserted the proportlon of the land under cultlvatlon rras very low indeed as the followlng flgures show3 (a) In Burklna Faso, on the Black Volta, onLy 3.357" of the land was under cultlvatlon wlth 867" available for agrlcultural settlement. On the Comoe, these figures were 2.47. and 89% respectively. (b) In the lvory Coast, on the upper Sassandra, where certain areas are conpletely enpty, the land under cultlvaElon represented only LZ of. the total avallable in 1973; on the nlddle Bandama, thls proportion dld not exceed 22, vLth local exceptions, and 302 of the land was unoccupied.2 36. More examples could be given, but in almost the whole of the OCP area, wlth a few exceptlons, more than 802 of the land in the valleys ldas unused, desplte the appllcatlou of a faruing system characterlzed by cultlvation on patches of burnt land durlng 4-5 years, followed by a fallow perlod of 15-20 years. Settletrent capaclty 37. Protected from the transmlsslon of the disease, the OCP area has a dlfferent influeace today on the deoography and economy of the Partlcipatlng Countrles. 38. The population whlch ls predonlnant.ly agricultural, ls distrlbuted over 875 000 kn2 with a relatlvely Low denslty. The physiognony of the agriculture Practlsed in the zone hasgreatly changed and shows a definlte dynaoism. Informatlon from the 1985 Survey and the various statlstical sources reveals peasant farms strivlng towards an average equlpnent 1eve13 (lnproved manual cultivation with more than 207. arrlmal- tractlon, selected seeds, etc. ) . I S.. J.P. Hervouet: Resettlement of the valleys in 1985. 2 Fil"rorr, J.Ch., Kalibi, 2., Arnaud, J.Cl., Kra Yao, 1983. 3 Th" average equipoent level refers to the sltuatlon regarding interuedlate lnputs and is deflned by FAO as: leve1 correspondlng to new lnproved inplenents and/or anlmal tractlon with some applications of fertillzers and pesticldes and some simple soil conservatlon measures whlch makes lt possible to reduce loss of productivity due to soil degradatlon. JPC6. 3 ( ocP/8s.4 ) Page 8 39. Based on the natural characterlstLcs of thls zone, Its productlon (descrlbed above), and the level of equipuent use, populatlon load has been qstlnated at 15Q inhablt,ants per kn and 75 lnhabltants per krn2 for Ehe rest.l suitabllity for agrlcultural d 2 on the farms, its potentlal for about 551l of lts expanse 40. On the basls of such flgures, the populatlon that can be supported by the OCP area has beeu estlmated at about 90 nllllon people. Coropared with the present populatlon sltuatlon(hardly 17 ullllon lnhabltants Ln the Programme area and a total of about 48 nllllon ln the seven Particlpatlng Countrles), lt appears to be a settlenent zone par excellence. 4L. Water tower, granary, settleEent land are words which come naturally to nlnd when t.he OCP area ls nentloned. They brlng ln quite an optlnlstlc note at a tlme when Afrlca ls experlenclng serlous dlfflcultles ln lts development. 42. Undoubtedly, the zonets potentlalltles are not such that will make spectacular economlc growth posslble. It Is not llkely to see mushroom Eorrns, sky-scrapers and blg industrial, ninlng or tourlstlc complexes ln the foreseeable future. But the zone doubtlessly offers thepoeslblllty for a developnent whch nay be nore solld, nanely "food self-sufflclency in Weet Afrlca". 43. The Governments are at are of thls and are lncreaslng i.nvestments in the onchocerclasls-protected zones whlch have been neglected for decades. Proof of this ls given by nen and wonen who, relylng partly on these public actlvitles, are 6ett11ng, clearing lands and rearlng llvestock there. TRENDS OBSERVED IN THE ZONE An evldeot nlgratlon 44. The West Afrlcan Reglon, to whlch the OCP area belongs, has always been the field of organlzed and sponEaneoua movenents. Hlstorlcally, the cause of these populatlon movenents have been economlc (trade, search for land, etc.), nllitary (fllght from lnvaders and wars), admlnlstratlve (coIonlal pollcles and their various compulslons), etc. I'lore recently, these uoveEenta have been ln a uorth-eouth dlrectloo, more partlcularly towards the coastal towns or coffee and cocoa plantatlons sltuated ln the southern part of the coastal countrles ln the reSion. 45. Nelther the arbltrary demarcatlon of borders through colonizatlon nor lndependence of the countrles preventa movements lrlthln the geographlc and ethnlc groups. These movements are even becomlng very lntense along the present borders of the countrLes Ln the area (OCP/ECO Survey of 1985). 46. Tranehuoance, without belng a nlgratlon ln t.he classLcal sense, has led to population trovements of a nlgratory nature, especially as regards sEock-breeders movlng wlEh their herds ln eearch of pastures and lrater. 47. Internal trlgratlons move from high-denslty to less populated areas whose potentlalitles are stlll couslderable. The Mossi plateau ln Burkina Faso, the Dogoa plateau in l,Iall, the Ibbye plateau ln Togo and the dense Korhogo zone ln the lvory Coast are exanples of departure zouea as regards this type of internal nlgratlon. 48. Itre great drought ln the Sahel has led to the lntenslflcaElon of mlgration and of agrlcultural actlvitles. Because of lts lrater aod land potentlallttes, the OCP area attracts populatlone ln dlstress. Whlle oaintalnlng part of its role as a translt zone, lt has become a settlement area. 49. Desplte the lack of statlstlcs to preclsely quantify all these movements it i6 possible to establlsh a rough typology of the nlgratlon golng on ln the area (Fig. 2). 1 f'gO document: "Capaclt6 potentielle de charge d6nographlque des terres du monde en d6veloppeoent" (1979). j JPC6.3(ocP/8s.4) page 9 a a tr, 0 z @ 2 "* th _-,, r-- ) I I o-- l! L I + -, ./ l!Frh\ t $ C(J o t! zo N J lr.lo zI F G,I : u,o (n lrJx 6oz E.o 1 'r.. t, !!- 'fJ .\ ,.y '-l.r, r{ / -r IU z o U -i -t_ , 4?\ / ,'F .,il ".>* 1) J .t .4 G t.) ,' ,,- .)'l.l r ad + t \ g l c I 9( !9t ,il I I II ! aJ(<5- oI <oq9 9*Iu 5 r9 & 7 -\ i.l ( r, \_ 2 t'b-. I(,\.-.-.- :\- l: \ \e t ,Y .-l- 'l I I I I I I , I I t I t I I I , I 1' I I -l t- a I 'lt I. .ti!;' ,i. ,\ i) '+ { d !'i-\ _r" (I I ci , I I I t\ f, !"/i J .}. t II 2 F c. f t ; a{,(I lrj (- I € g s 8 E E \( I I rD rr, 2 l! l, 6t o l{ a @ ta I. I t Source: 1985 Survey, OCP/ECO t .._.. I__**.,.,.II I t I f ..o_sd., /Iu t'^-"l t':''tP' 'E ( .-.-J \ I L JPC6. 3(ocP/8s.4) Page 10 l'11gra tion to and out of the OCP area 50. The northern, north-eastern and north-western parts of the area are the entry polnts for migrants forced by the drought to leave arid zones. Ihey are stock-breeders and/or farmers' Most of them renaln in the area and settle in the valleys where Idater and land are available. Apart from a few minor conflicts between stock-breeders and faroers, traditional hospitality ls extended to the newcooers, according to custouary land rules' 51. The south has been and continues to be the arears exlt tolrards the coast and sometlmes serves as a stopover for emigrant populatlons, either natives of the area or from elsewhere' wtth the generally difficulE economil sltuation 1n the Afrlcan counLrles, these north-south n[ovements tend to stop at the southern llmlts of the area where the nlgrants organlze themselves to survlve. Inter-couotry and intra -OCP area migratlons 52. Inter-country nlgratlons withln the OCP area conflrm that the area is not only an entouologlcal but also an economlc, cultural and social unlt' These lntra-ethnlc or inter-ethnlc mlgrations know no frontier. This applles to the Lobis moving between Burklna Faso, Ivory-coast and Ghana, the Gourounsls between Burklna Faso and Ghana, the Ewes between Togo, Ghana ana Benin, the ianbaras and the Dioulas between Mall and Burklna Faso, etc. These populatlons are llable to to-and-fro novements which are closely related to the economic and politlcal conditions prevalllng at a glven time ln the varlous countrles' Mlgratlon wlthln the lndlvldual countrles 53. There are four tyPes: - "rural-rura1" rnigratlons; - "ruraI-urban" mlgratlons (drlft fron the rural areas); - "urban-urban" mlgratlons; - "urban-rura1" migratlon (very rare)' 54. Avatlable data on these forms of nlgratlon do not al1ow for an ln-depth analysls' However, trends aPPear whlch enable a dlstlnctlon between two grouPs of countrles: sahellan and coastal. sahellan countrles Burklna Faso lla11 rThe 55. The drlft from the rural areas continues to be very slgniflcant in these countrles. But the type of nlgratlon consldered to be the Eost ltrPortant ln this study is the "rura1-rura1" mlgratlon.TheoCParealnthesahellancountrleshasasacommoncharacteristlc'abundant agrlculEural potentlalltles and low populatlon denslties ln the valleys' 56. In Burkina Faso, two tyPes of "rural-rura1" mlgratory InoveEenEs can be observed: olgrations organtzed by the Volta Valleys Development Authorlty (AVV) and those referred to as ..spontaneous,'. sotir type6 are from th" orr"rpopulated Mossl plateau wlth exhausted lands towards the fertlle valleys Protected fron onchocerclasls. spontaneous nLgratLons are also observed ln the Sahel. gecause of the constraints (flnancial, soclal' etc') lnherent ln organlzed nigratlons, they are not as great as the spontaneous ones' The 1985 Survey revealed that settlementa- of whole fanilles and foundatlon of new vlllagesr or repopulatioo of vlllages fornerly deserted for reasons related to onchocerclasls' are going on in the area. It also showed that lntense movements between the vlllages ln the protected zones are continulng. Some vlllages have experienced nore or less inportant departures of fanllles; oEhers, more numerorr", haara experienced masslve arrlvals of "spontaneous" mlgrants' The net I[lgratlon gain which is htgh ftr these vlllages necessltates a further study of these movements in order to ensure a haruonious development of the area and malntain lts ecologlcal equllibriuu. 