WHO/ILO joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury, 2000–2016: global monitoring report

WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury, 2000–2016 GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT

WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury, 2000–2016 GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT WHO/ILO joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury, 2000-2016: global monitoring report ISBN (WHO) 978-92-4-003494-5 (electronic version) ISBN (WHO) 978-92-4-003495-2 (print version) ISBN (ILO) 978-92-2-035431-5 (print) ISBN (ILO) 978-92-2-035432-2 (web PDF) © World Health Organization and International Labour Organization, 2021 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. 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Suggested citation. WHO/ILO joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury, 2000-2016: global monitoring report: Geneva: World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization, 2021. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/copyright. ILO publications and digital products can be obtained through major booksellers and digital distribution platforms, For more information, visit the website: www.ilo.org/publns. Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third- party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO or ILO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO or ILO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO and ILO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO or ILO be liable for damages arising from its use. FOREWORD FROM THE WHO DIRECTOR-GENERAL AND THE ILO DIRECTOR-GENERAL v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTOR AND HEALTH OUTCOME PAIRS 3 2.1. Established pairs 4 2.1.1. Selection 4 2.1.2. Data sources 4 2.2. Recently added pairs 4 2.2.1. Selection 4 2.2.2. Data sources 4 3. ESTIMATION METHODS 7 3.1. Established pairs 8 3.2. Recently added pairs 8 3.2.1. Exposure estimates 8 3.2.2. Burden of disease estimates 8 3.3. Inequalities 8 3.4. Uncertainty 9 4. RESULTS 10 4.1. Overview of estimates for all pairs 11 4.2. Estimates for established pairs 19 4.2.1. Occupational exposure to asbestos 20 4.2.2. Occupational exposure to arsenic 21 4.2.3. Occupational exposure to benzene 21 4.2.4. Occupational exposure to beryllium 22 4.2.5. Occupational exposure to cadmium 23 4.2.6. Occupational exposure to chromium 24 CONTENTS 4.2.7. Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust 25 4.2.8. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde 25 4.2.9. Occupational exposure to nickel 26 4.2.10. Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 27 4.2.11. Occupational exposure to silica 27 4.2.12. Occupational exposure to sulphuric acid 28 4.2.13. Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene 29 4.2.14. Occupational asthmagens 29 4.2.15. Occupational particulate matter, gases and fumes 30 4.2.16. Occupational noise 31 4.2.17. Occupational injuries 32 4.2.18. Occupational ergonomic factors 34 4.3. Estimates for recently added pairs 35 4.3.1. Exposure to long working hours: stroke 36 4.3.2. Exposure to long working hours: ischaemic heart disease 36 4.3.3. Preventive actions 37 4.4. Trends over time 38 4.5. Inequalities in work-related burden of disease 39 4.5.1. By geographic region 39 4.5.2. By sex 41 4.5.3. By age group 42 5. DISCUSSION 44 6. CONCLUSION 46 REFERENCES 48 ANNEXES 54 iv FOREWORD FROM THE WHO DIRECTOR-GENERAL AND THE ILO DIRECTOR-GENERAL [signature] Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus Guy Ryder Director-General Director-General World Health Organization International Labour Organization 8 September 2021 Nobody should get sick or die from doing their job. And yet every year, 1.9 million people die from exposure to risk factors in the workplace. The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim “to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being” and “decent work” for all people, whatever their economic or social status. Achieving these goals requires the comprehensive, accurate and transparent monitoring of workers’ health and safety. Quantifying the impact of each occupational risk factor is essential for mitigating it. That’s why the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) have established the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury (WHO/ILO Joint Estimates). In 2016, we agreed to produce a single unified methodology and a single set of joint estimates on the work-related burden of disease and injury. In 2019, we further strengthened our partnership by signing a Collaboration Agreement to produce these estimates regularly. This report is the first fruits of that collaboration. It details the impact on human health of each occupational risk factor, and offers concrete policies and actions to improve occupational and workers’ health and safety. These estimates provide a valuable basis for identifying, prioritizing, planning, costing, implementing and evaluating effective policies and actions to prevent the work-related burden of disease and injury, at country, regional and global levels, across sectors. This report is a snapshot of a wider problem. The challenge for all of us now is to act on what it is showing us. Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus Director-General World Health Organization Guy Ryder Director-General International Labour Organization 17 September 2021 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report presents the World Health Organization/International Labour Organization Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury (WHO/ILO Joint Estimates). The WHO/ILO Joint Estimates were produced by Frank Pega (WHO), Natalie Momen (WHO), Kai Streicher (WHO) and Bálint Náfrádi (ILO). Frank Pega and Natalie Momen were the lead writers of this report; the drafting team also included Yuka Ujita (ILO), Bálint Náfrádi and Halim Hamzaoui (ILO). Rola Al-Elmam (WHO), Richard Brown (WHO), Ahmadreza Hosseinpoor (WHO), Ivan Ivanov (WHO), Kathleen Krupinski (WHO), Franklin Muchiri (ILO), Ann Olsson (International Agency for Research on Cancer), Lesley Onyon (WHO) and Annette Prüss-Üstün (WHO) also provided valuable technical inputs to this report. Frank Pega coordinated the development and production of the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates and the report; the ILO focal point was Yuka Ujita and then Halim Hamzaoui. Maria Neira (WHO) and Vera Paquete-Perdigão (ILO) provided overall guidance. The National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention shared survey data on exposure to long working hours for the People’s Republic of China. Eurostat produced and shared the transition probabilities for exposure to long working hours for 27 countries in the European Region. Financial support for the preparation of this publication was provided by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health through its cooperative agreement with WHO (grant nos 1E11 OH0010676-02, 6NE11OH010461-02-01 and 5NE11OH010461-03-00); the German Federal Ministry of Health (BMG Germany) under the BMG–WHO Collaborative Programme 2020–2023 (WHO specified award reference 70672); and the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation (AECID) (WHO specified award reference 71208). The European Union also provided financial support to the ILO through the Vision Zero Fund (VZF) project on filling data and knowledge gaps on occupational safety and health in global supply chains, implemented within the framework of the ILO Flagship Programme “Safety + Health for All”. The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of WHO and the ILO, and they do not necessarily represent the official views of any of the WHO or ILO donors mentioned above. vi WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DALY disability-adjusted life year GATHER Guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer ILO International Labour Organization SDG Sustainable Development Goal UN United Nations UR uncertainty range WHO World Health Organization vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY To achieve the United Nations 2030 Agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG3 and SDG8, exposure to occupational risk factors and the attributable health loss must be reduced or even eliminated; this requires the monitoring of such exposures and health loss, at country, regional and global levels. For this purpose, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) have produced their first Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury (WHO/ILO Joint Estimates). This Global Monitoring Report describes the objectives, data sources and methods of these new interagency estimates, and reports the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates generated in this estimation cycle. The WHO/ILO Joint Estimates have been produced within the framework of the global Comparative Risk Assessment, in which exposure to a specific occupational risk factor is linked to the specific attributable burden of one specific health outcome (i.e. a defined disease or injury). For 39 established pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome, the estimates are produced using population attributable fractions calculated from recent burden of disease estimates. For two additional pairs, population attributable fractions are calculated from new databases of exposure to occupational risk factors and risk ratios produced in WHO/ILO systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The estimation methods used apply population attributable fractions for specific occupational risk factors to total disease burden envelopes to provide estimates of the burden of disease attributable to the risk factors. In this estimation cycle, WHO and the ILO have produced estimates for the 41 selected pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome. All estimates are available for the years 2000, 2010 and 2016, reported at country, regional and global levels, and are fully disaggregated by sex and age group. Globally in 2016, a total of 1.88 (95% uncertainty range (UR): 1.84–1.92) million deaths and 89.72 (95% UR: 88.61–90.83) million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were estimated to be attributable to the 41 pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome. Diseases accounted for 80.7% (1.52 million; 95% UR: 1.47–1.56 million) of the deaths and 70.5% (63.28 million; 95% UR: 62.17–64.39 million) of the DALYs, and injuries accounted for 19.3% (0.36 million; 95% UR: 0.36–0.37 million) of the deaths and 29.5% (26.44 million: 95% UR: 26.42–26.46 million) of the DALYs. All covered diseases are non- communicable diseases. The occupational risk factor with the largest number of attributable deaths was exposure to long working hours (≥ 55 hours per week) (744 924 deaths; 95% UR: 705 519–784 329), followed by occupational particulate matter, gases and fumes (450 381 deaths; 95% UR: 430 248–470 514) and occupational injuries (363 283 deaths; 95% UR: 358 251–368 315). The health outcome with the largest work-related burden of deaths was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (450 381 deaths; 95% UR: 430 248–470 514), followed by stroke (398 306 deaths; 95% UR: 369 693–426 919) and ischaemic heart disease (346 618 deaths; 95% UR: 319 524–373 712). A disproportionately large work-related burden of disease is observed in the WHO African Region, South-East Asia Region and the Western Pacific Region, males and older age groups. This first set of WHO/ILO Joint Estimates can be used for global monitoring of exposure to occupational risk factors and work-related burden of disease and injury, and to identify, plan, cost, implement and evaluate actions to effectively prevent exposure to occupational risk factors and their associated disease and injury burdens. viii WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 1. INTRODUCTION GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 1 The World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) have a long history of productive interagency collaboration. When WHO was founded in 1948, its Basic documents included an agreement to collaborate, including by exchanging data and evidence, with the ILO (1). However, until very recently WHO and the ILO have produced separate estimates on work-related burden of disease, with the use of different methodologies yielding different results. In this report, as in the broader burden of disease framework, the term “burden of disease” refers to the combined burdens of three types of health outcomes, namely communicable diseases, non-communicable disease and injuries (2, 3). Member States have asked that the two United Nations (UN) Specialized Agencies harmonize their estimates, and UN reform has compelled UN organizations to build synergies as One UN. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the 2030 Agenda (4) call for partnerships for development and improved policy coherence. To contribute towards achievement of the SDGs, WHO and the ILO agreed in 2016 to develop a joint estimation methodology and produce the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury (WHO/ILO Joint Estimates): the most comprehensive set of official estimates of work-related burden of disease produced to date. WHO and the ILO were able to use their existing and already-shared methodologies for many established pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome. However, several other pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome were considered either in need of a new evidence review or else likely to contribute appreciably to the burden of disease but had not been included in either WHO or ILO estimates; sixteen of these pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome were prioritized in this cycle of the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates. For these additional pairs of interest, WHO and the ILO established protocols for, and conducted a series of, systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the evidence base (5–22). These evidence syntheses were carried out with the support of experts from government departments in 11 countries (often ministries of health and labour) and over 220 individual experts from 35 countries, covering all six WHO regions (Africa, Americas, South-East Asia, Europe, Eastern Mediterranean and Western Pacific) and all five ILO regions (Africa, Americas, Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, and Europe and Central Asia). All WHO/ILO Joint Estimates are produced according to the strict statistical rules and established regulations of WHO and the ILO. The data sources and methods used in obtaining these estimates are reported according to the Guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting (GATHER) (23). In this report we aim to present the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates in a user-friendly format to inform decision-makers, policymakers and practitioners within and beyond occupational and workers’ health and safety, at the workplace, enterprise, national, regional and global levels. We first provide a brief summary of the pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome considered – 39 established pairs, and the two recently added pairs of exposure to long working hours and the health outcomes of ischaemic heart disease and stroke – and the data sources for these pairs in Section 2. We then briefly describe the methods used to produce the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates in Section 3; a detailed Technical Report can be found elsewhere (24). We report the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates for 41 pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome in Section 4. Our discussion in Section 5 considers the strengths and limitations of the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates. 2 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 2. OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTOR AND HEALTH OUTCOME PAIRS GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 3 The WHO/ILO Joint Estimates have been produced for 41 pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome: 39 previously established and two recently added. 2.1. Established pairs 2.1.1. Selection Thirty-nine established pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome (Table 1) were selected for inclusion in the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates, for which WHO and the ILO had previously already used the same data sources and estimation methods (2, 3). All these pairs have been included in the global Comparative Risk Assessment for some time (2, 3). The Comparative Risk Assessment is a systematic evaluation of the changes in population health that result from modifying the population distribution of exposure to a risk factor or a group of risk factors (Ezzati et al. (2, 3)). While there are established methods for estimating the burdens of silicosis, asbestosis, coal worker’s pneumoconiosis and unspecified pneumoconiosis attributable to occupational exposure to dusts and fibres, WHO and the ILO are currently reviewing these methods and the available bodies of evidence (9); these pairs were therefore not included in this estimation cycle or this Global Monitoring Report. 2.1.2. Data sources For the 39 established pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome (Table 1), the burden of disease attributable to occupational risk factors was estimated using the Comparative Risk Assessment framework (2, 3). We sourced recent burden of disease estimates available from the Global Burden of Disease Study (25), now through the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (29), from which we derived population attributable fractions (Annex 1). Population attributable fractions quantify the proportion of deaths or disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost from a particular health outcome that is attributable to a specific risk factor, that is, the reduction in numbers of deaths or DALYs from this disease or injury that would be expected to occur if exposure to that risk factor was removed or present at a reduced level. 2.2. Recently added pairs 2.2.1. Selection Through the application of pre-specified criteria, potential additional pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome were prioritized. Based on scoping reviews of the literature, WHO and the ILO (supported by individual experts) selected an additional 16 pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome that may contribute substantially to the work-related burden of disease for systematic review and meta-analysis. Of these, two pairs proceeded to burden of disease estimation in this cycle and are presented in this report: exposure to long working hours (defined as working for ≥ 55 hours per week) and the health outcomes of ischaemic heart disease and stroke. A detailed Technical Report can be found elsewhere (24). 2.2.2. Data sources (a) Systematic reviews and meta-analyses For the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates, 15 systematic reviews and meta-analyses were conducted to gather evidence on the additional pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome (for list see table 1 in Pega et al. (30)). Evidence was reviewed and synthesized on both the prevalence of exposure 4 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 TABLE 1 ESTABLISHED PAIRS OF OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTOR AND HEALTH OUTCOME Risk factora Health outcomeb 1 Occupational exposure to asbestos Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers 2 Occupational exposure to asbestos Ovary cancer 3 Occupational exposure to asbestos Larynx cancer 4 Occupational exposure to asbestos Mesothelioma 5 Occupational exposure to arsenic Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers 6 Occupational exposure to benzene Leukaemia 7 Occupational exposure to beryllium Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers 8 Occupational exposure to cadmium Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers 9 Occupational exposure to chromium Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers 10 Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers 11 Occupational exposure to formaldehyde Nasopharynx cancer 12 Occupational exposure to formaldehyde Leukaemia 13 Occupational exposure to nickel Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers 14 Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers 15 Occupational exposure to silica Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers 16 Occupational exposure to sulphuric acid Larynx cancer 17 Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene Kidney cancer 18 Occupational asthmagens Asthma 19 Occupational particulate matter, gases and fumes Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 20 Occupational noise Other hearing loss 21 Occupational injuriesc Pedestrian road injuries 22 Occupational injuriesc Cyclist road injuries 23 Occupational injuriesc Motorcyclist road injuries 24 Occupational injuriesc Motor vehicle road injuries 25 Occupational injuriesc Other road injuries 26 Occupational injuriesc Other transport injuries 27 Occupational injuriesc Poisoning by carbon monoxide 28 Occupational injuriesc Poisoning by other means 29 Occupational injuriesc Falls 30 Occupational injuriesc Fire, heat and hot substances 31 Occupational injuriesc Drowning 32 Occupational injuriesc Unintentional firearm injuries 33 Occupational injuriesc Other exposure to mechanical forces 34 Occupational injuriesc Pulmonary aspiration and foreign body in airway 35 Occupational injuriesc Foreign body in other body part 36 Occupational injuriesc Non-venomous animal contact 37 Occupational injuriesc Venomous animal contact 38 Occupational injuriesc Other unintentional injuries 39 Occupational ergonomic factors Back and neck pain a Defined as per the Global Burden of Disease Study classification (25). b Defined as per the burden of disease classification of the WHO Global Health Estimates (26) with the exception of injuries, which are defined as per Global Burden of Disease Study classification (25). c Throughout this report the term “Occupational injuries” is used as defined by Ezzati et al. (2, 3) to represent an occupational risk factor within the framework of the global Comparative Risk Assessment. This definition differs from that adopted by the 1982 Thirteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (27), and was revised by the 1998 Sixteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (28) to mean “any personal injury, disease or death resulting from an occupational accident”. OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTOR AND HEALTH OUTCOME PAIRS 5 to occupational risk factors (five systematic reviews), and on the effect of exposure to these risk factors on health outcomes (10 systematic reviews). A series of peer-reviewed articles describing the protocols for and results from the systematic reviews and meta-analyses (5–22), and new methods for conducting these (31), have been published in an international academic journal (30). WHO and the ILO determined the pairs for which the evidence base was of sufficient quality and strength to proceed to burden of disease estimates. (b) WHO/ILO databases For some of the recently added pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome, new WHO/ILO databases were developed from data shared by countries, areas and territories with one or more of WHO, the ILO and Eurostat. These interagency databases were established specifically for the purpose of producing the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates. For the occupational risk factor of exposure to long working hours, the WHO/ILO databases used results from 2324 surveys (mostly Labour Force Surveys) from 154 countries, areas and territories, as well as 1742 quarterly datasets of Labour Force Surveys conducted in 46 countries. A detailed description of all databases used for estimation is provided elsewhere (32). 6 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 3. ESTIMATION METHODS GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 7 3.1. Established pairs We applied the population attributable fractions calculated from recent burden of disease estimates (25) to the WHO Global Health Estimates, which provide the total disease envelopes for the years 2000, 2010 and 2016 (26), to obtain estimates of the numbers of deaths and DALYs for each health outcome attributable to its respective occupational risk factor. 3.2. Recently added pairs 3.2.1. Exposure estimates We used an established multilevel model to predict the geographical and temporal prevalence of exposure to long working hours (33), as applied by WHO in its estimates for environmental risk factor exposures (34, 35). The multilevel model has also been used by WHO in the production of SDG indicators 3.9.1 (mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution) and 3.9.2 (mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene), as endorsed by the UN Statistical Commission. Prevalence of exposure to long working hours was modelled based on data from direct exposure measurements. An exposure window was agreed upon based on advice from a WHO/ILO Technical Advisory Group, and the annual prevalence of exposure to long working hours for each year within the exposure window was used in exposure modelling. The methods used to estimate exposure to long working hours are described in detail elsewhere (32). 