Aquatic monitoring report of non-target entomofauna on selected rivers in Sierra Leone

I 4 I ONCHO CONTI|OL PR(,GTTA]UIIUIE STERRA LEONE AQLTA'.TIC &IONITORII,{G REPORT OF NON-ruRGET ENTOI\OFA(]NA ON SELECTED RIVERS IN SIERIA LEONE DANIEI, TH()ITEY ? ..1 '0 {t t r I I Z')) NOVEMBER, L997MAI(ENI a TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... SUMMARY... INTRODUCTION MONITORING REPORT Outamba ParUKaba/Site 7 1 a Page 1 2 3 4 (a) (b) (c) Makpankaw/Rokel/Site 7 2 Musaia/Mongo/Site 7 3...... 5 6 GENERAL CONCLUSION MONITORING TEAM Anrrex 1 Annex 2 Annex 3 Monitoring timetable and comments Physicochemical Factors Graphs and Tables t AQUATIC MONITORING OF NON-TARGETING ENTOMOFAUNA OF RIVERS LARVICIDED BY THE ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL PROGRAMME IN SIERRA LEONE SUMMARY Larviciding of selected rivers in Northern Sierra Leone had been conducted by the Onchocerciasis Control Programme since April 1989. Among the rivers larvicided, flrree had been selected and monitored for aquatic monitoring of non- target entomofauna since Marclt 1989. These stations and rivers rnonitored were Outanrba Park on the Kaba, Makpanliaw on the Rokel/seli and Musaia on the Mongo Rivers. Larviciding of tlrese rivers monitored had been interrupted and suspended due to changes in the security situation: on the Rokel since March 1994, on the Kaba ancl thre Mongo Rivers sirrce lvlarch 1995. Larviciding had only resumed on the Kaba and the Mongo rivers in January 1gg7 with the Rokel still suspended for larviciding. Relative to the disruption of the larviciding programme as designed by the Oncho Control Programme, tlris year's monitoring report was mainly to assess the effect of larviciding, its suspension and human activities on the rron-target aquatic entomofauna. The following wet'e the observations made for various sample types collecterl for all the stations monitr.rred. (a) Saxicolous fauna (1) Larviciding or its suspension had not been clearly identified to have an effect on the changes in the mean number of individuars per taxa. (2) The mean number of indivicluals per taxa during periods of suspension of larviciding dropped to levels below the mean number of individuals per taxa during period of larviciding. (3) species Richness on all the stations remained rerativery unchanged but Species Variation had been affected. There had been a recorded rarification of species like: Neoperla, Actharoptera ephemeridae and oligoneuridae during the suspension period. (4) There was the resumption of the dominance of the once dormant groups in these stations before commencement of larviciding. l-hese were the Tricorythidae at Outamba Park, Chirolrmidae at Makpankaw and Musaia at this reporting time. a aPretreatmerrt data showed that Tricorythidae at Outamba Park, Chironomidac at Makpankaw attd Musaia were the dominant saxicolous taxa. The dominance of thesegroups was alfected during periods of larvicitjing. lt had been observecl that wSerr larviciding was suspended these groups became totally dominant at these stations. (b) Drifting Fauna (1) Day time drift At outamba Park, the day time drift sarnples showed that during periocls of larviciding Dipteran groups were the dominant taxa but on the suepension of larviciding Epheneropteran groups were the dominant rlrilting taxa. At Makpankaw, Dipteran grorrlJs remained the dominant drifting taxa iriespective of condition at the sarnpling site but species variatiop 6a,J narrowed during suspension period wiilr Dipteran and Ephemeropteran groups showing sirnilar drift indices specifically in March, 1997. /it lvlusaia, there was no clear picture on the impact of larvicide on lre riilferences in abundance betweerr Dipteran and Ephemeropteran groLrps. Tlrere lrad been an interchange in dominance between these tro groups irrespective of larvividing or its suspension. (2) Night time drift -l lrere was a general drop in species richness in all the stations with the r;:rilication of major Ephenreropteran, Tricopteran, oclonatan ancl coleopteran taxa in all stations even wlren larviciding was suspended. Dif[erences in abundance between flre rnajor taxonomic groups showed tlrat Ephemeropteran groups are dominant at outamba park, Makpankaw and Musaia at this reporting time when rarviciding was suspenclecl. CONCLUSION Larviciding or its suspension had little impact on the changes in faunistic variations, total fauna and differences in Abundance between the major taxonomic groups. Relatively, data from water analysis does not show any changes in water quality but other environmental and entomofauna information had shown that