57. The sltuatlon in Mall ls aloost identlcal to that of Burklna Faso except that lt has no "organiZed" migratlons as yet. Supervlsion efforts are belng nade by the authorltles so that the spontaneous nigration ,.y t.k.- place harnonlously' The departure zones are reglons outside the ocp area which .r. "*p"iiencing unfavourable climatlc and hydrologlcal JPC6.3(ocP/8s.4) Page 1l condLtions, as Irell as the overpopulated plateaux. Farners, stock-breeders and fisheruen areinvolved ln these uovements. Thus, appearances of new villages are observed ln many places(22 7n the OCP sector of Slkasso, 47 ln that of Bamako, etc.). 58. Although ooly 1.72 of Nlgerrs land area is covered by the progranme, it ie experlenclngthe same type of movement ln that part of its territory. The drlfi fron the rural areastowards Nianey ls certainly slgnlflcant, but at the same tloe the "rura1-rural'. ,fgr"toryEoveEent ls of such an extent that the najorlty of the vlllages in the zone have eiperleneeda net algratlon galn. The coastal countries Benln, Ghana. Ivorv Coast Tos o 59' The drlft fron the rural areas seems to be nore signiflcant there than the ..rural-rura1"nlgration. This ls explalned by a clioatlc slt,uatlon whlch ls less catastrophic ln Ehisgroup of countrles than in the Sahel. Furthermore, these countrles have always had anorth-south mlgratory tradition, whlch ls related io the location of the flrst urbansettlements. The areas covered by the Progranme whlch are sltuated ln the north havetherefore for a long tlme been departure zones. This has made lt posslbre to conserve enormous potentials of good-quality lands. At the vlllage level, Lh" rgss survey revealed aslgnlflcant populatlon Doveueot ln space. rn Benrn, nany villages have had a net nlgratlo,galn' rn Ghana, the OcP zone ls regalnLng a rapid ienographic developuent: the NorthernReglon has one of the hlghest populatlon growth- rates in the couDtry. For 20 vlllagesstudled ln the zone by oCP, the general net nigratlon galn was 81 fanllres. rn the rvorycoast, the drlft fron the rural ireas ls golng on bui ;r"i.ili"..r;lig..t1on is becoulngmore narked; out of_ the 37 vlllages for whlch lnforoatlon is available, 20 have a net gilnwhlle 17 have a net loss. rn Togo, apart fron the drlft fron the rural areas whrch continuesto drain the active populatlon towards the urban centres, the ocp zone has been an area of"rural-rura1" nlgratlon. The creatlon and extenslon of game reserves have red to lmporEantDoveEents of populations towards the border zones of Ghana, Benln and Burklna Faeo "od ."oyof then have settled ln vlllages 1n the area covered by the programe. This ls conflrned bythe results of the 1985 survey whlch showed that out of 2L vllliges, 13 have a mrrkedl netnigratlon galn and only elght a loss. 60' Beyond the quantltatlve a6Pect of these populatlon xoovetreota whtch are only lnperfectryknown, one general observatlon can be uade: the 1985 Survey has shorrn that the obeeselvefear of onchocerciasls and the dread of the "cursed valleys; are atsappearlng in severalplaces. An eciable and sometiues tacular lncrease ln oductlon Anlnal husbandrv 61' Abundant Pastures, avallablIlty of water and low populatlon denslty have nade the ocparea a settletrent zone for the anltrals forced to leave the North because of the perelstenceof the drought. 62' rrrespectlve of thls forced lmmlgratlon of stock-breeders, the onchocerclasls-protected zone ls becomlng propitious for the promotlon of exteuslve and semi-lntenslve anlmalhusbandry' Thls sltuatlon has been made posslble by the progrees of research and by thevacclnatlon and adoinistratlon of drugs against the major eplzootlcs, which have enabled theselectlon of more trypano-tolerant Ureeasl 63' rn most of the ocP countrles, the bulk of the llvestock ls found lD theonchocerclasis-protected zone. rhus, Benlnfs ocp zone whlch accountB for less than one-thlrdof the rural population, contains 62i" ot ttre countiy;" ."aat" and almost 522 of the sheep andgoats; ln Ghana, more than 782 of the cattle-ratsing Is carrted out in the tlro reglons inthe North; ln the rvory coast, the cattle populatloi doubled wlthln the programme zonebetween 1974 and 1984. Flshlng 64. The fish resources ln the Progranme area are not fully exploited. Nlgerrs productlonhas been estlnated at 10 000 tonnes of-flsh out of a potentlal evaluated, at 20 000 tonnes.rn Benin, fishing occuples less than 500 professionals and is conflned to the Nlger valley. 66. Varlous lntegrated and sectoral developx0eut Proiects have been flnanced ln the onchocerclasls-protected zone. The socloeconomlc lnpact of such projects ls Posltive on the whole even 1f thelr scope seems to b;-;;;; or less linlted dependlng on the lnttial objectlves. For I,{allr llfg". and Burklna Faso the Dost urgent issue is the ldentlflcatlon ofprojecr. for the.*piift"iion of tte p-tentlalitles of thE onchocerciasls protected valleys' while for the coa6t;1 countrles the pioblen ls the ldentlflcatlon of Project.' under "gCP uobrella", almed at reduclng the dlsparitles between the North and South in order to contrlbutetotheslowlngdorrnofthedrlftfromtheruralareas. 6T.Asregardsagrlculturalproductlons,allthecountrieshaveforalongtlmegiven prlorlty to ca6h i"op" to the detrlnent of food crops, the latter sufferlng both fron a serlouslackof",,ppo.tandareEuneratlveprlcesystemfortheproducers. 68. Ihe consequence of thls sltuatlon is clear' Crops llke cotton have been progresslng qulte rapldly aesftte the clinatlc uncertalntles, whlle cereal production has been Btagnating, lf noi falllng alarmingly. The- past flve years have' however' been marked by a reorlentatlon of pollcles, whlch now- give thl sane prllrlty to cotton and to cereals' Thls hae resulted Ln "o lrr...."e 1n the prlduction of-m111et, slrghun and malze' Although the drought of 19g3 dealt a blow to proiuction the ylelds .i. ,.r"tt better in the OCP area than ln the rest of West Africa. 69. Thls observation applies ln general. The situation characteristlc of each of the countrles ls glven below' JPC6.3(ocP/85.4) page L2 Mali exports one-tenth of the 100 000 tonnes of fish caught every year; thls represents 3Z of the GDP and 8% of the exPorts of the country' 65.TheNlgerrlveraPPearsEobeanimportantcentreforthefishlngtndustryinthearea whichaccountsforthedeclineofthlsactivltyasaresultoftheexcessivefallinthe rrater level of the rlver as well as for the ernlgratlon of professional fisheruen to other reglons (sellngue ln 1"1a11, Nigerla, Ivory coast, etc.)' The importance of fishing as regards supply of food and opportuoft! for enployment i; such that it should be taken lnto account in all the water "opfry'pro5ects- and that the efforts made by the countrles should be intenslfled. Crop Droductioo Coun ountry anal,vsls Beuln The evolutloo of the agrlcultural production ln the oCP zone ls as follows: Crop Productlon (Tonnes) L979 I 80 Productlon (Tonnes) L983/84 Indlce (Z) L9831L979 l(alze Yams Cassava Rice Cotton 10 3r_6 36 6 10 634 114 405 226 5L4 11 196 28 4 25 486 987 202 250 439 +8.0 -37 .7 -22.6 -3L.7 +141.9 70. In the two Provlnces productlons and Ylelds of iras obtalned better result of Borgou and Atakorar the lncrease Ln cultivated areas' cotton have been quite lmpressive' For the other croPs' Atakora s than Borgou. 7L. It 1s noted that anlmal traction has been inEroduced into the farmlng systems' Borgou 85 g73 ha were cultlvated by means of 15 923 anioal tractlon implements durlng L9841L985 faruing season' 72. cattle-ralslng 1n the ocP zone lncreased by 28% betweet L974 and 1984' as against only Thus, in , rhe 2O7. La the rest of the country' IJPC6. 