3.2.2. Burden of disease estimates As for the established risk factors, the burden of disease attributable to exposure to long working hours was also estimated within the Comparative Risk Assessment framework (2, 3). For the two recently added pairs of long working hours and the health outcomes of ischaemic heart disease and stroke, population attributable fractions were calculated using (i) the prevalence estimates produced by WHO and the ILO, and (ii) the pooled risk ratios obtained from the systematic reviews and meta- analyses conducted by WHO and the ILO (with the support of working groups of individual experts). These population attributable fractions were then applied to the total disease burden envelopes for the health outcome from the WHO Global Health Estimates for the years 2000, 2010 and 2016 (26), yielding the number of deaths and DALYs from each health outcome attributable to exposure to long working hours (Pega et al. (32)). 3.3. Inequalities For describing inequalities in the work-related burden of disease between regions, sexes and age groups, we used the number of deaths or DALYs per 100 000 population (i.e. death or DALY rate) for all regions, both sexes and for people of working age (≥ 15 years) as the reference. For specific regions, sexes or age groups, we calculated (i) the rate difference: the rate for a particular group minus the reference rate (as an absolute inequality measure); and (ii) the rate ratio: the rate for a particular group divided by the reference rate (as a relative inequality measure) (36). 8 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 3.4. Uncertainty The WHO/ILO Joint Estimates, as for any estimates of this kind, are subject to uncertainty. All estimates of exposure to occupational risk factors and of burden of disease were produced with their 95% uncertainty ranges (URs) at the 2.5% and 97.5% quantiles. For this purpose, uncertainty was propagated across estimation models (Pega et al. (32)). This report presents the 95% uncertainty ranges for key estimates in the main text; however, 95% uncertainty ranges are available for all estimates in the online estimates repository (available at https://www.who.int/teams/environment- climate-change-and-health/monitoring/who-ilo-joint-estimates). ESTIMATION METHODS 9 4. RESULTS GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 10 4.1. Overview of estimates for all pairs For the 41 pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome for which estimates are available, we present estimates of the numbers of attributable deaths in Fig. 1 and estimates of the number of attributable DALYs in Fig. 2. Estimates for each estimation year (2000, 2010 and 2016), along with rates, are provided in Annex 2. In the main text of this report, to aid readability we generally report numbers of deaths as estimated, but numbers of DALYs in millions (x106) with either two decimal places or (for DALYs < 0.01 million) with one significant figure. Percentage increases/decreases in DALYs are calculated from the higher-precision data in Annex 2. FIGURE 1 TOTAL NUMBER OF ATTRIBUTABLE DEATHS, BY OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTOR, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 Occupational risk factors Number of deaths Occupational exposure to asbestos Occupational exposure to arsenic Occupational exposure to benzene Occupational exposure to beryllium Occupational exposure to cadmium Occupational exposure to chromium Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust Occupational exposure to formaldehyde Occupational exposure to nickel Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Occupational exposure to silica Occupational exposure to sulfuric acid Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene Occupational asthmagens Occupational particulate matter, gases and fumes Occupational noise Occupational injuries Occupational ergonomic factors Exposure to long working hours 0 200 000 400 000 600 000 800 000 Burden of disease attributable to 19 OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTORS 2016 Global estimate (Annex 3) DEATHS 1 879 890 (95% UR: 1 835 140–1 924 640) DALYs 89.72 MILLION (95% UR: 88.61–90.83) RESULTS 11 FIGURE 2 TOTAL NUMBER OF ATTRIBUTABLE DALYS, BY OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTOR, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 Occupational risk factors Number of DALYs (in thousands) Occupational exposure to asbestos Occupational exposure to arsenic Occupational exposure to benzene Occupational exposure to beryllium Occupational exposure to cadmium Occupational exposure to chromium Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust Occupational exposure to formaldehyde Occupational exposure to nickel Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Occupational exposure to silica Occupational exposure to sulfuric acid Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene Occupational asthmagens Occupational particulate matter, gases and fumes Occupational noise Occupational injuries Occupational ergonomic factors Exposure to long working hours 0 10 000 20 000 30 000 In terms of the estimated numbers of deaths globally, the occupational risk factor with the largest number of attributable deaths in 2016 was exposure to long working hours (744 924; 39.6%), followed by occupational exposure to particulate matter, gases and fumes (450 381; 24.0%) and occupational injuries (363 283; 19.3%) (Fig. 1; Annex 2). Occupational injuries was the risk factor responsible for the largest number of DALYs lost in 2016 globally (26.44 million; 29.5%), followed by exposure to long working hours (23.26 million; 25.9%) and occupational ergonomic factors (12.27 million; 13.7%) (Fig. 2; Annex 2). The health outcome with the largest work-related burden of deaths was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (450 381; 24.0%), followed by stroke (398 306; 21.2%) and ischaemic heart disease (346 618; 18.4%) (Fig. 3). Stroke was the leading health outcome for work-related DALYs (12.60 million; 14.0%), followed by back and neck pain (12.27 million; 13.7%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (10.86 million; 12.1%) (Fig. 4). 12 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 FIGURE 3 TOTAL NUMBER OF ATTRIBUTABLE DEATHS, BY HEALTH OUTCOME, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 Health outcomes Number of deaths Asthma Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Ischaemic heart disease Kidney cancer Larynx cancer Leukaemia Back and neck pain Mesothelioma Nasopharynx cancer Other hearing loss Ovary cancer Stroke Tracheal, bronchus and lung cancer Cyclist road injuries Drowning Falls Fire, heat and hot substances Foreign body in other body part Motor vehicle road injuries Motorcyclist road injuries Non-venomous animal contact Other exposure to mechanical forces Other road injuries Other transport injuries Other unintentional injuries Pedestrian road injuries Poisoning by carbon monoxide Poisoning by other means Pulmonary aspiration Unintentional firearm injuries Venomous animal contact 0 100 000 200 000 300 000 400 000 500 000 RESULTS 13 FIGURE 4 TOTAL NUMBER OF ATTRIBUTABLE DALYS, BY HEALTH OUTCOME, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 Health outcomes Number of DALYs (in thousands) Asthma Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Ischaemic heart disease Kidney cancer Larynx cancer Leukaemia Back and neck pain Mesothelioma Nasopharynx cancer Other hearing loss Ovary cancer Stroke Tracheal, bronchus and lung cancer Cyclist road injuries Drowning Falls Fire, heat and hot substances Foreign body in other body part Motor vehicle road injuries Motorcyclist road injuries Non-venomous animal contact Other exposure to mechanical forces Other road injuries Other transport injuries Other unintentional injuries Pedestrian road injuries Poisoning by carbon monoxide Poisoning by other means Pulmonary aspiration Unintentional firearm injuries Venomous animal contact 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10 000 12 000 14 000 Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 depict the numbers of deaths and DALYs, respectively, corresponding to each pair of occupational risk factor and health outcome, in order of magnitude of burden. Fig. 7 depicts the percentage contribution of each of the 19 occupational risk factors considered here to the total numbers of work-related deaths (inner circle) and DALYs (outer circle). The WHO/ILO Joint Estimates are available disaggregated by sex and age group, and at global, region and country levels, from dedicated websites hosted by WHO (https://www.who.int/teams/ environment-climate-change-and-health/monitoring/who-ilo-joint-estimates) and the ILO (www.ilo. org/global/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/programmes-projects/WCMS_674797/lang--en/index. htm). 14 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 FI GU RE 5 TO TA L NU M BE R OF A TT RI BU TA BL E DE AT HS , B Y PA IR O F OC CU PA TI ON AL R IS K FA CT OR A ND H EA LT H OU TC OM E, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR 2 01 6 Oc cu pa tio na l r is k fa ct or s He al th o ut co m es Nu m be r o f d ea th s Oc cu pa tio na l p ar tic ul at e m at te r, ga se s an d fu m es Ex po su re to lo ng w or ki ng h ou rs Ex po su re to lo ng w or ki ng h ou rs Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to a sb es to s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to s ili ca Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l a st hm ag en s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to a sb es to s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to d ie se l e ng in e ex ha us t Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to a rs en ic Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to n ic ke l Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to a sb es to s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to p ol yc yc lic a ro m at ic h yd ro ca rb on s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to a sb es to s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to s ul ph ur ic a ci d Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to b en ze ne Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to c hr om iu m Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to c ad m iu m Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to fo rm al de hy de Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to fo rm al de hy de Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to b er yl liu m Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to tr ic hl or oe th yl en e Oc cu pa tio na l n oi se Oc cu pa tio na l e rg on om ic fa ct or s Ch ro ni c ob st ru ct iv e pu lm on ar y di se as e St ro ke Is ch ae m ic h ea rt d is ea se Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng c an ce r M ot or v eh ic le ro ad in ju rie s Pe de st ria n ro ad in ju rie s M ot or cy cl is t r oa d in ju rie s Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng c an ce r Fa lls As th m a Dr ow ni ng M es ot he lio m a Ot he r e xp os ur e to m ec ha ni ca l f or ce s Ot he r t ra ns po rt in ju rie s Ot he r u ni nt en tio na l i nj ur ie s Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng c an ce r Cy cl is t r oa d in ju rie s Fi re , h ea t a nd h ot s ub st an ce s Pu lm on ar y as pi ra tio n an d fo re ig n bo dy in a irw ay Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng c an ce r Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng c an ce r Ve no m ou s an im al c on ta ct Ov ar y ca nc er Po is on in g by o th er m ea ns Un in te nt io na l f ire ar m in ju rie s Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng c an ce r Po is on in g by c ar bo n m on ox id e La ry nx c an ce r La ry nx c an ce r Ot he r r oa d in ju rie s Le uk ae m ia No n- ve no m ou s co nt ac t Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng c an ce r Fo re ig n bo dy in o th er b od y pa rt Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng c an ce r Le uk ae m ia Na so ph ar yn x ca nc er Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng c an ce r Ki dn ey c an ce r Ot he r h ea rin g lo ss Ba ck a nd n ec k pa in 0 10 0 00 0 20 0 00 0 30 0 00 0 40 0 00 0 50 0 00 0 RESULTS 15 FI GU RE 6 TO TA L NU M BE R OF A TT RI BU TA BL E DA LY S, B Y PA IR O F OC CU PA TI ON AL R IS K FA CT OR A ND H EA LT H OU TC OM E, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR 2 01 6 Nu m be r o f D AL Ys (i n th ou sa nd s) Ex po su re to lo ng w or ki ng h ou rs Oc cu pa tio na l e rg on om ic fa ct or s Oc cu pa tio na l p ar tic ul at e m at te r, ga se s an d fu m es Ex po su re to lo ng w or ki ng h ou rs Oc cu pa tio na l n oi se Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to a sb es to s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l a st hm ag en s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to s ili ca Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to a sb es to s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to d ie se l e ng in e ex ha us t Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to a rs en ic Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to n ic ke l Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to p ol yc yc lic a ro m at ic h yd ro ca rb on s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to a sb es to s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to s ul ph ur ic a ci d Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to b en ze ne Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to a sb es to s Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to c hr om iu m Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to fo rm al de hy de Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to fo rm al de hy de Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to c ad m iu m Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to b er yl liu m Oc cu pa tio na l e xp os ur e to tr ic hl or oe th yl en e St ro ke Ba ck a nd n ec k pa in Ch ro ni c ob st ru ct iv e pu lm on ar y di se as e Is ch ae m ic h ea rt d is ea se Ot he r h ea rin g lo ss M ot or v eh ic le ro ad in ju rie s Pe de st ria n ro ad in ju rie s Fa lls Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng c an ce r M ot or cy cl is t r oa d in ju rie s As th m a Ot he r e xp os ur e to m ec ha ni ca l f or ce s Ot he r t ra ns po rt in ju rie s Dr ow ni ng Ot he r u ni nt en tio na l i nj ur ie s Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng c an ce r Cy cl is t r oa d in ju rie s Fi re , h ea t a nd h ot s ub st an ce s M es ot he lio m a Ve no m ou s an im al c on ta ct Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng c an ce r Pu lm on ar y as pi ra tio n an d fo re ig n bo dy in a irw ay Un in te nt io na l f ire ar m in ju rie s Po is on in g by o th er m ea ns Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng c an ce r Ot he r r oa d in ju rie s Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng c an ce r Po is on in g by c ar bo n m on ox id e Fo re ig n bo dy in o th er b od y pa rt No n- ve no m ou s co nt ac t Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng c an ce r Ov ar y ca nc er La ry nx c an ce r Le uk ae m ia La ry nx c an ce r Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng c an ce r Le uk ae m ia Na so ph ar yn x ca nc er Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng c an ce r Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng c an ce r Ki dn ey c an ce r 0 35 00 70 00 10 5 00 14 0 00 Oc cu pa tio na l r is k fa ct or s He al th o ut co m es 16 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 In Section 4.2, we present some of the main results at the global level for the year 2016. Estimates for the burdens of ischaemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours are described in more detail, including their trends over time and distribution by sex and age group, in Section 4.3. Throughout this Global Monitoring Report, where global estimates are discussed we provide absolute numbers. However, where trends over time or burdens for different subgroups are referred to, we also report rates per 100 000 population to aid comparability. In the text, these rates are provided per 100 000 working-age population (i.e. members of the population of age ≥ 15 years). We present the numbers of deaths and DALYs per 100 000 working-age population by country in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9, respectively. For consistency within the global Comparative Risk Assessment (2, 3), we also provide a set of death and DALY rates, calculated per 100 000 total population of all ages (in which we assume that the number of deaths and DALYs as a result of exposure to occupational risk factors is zero for those aged < 15 years) in the annexes. FIGURE 7 PROPORTIONS OF TOTAL ATTRIBUTABLE DEATHS AND DALYS, BY OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTOR, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 DALYs [outside] Deaths [inside]  Occupational exposure to asbestos  Occupational exposure to arsenic  Occupational exposure to benzene  Occupational exposure to beryllium  Occupational exposure to cadmium  Occupational exposure to chromium  Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust  Occupational exposure to formaldehyde  Occupational exposure to nickel  Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons  Occupational exposure to silica  Occupational exposure to sulphuric acid  Occupational exposure trichloroethylene  Occupational asthmagens  Occupational particulate matter, gases and fumes  Occupational noise  Occupational injuries  Occupational ergonomic factors  Exposure to long working hours DALYs Deaths RESULTS 17 FIGURE 8 RATE OF TOTAL DEATHS (NUMBER OF DEATHS PER 100 000 WORKING-AGE POPULATION, I.E. AGE ≥ 15 YEARS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE 41 PAIRS OF OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTOR AND HEALTH OUTCOME, BY COUNTRY, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 FIGURE 9 RATE OF TOTAL DALYS (NUMBER OF DALYS PER 100 000 WORKING-AGE POPULATION, I.E. AGE ≥ 15 YEARS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE 41 PAIRS OF OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTOR AND HEALTH OUTCOME, BY COUNTRY, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 646.9–839.9 840.0–986.6 986.7–1088.4 1088.5–1198.0 1198.1–1324.8 1324.9–1510.6 1510.7–1763.6 1763.7–2024.9 2025.0–2333.3 2333.4–2872.6 Insufficient data Not applicable 1.4–7.7 7.8–12.3 12.4–15.7 15.8–19.0 19.1–22.0 22.1–26.2 26.3–30.3 30.4–35.4 35.5–43.7 43.8–79.5 Insufficient data Not applicable 1.4–7.7 7.8–12.3 12.4–15.7 15.8–19.0 19.1–22.0 22.1–26.2 26.3–30.3 30.4–35.4 35.5–43.7 43.8–79.5 Insufficient data Not applicable © WHO 2021. All rights reserved. Data Source: WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work- related Burden of Disease and Injury Map Production: WHO GIS Centre for Health, DNA/DDI The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. 646.9–839.9 840.0–986.6 986.7–1088.4 1088.5–1198.0 1198.1–1324.8 1324.9–1510.6 1510.7–1763.6 1763.7–2024.9 2025.0–2333.3 2333.4–2872.6 Insufficient data Not applicable © WHO 2021. All rights reserved. Data Source: WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work- related Burden of Disease and Injury Map Production: WHO GIS Centre for Health, DNA/DDI The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. 18 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 4.2. Estimates for established pairs The estimates of number of deaths and DALYs for the 39 established pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome are listed for the years 2000, 2010 and 2016 in Annex 2. We discuss each occupational risk factor and report its attributable burden of disease, and describe primary preventative interventions, in Sections 4.2.1–4.2.18 below. Thirteen of the occupational risk factors (asbestos, arsenic, benzene, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, diesel engine exhaust, formaldehyde, nickel, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, silica, sulphuric acid and trichloroethylene) are classified as Group 1 carcinogens by the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), meaning there is “sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans”. To reduce work-related burden of disease, intersectoral action is needed that adopts a population health approach to workers’ health, scales up “efforts to promote healthier and safer workplaces and improve access to occupational health services” (37) and addresses the social determinants of workers’ health to improve health equity (38, 39). For example, the ratification and implementation of occupational health and safety ILO standards (conventions, protocols and recommendations) play a fundamental role in ensuring effective occupational and workers’ health and safety policies and systems that prevent exposure to occupational risk factors and, in turn, prevent work-related burden of disease. Similarly, the integration of workers’ health in people-centred care and universal health coverage, and dedicated policies and programmes for occupational health services for all workers, are also fundamental, especially to reach some health-disadvantaged workers (e.g. those working in the informal economy). Occupational health services can take the form of periodic occupational health risk assessments, as well as the provision of other health services that prevent exposure to occupational risk factors, from enterprise, sector, community, national, regional to global levels. These can be used to provide early detection of occupational diseases with periodic medical examinations of workers (e.g. screening for lung cancer or testing for exposure to occupational risk factors). For workers such as those in the informal economy, these services may only be delivered to them if provided through primary or community health care systems. These assessments, policies and programmes should be developed with the active involvement of employers and workers or their representatives. These interventions should be considered as part of a hierarchy of controls (40); ideally, risk factors should be eliminated or less hazardous substitutions used (41). Where this is not possible, engineering controls followed by administrative controls can be introduced (in this order). If all else fails, as a last and least-preferred option in the hierarchy, workers can be protected from exposure to occupational risk factors with personal protective equipment. ILO standards (42) and WHO and ILO guidelines and tools support governments, workers and employers to prevent the burden of disease attributable to exposures to occupational risk factors (43, 44) (see also forthcoming WHO publication Compendium of WHO and other UN guidance on health and environment). RESULTS 19 Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 10) DEATHS 209 481 (95% UR: 205 856–213 106) DALYs 3.97 MILLION (95% UR: 3.95–3.99) • 177 614 (95% UR: 174 030–181 198) deaths and 3.29 (95% UR: 3.28–3.29) million DALYs as a result of TRACHEA, BRONCHUS AND LUNG CANCERS, an increase of 28.9% (from 137 786) and 17.2% (from 2.80 million), respectively, from 2000; • 5464 (95% UR: 5325–5603) deaths and 0.10 (95% UR: 0.09–0.11) million DALYs as a result of OVARY CANCER, an increase of 20.9% (from 4519) and 13.4% (from 0.09 million), respectively, from 2000; • 3299 (95% UR: 3194–3404) deaths and 0.07 (95% UR: 0.54–0.85) million DALYs as a result of LARYNX CANCER, an increase of 12.5% (from 2933) and 3.8% (from 0.07 million), respectively, from 2000; and • 23 104 (95% UR: 22 593–23 615) deaths and 0.51 (95% UR: 0.50–0.53) million DALYs as a result of MESOTHELIOMA, an increase of 81.9% (from 12 703) and 56.8% (from 0.33 million), respectively, from 2000. FIGURE 10 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 4.4% of DALYs 11.1% of deaths 4.2.1. Occupational exposure to asbestos Occupational exposure to asbestos is an established risk factor (IARC Group 1 carcinogen) for a number of cancers, including lung cancer, ovary cancer, larynx cancer and mesothelioma (45). WHO groups trachea, bronchus and lung cancers together as one burden of disease category (26). Occupational exposure to asbestos occurs through inhalation of asbestos fibres in the working environment. Workers in the mining, construction and civil engineering, agriculture, automotive, thermal and other insulation, boat building, ship-breaking and mechanics industrial sectors are among those at risk of occupational exposure to asbestos. There is also a risk of occupational exposure during the manufacturing of new asbestos products where this still takes place. Additionally, workers who clean up and construct new infrastructure after a natural disaster are at risk of occupational exposure, as old and/or new asbestos products may be present in the post-disaster environment (46). The burden of disease attributable to occupational exposure to asbestos could be reduced and prevented through the elimination of the use of all forms of asbestos in workplaces (47). To start moving towards this overall goal, the ILO Asbestos Convention (48) can be ratified and implemented. Countries can include measures to protect workers from exposure to asbestos in their national programmes on occupational health and safety (49). All forms of asbestos currently in place should be identified and properly managed (49). Additionally, strict specific controls can be 20 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 FIGURE 11 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 0.3% of DALYs 0.4% of deaths put in place at the workplace, for example introduction of engineering controls (e.g. local exhaust ventilation) or administrative controls (e.g. worker education and training), and provision of personal protective equipment (47, 50). Regulatory controls and guidance on measures to prevent exposure to asbestos in workplaces and during asbestos removal should be established (51). Worker registries can be established (with details of past and/or current exposures to asbestos); medical surveillance of exposed workers can be organized; and early diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation services for asbestos-related diseases can be improved (51). 