human activities related to the use of ltchyotoxins in fish kilting and proximity of human ancl anirnal populations to tlre tnonitoring sites may pay a role in the lack of improvement in faunsitic variation species richness, total fauna and clrift indices of the non-target 2 tl entomofauna in tlle absence of larviciding INTRODUGTION Selected watercourses had been subjected to weekly aerial larviciding by the Oncho Control programnre (OCp) using four different types of Larvicides itt Sierra Leonc. These were Abate (Temephos) and Pyraclofos which are organo-phosphates, Bacillus thuringiensis serotype 14 (BTH 14) - a biological agent and Permethrin a Pyrethriod. The periodic state of insecurity had hamperecl tlre weekly larviciding programn'le and weekly collectiorr of entomological information of tlre transmission rate of Oncho by simulium dantnosum s.1' The aquatic monitoring process remained undisturbecl in the selected watercourses irt the Northern Sector oiSierra Leone. These vrratercourses and stations lnonitored were Outamba park on the Kaba, Makpankaw orr the Rokel/Seli and lvlusaia on the Mongo Rivers. Relative to tlre clisruption of the Larviciding Ptogranrme designed by the OCP, sittce March 1gg4 on the Rokel, since lvlarch 1995 on the Kaba and Mongo wittt these tivers been treatecl only once and four times respectively. since January 1997, this year's monitoring repgrt was mainly assess the effect of larviciding, its suspension and humatt activities on the non-target aquatic entomofauna' METHOD OF SAIIIPLIT.IG Aquatic monitt-rring of the non target entr.rrnofauna was done according to the vrork programme <iesigiecl by the ecological groLtp of the Oncho Control Prograinnte for 1 997. Each station was nronitored for saxicolous faurra once a month from November to April and for drifling fauna in February and March' The followilrg sampling procedures were conductecl for collecting the two sample types: (a) Saxicoious fauna - five surber samples wet'e collected at each sanrplittg time using a 11cmt15cm benthomere at areas with current spread not less that 0.4 m/s (b) Drifling faurra = one day time drift sample was collected at 1700hrs for fifteen minutes and two night time drift samples were collected for ten minutes using a tripod drift rret at an area with current speed not less than 0'4nVs' (c) physicoclremical factors such as C.O.D. Conductivity pl{, Alkalinity, Nitrates, J I Phospttates, Tentperature and Turbidity were collected usirrg stantlard plrysicoclienrical rneters. (d) Other environtnental variables such as human activities which includes: mining, fishing, laundly, cattle rearing, etc. were also noted. SAMPLES AND DATA ANALYSIS Water sarnples collected were analysed at tlre liver site and recorded Surber and drrlt sarnples collected were preserved with Alcohol, brouglrt to tlre laboratory, sorted out, identified, counted and recorded into 5620 forms accorclirrg t<t the sample type. Tl're results were translated in graphs and tables as preseltted in the annex for each Station. DISCUSSION OF MONII'ORING RESULTS OU'TAMBA PAI?K (a) Saxicolous Faurra The total rnean ttumber of irtdividuals per Surber lrad not irnproved after cessation of larviciding ilr March 1995. lt is also worth noting that during the use of BTt{14 and Abate specificaliy irt 1994 there was an increasc in tlre total mean nunrber of irrdividuals relative to the period of no treatment and suspension of treatment. Species richness rernained unaffected with all the major taxonomic groups represer,ted but species variation had been affected everr when larviciding was suspended as lvas observed during no treatrnent at this reporting period. Relatively, thete was an observed rarification of some taxa suclr as Neoperla, Aethaloptera and Oligoneuridae, Species identifiable with clear water. On the differerrces in Abundance between Diptera, Ephenreroptera and l"ricol;tera, there was an irtterchartge in dominance between Diptera and Epherneroptera irrespective of the larvicide used. When larviciding was suspended in March 1995, ephemeroptera became the totally donrinant group mainly represenl.ative of Tricorythidae. Chironomidae and Hydropsycidae were also significantly representative in this sample type. Althouglr the filtering collectors tend to be increasing their presence in this station during periods of larviciding and suspension but the Gatlrering Collectors remained the donrinant furrctional group. This is a feature to indical.e that larvicides rnay not totally be incrirninated as having an effect on the changes in species variation, mean number of individuals and