3(ocP/8s.4) Page 13 Burklna Faso 73. The evolutlon of the varlous lndlcators of the national cereal production is still slow. In the organlzed-settlement OCP zone, the yields for the L9821L983 season for millet, sorghum, rlce and maLze attained record 1evels (m111et/sorghun: 1100 kg/ha; rice: 4000 kg/ha; nalze: 1150 ke/ha). 74. The OCp zone's share ln food production rose from 927" It L974 to 94z. It 1980' while that of areas cultlvated rose frorn 87% to 892 during the same perlod. 75. Eighty-nine per cent. of the mlllet, 98id of the sorghum, L00Z of the rice' maize and yaos, for the 1984/1985 season, show the lnportance of the zone in regard to agricultural productlon. 76. Cotton cultlvatlon has recorded successes which are due essentlally to the nastery of farmlng technlques, extenslon of areas under cultivation, suPPort for producers and, above all, the policy of guaranteed prlces. From 496 kg/ha the yields have rlsen to more than fOOO tg/tra ln ten ye".s. In the whole country, an1mal tractlon ls practised by 102 of the farmers, as against 80% fot the organlzed-settlenent zone. 77. Llvestock evolved very llttle between 1975 and 1982 In Ehe whole country. Thls sltuation can be explalned by the drought whlch forces many Peasants to give up ralslng anlmals, untll then consldered to be the Eost widespread forn of savlngs in the rural areast and stock-breeders to Dlgrate more and more towards the south in search of pastures and lrater. This gives the OCP zone a dlfferent physlognony fron the rest of the country 1n terms of anloal husbandry: llvestock there ls more important. Ivory Cpge! 78. Ihe areas under cropplng of the main cereals dld not vary much between 1975 and 1980. However, the natlonal production and ylelds are progresslng qulte well. Although the avallable data hardly lndicate notable changes in the productlon of yaros, the 1985 Survey reveals a favourable evolution. 79. In order to ensure a real made In regard to research and It L977, the responsiblllty of to the provlslon of support to groundnuts. promotlon of cereal cultlvatlon, increased efforts have been popularlzatlon of better-performance productlon techniques. the lvorian Textlles Development Company (CIDT) was extended the productlon of rlce, malze, sorghumr soya beans and 80. Thls new strategy had led to an iuprovement of the ylelds. \n L983/84, rice farus recelving support produced roore than two tonnes per hectare in the OCP zone. The yields of maLze and groundnuts were 1.8 tonnes/ha and I tonne/ha respectively. 81. The areas under food crops receiving support increased by 16% between 1981 and 1983 as agalnst 9Z for cotton which does not represent more than 522 of the total. 82. Thls confirms the lmportance which CIDT now attaches to these croPs. Despite the concerted effort by CIDT, otly 20% of the agricultural populatl-on beneflts from its services. 83. I'lanual cultivation is sti1l predomlnant (nore than 80% of Ehe areas cultivated in the OCP zone); however, there ls an appreciable increase in aniual tractlon cultlvation which is used in 22% of the areas under cotton. Ghana 84. In L979 the OCP zone produced 1002 of rhe guinea-corn, 992 of the nillet, 787" of the groundnuts ar,d, 581l of the rice. 85. Furthermore, 613 000 (782) of Ghanars 780 000 heads of cattle are found in the onchocerclasis-protected zone as is 96% of the countryrs sheep and goats. 86. There was a spectacular i.ncrease in fertilizer consumption between L974 and L984. The nulLiplier coefficient is 124. JPC6. 3(ocP/8s.4) Page 14 Mali 87. The production of millet/sorghun has been very irregular, especially in the OCP zone. During the period under consideration, roaize production increased, whereas that. of groundnuE.s decreased considerably. The followlng figures give an ldea of the importance of the OCP zone as a proportlon of the natlonal agricultural productlon: 83.7"/" of the production of nlIlet/sorghun; 66.77. of the production of maize.I 88. The ylelds of malze fron farms receivlng extension servlces (South Mali project) reached 2.5 tonnes/ha tn 1980-81 as agalnst 1.6 tonnes/ha 1n L976-77. 89. These results prove that it is posslble to increase cereal yields through modernlzation of production technlques. 90. There has been a regular lncrease in animal husbandry in the whole country. The OCP zoners part in llvestock productlon was 882 for cattle and sheep/goats Lt L974. In 1981, it feIl to 787" and 73% respectlvely. 91. There is a particularly encouraglng expanslon ln anlmal tractlon especlally ln the I'lalian Textlles Conpany (CMDT) zone. It covers 407. of the farns. More than 927. of tt.e ploughs are found in the onchocerciasls-protected zone. 92. The consumption of fertillzers ln the CMDT zone represents 881l of the total. Nlger 93. Covering only 1.7% of tt:,e national territory, the OCP zone produces 2.77. and 4.82 of the nll1et and sorghun respectlvely. Its ylelds are the best observed In the country. Furtheroore, lt accounts for almost 57" of the llvestock productlon. 94. Due to lmnlgration of stock-breeders, the cattle population io this zone increased by 302 between 1982 and 1983 (as agalnst only L8z^ for the whole country). Togo 95. The data for the past ten years show a somewhat Lfuolted lncrease in the areas under cropplng of nillet/sorghum, maize and rlce and of their ylelds. There seems to be no difference betlreen the ylelds obtained in the onchocerciasis-protected zone and t.he naEional averaSes. 96. The zone represents 797" of the areas and accounEed for 772 of the mlllet and sorghum productlons 1n 1983-1984. 97. Rice seems to give much better results outside the OCP zone. The areas under groundnuts have hardly progressed and the production has a downward trend in couparison wlth 1974. In 1983, the OCP zone represented 897 of the areas under groundnuts and supplled 767. of the productlon. 98. As regards cassava and yams, they seem to follow the same evol-ution as the cereal crops; a stable yield tending rather to fall. 99. More than 591l of Togots anioal husbandry is undertaken in the OCP zone. Slxty-nlne per c6nt. of the cattle arrd 802 of the horses and donkeys In the country are fouud there. 100. Due to the efforts of the 0nchocerciasi.s Control Programe, vast zones with abundant crop-growing and animal husbandry potentlals have become accessible and are nor. contrlbutlng to the growth of the econorDy of the Participating Countries. Likewise, the populatlons are free froro the disease transmitted by the onchocerclasls vector, the blackfly. This sltuatlon should theoretlcally lead to an increase in the populatlonfs capaclty for work, i.e. they should work more intensely than they were dolng before the dlseasers control. The renewal of the economlc dynanlsrn of the population w111 be measured in the rest of the report. I 1981 d.... JPC6.3(ocP/85.4) Page 15 N ao CA F{ (h ts o\ FI \o N o -t .+ \ONts c,\ o\ F{ F{ GI @ o\d (h ts(h i \o N o\ H .(l \ONN o\( F{ F{ 6t co o\ F{ ( N o\d @ N CA FI .i' \ONN o\ o\ F{ F{ N @(h F{ o\ F o\ FI \o tso -{ -t \oNT o\ o\ FI Fi l! ot{(! (! o tl(U t(, € o oI td6 oo!O'{ >ot{ +{OH o ot u o 0,k ola t c6 otr auooo 6ilal{r{U6trr.(,4 Q6 Etr o Or r, o ! d u F{aoo! cXru FI F{ u c 0, (! Ek oA t a l! Fl H 6 ! oH o € c r! F{ o r{ .o(! k (,t ooo H x 2 H (a A 2 Fr IrI FT f{ o a o H H N H Ff H Er o N @ o coo N o co @ @ o \o @ o N N co o @ts N oo\o F{ o\o F{ .tt o6to -t o\o N N oo o FI o -?@ @ o .n co @ o .C o\ 6,1 o rn N H o(Y) o $ .f o N -t -n o .tt -i ts o CA @ F{ d o o Ch o\o CA o o .+ F{ oo( Fl N N N .i oo N o \? 6l FI o6l H Ch ooo o\ oo N d) o o\ Fl N -? .n ts .c N .c .$ ooo o Fl ooo (Y) o -n ooo oF) co\o\o (h oo N o\o h \o ol .+ .c ooo o F{ ooo ("') o @ .c dt ooo o @\o\o Ol oo GI o o\ N \o ol .gl\' ooo od ooo 6 o FI (r) ooo o \o .it o o F{ oo6l N .{' .sl ooo o F{ ooo o at (7) ooo o @ N o r{ oo N ln .c .+ N co -t .rl d) F{ oo ,{ F{ o N\o F{ (7) I co\o 6lco(7) (n o .+ .c Fl o m F{ d o\o\o Fl (7) I \o F.t -( o .rf .c F{ o F{ F{ o \o I \o o -t -t F{ F)o F{ F{ oln\o (Y) I \o .n ts N (') ln (7) -t o N\o N o cN al oo d Fl o N o \o d) @ F{ @ at Ch .tt A o h(7) FI o N o6l N N o o\o F{ F .co ol o o\ N ln n(7) F{ NoQ -t F{ o .s, d rn N rn 6t o .{. N o o FI F \fo N .{. (Yt r N o rn(7) F{ 6tN F.{ \o o\ .c st o @ N o u'to F{ N o\o H N o\ .c N o (n F{ N o\ o\ N F{ 6t\o o J F{ o @ r N oo @ Fl ct Noo N oo N N F{ ots\o \o N .{ o\o(n n .c N 6t N\?(n N\o N F{ F{ oN -t rN \o\' 6l N .+ @ N ooo -tN H oo N o N F{ oo\o N coo r.{ rn ooo -{ X zoHH -I5 O{o O{ co o\ F{ (7) N @ (r') co -t N \o\' co @ @ N @ 6l H ts .Cln ts d\ Fi co \oro N N N(Y) o t' @ o\ F{ o(i rn(r co oo \o (7) N o\ r o N\o F{ d \o\'\o \o o(r) o\ o\\o N o .5r N $\' N 6 \'o (?) $No s o\o r o o o\ 6 o\ ro rn o \o o\6 $ oo N N F{ co @ 2 Hz rII € o an fq zHvd =la H .t) o &o H z rd(J H i-l t & H Hz o(J oFr FJ ET Fi U) Irl(J & o ah It:d :.1 fr H z 2o H o q) H .J) le l'1 FI lal H co( -1 .o a6 o @ o\ F{ I ts t 6 .c(') o o Ea H o ! o ola k(! ox o i !