4.2.2. Occupational exposure to arsenic Occupational exposure to arsenic is an established risk factor for lung cancer (45). All “arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds” (both elemental arsenic and different inorganic arsenic species) are classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by IARC (45). Occupational exposure to arsenic occurs through inhalation. Arsenic is mostly used in industrial processes to produce antifungal wood preservatives, in particular chromated copper arsenate, which can lead to soil contamination. Arsenic is also used in the pharmaceutical and glass industries, in the manufacture of alloys, sheep dips, leather preservatives, arsenic-containing pigments, antifouling paints and poison baits, and, to a diminishing extent, in the production of agrochemicals (especially for use in orchards and vineyards). Arsenic compounds are also used in smaller amounts in the microelectronics and optical industries. Primary prevention and operational controls, as described in Section 4.2.1, could play an important role in reducing occupational exposure to arsenic and its attributable disease burden (52). 4.2.3. Occupational exposure to benzene Occupational exposure to benzene, classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by IARC, is an established risk factor for leukaemia (53). Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 11) DEATHS 7589 (95% UR: 7272–7906) DALYs 0.24 MILLION (95% UR: 0.24–0.24) These deaths and DALYs occur as a result of TRACHEA, BRONCHUS AND LUNG CANCERS, and increased 34.3% (from 5651) and 28.9% (from 0.18 million), respectively, from 2000. RESULTS 21 Occupational exposure to benzene primarily occurs through inhalation or skin absorption. Workers at risk include automotive mechanics, paper factory workers, carpenters and painters, with adhesive, chemical, petroleum, rubber and shoe/leather industries carrying the greatest risk of exposure. Occupational exposure to benzene continues to occur in medical and research laboratories (pathologic anatomy laboratories), particularly in low- and middle- income countries. ILO Convention No. 136 on benzene (1971) defines the principles and framework to limit exposure to benzene and its implication to workers’ health (54). Primary prevention and operational controls, as described in Section 4.2.1, could play an important role in reducing occupational exposure to benzene and its attributable disease burden. No safe level of exposure to benzene can be recommended (55); use of benzene should therefore be eliminated where possible and educational activities conducted to discourage use of benzene (56, 57). Benzene-exposed workers should also be screened for the associated health effects. 4.2.4. Occupational exposure to beryllium Occupational exposure to beryllium, a Group 1 carcinogen as classified by IARC, is an established risk factor for lung cancer (58). Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO BENZENE 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 12) DEATHS 1452 (95% UR: 1384–1520) DALYs 0.08 MILLION (95% UR: 0.08–0.09) FIGURE 12 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO BENZENE, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 <0.1% of DALYs <0.1% of deaths These deaths and DALYs occur as a result of LEUKAEMIA, and increased 23.6% (from 1175) and 15.4% (from 0.07 million), respectively, from 2000. 22 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 FIGURE 13 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO BERYLLIUM, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 <0.1% of DALYs <0.1% of deaths Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO BERYLLIUM 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 13) Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CADMIUM 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 14) DEATHS 165 (95% UR: 147–183) DEATHS 452 (95% UR: 416–488) DALYs 0.007 MILLION (95% UR: 0.007–0.007) DALYs 0.02 MILLION (95% UR: 0.02–0.02) Occupational exposure to beryllium occurs through inhalation or skin absorption. Workers at risk include machinists, metal fabricators and welders who produce or process this chemical, as well as workers in the aeronautic industry and those involved in the production of electronic and micro-electronic devices. Primary prevention and operational controls, as described in Section 4.2.1, could play an important role in reducing occupational exposure to beryllium and its attributable disease burden. Air concentrations of beryllium should be regularly monitored (57, 59), worker exposure measured, access to high-exposure areas limited, effective control methods implemented, medical surveillance for workers exposed to high prevalence or levels conducted, and workers educated about the risk factor and how to limit exposures to beryllium (60). 4.2.5. Occupational exposure to cadmium Occupational exposure to cadmium, a Group 1 carcinogen according to IARC classification, is an established risk factor for lung cancer (58). These deaths and DALYs occur as a result of TRACHEA, BRONCHUS AND LUNG CANCERS, and increased 63.4% (from 101) and 44.5% (from 0.005 million), respectively, from 2000. These deaths and DALYs occur as a result of TRACHEA, BRONCHUS AND LUNG CANCERS, and increased 62.0% (from 279) and 46.8% (from 0.01 million), respectively, from 2000. RESULTS 23 Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CHROMIUM 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 15) DEATHS 1022 (95% UR: 958–1086) DALYs 0.04 MILLION (95% UR: 0.04–0.04) Occupational exposure to cadmium occurs through inhalation from working in the production and refinement of cadmium, nickel-cadmium battery manufacture, cadmium pigment manufacture and formulation, cadmium alloy production, mechanical plating, zinc smelting, brazing with silver-cadmium-silver alloy solder and polyvinylchloride compounding. Loss of life and health attributable to occupational exposure to cadmium could be prevented through interventions aiming to promote healthy and safe conditions for workers exposed to or handling cadmium-containing products (61, 62). Primary prevention and operational controls, as described in Section 4.2.1, could play an important role in reducing occupational exposure to cadmium and its attributable disease burden (57). 4.2.6. Occupational exposure to chromium Occupational exposure to chromium is an established risk factor for lung cancer; specifically, hexavalent chromium is classified by IARC as a Group 1 carcinogen (45). FIGURE 15 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CHROMIUM, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 <0.1% of DALYs <0.1% of deaths FIGURE 14 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CADMIUM, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 <0.1% of DALYs <0.1% of deaths Occupational exposure to chromium occurs through inhalation, and mainly in the production, use and welding of chromium-containing metals and alloys; in electroplating; and in the production and use of chromium- containing compounds, such as pigments, paints, catalysts, chromic acid, tanning agents and pesticides (45). Primary prevention and operational controls (63), as described in Section 4.2.1, could play an important role in reducing occupational exposure to chromium and its attributable disease burden (57). These deaths and DALYs occur as a result of TRACHEA, BRONCHUS AND LUNG CANCERS, and increased 64.8% (from 620) and 51.0% (from 0.02 million), respectively, from 2000. 24 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 16) DEATHS 14 728 (95% UR: 14 017–15 439) DALYs 0.47 MILLION (95% UR: 0.47–0.47) 4.2.7. Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust, a Group 1 carcinogen as classified by IARC, is an established risk factor for lung cancer (64). These deaths and DALYs occur as a result of TRACHEA, BRONCHUS AND LUNG CANCERS, and increased 61.6% (from 9116) and 55.1% (from 0.30 million), respectively, from 2000. FIGURE 16 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 0.5% of DALYs 0.8% of deaths Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust occurs through inhalation, and all sectors are at risk. Higher exposures are observed for indoor workers working in confined spaces, for example, mechanics and underground parking supervisors, as well as those working in civil engineering and industrial maintenance. Prevention of cancer burden attributable to occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust could be achieved through interventions replacing diesel engines with cleaner alternatives for transport (e.g. electric engines) and power generation (e.g. electric generators), as well as those aiming to provide adequate ventilation and encourage good work practices (65). Placing maximum limits on emissions can play an important role in regulating diesel engine exhaust content (65). 4.2.8. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde Occupational exposure to formaldehyde, a Group 1 carcinogen as per IARC classification, is an established risk factor for nasopharynx cancer and leukaemia (66). RESULTS 25 FIGURE 17 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO FORMALDEHYDE, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 <0.1% of DALYs <0.1% of deaths Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO NICKEL 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 18) DEATHS 7301 (95% UR: 6965–7637) DALYs 0.23 MILLION (95% UR: 0.23–0.23) Occupational exposure to formaldehyde occurs through inhalation. Occupations at risk include some in the health sector, where formaldehyde continues to be used as a disinfectant and fixator in pathologic anatomy; exposure also occurs within chemical industries. Primary prevention and operational controls (67) as described in Section 4.2.1 could play an important role in reducing occupational exposure to formaldehyde and its attributable disease burden. 4.2.9. Occupational exposure to nickel Occupational exposure to nickel, a Group 1 carcinogen as classified by IARC, is an established risk factor for lung cancer (45). Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO FORMALDEHYDE 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 17) DEATHS 743 (95% UR: 693–793) DALYs 0.05 MILLION (95% UR: 0.04–0.05) • 327 (95% UR: 289–365) deaths and 0.02 (95% UR: 0.01–0.02) million DALYs as a result of NASOPHARYNX CANCER, an increase of 24.3% (from 263) and 12.3% (from 0.016 million), respectively, from 2000; and • 416 (95% UR: 383–449) deaths and 0.03 (95% UR: 0.03–0.03) million DALYs as a result of LEUKAEMIA, an increase of 18.9% (from 350) and 9.3% (from 0.03 million), respectively, from 2000. These deaths and DALYs occur as a result of TRACHEA, BRONCHUS AND LUNG CANCERS, and increased 34.0% (from 5449) and 28.6% (from 0.18 million), respectively, from 2000. 26 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 Occupational exposure to nickel occurs through both inhalation and cutaneous absorption. Occupations at risk include manufacturers of fabricated metal products or machinists and welders. Primary prevention and operational controls, as described in Section 4.2.1, could be of great importance in reducing occupational exposure to nickel and the attributable disease burden. Workers occupationally exposed to nickel and its compounds should undergo periodic health examinations, particularly of the lungs, upper respiratory tract and skin (68). 4.2.10. Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is an established risk factor for lung cancer, having been classified by IARC as a Group 1 carcinogen for this cancer (69). Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 19) DEATHS 3881 (95% UR: 3671–4091) DALYs 0.13 MILLION (95% UR: 0.13–0.13) Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons occurs through inhalation and skin absorption. Occupations at risk include those working in the coal gasification, aluminium production, coke production, road pavement (exposure to bitumen and their emissions), construction and civil engineering industries. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in occupational settings should be eliminated or minimized by reducing emissions to the extent possible or, when they cannot be sufficiently reduced, by providing effective collective and personal protection (70). 4.2.11. Occupational exposure to silica Occupational exposure to silica, classified by IARC as a Group 1 carcinogen, is an established risk factor for lung cancer (45). These deaths and DALYs occur as a result of TRACHEA, BRONCHUS AND LUNG CANCERS, and increased 59.8% (from 2428) and 50.9% (from 0.08 million), respectively, from 2000. FIGURE 18 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO NICKEL, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 0.3% of DALYs 0.4% of deaths FIGURE 19 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 0.1% of DALYs 0.2% of deaths RESULTS 27 FIGURE 20 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO SILICA, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 1.5% of DALYs 2.3% of deaths Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO SULPHURIC ACID 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 21) DEATHS 2564 (95% UR: 2429–2699) DALYs 0.09 MILLION (95% UR: 0.08–0.10) Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO SILICA 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 20) DEATHS 42 258 (95% UR: 40 632–43 884) DALYs 1.30 MILLION (95% UR: 1.30–1.30) These deaths and DALYs occur as a result of TRACHEA, BRONCHUS AND LUNG CANCERS, and increased 32.4% (from 31 910) and 27.4% (from 1.02 million), respectively, from 2000. These deaths and DALYs occur as a result of LARYNX CANCER, and increased 15.1% (from 2227) and 12.0% (from 0.08 million), respectively, from 2000. Occupational exposure to silica occurs through inhalation of silica (i.e. quartz) dust. Workers at risk include those in mining, construction, agriculture, oil and gas extraction, manufacturing (of non-metallic/mineral products, e.g. pottery/ceramics and brick), and the cutting, shaping and finishing of stone, as well as those in niche industries utilizing abrasive sandblasting (abrasive blasting of garments in countries that have not yet banned the practice; abrasive blasting in restoration and salvage). Establishing and implementing regulations and labour inspections could reduce workers’ exposure to silica (71). Primary prevention is risk assessment, based on regular workplace sampling for respirable dust using best practice methods, and control measures, following the hierarchy of controls. Secondary prevention includes implementation of periodic screening and health surveillance of workers exposed to respirable silica. Occupational exposure to respirable silica dust should be eliminated or, if not possible, reduced to the extent possible (72). 4.2.12. Occupational exposure to sulphuric acid Occupational exposure to sulphuric acid is an established risk factor for larynx cancer. Mists from strong inorganic acids have been classified by IARC as a Group 1 carcinogen (73). 28 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 FIREFIGHTER FIGURE 21 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO SULPHURIC ACID, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 0.1% of DALYs 0.1% of deaths Occupational exposure to sulphuric acid occurs through inhalation. Workers at risk include those in the automotive industry as well as firefighters and plumbers; workers involved in the manufacture of strong inorganic acids and treating metal with acid in steel works are also at risk of occupational exposure. Primary prevention and operational controls (74), as described in Section 4.2.1, are crucial in reducing occupational exposure to sulphuric acid and its attributable disease burden. 4.2.13. Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, which IARC has classified as a Group 1 carcinogen, is an established risk factor for kidney cancer (75). DEATHS 25 (95% UR: 16–34) DALYs 0.002 MILLION (95% UR: 0.002–0.003) Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene occurs through inhalation and skin absorption. Factory workers are included in those at risk, as trichlorethylene is used as a solvent for degreasing metal parts during manufacture of a variety of products. Primary prevention and operational controls, detailed in Section 4.2.1, are vital for reducing occupational exposure to trichloroethylene and its attributable disease burden. 4.2.14. Occupational asthmagens Occupational exposure to asthmagens is an established risk factor for asthma (76). These deaths and DALYs occur as a result of KIDNEY CANCER, and increased 316.7% (from 6) and 87.6% (from 0.001 million), respectively, from 2000. FIGURE 22 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO TRICHLOROETHYLENE, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 <0.1% of DALYs <0.1% of deaths Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO TRICHLOROETHYLENE 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 22) RESULTS 29 Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL PARTICULATE MATTER, GASES AND FUMES 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 24) DEATHS 450 381 (95% UR: 430 248–470 514) DALYs 10.86 MILLION (95% UR: 10.85–10.86) FIGURE 23 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMAGENS, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 2.3% of DALYs 1.6% of deaths The occupational exposure pathway for asthmagens is through inhalation. Asthmagens are sensitizing chemicals or biological agents that cause a permanent immunologically mediated change. Workers at risk include paint sprayers, chemical workers, welders and animal handlers. The burden of asthma attributable to occupational asthmagens could be prevented or reduced through interventions that eliminate or substitute processes or materials that lead to exposure to allergens and irritants. This could be achieved through the introduction of engineering controls (e.g. enclosed processes and local exhaust ventilation), the introduction of administrative controls (e.g. policies for smoke-free workplaces, safe work practices, exposure reduction and prevention), and worker education and training on protection from this risk factor at the workplace. 4.2.15. Occupational particulate matter, gases and fumes Occupational particulate matter, gases and fumes is an established risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (77). Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMAGENS 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 23) DEATHS 29 641 (95% UR: 28 051–31 231) DALYs 2.10 MILLION (95% UR: 2.10–2.11) These deaths and DALYs occur as a result of ASTHMA, and decreased 16.0% (from 35 293) and 0.1% (from 2.10 million), respectively, from 2000. These deaths and DALYs occur as a result of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, and decreased 4.9% (from 473 725) and 1.8% (from 11.05 million), respectively, from 2000. 30 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 POLICE Workers are exposed to particulate matter, gases and fumes through inhalation. Workers in all occupations and sectors are at risk. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease occurs with abnormal inflammatory response by the lungs “to noxious particles or gases” (78). The risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has been estimated to be increased by 58–182% among people occupationally exposed to particulate matter, gases and fumes, compared with people unexposed to this occupational risk factor (79). The prevention of burden of disease from occupational exposure to particulate matter, gases and fumes could be achieved through interventions introducing engineering controls, such as physical containment or segregation of the emission source, or the application of general, local exhaust and specialized ventilation and dust suppression techniques (80). 4.2.16. Occupational noise Occupational noise is an established risk factor for other hearing loss. Other hearing loss includes hearing loss induced by occupational noise, one of the most common occupational diseases. Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL NOISE 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 25) No deaths attributable to occupational noise DALYs 8.16 MILLION (95% UR: 8.16–8.17) Countries have set different occupational exposure limits for noise; however, for burden of disease estimations, occupational noise is defined as exposure at levels equal to or greater than a time-weighted average of the level of sound of 85 decibels (A). Occupational exposure to noise can occur in all sectors, but workers at particularly high risk include those in aeronautics; metallurgical, construction and civil engineering; forestry; mining; agriculture; fishing; electricity, gas and water supply; and transport and communications industries. Prevention of hearing loss from occupational exposure to noise could be achieved through interventions that introduce engineering controls (e.g. reducing noise emission from industrial machinery), impose administrative controls (e.g. limiting the time a worker spends in noisy environments), monitor noise, carry out audiometric testing, train workers and enforce the wearing of personal protective equipment (80). FIGURE 25 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL NOISE, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 9.1% of DALYs 0% of deaths FIGURE 24 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL PARTICULATE MATTER, GASES AND FUMES, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 12.1% of DALYs 23.9% of deaths These DALYs occur as a result of OTHER HEARING LOSS, an increase of 38.0% (from 5.92 million) from 2000. RESULTS 31 4.2.17. Occupational injuries In this Global Monitoring Report, we define the risk factor of occupational injuries according to the Comparative Risk Assessment framework (2, 3, 25). The exposed population is defined as the “proportion of the population at risk to injuries related to work or through their occupation” (25). Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 26) DEATHS 363 283 (95% UR: 358 251–368 315) DALYs 26.44 MILLION (95% UR: 26.42–26.46) Road injuries • 72 157 (95% UR: 69 301–75 013) deaths and 4.24 (95% UR: 4.24–4.25) million DALYs as a result of PEDESTRIAN ROAD INJURIES, a decrease of 8.4% (from 78 790) and 6.7% (from 4.55 million), respectively, from 2000; • 12 018 (95% UR: 11 471–12 565) deaths and 0.93 (95% UR: 0.93–0.94) million DALYs as a result of CYCLIST ROAD INJURIES, an increase of 10.1% (from 10 915) and 19.3% (from 0.78 million), respectively, from 2000; • 48 151 (95% UR: 45 394–50 908) deaths and 3.25 (95% UR: 3.25–3.25) million DALYs as a result of MOTORCYCLIST ROAD INJURIES, an increase of 14.8% (from 41 945) and 15.8% (from 2.81 million), respectively, from 2000; • 76 946 (95% UR: 74 788–79 104) deaths and 4.64 (95% UR: 4.64–4.64) million DALYs as a result of MOTOR VEHICLE ROAD INJURIES, an increase of 13.4% (from 67 879) and 12.6% (from 4.12 million), respectively from 2000; • 1859 (95% UR: 1776–1942) deaths and 0.23 (95% UR: 0.23–0.24) million DALYs as a result of OTHER ROAD INJURIES, an increase of 5.4% (from 1764) and 33.9% (from 0.17 million), respectively, from 2000; and • 16 864 (95% UR: 16 311–17 417) deaths and 1.58 (95% UR: 1.58–1.59) million DALYs as a result of OTHER TRANSPORT INJURIES, a decrease of 21.9% (from 21 597) and 15.2% (from 1.87 million), respectively, from 2000. Poisonings • 3772 (95% UR: 3391–4153) deaths and 0.21 (95% UR: 0.20–0.22) million DALYs as a result of POISONING BY CARBON MONOXIDE, a decrease of 49.1% (from 7408) and 48.0% (from 0.41 million), respectively, from 2000; and • 5330 (95% UR: 4742–5918) deaths and 0.34 (95% URL 0.33–0.34) million DALYs as a result of POISONING BY OTHER MEANS, a decrease of 49.1% (from 10 477) and 45.7% (from 0.63 million), respectively, from 2000. Falls • 34 996 (95% UR: 33 672–36 320) deaths and 3.73 (95% UR: 3.72–3.73) million DALYs as a result of FALLS, a decrease of 4.9% (from 36 808) and an increase of 5.4% (from 3.54 million), respectively, from 2000. Fire, heat and hot substances • 10 234 (95% UR: 9 834–10 634) deaths and 0.92 (95% UR: 0.92–0.92) million DALYs as a result of FIRE, HEAT AND HOT SUBSTANCES, a decrease of 36.0% (from 16 002) and 23.4% (from 1.20 million), respectively, from 2000. 