rarification of some species. Other forces may be responsible mainly 4 a Irunran. Forces corrnected with dornestic and agricultural activity. Day Time Drift There had beer.r a higtt irrcrease in the particiFration of Dipteran groups cluring periods of larviciciirrg irrcspective of the type used. Orr the suspension of larvicicling, lre diffelettce in Al;ttttdattce narrowed relrrarkably rvith the Ephenreropteran groups domirrating in lvlarcir and February 1997. Specifi;ally. Tlte Tricopteran groups seem not to be affected by cheurges in conciitions in tiris Station. They stiil mairrtained their levels at no tleatrnent even when larvicicliilg was suspended. Night Tinre |cr-ift This sarnple type usually showed the lrighest number of indivirluals ancl species diversity irr all stations ntonitored during periocls o[ tr-eatrnent ancl no treatment. l]r,t orr the cessation of treatrnent in March 1995, the species richness had not improvccl br-rt had dropped to half its original value in 1gg0 conrpared to 1g97. There was atr observed rarification of Leptophlebidae, t-leptagenidae, Dicerontyzon, Ptotomacronenta, Arnplrispsyche, Aethalotcra, Neoperla, Corixidae, etc. Ali lnajor taxonotnic groups had been affected alrd herrce a clrop in species riclrness anrJ r.otiil drift indices. As Was observcd ilr the day tirtre drift, thcre was an interchange of dominarrcc beil^reen the epltentct<.rpteta ancl tlre Diptera durirrg the lreriods of Larvicicling. Since lviarc]r 1994, wltett tlrere was periodic suspension of larviciclirig on to Marclr 1gg5 wlrerr laruiciciing wal; totally suspended, Ephernerrtptera groups lracl been tlre dontinarrt taxa up to this reporting time. MAKPANKAW Saxicolous Fauna Since N,4arc.h 1994, larviciding was suspended on tlre Rokel with no relative improvelnerrt in species riclrness arrd this reporting period lrad recorded the lowest totat rnean nutnber r"rf individuals per Surber. Tlris value was far below its value when tlris statiorr v,ras under intense larvicide pressure. Differences itt abuttclance between major taxolrornic groups showed that Depteran taxa remained the totally donrinant saxicolous fauna with the Gathering Cotlectors as the dominant furrctional group irrespective of conditions at the station. The rneatr ttrrtnber of individuals per taxa in January 1991 showed that susceptible groups like' Beatidae attc'l l-lydropsychidac recorcJed higher values, a period the station J aa was under tense larvicide pressure. This shows that Larvicides alone may not have an effect on the rarification of susceptible species but ltchyotoxins may be the main force in the drop irr the nurnber of individuals per Surber and changes in Species cliversity. Day Time Driit As had been observed in the Surber samples, Dipteran groups renraine<J the, predominattt taxa irrespective of conditions at tlre station. An impoltant feature was that, the differertces on abundance on the corrtinual suspension of Larviciclirig l"rad narrowed tlte differences with ephemerotera recording similar drift indices to Diptera in February 1997 and sinrilar to pretreatment levcls in Marclr 1997. Night Tinrc Di ift Monitoring data in 1989 recorded 40 species in this Sarnple type. As Larvicitling continued, there was a gradual reduction irt species richness. Even wlren larvicidirrg was suspended, species richness continur:d to drop recording almost halt its origirral value in 1997. T'here was a recorded rarification of Anrphipsyclre, Polymorprharrisus, Macrostemurn, Zygoptera, Oligoneuridae and 1-lydr opsychidae. Compourtded witlr the rarification, tlrere was also an evident reduction in tlre drift indices of existing species. An important feature of the monitoring results was that Ephemeropteran grougrs lracl increased their participation in the drift placing Diptera groups in a seconclary position in the absence of lai'viciding. MUSAIA Saxicolous Fauna As was observed wlten there was treatment of tlris Station; the total fauna was lower than when treatment started. The total fauna remained high under intcnse larvicide used until late 1992, when it dropped to levels below pre{reatment. This situation harl not relatively irnproved even when larviciding was suspended. Althouglt Diptt-ran groups remained predonrinantly, the main saxicolous taxa irrespective of conditions at the sampling site but there was an observed resurgence of Tricopteratt populations even above Dipteran groups during period BTH14 or abate use. There population seem to drop to levels of pretreatment when larviciding was suspended. Larvicides may not be affecting the proliteration of Tricopteran groups. The faunistic status whiclr slrowed that, there was not relative change in species richness when abate or BTH14 was used irrdicates that larvicides may have transient effect rotation atrd suspension of larviciding in this station for any possible improvenrerrt in faunistic variatiorr. 