(, ! k o{ o f& o otr a o .J) JPC6. 3(ocP/8s.4) Page 15 a,d o hLt a6!6 at F{6 E ooo ooo ,{ x x l- ! Fi a o O{ @o rn \? Fl N d c) .{ \?F{ H (n rr o @ o\ d rn\o o F{ F{ on N d o N o\ o F{ co r o .d. io cor o\ F.t .c \o o d o H d o F{ -{ N @ N o\ .c F o\ -i o o Fi r FI d) F{ @ N -t oood x oU6 oo f) @ Ch d o @o ot oo .+ o\or N ooo .+ o (h F{ \o e.l o\ o F{ oo\o H \o F{ @ ( oO( ri o o\ co Fl o \o -? o *t 6,t oo @ co i o\ AH @ F{ o\ o\ o CA d \o F{ N \o(Yt (o N(h F{ oo @ F{ N @ .{' o ct 6l oo rn oo\o -t o (7) o\ @ N .{ o\o .c .n \ots I\' N F{ d)\o -{ co oo N o\ F{ .n .+ .$ r 6 \odt @ N \o -1 F,l \o @ o\ N ooo -{ x o F{ I I d(J @ CA rl o @ @ o o\ N oor oo @ oo .n ,{ N (r') o\o N .{ o\ .,f, d oo o\ F{ r<h r o\ots N o F\o o o\ NN -t .i \ooN ct o\o 6l o\d)o F) -t or(h F{ orts o \o N o ...\o ooo \oN .,f o o\o N .,t N co .{. N F{ \ots I -tF \oots Itt o\ -t 6t o o\N( o\ @ @ N o\ N F{ H N N N N ooo -1 x I o u(t Fl ar oA ('! co o\ Ft r @ (Y) o -$ ts \o .{' @ co co N co ctH N\' N o\ F{ @ n \or co 6l N cl or .'' o@ o\ F{ o 6 ooo \o N o\ r o\ts\o H Fl \o -t\o \o o(7) CA o\\o N o .,f, N .!l -J, lnN o\ F{ d) .co (r) .rf ro \o o()r \o o o\ o\ o\ o \o o\ o\ \? oo N N F{ F{ @ (o >\ t{u a a oo ilcq, FA o o r! f& (! tril ,llr la u o(! o() x tl o H (! d(d (J d F{(! E t{ o 60 z o oo o F{ I du oH (n co o\ ,{ !,td o @ or F{ I N(v) t c(, .{' 6 o6 r{ o J o oF t.q, o,)tr tr od I o ! ol{ A. o frr q) olr a o a 2oHF() eodA vooH v, H H Fr zo H a C)H6 E .c tsr FIla H JPC6.3 (ocP/8s.4 ) page 17 TABLE 5. BASIC DATA ON CROP PRODUCTION Source: FAO: ProducElon Year Book, voluoes 34 and 37 - 1980 and 1983 POPULATToN (000) YEAR AGRICULTURE Area in x 1000 haProducElon x 1000 Eonnes L975 1980 1983 Paddy l{aLze MIl1eE/ sorghun Cassava Beans Ground- nuts Cot ton A P A P A P A P A P A P A P BENIN 3 043 3 530 3 873 L97 5 L979 1980 1983 8 8 9 11 T4 10 L2 15 294 424 400 472 2t2 307 300 258 LL2 100 103 103 75 69 66 59 84 113 110 95 588 735 720 600 55 80 75 70 20 37 35 30 64 97 90 90 46 66 60 50 35 32 33 30 25 27 27 24 BTJRKINA FASO 6 074 6 908 7 483 L97 5 t979 1980 1983 40 40 40 42 39 30 30 37 LO2 150 150 105 64 180 100 65 1 1 1 1 988 950 900 900 1 I 1 030 035 000 900 6 6 6 6 33 42 42 42 168 170 170 L70 83 75 77 77 65 72 90 88 36 60 78 80 IVORY COAST 6 760 7 973 8 846 r97 5 L979 1980 1983 368 448 450 460 454 534 550 430 466 584 570 630 250 275 284 300 110 131 133 t44 65 79 80 90 180 2LO 2L5 225 638 730 750 800 57 61 65 66 48 52 59 61 61 107 L27 L28 62 115 136 L57 GEANA 9 990 7L 679 L2 878 L97 5 L979 1980 1983 74 80 80 80 7L 55 62 70 340 340 340 300 372 365 339 260 445 481 380 280 307 L62 172 150 253 250 230 2L0 I 773 2 200 2 250 1 500 101 110 110 100 L27 90 92 70 IO L2 10 10 6 7 6 7 MALI 6 055 6 646 7 547 L97 5 L979 1980 1983 199 160 r90 160 235 177 200 L22 87 90 90 90 78 85 75 70 I I 1 1 272 400 400 420 852 744 750 638 5 7 7 8 40 56 56 70 2L3 200 2t9 200 198 L79 183 70 76 109 114 105 80 135 135 110 NIGER 4 599 5 305 5 819 L97 5 r979 1980 r983 18 20 2t 2t 29 24 32 45 10 L2 L2 L4 6 9 9 L2 2 799 3 599 3 840 4 249 1 081 L 592 I 751 L 687 29 28 28 25 191 224 225 180 153 159 8r 100 7 10 4 6 TOGO 2 290 2 699 2 876 797 5 L979 1980 I 983 10 20 20 20 13 L7 23 15 LO7 115 L20 113 t25 159 118 L4L L42 170 170 t70 110 136 L23 L25 2L 28 28 20 440 37t 450 400 62 60 63 60 L4 76 L7 2L 18 20 22 38 18 20 22 37 30 26 26 23 10 13 16 20 TOTAL 38 811 44 740 49 322 JPC6. 3(ocP/8s.4) Page 18 Economic dynanisn of the population 101. The observations made ln the preceding paragraphs as regards the population novement and the lncreases in productlon bear wltness to the economic dynamism of the populations in the area. The surprising rapidity with whlch the peasants sometlmes develop cotton cultivation, when they flnd it to their advantage, proves that they are perfectly capable of oodifylng thelr farmlng systetr and adoptlng nel production techniques. L02. Likewise, the very great progress of animal husbandry ln the area, whlch is related to the arrival of livestock herded away from the drought zones in the Sahel, has so far taken place ln a relatively harmonlous way. Ihere has been no report ln recent year6 that the tradltional conflicts between farmers and stock-breeders has become particularly acute. Thls indicates not only that land ls stlll available but also that the peasants have adapted themselves to a new situation. And what is nore, with the development of ani.mal tractlon, a new "race" of peasants/stock-breeders ls appearing. 103. The inforrnation provlded on equlpment ls also lnteresting. Anlnal tractlon is practlsed in almost 18% of the farns (and even more lf account ls not taken of the lnfornatLon collected ln Ghana and the Ivory Coast, which does not appear to be slgnificant ln this fleld). 104. Anlnal tractlon constitutes in ltself the sign of a profound transformation of the trethods and level of production. Ihat ls how the appreciatlon of the evolutlon of productlon has rlsen to 847. withln the faros concerned, whlch, furthermore, are partlcularly well equlpped, for exanple as regards carts and nopeds. A11 thls slgnlfies both by the volume of the investment made and by the nature (neans of transport) of some of the equlpnent, a definlte integratlon lnto the ooney econony. 105. Generally speaking, the levels of lndivldual equipnent which were revealed by the survey are qulte significant: L5Z of the farms surveyed possess a cart, 277 a moped, 37% have houses roofed with lron sheets. As regards radios whlch bear wltness to the openlng of the rural areas to the outslde world: about two-thlrds of the farollles possess at least one. 106. A fact appears clearly fron the 1985 Survey: more than t:.a1-t (6L%) of the faully heads Ln the sample conslder that their productlon is lncreaslng. This result ls lnpresslve, consldering the unsatisfactory cllmatlc conditlons which have prevalled in recent years. 107. The dynanism of the area ls also demonstrated by the developnent of collectlve facllitles. Some of then are constructed through Ehe initlatlve of the State or development bodies (roads, schools, dispensarles), sometlmes with the participation of the populatlons concerned. Moreover, certain types of facilitles are developed through local, collectlve or lndlvldual lnltlatlves. This applles to weIls (average for the sample - oue well for 150 lnhabltants) which are particularly nuoerous ln the small and nedlum vlllages. It also, and in particular so, applles to mills (one for 1200 lnhabitants) whlch are found especlally 1n villages havlng 1000 to 1500 inhabltants. 108. On average, ttre villages ln t,he sample have two of the followlng three faclllties: trarket, shop, n111.1 109. Flnally, lt should be noted that 70"1 of the sample villages have at least one farmerer group, Irhatever lts forn or importance. 110. Thus, the 1985 Survey reveals a sltuatlon in the rural world of the OCP area which belies nany c11ch6s. An openlng onto the outside wor1d, a capaclty for adaptatlon to new sltuatlons and a w111 to improve individual and collectlve situaEions are noticeable. It I Sin"" this is an average, it neans that sone (nostly snall) villages are completely withouE these facilities. JPC6.3 ( ocP/8s.4) Page 19 must be recognlzed, however, that although the changes whlch have taken place 1n the OCP zone are posltive and encouraglng ln nany respectsr the progress to be nade is stlll considerable. Three additlonal flndlngs 111. The dynamism of the vlllage communlty is related to three elemenEs: the slze of the vi1lages, the exlstence of animal husbandry and the number of ethnlc grouPs per vlllage. Thls ls an observatlon and not an explaoatlon: here again, and undoubtedly more thao 1n other fields, attempts should be avolded to establlsh slnpllstic relatlonshlps of cause and effect. LLz. Regardlng the size of the villages: everything indlcated that there exlst an oPtlmutn whlch would seem to be between 500 and 1000 lnhabitants. Below that, the villages are underprlvlleged2 fron the point of view of facllltles (lndlvidual and collectlve, for producElon and confort). Above that, all the lndicators are sltuated at levels lower thaa the average for the sanple. 113. As regards the exlstence of anlmal husbandry: complete absence ln Ehe vlllages corresponds to medlocre results. Conversely, lts development seems to be beoeflclal uP to a certaln linit, from the polnt of vlew of productlon and factors of production. 