32 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 26) DEATHS 363 283 (95% UR: 358 251–368 315) DALYs 26.44 MILLION (95% UR: 26.42–26.46) Drowning • 26 281 (95% UR: 25 272–27 290) deaths and 1.53 (95% UR: 1.53–1.53) million DALYs as a result of DROWNING, a decrease of 20.7% (from 33 135) and 21.8% (from 1.96 million), respectively, from 2000. Exposure to mechanical forces • 5079 (95% UR: 4875–5283) deaths and 0.34 (95% UR: 0.34–0.35) million DALYs as a result of UNINTENTIONAL FIREARMS INJURIES, a decrease of 20.0% (from 6348) and 18.7% (from 0.42 million), respectively, from 2000; • 17 406 (95% UR: 16 896–17916) deaths and 1.80 (95% UR: 1.80–1.80) million DALYs as a result of OTHER EXPOSURE TO MECHANICAL FORCES, a decrease of 18.3% (from 21 308) and 5.4% (from 1.90 million), respectively, from 2000; • 7831 (95% UR: 7658–8004) deaths and 0.38 (95% UR: 0.38–0.38) million DALYs as a result of PULMONARY ASPIRATION AND FOREIGN BODY IN AIRWAY, a decrease of 7.5% (from 8470) and 9.4% (from 0.42 million), respectively, from 2000; and • 649 (95% UR: 606–692) deaths and 0.17 (95% UR: 0.16–0.17) million DALYs as a result of FOREIGN BODY IN OTHER BODY PART, a decrease of 18.3% (from 794) and an increase of 1.6% (from 0.16 million), respectively, from 2000. Other unintentional injuries • 1213 (95% UR: 1142–1284) deaths and 0.13 (95% UR: 0.12–0.14) million DALYs as a result of NON-VENOMOUS ANIMAL CONTACT, a decrease of 18.9% (from 1495) and 15.5% (from 0.15 million), respectively, from 2000; • 6359 (95% UR: 5951–6767) deaths and 0.48 (95% UR 0.47–0.49) million DALYs as a result of VENOMOUS ANIMAL CONTACT, a decrease of 31.3% (from 9261) and 26.1% (from 0.65 million), respectively, from 2000; and • 16 138 (95% UR: 158 215–173 341) deaths and 1.53 (95% UR: 1.53–1.53) million DALYs as a result of OTHER UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES, a decrease of 24.9% (from 21 478) and 15.7% (from 1.81 million), respectively, from 2000. (Contd.) Workers within many occupations and sectors are exposed to the risk factor of occupational injuries; those at particular risk include workers in the construction, transport, manufacturing and agricultural sectors. Loss of life and health attributable to occupational injuries could be reduced through primary prevention, including occupational health and safety risk assessments, as well as preventive interventions specific to certain occupational injuries. For example, the ILO Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 (No. 187) (81) and Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155) (82) can be ratified and implemented. For economic activities where the RESULTS 33 Burden of disease attributable to OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMIC FACTORS 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 27) No deaths attributable to occupational ergonomic factors DALYs 12.27 MILLION (95% UR: 12.27–12.27) FIGURE 27 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMIC FACTORS, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 13.7% of DALYs 0% of deaths Ergonomic factors that can lead to back and neck pain through occupational exposure include prolonged sitting, whole-body vibration and manual handling of loads. Neck pain can also be associated with teleworking and prolonged sitting time at improvised home office workstations. Workers in all sectors are at risk; high-risk industries include agriculture, construction, transport and communication, manufacturing, hotels and restaurants, health and social work, and mining. Reduction of health loss attributable to occupational exposure to ergonomic factors could be achieved through: the introduction of engineering controls (e.g. automation, lifting devices); setting limits on maximum weight for manual handling (84); ergonomic workplace design, equipment and tools; ergonomic risk assessment; administrative controls (e.g. worker rotation, education and training); and, as a last resort, use of personal protective equipment (e.g. safety belts or harnesses). prevalence of occupational injuries is substantial, the ILO has compiled detailed code of practice documents. The practical recommendations of these codes of practice are intended for the use of all who have responsibility for health and safety in the respective economic sectors. The documents cover shipbuilding and ship repair, opencast mines, ports, use of machinery, agriculture, underground coal mines, steel industry, ship-breaking, non-ferrous metal industries, forestry work and construction (83). 4.2.18. Occupational ergonomic factors Occupational exposure to ergonomic factors is an established risk factor for back and neck pain. FIGURE 26 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 29.5% of DALYs 19.4% of deaths These DALYs occur as a result of BACK AND NECK PAIN, and increased 20.1% (from 10.21 million) from 2000. 34 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 4.3. Estimates for recently added pairs In terms of the proportion of work-related burden of disease, exposure to long working hours (at a level of ≥ 55 hours per week) is the occupational risk factor with the largest attributable burden, and stroke and ischaemic heart disease are the health outcomes with the second and third largest attributable burdens. Burden of disease attributable to EXPOSURE TO LONG WORKING HOURS 2016 Global estimate (Fig. 28) DEATHS 744 924 (95% UR: 705 519–784 329) DALYs 23.26 MILLION (95% UR: 22.15–24.37) • 398 306 (95% UR: 369 693–426 919) deaths and 12.60 (95% UR: 11.82–13.39) million DALYs as a result of STROKE, an increase of 19.0% (from 334 724) and 21.7% (from 10.35 million), respectively, from 2000; and • 346 618 (95% UR: 319 524–373 712) deaths and 10.66 (95% UR: 9.87–11.44) million DALYs as a result of ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE, an increase of 41.6% (from 244 844) and 41.2% (from 7.55 million), respectively, from 2000. We provide a brief summary of the main findings for each of these recently added pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome in the following. Two charts are provided for each pair, depicting the global (i) number of deaths per 100 000 working-age (≥ 15 years) population (i.e. death rate) and (ii) number of DALYs per 100 000 working-age population (i.e. DALY rate) for the year 2016. Distributions are disaggregated by age group (on the y axis) and sex (females are shown in yellow on the left and males are shown in blue on the right). We provide the estimates in more details in Annexes 4 and 5, in which death and DALY rates are provided: by country, regionally and globally; and for the years 2000, 2010 and 2016. The estimates are also provided disaggregated by sex and age group at https://www.who.int/teams/ environment-climate-change-and-health/monitoring/who-ilo-joint- estimates. FIGURE 28 PROPORTIONS OF WORK-RELATED DEATHS AND DALYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO LONG WORKING HOURS, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 25.9% of DALYs 39.5% of deaths RESULTS 35 4.3.1. Exposure to long working hours: stroke It is estimated that, globally in 2016, 398 306 deaths and 12.60 million DALYs as a result of stroke were attributable to exposure to long working hours (≥ 55 hours per week). Of the total global burden of stroke, 6.9% (398 306/5 747 289) of stroke deaths and 9.3% (12.6 million/135.9 million) of stroke DALYs are attributable to exposure to long working hours (Annex 1), where the total disease burden envelopes are sourced from the WHO Global Health Estimates (26). By region, the highest number of deaths from stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours was reported for the South-East Asia Region (158 993), followed by the Western Pacific Region (143 113); the lowest number was seen in the Region of the Americas (18 254) (Annex 4). This pattern was also reflected in the corresponding death rates: the highest number of deaths per 100 000 working-age population of 11.3 was reported for the South-East Asia Region, and the lowest of 2.4 in the Region of the Americas (Annex 4). Regionally, the highest number of DALYs as a result of stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours was seen for the South-East Asia Region (4.87 million), closely followed by the Western Pacific Region (4.79 million) (Annex 4). The Region of the Americas had the lowest estimate of DALYs of 0.57 million. The same pattern was observed for the DALY rates: the highest number of DALYs per 100 000 working-age population of 345.4 was observed for the South-East Asia Region, and the lowest of 75.0 for the Region of the Americas (Annex 4). This burden of stroke is disproportionately high among males and people of older working age or old age (Fig. 29). Of these deaths, 69.3% (276 036) were males and 30.7% (122 270) were females (Fig. 29). Of these DALYs, 68.5% (8.63 million) were lost among males and 31.5% (3.97 million) were lost among females (Fig. 29). The highest death rates were observed for the age group 70–74 years in both sexes (56.2 per 100 000 working-age males and 21.5 per 100 000 working-age females), and the highest DALY rates were found for the age group 65–69 years in both sexes (1256.2 per 100 000 working-age males and 470.7 per 100 000 working-age females). 4.3.2. Exposure to long working hours: ischaemic heart disease It is estimated that, globally in 2016, 346 618 deaths and 10.66 million DALYs as a result of ischaemic heart disease were attributable to exposure to long working hours (≥ 55 hours per week). Of the total envelope of global burden of ischaemic heart disease, 3.7% (346 618/9 401 800; Annex 1) of deaths and 5.3% (10.66 million/202.8 million) of DALYs were attributable to exposure to long working hours (total disease burden envelopes from the WHO Global Health Estimates (26)).The highest number of deaths from ischaemic heart disease attributable to exposure to long working hours was observed for the South-East Asia Region (159 824), and the lowest number in the African Region (16 920) (Annex 5). This was also reflected in the corresponding death rates: the highest of 11.3 deaths per 100 000 working-age population was observed in the South-East Asia Region and the lowest of 2.9 in the African Region (Annex 5). Regionally, the highest number of DALYs as a result of ischaemic heart disease attributable to exposure to long working hours was observed for the South-East Asia Region (5.09 million), and the lowest for the African Region (0.49 million) (Annex 5). This pattern was also observed in the DALY rates: the highest of 361.2 DALYs per 100 000 working-age population was estimated for the South- East Asia Region, and the lowest of 84.8 for the African Region (Annex 5). 36 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 FIGURE 29 RATES OF TOTAL DEATHS (LEFT) AND DALYS (RIGHT) (NUMBER PER 100 000 WORKING-AGE POPULATION, I.E. AGE ≥ 15 YEARS) FROM STROKE ATTRIBUTABLE TO EXPOSURE TO LONG WORKING HOURS (≥ 55 HOURS PER WEEK), BY SEX AND AGE GROUP, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 Age group (years) Deaths per 100 000 working age persons DALYs per 100 000 working age persons ≥ 95 90–94 85–89 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 ≥ 95 90–94 85–89 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 1500 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500  Males Females This disease burden is disproportionately high among males and older age groups. Three quarters of these deaths (75.8%; 262 713) and DALYs (76.5%; 8.16 million) occurred among males (Fig. 30). The highest death rates among males were observed for the age group 80–84 years (51.3 per 100 000 working-age males). Among females, those aged 75–79 years had the largest burden (15.7 per 100 000 working-age females). The highest DALY rates were seen for the age groups 65–69 years in males (989.3 per 100 000 working-age males) and 70–74 years in females (298.2 per 100 000 working-age females). 4.3.3. Preventive actions ILO Conventions 1 (85) and 30 (86), ratified by 52 and 30 countries, respectively, define the maximum limits of working hours in industrial and services sectors. The weekly average of working hours should not exceed 48 hours per week, with some specific exceptions outlined in the conventions. Ratification of these conventions and the implementation of their principles are fundamental to ensure a legal framework limiting working hours. Other ILO conventions and recommendations on working time (holidays, weekly rest, reduction of working hours, etc.) also support risk management and the setting, implementing, monitoring and enforcement of the maximum limits of working hours. Human resources management and work organization management can be used to prevent exposure to long working hours. An adequate balance between working and personal life is important to manage the risk of exposure to long working hours, particularly with some specific working modalities (e.g. teleworking, the self-employment and freelancing) (87). RESULTS 37 FIGURE 30 RATES OF TOTAL DEATHS (LEFT) AND DALYS (RIGHT) (NUMBER PER 100 000 WORKING-AGE POPULATION, I.E. AGE ≥ 15 YEARS) FROM ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE ATTRIBUTABLE TO EXPOSURE TO LONG WORKING HOURS (≥ 55 HOURS PER WEEK), BY SEX AND AGE GROUP, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 Age group (years) Deaths per 100 000 working age persons DALYs per 100 000 working age persons ≥ 95 90–94 85–89 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 ≥ 95 90–94 85–89 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 1500 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 Occupational health services can play an important role in public health strategies to prevent exposure to long working hours (88). All workers should be covered by these services (89) and regular occupational health assessments for workers should include consideration of numbers of working hours, as well as the other cardiovascular risk factors (e.g. obesity, physical activity, smoking and diet) that exposure to long working hours could increase the risk of. The introduction of social protection floors will benefit disadvantaged workers, including those in the informal economy, which includes vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant women, older people and migrant workers (90). Provision of income through social protection to cover basic living can enable workers to stop working unhealthy long hours. 4.4. Trends over time In absolute terms, the global number of work-related deaths from 2000 to 2016 increased by 177 914. This trend was driven by exposure to long working hours, which contributed the largest increase (an increase of 165 356 deaths globally). Occupational injuries contributed the largest reduction (a decrease of 32 591 deaths globally). The global number of work-related DALYs increased by 9.67 million from 2000 to 2016, the greatest proportion of which resulted from exposure to long working hours (an additional 5.36 million DALYs). The number of DALYs as a result of occupational injuries fell by 1.11 million from 2000 to 2010.  Males Females 38 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 However, in terms of rates, between 2000 and 2016 the global rates of total deaths attributable to exposure to occupational risk factors decreased from 39.9 to 34.3 deaths per 100 000 working- age population; this was a decrease of 5.7 deaths per 100 000 working-age population or by 14.2%. Similarly, the global rates of total DALYs attributable to exposure to occupational risk factors decreased from 1878.4 to 1635.9 DALYs per 100 000 working-age population; this was a decrease of 242.5 DALYs per 100 000 working-age population or 12.9%. This shows a substantial reduction in the total work- related burden of disease per head of population over the 16-year period. The changes (in absolute and relative terms) over the period in terms of pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome are provided in Sections 4.2 and 4.3 and are derivable from the data in Annex 2. For working-age population death rates, the largest relative increase in rates of 223.8% was seen for occupational exposure to trichloroethylene and kidney cancer (although this was only an absolute increase of 0.0003 deaths per 100 000 working-age population, or only 19 deaths globally). The greatest relative decrease in rates was observed from poisoning by other means attributable to occupational injuries, which fell by 60.5% from 2000 to 2016. In terms of DALYs, the largest relative increase (by 45.8%) in working-age population rates between 2000 and 2016 was observed for occupational exposure to trichloroethylene and kidney cancer (although only an absolute increase of 0.01 DALYs per 100 000 working-age population). The largest relative decrease was observed in DALYs lost from poisoning by carbon monoxide attributable to occupational injuries, which fell by 59.6%. 4.5. Inequalities in work-related burden of disease To improve workers’ health equity between and within countries, health inequalities must be monitored. The WHO/ILO Joint Estimates are produced disaggregated by region, allowing monitoring of regional inequalities to address between-region differences (Annex 3). They are also produced disaggregated by sex and age group, allowing monitoring of inequalities in workers’ health by these two variables. 4.5.1 By geographic region In absolute terms, the WHO South-East Asia Region and the Western Pacific Region had death rates higher than the global rate, whereas the WHO African Region, Region of the Americas, European Region and the Eastern Mediterranean Region had death rates lower than the global rate. These absolute differences in the rates by WHO region, compared with the global rate, ranged from 10.7 deaths per 100 000 working-age population in South-East Asia to –12.0 deaths per 100 000 working-age population in the Americas (Fig. 31). The relative inequalities (as measured with the ratios of regional rates to the global rate) were highest for South-East Asia (1.3) and lowest for the Americas (0.7; Fig. 31). For DALYs, in absolute terms, the WHO African Region, South-East Asia Region and Western Pacific Region had DALY rates higher than the global rate (Fig. 32), whereas the WHO Region of the Americas, the European Region and the Eastern Mediterranean Region had rates lower than the global rate. These rate differences by WHO region ranged from 463.3 DALYs per 100 000 working-age population in South-East Asia to –564.1 DALYs per 100 000 working-age population in the Americas (Fig. 32). The rate ratios varied from 1.3 for South-East Asia to 0.7 for the Americas. RESULTS 39 FIGURE 31 RATE DIFFERENCE AND RATE RATIO OF TOTAL DEATHS (COMPARED WITH THE GLOBAL DEATH RATE OF 34.3) ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE 41 PAIRS OF OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTOR AND HEALTH OUTCOME, BY REGION, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 Death rate (per 100 000 persons ≥ 15 years) Ratio of death rate to global death rate (log scale) WHO region WHO region 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 10.0 5.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 Africa Americas South-East Asia Europe Eastern Mediterranean Western Pacific Africa Americas South-East Asia Europe Eastern Mediterranean Western Pacific Global rate 40 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 FIGURE 32 RATE DIFFERENCE AND RATE RATIO OF TOTAL ATTRIBUTABLE DALYS (COMPARED WITH THE GLOBAL DALY RATE OF 1635.9) ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE 41 PAIRS OF OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTOR AND HEALTH OUTCOME, BY REGION, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 DALY rate (per 100 000 persons ≥ 15 years) Ratio of DALY rate to global DALY rate (log scale) WHO region WHO region 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 10.0 5.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 Africa Americas South-East Asia Europe Eastern Mediterranean Western Pacific Africa Americas South-East Asia Europe Eastern Mediterranean Western Pacific Global rate 4.5.2. By sex The death rate per 100 000 working-age males was 51.4. Compared with the rate for both sexes (34.3 per 100 000 working-age population), this is 17.1 per 100 000 higher (rate difference) and 1.5 times this rate (rate ratio). The death rate of 17.2 per 100 000 working-age females was lower; compared with the rate for both sexes, this is 17.1 per 100 000 lower and 0.5 times this rate. Similarly, the DALY rate per 100 000 working-age males was 2361.1. Compared with the rate for both sexes (1635.9 per 100 000 working-age population), this is 752.2 per 100 000 higher and 1.4 times this rate. The DALY rate per 100 000 working age females (911.2) is 724.7 per 100 000 lower and 0.6 times the rate for both sexes. RESULTS 41 4.5.3. By age group Older age groups carry a greater work-related burden of disease than younger age groups. For death rates, both rate differences and rate ratios were higher for older age groups from the age group 55–59 years, and lower for younger age groups (Fig. 33). Older age groups carried disproportionally greater disease burden, with the age group 85–89 years having the highest rate difference (higher than the global rate by 212.6 deaths per 100 000 working-age population) and highest risk ratio (7.2). The rate for the age group 15–19 years was 4.3 deaths per 100 000 working-age population, yielding a rate difference of –30.0 and a rate ratio of 0.1 (compared with a global rate of 34.3 per 100 000 working-age population). FIGURE 33 RATE DIFFERENCE AND RATE RATIO OF TOTAL DEATHS (COMPARED WITH THE GLOBAL DEATH RATE OF 34.3 FOR WORKING-AGE POPULATION) ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE 41 PAIRS OF OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTOR AND HEALTH OUTCOME, BY AGE GROUP, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 Death rate (per 100 000 persons ≥ 15 years) Ratio of death rate to global death rate (log scale) Age group (years) Age group (years) 300.0 250.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0 10.0 5.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 Global rate 15 –1 9 20 –2 4 25 –2 9 30 –3 4 35 –3 9 40 –4 4 45 –4 9 50 –5 4 55 –5 9 60 –6 4 65 –6 9 70 –7 4 75 –7 9 80 –8 4 85 –8 9 90 –9 4 ≥ 9 5 15 –1 9 20 –2 4 25 –2 9 30 –3 4 35 –3 9 40 –4 4 45 –4 9 50 –5 4 55 –5 9 60 –6 4 65 –6 9 70 –7 4 75 –7 9 80 –8 4 85 –8 9 90 –9 4 ≥ 9 5 42 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 FIGURE 34 RATE DIFFERENCE AND RATE RATIO OF TOTAL DALYS (COMPARED WITH THE GLOBAL DALY RATE OF 1635.9 FOR WORKING-AGE POPULATION) ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE 41 PAIRS OF OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTOR AND HEALTH OUTCOME, BY AGE GROUP, 183 COUNTRIES, FOR THE YEAR 2016 DALY rate (per 100 000 persons ≥ 15 years) Ratio of DALY rate to global DALY rate (log scale) Age group (years) Age group (years) 4000.0 3500.0 3000.0 2500.0 2000.0 1500.0 1000.0 500.0 0.0 10.0 5.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 Global rate For DALY rates, both rate differences and rate ratios were higher than the global rate for older age groups from the age group 45–49 years (with the exception of the age group ≥ 95 years) and lower for younger age groups (Fig. 34). The older age groups were disproportionally more burdened, with the highest rate difference seen for the age group 70–74 years (higher than the global rate by 2167.4 DALYs per 100 000 working-age population) and with a rate ratio of 2.3. The rate difference for the age group 15–19 years was –1218.3 DALYs per 100 000 working-age population (compared with a global rate of 1635.9 per 100 000 working-age population) and the rate ratio was 0.3. 15 –1 9 20 –2 4 25 –2 9 30 –3 4 35 –3 9 40 –4 4 45 –4 9 50 –5 4 55 –5 9 60 –6 4 65 –6 9 70 –7 4 75 –7 9 80 –8 4 85 –8 9 90 –9 4 ≥ 9 5 15 –1 9 20 –2 4 25 –2 9 30 –3 4 35 –3 9 40 –4 4 45 –4 9 50 –5 4 55 –5 9 60 –6 4 65 –6 9 70 –7 4 75 –7 9 80 –8 4 85 –8 9 90 –9 4 ≥ 9 5 RESULTS 43 5. DISCUSSION GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 44 WHO and the ILO have produced the first set of the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury (WHO/ILO Joint Estimates). The prevalence of some key occupational risk factors, and the burden of specific health outcomes attributable to these risk factors, has been quantified using multiple data sources from countries, areas and territories across all WHO and ILO regions. The WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of burden of disease are available to users at the global level as well as by region and country, and are available disaggregated by sex and age group. However, these estimates are not available at a subnational level. Additionally, it was not possible to produce disaggregated estimates by occupation, industrial sector and migration status at this stage. As more data become available, estimates with these additional breakdowns could be added if and when feasible. These estimates are affected by several factors, including the source and quality of input data, and the type and complexity of the models of exposure and health estimates. The various approaches taken to collect and synthesize data have used information from a wide range of sources (e.g. systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and the global databases on exposure to long working hours). Estimates have been included only if the underlying body of evidence was judged to be of sufficient quality and strength. Some of the estimates are based on exposure data from limited sources and from areas of limited country and regional coverage. The estimates of burden of disease attributable to exposure to long working hours use direct measures of exposure data (2324 surveys conducted in 154 countries, areas and territories and 1742 quarterly datasets of Labour Force Surveys conducted in 46 countries), primarily collected by national statistics offices. More large-scale global official datasets of exposure to occupational risk factors, ideally from direct measurement or through strong proxies such as occupation and industrial sector, are needed to further improve the accuracy of estimates of the work-related burden of disease. Similarly, to more accurately quantify risks of health outcomes from exposure to occupational risk factors for the occupational burden of disease estimation, we also need more primary studies to be conducted on the effect of exposure to occupational risk factors on health outcomes, as well as additional and well conducted systematic reviews and meta-analyses (30). In particular, data and evidence from low- and middle-income countries are needed, and will substantially advance work-related burden of disease estimation. Target 8.8 of the SDGs aims to “Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment” (4), and indicator 8.8.1 refers to the “frequency rates of fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries”. However, injuries accounted for only 19.3% (363 283/1 798 890) of deaths and 29.5% (26.44 million/89.72 million) of DALYs attributable to occupational risk factors in 2016. From the new WHO/ILO Joint Estimates, an additional, complementary indicator for Target 8.8, quantifying the burden of deaths from diseases attributable to exposure to occupational risk factors, could be produced (91, 92). Estimates can support Member States reporting on indicator 8.8.1, especially where dedicated reporting systems for such deaths may not yet exist. It must be noted that not all occupational risk factors and attributable burdens of disease have yet been quantified. The production of estimates for some pairs was not possible in this estimation cycle, such as: occupational exposure to biological risk factors and infectious diseases; occupational exposure to psycho-social risk factors and mental health outcomes; and occupational exposure to ambient air pollution and its various health outcomes. The inclusion of such additional pairs during the next round of estimate production will greatly broaden the scope of these estimates and capture more of the work-related burden of disease. DISCUSSION 45 6. CONCLUSION GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 46 This first Global Monitoring Report found that in 2016 1.88 million deaths and 89.72 million DALYs were estimated to be attributable to the 41 selected pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcome covered. Diseases accounted for 80.7% (1.52 million) of the deaths and 70.5% (63.28 million) of the DALYs, and injuries accounted for 19.3% (0.36 million) of the deaths and 29.5% (26.44 million) of the DALYs. The occupational risk factor with the largest number of attributable deaths was exposure to long working hours (≥ 55 hours per week) (744 924 deaths), followed by occupational exposure to particulate matter, gases and fumes (450 381 deaths) and occupational injuries (363 283 deaths). The health outcome with the largest work-related burden of deaths was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (450 381 deaths), followed by stroke (398 306 deaths) and ischaemic heart disease (346 618 deaths). A disproportionately large work-related burden of disease is observed in the WHO African Region, South-East Asia Region and the Western Pacific Region, males and older age groups. For the effect of occupational risk factors on various health outcomes to be understood, quantification of the attributable burden of disease is vital. The WHO/ILO Joint Estimates will result in regular and harmonized, interagency monitoring of the work-related burden of disease, at the national, regional and global levels. Countries can benefit from accurate and transparent estimates produced by providers of official statistics, and based on the latest available data. As well as facilitating the detection of trends over time, these sex- and age-disaggregated estimates also enable: the identification of occupational risk factors and diseases to prioritize; the monitoring of between- and within-country inequalities in work-related burden of disease; the evaluation of existing policies and actions; and the development of evidence-based improvements in occupational and workers’ health and safety policy and practices. However, burden of disease estimates should not be used in isolation for prioritization of action. 