114. Wlth respect to the number of ethnlc groups: vlllages composed of only two ethnlc groups have the least good results. When three or lnore ethnic Sroups coexlst, all the lndlcators improve. Mono-ethnic vlllages rank above the average for the sample, excePt for animal tractlon. Could lt be hypotheslzed that the bl-ethnlc vlllages are ln a transltlonal sLtuatlon, wlth all the difftcultles lt lnplles, uhl1e the oono-ethnlc^ on the one hand, and the nulti-ethnic villages, on the other, are ln a sort of equlllbrlum.a 115. These three observatlons have been made not to advance a serles of explanatlons for the evolutlon recorded ln the area, but rather to show that a survey of the type carrled out by OCP/ECO makes lt possible to highllght certaln phenomena which are not qulte vlslble otherwlse, and can therefore consitute the departure polnt for more ln-depth lnvestigatloDs. The lnpact of support A selectlve syste{ 116. The framework is provlded by all the steps taken by the governments of the Particlpatlng Countrles to ratlonalize the production structures: dlsseninatiou of technlcal knowledge, organlzation of cooperatives, lmplementatlon of functLonal llteracy progralmes, etc. 117. The key element ln the provlslon of support is the developrnent bodles. They exlst ln all the countrles in the oCP zone. Ihelr most successful interventlons concern cash crops, especially cotton. Aninal traction, artiflcial ulanure, phytosanitary Lreatments and the popularizatlon of improved seeds are ln fact focused only on coEton cultlvatlon. 118. The results obtalned by the peasants are encouraging. Even the organlzatlon of the vlllages lnto cooperative groups is ained first of all at the promotion of cash crops: lt ls in that sense that creatlng awareness among peasants of thelr responsibllltles for the utillzatlon of agricultural Loans, the dlstribution of lnputs and the collectlve marketlng of products, should be understood. 119. Unlike cash crops, food crops have received only marginal support. Thus, varletles from various sources constltute the bulk of the food-crop seeds used by the peasants. They I It would have been deslrable to be able to take monetary/flnancial tndlcators into account, such as the evolution of the number of current, savlngs and deposit accounts. Unfortunately banking statistics are not available by geographlcal entlty wlthln each State which prohiblts a breakdown by sanpling unlt. 2 with exceptlons; for example, wells, mopeds and houses roofed with lron sheets. JPC6.3(ocP/8s.4) Page 20 are either from prevlous harvests or bought fron the markets. The manures have never been used rnalnly for food crops. The same applies to agricultural crediE to whlch the majority of the peasants have no access. LzO. In the Mallan OCP zone, the following evolution took place as regards agriculEural equlpoent, area Eanured and ytelds of cotton. TABLE 6. EVOLUTION OF THE ZONES RECEIVING SUPPORT IN MALI 1979-1980 1983-1984 Variatlon % Plough Multlcultlvator * hoe Cart Treatment equlpnent Area uanured (ha) Cotton yteld (ke/ha) 52 36 25 24 97I 522 669 4L2 539 307 L97 57 4L 29 22 93 1 69L 889 2L5 985 311 294 9 t4 L4 -6 -4 8 8 2 9 3 1 1 LzL. With regard to agrlcultural credlt, to the peasants ln the Bougounl reglon: 1984-198s (s4.62). there is an lncrease ln the anount of loans Sranted 2L4 3L2 780 FM ln 1979-1980 and 331 514 750 FM ln LZz. Vlllage assoclatlons formed ln the OCP zone in MaIl rose from L22 Ln L977-78 to 446 Ln 1981-82, 1.e. an lncrease ot 2657.. The productlon of these assoclatlons reached 39 tlo 201 l1g ln 1981-82 ae against 12 880 698 kg La L977-78, 1.e. a growth ot 203.62. L23. In Beuln, the anlnal tractlon lnplemeuts in the Atakora province lncreased by L4L7.: 878 iu Lg74-75 to 2118 ln 1983-84. Durlng the 1980-81 farnlng season, the area cultivated by 11ea1s of anlmal Eraction was 1650.25t^ar 1.e. 1.3% of the total area under cultlvation; in 1982-83 lt rose to 13 658.95 ha and attained 9.8% of the land brought under cultivatlon. The followlng is the evolutlon ln the Borgou provlnce: TABLE 7. EVOLUTION OF EQUIPMENT IN TTIE BORGOU PROVINCE, BENIN Posltlve results L24. The 1985 Survey shows wlthout amblgulty that support plays a key role in the dynamiso of the populatlons. L25. For exanple lt w111 be noted that 332 of the fanilles recelving supPort have an animal tractlon lmplenent, as agalnst 67" for the rest of the sauple, and 852 conslder that they are produclng rnore as agalnst 362. LZ6. These results, conslderlng the llmlted extent of support in the area, and the spontaneoua corments of the peasants, suggest that the function of the suPPortlve framework te not solely technlcal. Iti role ls to a large extent psychological: for the Peasant, it is a llnk wlth the outslde world and helps to break his feeling of lsolation and even desertion. L27. A reconmendatlon could be to generalize any forn of suall-scale support. This support should be based on concrete contrlbutlons, otherwlse lt would be qulckly diverted fron its prlnary obJectlve. For exanp]-e greater lmportance could be given to credlt for equlpment whlch is one of the most frequent requests Eade by the farmers and to develop agrlcultural credlt wlthln the communlty structures which are themselves a factor of dynanisn. 1981-1982 1984-198s t Anlual tractlon lmPlements Ploughs Rldge-ploughs 6 755 6 777 6 770 L5 923 11 166 11 038 +L35.7 +64.7 +63.0 JPC6. 3 ( ocP/8s. 4) Page 21 Factors llnltine the dynanlsn L28. In splte of the results reported above, the OCP area suffers in general from a number of handlcaps. Health LZg. In the health sector, several elements should be considered, notably the lmportance of certaia comunicable dlseases; the difficultles in providlng clean ldater; the lnsufflclency of Ehe health lnfrastructures; and, often, the absence of national programmes for disease control. These factors, whlch render the populatlons vulnerable to the conmon lnfections(ualarla, diarrhoea, etc.) Ellitate ln favour of the promotion of prinary health care in the countrles concerned. 130. It ts strlking to observe the unanlmously expressed sensltlvlty of Ehe populatlons to the problems of health. It may be positive: "I am in good health and I work we11". It is to be noted that health aud production are generally percelved by the peasant as two closely related elemente. The dlscomfort whlch the dlsease causes lndivtduals is not expressed when thls sensltlvlty ls expressed. 131. Water potabllity ls percelved as a factor of good health which makes lt posslble to avoid "dlarrhoeal dlseases" whlch seem to be considered a verltable scourge ln the area. No doubt this ls a fleld for prlvlleged intervention: wells and boreholesr to whlch must be added the education concerning sinple water flltration technlques whose role ls lEPortant especlally during the dry season.2 L32. However, the sinklng of wells and boreholes should follow a coordioated and well-thought-out overall strategy. Village water supply undoubtedly constltutes an lnPortant element of any pollcy for the development of rural areas and uore speclflcally as far as housing is concerned. Ihls should constitute an essential concern. And oochocerclasis? 133. Onchocerciasls control has been a real success Ln the health sector. From a general economic point of view, the achlevements of the Programme have gone hand in hand wlEh the renewal of dynamisn ln the area, which is evidently related to the Digrati.ons caused by the drought ln the Sahel and the overpopulation of certain perlpheral reglons. But it could be that the absence of effectlve onchocerciasls control would have, sooner or later, led to the fllght of these new migrants. The case of the village of Salnt-Plerre in Burklna Faso ls an example in this respect.J L34. At an lndlvidual level, the disappearance of onchocerciasls is beneflclal because of the lncrease in yleld whlch 1t engenders. This phenomenon has not been quantifled. On the other hand, the 1985 Survey showed that fanlly heads, who stated that they were onchocerciasls patlents (L2Z of the sanple), had lowered economic lncomes, souetlmes far below the average. The lmportance of thls finding is not statistlcal and lt should not be concluded that there are 12% onchocerclasis patlents today ln the whole of the zone. But it. proves that the lmpact of a dlsease llke onchocerciasls is very much felt by those who conslder themselves affected by it, and that whether the dlsease is real or not, they lose their dynanism. 135. It would be interesting to flnd out if other diseases have a psychological impact as great as that of onchocerciasls. Such a study could provide useful lnfornation for maklng cholces 1n regard to public health pollcy. I Thi" would reduce considerably the Ei.me spent by the women and children fetching water fron the rivers. 