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REFERENCES 53 ANNEXES GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 54 AN N EX 1 PO PU LA TI ON A TT RI BU TA BL E FR AC TI ON S FO R DE AT HS A ND D AL YS , B Y PA IR O F OC CU PA TI ON AL R IS K FA CT OR A ND H EA LT H OU TC OM E, G LO BA LL Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 20 10 A ND 2 01 6 Oc cu pa tio na l r is k fa ct or He al th o ut co m e Po pu la tio n at tr ib ut ab le fr ac tio ns fo r de at hs Po pu la tio n at tr ib ut ab le fr ac tio ns fo r DA LY s 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Ex po su re to a sb es to s Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng ca nc er s 11 .0 4 10 .8 9 10 .4 8 8. 71 8. 37 8. 06 Ex po su re to a sb es to s Ov ar y ca nc er 3. 77 3. 60 3. 35 1. 25 1. 13 1. 05 Ex po su re to a sb es to s La ry nx ca nc er 3. 56 3. 68 3. 61 2. 81 2. 80 2. 75 Ex po su re to a sb es to s M es ot he lio m a 88 .4 0 91 .5 4 91 .4 5 83 .2 8 86 .8 4 86 .7 3 Ex po su re to a rs en ic Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng ca nc er s 0. 45 0. 44 0. 45 0. 57 0. 57 0. 58 Ex po su re to b en ze ne Le uk ae m ia 0. 54 0. 54 0. 55 0. 94 0. 95 1. 00 Ex po su re to b er yl liu m Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng ca nc er s 0. 01 0. 01 0. 01 0. 02 0. 02 0. 02 Ex po su re to ca dm iu m Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng ca nc er s 0. 02 0. 03 0. 03 0. 04 0. 04 0. 04 Ex po su re to c hr om iu m Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng ca nc er s 0. 05 0. 06 0. 06 0. 07 0. 08 0. 09 Ex po su re to d ie se l e ng in e ex ha us t Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng ca nc er s 0. 73 0. 82 0. 87 0. 94 1. 07 1. 15 Ex po su re to fo rm al de hy de Na so ph ar yn x ca nc er 0. 59 0. 60 0. 61 0. 98 0. 97 0. 97 Ex po su re to fo rm al de hy de Le uk ae m ia 0. 16 0. 15 0. 16 0. 34 0. 33 0. 34 Ex po su re to n ic ke l Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng ca nc er s 0. 44 0. 43 0. 43 0. 56 0. 56 0. 56 Ex po su re to p ol yc yc lic a ro m at ic h yd ro ca rb on s Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng ca nc er s 0. 19 0. 22 0. 23 0. 26 0. 29 0. 31 Ex po su re to s ili ca Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng ca nc er s 2. 56 2. 48 2. 49 3. 18 3. 16 3. 20 Ex po su re to s ul ph ur ic a ci d La ry nx ca nc er 2. 71 2. 75 2. 80 3. 43 3. 56 3. 62 Ex po su re to tr ic hl or oe th yl en e Ki dn ey ca nc er 0. 01 0. 01 0. 02 0. 05 0. 06 0. 06 Oc cu pa tio na l a st hm ag en s As th m a 8. 00 7.7 4 7.3 5 10 .9 2 11 .0 0 10 .8 1 Oc cu pa tio na l p ar tic ul at e m at te r, ga se s an d fu m es Ch ro ni c ob st ru ct iv e pu lm on ar y di se as e 16 .0 1 15 .2 3 14 .8 7 15 .8 6 15 .3 2 15 .1 4 Oc cu pa tio na l n oi se Ot he r h ea rin g lo ss 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 18 .6 7 18 .4 1 18 .2 4 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Pe de st ria n ro ad in ju rie s 20 .0 3 15 .8 4 15 .1 8 23 .1 0 18 .9 2 18 .7 0 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Cy cl is t r oa d in ju rie s 22 .8 8 17 .17 16 .6 6 23 .8 2 19 .0 1 19 .0 0 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s M ot or cy cl is t r oa d in ju rie s 24 .9 4 19 .71 19 .2 5 25 .0 6 20 .1 1 19 .9 8 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s M ot or v eh ic le ro ad in ju rie s 19 .5 8 17 .5 4 17 .3 7 20 .5 2 18 .7 6 18 .9 6 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Ot he r r oa d in ju rie s 20 .2 0 16 .5 5 16 .0 1 22 .7 2 19 .3 5 19 .1 4 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Ot he r t ra ns po rt in ju rie s 20 .3 7 16 .6 6 15 .8 0 23 .2 0 18 .8 4 18 .2 0 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Po is on in g by ca rb on m on ox id e 16 .6 5 12 .1 3 11 .3 6 20 .2 7 15 .9 8 15 .9 2 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Po is on in g by o th er m ea ns 19 .3 1 14 .0 5 12 .7 0 21 .4 5 16 .8 0 16 .2 4 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Fa lls 9. 25 6. 60 5. 74 14 .7 9 11 .9 5 11 .3 8 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Fi re , h ea t a nd h ot s ub st an ce s 11 .6 8 9. 34 8. 93 14 .6 8 12 .7 3 13 .0 6 ANNEXES 55 Oc cu pa tio na l r is k fa ct or He al th o ut co m e Po pu la tio n at tr ib ut ab le fr ac tio ns fo r de at hs Po pu la tio n at tr ib ut ab le fr ac tio ns fo r DA LY s 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Dr ow ni ng 16 .9 9 14 .0 2 13 .5 0 19 .3 2 16 .6 7 16 .7 0 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Un in te nt io na l f ire ar m in ju rie s 18 .8 3 16 .5 0 15 .2 4 23 .1 5 20 .8 4 19 .9 5 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Ot he r e xp os ur e to m ec ha ni ca l f or ce s 18 .17 14 .3 5 13 .7 7 20 .2 5 17 .1 5 17 .0 0 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Pu lm on ar y as pi ra tio n an d fo re ig n bo dy in a irw ay 7.5 1 5. 98 5. 55 14 .1 8 12 .7 3 12 .5 9 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Fo re ig n bo dy in o th er b od y pa rt 8. 77 6. 76 6. 43 18 .1 0 15 .8 2 16 .0 8 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s No n- ve no m ou s an im al c on ta ct 14 .3 8 11 .0 7 10 .8 4 19 .6 1 16 .0 7 15 .7 8 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Ve no m ou s an im al c on ta ct 13 .3 9 9. 18 8. 62 18 .7 3 13 .4 1 12 .9 6 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Ot he r u ni nt en tio na l i nj ur ie s 20 .0 6 16 .7 3 16 .0 2 20 .1 9 16 .5 8 15 .9 0 Oc cu pa tio na l e rg on om ic fa ct or s Ba ck a nd n ec k pa in 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 28 .5 9 27 .4 0 26 .3 8 Lo ng w or ki ng h ou rs Is ch ae m ic h ea rt d is ea se 3. 50 3. 61 3. 69 4. 83 5. 08 5. 26 Lo ng w or ki ng h ou rs St ro ke 6. 53 6. 78 6. 93 8. 65 9. 03 9. 29 DA LY s, d is ab ili ty -a dj us te d lif e ye ar s. AN N EX 1 ( Co nt d. ) PO PU LA TI ON A TT RI BU TA BL E FR AC TI ON S FO R DE AT HS A ND D AL YS , B Y PA IR O F OC CU PA TI ON AL R IS K FA CT OR A ND H EA LT H OU TC OM E, G LO BA LL Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 20 10 A ND 2 01 6 56 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 AN N EX 2 TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT HS A ND D AL YS P ER 1 00 0 00 W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , B Y PA IR O F OC CU PA TI ON AL R IS K FA CT OR A ND H EA LT H OU TC OM E, G LO BA LL Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 Oc cu pa tio na l r is k fa ct or He al th o ut co m e No . d ea th s pe r p ai r No . d ea th s pe r p ai r pe r 1 00 0 00 p op ul at io n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r p ai r pe r 1 00 0 00 p op ul at io n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys p er p ai r No . D AL Ys p er p ai r pe r 1 00 0 00 p op ul at io n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er p ai r pe r 1 00 0 00 p op ul at io n ( al l a ge s) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Ex po su re to a sb es to s Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng ca nc er s 13 7 78 6 16 9 69 7 17 7 61 4 3. 2 3. 4 3. 2 2. 3 2. 5 2. 4 2 80 4 29 7 3 19 7 06 3 3 28 6 18 0 65 .8 63 .4 59 .9 45 .9 46 .2 44 .3 Ex po su re to a sb es to s Ov ar y ca nc er 4 51 9 5 21 4 5 46 4 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 91 9 53 99 8 89 10 4 29 7 2. 2 2. 0 1. 9 1. 5 1. 4 1. 4 Ex po su re to a sb es to s La ry nx ca nc er 2 93 3 3 07 9 3 29 9 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 67 0 06 66 0 73 69 5 64 1. 6 1. 3 1. 3 1. 1 1. 0 0. 9 Ex po su re to a sb es to s M es ot he lio m a 12 7 03 20 5 67 23 1 04 0. 3 0. 4 0. 4 0. 2 0. 3 0. 3 32 7 76 3 47 6 62 1 51 3 81 0 7.7 9. 4 9. 4 5. 4 6. 9 6. 9 Ex po su re to a rs en ic Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng ca nc er s 5 65 1 6 89 3 7 58 9 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 18 3 31 6 21 8 68 4 23 6 36 1 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 3. 0 3. 2 3. 2 Ex po su re to b en ze ne Le uk ae m ia 1 17 5 1 30 4 1 45 2 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 73 6 81 76 9 47 85 0 22 1. 7 1. 5 1. 6 1. 2 1. 1 1. 1 Ex po su re to b er yl liu m Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng ca nc er s 10 1 13 8 16 5 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 4 97 1 6 44 2 7 18 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 Ex po su re to ca dm iu m Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng ca nc er s 27 9 39 2 45 2 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 11 6 96 15 2 92 17 1 72 0. 3 0. 3 0. 3 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 Ex po su re to c hr om iu m Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng ca nc er s 62 0 88 4 1 02 2 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 23 8 88 31 7 79 36 0 59 0. 6 0. 6 0. 7 0. 4 0. 5 0. 5 Ex po su re to d ie se l e ng in e ex ha us t Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng ca nc er s 9 11 6 12 7 09 14 7 28 0. 2 0. 3 0. 3 0. 1 0. 2 0. 2 30 3 47 3 41 0 67 4 47 0 65 0 7.1 8. 1 8. 6 5. 0 5. 9 6. 3 Ex po su re to fo rm al de hy de Na so ph ar yn x ca nc er 26 3 29 4 32 7 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 16 0 82 16 8 94 18 0 56 0. 4 0. 3 0. 3 0. 3 0. 2 0. 2 Ex po su re to fo rm al de hy de Le uk ae m ia 35 0 37 2 41 6 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 26 6 57 26 9 12 29 1 43 0. 6 0. 5 0. 5 0. 4 0. 4 0. 4 Ex po su re to n ic ke l Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng ca nc er s 5 44 9 6 64 1 7 30 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 1 78 8 81 21 2 86 0 22 9 98 0 4. 2 4. 2 4. 2 2. 9 3. 1 3. 1 Ex po su re to p ol yc yc lic a ro m at ic h yd ro ca rb on s Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng ca nc er s 2 42 8 3 36 4 3 88 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 0 0. 0 0. 1 84 0 81 11 1 82 3 12 6 90 0 2. 0 2. 2 2. 3 1. 4 1. 6 1. 7 Ex po su re to s ili ca Tr ac he a, b ro nc hu s an d lu ng ca nc er s 31 9 10 38 6 08 42 2 58 0. 7 0. 8 0. 8 0. 5 0. 6 0. 6 1 02 2 98 1 1 20 7 50 1 1 30 2 91 7 24 .0 23 .9 23 .8 16 .8 17 .5 17 .6 Ex po su re to s ul ph ur ic a ci d La ry nx ca nc er 2 22 7 2 30 3 2 56 4 0. 1 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 81 7 83 83 9 60 91 6 36 1. 9 1. 7 1. 7 1. 3 1. 2 1. 2 Ex po su re to tr ic hl or oe th yl en e Ki dn ey ca nc er 6 18 25 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 1 24 9 1 87 7 2 34 3 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 Oc cu pa tio na l a st hm ag en s As th m a 35 2 93 30 5 68 29 6 41 0. 8 0. 6 0. 5 0. 6 0. 4 0. 4 2 10 6 62 8 2 05 0 77 0 2 10 4 42 9 49 .4 40 .6 38 .4 34 .5 29 .7 28 .4 Oc cu pa tio na l p ar tic ul at e m at te r, g as es a nd fu m es Ch ro ni c ob st ru ct iv e pu lm on ar y di se as e 47 3 72 5 43 1 99 2 45 0 38 1 11 .1 8. 6 8. 2 7.8 6. 2 6. 1 11 0 53 9 35 10 3 35 2 38 10 8 55 1 03 25 9. 4 20 4. 8 19 7.9 18 1. 1 14 9. 5 14 6. 3 Oc cu pa tio na l n oi se Ot he r h ea rin g lo ss 0 0 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 5 91 7 73 2 7 28 0 57 6 8 16 4 14 0 13 8. 9 14 4. 3 14 8. 9 97 .0 10 5. 3 11 0. 0 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Pe de st ria n ro ad in ju rie s 78 7 90 72 0 32 72 1 57 1. 8 1. 4 1. 3 1. 3 1. 0 1. 0 4 54 7 16 5 4 21 4 37 8 4 24 4 76 8 10 6. 7 83 .5 77 .4 74 .5 61 .0 57 .2 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Cy cl is t r oa d in ju rie s 10 9 15 10 5 21 12 0 18 0. 3 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 78 1 66 2 80 2 97 3 93 2 51 4 18 .3 15 .9 17 .0 12 .8 11 .6 12 .6 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s M ot or cy cl is t r oa d in ju rie s 41 9 45 44 3 11 48 1 51 1. 0 0. 9 0. 9 0. 7 0. 6 0. 6 2 80 5 09 4 2 98 8 01 9 3 24 9 27 7 65 .8 59 .2 59 .2 46 .0 43 .2 43 .8 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s M ot or v eh ic le ro ad in ju rie s 67 8 79 70 2 68 76 9 46 1. 6 1. 4 1. 4 1. 1 1. 0 1. 0 4 12 0 50 1 4 26 1 91 6 4 63 9 83 3 96 .7 84 .5 84 .6 67 .5 61 .6 62 .5 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Ot he r r oa d in ju rie s 1 76 4 1 80 7 1 85 9 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 17 2 68 2 19 8 90 7 23 1 25 9 4. 1 3. 9 4. 2 2. 8 2. 9 3. 1 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Ot he r t ra ns po rt in ju rie s 21 5 97 17 7 97 16 8 64 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 4 0. 3 0. 2 1 86 8 38 0 1 58 7 93 4 1 58 4 94 0 43 .8 31 .5 28 .9 30 .6 23 .0 21 .4 ANNEXES 57 Oc cu pa tio na l r is k fa ct or He al th o ut co m e No . d ea th s pe r p ai r No . d ea th s pe r p ai r pe r 1 00 0 00 p op ul at io n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r p ai r pe r 1 00 0 00 p op ul at io n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys p er p ai r No . D AL Ys p er p ai r pe r 1 00 0 00 p op ul at io n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er p ai r pe r 1 00 0 00 p op ul at io n ( al l a ge s) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Po is on in g by ca rb on m on ox id e 7 40 8 4 24 9 3 77 2 0. 2 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 41 1 08 2 23 9 49 8 21 3 60 6 9. 6 4. 7 3. 9 6. 7 3. 5 2. 9 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Po is on in g by o th er m ea ns 10 4 77 6 31 3 5 33 0 0. 2 0. 1 0. 1 0. 2 0. 1 0. 1 62 6 83 7 38 9 74 0 34 0 19 5 14 .7 7.7 6. 2 10 .3 5. 6 4. 6 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Fa lls 36 8 08 34 0 64 34 9 96 0. 9 0. 7 0. 6 0. 6 0. 5 0. 5 3 53 5 94 3 3 47 2 60 2 3 72 6 06 8 83 .0 68 .8 67 .9 57 .9 50 .2 50 .2 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Fi re , h ea t a nd h ot s ub st an ce s 16 0 02 11 3 42 10 2 34 0. 4 0. 2 0. 2 0. 3 0. 2 0. 1 1 20 1 59 4 94 6 26 1 92 0 65 5 28 .2 18 .8 16 .8 19 .7 13 .7 12 .4 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Dr ow ni ng 33 1 35 26 7 79 26 2 81 0. 8 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 4 0. 4 1 95 6 33 1 1 55 9 37 2 1 53 0 31 2 45 .9 30 .9 27 .9 32 .1 22 .6 20 .6 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Un in te nt io na l f ire ar m in ju rie s 6 34 8 5 47 7 5 07 9 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 42 4 08 6 35 7 84 3 34 4 83 0 10 .0 7.1 6. 3 6. 9 5. 2 4. 6 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Ot he r e xp os ur e to m ec ha ni ca l f or ce s 21 3 08 18 1 21 17 4 06 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 3 0. 3 0. 2 1 90 0 67 9 1 76 5 36 1 1 79 8 10 6 44 .6 35 .0 32 .8 31 .1 25 .5 24 .2 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Pu lm on ar y as pi ra tio n an d fo re ig n bo dy in a irw ay 8 47 0 7 94 2 7 83 1 0. 2 0. 2 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 42 0 61 3 38 3 23 6 38 0 88 2 9. 9 7.6 6. 9 6. 9 5. 5 5. 1 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Fo re ig n bo dy in o th er b od y pa rt 79 4 63 5 64 9 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 16 3 16 3 14 9 38 1 16 5 77 8 3. 8 3. 0 3. 0 2. 7 2. 2 2. 2 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s No n- ve no m ou s an im al c on ta ct 1 49 5 1 16 1 1 21 3 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 15 3 86 6 12 5 94 3 13 0 08 0 3. 6 2. 5 2. 4 2. 5 1. 8 1. 8 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Ve no m ou s an im al c on ta ct 9 26 1 6 53 5 6 35 9 0. 2 0. 1 0. 1 0. 2 0. 1 0. 1 64 7 67 9 48 4 02 4 47 8 69 2 15 .2 9. 6 8. 7 10 .6 7.0 6. 5 Oc cu pa tio na l i nj ur ie s Ot he r u ni nt en tio na l i nj ur ie s 21 4 78 17 8 60 16 1 38 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 4 0. 3 0. 2 1 81 2 67 2 1 60 0 30 9 1 52 8 25 7 42 .5 31 .7 27 .9 29 .7 23 .1 20 .6 Oc cu pa tio na l e rg on om ic fa ct or s Ba ck a nd n ec k pa in 0 0 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 10 21 4 92 5 11 3 42 0 41 12 2 67 1 59 23 9. 7 22 4. 8 22 3. 7 16 7.4 16 4. 1 16 5. 3 Lo ng w or ki ng h ou rs Is ch ae m ic h ea rt d is ea se 24 4 84 4 30 4 20 0 34 6 61 8 7.9 6. 0 6. 3 5. 5 4. 4 4. 7 7 54 8 22 5 9 36 8 42 8 10 6 55 2 56 17 7.1 18 5. 7 19 4. 3 12 3. 7 13 5. 5 14 3. 6 Lo ng w or ki ng h ou rs St ro ke 33 4 72 4 36 6 52 4 39 8 30 6 5. 7 7.3 7.3 4. 0 5. 3 5. 4 10 3 52 9 78 11 4 71 2 21 12 6 03 2 47 24 2. 9 22 7.4 22 9. 8 16 9. 6 16 5. 9 16 9. 9 DA LY s, d is ab ili ty -a dj us te d lif e ye ar s. AN N EX 2 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT HS A ND D AL YS P ER 1 00 0 00 W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , B Y PA IR O F OC CU PA TI ON AL R IS K FA CT OR A ND H EA LT H OU TC OM E, G LO BA LL Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 58 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 AN N EX 3 TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT H AN D DA LY P ER 1 00 0 00 O F TH E W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TH E TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 No . d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Gl ob al 1 70 1 97 6 1 76 2 97 5 1 87 9 89 0 39 .9 34 .9 34 .3 27 .9 25 .5 25 .3 80 0 48 2 08 83 6 37 2 61 89 71 6 65 4 1 87 8. 4 1 65 7.7 1 63 5. 9 1 31 1. 5 1 20 9. 7 1 20 9. 2 Af ric an R eg io n 11 5 54 7 13 2 35 0 15 0 42 7 31 .2 27 .1 25 .9 17 .5 15 .4 14 .9 7 96 2 05 7 9 46 2 71 9 10 8 46 7 23 2 14 7.2 1 93 5. 1 1 86 7.1 1 20 6. 0 1 10 2. 4 1 07 4. 9 Re gi on o f t he A m er ic as 16 3 79 9 16 3 54 9 16 9 23 8 27 .5 23 .4 22 .3 19 .8 17 .6 17 .2 7 53 1 96 2 77 7 0 54 5 8 13 4 60 4 1 26 5. 3 1 11 2. 3 1 07 1. 8 9 08 .7 83 6. 3 82 6. 3 So ut h- Ea st A si a Re gi on 50 3 77 7 56 5 74 6 63 4 09 6 48 .3 44 .6 45 .0 32 .0 31 .2 32 .7 24 61 3 27 6 26 6 99 71 8 29 5 73 3 76 2 36 2. 1 2 10 4. 2 2 09 9. 2 1 56 4. 9 1 47 0. 7 1 52 2. 8 Eu ro pe an R eg io n 25 1 30 6 23 9 93 5 22 9 26 2 36 .2 32 .5 30 .4 29 .0 26 .8 24 .9 10 7 09 0 47 10 0 81 9 19 9 63 1 76 2 1 54 3. 3 1 36 5. 2 1 27 6. 9 1 23 6. 4 1 12 5. 8 1 04 7.8 Ea st er n M ed ite rr an ea n Re gi on 96 5 16 11 1 77 9 12 1 72 5 33 .7 28 .9 27 .2 20 .4 18 .8 18 .1 4 74 1 15 8 5 61 3 67 9 6 13 9 95 2 1 65 4. 3 1 45 0. 6 1 37 1. 7 1 00 0. 3 94 6. 2 91 2. 7 W es te rn P ac ifi c Re gi on 57 1 03 1 54 9 61 6 57 5 14 2 44 .9 37 .6 37 .5 33 .6 30 .2 30 .4 24 4 90 7 08 24 0 08 6 82 25 3 90 2 37 1 92 4. 0 1 64 0. 6 1 65 5. 5 1 43 9. 5 1 31 7.9 1 34 2. 0 Af gh an is ta n 5 09 6 6 33 4 6 74 7 48 .0 41 .9 34 .2 24 .5 21 .7 19 .1 28 9 72 9 34 7 28 1 37 5 99 2 2 72 8. 2 2 29 6. 2 1 90 6. 8 1 39 4. 3 1 18 9. 9 1 06 2. 6 Al ba ni a 50 4 54 3 56 1 23 .1 23 .8 23 .8 16 .1 18 .4 19 .4 34 3 51 34 6 33 33 9 05 1 57 5. 7 1 51 5. 0 1 43 9. 2 1 09 7.7 1 17 4. 8 1 17 4. 6 Al ge ria 5 06 7 5 16 0 5 63 0 24 .9 19 .7 19 .6 16 .3 14 .3 13 .9 26 4 66 8 29 3 44 0 31 8 87 9 1 29 9. 0 1 12 1. 6 1 10 9. 6 85 2. 6 81 5. 6 78 6. 4 An go la 2 90 6 2 71 5 3 27 4 33 .6 21 .9 21 .4 17 .7 11 .6 11 .4 18 8 81 9 18 4 45 2 21 9 22 6 2 18 1. 2 1 49 1. 2 1 43 5. 6 1 15 1. 7 78 9. 7 76 0. 1 An tig ua a nd B ar bu da 2 2 1 3. 7 3. 0 1. 4 2. 6 2. 3 1. 1 47 6 54 4 60 4 8 78 .2 81 6. 8 82 3. 5 62 6. 3 61 8. 0 63 9. 0 Ar ge nt in a 9 85 1 9 88 5 9 47 8 37 .3 32 .7 29 .1 26 .7 24 .2 21 .8 44 2 11 8 45 3 77 4 46 4 84 7 1 67 6. 2 1 50 0. 2 1 42 6. 1 1 19 9. 1 1 10 9. 6 1 06 8. 4 Ar m en ia 71 5 71 6 67 7 31 .4 30 .9 28 .9 23 .3 24 .9 23 .1 39 0 14 37 6 48 37 4 52 1 71 3. 2 1 62 4. 6 1 59 9. 6 1 27 1. 0 1 30 8. 4 1 27 5. 5 Au st ra lia 5 46 3 5 66 3 5 81 2 36 .4 31 .6 29 .6 28 .8 25 .6 24 .0 19 0 28 4 20 0 31 7 20 5 57 6 1 26 6. 4 1 11 6. 7 1 04 5. 4 1 00 1. 9 90 4. 2 84 7.3 Au st ria 1 80 3 1 81 4 1 82 6 26 .9 25 .3 24 .3 22 .3 21 .6 20 .9 76 3 71 78 1 09 79 7 72 1 13 7.9 1 08 9. 0 1 06 2. 5 94 6. 4 92 8. 8 91 2. 0 Az er ba ija n 1 18 8 1 26 0 1 28 0 21 .2 18 .1 17 .1 14 .6 13 .9 13 .1 70 7 34 86 0 14 93 1 44 1 26 4. 8 1 23 4. 1 1 24 4. 7 87 0. 8 95 2. 3 95 6. 7 Ba ha m as 14 19 20 6. 6 7.3 6. 9 4. 7 5. 4 5. 3 1 50 9 1 87 2 2 07 5 71 6. 2 72 1. 3 71 6. 3 50 6. 3 52 7.4 54 9. 1 Ba hr ai n 57 87 96 12 .3 8. 8 8. 5 8. 6 7.0 6. 7 4 41 4 10 4 97 11 5 49 95 0. 7 1 06 1. 6 1 01 7.7 66 4. 1 84 5. 9 81 0. 0 Ba ng la de sh 35 1 80 43 0 94 49 2 34 43 .7 42 .9 43 .7 27 .6 29 .2 31 .2 2 11 3 17 7 2 32 0 87 8 2 61 3 02 0 2 62 5. 7 2 31 2. 3 2 32 1. 6 1 65 5. 3 1 57 2. 7 1 65 4. 0 Ba rb ad os 33 30 31 15 .5 13 .2 13 .2 12 .2 10 .6 10 .8 1 89 3 2 04 3 2 10 1 89 1. 7 90 2. 3 89 6. 0 69 7.2 72 4. 1 73 5. 1 Be la ru s 3 55 6 2 89 4 2 16 2 44 .2 36 .1 27 .4 36 .0 30 .7 22 .9 14 5 58 9 12 6 04 9 10 5 60 3 1 81 0. 2 1 57 2. 2 1 33 9. 2 1 47 4. 8 1 33 8. 0 1 11 8. 0 Be lg iu m 3 73 6 3 84 0 3 52 8 44 .1 42 .2 37 .4 36 .3 35 .1 31 .1 11 4 44 8 11 3 85 4 10 8 28 2 1 35 0. 3 1 25 2. 2 1 14 9. 2 1 11 3. 1 1 04 0. 8 95 3. 7 Be liz e 21 22 27 14 .3 10 .6 10 .7 8. 5 6. 8 7.3 1 78 8 2 17 4 2 68 7 1 22 0. 1 1 04 7.1 1 06 5. 1 72 3. 0 67 4. 2 72 9. 4 Be ni n 79 6 1 13 2 1 3 61 21 .1 21 .9 21 .9 11 .6 12 .3 12 .5 58 2 80 82 6 50 96 1 22 1 54 7.2 1 60 0. 0 1 54 7.5 84 8. 8 89 8. 4 88 4. 1 Bh ut an 17 6 19 0 20 4 49 .5 40 .3 37 .8 29 .8 27 .7 27 .7 10 5 52 12 4 10 13 5 33 2 96 6. 5 2 63 0. 3 2 50 7.5 1 78 5. 4 1 81 0. 4 1 83 7.0 Bo liv ia (P lu rin at io na l S ta te o f) 1 71 7 1 71 3 1 86 7 32 .8 26 .0 24 .9 20 .4 17 .0 16 .9 88 8 75 97 1 84 10 5 48 9 1 69 5. 7 1 47 6. 3 1 40 5. 9 1 05 5. 7 96 7.1 95 6. 2 Bo sn ia a nd H er ze go vi na 88 3 78 4 67 0 29 .7 25 .1 23 .3 23 .5 21 .2 19 .8 46 6 67 40 3 91 3 6 45 3 1 56 9. 0 1 29 3. 6 1 26 5. 3 1 24 4. 1 1 09 0. 0 1 07 6. 5 ANNEXES 59 AN N EX 3 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT H AN D DA LY P ER 1 00 0 00 O F TH E W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TH E TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 No . d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Bo ts w an a 19 9 24 8 25 9 19 .7 19 .2 18 .4 12 .1 12 .5 12 .0 14 3 43 16 5 84 17 6 34 1 42 2. 8 1 28 3. 3 1 25 0. 5 87 2. 8 83 4. 6 81 6. 4 Br az il 29 1 84 28 5 94 28 3 55 23 .8 19 .4 17 .6 16 .7 14 .6 13 .8 1 60 4 01 1 1 67 8 16 2 1 70 3 52 1 1 30 9. 8 1 14 0. 6 1 06 0. 0 91 7.7 85 7.5 82 6. 3 Br un ei D ar us sa la m 21 21 32 9. 1 7.3 10 .0 6. 3 5. 4 7.6 3 26 0 3 22 6 3 82 4 1 41 1. 1 1 12 1. 1 1 19 6. 8 97 8. 5 83 0. 1 91 0. 9 Bu lg ar ia 1 14 6 1 08 4 96 1 17 .0 16 .9 15 .7 14 .3 14 .6 13 .4 63 7 54 62 6 55 57 7 88 94 5. 1 97 5. 5 94 3. 0 79 7.1 84 3. 8 80 8. 0 Bu rk in a Fa so 1 35 5 1 69 0 1 86 9 21 .9 20 .1 18 .4 11 .7 10 .8 10 .0 10 2 41 5 13 3 53 6 14 9 78 4 1 65 7.5 1 59 1. 2 1 47 0. 9 88 2. 3 85 5. 7 80 3. 3 Bu ru nd i 87 8 1 66 2 2 06 7 27 .6 34 .9 36 .2 13 .8 19 .2 19 .7 66 9 90 12 7 23 2 15 8 55 3 2 10 3. 4 2 67 3. 3 2 77 7.0 1 05 0. 2 1 46 6. 5 1 51 1. 8 Ca bo V er de 45 47 40 18 .4 14 .1 10 .7 10 .5 9. 5 7.5 3 21 7 3 54 7 3 65 4 1 31 7.3 1 06 3. 7 9 76 .9 75 1. 3 72 0. 0 68 8. 0 Ca m bo di a 2 63 1 2 92 8 3 17 9 37 .1 30 .7 29 .4 21 .6 20 .5 20 .2 16 1 79 6 18 4 47 9 19 8 65 9 2 27 8. 9 1 93 3. 2 1 83 6. 5 1 33 1. 1 1 28 9. 0 1 26 0. 0 Ca m er oo n 1 96 0 2 36 5 2 87 4 23 .0 20 .6 21 .1 12 .6 11 .6 12 .0 14 9 20 7 18 2 19 3 21 3 01 8 1 75 1. 5 1 59 0. 6 1 56 3. 7 96 1. 8 89 5. 7 89 0. 3 Ca na da 8 70 9 9 07 7 9 26 6 35 .2 31 .8 30 .3 28 .5 26 .6 25 .5 34 3 86 1 3 46 4 19 3 51 2 20 1 39 0. 7 1 21 4. 8 1 14 7.8 1 12 4. 2 1 01 4. 5 96 5. 3 Ce nt ra l A fri ca n Re pu bl ic 69 8 68 0 59 4 33 .8 27 .7 23 .8 19 .2 15 .5 13 .1 43 2 86 4 3 05 8 42 6 68 2 09 6. 2 1 75 4. 5 1 70 8. 2 1 18 9. 0 98 1. 5 94 0. 3 Ch ad 1 70 4 2 20 8 2 53 6 39 .9 36 .1 33 .3 20 .4 18 .5 17 .4 11 4 07 1 15 1 23 5 17 6 58 5 2 67 0. 2 2 46 9. 8 2 31 6. 0 1 36 5. 2 1 26 5. 3 1 21 2. 7 Ch ile 1 75 3 2 11 8 2 16 8 15 .7 15 .9 14 .9 11 .4 12 .4 11 .9 10 4 78 3 12 9 46 8 13 6 73 9 93 9. 8 97 3. 8 94 2. 2 68 3. 0 75 8. 8 75 0. 