2 During this period, many we1ls are dry and almost stagnant r{ater has to be fetched fron the rlvers and backwaters. Cases of diarrhoeal diseases become particularly frequent at a time when the main agricultural work takes off. 3 A .r111.ge founded ln 1963, which very quickly became a hyperendemic focus of onchocerciasis. In 1971r'the village disappeared: its inhabitants had left or were dead. In 1985, it again has 85 inhabitants and no case of onchocerclasis has been declared. JPC6.3(ocP/8s.4) page 22 Infrastructure 136. Ihe bad state of the roads and tracks is detrimental to the developnent of the region and the situatlon is gradually belng inproved through the constructlon and inprovement of roads, bullding of bridges, etc., by the Governments of each Partlcipating Country, with the help of foreign fLnancial backers. The provision of health and school facilitles follows the same procedure. However, as regards school infrastructure, the populatlons are often provlding labour for certaln types of work. L37. Ihe limited partlcipation of the populations in the constructLoa of infrastructures ls due to the fact that they requLre significant material resources which the vlllagers cannot moblllze. Consequently, the unsatlsfactory Ievel of lnfrastructure in the vlllages is due less to lack of dynanlsm of the populations than to the results of governmental planning (or decision). The very limited financial resources of the States, on the one hand, and the great number of vi11ages, on the other hand, nake it fuopossible to satlsfy the entlre populatlons. Emergence and development of new oodes of land occupancy 138. Everywhere, ln the onchocerclasis-protected zone, the systeus of land occupancy have changed to varlous degrees, dependlng on the regions. The cultlvated and utlllzed areas have lncreased and the agrarlan techniques and systems have evoJ.ved, creatlng a new roan/land relatlonshlp. 139. These developnents, favoured by the dlsappearance of onchocerclasis transmlssion aod the opening up of vast unoccupled zones for agriculture, are both causes aod consequences of the transfornatlon of the systems of land Danagement and access to lt. Land managemenE and access Authorltles 140. Traditlonally, access of new farmers, natlves (authoctons) or ipulgrants, to new lands is governed by two authorltles: the vlllage chlef (public authorlty)l - who authorlzes thg settlement by the appllcant on the vlIlage land - and the land chlef (rellglous authorlty)l who adnLnlsters the access to the land, its use and the schedule of agrlcultural work. 141. The adoption of a "land rlght" by the varlous States has theoretlcally "suspended" the above sysEem slnce everywhere, if the land Is the property of the State, usufruct belongs to the one who develops lt, and he does not have to refer to the tradltional authorltles. L42. In certain cases, a thlrd level of land authorlty has been established. It ls that of development bodies whlch theoretically have complete responslbillty for the occupancy and development of the lands allocated to them, generally for hydro-agrlcultural developnent, e.g. AW and SOSUCO in Burklna Faso and SODESUCRE in the Ivory Coast as well as Dost hydro-agricultural develoPnents. Interactlons betrreen the dlfferent levels of authorlty and thelr consequences on the access to the land and its Danagement National leglslations and tradltlonal authoritles L43. In recent decades, national land leglslatlons, the developoent of a feellng of natlonal adherence, the accentuation of uonetary structures and a certalo indlvlduallzatlon of productlon have considerably reduced the power of the traditlonal authorlties over the land and their conErol of the managenent of village or ethnlc Lands. L44. The consequences are obvious everywhere: (a) the posslblllty for a group to settle outside lts ethnic area, often with the agreement of traditional chlefs who, for a tine, found in It a lray to enhance Eheir status; I Th""" two authorlties can be comblned. JPC6.3 ( ocP/8s. 4) Page 23 (b) the inobservance of "customs" concernlng access to land and the emergeoce of serlous confllcts ln case of land saturatlon. 145. TiIl recen! years, this sltuatlon was by far the most frequent. In actual factr lt often amounts to a devolutlon of the customary land rlghts of the natlves to the newly settled 1 nlgrants. Ethnlc rights and developnent bodies L46. The establlshment of development bodles in uaexplolted reglons has an obvlous lmpact on the reactlons of populatlons who conslder themselves holders of a certaln land rlght. L47. In order to afflrn thelr rlghts to the land and Preserve Eheir usufruct, the loca1 populatlons start very quickly to clear and explolt lands untll then uocultlvated. Ihls land o."rp"o.y dynanics dols-not always reflect an increase ln the need for cuLtivable 1ands. 148. Thls phenomenon ls partlcularly manlfest near the lands of the Volta Valleys Development Authorlty (AVV) ln Burkina Faso where, often, sPontaneous cultivatloa beglns as soon as the flrst settleoents are arranged by that body. L4g. Thls ls true of the development unlts (DU) of Mankarga and Ouahalgul, on the Whlte Volta and applles also to the DU of Djlpologo on the Bougourlba. 150. Finally, it ls obvlous that these pheoomena w111 not occur lrhen the development bodtes have the technical and leglslatlve means to enforce their rlght to the managemenE of the land, as ls the case for the agro-lndustrlal or hydro-agrlcultural developnent Proiects. 151. Globally, recent evolutlons of land tenure favour the access of indtvlduals to the land. A real approprlatlon of ava1lab1e land ls belng undertaken by the nativee as well as the imlgrants, desplte often constrainlng leglslatlons emanatlng from centralLzed' structures wlthout real enforcement Power in the fleld. L52. Thls sltuatlon is recent and ls developlng partlcularly ln the zones allocated to development bodies, such as AW in the Voltas. It is too early to be able to draw lessons therefrou. Natlves and lmlgrants 153. Three maln types of 1 qrlgrant agrlculEural settleDents are dlscernlble ln the area: (a) the "tradltlonal" agrlcultural settlenent establlshed wlth the agreeoent of the traditlonal authorlties; (b) the "tradit1onal" agrlcultural settleroent establlshed Iillthout the pernlsslon of the tradltional authorities ; (c) the "motorized industrlal" agrlcultural settlement establlshed without the permission of the traditlonal authorltles (Ghana: Slsslll, Kulpawn; Ivory Coasts North-East, etc. ). L54. The developnent of motorized cultivatlon very often results fron natlonal pollcles and asslstance glven by the State to agricultural entrepreneurs, who are generally absentees. The lack of partlcipation of the latter in local affalrs often leads to conflicts wlth the natlve populatlons; such conflicts sometlmes result in the destructlon of crops. 155. Flnally, some ethnic groups protect thenselves fron the settlenent by innigrants and bring their land into cultivation themselves. Thls ls true of the Senoufo both ln the Ivory Coast and in Burklna Faso. The same applied to the Blssa until 1983, when Ehe l4ossi penetrated the rare areas where land was stlLl avallable. 156. Although these changes occur at varlous degrees, they have brought about considerable increases ln cultlvated areas. JPC6.3 ( ocP/8s.4 ) page 24 "Explosion" of utlllzed lands Observatlon L57. An obvlous observatlon ls made necessary by the comparison of the maps showing land occupaDcy at the start of the Onchocerciasls Control Progra ne and after ten years of vector contiol: elther the unutllized zones have considerably reduced or they have completely disappeared and that desplte their past significance. 158. For the purpose of unlfornlzatlon, latltude l1oN seems to be a signiflcant linoit.1 To the north of lt, there are no more lands unutllized by man, in spite of thelr former slgnlficance. Everywhere, rDan ls present and conslderably nodifies the LandscaPes. To the sorrtt of thls "frontler", however, the dynamlcs are sLower and the settlement of the ,i avallable lands ls done at different rates accordlng to the modes of land occuPancy. Modes 159. Three types of deternlnants lnfluence the nodes of development of the onchocerclasls protected lands: (a) the mode of land occuPancy prevalent before the control; (b) the node of land occupancy wlth the establlshnent or noE of a development body and suPPort for the PoPulatlons; (c) the node of land occupancy wlth the contrlbutton or not of lmmlgrant agrlcultural PoPulatlone. Tradltional nodes of occupancy and evolutlons 160. In the case of populatlons fornerly havlng a ProPer row of settlements and farms faclng the deserted zones, the cultivatlon of the available lands has been carrled out by a regular p"t.t-Uy-patch advance from the row of farms and/or settlements towards the thalwegs. tf"fUfy, the farolng systems have been perpetuated, desplte the considerable extenslon of the land utlllzed. 161. The same does eeparated from each and lntrablted areas cultlvated have not dlsappearauce or at Thls le the case on not apply to old cultlvated areas ceotred around vlllages whose lands are other by vast areas of uncultlvated bush. Io these cases, the cultlvated -expand'' to the whole of the avallable lands even If the areas really lncreased conslderably. This developnent has very often led to the least coneiderable reductlon of enPty lands sltuated near the thalwegs. the Leraba, even though the land occuPaucy there ls dlscontlnuous. Inpact of PlannS!-g9g}9g1q. L62. Eere, lu addltlon to the areas explolted by the developoeot body, there are nev, lands cultlvated elther by lmigrants or by natlves. The rate of land occupancy in such cases ls conslderable and very often linlts the posslbllity of extending the plots uader cultlvatioo. The t of lmigrant asricultural tlons 163. Agrarlan mlgratlons have been effected towards tlo tyPes of areas: (a) thoee where development bodies operate in deserted valleys; and thls refers to the precedlng case; (b) those where the land occupancy is by the natlve villages, separated from each oEher, by "uo Eanrs Land", resultlng 1n the establishment of an "interPosed" habitat L"tor""t the old vlllages. The land occuPancy is then twofold: that of 1 rnlgrants and that of natlves. The latter are qulckly blocked extensionwlse by the areas brought lnto cultivatlon by the foruer. I Th""" observations concern only the zones where lt was possible to carry out dlachronlc studles, viz: Burklna Faso, Ivory coast and Benln. D TABLE 8. LAND OCCUPANCY AND 1TS DYNAMICS SINCE THE START OF TIIE PROGRAMME JPC6. 3 (ocP/8s.4 ) page 25 1n ( (1) (2)(3) (4)(5)(6)(7)(8) (e) Percentage of utllize Area ore s t.ar t PercenEage of uElllzed land/Area avallable in 1984 In Z Global increase in utllized land in Z Annual lncrease ln utillzed land Rigid row Lax" row Discontinuous land occupancy wlthout row, in vl1lages Iden wlth i .lgration of non-natlves Iden slth lnterposed settleuent of natlves la. CultivaEed area 2a. Cultivated area (a) (b)(c) (d) 1960-1984 r9 78-1984 1972-L983 t972-\984 e) 1974-1983 f) 19s6-1983 s) 19s2-1981h) 1952-1983 7 8 93 4 5 61 2Study area 0 1 8Z 37. 2Z 4. 9.1 9.7 I + + + +) 451 (c) L3.32 207) ) 272 ) (c) (a (b (a (b 24.57 71.82 72.4 37 178 L62Z 20.72 8.72 s6z 332 Red Volta, Ghana Right bank, south of 11oN Red Vo1ta, Ghana Left bank, south of l1oN Red Volta, Burklna Faso Norch of lloN, righE bank Red Volta, left bank Burklna Faeo, north of 11oN 1a (c) 8Z (d) 142 L2Z 2 0 6 5 0 (c) (c) 2a L9Z 45.82 232 422 222 t77 0 2532 1452 2L8/ 7r4Z 3402 8.47, 10. 1z L2.t 2L.LZ 38.22 + + + + Whlte Volta, rlght bank, Burklna Faso, Blssa IJhlte Volta, left. bank North of MosaL country, Burkina Faso, tncluding AW lJhlte volta, Yeriba, Burklna Faso Whlte Volta, rlght bank lncludlng AW 9.22 30.1 2952 12.22Total l{hlte Volta + + + + (e) 7.52 67 L3.47 11.52 L2.9 LO.77, L5.42 L2.42 732 782 t5Z 7 .82 6.3 6.62 L.5Z 0. 8z Bougouriba/Black VolEa - Burklna Faso lncluding(south of 11"N) Dagara Birlfor WlIle Lobl t2Z 16. 1 252 3842 37 8l 5002 6.OZ 5.52 6Z + + + Comoe - Burklna Faso South of l1oN Black Volra, Sanandenl Keralle, Salnt-Plerre North of 11"N 2 3 4 (f) (e) (h) 47, 3l I 3 7 (c) 3.6 2 0 (c) (c) 13.1 8Z 102 2562 2362 I 2007 LL.2Z lL.62 26.322 + + + Western Leraba South of 1loN - Burklna Faso Leraba, rlght bank Ivory Coast, 6outh of 11"N Leraba, Ivory CoasE, central Source: 1985 Survey and J. P. Hervout et a1. (1984). JPC6.3(ocP/8s.4) page 26 Spatlal dynamlcs and nodificatlon of man/envlronment relations Eabltat L64. Not only have Ehe cultlvated areas expanded, but in the whole of the zones studled cartographlcally, the modes of land occupancy and the habitat areas have changed vastly. l-65. To the o1d villages have been added new ones, inhablted by lnnlgrant populations, whether they were lnstalIed by the development bodles or had come spontaneously. In any case, an lsolated "lnterposed" habitat has been establlshed. Because of thelr lrater supply needs, nost of these populatlons have settled near the thalwegs whlch were breedlng sites of the blackflies. For exanple, the banks of all the tributarles of the l{hlte Volta are lnhablted today by farners or stock-breeders. This ls true of the banks of the Leraba whlch were foruerly deserted or not utllized much. Mode of cultlvatlon L65. I{htle numerous faroers who settled on new habitat sltes have nalntalned thelr old agrarlaD syateDs, the new settlemeots have often perniEted the development of seml-intensive agrlculture ln whlch farnlng 1s associated with animal husbandry. This applies to the big Senoufo fanns near the Leraba and lts trlbutarles. There, dlscontlnuous cultivatlon plots have been establlshed on whlch the habltatlons have been bullt. Shea butter and West African locust bean trees have been selected and are belng gradually replaced by Feldherlia a.!b:!4e. L67. Under these condltlons, an attempt to compare the areas cultlvated per lnhabitanE, ID the whole of the zone or per clluatlc area, would be extremely "reductlonlstic" and would not account for the dlvereltles of Ehe agrarLan systens establlshed and the different degreee of lntenslflcatlon of productlon. 168. A number of groups have advanced towards the thalwegs, often even up to the folds of the banks (Leraba, Whtte Volta, Black Volta, sectlons of the Red Vo1ta, etc.). The areas uoder cultlvatlon have lncreased conslderably in some places. fhus, Lt can be stated that on the Whtte Volta, ln Burklna Faso, the lncrease in cultivated areas slnce the start of the blackfly coutrol has been 229 5O0 hectares, representltg 367. of the land ariras avallable ln 1975, at which tlne only 97. of the land was under cultlvation. Thls dynaolcs ls not an lsolated case: there are oo uore lands completely void of human settlement on the Leraba, shere ln 1983, tn the Ivory Coast, 8Z of the laod was cultlvated as agalnst 2% Ia L972; on Burklnars bank, thls percentage rose, durlng the same perlod, from 3.7% to l3.LZ. Problems posed by the developuent of new modes of land occuDancy Deforestatlon aod eroslon 169. One of the Do6t toplcal problems ls of an ecological nature. CertaLn valleys have experlenced 1o recent years a development coverlng the whole of the available land. The dry forests have completeJ-y dlsappeared under the effect of the land clearlng for cultivatlon. 170. Ttre cousequences of such a sltuatlon are the shortage of wood and eroslon. Thls eroslou poses the problem of the conservatlon of the agronoulc value of the solls. Furthernore, the disappearaoce of forests creates problems in gettlng flre wood for the households. I Land saturatlon and risk of confllcts L7L. I{Ith Ehe posslble lncrease 1u the land occupancy rate, pollcles should be consldered and addltlonal ueans for lnteuslve farmlng assured to avold, ln the long-term, slmllar probleus ln the onchocerclasls-controlled zones as confronted the overpopulated Plateaux adJacent to the rlver valleys. A1so, a watch should be kept on the new intermlx of peoples from dlfferent trlbes which ts already recognized in the onchocerciasls-protected valleys. I A "trrdy of the ecological lmpact of the resettlement of the onchocerciasis-protectedzooea ts belng carrled out (OCP/ORSTOM agreenent). t JPC6.3(ocP/85.4) Page 27 Respectlve places of farming and anlnal husbandry L72. The considerable extenslon of cultivated areas ln the onchocerciasis-Protected zones dlnlnlshes the pasture potentlal for transhumant or seml-sedentary anlmal husbandry. Such actlon often comblnes wlth the dLsastrous effects of the drought to drlve the stock-breeders towards the south. However, the tradltlonal settlement zones for the north sudanlan livestock have focl of tsetse fIles, vectors of animal trypanosonlasls. The States should be alrare of the need to determlne how farmlng and anlmal husbandry can coexlst in the same area to mutual advantage and to the overall economlc benefit of each country. L73. IE ls therefore indlspensable for the pollcles for the developnent of the rural areas to take lnto account all the problems related to the mnnagetrent of these areas, e.g.s (a) the DaJor vector-borne endeulc dlseases, partlcularly onchocercLasls; (b) the foreseeable land saturatlon; (c) the coexlstence of farnlng/anlual husbandry; (d) ecology and eroslon. SYNTHESIS Towards a new developuent strategy L74. The Governments, llke the Dooor Communltyr are Lncreaslngly aware of the challenge whlch the OCP area represents. Without exaggeratlng, it cau be sald that here Is where West Afrlcars future ls belng forged as regards