9 Ch in a 47 9 45 4 44 2 89 8 46 0 25 7 49 .4 39 .8 39 .7 37 .2 32 .4 32 .5 19 9 05 1 68 18 9 73 3 58 20 0 11 9 44 2 05 0. 7 1 70 4. 1 1 72 5. 8 1 54 2. 4 1 38 6. 1 1 41 5. 2 Co lo m bi a 5 87 4 6 19 3 6 71 9 22 .0 18 .8 18 .4 14 .8 13 .7 13 .9 29 0 03 9 31 6 95 7 33 6 31 2 1 08 5. 4 96 3. 7 91 9. 1 73 1. 9 70 0. 9 69 8. 1 Co m or os 50 64 80 16 .5 15 .7 16 .8 9. 2 9. 3 10 .1 6 62 6 8 34 6 9 62 4 2 18 0. 7 2 05 2. 5 2 01 5. 3 1 22 1. 7 1 21 0. 1 1 20 9. 7 Co ng o 41 3 45 2 43 4 22 .8 18 .1 15 .0 13 .2 10 .6 8. 7 29 2 51 34 0 88 33 8 38 1 61 7.2 1 36 6. 6 1 17 2. 8 93 5. 3 79 7.6 67 9. 3 Co st a Ri ca 47 4 50 0 51 9 17 .4 14 .4 13 .6 12 .0 10 .9 10 .6 27 3 03 30 71 0 31 7 68 1 00 1. 0 8 86 .4 8 29 .7 68 9. 1 67 0. 9 64 8. 4 Cô te d ’Iv oi re 3 09 1 4 47 6 5 15 8 33 .3 38 .7 37 .6 18 .8 21 .8 21 .7 18 5 26 1 26 4 69 2 30 2 54 9 1 99 7.4 2 28 6. 5 2 20 4. 1 1 12 5. 9 1 28 9. 1 1 27 0. 0 Cr oa tia 1 00 1 1 27 7 1 21 2 27 .3 34 .9 33 .7 22 .6 29 .5 28 .8 45 1 54 48 9 15 44 5 54 1 23 3. 4 1 33 6. 6 1 23 7.2 1 01 9. 7 1 13 0. 2 1 05 8. 6 Cu ba 3 00 5 3 44 6 3 34 9 34 .4 37 .3 35 .4 27 .0 30 .7 29 .5 14 7 70 6 17 8 81 0 17 2 17 9 1 69 2. 9 1 93 6. 4 1 82 0. 7 1 32 7.5 1 59 2. 8 1 51 9. 0 Cy pr us 15 5 16 9 17 0 21 .2 18 .5 17 .5 16 .4 15 .2 14 .5 7 14 3 8 38 3 8 11 7 97 5. 8 91 7.0 83 4. 4 75 7.2 75 3. 4 69 3. 6 Cz ec hi a 2 02 2 1 78 1 1 70 7 23 .5 19 .7 19 .0 19 .7 16 .9 16 .1 10 8 09 8 10 3 11 9 10 3 27 6 1 25 7.0 1 14 1. 2 1 14 7.0 1 05 0. 6 97 8. 7 97 2. 6 De m oc ra tic P eo pl e’s R ep ub lic o f K or ea 9 54 0 14 8 32 15 9 53 56 .2 78 .1 79 .5 41 .6 60 .4 63 .0 41 7 28 8 55 3 07 0 57 6 49 4 2 45 7.3 2 91 2. 2 2 87 2. 6 1 81 9. 9 2 25 2. 9 2 27 7.9 De m oc ra tic R ep ub lic o f t he C on go 8 56 2 11 0 98 12 1 79 33 .4 31 .9 28 .8 18 .2 17 .2 15 .5 61 0 86 6 80 1 95 8 89 6 50 4 2 38 1. 2 2 30 6. 2 2 12 0. 7 1 29 6. 8 1 24 2. 1 1 13 7.9 De nm ar k 1 82 8 1 80 1 1 84 9 42 .0 39 .5 38 .8 34 .2 32 .4 32 .4 64 2 61 62 5 69 63 5 85 1 47 5. 7 1 37 2. 8 1 33 4. 9 1 20 3. 1 1 12 6. 4 1 11 3. 3 Dj ib ou ti 66 85 11 4 15 .6 15 .0 17 .6 9. 2 10 .1 12 .3 6 73 7 7 99 8 9 77 8 1 59 0. 6 1 41 1. 6 1 51 0. 6 93 8. 9 95 1. 9 1 05 2. 4 Do m in ic an R ep ub lic 1 46 4 1 62 6 1 75 0 26 .6 24 .2 23 .6 17 .3 16 .8 16 .8 84 6 80 94 1 87 10 0 82 3 1 53 5. 8 1 40 0. 0 1 35 6. 8 99 9. 6 97 1. 5 96 9. 7 Ec ua do r 1 88 6 1 75 3 2 03 0 22 .9 16 .9 17 .3 14 .9 11 .7 12 .3 11 2 49 4 11 3 49 6 12 7 96 5 1 36 4. 1 1 09 6. 4 1 08 8. 4 88 7.1 75 6. 1 77 6. 0 60 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 AN N EX 3 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT H AN D DA LY P ER 1 00 0 00 O F TH E W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TH E TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 No . d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Eg yp t 12 5 36 17 1 36 19 5 99 28 .8 30 .7 31 .3 18 .2 20 .7 20 .8 54 7 27 4 76 7 43 4 86 9 71 7 1 25 9. 2 1 37 4. 9 1 38 7.8 79 5. 1 92 7.3 92 0. 9 El S al va do r 63 6 44 4 47 6 17 .0 10 .5 10 .4 10 .8 7.2 7.5 36 1 92 27 4 56 29 6 65 97 0. 2 64 9. 5 64 6. 9 61 4. 7 44 4. 0 46 6. 7 Eq ua to ria l G ui ne a 11 8 13 9 17 1 32 .8 24 .0 22 .5 19 .5 14 .7 14 .1 8 50 6 10 0 55 11 7 31 2 36 4. 2 1 73 2. 7 1 54 3. 3 1 40 3. 2 1 06 5. 6 96 5. 4 Er itr ea 55 6 63 6 63 7 44 .7 33 .1 32 .6 24 .3 20 .1 18 .9 33 5 55 41 0 93 42 8 95 2 69 6. 2 2 14 1. 8 2 19 2. 7 1 46 3. 7 1 29 6. 1 1 27 0. 4 Es to ni a 24 5 18 0 15 4 21 .2 15 .9 13 .9 17 .5 13 .5 11 .7 14 1 21 10 8 65 9 7 90 1 22 4. 6 96 1. 1 88 6. 7 1 00 9. 3 81 5. 6 74 3. 6 Es w at in i 91 99 10 0 15 .9 15 .5 14 .6 9. 1 9. 3 9. 0 6 09 7 5 95 0 6 81 1 1 06 4. 0 93 4. 2 99 6. 5 6 06 .4 55 8. 8 61 1. 4 Et hi op ia 14 5 04 17 3 43 21 8 41 40 .9 35 .9 36 .2 21 .9 19 .8 21 .1 1 09 0 20 3 1 33 5 54 8 1 67 6 23 5 3 07 4. 9 2 76 7.3 2 77 6. 2 1 64 6. 2 1 52 3. 9 1 61 7.9 Fi ji 15 8 13 8 13 1 30 .0 22 .6 21 .4 19 .5 16 .0 15 .0 9 08 2 8 44 5 8 12 0 1 72 3. 7 1 38 3. 4 1 32 4. 8 1 11 9. 8 98 2. 2 93 0. 8 Fi nl an d 1 07 6 1 12 4 1 08 9 25 .3 25 .1 23 .7 20 .7 20 .9 19 .8 45 2 44 44 5 77 44 0 22 1 06 5. 3 99 5. 2 9 57 .1 87 2. 1 83 0. 8 80 0. 7 Fr an ce 14 3 21 16 2 32 17 2 09 29 .9 31 .7 32 .6 24 .3 25 .8 26 .6 57 7 53 3 64 8 27 5 66 1 50 6 1 20 6. 8 1 26 4. 7 1 25 1. 2 97 8. 6 1 03 1. 0 1 02 2. 9 Ga bo n 12 9 12 9 14 6 17 .8 12 .7 11 .5 10 .5 7.9 7.3 8 49 2 9 62 9 10 6 94 1 17 2. 1 94 7.6 83 9. 9 69 1. 3 59 2. 9 53 2. 6 Ga m bi a 19 6 21 7 23 5 28 .1 22 .1 19 .7 14 .9 12 .1 10 .9 13 5 23 14 8 63 16 3 61 1 93 9. 0 1 51 1. 0 1 37 0. 5 1 02 6. 3 82 8. 9 76 1. 3 Ge or gi a 1 33 3 1 44 8 1 39 7 38 .6 43 .1 43 .1 30 .6 35 .3 34 .8 68 1 65 64 0 79 56 6 83 1 97 3. 6 1 90 5. 4 1 74 8. 2 1 56 2. 6 1 56 3. 2 1 41 1. 6 Ge rm an y 22 8 11 23 7 28 24 2 94 33 .2 34 .0 34 .1 28 .0 29 .4 29 .6 88 1 25 9 85 7 36 8 86 7 76 4 1 28 3. 8 1 22 7.3 1 21 7.9 1 08 2. 6 1 06 0. 7 1 05 5. 8 Gh an a 1 98 8 2 74 4 3 02 8 17 .9 18 .2 17 .2 10 .3 11 .1 10 .6 13 7 25 7 17 6 78 0 20 1 02 1 1 23 7.2 1 17 5. 0 1 13 8. 8 71 2. 0 71 3. 4 70 5. 8 Gr ee ce 2 56 1 2 46 2 2 38 4 27 .2 26 .6 26 .2 23 .1 22 .6 22 .5 10 8 15 0 10 0 55 2 94 4 20 1 14 9. 2 1 08 7.2 1 03 8. 6 97 5. 9 92 3. 5 88 9. 5 Gr en ad a 7 5 5 10 .2 6. 2 5. 9 6. 8 4. 7 4. 5 65 1 66 4 6 60 95 0. 4 82 2. 1 77 9. 7 63 3. 0 62 5. 1 59 8. 6 Gu at em al a 1 55 6 1 59 9 1 80 4 23 .7 18 .0 16 .9 13 .4 10 .9 10 .9 10 5 08 8 10 8 10 2 12 2 16 1 1 60 3. 0 1 21 8. 6 1 14 4. 9 90 2. 0 73 8. 9 73 6. 7 Gu in ea 1 66 6 2 00 7 2 09 4 37 .7 36 .6 32 .2 20 .2 19 .7 17 .8 11 8 62 0 14 0 29 8 14 8 09 7 2 68 7.2 2 55 7.4 2 27 9. 1 1 43 9. 4 1 37 6. 5 1 26 1. 6 Gu in ea -B is sa u 12 5 12 7 13 2 19 .1 14 .7 12 .9 10 .4 8. 3 7.4 10 2 08 11 5 39 12 7 79 1 55 6. 7 1 33 3. 0 1 24 9. 0 84 9. 7 75 7.8 71 6. 9 Gu ya na 10 4 11 0 12 8 21 .6 21 .7 23 .4 13 .9 14 .7 16 .6 6 20 6 6 31 4 7 11 2 1 29 1. 6 1 24 2. 9 1 29 7.9 83 1. 1 84 2. 5 92 2. 0 Ha iti 1 37 0 1 31 4 1 81 7 27 .1 20 .7 25 .4 16 .2 13 .2 16 .8 62 9 62 6 8 73 5 86 8 77 1 24 4. 9 1 08 4. 0 1 21 4. 4 74 3. 9 69 0. 9 80 1. 5 Ho nd ur as 59 3 72 1 96 4 15 .8 13 .9 15 .5 9. 0 8. 7 10 .4 39 7 84 49 4 01 63 0 60 1 05 8. 3 95 1. 5 1 01 5. 2 60 5. 1 59 3. 9 68 0. 2 Hu ng ar y 1 95 1 1 84 0 1 89 7 23 .0 21 .8 22 .7 19 .1 18 .5 19 .5 94 3 03 8 7 72 2 90 3 60 1 10 9. 4 1 03 7.9 1 08 2. 0 92 2. 7 88 3. 6 92 6. 5 Ic el an d 49 63 57 22 .8 24 .8 21 .5 17 .5 19 .7 17 .2 2 96 5 3 07 5 3 03 6 1 37 6. 7 1 21 2. 0 1 14 4. 4 1 05 7.3 95 9. 9 91 3. 9 In di a 34 5 41 8 37 0 59 9 41 6 91 0 50 .1 43 .4 43 .7 32 .7 30 .0 31 .5 16 2 85 2 49 16 8 93 9 68 18 8 50 6 32 2 36 1. 3 1 97 8. 2 1 97 4. 8 1 54 1. 3 1 36 8. 7 1 42 3. 2 In do ne si a 73 3 28 90 7 78 10 2 52 3 50 .0 52 .7 53 .9 34 .7 37 .5 39 .2 3 67 8 07 2 4 50 5 63 4 4 98 5 61 4 2 50 9. 0 2 61 7.8 2 61 9. 5 1 73 8. 9 1 86 3. 1 1 90 6. 1 Ira n (I sl am ic R ep ub lic o f) 11 5 57 12 0 38 11 3 03 26 .7 21 .5 18 .7 17 .6 16 .3 14 .2 55 1 46 9 57 4 02 6 56 3 88 1 1 27 2. 6 1 02 4. 6 93 2. 9 84 0. 4 77 8. 2 70 8. 7 ANNEXES 61 AN N EX 3 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT H AN D DA LY P ER 1 00 0 00 O F TH E W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TH E TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 No . d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Ira q 2 92 7 3 64 4 4 48 6 21 .8 21 .1 20 .1 12 .5 12 .3 12 .3 14 2 95 2 20 0 91 9 26 4 51 2 1 06 6. 0 1 16 0. 8 1 18 6. 4 60 8. 4 67 5. 5 72 2. 5 Ire la nd 96 0 74 8 80 8 32 .3 20 .7 22 .0 25 .4 16 .4 17 .2 35 0 44 3 3 70 7 35 1 34 1 17 9. 5 93 4. 3 95 6. 2 92 6. 3 74 0. 1 74 8. 2 Is ra el 65 9 67 9 71 6 15 .4 12 .7 12 .3 11 .1 9. 2 8. 8 32 9 12 39 0 16 42 2 89 76 9. 6 73 0. 2 72 3. 6 55 3. 5 53 1. 1 52 1. 5 Ita ly 18 4 76 20 0 58 20 0 10 38 .0 39 .4 38 .2 32 .6 33 .8 33 .0 61 8 86 8 61 7 51 3 61 3 69 6 1 27 4. 1 1 21 1. 5 1 17 1. 0 1 09 1. 6 1 04 0. 9 1 01 1. 6 Ja m ai ca 39 0 30 7 32 3 21 .7 15 .0 14 .7 14 .7 10 .9 11 .1 2 0 52 3 17 7 88 18 4 08 1 13 9. 4 86 7.2 83 6. 8 77 3. 1 63 2. 9 63 3. 4 Ja pa n 33 1 15 37 8 53 38 4 39 30 .5 34 .0 34 .5 26 .0 29 .4 30 .1 1 46 1 83 5 1 41 1 55 6 1 37 3 42 5 1 34 5. 2 1 26 7.4 1 23 4. 4 1 14 6. 3 1 09 8. 1 1 07 5. 0 Jo rd an 65 6 87 8 1 17 2 21 .2 19 .3 19 .0 12 .8 12 .1 12 .3 32 3 64 44 9 98 58 0 21 1 04 6. 3 9 91 .1 94 1. 0 63 1. 8 61 9. 7 60 7.3 Ka za kh st an 4 81 8 4 38 0 4 01 1 44 .5 35 .5 30 .9 32 .3 27 .0 22 .5 23 0 42 8 21 8 93 2 21 1 89 3 2 13 0. 6 1 77 3. 8 1 63 4. 8 1 54 4. 1 1 34 7.1 1 18 8. 3 Ke ny a 3 57 5 3 00 8 3 84 5 20 .4 12 .7 13 .3 11 .2 7.2 7.8 32 9 25 7 32 8 53 2 40 6 00 6 1 88 1. 3 1 38 2. 0 1 40 0. 6 1 03 0. 1 78 1. 6 82 7.7 Ki rib at i 3 5 9 5. 9 7.6 12 .3 3. 6 4. 9 8. 0 64 9 83 0 92 3 1 28 1. 1 1 26 2. 0 1 26 0. 1 76 8. 9 80 6. 4 82 0. 2 Ku w ai t 22 5 40 5 62 6 15 .4 17 .6 20 .1 11 .0 13 .5 15 .8 17 1 74 28 5 99 41 0 28 1 17 2. 5 1 24 4. 9 1 31 7.5 83 9. 8 95 5. 9 1 03 6. 9 Ky rg yz st an 1 02 7 1 02 2 97 6 32 .1 26 .9 23 .6 20 .9 18 .8 16 .1 51 0 52 54 2 90 55 4 93 1 59 4. 7 1 42 8. 2 1 34 1. 9 1 03 7.5 1 00 1. 2 91 3. 6 La o Pe op le ’s De m oc ra tic R ep ub lic 1 23 9 1 40 9 1 50 4 41 .1 35 .5 32 .9 23 .3 22 .5 22 .0 64 5 32 73 4 71 80 6 43 2 14 0. 1 1 84 9. 5 1 76 3. 6 1 21 2. 2 1 17 5. 7 1 17 8. 0 La tv ia 75 1 55 3 41 1 38 .3 30 .4 24 .6 31 .5 26 .1 20 .8 33 3 69 25 4 58 20 6 63 1 70 3. 9 1 39 8. 5 1 23 4. 6 1 39 9. 6 1 20 1. 5 1 04 6. 6 Le ba no n 76 8 95 8 1 27 7 29 .0 26 .1 26 .1 20 .0 19 .3 19 .0 34 9 59 43 1 80 58 5 28 1 32 0. 3 1 17 5. 2 1 19 4. 0 90 9. 7 87 1. 8 87 1. 7 Le so th o 27 0 28 4 28 8 22 .1 21 .9 20 .8 13 .3 14 .2 13 .9 14 0 86 12 9 15 13 6 71 1 15 5. 1 99 3. 9 98 6. 6 69 2. 9 64 7.2 65 8. 8 Li be ria 43 4 59 5 62 7 26 .6 26 .8 23 .5 15 .2 15 .3 13 .7 29 4 10 38 8 54 43 2 62 1 80 1. 7 1 75 2. 8 1 62 0. 7 1 03 2. 5 99 8. 5 94 3. 2 Li by a 80 4 87 7 89 9 22 .7 19 .9 19 .4 15 .0 14 .2 13 .8 39 4 82 43 3 34 43 8 69 1 11 4. 0 98 1. 4 94 8. 0 73 6. 9 69 9. 2 67 5. 7 Li th ua ni a 86 1 76 4 58 9 30 .7 28 .7 23 .9 24 .6 24 .5 20 .4 41 5 81 35 3 48 29 2 84 1 48 5. 0 1 32 7.6 1 18 7.3 1 18 7.4 1 13 1. 6 1 01 3. 4 Lu xe m bo ur g 88 94 96 24 .9 22 .5 19 .8 20 .2 18 .5 16 .6 3 86 1 3 9 97 4 32 3 1 09 2. 3 9 55 .6 89 1. 0 88 5. 3 78 7.0 74 6. 3 M ad ag as ca r 4 24 0 5 50 4 5 57 2 49 .0 46 .1 38 .1 26 .9 26 .0 22 .4 27 1 66 8 37 1 77 1 39 1 32 7 3 14 1. 5 3 11 2. 1 2 67 7.7 1 72 3. 0 1 75 7.6 1 57 1. 9 M al aw i 1 96 2 1 66 6 1 95 4 32 .6 21 .4 20 .5 17 .6 11 .5 11 .4 14 0 84 9 13 8 56 7 16 4 07 7 2 34 3. 0 1 77 6. 4 1 72 4. 0 1 26 3. 4 95 3. 0 95 3. 6 M al ay si a 3 94 8 4 49 1 4 98 2 25 .5 22 .1 21 .6 17 .0 15 .9 16 .2 20 7 41 4 24 2 12 0 26 8 83 7 1 34 1. 8 1 19 1. 5 1 16 3. 8 89 4. 2 85 8. 3 87 6. 1 M al di ve s 43 37 36 25 .9 13 .5 9. 6 15 .4 10 .1 7.6 2 4 20 2 42 7 2 59 8 1 45 4. 9 88 8. 3 6 89 .2 86 6. 2 66 3. 6 54 6. 4 M al i 2 09 7 2 54 5 2 91 5 35 .9 32 .2 31 .1 19 .2 16 .9 16 .2 13 4 72 6 17 6 76 9 20 2 75 4 2 30 3. 4 2 23 6. 8 2 16 4. 3 1 23 0. 8 1 17 4. 6 1 12 8. 6 M al ta 66 75 95 20 .9 21 .3 25 .4 16 .8 18 .1 21 .8 3 50 8 3 8 46 4 03 9 1 11 1. 9 1 09 2. 1 1 07 9. 6 89 1. 1 92 8. 4 92 6. 2 M au rit an ia 22 3 29 7 36 9 15 .0 14 .5 14 .9 8. 5 8. 5 8. 9 17 0 95 23 1 42 26 7 94 1 15 1. 2 1 12 7.3 1 07 9. 9 64 9. 9 66 2. 3 64 3. 5 M au rit iu s 17 0 13 6 17 0 19 .3 14 .0 16 .6 14 .3 10 .9 13 .5 9 27 7 8 82 4 9 77 2 1 05 4. 3 90 5. 9 95 4. 9 78 2. 8 70 7.1 77 4. 4 M ex ic o 13 3 64 15 5 70 16 4 52 20 .5 19 .4 18 .3 13 .5 13 .6 13 .3 76 6 40 4 83 3 13 2 89 2 70 9 1 17 7.6 1 03 5. 9 99 5. 7 77 4. 9 73 0. 2 72 3. 8 62 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 AN N EX 3 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT H AN D DA LY P ER 1 00 0 00 O F TH E W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TH E TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 No . d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 M ic ro ne si a (F ed er at ed S ta te s of ) 2 6 5 3. 1 9. 1 6. 7 1. 9 5. 8 4. 5 87 3 78 6 80 7 1 36 2. 7 1 18 7.5 1 08 2. 0 81 2. 8 76 3. 7 73 2. 2 M on go lia 61 2 66 5 71 5 39 .1 33 .5 33 .2 25 .5 24 .4 23 .4 30 4 06 36 21 7 39 1 80 1 94 4. 4 1 82 4. 6 1 81 6. 6 1 26 8. 3 1 33 1. 6 1 28 1. 9 M on te ne gr o 84 80 73 17 .4 15 .9 14 .3 13 .7 12 .8 11 .6 5 44 7 4 95 9 4 86 1 1 13 0. 1 98 3. 6 94 8. 9 88 7.8 79 4. 4 77 4. 9 M or oc co 6 61 9 5 04 6 4 93 3 34 .6 21 .8 19 .4 23 .0 15 .6 14 .0 33 6 18 0 30 2 90 9 30 4 49 6 1 75 5. 4 1 31 0. 1 1 19 8. 0 1 16 7.5 93 6. 5 86 6. 9 M oz am bi qu e 3 88 2 2 91 2 2 74 1 39 .5 22 .8 18 .0 21 .9 12 .4 9. 8 27 2 51 4 23 8 72 6 24 2 74 3 2 77 2. 4 1 86 9. 4 1 59 2. 1 1 53 8. 6 1 01 4. 5 87 2. 2 M ya nm ar 10 6 06 13 4 56 15 1 40 33 .6 38 .0 39 .3 22 .7 26 .6 28 .5 50 5 41 4 63 6 15 3 70 7 99 4 1 60 3. 0 1 79 7.2 1 83 6. 7 1 08 1. 8 1 25 7.2 1 33 4. 7 Na m ib ia 18 1 18 0 19 7 17 .4 13 .6 13 .2 10 .1 8. 5 8. 4 11 1 41 12 7 03 14 2 29 1 07 0. 8 95 7.9 95 5. 9 62 0. 8 59 9. 5 60 3. 4 Ne pa l 9 18 5 9 50 0 9 72 6 65 .0 55 .2 52 .7 38 .4 35 .2 35 .7 49 2 44 7 46 6 40 9 47 2 16 3 3 48 4. 2 2 71 0. 0 2 55 8. 2 2 05 6. 9 1 72 6. 6 1 73 1. 9 Ne th er la nd s 5 58 9 5 50 6 5 62 1 43 .0 40 .0 39 .7 35 .1 33 .0 33 .1 18 1 01 1 17 8 24 0 17 9 29 2 1 39 4. 0 1 29 5. 4 1 26 5. 6 1 13 6. 6 1 06 8. 4 1 05 5. 8 Ne w Ze al an d 1 03 6 1 05 1 1 01 6 34 .7 30 .3 27 .2 26 .8 24 .1 21 .8 41 7 75 43 5 39 43 6 01 1 40 0. 7 1 25 3. 2 1 16 7.0 1 08 2. 5 99 6. 3 93 5. 8 Ni ca ra gu a 52 7 57 6 63 3 17 .2 14 .8 14 .5 10 .4 9. 9 10 .0 33 9 12 39 8 76 43 9 02 1 10 8. 6 1 02 6. 8 1 00 7.9 66 9. 0 68 4. 7 69 6. 4 Ni ge r 1 87 2 3 10 6 3 45 7 31 .9 37 .8 33 .4 16 .5 18 .9 16 .6 13 7 13 9 21 6 11 2 24 1 77 0 2 33 9. 8 2 62 7.2 2 33 3. 3 1 21 0. 2 1 31 2. 6 1 16 3. 0 Ni ge ria 18 3 43 21 2 79 24 4 61 26 .6 24 .0 23 .5 15 .0 13 .4 13 .2 1 33 0 52 8 1 55 8 31 8 1 75 7 63 9 1 92 9. 3 1 75 6. 7 1 69 1. 0 1 08 8. 1 98 3. 1 94 5. 2 No rt h M ac ed on ia 29 0 28 8 28 1 18 .4 16 .9 16 .2 14 .3 13 .9 13 .5 16 1 47 17 1 24 17 0 69 1 02 6. 3 1 00 7.3 98 5. 7 79 3. 5 82 7.0 82 0. 3 No rw ay 93 5 1 05 3 1 00 6 26 .0 26 .5 23 .3 20 .8 21 .6 19 .2 38 1 40 40 8 49 40 0 92 1 05 9. 4 1 02 9. 8 92 8. 9 84 7.7 83 6. 1 76 3. 5 Om an 26 1 30 0 41 8 18 .3 13 .3 11 .9 11 .5 9. 9 9. 3 15 4 63 19 6 37 32 1 68 1 08 4. 0 86 8. 8 91 9. 1 68 1. 8 64 5. 6 71 8. 2 Pa ki st an 32 4 81 37 2 37 41 0 45 39 .3 33 .3 31 .3 22 .8 20 .8 20 .2 1 49 7 44 1 1 71 5 93 4 1 89 0 02 5 1 81 2. 6 1 53 5. 0 1 44 3. 4 1 05 2. 0 95 6. 4 92 8. 2 Pa na m a 32 4 34 6 35 2 15 .7 13 .4 12 .0 10 .7 9. 5 8. 7 20 5 25 21 5 31 22 3 92 99 5. 8 83 4. 0 76 6. 1 67 7.3 59 1. 1 55 4. 7 Pa pu a Ne w G ui ne a 87 8 96 6 1 25 7 24 .9 21 .4 23 .9 15 .0 13 .2 15 .2 48 5 53 55 4 06 67 8 29 1 37 8. 4 1 22 8. 4 1 29 0. 6 83 0. 3 75 7.9 82 0. 0 Pa ra gu ay 93 8 97 6 1 07 8 28 .6 23 .3 22 .7 17 .6 15 .6 15 .9 57 8 39 60 8 71 66 9 17 1 76 6. 0 1 45 2. 7 1 41 0. 9 1 08 6. 5 97 4. 2 98 7.3 Pe ru 3 57 0 3 85 6 4 25 0 20 .6 19 .0 18 .9 13 .5 13 .3 13 .7 19 6 05 7 22 9 90 6 25 6 02 1 1 13 0. 2 1 13 3. 0 1 13 5. 6 74 1. 0 79 2. 0 82 7.8 Ph ili pp in es 13 5 77 22 1 68 26 6 35 28 .3 35 .7 37 .7 17 .4 23 .6 25 .7 78 4 39 3 1 10 8 52 7 1 28 6 09 4 1 63 4. 5 1 78 7.2 1 82 2. 4 1 00 5. 7 1 17 9. 7 1 24 0. 6 Po la nd 7 45 4 8 63 7 9 17 4 24 .0 26 .6 28 .3 19 .3 22 .5 24 .1 39 5 05 0 40 8 36 3 41 2 28 7 1 27 3. 7 1 25 6. 6 1 27 3. 6 1 02 4. 6 1 06 5. 4 1 08 5. 3 Po rt ug al 2 64 3 2 1 59 1 91 0 30 .6 24 .0 21 .5 25 .7 20 .4 18 .5 11 6 46 6 10 2 75 9 96 0 18 1 34 7.0 1 14 0. 5 1 07 9. 7 1 13 1. 1 96 9. 8 92 9. 9 Qa ta r 40 13 8 22 7 9. 1 8. 5 9. 9 6. 8 7.4 8. 6 4 79 2 16 3 54 22 61 6 1 08 8. 9 1 01 1. 3 98 5. 0 80 8. 8 88 1. 0 85 2. 0 Re pu bl ic o f K or ea 11 3 45 9 64 2 9 10 5 30 .2 23 .2 20 .6 23 .9 19 .5 17 .9 65 8 92 9 60 6 06 2 59 1 94 9 1 75 1. 9 1 45 8. 0 1 34 2. 2 1 39 0. 8 1 22 3. 2 1 16 1. 1 Re pu bl ic o f M ol do va 85 1 79 2 60 2 26 .5 23 .2 17 .6 20 .2 19 .4 14 .8 45 3 82 40 4 85 34 6 82 1 41 0. 7 1 18 6. 8 10 12 .9 1 07 9. 8 99 0. 8 85 3. 0 Ro m an ia 7 01 1 5 58 6 4 75 4 38 .9 32 .4 28 .4 31 .7 27 .3 24 .0 34 9 36 0 26 9 90 4 23 9 62 8 1 93 8. 5 1 56 5. 4 1 43 1. 2 1 57 8. 1 1 31 8. 4 1 21 0. 5 ANNEXES 63 AN N EX 3 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT H AN D DA LY P ER 1 00 0 00 O F TH E W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TH E TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 No . d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Ru ss ia n Fe de ra tio n 51 71 4 40 0 01 33 9 76 43 .2 32 .8 28 .3 35 .3 27 .9 23 .4 2 34 9 91 8 1 94 2 36 0 1 74 9 39 4 1 96 3. 3 1 59 1. 3 1 45 5. 9 1 60 5. 1 1 35 3. 8 1 20 4. 2 Rw an da 1 46 6 1 26 2 1 45 0 33 .2 21 .5 20 .8 18 .5 12 .6 12 .4 11 0 10 1 11 3 34 9 13 1 24 4 2 49 4. 8 1 93 1. 3 1 88 4. 7 1 38 7.8 1 12 9. 0 1 12 4. 7 Sa in t L uc ia 15 11 14 14 .1 8. 2 9. 6 9. 6 6. 3 7.8 1 07 2 1 20 9 1 33 0 1 01 0. 1 90 4. 4 91 5. 8 68 3. 9 69 4. 5 73 8. 8 Sa in t V in ce nt a nd th e Gr en ad in es 2 6 8 2. 7 7.5 9. 5 1. 9 5. 5 7.3 50 1 63 7 7 32 6 78 .4 7 93 .3 87 2. 5 46 4. 8 58 8. 4 66 8. 7 Sa m oa 20 16 13 19 .4 13 .9 10 .9 11 .5 8. 6 6. 7 1 79 0 1 42 3 1 34 0 1 73 1. 9 1 24 0. 5 1 12 2. 8 1 02 6. 1 76 5. 3 68 8. 8 Sa o To m e an d Pr in ci pe 5 3 4 6. 3 2. 9 3. 5 3. 5 1. 7 2. 0 87 6 1 06 7 1 23 1 1 10 6. 9 1 04 5. 2 1 06 5. 2 61 5. 8 59 1. 6 60 5. 7 Sa ud i A ra bi a 2 61 4 3 20 9 3 86 6 20 .5 16 .6 16 .0 12 .7 11 .7 11 .9 14 3 47 7 18 5 02 0 22 1 46 8 1 12 4. 8 95 9. 8 91 6. 6 69 4. 3 67 4. 7 68 2. 6 Se ne ga l 1 21 1 1 49 0 1 50 3 22 .4 20 .8 17 .7 12 .4 11 .8 10 .0 82 0 72 10 4 39 2 11 2 01 3 1 51 5. 0 1 45 7.5 1 31 9. 4 83 7.7 82 3. 4 74 7.1 Se rb ia 2 46 4 2 12 8 1 87 3 32 .7 28 .6 25 .2 26 .0 23 .7 21 .2 11 5 14 3 10 0 45 4 91 3 31 1 52 6. 5 1 35 1. 5 1 22 7.7 1 21 3. 6 1 11 7.2 1 03 1. 5 Se yc he lle s 0 0 4 0. 0 0. 0 5. 5 0. 0 0. 0 4. 2 72 7 88 6 89 9 1 25 7.9 1 25 7.6 1 22 4. 9 89 7.6 97 0. 7 93 9. 3 Si er ra L eo ne 1 56 2 1 63 1 1 71 0 61 .0 44 .6 40 .0 34 .1 25 .4 23 .3 80 3 82 89 2 75 95 2 46 3 14 0. 4 2 44 2. 9 2 22 6. 7 1 75 3. 3 1 39 1. 5 1 29 9. 6 Si ng ap or e 78 8 77 6 80 3 24 .1 17 .6 16 .2 19 .6 15 .1 14 .2 36 5 30 37 6 65 39 0 81 1 11 5. 4 85 3. 5 78 8. 1 90 6. 7 73 4. 0 69 1. 3 Sl ov ak ia 56 9 52 0 50 6 13 .1 11 .4 11 .0 10 .5 9. 6 9. 3 37 0 08 36 6 59 36 4 05 85 3. 7 80 1. 2 78 9. 4 68 5. 4 67 8. 3 66 9. 0 Sl ov en ia 48 1 50 9 49 6 28 .7 29 .0 28 .1 24 .2 24 .9 23 .9 22 3 98 23 1 37 22 5 09 1 33 7.8 1 31 6. 5 1 27 3. 4 1 12 6. 8 1 13 2. 3 1 08 5. 2 So lo m on Is la nd s 56 57 62 23 .4 18 .2 16 .8 13 .6 10 .8 10 .0 3 66 5 3 61 3 3 8 69 1 52 9. 2 1 15 5. 2 1 04 8. 5 88 8. 1 68 4. 5 62 4. 6 So m al ia 1 82 0 2 21 3 2 66 7 38 .9 35 .5 35 .4 20 .5 18 .4 18 .8 11 4 12 2 14 8 40 4 1 74 2 68 2 43 6. 1 2 37 7.6 2 31 5. 4 1 28 6. 3 1 23 2. 2 1 22 8. 5 So ut h Af ric a 7 34 4 7 51 6 7 97 7 24 .7 20 .9 20 .0 16 .3 14 .7 14 .2 36 1 16 3 38 0 29 7 4 11 8 07 1 21 4. 4 1 05 5. 8 1 03 5. 0 80 3. 2 74 2. 5 73 2. 7 So ut h Su da n 1 64 1 1 93 0 2 29 6 48 .0 35 .9 36 .7 26 .5 20 .3 21 .2 11 5 74 8 14 6 49 8 17 7 35 1 3 38 3. 8 2 72 7.8 2 83 6. 2 1 86 7.1 1 54 0. 7 1 63 7.2 Sp ai n 9 00 5 9 32 0 9 18 6 25 .9 23 .3 23 .1 22 .1 19 .9 19 .7 34 5 47 4 36 4 33 8 34 8 15 7 99 2. 5 91 1. 1 87 5. 9 84 6. 2 77 6. 3 74 6. 6 Sr i L an ka 3 93 3 4 07 7 4 66 6 28 .6 27 .0 29 .4 20 .9 20 .1 22 .2 19 8 44 3 21 4 85 3 23 6 55 3 1 44 2. 8 1 42 1. 0 1 49 2. 3 1 05 6. 8 1 06 0. 4 1 12 5. 3 Su da n 8 07 1 8 53 6 9 25 9 52 .7 43 .3 39 .5 29 .6 24 .7 23 .2 44 8 73 4 47 5 96 2 50 8 86 6 2 92 7.5 2 41 7.0 2 17 1. 4 1 64 5. 2 1 37 7.8 1 27 7.0 Su rin am e 72 66 74 22 .7 17 .7 18 .1 15 .3 12 .5 13 .1 3 87 3 3 86 1 4 21 0 1 22 2. 1 1 03 3. 6 1 03 0. 6 82 2. 4 72 9. 7 74 5. 3 Sw ed en 1 85 3 1 85 0 1 85 6 25 .6 23 .6 22 .8 20 .9 19 .7 18 .9 77 3 70 77 6 31 78 1 47 1 06 7.8 99 0. 2 96 1. 7 87 1. 1 82 6. 7 79 4. 5 Sw itz er la nd 1 85 3 1 88 1 1 89 3 31 .4 28 .4 26 .5 25 .9 24 .1 22 .6 79 5 50 83 6 53 84 7 45 1 34 8. 8 1 26 1. 2 1 18 7.4 1 11 3. 6 1 07 1. 3 1 01 1. 3 Sy ria n Ar ab R ep ub lic 3 06 7 4 08 4 3 54 6 31 .7 30 .5 30 .0 18 .7 19 .1 20 .3 16 6 86 7 22 3 87 3 18 4 00 5 1 72 3. 8 1 67 3. 8 1 55 7.7 1 01 6. 8 1 04 8. 0 1 05 3. 5 Ta jik is ta n 84 1 92 4 1 10 1 23 .5 19 .1 19 .9 13 .5 12 .3 12 .7 51 1 71 57 1 19 70 2 97 1 43 2. 2 1 17 9. 7 1 27 0. 4 82 3. 2 75 8. 8 81 1. 4 Th ai la nd 16 21 5 19 0 42 19 5 59 33 .9 35 .1 34 .4 25 .8 28 .3 28 .4 89 9 20 4 1 08 3 59 4 1 10 4 18 0 1 87 9. 0 1 99 5. 4 1 94 3. 9 1 42 8. 4 1 61 2. 6 1 60 0. 9 Ti m or -L es te 15 3 14 1 14 5 31 .4 22 .4 19 .5 17 .3 12 .9 11 .9 11 0 09 10 3 21 10 5 95 2 25 8. 1 1 64 2. 4 1 42 1. 4 1 24 4. 8 94 3. 8 86 8. 9 To go 1 06 2 1 26 1 1 38 2 38 .0 34 .3 31 .7 21 .6 19 .6 18 .4 61 5 52 74 9 24 84 3 86 2 20 2. 5 2 03 9. 3 1 93 4. 2 1 24 9. 9 1 16 6. 7 1 12 3. 7 64 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 AN N EX 3 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT H AN D DA LY P ER 1 00 0 00 O F TH E W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TH E TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 No . d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 To ng a 5 4 5 8. 3 6. 1 7.7 5. 1 3. 8 4. 9 81 2 73 2 73 4 1 34 7.5 1 12 4. 7 1 13 6. 2 82 8. 9 70 4. 0 72 5. 7 Tr in id ad a nd To ba go 19 9 20 3 20 3 21 .1 19 .3 18 .6 15 .7 15 .3 14 .7 9 19 2 9 91 4 10 2 23 97 4. 9 94 1. 6 93 4. 9 72 5. 4 74 6. 5 74 2. 1 Tu ni si a 2 10 1 2 32 1 2 36 1 30 .7 28 .5 27 .5 21 .6 21 .8 20 .9 87 7 66 97 1 61 10 0 97 0 1 28 3. 3 1 19 1. 6 1 17 5. 3 90 4. 0 91 3. 6 89 3. 2 Tu rk ey 22 1 10 23 2 55 22 4 38 50 .4 44 .0 37 .6 35 .0 32 .2 28 .1 1 13 6 93 9 1 08 3 09 5 1 01 0 89 4 2 59 0. 6 2 04 8. 6 1 69 5. 8 1 79 7.8 1 49 7.5 1 26 6. 3 Tu rk m en is ta n 62 7 67 9 76 7 21 .8 18 .9 19 .6 13 .9 13 .3 13 .5 42 3 65 50 0 18 53 2 27 1 47 1. 9 1 39 5. 0 1 35 9. 0 93 8. 1 98 3. 2 94 0. 0 Ug an da 4 22 9 4 99 4 5 84 3 35 .5 30 .3 28 .2 17 .9 15 .4 14 .7 31 2 94 7 38 2 87 6 45 3 11 6 2 62 8. 6 2 31 9. 3 2 18 4. 0 1 32 3. 2 1 18 0. 7 1 14 2. 8 Uk ra in e 20 0 80 16 2 52 12 9 78 49 .6 41 .3 34 .3 41 .1 35 .5 29 .0 79 4 02 0 66 3 70 6 53 2 84 1 1 96 1. 6 1 68 7.8 1 40 9. 2 1 62 5. 8 1 44 9. 4 1 19 1. 7 Un ite d Ar ab E m ira te s 30 5 68 7 83 9 13 .2 9. 3 10 .5 9. 7 8. 0 9. 0 24 71 6 65 3 99 76 1 16 1 06 6. 3 88 0. 8 95 0. 2 78 8. 6 76 4. 9 81 3. 1 Un ite d Ki ng do m 20 9 63 21 9 05 22 6 86 43 .9 41 .8 41 .5 35 .6 34 .5 34 .2 63 8 09 5 65 0 73 8 66 3 04 1 1 33 7.5 1 24 2. 9 1 21 3. 6 1 08 2. 9 1 02 5. 4 1 00 0. 1 Un ite d Re pu bl ic o f T an za ni a 9 05 9 9 75 8 11 3 19 49 .0 39 .9 38 .4 27 .0 22 .0 21 .3 64 6 71 2 71 9 51 7 82 2 58 3 3 49 5. 3 2 94 3. 3 2 79 4. 3 1 93 0. 5 1 62 2. 5 1 55 0. 6 Un ite d St at es o f A m er ic a 68 6 95 64 9 00 67 1 98 31 .1 26 .3 25 .7 24 .4 21 .0 20 .8 2 50 5 08 3 2 42 6 18 9 2 52 5 86 4 1 13 5. 7 98 4. 0 96 5. 7 88 9. 2 78 5. 1 78 2. 0 Ur ug ua y 81 7 79 0 74 0 32 .6 30 .2 27 .3 24 .6 23 .5 21 .6 34 1 48 35 2 49 34 3 56 1 36 3. 1 1 34 8. 8 1 26 9. 1 1 02 8. 6 1 04 9. 3 1 00 3. 3 Uz be ki st an 3 29 9 3 19 7 3 28 9 21 .2 15 .8 14 .6 13 .3 11 .2 10 .5 21 4 64 6 23 5 37 0 25 0 52 3 1 38 1. 4 1 16 4. 8 1 11 2. 7 86 6. 6 82 5. 4 79 6. 8 Va nu at u 15 19 22 13 .9 13 .0 12 .9 8. 1 8. 0 7.9 2 01 9 2 34 1 2 68 5 1 86 6. 0 1 60 4. 0 1 57 8. 8 1 09 1. 6 99 1. 0 96 4. 7 Ve ne zu el a (B ol iv ar ia n Re pu bl ic o f) 6 63 3 6 77 1 7 13 9 41 .5 34 .0 33 .3 27 .4 23 .8 23 .9 38 0 41 2 38 3 91 1 40 9 67 5 2 38 1. 6 1 92 5. 9 1 91 1. 9 1 57 2. 4 1 34 9. 9 1 37 2. 4 Vi et N am 16 6 65 18 8 40 21 1 59 30 .5 28 .0 29 .4 20 .9 21 .4 22 .6 87 6 94 4 1 01 4 56 8 1 16 1 11 7 1 60 3. 8 1 51 0. 1 1 61 1. 1 1 09 7.4 1 15 3. 3 1 24 0. 0 Ye m en 4 44 5 5 56 6 6 24 5 50 .0 41 .9 38 .5 25 .5 24 .0 23 .0 23 5 04 4 29 4 75 8 32 8 07 8 2 64 3. 7 2 22 0. 6 2 02 4. 9 1 35 0. 1 1 27 3. 0 1 20 7.6 Za m bi a 1 63 5 1 77 2 1 84 9 29 .3 24 .7 20 .9 15 .7 13 .0 11 .3 11 9 94 1 13 8 82 4 15 3 48 3 2 14 8. 7 1 93 5. 7 1 73 1. 8 1 15 1. 5 1 02 0. 3 93 8. 0 Zi m ba bw e 1 98 7 1 78 3 1 75 5 28 .9 24 .0 21 .8 16 .7 14 .0 12 .5 10 8 38 3 11 2 81 3 12 4 05 7 1 57 4. 5 1 52 1. 6 1 54 2. 1 91 2. 2 88 8. 5 88 4. 2 DA LY s, d is ab ili ty -a dj us te d lif e ye ar s. ANNEXES 65 AN N EX 4 TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT HS A ND D AL YS P ER 1 00 0 00 W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , AS A R ES UL T O F ST RO KE A TT RI BU TA BL E TO E XP OS UR E TO L ON G W OR KI NG H OU RS , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 No . d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Gl ob al 33 4 72 4 36 6 52 4 39 8 30 6 7.9 7.3 7.3 5. 5 5. 3 5. 4 10 3 52 9 78 11 4 71 2 21 12 6 03 2 47 24 2. 9 22 7.4 22 9. 8 16 9. 6 16 5. 9 16 9. 9 Af ric an R eg io n 17 8 89 20 2 95 22 9 68 4. 8 4. 2 4. 0 2. 7 2. 4 2. 3 55 8 50 2 63 1 71 8 71 1 78 5 15 0. 6 12 9. 2 12 2. 5 84 .6 73 .6 70 .5 Re gi on o f t he A m er ic as 19 5 59 17 8 06 18 2 54 3. 3 2. 5 2. 4 2. 4 1. 9 1. 9 60 8 83 7 55 2 43 6 56 9 24 3 10 2. 3 79 .1 75 .0 73 .5 59 .5 57 .8 So ut h- Ea st A si a Re gi on 11 9 87 4 14 3 54 4 15 8 99 3 11 .5 11 .3 11 .3 7.6 7.9 8. 2 3 63 2 19 7 4 37 2 92 7 4 86 5 55 9 34 8. 6 34 4. 6 34 5. 4 23 0. 9 24 0. 9 25 0. 5 Eu ro pe an R eg io n 37 2 06 29 4 11 24 1 95 5. 4 4. 0 3. 2 4. 3 3. 3 2. 6 1 09 1 08 6 88 0 49 2 73 0 39 7 15 7.2 11 9. 2 96 .8 12 6. 0 98 .3 79 .5 Ea st er n M ed ite rr an ea n Re gi on 25 4 74 28 5 69 30 7 83 8. 9 7.4 6. 9 5. 4 4. 8 4. 6 76 2 59 6 86 1 82 7 93 6 29 8 26 6. 1 22 2. 7 20 9. 2 16 0. 9 14 5. 3 13 9. 2 W es te rn P ac ifi c Re gi on 11 4 72 2 12 6 89 9 14 3 11 3 9. 0 8. 7 9. 3 6. 7 7.0 7.6 3 69 9 76 0 4 17 1 82 2 4 78 9 96 5 29 0. 7 28 5. 1 31 2. 3 21 7.5 22 9. 0 25 3. 2 Af gh an is ta n 1 11 1 1 40 3 1 54 5 10 .5 9. 3 7.8 5. 3 4. 8 4. 4 36 71 9 46 7 75 51 3 17 34 5. 8 30 9. 3 26 0. 3 17 6. 7 16 0. 3 14 5. 0 Al ba ni a 14 9 17 0 17 3 6. 8 7.4 7.3 4. 8 5. 8 6. 0 3 84 9 4 29 1 4 39 7 17 6. 6 18 7.7 18 6. 6 12 3. 0 14 5. 6 15 2. 3 Al ge ria 1 06 8 98 7 1 03 9 5. 2 3. 8 3. 6 3. 4 2. 7 2. 6 29 3 21 26 21 7 27 2 34 14 3. 9 10 0. 2 94 .8 94 .5 72 .9 67 .2 An go la 60 1 66 1 78 7 6. 9 5. 3 5. 2 3. 7 2. 8 2. 7 19 0 77 19 3 63 22 2 37 22 0. 4 15 6. 5 14 5. 6 11 6. 4 82 .9 77 .1 An tig ua a nd B ar bu da 1 1 0 1. 8 1. 5 0. 0 1. 3 1. 1 0. 0 91 82 10 0 16 7.9 12 3. 1 13 6. 3 11 9. 7 93 .2 10 5. 8 Ar ge nt in a 1 69 5 1 19 2 1 08 9 6. 4 3. 9 3. 3 4. 6 2. 9 2. 5 52 2 47 36 6 29 33 6 73 19 8. 1 12 1. 1 10 3. 3 14 1. 7 89 .6 77 .4 Ar m en ia 12 1 97 74 5. 3 4. 2 3. 2 3. 9 3. 4 2. 5 3 40 6 2 83 5 2 25 6 14 9. 6 12 2. 3 96 .4 11 1. 0 98 .5 76 .8 Au st ra lia 46 3 33 8 30 0 3. 1 1. 9 1. 5 2. 4 1. 5 1. 2 13 5 38 11 1 15 10 4 74 90 .1 62 .0 53 .3 71 .3 50 .2 43 .2 Au st ria 18 4 10 1 87 2. 7 1. 4 1. 2 2. 3 1. 2 1. 0 5 4 94 3 42 4 3 07 8 81 .9 47 .7 41 .0 68 .1 40 .7 35 .2 Az er ba ija n 26 7 27 6 26 4 4. 8 4. 0 3. 5 3. 3 3. 1 2. 7 8 0 39 8 39 0 8 22 7 14 3. 7 12 0. 4 10 9. 9 99 .0 92 .9 84 .5 Ba ha m as 7 9 10 3. 3 3. 5 3. 5 2. 3 2. 5 2. 6 29 4 37 7 39 2 13 9. 5 14 5. 3 13 5. 3 98 .6 10 6. 2 10 3. 7 Ba hr ai n 8 9 8 1. 7 0. 9 0. 7 1. 2 0. 7 0. 6 32 2 40 2 45 1 69 .4 40 .7 39 .7 48 .4 32 .4 31 .6 Ba ng la de sh 9 96 2 14 0 12 14 8 21 12 .4 14 .0 13 .2 7.8 9. 5 9. 4 27 9 36 2 39 6 56 8 44 2 71 4 34 7.1 39 5. 1 39 3. 3 21 8. 8 26 8. 7 28 0. 2 Ba rb ad os 13 15 18 6. 1 6. 6 7.7 4. 8 5. 3 6. 3 33 8 44 6 46 6 15 9. 2 19 7.0 19 8. 7 12 4. 5 15 8. 1 16 3. 1 Be la ru s 86 4 68 1 46 9 10 .7 8. 5 5. 9 8. 8 7.2 5. 0 26 2 65 21 0 39 14 6 07 32 6. 6 26 2. 4 18 5. 2 26 6. 1 22 3. 3 15 4. 6 Be lg iu m 17 5 12 8 11 3 2. 1 1. 4 1. 2 1. 7 1. 2 1. 0 5 06 7 3 8 28 3 56 0 59 .8 42 .1 37 .8 49 .3 35 .0 31 .4 Be liz e 5 7 9 3. 4 3. 4 3. 6 2. 0 2. 2 2. 4 22 8 27 8 31 3 15 5. 6 13 3. 9 12 4. 1 92 .2 86 .2 85 .0 Be ni n 19 0 26 9 35 2 5. 0 5. 2 5. 7 2. 8 2. 9 3. 2 5 74 2 8 33 9 10 5 16 15 2. 4 16 1. 4 16 9. 3 83 .6 90 .6 96 .7 Bh ut an 40 40 42 11 .2 8. 5 7.8 6. 8 5. 8 5. 7 1 35 1 1 40 1 1 52 1 37 9. 8 29 6. 9 28 1. 8 22 8. 6 20 4. 4 20 6. 5 Bo liv ia (P lu rin at io na l S ta te o f) 56 1 49 6 49 4 10 .7 7.5 6. 6 6. 7 4. 9 4. 5 19 1 93 16 6 52 15 9 86 36 6. 2 25 3. 0 21 3. 0 22 8. 0 16 5. 7 14 4. 9 Bo sn ia a nd H er ze go vi na 23 8 23 4 18 4 8. 0 7.5 6. 4 6. 3 6. 3 5. 4 6 85 6 6 28 5 5 08 7 23 0. 5 20 1. 3 17 6. 6 18 2. 8 16 9. 6 15 0. 2 66 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 AN N EX 4 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT HS A ND D AL YS P ER 1 00 0 00 W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , AS A R ES UL T O F ST RO KE A TT RI BU TA BL E TO E XP OS UR E TO L ON G W OR KI NG H OU RS , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 No . d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Bo ts w an a 46 62 72 4. 6 4. 8 5. 1 2. 8 3. 1 3. 3 1 36 6 1 68 9 1 86 6 13 5. 5 13 0. 7 13 2. 3 83 .1 85 .0 86 .4 Br az il 5 82 3 4 76 8 4 16 4 4. 8 3. 2 2. 6 3. 3 2. 4 2. 0 17 9 99 9 14 2 45 3 12 4 98 7 14 7.0 96 .8 77 .8 10 3. 0 72 .8 60 .6 Br un ei D ar us sa la m 5 9 12 2. 2 3. 1 3. 8 1. 5 2. 3 2. 9 30 3 34 9 49 4 13 1. 2 12 1. 3 15 4. 6 90 .9 89 .8 11 7.7 Bu lg ar ia 27 2 17 4 13 6 4. 0 2. 7 2. 2 3. 4 2. 3 1. 9 7 67 9 4 86 7 3 76 7 11 3. 8 75 .8 61 .5 96 .0 65 .5 52 .7 Bu rk in a Fa so 23 8 32 5 38 0 3. 9 3. 9 3. 7 2. 1 2. 1 2. 0 7 37 7 10 2 45 12 0 55 11 9. 4 12 2. 1 11 8. 4 63 .6 65 .7 64 .7 Bu ru nd i 18 1 22 1 24 8 5. 7 4. 6 4. 3 2. 8 2. 5 2. 4 5 40 1 6 92 4 8 01 1 16 9. 6 14 5. 5 14 0. 3 84 .7 79 .8 76 .4 Ca bo V er de 15 16 14 6. 1 4. 8 3. 7 3. 5 3. 2 2. 6 4 37 43 3 40 0 17 8. 9 12 9. 9 10 6. 9 10 2. 1 87 .9 75 .3 Ca m bo di a 1 02 4 1 14 7 1 23 8 14 .4 12 .0 11 .4 8. 4 8. 0 7.9 31 5 63 34 8 28 37 5 64 44 4. 6 36 5. 0 34 7.3 25 9. 7 24 3. 3 23 8. 3 Ca m er oo n 25 3 39 1 56 8 3. 0 3. 4 4. 2 1. 6 1. 9 2. 4 9 10 1 13 4 34 18 6 90 10 6. 8 11 7.3 13 7.2 58 .7 66 .0 78 .1 Ca na da 41 9 34 5 32 5 1. 7 1. 2 1. 1 1. 4 1. 0 0. 9 14 5 48 13 4 94 13 5 58 58 .8 47 .3 44 .3 47 .6 39 .5 37 .3 Ce nt ra l A fri ca n Re pu bl ic 21 9 22 0 18 7 10 .6 9. 0 7.5 6. 0 5. 0 4. 1 6 48 2 6 7 27 5 63 6 31 3. 9 27 4. 1 22 5. 6 17 8. 1 15 3. 3 12 4. 2 Ch ad 30 4 38 4 42 9 7.1 6. 3 5. 6 3. 6 3. 2 2. 9 9 82 9 12 9 91 14 8 14 23 0. 1 21 2. 2 19 4. 3 11 7.6 10 8. 7 10 1. 7 Ch ile 38 5 40 4 37 9 3. 5 3. 0 2. 6 2. 5 2. 4 2. 1 11 0 91 11 3 44 10 9 57 99 .5 85 .3 75 .5 72 .3 66 .5 60 .2 Ch in a 89 5 67 98 2 32 11 3 47 7 9. 2 8. 8 9. 8 6. 9 7.2 8. 0 2 93 2 19 7 3 25 1 66 9 3 82 0 21 1 30 2. 1 29 2. 1 32 9. 4 22 7.2 23 7.6 27 0. 2 Co lo m bi a 1 38 1 1 33 0 1 45 3 5. 2 4. 0 4. 0 3. 5 2. 9 3. 0 40 5 38 38 9 35 43 0 59 15 1. 7 11 8. 4 11 7.7 10 2. 3 86 .1 89 .4 Co m or os 7 7 9 2. 3 1. 7 1. 9 1. 3 1. 0 1. 1 27 4 32 9 40 7 90 .2 80 .9 85 .2 50 .5 47 .7 51 .2 Co ng o 79 75 79 4. 4 3. 0 2. 7 2. 5 1. 8 1. 6 2 65 7 2 45 6 2 46 5 14 6. 9 98 .5 85 .4 85 .0 57 .5 49 .5 Co st a Ri ca 78 83 93 2. 9 2. 4 2. 4 2. 0 1. 8 1. 9 2 22 4 2 38 5 2 78 2 81 .5 68 .8 72 .7 56 .1 52 .1 56 .8 Cô te d ’Iv oi re 85 7 1 25 7 1 47 5 9. 2 10 .9 10 .7 5. 2 6. 1 6. 2 27 4 79 42 7 93 50 4 50 29 6. 3 36 9. 7 36 7.5 16 7.0 20 8. 4 21 1. 8 Cr oa tia 14 5 84 54 4. 0 2. 3 1. 5 3. 3 1. 9 1. 3 4 17 6 2 33 5 1 56 5 11 4. 1 63 .8 43 .5 94 .3 53 .9 37 .2 Cu ba 56 0 59 3 57 0 6. 4 6. 4 6. 0 5. 0 5. 3 5. 0 15 8 62 16 1 73 15 7 58 18 1. 8 17 5. 1 16 6. 6 14 2. 6 14 4. 1 13 9. 0 Cy pr us 12 9 8 1. 6 1. 0 0. 8 1. 3 0. 8 0. 7 3 88 33 4 26 3 53 .0 36 .5 27 .0 41 .1 30 .0 22 .5 Cz ec hi a 24 2 13 0 94 2. 8 1. 4 1. 0 2. 4 1. 2 0. 9 7 50 8 4 43 4 3 31 0 87 .3 49 .1 36 .8 73 .0 42 .1 31 .2 De m oc ra tic P eo pl e' s Re pu bl ic o f K or ea 2 96 4 5 21 4 5 63 2 17 .5 27 .5 28 .1 12 .9 21 .2 22 .3 93 7 65 15 1 65 1 15 8 56 9 55 2. 2 79 8. 5 79 0. 1 40 8. 9 61 7.8 62 6. 6 De m oc ra tic R ep ub lic o f t he C on go 1 05 0 1 24 7 1 42 6 4. 1 3. 6 3. 4 2. 2 1. 9 1. 8 33 9 03 38 9 67 43 8 99 13 2. 2 11 2. 1 10 3. 8 72 .0 60 .4 55 .7 De nm ar k 82 67 52 1. 9 1. 5 1. 1 1. 5 1. 2 0. 9 2 47 3 2 10 7 1 76 4 56 .8 46 .2 37 .0 46 .3 37 .9 30 .9 Dj ib ou ti 29 32 38 6. 8 5. 6 5. 9 4. 0 3. 8 4. 1 1 00 4 1 00 6 1 26 9 23 7.0 17 7.6 19 6. 0 13 9. 9 11 9. 7 13 6. 6 Do m in ic an R ep ub lic 33 5 38 7 43 7 6. 1 5. 8 5. 9 4. 0 4. 0 4. 2 10 7 58 12 1 31 13 9 61 19 5. 1 18 0. 3 18 7.9 12 7.0 12 5. 1 13 4. 3 ANNEXES 67 AN N EX 4 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT HS A ND D AL YS P ER 1 00 0 00 W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , AS A R ES UL T O F ST RO KE A TT RI BU TA BL E TO E XP OS UR E TO L ON G W OR KI NG H OU RS , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 No . d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Ec ua do r 33 0 32 1 38 7 4. 0 3. 1 3. 3 2. 6 2. 1 2. 3 10 4 36 9 96 4 11 6 85 12 6. 5 96 .3 99 .4 82 .3 66 .4 70 .9 Eg yp t 4 03 5 5 18 6 5 70 2 9. 3 9. 3 9. 1 5. 9 6. 3 6. 0 12 0 14 3 15 8 02 2 17 5 87 8 27 6. 4 28 3. 1 28 0. 6 17 4. 5 19 0. 9 18 6. 2 El S al va do r 12 9 94 97 3. 5 2. 2 2. 1 2. 2 1. 5 1. 5 4 07 4 2 95 6 3 1 53 10 9. 2 69 .9 68 .8 69 .2 47 .8 49 .6 Eq ua to ria l G ui ne a 31 26 29 8. 6 4. 5 3. 8 5. 1 2. 8 2. 4 99 8 89 7 94 9 27 7.4 15 4. 6 12 4. 8 16 4. 6 95 .1 78 .1 Er itr ea 17 4 17 8 17 2 14 .0 9. 3 8. 8 7.6 5. 6 5. 1 5 38 9 5 22 4 5 02 1 43 3. 0 27 2. 3 25 6. 7 23 5. 1 16 4. 8 14 8. 7 Es to ni a 65 19 15 5. 6 1. 7 1. 4 4. 6 1. 4 1. 1 1 98 9 71 6 50 0 17 2. 5 63 .3 45 .3 14 2. 2 53 .7 38 .0 Es w at in i 31 32 32 5. 4 5. 0 4. 7 3. 1 3. 0 2. 9 88 5 86 4 93 7 15 4. 4 13 5. 7 13 7.1 88 .0 81 .1 84 .1 Et hi op ia 83 3 1 00 2 1 24 5 2. 3 2. 1 2. 1 1. 3 1. 1 1. 2 30 9 27 34 6 43 41 5 45 87 .2 71 .8 68 .8 46 .7 39 .5 40 .1 Fi ji 25 15 14 4. 7 2. 5 2. 3 3. 1 1. 7 1. 6 99 2 60 7 57 6 18 8. 3 99 .4 94 .0 12 2. 3 70 .6 66 .0 Fi nl an d 83 61 55 2. 0 1. 4 1. 2 1. 6 1. 1 1. 0 2 70 1 2 09 8 1 91 8 63 .6 46 .8 41 .7 52 .1 39 .1 34 .9 Fr an ce 44 4 32 0 26 4 0. 9 0. 6 0. 5 0. 8 0. 5 0. 4 14 0 08 10 9 44 9 62 3 29 .3 21 .3 18 .2 23 .7 17 .4 14 .9 Ga bo n 53 51 48 7.3 5. 0 3. 8 4. 3 3. 1 2. 4 1 31 5 1 2 41 1 29 3 18 1. 5 12 2. 1 10 1. 6 10 7.1 76 .4 64 .4 Ga m bi a 56 61 67 8. 0 6. 2 5. 6 4. 2 3. 4 3. 1 1 60 4 1 80 3 1 99 6 23 0. 0 18 3. 3 16 7.2 12 1. 7 10 0. 5 92 .9 Ge or gi a 50 4 49 7 47 9 14 .6 14 .8 14 .8 11 .6 12 .1 11 .9 13 0 92 12 6 96 11 8 03 37 9. 0 37 7.5 36 4. 0 30 0. 1 30 9. 7 29 3. 9 Ge rm an y 1 56 9 1 06 6 90 6 2. 3 1. 5 1. 3 1. 9 1. 3 1. 1 45 6 08 33 4 21 28 8 64 66 .4 47 .8 40 .5 56 .0 41 .3 35 .1 Gh an a 58 8 86 6 97 2 5. 3 5. 8 5. 5 3. 0 3. 5 3. 4 17 0 93 24 4 20 28 8 72 15 4. 1 16 2. 3 16 3. 6 88 .7 98 .5 10 1. 4 Gr ee ce 40 9 27 0 20 7 4. 3 2. 9 2. 3 3. 7 2. 5 2. 0 9 5 43 6 52 4 5 36 1 10 1. 4 70 .5 59 .0 86 .1 59 .9 50 .5 Gr en ad a 5 3 1 7.3 3. 7 1. 2 4. 9 2. 8 0. 9 16 3 13 9 11 0 23 8. 0 17 2. 1 13 0. 0 15 8. 5 13 0. 9 99 .8 Gu at em al a 21 9 21 5 25 4 3. 3 2. 4 2. 4 1. 9 1. 5 1. 5 7 01 5 6 37 3 7 30 3 10 7.0 71 .8 68 .4 60 .2 43 .6 44 .0 Gu in ea 27 0 35 9 40 9 6. 1 6. 5 6. 3 3. 3 3. 5 3. 5 8 43 0 11 4 94 12 8 47 19 1. 0 20 9. 5 19 7.7 10 2. 3 11 2. 8 10 9. 4 Gu in ea -B is sa u 45 48 50 6. 9 5. 5 4. 9 3. 7 3. 2 2. 8 1 47 5 1 52 4 1 57 8 22 4. 9 17 6. 0 15 4. 2 12 2. 8 10 0. 1 88 .5 Gu ya na 51 51 54 10 .6 10 .0 9. 9 6. 8 6. 8 7.0 1 60 4 1 50 2 1 69 1 33 3. 8 29 5. 7 30 8. 6 21 4. 8 20 0. 4 21 9. 2 Ha iti 59 2 53 6 74 1 11 .7 8. 5 10 .4 7.0 5. 4 6. 8 18 4 72 17 4 81 22 9 72 36 5. 2 27 5. 7 32 1. 1 21 8. 2 17 5. 7 21 1. 9 Ho nd ur as 88 10 2 13 6 2. 3 2. 0 2. 2 1. 3 1. 2 1. 5 2 95 1 3 46 3 4 50 1 78 .5 66 .7 72 .5 44 .9 41 .6 48 .6 Hu ng ar y 29 8 16 2 10 9 3. 5 1. 9 1. 3 2. 9 1. 6 1. 1 9 48 4 5 34 0 3 73 6 11 1. 6 63 .2 44 .7 92 .8 53 .8 38 .3 Ic el an d 9 5 4 4. 2 2. 0 1. 5 3. 2 1. 6 1. 2 24 4 22 0 20 4 11 3. 3 86 .7 76 .9 87 .0 68 .7 61 .4 In di a 71 6 33 79 7 80 86 0 48 10 .4 9. 3 9. 0 6. 8 6. 5 6. 5 2 17 5 30 6 2 45 6 33 9 2 66 9 62 0 31 5. 4 28 7.6 27 9. 7 20 5. 9 19 9. 0 20 1. 6 In do ne si a 23 1 12 30 8 20 37 9 84 15 .8 17 .9 20 .0 10 .9 12 .7 14 .5 71 0 77 1 94 9 73 7 1 15 3 40 1 48 4. 9 55 1. 8 60 6. 0 33 6. 0 39 2. 7 44 1. 0 68 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 AN N EX 4 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT HS A ND D AL YS P ER 1 00 0 00 W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , AS A R ES UL T O F ST RO KE A TT RI BU TA BL E TO E XP OS UR E TO L ON G W OR KI NG H OU RS , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 No . d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Ira n (I sl am ic R ep ub lic o f) 2 80 3 2 73 2 2 38 7 6. 5 4. 9 3. 9 4. 3 3. 7 3. 0 81 9 96 76 8 09 67 2 01 18 9. 2 13 7.1 11 1. 2 12 4. 9 10 4. 1 84 .5 Ira q 83 8 87 5 95 1 6. 2 5. 1 4. 3 3. 6 2. 9 2. 6 25 3 71 28 0 86 31 1 17 18 9. 2 16 2. 3 13 9. 6 10 8. 0 94 .4 85 .0 Ire la nd 99 59 52 3. 3 1. 6 1. 4 2. 6 1. 3 1. 1 2 26 9 1 49 7 1 37 8 76 .4 41 .5 37 .5 60 .0 32 .9 29 .3 Is ra el 75 54 59 1. 8 1. 0 1. 0 1. 3 0. 7 0. 7 2 09 1 1 71 5 1 81 4 48 .9 32 .1 31 .0 35 .2 23 .3 22 .4 Ita ly 87 9 65 7 60 6 1. 8 1. 3 1. 2 1. 6 1. 1 1. 0 22 9 78 17 0 96 16 0 43 47 .3 33 .5 30 .6 40 .5 28 .8 26 .4 Ja m ai ca 14 6 12 4 13 1 8. 1 6. 0 6. 0 5. 5 4. 4 4. 5 3 92 5 3 27 3 3 55 9 21 7.9 15 9. 6 16 1. 8 14 7.9 11 6. 5 12 2. 5 Ja pa n 9 03 3 6 99 0 5 50 3 8. 3 6. 3 4. 9 7.1 5. 4 4. 3 25 3 60 1 20 3 24 0 16 3 94 5 23 3. 4 18 2. 5 14 7.3 19 8. 9 15 8. 1 12 8. 3 Jo rd an 18 8 21 8 27 8 6. 1 4. 8 4. 5 3. 7 3. 0 2. 9 5 54 2 6 43 5 8 19 0 17 9. 2 14 1. 7 13 2. 8 10 8. 2 88 .6 85 .7 Ka za kh st an 96 9 91 6 73 9 9. 0 7.4 5. 7 6. 5 5. 6 4. 1 31 1 45 29 6 86 2 3 40 1 28 8. 0 24 0. 5 18 0. 5 20 8. 7 18 2. 7 13 1. 2 Ke ny a 23 0 27 8 37 3 1. 3 1. 2 1. 3 0. 7 0. 7 0. 8 7 85 1 9 0 48 1 2 04 8 44 .9 38 .1 41 .6 24 .6 21 .5 24 .6 Ki rib at i 3 4 6 5. 9 6. 1 8. 2 3. 6 3. 9 5. 3 21 4 24 2 27 7 42 2. 4 36 7.9 37 8. 2 25 3. 5 23 5. 1 24 6. 2 Ku w ai t 26 86 10 7 1. 8 3. 7 3. 4 1. 3 2. 9 2. 7 93 9 2 68 2 3 41 1 64 .1 11 6. 7 10 9. 5 45 .9 89 .6 86 .2 Ky rg yz st an 30 6 29 0 28 1 9. 6 7.6 6. 8 6. 2 5. 3 4. 6 9 24 6 9 01 0 8 80 9 28 8. 8 23 7.0 21 3. 0 18 7.9 16 6. 2 14 5. 0 La o Pe op le 's D em oc ra tic R ep ub lic 49 6 57 7 59 8 16 .4 14 .5 13 .1 9. 3 9. 2 8. 7 15 1 99 17 6 54 18 5 00 50 4. 0 44 4. 4 40 4. 6 28 5. 5 28 2. 5 27 0. 2 La tv ia 26 9 16 6 11 6 13 .7 9. 1 6. 9 11 .3 7.8 5. 9 7 63 9 4 72 0 3 33 6 39 0. 1 25 9. 3 19 9. 3 32 0. 4 22 2. 8 16 9. 0 Le ba no n 93 92 11 6 3. 5 2. 5 2. 4 2. 4 1. 9 1. 7 2 83 2 2 94 9 3 92 0 10 7.0 80 .3 80 .0 73 .7 59 .5 58 .4 Le so th o 10 4 10 5 98 8. 5 8. 1 7.1 5. 1 5. 3 4. 7 2 66 1 2 71 9 2 59 5 21 8. 2 20 9. 3 18 7.3 13 0. 9 13 6. 3 12 5. 1 Li be ria 12 7 17 5 16 9 7.8 7.9 6. 3 4. 5 4. 5 3. 7 3 3 39 4 73 2 4 72 0 20 4. 5 21 3. 5 17 6. 8 11 7.2 12 1. 6 10 2. 9 Li by a 18 3 18 9 20 2 5. 2 4. 3 4. 4 3. 4 3. 0 3. 1 5 70 0 5 93 6 6 56 4 16 0. 8 13 4. 4 14 1. 9 10 6. 4 95 .8 10 1. 1 Li th ua ni a 17 7 17 6 14 5 6. 3 6. 6 5. 9 5. 1 5. 6 5. 0 5 35 7 5 17 0 4 26 7 19 1. 3 19 4. 2 17 3. 0 15 3. 0 16 5. 5 14 7.7 Lu xe m bo ur g 5 5 2 1. 4 1. 2 0. 4 1. 1 1. 0 0. 3 21 6 15 9 12 6 61 .1 38 .0 26 .0 49 .5 31 .3 21 .8 M ad ag as ca r 1 10 8 1 19 2 1 17 3 12 .8 10 .0 8. 0 7.0 5. 6 4. 7 33 4 44 36 2 09 35 0 74 38 6. 7 30 3. 1 24 0. 0 21 2. 1 17 1. 2 14 0. 9 M al aw i 26 9 19 2 18 6 4. 5 2. 5 2. 0 2. 4 1. 3 1. 1 7 99 6 5 44 9 5 23 2 13 3. 0 69 .9 55 .0 71 .7 37 .5 30 .4 M al ay si a 90 5 1 05 0 1 13 2 5. 9 5. 2 4. 9 3. 9 3. 7 3. 7 29 8 28 35 1 42 38 7 68 19 3. 0 17 2. 9 16 7.8 12 8. 6 12 4. 6 12 6. 3 M al di ve s 12 8 9 7.2 2. 9 2. 4 4. 3 2. 2 1. 9 36 8 28 7 27 5 22 1. 2 10 5. 0 73 .0 13 1. 7 78 .5 57 .8 M al i 29 6 28 7 34 6 5. 1 3. 6 3. 7 2. 7 1. 9 1. 9 9 24 7 9 54 6 11 4 17 15 8. 1 12 0. 8 12 1. 9 84 .5 63 .4 63 .5 M al ta 4 3 3 1. 3 0. 9 0. 8 1. 0 0. 7 0. 7 17 5 15 4 14 8 55 .5 43 .7 39 .6 44 .5 37 .2 33 .9 M au rit an ia 75 92 11 2 5. 1 4. 5 4. 5 2. 9 2. 6 2. 7 2 10 1 2 77 5 3 31 8 14 1. 5 13 5. 2 13 3. 7 79 .9 79 .4 79 .7 M au rit iu s 52 30 38 5. 9 3. 1 3. 7 4. 4 2. 4 3. 0 1 67 6 1 06 2 1 34 2 19 0. 5 10 9. 0 13 1. 1 14 1. 4 85 .1 10 6. 4 ANNEXES 69 AN N EX 4 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT HS A ND D AL YS P ER 1 00 0 00 W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , AS A R ES UL T O F ST RO KE A TT RI BU TA BL E TO E XP OS UR E TO L ON G W OR KI NG H OU RS , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 No . d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 M ex ic o 19 01 2 29 4 2 58 5 2. 9 2. 9 2. 9 1. 9 2. 0 2. 1 56 2 50 67 8 35 77 5 57 86 .4 84 .3 86 .5 56 .9 59 .5 62 .9 M ic ro ne si a (F ed er at ed S ta te s of ) 1 2 3 1. 6 3. 0 4. 0 0. 9 1. 9 2. 7 18 5 17 4 17 9 28 8. 8 26 2. 9 24 0. 0 17 2. 2 16 9. 1 16 2. 4 M on go lia 23 8 33 2 36 2 15 .2 16 .7 16 .8 9. 9 12 .2 11 .8 8 11 2 11 9 93 12 8 21 51 8. 7 60 4. 2 59 4. 5 33 8. 4 44 0. 9 41 9. 5 M on te ne gr o 38 31 31 7.9 6. 1 6. 1 6. 2 5. 0 4. 9 1 13 3 91 4 87 5 23 5. 1 18 1. 3 17 0. 8 18 4. 7 14 6. 4 13 9. 5 M or oc co 1 50 9 1 07 5 1 04 1 7.9 4. 6 4. 1 5. 2 3. 3 3. 0 43 4 02 29 3 69 29 0 50 22 6. 6 12 7.0 11 4. 3 15 0. 7 90 .8 82 .7 M oz am bi qu e 70 5 51 7 47 7 7.2 4. 0 3. 1 4. 0 2. 2 1. 7 21 8 87 15 4 68 14 0 70 22 2. 7 12 1. 1 92 .3 12 3. 6 65 .7 50 .6 M ya nm ar 4 78 3 5 88 2 6 46 0 15 .2 16 .6 16 .8 10 .2 11 .6 12 .2 13 6 58 4 17 2 00 7 18 9 46 7 43 3. 2 48 5. 9 49 1. 5 29 2. 3 33 9. 9 35 7.2 Na m ib ia 55 53 54 5. 3 4. 0 3. 6 3. 1 2. 5 2. 3 1 65 3 1 50 0 1 55 0 15 8. 9 11 3. 1 10 4. 1 92 .1 70 .8 65 .7 Ne pa l 1 99 1 2 19 4 2 28 0 14 .1 12 .7 12 .4 8. 3 8. 1 8. 4 59 6 22 60 3 19 61 6 72 42 1. 8 35 0. 5 33 4. 1 24 9. 0 22 3. 3 22 6. 2 Ne th er la nd s 14 2 95 95 1. 1 0. 7 0. 7 0. 9 0. 6 0. 6 4 51 4 3 40 7 3 32 7 34 .8 24 .8 23 .5 28 .3 20 .4 19 .6 Ne w Ze al an d 11 3 89 75 3. 8 2. 6 2. 0 2. 9 2. 0 1. 6 3 38 1 2 84 5 2 63 9 11 3. 4 81 .9 70 .6 87 .6 65 .1 56 .6 Ni ca ra gu a 11 5 10 4 11 4 3. 8 2. 7 2. 6 2. 3 1. 8 1. 8 3 73 6 3 32 0 3 72 2 12 2. 1 85 .5 85 .4 73 .7 57 .0 59 .0 Ni ge r 31 1 48 3 56 8 5. 3 5. 9 5. 5 2. 7 2. 9 2. 7 9 86 7 15 6 28 18 0 68 16 8. 3 19 0. 0 17 4. 4 87 .1 94 .9 86 .9 Ni ge ria 3 16 1 3 69 5 4 62 1 4. 6 4. 2 4. 4 2. 6 2. 3 2. 5 10 0 00 1 11 7 43 9 14 4 96 9 14 5. 0 13 2. 4 13 9. 5 81 .8 74 .1 78 .0 No rt h M ac ed on ia 12 9 12 1 10 8 8. 2 7.1 6. 2 6. 3 5. 8 5. 2 3 61 2 3 39 4 3 01 9 22 9. 6 19 9. 7 17 4. 3 17 7.5 16 3. 9 14 5. 1 No rw ay 54 33 32 1. 5 0. 8 0. 7 1. 2 0. 7 0. 6 1 57 1 1 17 5 1 05 8 43 .6 29 .6 24 .5 34 .9 24 .0 20 .1 Om an 54 60 72 3. 8 2. 7 2. 1 2. 4 2. 0 1. 6 1 88 2 2 18 2 2 76 8 13 1. 9 96 .5 79 .1 83 .0 71 .7 61 .8 Pa ki st an 9 75 6 10 9 89 12 0 53 11 .8 9. 8 9. 2 6. 9 6. 1 5. 9 28 0 97 1 31 7 60 7 34 8 97 1 34 0. 1 28 4. 1 26 6. 5 19 7.4 17 7.0 17 1. 4 Pa na m a 92 89 10 2 4. 5 3. 4 3. 5 3. 0 2. 4 2. 5 2 51 0 2 52 2 2 96 3 12 1. 8 97 .7 10 1. 4 82 .8 69 .2 73 .4 Pa pu a Ne w G ui ne a 33 1 36 9 46 9 9. 4 8. 2 8. 9 5. 7 5. 0 5. 7 12 0 63 13 21 2 16 6 31 34 2. 5 29 2. 9 31 6. 4 20 6. 3 18 0. 7 20 1. 1 Pa ra gu ay 28 8 27 5 28 2 8. 8 6. 6 5. 9 5. 4 4. 4 4. 2 9 27 8 8 54 7 8 67 8 28 3. 3 20 4. 0 18 3. 0 17 4. 3 13 6. 8 12 8. 0 Pe ru 91 5 98 1 1 03 6 5. 3 4. 8 4. 6 3. 5 3. 4 3. 3 29 0 09 31 4 43 33 1 91 16 7.2 15 5. 0 14 7.2 10 9. 6 10 8. 3 10 7.3 Ph ili pp in es 2 97 1 8 52 2 10 4 84 6. 2 13 .7 14 .9 3. 8 9. 1 10 .1 10 3 30 9 28 9 35 6 35 1 57 9 21 5. 3 46 6. 5 49 8. 2 13 2. 5 30 7.9 33 9. 2 Po la nd 1 24 7 90 6 73 5 4. 0 2. 8 2. 3 3. 2 2. 4 1. 9 40 4 45 30 6 48 25 2 37 13 0. 4 94 .3 78 .0 10 4. 9 80 .0 66 .4 Po rt ug al 89 7 47 9 35 2 10 .4 5. 3 4. 0 8. 7 4. 5 3. 4 20 8 47 11 5 54 8 86 2 24 1. 1 12 8. 2 99 .7 20 2. 5 10 9. 0 85 .8 Qa ta r 5 10 18 1. 1 0. 6 0. 8 0. 8 0. 5 0. 7 26 2 61 8 90 9 59 .5 38 .2 39 .6 44 .2 33 .3 34 .2 Re pu bl ic o f K or ea 3 34 0 2 04 1 1 73 3 8. 9 4. 9 3. 9 7.0 4. 1 3. 4 10 5 20 0 67 4 26 59 0 47 27 9. 7 16 2. 2 13 3. 9 22 2. 0 13 6. 1 11 5. 8 Re pu bl ic o f M ol do va 26 9 23 1 18 6 8. 4 6. 8 5. 4 6. 4 5. 7 4. 6 8 38 3 7 21 3 5 57 7 26 0. 6 21 1. 4 16 2. 9 19 9. 5 17 6. 5 13 7.2 Ro m an ia 2 35 1 1 63 0 1 13 3 13 .0 9. 5 6. 8 10 .6 8. 0 5. 7 64 7 20 43 2 42 30 2 31 35 9. 1 25 0. 8 18 0. 6 29 2. 4 21 1. 2 15 2. 7 70 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 AN N EX 4 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT HS A ND D AL YS P ER 1 00 0 00 W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , AS A R ES UL T O F ST RO KE A TT RI BU TA BL E TO E XP OS UR E TO L ON G W OR KI NG H OU RS , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 No . d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Ru ss ia n Fe de ra tio n 12 7 03 8 77 7 6 62 3 10 .6 7.2 5. 5 8. 7 6. 1 4. 6 37 8 05 7 27 1 65 7 20 4 65 9 31 5. 9 22 2. 6 17 0. 3 25 8. 2 18 9. 3 14 0. 9 Rw an da 14 5 75 88 3. 3 1. 3 1. 3 1. 8 0. 7 0. 8 5 86 1 2 98 9 3 33 6 13 2. 8 50 .9 47 .9 73 .9 29 .8 28 .6 Sa in t L uc ia 7 6 7 6. 6 4. 5 4. 8 4. 5 3. 4 3. 9 26 2 23 3 26 1 24 6. 9 17 4. 3 17 9. 7 16 7.2 13 3. 8 14 5. 0 Sa in t V in ce nt a nd th e Gr en ad in es 2 4 6 2. 7 5. 0 7.2 1. 9 3. 7 5. 5 11 2 14 8 20 4 15 1. 7 18 4. 3 24 3. 2 10 3. 9 13 6. 7 18 6. 4 Sa m oa 11 6 5 10 .6 5. 2 4. 2 6. 3 3. 2 2. 6 37 2 28 1 25 7 35 9. 9 24 5. 0 21 5. 3 21 3. 2 15 1. 1 13 2. 1 Sa o To m e an d Pr in ci pe 1 0 0 1. 3 0. 0 0. 0 0. 7 0. 0 0. 0 14 2 13 7 14 6 17 9. 4 13 4. 2 12 6. 3 99 .8 76 .0 71 .8 Sa ud i A ra bi a 74 0 91 3 1 08 8 5. 8 4. 7 4. 5 3. 6 3. 3 3. 4 21 0 88 26 9 05 33 5 74 16 5. 3 13 9. 6 13 9. 0 10 2. 1 98 .1 10 3. 5 Se ne ga l 22 3 27 2 25 6 4. 1 3. 8 3. 0 2. 3 2. 1 1. 7 6 66 3 8 22 3 7 88 0 12 3. 0 11 4. 8 92 .8 68 .0 64 .9 52 .6 Se rb ia 88 9 60 1 41 0 11 .8 8. 1 5. 5 9. 4 6. 7 4. 6 23 8 39 15 0 67 10 7 43 31 6. 0 20 2. 7 14 4. 4 25 1. 3 16 7.6 12 1. 3 Se yc he lle s 0 0 2 0. 0 0. 0 2. 7 0. 0 0. 0 2. 1 98 13 0 13 9 16 9. 6 18 4. 5 18 9. 4 12 1. 0 14 2. 4 14 5. 2 Si er ra L eo ne 47 9 50 5 50 6 18 .7 13 .8 11 .8 10 .4 7.9 6. 9 16 3 96 17 1 88 16 9 49 64 0. 6 47 0. 3 39 6. 2 35 7.6 26 7.9 23 1. 3 Si ng ap or e 15 1 13 8 13 5 4. 6 3. 1 2. 7 3. 7 2. 7 2. 4 4 67 4 4 73 8 4 58 2 14 2. 7 10 7.4 92 .4 11 6. 0 92 .3 81 .0 Sl ov ak ia 45 39 30 1. 0 0. 9 0. 7 0. 8 0. 7 0. 6 1 48 2 1 36 5 1 01 4 34 .2 29 .8 22 .0 27 .4 25 .3 18 .6 Sl ov en ia 88 59 50 5. 3 3. 4 2. 8 4. 4 2. 9 2. 4 2 31 1 1 61 4 1 35 0 13 8. 0 91 .8 76 .4 11 6. 3 79 .0 65 .1 So lo m on Is la nd s 28 30 31 11 .7 9. 6 8. 4 6. 8 5. 7 5. 0 1 06 4 1 00 3 1 02 2 44 3. 9 32 0. 7 27 7.0 25 7.8 19 0. 0 16 5. 0 So m al ia 42 1 43 7 53 3 9. 0 7.0 7.1 4. 7 3. 6 3. 8 14 3 39 14 5 01 17 5 81 30 6. 1 23 2. 3 23 3. 6 16 1. 6 12 0. 4 12 3. 9 So ut h Af ric a 1 12 8 1 17 2 1 19 1 3. 8 3. 3 3. 0 2. 5 2. 3 2. 1 32 4 23 33 0 72 33 1 89 10 9. 0 91 .8 83 .4 72 .1 64 .6 59 .0 So ut h Su da n 24 9 26 7 28 5 7.3 5. 0 4. 6 4. 0 2. 8 2. 6 7 99 7 8 22 4 8 64 0 23 3. 8 15 3. 1 13 8. 2 12 9. 0 86 .5 79 .8 Sp ai n 61 2 43 8 37 6 1. 8 1. 1 0. 9 1. 5 0. 9 0. 8 16 4 06 12 5 51 11 3 12 47 .1 31 .4 28 .5 40 .2 26 .7 24 .3 Sr i L an ka 1 03 3 1 04 5 1 19 1 7.5 6. 9 7.5 5. 5 5. 2 5. 7 30 3 13 31 7 23 35 9 91 22 0. 4 20 9. 8 22 7.1 16 1. 4 15 6. 6 17 1. 2 Su da n 1 47 3 1 63 0 1 81 8 9. 6 8. 3 7.8 5. 4 4. 7 4. 6 51 3 34 56 4 25 62 0 69 33 4. 9 28 6. 5 26 4. 9 18 8. 2 16 3. 3 15 5. 8 Su rin am e 39 35 41 12 .3 9. 4 10 .0 8. 3 6. 6 7.3 1 23 1 1 17 3 1 21 3 38 8. 4 31 4. 0 29 6. 9 26 1. 4 22 1. 7 21 4. 7 Sw ed en 16 1 11 3 10 2 2. 2 1. 4 1. 3 1. 8 1. 2 1. 0 4 26 6 3 22 2 3 01 6 58 .9 41 .1 37 .1 48 .0 34 .3 30 .7 Sw itz er la nd 75 59 52 1. 3 0. 9 0. 7 1. 0 0. 8 0. 6 2 18 1 1 79 5 1 70 0 37 .0 27 .1 23 .8 30 .5 23 .0 20 .3 Sy ria n Ar ab R ep ub lic 45 9 53 0 51 7 4. 7 4. 0 4. 4 2. 8 2. 5 3. 0 14 9 28 18 4 35 17 8 19 15 4. 2 13 7.8 15 0. 8 91 .0 86 .3 10 2. 0 Ta jik is ta n 17 6 22 7 26 2 4. 9 4. 7 4. 7 2. 8 3. 0 3. 0 5 02 6 6 31 8 7 50 0 14 0. 7 13 0. 5 13 5. 5 80 .9 83 .9 86 .6 Th ai la nd 4 29 9 4 50 0 4 47 3 9. 0 8. 3 7.9 6. 8 6. 7 6. 5 14 3 12 4 15 1 26 6 15 0 67 0 29 9. 1 27 8. 6 26 5. 3 22 7.4 22 5. 1 21 8. 5 Ti m or -L es te 45 49 53 9. 2 7.8 7.1 5. 1 4. 5 4. 3 1 62 9 1 63 0 1 66 1 33 4. 1 25 9. 4 22 2. 8 18 4. 2 14 9. 1 13 6. 2 To go 28 9 33 1 35 3 10 .3 9. 0 8. 1 5. 9 5. 2 4. 7 8 51 3 10 1 07 10 8 93 30 4. 6 27 5. 1 24 9. 7 17 2. 9 15 7.4 14 5. 0 ANNEXES 71 AN N EX 4 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT HS A ND D AL YS P ER 1 00 0 00 W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , AS A R ES UL T O F ST RO KE A TT RI BU TA BL E TO E XP OS UR E TO L ON G W OR KI NG H OU RS , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , F OR TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 No . d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 To ng a 0 0 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 11 5 10 2 98 19 0. 8 15 6. 7 15 1. 7 11 7.4 98 .1 96 .9 Tr in id ad a nd To ba go 75 69 69 8. 0 6. 6 6. 3 5. 9 5. 2 5. 0 2 29 9 2 00 2 2 09 0 24 3. 8 19 0. 1 19 1. 1 18 1. 4 15 0. 7 15 1. 7 Tu ni si a 59 8 65 1 63 0 8. 7 8. 0 7.3 6. 2 6. 1 5. 6 15 7 09 17 0 11 16 8 93 22 9. 7 20 8. 6 19 6. 6 16 1. 8 15 9. 9 14 9. 4 Tu rk ey 1 72 9 3 29 3 3 28 0 3. 9 6. 2 5. 5 2. 7 4. 6 4. 1 59 5 18 10 2 09 7 99 6 29 13 5. 6 19 3. 1 16 7.1 94 .1 14 1. 2 12 4. 8 Tu rk m en is ta n 14 0 18 6 22 8 4. 9 5. 2 5. 8 3. 1 3. 7 4. 0 4 49 5 6 16 4 7 46 6 15 6. 2 17 1. 9 19 0. 6 99 .5 12 1. 2 13 1. 9 Ug an da 33 0 40 0 49 3 2. 8 2. 4 2. 4 1. 4 1. 2 1. 2 11 1 62 13 6 62 16 8 97 93 .8 82 .8 81 .4 47 .2 42 .1 42 .6 Uk ra in e 4 75 1 3 70 0 2 96 2 11 .7 9. 4 7.8 9. 7 8. 1 6. 6 13 4 14 4 10 3 07 3 83 7 55 33 1. 4 26 2. 1 22 1. 5 27 4. 7 22 5. 1 18 7.3 Un ite d Ar ab E m ira te s 81 16 3 22 3 3. 5 2. 2 2. 8 2. 6 1. 9 2. 4 3 24 3 6 93 7 9 43 6 13 9. 9 93 .4 11 7.8 10 3. 5 81 .1 10 0. 8 Un ite d Ki ng do m 1 11 9 79 4 66 2 2. 3 1. 5 1. 2 1. 9 1. 3 1. 0 34 1 02 25 9 09 22 8 34 71 .5 49 .5 41 .8 57 .9 40 .8 34 .4 Un ite d Re pu bl ic o f T an za ni a 61 6 72 1 89 1 3. 3 2. 9 3. 0 1. 8 1. 6 1. 7 19 7 05 21 5 77 27 0 06 10 6. 5 88 .3 91 .7 58 .8 48 .7 50 .9 Un ite d St at es o f A m er ic a 2 33 0 1 92 8 2 19 6 1. 1 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 6 0. 7 78 0 19 70 0 97 78 5 47 35 .4 28 .4 30 .0 27 .7 22 .7 24 .3 Ur ug ua y 20 8 14 7 12 0 8. 3 5. 6 4. 4 6. 3 4. 4 3. 5 6 09 8 4 20 7 3 51 2 24 3. 4 16 1. 0 12 9. 7 18 3. 7 12 5. 2 10 2. 6 Uz be ki st an 67 6 72 2 73 6 4. 4 3. 6 3. 3 2. 7 2. 5 2. 3 21 0 52 22 7 76 24 0 18 13 5. 5 11 2. 7 10 6. 7 85 .0 79 .9 76 .4 Va nu at u 5 7 7 4. 6 4. 8 4. 1 2. 7 3. 0 2. 5 29 8 32 8 36 3 27 5. 4 22 4. 7 21 3. 4 16 1. 1 13 8. 9 13 0. 4 Ve ne zu el a (B ol iv ar ia n Re pu bl ic o f) 76 4 79 8 85 4 4. 8 4. 0 4. 0 3. 2 2. 8 2. 9 23 9 83 24 3 82 26 3 36 15 0. 1 12 2. 3 12 2. 9 99 .1 85 .7 88 .2 Vi et N am 6 01 2 7 00 1 7 52 9 11 .0 10 .4 10 .4 7.5 8. 0 8. 0 18 3 55 1 22 5 52 0 24 9 93 9 33 5. 7 33 5. 7 34 6. 8 22 9. 7 25 6. 4 26 6. 9 Ye m en 1 06 4 1 28 9 1 45 6 12 .0 9. 7 9. 0 6. 1 5. 6 5. 4 34 8 69 42 7 35 47 9 11 39 2. 2 32 1. 9 29 5. 7 20 0. 3 18 4. 6 17 6. 3 Za m bi a 22 8 23 4 22 6 4. 1 3. 3 2. 6 2. 2 1. 7 1. 4 7 27 7 7 26 3 7 13 2 13 0. 4 10 1. 3 80 .5 69 .9 53 .4 43 .6 Zi m ba bw e 51 9 47 4 37 3 7.5 6. 4 4. 6 4. 4 3. 7 2. 7 13 9 80 14 5 52 11 4 58 20 3. 1 19 6. 3 14 2. 4 11 7.7 11 4. 6 81 .7 DA LY s, d is ab ili ty -a dj us te d lif e ye ar s. 72 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 AN N EX 5 TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT HS A ND D AL YS P ER 1 00 0 00 W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , A S A RE SU LT O F IS CH AE M IC H EA RT D IS EA SE A TT RI BU TA BL E TO E XP OS UR E TO L ON G W OR KI NG H OU RS , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , FO R TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 N o. d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Gl ob al 24 4 84 4 30 4 20 0 34 6 61 8 5. 7 6. 0 6. 3 4. 0 4. 4 4. 7 7 54 8 22 5 9 36 8 42 8 10 6 55 2 56 17 7.1 18 5. 7 19 4. 3 12 3. 7 13 5. 5 14 3. 6 Af ric an R eg io n 12 6 29 14 6 22 16 9 20 3. 4 3. 0 2. 9 1. 9 1. 7 1. 7 37 4 45 7 43 0 23 4 49 2 41 3 10 1. 0 88 .0 84 .8 56 .7 50 .1 48 .8 Re gi on o f t he A m er ic as 23 3 68 23 2 81 25 0 45 3. 9 3. 3 3. 3 2. 8 2. 5 2. 5 69 8 76 7 70 1 18 0 74 8 15 0 11 7.4 10 0. 4 98 .6 84 .3 75 .5 76 .0 So ut h- Ea st A si a Re gi on 93 0 91 13 2 71 0 15 9 82 4 8. 9 10 .5 11 .3 5. 9 7.3 8. 2 2 98 0 13 3 4 24 3 60 4 5 08 8 53 0 28 6. 0 33 4. 4 36 1. 2 18 9. 5 23 3. 7 26 2. 0 Eu ro pe an R eg io n 45 4 01 38 5 96 33 4 19 6. 5 5. 2 4. 4 5. 2 4. 3 3. 6 1 32 3 77 1 1 09 2 28 7 93 0 06 8 19 0. 8 14 7.9 12 3. 3 15 2. 8 12 2. 0 10 1. 2 Ea st er n M ed ite rr an ea n Re gi on 34 2 54 40 9 81 46 0 98 12 .0 10 .6 10 .3 7.2 6. 9 6. 9 1 02 8 04 6 1 23 1 13 5 1 38 9 21 5 35 8. 7 31 8. 1 31 0. 4 21 6. 9 20 7.5 20 6. 5 W es te rn P ac ifi c Re gi on 36 1 01 54 0 10 65 3 12 2. 8 3. 7 4. 3 2. 1 3. 0 3. 5 1 14 3 05 0 1 66 9 98 7 2 00 6 88 0 89 .8 11 4. 1 13 0. 9 67 .2 91 .7 10 6. 1 Af gh an is ta n 1 42 5 1 80 3 2 04 7 13 .4 11 .9 10 .4 6. 9 6. 2 5. 8 46 6 77 59 3 13 66 8 09 43 9. 5 39 2. 2 33 8. 8 22 4. 6 20 3. 2 18 8. 8 Al ba ni a 11 3 14 3 14 7 5. 2 6. 3 6. 2 3. 6 4. 9 5. 1 3 05 4 3 85 8 4 00 1 14 0. 1 16 8. 8 16 9. 8 97 .6 13 0. 9 13 8. 6 Al ge ria 1 56 6 1 40 0 1 54 4 7.7 5. 4 5. 4 5. 0 3. 9 3. 8 41 9 81 35 8 73 39 1 32 20 6. 