food production, anlmal husbandry aud an essentlal- industrial crop: cotton. But the area ls at the same tlue fraglle; lt ls the sceue of cooslderable population movements, most of the tlme uncontrolled, and ls experlenclng vast changes ln lts productlon and land occupancy sy6tetrs. L75. The lnportance of the pollcles and operatlons to be carrled out in the zone ls evldent: lf adapted, they will accompany and strengthen the dynanlso observed at present by preserving the natural herltage, and even developlng it. L76. Thls shows the usefulness of a mlnlmal coordlnatlon of all the dlfferent types of actlvlties carrled out ln the zone. Land of human and economic exchanges, the OCP area cannot be fragnented and lt would be vain to try to conflne the effects of a development project of lrhatever lnportance in a well-determined geographlcal zone. L77. Indlrectly, the 1985 Survey makes lt posslble to dlscover what seens to be an appreclable evolutlon of the strategles lnpleoented in the zone by the Governments and the Donor Comunlty. L78. The era of purely voluntarlst developnent seems now to be ln the past. The least that can be sald.ls that the great invesEments, whether concernlng agro-lndustrial couplexes, large-sca1e development operations or cultlvatlon of vast lrrlgated areas, have noE fulfilled expectatlons. The costs have been higher than estimated, the gains In productlvlty very low and the educatlonal effects llmited. By thinnlng out and raislng the cost of flnanclal resources and llmttlng export outlets, the lnternatlonal crisls has been a revelatlon: lt is not posslble t.o contlnue as before. Furthermore, the almost generallzed decllne in rainfall has focused the attentlon on the problens of food self-sufflclency and preservatlon of the natural potentialltles. Food crop ls no longer neglected in the progranrmes. It has become one of the forenost preoccupatlons, 1lke ecology. 179. However, dlsllluslon and discouragement are not justlfied, since a new dynauism is appearlng in the area. Men and wornen are movlng, zones are belng repopulated, othersquallfled as "dense" are seelng thelr population load becoue llghter and secondary urban centres are developlng. There is an unforeseen rapid development of crops - cotton, yans, etc. Llvestock ls lncreaslng, and animal traction is becomlng widespread. ! I JPC6. 3 (ocP/8s.4 ) page 28 180. What does all this have in common? Simply, the peasant who, lt is being dlscovered or rediscovered, is capable of initiative, adaptation and economic ratlonality. It is no longer obvious that he should be transformed into a wage-earner or a seml-wage-earner in order to "lead" h1m to modernlty. The developuent of cotEon cultivation has been accomplished by relying on the farmers; the producers of yams are "tradltlonal", and aPontaneous mlgrations are more slgnlflcant than organlzed roigratlons. 181. Thus, a new convictlon ls gradually coming to the fore; development cannot arise "ex nihilo" froo the w111 of a few people and the resources they uoblllze. It presupposes the existence of dynamlsm, "accompanied" ln regard to thelr posltlve asPects, and "chanelled" as regards their negative aspects. 182. Consequently, the role of the national authoritles takes on a new sigoificance. The State must becoue a flnder, in the lega1 sense of the termrl and a conductor. Decentr'aLLzed land management 183. The observatlons nade ln respect t.o the entlre area in the second part of thls report lead to one concluslon: the naln problem of the ONCI{O zone is that of Eanagement of the land and new solutlons must be f'ound soon. 184. Two paEhs have been followed so far without much success. The technlcal approach ("heavy" development) cannot be applled generally, lf only because of lts exorbi'tant cost. 185. The legislatlve approach (laws on the naElonalizatlon of the land) does not touch the maln problem which 1s the physlcal and daIIy exerclse of authorlty on the land. I{hether the State declares Itself or not owner of the land does not change the fact that, locally, an authority must intervene to organlze the access to tt and arbitrate posslble conflLcts. 186. It is dlfficult to see the direct exerclse of this authorlty by representatlves of the States. On the other hand, lE 1s felt that lt would be better for lt to eEanate from the village co'r'unlty whlch would regaln, under new forms to be speclfied, the managenent of I'tg "sol1". 187. At the same tlme, ln order to prevenE the systetr from becomlng fragnented and rlgld, a general development pollcy must be Lnplemented. Numerous choices remain to be uade: a zooet itfff underpopulated today, may be opened, or not, to 1 'nlgratlon, by the construction of a road. It nay be decided to favour the grouptng of vlllages in order to achieve ecooomles of scale as regards soclal lnfrastructures, llnit the rlsk of onchocerciasls and enable the development of non-agrlcultural rural employment. 1g8. Flnally, Bteps have to be taken for the lnteoslflcatlon of farulng technlques to becoae a reallty. lg9. The authorities are noE conpletely without resources for the attainmeDt of these objectlves. They have effectlve "arms", partlcularly those whose effect ls lndlrect. 190. Some conslst of the development of lnfrastructures (roads, wells, dlspensaries, schools) whose programtng Dust conply with an overall pollcy and plan. 191. Others concern support whlch roay be effectlve whlle being ou a small- scale. Lgz. lFurthernore, some are general measures, but whose impact may be conslderable as regards land development. Thts concerns particularly prlce (productlon and lnputs) and credlt(agrlcultural but also handicraft) pollcles. 193. That is how a local manageDent of land and a natlonal, and even transnatLonaL coordlnatlon/Proootlon could be effectlvely llnked. 1 In the legal sense, a finder is the one who discovers a hldden thing (flnder of a treasure). a a I !JPC6.3 ( ocP/85. 4) Page 29 Lg4. So far, wonen do not seem to have succeeded ln playlng an ltrPortant role ln regard to land occupancy; the selection of land is a male affalr. But it is obvlous that any lntensiflcatlon pollcy or "rural plannlng" should take wooents needs and preoccupations loto account. Thls ls all the more so because the recent evolutlon has somehow contrlbuted to thelr economlc marglnallty. An aggravation of these lmbalances could one day lead to reactlons IIke a sudden acceleration of the drlft of wouen from rural areas. CONCLUSIONS 195. As rnentloned ln the lntroductlon, thls report Presents the results of the studles carrled out both by the various Particlpatlng Countrles and by OCPrs Economlc Developnent Unit on the socloeconomlc inpact of the Onchocerciasls Control Programe. It has attemPted to underllne the maln trends which have marked the OCP area durlng the decade L974-L984. Lg6. The challenge whtch the area constltutes for the Partlclpatlng CountrLes and the whole of the West Afrlcan Reglon has been hlghllghted through: (a) 1ts clinate whlch, despite the partlcularly dlfficult condltlous of the past 20 years, ls stlll favourable for the productlou of cereals; (b) lts resources, ln terna of land, for whtch it 16 noted that 32.92 of the solls tn the area have good agronomlc values as agalnst L5.82 outslde and the rate of bad quallty solls ls 5.42 as agalnst L9.87. elsewhere. Lg7. The OCP area has been and reualns a zone of intense mlgratory Dovenenta. These oovements have been accoupanied by effort6 to provide the zone wlth facllltles (roads, schools, dlspensarles, wells and bore-holes, etc.) and by lncreased agrlcultural productloue whlch are sometlmes'spectacular, even lf animal resources, especlally fish, are 8t111 lnsufficlently explolted. The populatlons are showlng a new dynaoisn thanks to the suPPort recelved which, despite being on a smal1 scale, is nevertheless effectlve. Anlnal tractlon ls lntensifylng. The volune and nature of the lnvestments uade by the populatlons lndlcate the beginning of a market economy supported rnalnly by cotton and yams. 198. The spontaneous settlement, the practice of cottt unal work and the assoclatlon of anlual husbandry with crop-growing lncrease the populatlon densltles ln the valleys, especlally during the farnlng season, and reduce the onchocerclasls trausmlsElon poteutlal. Thus, the fear of the lnfested valleys ls dlsappearing and onchocerclasls no longer aeems to constltute an obstacle to the development of the zone. 199. Desplte lts funperfectlons, thls study constitutes an enrlchlng experlence for the countrles and the Progranme as regards the follow-up of the socloecoaomlc development actlvitles. In thls respect, it deserves to be lntenslfled 1n the Preaeat Progranme areaa and spread to the Extenslon zones. I rl