0 13 7.1 13 6. 2 13 5. 2 99 .7 96 .5 An go la 33 3 39 9 51 5 3. 8 3. 2 3. 4 2. 0 1. 7 1. 8 10 4 26 11 4 00 14 0 56 12 0. 4 92 .2 92 .0 63 .6 48 .8 48 .7 An tig ua a nd B ar bu da 1 1 1 1. 8 1. 5 1. 4 1. 3 1. 1 1. 1 94 95 10 3 17 3. 4 14 2. 6 14 0. 4 12 3. 7 10 7.9 10 9. 0 Ar ge nt in a 1 83 0 1 52 6 1 30 0 6. 9 5. 0 4. 0 5. 0 3. 7 3. 0 51 6 38 43 0 75 37 0 84 19 5. 8 14 2. 4 11 3. 8 14 0. 1 10 5. 3 85 .2 Ar m en ia 17 1 16 6 15 5 7.5 7.2 6. 6 5. 6 5. 8 5. 3 4 80 4 4 51 1 4 17 4 21 1. 0 19 4. 7 17 8. 3 15 6. 5 15 6. 8 14 2. 2 Au st ra lia 80 6 54 5 48 8 5. 4 3. 0 2. 5 4. 2 2. 5 2. 0 23 0 26 16 5 21 15 3 29 15 3. 2 92 .1 78 .0 12 1. 2 74 .6 63 .2 Au st ria 33 9 22 5 20 6 5. 1 3. 1 2. 7 4. 2 2. 7 2. 4 9 65 4 6 34 3 5 71 9 14 3. 8 88 .4 76 .2 11 9. 6 75 .4 65 .4 Az er ba ija n 45 1 42 3 45 0 8. 1 6. 1 6. 0 5. 6 4. 7 4. 6 13 3 48 12 4 10 13 21 7 23 8. 7 17 8. 1 17 6. 6 16 4. 3 13 7.4 13 5. 8 Ba ha m as 7 10 10 3. 3 3. 9 3. 5 2. 3 2. 8 2. 6 32 0 37 8 40 1 15 1. 9 14 5. 7 13 8. 4 10 7.4 10 6. 5 10 6. 1 Ba hr ai n 29 28 31 6. 2 2. 8 2. 7 4. 4 2. 3 2. 2 97 1 1 05 6 1 16 7 20 9. 1 10 6. 8 10 2. 8 14 6. 1 85 .1 81 .8 Ba ng la de sh 2 64 3 6 65 5 8 36 1 3. 3 6. 6 7.4 2. 1 4. 5 5. 3 84 7 61 20 6 27 1 26 1 97 6 10 5. 3 20 5. 5 23 2. 8 66 .4 13 9. 8 16 5. 8 Ba rb ad os 12 10 8 5. 7 4. 4 3. 4 4. 4 3. 5 2. 8 40 3 33 2 30 8 18 9. 8 14 6. 6 13 1. 3 14 8. 4 11 7.7 10 7.8 Be la ru s 1 18 8 1 19 4 89 1 14 .8 14 .9 11 .3 12 .0 12 .7 9. 4 34 0 57 33 9 47 24 3 90 42 3. 4 42 3. 4 30 9. 3 34 5. 0 36 0. 3 25 8. 2 Be lg iu m 26 4 18 3 15 5 3. 1 2. 0 1. 6 2. 6 1. 7 1. 4 7 2 67 5 14 4 4 31 1 85 .7 56 .6 45 .8 70 .7 47 .0 38 .0 Be liz e 10 9 9 6. 8 4. 3 3. 6 4. 0 2. 8 2. 4 29 3 29 1 33 0 19 9. 9 14 0. 2 13 0. 8 11 8. 5 90 .2 89 .6 Be ni n 12 4 16 2 20 9 3. 3 3. 1 3. 4 1. 8 1. 8 1. 9 3 40 8 4 50 6 5 62 4 90 .5 87 .2 90 .5 49 .6 49 .0 51 .7 Bh ut an 40 50 58 11 .2 10 .6 10 .7 6. 8 7.3 7.9 1 4 26 1 8 13 2 12 5 40 0. 9 38 4. 3 39 3. 7 24 1. 3 26 4. 5 28 8. 4 Bo liv ia (P lu rin at io na l S ta te o f) 49 1 48 4 51 8 9. 4 7.4 6. 9 5. 8 4. 8 4. 7 14 8 08 14 3 17 14 7 75 28 2. 5 21 7.5 19 6. 9 17 5. 9 14 2. 5 13 3. 9 Bo sn ia a nd H er ze go vi na 23 0 18 3 15 5 7.7 5. 9 5. 4 6. 1 4. 9 4. 6 6 56 8 4 98 9 4 27 6 22 0. 8 15 9. 8 14 8. 4 17 5. 1 13 4. 6 12 6. 3 ANNEXES 73 AN N EX 5 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT HS A ND D AL YS P ER 1 00 0 00 W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , A S A RE SU LT O F IS CH AE M IC H EA RT D IS EA SE A TT RI BU TA BL E TO E XP OS UR E TO L ON G W OR KI NG H OU RS , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , FO R TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 N o. d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Bo ts w an a 29 43 48 2. 9 3. 3 3. 4 1. 8 2. 2 2. 2 92 7 1 18 8 1 33 7 92 .0 91 .9 94 .8 56 .4 59 .8 61 .9 Br az il 4 35 0 4 11 3 3 86 2 3. 6 2. 8 2. 4 2. 5 2. 1 1. 9 13 7 44 2 12 9 21 4 12 1 77 8 11 2. 2 87 .8 75 .8 78 .6 66 .0 59 .1 Br un ei D ar us sa la m 7 7 13 3. 0 2. 4 4. 1 2. 1 1. 8 3. 1 27 0 35 5 49 1 11 6. 9 12 3. 4 15 3. 7 81 .0 91 .3 11 7.0 Bu lg ar ia 25 0 17 1 12 9 3. 7 2. 7 2. 1 3. 1 2. 3 1. 8 6 97 0 4 86 0 3 59 3 10 3. 3 75 .7 58 .6 87 .1 65 .5 50 .2 Bu rk in a Fa so 20 5 28 0 33 3 3. 3 3. 3 3. 3 1. 8 1. 8 1. 8 6 03 0 8 24 7 9 81 8 97 .6 98 .3 96 .4 51 .9 52 .8 52 .7 Bu ru nd i 85 11 8 14 3 2. 7 2. 5 2. 5 1. 3 1. 4 1. 4 2 47 7 3 70 2 4 45 2 77 .8 77 .8 78 .0 38 .8 42 .7 42 .4 Ca bo V er de 18 19 14 7.4 5. 7 3. 7 4. 2 3. 9 2. 6 42 2 41 2 36 6 17 2. 8 12 3. 6 97 .9 98 .6 83 .6 68 .9 Ca m bo di a 40 4 45 2 51 0 5. 7 4. 7 4. 7 3. 3 3. 2 3. 2 12 9 58 14 5 16 16 4 43 18 2. 5 15 2. 1 15 2. 0 10 6. 6 10 1. 4 10 4. 3 Ca m er oo n 16 3 25 5 35 7 1. 9 2. 2 2. 6 1. 1 1. 3 1. 5 5 59 1 8 26 4 11 0 85 65 .6 72 .1 81 .4 36 .0 40 .6 46 .3 Ca na da 1 08 9 88 0 82 3 4. 4 3. 1 2. 7 3. 6 2. 6 2. 3 32 2 02 27 2 61 25 2 99 13 0. 2 95 .6 82 .7 10 5. 3 79 .8 69 .5 Ce nt ra l A fri ca n Re pu bl ic 10 7 11 2 98 5. 2 4. 6 3. 9 2. 9 2. 6 2. 2 3 22 7 3 54 0 3 02 5 15 6. 3 14 4. 2 12 1. 1 88 .6 80 .7 66 .7 Ch ad 23 0 27 6 30 2 5. 4 4. 5 4. 0 2. 8 2. 3 2. 1 6 95 0 8 63 5 9 54 7 16 2. 7 14 1. 0 12 5. 2 83 .2 72 .2 65 .6 Ch ile 28 0 29 0 29 9 2. 5 2. 2 2. 1 1. 8 1. 7 1. 6 7 60 1 8 24 5 8 64 8 68 .2 62 .0 59 .6 49 .5 48 .3 47 .5 Ch in a 21 6 60 37 1 37 46 8 54 2. 2 3. 3 4. 0 1. 7 2. 7 3. 3 69 6 48 2 1 14 3 32 3 1 42 4 65 8 71 .8 10 2. 7 12 2. 9 54 .0 83 .5 10 0. 8 Co lo m bi a 1 56 2 1 92 0 2 17 6 5. 8 5. 8 5. 9 3. 9 4. 2 4. 5 44 8 11 55 1 04 62 0 80 16 7.7 16 7.5 16 9. 7 11 3. 1 12 1. 9 12 8. 9 Co m or os 6 7 8 2. 0 1. 7 1. 7 1. 1 1. 0 1. 0 20 5 28 1 35 4 67 .5 69 .1 74 .1 37 .8 40 .7 44 .5 Co ng o 51 52 54 2. 8 2. 1 1. 9 1. 6 1. 2 1. 1 1 82 9 1 69 6 1 72 5 10 1. 1 68 .0 59 .8 58 .5 39 .7 34 .6 Co st a Ri ca 12 6 14 2 15 8 4. 6 4. 1 4. 1 3. 2 3. 1 3. 2 3 64 6 4 35 9 4 80 3 13 3. 7 12 5. 8 12 5. 4 92 .0 95 .2 98 .0 Cô te d ’Iv oi re 70 4 93 1 1 06 1 7.6 8. 0 7.7 4. 3 4. 5 4. 5 20 4 50 28 6 89 32 7 98 22 0. 5 24 7.8 23 8. 9 12 4. 3 13 9. 7 13 7.7 Cr oa tia 12 3 83 56 3. 4 2. 3 1. 6 2. 8 1. 9 1. 3 3 52 9 2 32 0 1 60 2 96 .4 63 .4 44 .5 79 .7 53 .6 38 .1 Cu ba 71 8 69 7 67 2 8. 2 7.5 7.1 6. 5 6. 2 5. 9 1 9 76 3 19 1 76 18 6 37 22 6. 5 20 7.7 19 7.1 17 7.6 17 0. 8 16 4. 4 Cy pr us 23 22 17 3. 1 2. 4 1. 7 2. 4 2. 0 1. 5 70 7 65 5 56 7 96 .6 71 .6 58 .3 75 .0 58 .9 48 .5 Cz ec hi a 35 3 25 0 19 3 4. 1 2. 8 2. 1 3. 4 2. 4 1. 8 10 5 80 7 41 4 5 63 7 12 3. 0 82 .0 62 .6 10 2. 8 70 .4 53 .1 De m oc ra tic P eo pl e’s R ep ub lic o f K or ea 98 9 1 75 3 1 88 1 5. 8 9. 2 9. 4 4. 3 7.1 7.4 30 7 84 50 5 75 52 2 67 18 1. 3 26 6. 3 26 0. 4 13 4. 3 20 6. 0 20 6. 5 De m oc ra tic R ep ub lic o f t he C on go 53 8 64 2 77 2 2. 1 1. 8 1. 8 1. 1 1. 0 1. 0 17 7 20 20 6 93 24 3 05 69 .1 59 .5 57 .5 37 .6 32 .1 30 .8 De nm ar k 11 8 68 56 2. 7 1. 5 1. 2 2. 2 1. 2 1. 0 3 20 9 1 97 0 1 64 8 73 .7 43 .2 34 .6 60 .1 35 .5 28 .9 Dj ib ou ti 18 24 31 4. 2 4. 2 4. 8 2. 5 2. 9 3. 3 66 2 78 8 1 05 4 15 6. 3 13 9. 1 16 2. 8 92 .3 93 .8 11 3. 4 Do m in ic an R ep ub lic 33 7 42 7 49 8 6. 1 6. 3 6. 7 4. 0 4. 4 4. 8 10 9 25 13 5 35 16 0 40 19 8. 1 20 1. 2 21 5. 9 12 9. 0 13 9. 6 15 4. 3 74 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 AN N EX 5 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT HS A ND D AL YS P ER 1 00 0 00 W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , A S A RE SU LT O F IS CH AE M IC H EA RT D IS EA SE A TT RI BU TA BL E TO E XP OS UR E TO L ON G W OR KI NG H OU RS , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , FO R TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 N o. d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Ec ua do r 33 7 26 7 34 9 4. 1 2. 6 3. 0 2. 7 1. 8 2. 1 10 21 1 8 23 7 10 3 49 12 3. 8 79 .6 88 .0 80 .5 54 .9 62 .8 Eg yp t 5 85 0 8 09 3 9 58 6 13 .5 14 .5 15 .3 8. 5 9. 8 10 .1 17 5 39 2 24 6 84 4 29 1 99 9 40 3. 6 44 2. 2 46 5. 9 25 4. 8 29 8. 3 30 9. 2 El S al va do r 23 4 22 5 23 6 6. 3 5. 3 5. 1 4. 0 3. 6 3. 7 6 9 21 6 4 84 6 80 2 18 5. 5 15 3. 4 14 8. 3 11 7.5 10 4. 9 10 7.0 Eq ua to ria l G ui ne a 20 20 23 5. 6 3. 4 3. 0 3. 3 2. 1 1. 9 63 0 68 7 75 4 17 5. 1 11 8. 4 99 .2 10 3. 9 72 .8 62 .0 Er itr ea 78 90 93 6. 3 4. 7 4. 8 3. 4 2. 8 2. 8 2 49 3 2 76 1 2 76 0 20 0. 3 14 3. 9 14 1. 1 10 8. 8 87 .1 81 .7 Es to ni a 71 50 37 6. 2 4. 4 3. 4 5. 1 3. 8 2. 8 2 0 48 1 28 4 96 3 17 7.6 11 3. 6 87 .2 14 6. 4 96 .4 73 .1 Es w at in i 14 18 19 2. 4 2. 8 2. 8 1. 4 1. 7 1. 7 45 7 50 6 58 9 79 .8 79 .4 86 .2 45 .5 47 .5 52 .9 Et hi op ia 56 2 77 5 99 2 1. 6 1. 6 1. 6 0. 8 0. 9 1. 0 21 3 59 27 2 07 32 8 73 60 .2 56 .4 54 .4 32 .3 31 .0 31 .7 Fi ji 82 82 81 15 .6 13 .4 13 .2 10 .1 9. 5 9. 3 3 03 2 2 98 1 2 77 8 57 5. 4 48 8. 3 45 3. 2 37 3. 9 34 6. 7 31 8. 4 Fi nl an d 14 8 11 0 87 3. 5 2. 5 1. 9 2. 9 2. 1 1. 6 4 38 0 3 10 6 2 42 4 10 3. 1 69 .3 52 .7 84 .4 57 .9 44 .1 Fr an ce 53 7 37 3 30 7 1. 1 0. 7 0. 6 0. 9 0. 6 0. 5 15 9 32 11 5 79 9 75 3 33 .3 22 .6 18 .4 27 .0 18 .4 15 .1 Ga bo n 33 30 32 4. 6 3. 0 2. 5 2. 7 1. 8 1. 6 79 3 77 7 84 1 10 9. 4 76 .5 66 .1 64 .6 47 .8 41 .9 Ga m bi a 48 59 63 6. 9 6. 0 5. 3 3. 6 3. 3 2. 9 1 37 6 1 57 1 1 73 1 19 7.3 15 9. 7 14 5. 0 10 4. 4 87 .6 80 .5 Ge or gi a 50 7 44 8 44 8 14 .7 13 .3 13 .8 11 .6 10 .9 11 .2 12 8 59 11 3 83 10 9 18 37 2. 3 33 8. 5 33 6. 7 29 4. 8 27 7.7 27 1. 9 Ge rm an y 2 88 1 2 02 2 1 75 2 4. 2 2. 9 2. 5 3. 5 2. 5 2. 1 78 5 68 54 5 54 47 2 56 11 4. 5 78 .1 66 .3 96 .5 67 .5 57 .5 Gh an a 36 8 49 8 55 8 3. 3 3. 3 3. 2 1. 9 2. 0 2. 0 10 0 65 13 2 57 15 6 06 90 .7 88 .1 88 .4 52 .2 53 .5 54 .8 Gr ee ce 37 5 29 9 23 7 4. 0 3. 2 2. 6 3. 4 2. 7 2. 2 9 79 0 7 97 4 6 64 0 10 4. 0 86 .2 73 .0 88 .3 73 .2 62 .6 Gr en ad a 1 2 4 1. 5 2. 5 4. 7 1. 0 1. 9 3. 6 92 12 5 14 8 13 4. 3 15 4. 8 17 4. 9 89 .5 11 7.7 13 4. 2 Gu at em al a 18 7 23 3 28 5 2. 9 2. 6 2. 7 1. 6 1. 6 1. 7 5 89 5 6 93 0 8 01 7 89 .9 78 .1 75 .1 50 .6 47 .4 48 .3 Gu in ea 18 4 24 2 27 5 4. 2 4. 4 4. 2 2. 2 2. 4 2. 3 5 53 0 7 40 0 8 10 0 12 5. 3 13 4. 9 12 4. 7 67 .1 72 .6 69 .0 Gu in ea -B is sa u 37 36 35 5. 6 4. 2 3. 4 3. 1 2. 4 2. 0 1 02 4 1 03 4 1 05 8 15 6. 2 11 9. 4 10 3. 4 85 .2 67 .9 59 .4 Gu ya na 39 45 56 8. 1 8. 9 10 .2 5. 2 6. 0 7.3 1 21 7 1 49 6 1 81 8 25 3. 3 29 4. 5 33 1. 8 16 3. 0 19 9. 6 23 5. 7 Ha iti 48 0 43 8 61 2 9. 5 6. 9 8. 6 5. 7 4. 4 5. 6 1 4 86 9 14 2 46 19 1 02 29 4. 0 22 4. 7 26 7.0 17 5. 7 14 3. 2 17 6. 2 Ho nd ur as 16 5 20 8 27 5 4. 4 4. 0 4. 4 2. 5 2. 5 3. 0 5 22 0 6 41 4 8 54 9 13 8. 9 12 3. 5 13 7.6 79 .4 77 .1 92 .2 Hu ng ar y 31 6 23 6 19 9 3. 7 2. 8 2. 4 3. 1 2. 4 2. 0 9 72 1 7 07 4 5 7 65 11 4. 4 83 .7 69 .0 95 .1 71 .3 59 .1 Ic el an d 14 14 12 6. 5 5. 5 4. 5 5. 0 4. 4 3. 6 44 1 34 3 33 5 20 4. 8 13 5. 2 12 6. 3 15 7.3 10 7.1 10 0. 8 In di a 65 9 18 93 8 35 11 5 79 2 9. 6 11 .0 12 .1 6. 2 7.6 8. 7 2 15 2 32 6 3 07 0 31 1 3 76 6 92 5 31 2. 1 35 9. 5 39 4. 6 20 3. 7 24 8. 8 28 4. 4 In do ne si a 16 8 67 22 1 29 24 6 37 11 .5 12 .9 12 .9 8. 0 9. 2 9. 4 50 7 76 9 66 9 51 4 73 8 96 2 34 6. 4 38 9. 0 38 8. 3 24 0. 1 27 6. 8 28 2. 5 ANNEXES 75 AN N EX 5 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT HS A ND D AL YS P ER 1 00 0 00 W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , A S A RE SU LT O F IS CH AE M IC H EA RT D IS EA SE A TT RI BU TA BL E TO E XP OS UR E TO L ON G W OR KI NG H OU RS , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , FO R TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 N o. d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Ira n (I sl am ic R ep ub lic o f) 4 74 5 4 54 4 4 1 62 10 .9 8. 1 6. 9 7.2 6. 2 5. 2 13 7 01 5 12 4 14 1 10 9 65 7 31 6. 2 22 1. 6 18 1. 4 20 8. 8 16 8. 3 13 7.8 Ira q 1 20 7 1 32 7 1 51 1 9. 0 7.7 6. 8 5. 1 4. 5 4. 1 34 8 37 39 9 59 46 4 41 25 9. 8 23 0. 9 20 8. 3 14 8. 3 13 4. 4 12 6. 9 Ire la nd 19 6 11 8 10 4 6. 6 3. 3 2. 8 5. 2 2. 6 2. 2 4 59 8 2 70 3 2 40 6 15 4. 8 74 .9 65 .5 12 1. 5 59 .4 51 .2 Is ra el 11 2 71 65 2. 6 1. 3 1. 1 1. 9 1. 0 0. 8 3 04 1 1 9 73 1 89 8 71 .1 36 .9 32 .5 51 .1 26 .9 23 .4 Ita ly 1 07 8 77 3 74 8 2. 2 1. 5 1. 4 1. 9 1. 3 1. 2 29 4 77 20 7 68 20 0 06 60 .7 40 .7 38 .2 52 .0 35 .0 33 .0 Ja m ai ca 67 56 61 3. 7 2. 7 2. 8 2. 5 2. 0 2. 1 1 84 4 1 52 6 1 69 0 10 2. 4 74 .4 76 .8 69 .5 54 .3 58 .2 Ja pa n 4 32 6 4 22 1 3 63 6 4. 0 3. 8 3. 3 3. 4 3. 3 2. 8 12 1 13 8 11 3 63 1 97 5 86 11 1. 5 10 2. 0 87 .7 95 .0 88 .4 76 .4 Jo rd an 24 4 32 1 43 6 7.9 7.1 7.1 4. 8 4. 4 4. 6 7 54 0 9 82 8 13 5 41 24 3. 8 21 6. 5 21 9. 6 14 7.2 13 5. 3 14 1. 7 Ka za kh st an 1 08 3 1 01 2 87 8 10 .0 8. 2 6. 8 7.3 6. 2 4. 9 33 9 27 31 2 44 26 0 80 31 3. 7 25 3. 1 20 1. 2 22 7.4 19 2. 2 14 6. 3 Ke ny a 98 13 9 19 4 0. 6 0. 6 0. 7 0. 3 0. 3 0. 4 3 62 1 4 81 7 6 62 1 20 .7 20 .3 22 .8 11 .3 11 .5 13 .5 Ki rib at i 0 1 3 0. 0 1. 5 4. 1 0. 0 1. 0 2. 7 11 7 14 2 16 5 23 1. 0 21 5. 9 22 5. 3 13 8. 6 13 8. 0 14 6. 6 Ku w ai t 94 15 5 25 7 6. 4 6. 7 8. 3 4. 6 5. 2 6. 5 3 38 8 5 32 6 9 01 5 23 1. 3 23 1. 8 28 9. 5 16 5. 7 17 8. 0 22 7.8 Ky rg yz st an 21 0 27 8 29 4 6. 6 7.3 7.1 4. 3 5. 1 4. 8 5 95 0 7 70 8 8 02 1 18 5. 9 20 2. 8 19 4. 0 12 0. 9 14 2. 2 13 2. 0 La o Pe op le 's D em oc ra tic R ep ub lic 31 1 37 4 40 2 10 .3 9. 4 8. 8 5. 8 6. 0 5. 9 9 39 3 11 2 37 12 1 55 31 1. 5 28 2. 9 26 5. 8 17 6. 4 17 9. 8 17 7.6 La tv ia 25 1 18 9 12 6 12 .8 10 .4 7.5 10 .5 8. 9 6. 4 7 11 1 5 04 7 3 35 1 36 3. 1 27 7.3 20 0. 2 29 8. 3 23 8. 2 16 9. 7 Le ba no n 41 4 53 3 70 9 15 .6 14 .5 14 .5 10 .8 10 .8 10 .6 10 5 95 13 5 80 18 5 32 40 0. 1 36 9. 6 37 8. 1 27 5. 7 27 4. 2 27 6. 0 Le so th o 42 49 46 3. 4 3. 8 3. 3 2. 1 2. 5 2. 2 1 13 4 1 25 6 1 22 6 93 .0 96 .7 88 .5 55 .8 62 .9 59 .1 Li be ria 10 1 13 8 13 4 6. 2 6. 2 5. 0 3. 5 3. 5 2. 9 2 51 2 3 50 1 3 46 8 15 3. 9 15 7.9 12 9. 9 88 .2 90 .0 75 .6 Li by a 36 9 39 9 42 9 10 .4 9. 0 9. 3 6. 9 6. 4 6. 6 10 8 13 11 6 24 12 8 91 30 5. 1 26 3. 2 27 8. 6 20 1. 8 18 7.6 19 8. 6 Li th ua ni a 26 8 26 6 21 4 9. 6 10 .0 8. 7 7.7 8. 5 7.4 7 39 5 7 25 3 5 62 6 26 4. 1 27 2. 4 22 8. 1 21 1. 2 23 2. 2 19 4. 7 Lu xe m bo ur g 7 6 6 2. 0 1. 4 1. 2 1. 6 1. 2 1. 0 24 1 17 6 19 3 68 .2 42 .1 39 .8 55 .3 34 .7 33 .3 M ad ag as ca r 43 4 47 3 46 8 5. 0 4. 0 3. 2 2. 8 2. 2 1. 9 12 0 08 13 4 44 13 2 66 13 8. 9 11 2. 5 90 .8 76 .2 63 .6 53 .3 M al aw i 19 4 14 8 15 0 3. 2 1. 9 1. 6 1. 7 1. 0 0. 9 5 86 0 4 32 1 4 21 0 97 .5 55 .4 44 .2 52 .6 29 .7 24 .5 M al ay si a 1 08 3 1 40 7 1 57 7 7.0 6. 9 6. 8 4. 7 5. 0 5. 1 33 2 21 43 9 97 49 9 58 21 4. 9 21 6. 5 21 6. 3 14 3. 2 15 6. 0 16 2. 8 M al di ve s 19 18 17 11 .4 6. 6 4. 5 6. 8 4. 9 3. 6 55 1 48 0 45 2 33 1. 3 17 5. 7 11 9. 9 19 7.2 13 1. 2 95 .1 M al i 19 2 18 5 22 2 3. 3 2. 3 2. 4 1. 8 1. 2 1. 2 5 37 8 5 53 4 6 65 4 91 .9 70 .0 71 .0 49 .1 36 .8 37 .0 M al ta 8 9 8 2. 5 2. 6 2. 1 2. 0 2. 2 1. 8 32 2 26 7 27 5 10 2. 1 75 .8 73 .5 81 .8 64 .5 63 .1 M au rit an ia 78 97 11 5 5. 3 4. 7 4. 6 3. 0 2. 8 2. 8 2 07 8 2 65 1 3 17 0 13 9. 9 12 9. 1 12 7.8 79 .0 75 .9 76 .1 M au rit iu s 47 38 37 5. 3 3. 9 3. 6 4. 0 3. 0 2. 9 1 64 4 1 30 8 1 24 7 18 6. 8 13 4. 3 12 1. 9 13 8. 7 10 4. 8 98 .8 76 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 AN N EX 5 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT HS A ND D AL YS P ER 1 00 0 00 W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , A S A RE SU LT O F IS CH AE M IC H EA RT D IS EA SE A TT RI BU TA BL E TO E XP OS UR E TO L ON G W OR KI NG H OU RS , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , FO R TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 N o. d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 M ex ic o 2 39 4 34 95 4 33 8 3. 7 4. 3 4. 8 2. 4 3. 1 3. 5 72 61 3 10 5 25 5 12 9 83 5 11 1. 6 13 0. 9 14 4. 8 73 .4 92 .3 10 5. 3 M ic ro ne si a (F ed er at ed S ta te s of ) 0 3 2 0. 0 4. 5 2. 7 0. 0 2. 9 1. 8 13 6 14 3 14 9 21 2. 3 21 6. 1 19 9. 8 12 6. 6 13 8. 9 13 5. 2 M on go lia 21 2 18 9 21 1 13 .6 9. 5 9. 8 8. 8 6. 9 6. 9 6 39 3 6 36 6 7 00 0 40 8. 8 32 0. 7 32 4. 6 26 6. 7 23 4. 1 22 9. 0 M on te ne gr o 22 23 21 4. 6 4. 6 4. 1 3. 6 3. 7 3. 3 68 2 65 1 62 7 14 1. 5 12 9. 1 12 2. 4 11 1. 2 10 4. 3 10 0. 0 M or oc co 2 59 4 1 77 5 1 79 5 13 .5 7.7 7.1 9. 0 5. 5 5. 1 73 3 00 46 5 09 47 1 31 38 2. 7 20 1. 2 18 5. 4 25 4. 6 14 3. 8 13 4. 2 M oz am bi qu e 25 9 21 5 20 8 2. 6 1. 7 1. 4 1. 5 0. 9 0. 7 8 10 8 6 49 6 6 0 33 82 .5 50 .9 39 .6 45 .8 27 .6 21 .7 M ya nm ar 1 23 6 1 79 2 2 07 1 3. 9 5. 1 5. 4 2. 6 3. 5 3. 9 36 2 05 53 3 96 61 5 35 11 4. 8 15 0. 8 15 9. 6 77 .5 10 5. 5 11 6. 0 Na m ib ia 35 35 39 3. 4 2. 6 2. 6 2. 0 1. 7 1. 7 1 07 2 1 05 1 1 09 1 10 3. 0 79 .3 73 .3 59 .7 49 .6 46 .3 Ne pa l 1 72 4 2 42 4 2 61 0 12 .2 14 .1 14 .1 7.2 9. 0 9. 6 54 4 15 67 9 38 71 5 13 38 5. 0 39 4. 8 38 7.5 22 7.3 25 1. 5 26 2. 3 Ne th er la nd s 26 1 15 1 12 7 2. 0 1. 1 0. 9 1. 6 0. 9 0. 7 8 10 6 4 80 5 3 96 4 62 .4 34 .9 28 .0 50 .9 28 .8 23 .3 Ne w Ze al an d 20 1 14 1 12 5 6. 7 4. 1 3. 3 5. 2 3. 2 2. 7 5 76 9 4 18 1 3 73 9 19 3. 4 12 0. 3 10 0. 1 14 9. 5 95 .7 80 .2 Ni ca ra gu a 12 5 12 6 15 2 4. 1 3. 2 3. 5 2. 5 2. 2 2. 4 3 74 0 3 83 8 4 53 3 12 2. 3 98 .8 10 4. 1 73 .8 65 .9 71 .9 Ni ge r 25 5 37 4 41 7 4. 4 4. 5 4. 0 2. 3 2. 3 2. 0 7 56 9 11 2 28 12 3 75 12 9. 1 13 6. 5 11 9. 4 66 .8 68 .2 59 .5 Ni ge ria 2 34 8 2 97 1 3 83 0 3. 4 3. 3 3. 7 1. 9 1. 9 2. 1 68 7 76 85 5 67 10 7 81 6 99 .7 96 .5 10 3. 7 56 .2 54 .0 58 .0 No rt h M ac ed on ia 77 68 64 4. 9 4. 0 3. 7 3. 8 3. 3 3. 1 2 33 2 2 03 6 1 94 7 14 8. 2 11 9. 8 11 2. 4 11 4. 6 98 .3 93 .6 No rw ay 87 53 41 2. 4 1. 3 0. 9 1. 9 1. 1 0. 8 2 39 9 1 59 0 1 33 4 66 .6 40 .1 30 .9 53 .3 32 .5 25 .4 Om an 13 0 13 8 17 5 9. 1 6. 1 5. 0 5. 7 4. 5 3. 9 4 26 0 4 57 3 6 14 1 29 8. 6 20 2. 3 17 5. 5 18 7.8 15 0. 4 13 7.1 Pa ki st an 10 1 55 13 1 01 14 9 16 12 .3 11 .7 11 .4 7.1 7.3 7.3 30 2 88 0 39 0 13 0 44 6 34 6 36 6. 6 34 9. 0 34 0. 9 21 2. 8 21 7.4 21 9. 2 Pa na m a 70 10 0 95 3. 4 3. 9 3. 3 2. 3 2. 7 2. 4 2 04 0 2 96 1 2 88 7 99 .0 11 4. 7 98 .8 67 .3 81 .3 71 .5 Pa pu a Ne w G ui ne a 24 0 29 2 39 8 6. 8 6. 5 7.6 4. 1 4. 0 4. 8 8 52 6 10 1 65 13 7 24 24 2. 0 22 5. 4 26 1. 1 14 5. 8 13 9. 0 16 5. 9 Pa ra gu ay 21 3 23 2 25 4 6. 5 5. 5 5. 4 4. 0 3. 7 3. 7 6 60 5 7 1 66 7 64 8 20 1. 7 17 1. 0 16 1. 3 12 4. 1 11 4. 7 11 2. 8 Pe ru 90 0 1 10 1 1 26 1 5. 2 5. 4 5. 6 3. 4 3. 8 4. 1 26 1 66 32 3 36 36 5 82 15 0. 8 15 9. 4 16 2. 3 98 .9 11 1. 4 11 8. 3 Ph ili pp in es 3 90 7 5 83 5 7 30 7 8. 1 9. 4 10 .4 5. 0 6. 2 7.0 13 4 16 8 19 8 71 1 24 5 24 2 27 9. 6 32 0. 4 34 7.5 17 2. 0 21 1. 5 23 6. 6 Po la nd 1 69 1 1 38 8 1 29 2 5. 5 4. 3 4. 0 4. 4 3. 6 3. 4 53 3 59 43 8 11 39 7 52 17 2. 0 13 4. 8 12 2. 8 13 8. 4 11 4. 3 10 4. 6 Po rt ug al 35 6 22 9 19 0 4. 1 2. 5 2. 1 3. 5 2. 2 1. 8 8 99 2 5 65 0 5 00 2 10 4. 0 62 .7 56 .2 87 .3 53 .3 48 .4 Qa ta r 16 35 63 3. 6 2. 2 2. 7 2. 7 1. 9 2. 4 58 5 1 27 5 2 23 5 13 2. 9 78 .8 97 .3 98 .7 68 .7 84 .2 Re pu bl ic o f K or ea 87 6 87 4 87 2 2. 3 2. 1 2. 0 1. 8 1. 8 1. 7 29 8 68 27 5 61 27 0 41 79 .4 66 .3 61 .3 63 .0 55 .6 53 .0 Re pu bl ic o f M ol do va 26 5 26 9 22 0 8. 2 7.9 6. 4 6. 3 6. 6 5. 4 7 22 2 7 50 8 6 16 5 22 4. 5 22 0. 1 18 0. 0 17 1. 8 18 3. 7 15 1. 6 ANNEXES 77 AN N EX 5 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT HS A ND D AL YS P ER 1 00 0 00 W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , A S A RE SU LT O F IS CH AE M IC H EA RT D IS EA SE A TT RI BU TA BL E TO E XP OS UR E TO L ON G W OR KI NG H OU RS , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , FO R TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 N o. d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Ro m an ia 1 71 8 1 37 3 1 12 1 9. 5 8. 0 6. 7 7.8 6. 7 5. 7 46 7 85 36 21 6 29 4 57 25 9. 6 21 0. 0 17 5. 9 21 1. 3 17 6. 9 14 8. 8 Ru ss ia n Fe de ra tio n 11 3 70 9 42 1 7 30 0 9. 5 7.7 6. 1 7.8 6. 6 5. 0 34 9 20 0 28 2 51 1 21 1 94 0 29 1. 7 23 1. 4 17 6. 4 23 8. 5 19 6. 9 14 5. 9 Rw an da 58 37 44 1. 3 0. 6 0. 6 0. 7 0. 4 0. 4 2 47 2 1 47 6 1 74 1 56 .0 25 .1 25 .0 31 .2 14 .7 14 .9 Sa in t L uc ia 3 3 3 2. 8 2. 2 2. 1 1. 9 1. 7 1. 7 14 7 14 3 15 5 13 8. 5 10 7.0 10 6. 7 93 .8 82 .1 86 .1 Sa in t V in ce nt a nd th e Gr en ad in es 0 2 2 0. 0 2. 5 2. 4 0. 0 1. 8 1. 8 92 12 7 13 7 12 4. 6 15 8. 2 16 3. 3 85 .4 11 7.3 12 5. 2 Sa m oa 6 6 5 5. 8 5. 2 4. 2 3. 4 3. 2 2. 6 30 2 25 4 23 5 29 2. 2 22 1. 4 19 6. 9 17 3. 1 13 6. 6 12 0. 8 Sa o To m e an d Pr in ci pe 0 0 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 62 59 63 78 .3 57 .8 54 .5 43 .6 32 .7 31 .0 Sa ud i A ra bi a 94 1 1 34 5 1 75 5 7.4 7.0 7.3 4. 6 4. 9 5. 4 27 3 57 40 4 51 53 9 71 21 4. 5 20 9. 8 22 3. 4 13 2. 4 14 7.5 16 6. 4 Se ne ga l 20 6 23 9 22 4 3. 8 3. 3 2. 6 2. 1 1. 9 1. 5 5 73 1 6 65 7 6 41 8 10 5. 8 92 .9 75 .6 58 .5 52 .5 42 .8 Se rb ia 55 2 43 5 36 4 7.3 5. 9 4. 9 5. 8 4. 8 4. 1 15 4 31 11 5 70 9 51 7 20 4. 6 15 5. 7 12 7.9 16 2. 6 12 8. 7 10 7.5 Se yc he lle s 0 0 2 0. 0 0. 0 2. 7 0. 0 0. 0 2. 1 10 7 12 4 13 4 18 5. 1 17 6. 0 18 2. 6 13 2. 1 13 5. 9 14 0. 0 Si er ra L eo ne 38 0 37 3 37 4 14 .8 10 .2 8. 7 8. 3 5. 8 5. 1 11 6 51 11 4 24 11 3 73 45 5. 2 31 2. 6 26 5. 9 25 4. 1 17 8. 1 15 5. 2 Si ng ap or e 19 3 20 9 20 3 5. 9 4. 7 4. 1 4. 8 4. 1 3. 6 5 83 5 6 61 8 6 28 2 17 8. 2 15 0. 0 12 6. 7 14 4. 8 12 9. 0 11 1. 1 Sl ov ak ia 93 66 41 2. 1 1. 4 0. 9 1. 7 1. 2 0. 8 2 72 5 2 04 4 1 19 5 62 .9 44 .7 25 .9 50 .5 37 .8 22 .0 Sl ov en ia 74 56 51 4. 4 3. 2 2. 9 3. 7 2. 7 2. 5 1 99 9 1 42 3 1 32 6 11 9. 4 81 .0 75 .0 10 0. 6 69 .6 63 .9 So lo m on Is la nd s 17 18 21 7.1 5. 8 5. 7 4. 1 3. 4 3. 4 65 9 66 2 72 7 27 5. 0 21 1. 7 19 7.0 15 9. 7 12 5. 4 11 7.4 So m al ia 27 1 31 8 39 0 5. 8 5. 1 5. 2 3. 1 2. 6 2. 7 9 32 0 10 6 67 12 9 13 19 8. 9 17 0. 9 17 1. 6 10 5. 0 88 .6 91 .0 So ut h Af ric a 77 0 85 7 86 9 2. 6 2. 4 2. 2 1. 7 1. 7 1. 5 22 7 50 24 9 78 24 9 17 76 .5 69 .3 62 .6 50 .6 48 .8 44 .3 So ut h Su da n 13 6 16 5 18 4 4. 0 3. 1 2. 9 2. 2 1. 7 1. 7 4 37 7 5 21 5 5 57 0 12 8. 0 97 .1 89 .1 70 .6 54 .8 51 .4 Sp ai n 68 7 52 0 48 0 2. 0 1. 3 1. 2 1. 7 1. 1 1. 0 19 1 00 14 9 51 14 1 08 54 .9 37 .4 35 .5 46 .8 31 .9 30 .3 Sr i L an ka 1 31 8 1 39 3 1 65 4 9. 6 9. 2 10 .4 7.0 6. 9 7.9 40 3 30 42 5 26 49 5 73 29 3. 2 28 1. 3 31 2. 7 21 4. 8 20 9. 9 23 5. 8 Su da n 2 23 9 2 54 8 2 94 6 14 .6 12 .9 12 .6 8. 2 7.4 7.4 76 4 82 86 0 59 98 1 62 49 9. 0 43 7.0 41 8. 9 28 0. 4 24 9. 1 24 6. 3 Su rin am e 27 25 27 8. 5 6. 7 6. 6 5. 7 4. 7 4. 8 85 0 83 2 9 15 26 8. 2 22 2. 7 22 4. 0 18 0. 5 15 7.2 16 2. 0 Sw ed en 26 0 18 8 16 4 3. 6 2. 4 2. 0 2. 9 2. 0 1. 7 6 55 8 4 80 1 4 24 4 90 .5 61 .2 52 .2 73 .8 51 .1 43 .1 Sw itz er la nd 16 1 11 3 98 2. 7 1. 7 1. 4 2. 3 1. 4 1. 2 4 09 8 2 97 6 2 61 3 69 .5 44 .9 36 .6 57 .4 38 .1 31 .2 Sy ria n Ar ab R ep ub lic 98 8 1 40 1 1 39 9 10 .2 10 .5 11 .8 6. 0 6. 6 8. 0 29 4 06 43 3 79 43 3 57 30 3. 8 32 4. 3 36 7.0 17 9. 2 20 3. 1 24 8. 2 Ta jik is ta n 17 3 22 7 27 3 4. 8 4. 7 4. 9 2. 8 3. 0 3. 2 4 81 9 6 01 4 7 40 1 13 4. 9 12 4. 2 13 3. 7 77 .5 79 .9 85 .4 Th ai la nd 2 30 4 2 62 4 2 70 4 4. 8 4. 8 4. 8 3. 7 3. 9 3. 9 70 4 41 79 6 34 82 0 16 14 7.2 14 6. 6 14 4. 4 11 1. 9 11 8. 5 11 8. 9 78 WHO/ILO JOINT ESTIMATES OF THE WORK-RELATED BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURY, 2000-2016 AN N EX 5 ( Co nt d. ) TO TA L NU M BE RS O F AT TR IB UT AB LE D EA TH S AN D DA LY S, A ND N UM BE RS O F DE AT HS A ND D AL YS P ER 1 00 0 00 W OR KI NG -A GE P OP UL AT IO N (≥ 1 5 YE AR S) A ND TO TA L PO PU LA TI ON (A LL A GE S) , A S A RE SU LT O F IS CH AE M IC H EA RT D IS EA SE A TT RI BU TA BL E TO E XP OS UR E TO L ON G W OR KI NG H OU RS , G LO BA LL Y AN D BY W HO R EG IO N AN D CO UN TR Y, 1 83 C OU NT RI ES , FO R TH E YE AR S 20 00 , 2 01 0 AN D 20 16 N o. d ea th s No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . d ea th s pe r 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) No . D AL Ys No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (≥ 1 5 ye ar s) No . D AL Ys p er 10 0 00 0 po pu la tio n (a ll ag es ) 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 20 00 20 10 20 16 Ti m or -L es te 33 37 39 6. 8 5. 9 5. 2 3. 7 3. 4 3. 2 1 12 6 1 14 8 1 18 6 23 1. 0 18 2. 7 15 9. 1 12 7.3 10 5. 0 97 .3 To go 24 3 26 9 28 2 8. 7 7.3 6. 5 4. 9 4. 2 3. 8 6 49 2 7 54 9 7 96 9 23 2. 3 20 5. 5 18 2. 7 13 1. 8 11 7.6 10 6. 1 To ng a 3 1 2 5. 0 1. 5 3. 1 3. 1 1. 0 2. 0 12 9 12 3 12 2 21 4. 1 18 9. 0 18 8. 9 13 1. 7 11 8. 3 12 0. 6 Tr in id ad a nd To ba go 93 87 90 9. 9 8. 3 8. 2 7.3 6. 6 6. 5 2 84 6 2 73 1 2 78 3 30 1. 8 25 9. 4 25 4. 5 22 4. 6 20 5. 6 20 2. 0 Tu ni si a 91 9 1 00 6 1 01 5 13 .4 12 .3 11 .8 9. 5 9. 5 9. 0 23 9 95 26 1 79 26 9 42 35 0. 8 32 1. 1 31 3. 6 24 7.2 24 6. 2 23 8. 3 Tu rk ey 5 74 8 5 19 3 5 33 5 13 .1 9. 8 8. 9 9. 1 7.2 6. 7 18 2 06 2 15 2 36 2 15 1 81 3 41 4. 8 28 8. 2 25 4. 7 28 7.9 21 0. 7 19 0. 2 Tu rk m en is ta n 21 2 21 5 26 0 7.4 6. 0 6. 6 4. 7 4. 2 4. 6 6 6 46 6 54 5 8 04 9 23 0. 9 18 2. 5 20 5. 5 14 7.2 12 8. 7 14 2. 1 Ug an da 16 3 21 4 26 4 1. 4 1. 3 1. 3 0. 7 0. 7 0. 7 5 70 5 7 52 8 9 09 1 47 .9 45 .6 43 .8 24 .1 23 .2 22 .9 Uk ra in e 6 71 0 6 65 3 5 38 7 16 .6 16 .9 14 .2 13 .7 14 .5 12 .0 17 9 22 2 16 5 83 1 13 1 28 2 44 2. 8 42 1. 7 34 7.2 36 7.0 36 2. 1 29 3. 6 Un ite d Ar ab E m ira te s 10 6 22 2 31 5 4. 6 3. 0 3. 9 3. 4 2. 6 3. 4 4 00 6 8 67 9 12 1 47 17 2. 8 11 6. 9 15 1. 6 12 7.8 10 1. 5 12 9. 8 Un ite d Ki ng do m 2 23 8 1 37 6 1 16 9 4. 7 2. 6 2. 1 3. 8 2. 2 1. 8 64 3 57 41 0 65 35 1 81 13 4. 9 78 .4 64 .4 10 9. 2 64 .7 53 .1 Un ite d Re pu bl ic o f T an za ni a 47 2 65 1 82 6 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 14 5 20 18 5 51 23 8 48 78 .5 75 .9 81 .0 43 .3 41 .8 45 .0 Un ite d St at es o f A m er ic a 5 95 5 4 76 4 5 18 6 2. 7 1. 9 2. 0 2. 1 1. 5 1. 6 17 3 66 6 14 2 29 3 15 1 54 5 78 .7 57 .7 57 .9 61 .6 46 .0 46 .9 Ur ug ua y 16 8 13 5 11 7 6. 7 5. 2 4. 3 5. 1 4. 0 3. 4 4 69 3 3 79 5 3 34 8 18 7.3 14 5. 2 12 3. 7 14 1. 4 11 3. 0 97 .8 Uz be ki st an 96 1 1 19 4 1 28 9 6. 2 5. 9 5. 7 3. 9 4. 2 4. 1 28 1 29 35 0 71 38 1 06 18 1. 0 17 3. 6 16 9. 2 11 3. 6 12 3. 0 12 1. 2 Va nu at u 5 6 6 4. 6 4. 1 3. 5 2. 7 2. 5 2. 2 24 8 29 6 33 4 22 9. 2 20 2. 8 19 6. 4 13 4. 1 12 5. 3 12 0. 0 Ve ne zu el a (B ol iv ar ia n Re pu bl ic o f) 1 09 7 1 22 8 1 30 8 6. 9 6. 2 6. 1 4. 5 4. 3 4. 4 35 0 94 38 8 63 41 0 19 21 9. 7 19 5. 0 19 1. 4 14 5. 1 13 6. 6 13 7.4 Vi et N am 1 76 2 2 21 0 2 59 6 3. 2 3. 3 3. 6 2. 2 2. 5 2. 8 51 3 80 68 2 04 82 7 23 94 .0 10 1. 5 11 4. 8 64 .3 77 .5 88 .3 Ye m en 1 50 0 1 86 5 2 13 0 16 .9 14 .1 13 .1 8. 6 8. 1 7.8 48 5 64 60 7 75 68 7 61 54 6. 2 45 7.9 42 4. 4 27 9. 0 26 2. 5 25 3. 1 Za m bi a 14 7 16 3 17 1 2. 6 2. 3 1. 9 1. 4 1. 2 1. 0 4 63 3 4 97 0 5 19 7 83 .0 69 .3 58 .6 44 .5 36 .5 31 .8 Zi m ba bw e 46 8 32 8 27 2 6. 8 4. 4 3. 4 3. 9 2. 6 1. 9 10 8 30 8 20 4 6 97 8 15 7.3 11 0. 7 86 .7 91 .2 64 .6 49 .7 DA LY s, d is ab ili ty -a dj us te d lif e ye ar s. ANNEXES 79

For further information please contact: Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health World Health Organization 20 avenue Appia CH-1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland jointestimates@who.int https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change- and-health/monitoring/who-ilo-joint-estimates Governance and Tripartism Department International Labour Organization 4 route des Morillons CH-1211 Geneva 22 Switzerland labadmin-osh@ilo.org https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/ programmes-projects/WCMS_674797/lang--en/index.htm