6 a Day Tinte llrift Pretreatntetrt data sltowed that Dipteran groul)s were the most domant cJrifting taxa. When larviciding commenced up to its suspension, there was an oscillation in the abundance levels of dominance between Epherneroptera and Diptera irrespective of the larvicide uried. Tlris similar picture was also presented during the suslrension of larviciding. Tlte above observable drifting pattern sholved tlrat larvicicle had little or no elfect on these drift p:attern and tlre abundance of diflerent groups in tlre cirift trut ol.her environtnental sources such as hunran arrd cattlc ploximity to tlre statiorr. Night Tinrc Drift When this sanrple type was collected in the Station before the start of larvicicling, 47 taxa were rer:orded. l-here was no strarp taxonomic reduction until 1gg0 l,ihen larvicidittg was totally suspended with a [otal rariafication of almost alt the nrajor taxa except carrirlae hydrotilitae, chironomini, or tlre cladlni arrd pyralidae. Data on the 1997 rnonitoring recorded 14 species with still the valification c.rf certairr major taxa like Hydropsychidae, ampltipsyche, rnacrostemunr, protonracronema, acthaloptcra, qdoltatan groups, coleopteran groups and neoperla s.p. Thcse taxa had been participa'ting in the drift during periods of larviciding. There absence in tlre clrift reduce the toial drift indices and species riclrness of the Staiion. The increase in the species participatlon irr tire drift from five to fourtecn wlrcn larviciding conlntenced in January 199-/ showed that larvicides may be a contriiruting factors to tlte dlift but the varification of sorne species in tlre dril't may be due to tire proximity cif c:attle and lrurnan populatiolrs along tlre banks of the li4ongo River. Althouglt vuater samples did not show any clr?oges in water quality but ttre high algal growth wltich develops as a result of high depositiorr of organic byeproduces and v,rhiclr is a refugivia for Dipteran groups shows ? corlrposed inrpact of larvicide ancl hurrran in the quality of tire drift. Relatively the difference in abundance between rnajor taxononric groups showed caenidae to l,re the most abundant taxa partici;lating in the drift. This was tlre si'ruatiorr before and during periods of larviciding but chironorlidae groups were also significantly representative of the drift with susceptible ephemeroteran groul)s still represented. a It GENERAL CAre_LLI-siEN ln Sierra Leone larviciding of river had been carrietl out since April 19Bg with ternephos, B.t. H-14, phoxirn and pyraclofos. Among ttre rivers larvicided in Sierra Leone, three of tlrenr had been monitored since March 1989. Tlrese were the Kaba at Outanrba Park, Rokel/Seli at lVlakpankaiv_and Mongo rivers nt Musaia. Larviciding crf ilrese ricers was suspended cjue to social unrest, since March 1gg4 at Makpankaw arrd March 1995 at Musaia and OuLamba. Aquarttic monitoriltg of the non-target entomofauna had recorded the followirig observations based on the sample type. Surber sarnple- There was a drop irr total fauna mean number of irrdividuals per taxa and an observable rariflcation of lgqElsila s.L, Oligoneuridae and Aethaloptera cluring tlie suspension of larviciding in all tlre stations. Pretreattnetit cjata showed Trichorytlridae at Outanrba Park and Chironorniclae at Musaia and Makpankaw were the dorminalrt saxicolous taxa. The dorminirntce of tlrese groups was affected during treatment. There dorrninarrce had been establishecj on the cessation of lcrrviciding, Drift sampl_es Day time drift sarnples showed that larvicides rnay have an effect on the clrifting pa(tern. At Outamba Parl<, Ctrironomidae had higher drift indices during periods larvicicling whilst Ephemeroptera was the dorminant taxa during suspension period. At Musaia anil Makpankaw conditions at tlre stations does not show any role of larviciding in tlte drift pattern. Dipteran group$ were the dorminant day drifting invertebrates. Samples collected during night time drift showe,J, tlrere had been a total drop in species ricness, attd a change in variation at the susoension of larvicicling. lt is observable that all major taxonomic groups were affected and data collected after cessation of larviciding did not show any relative improvenrent. A prominent feature was that Ephemeropteran groups recovered their donninance in the drift at this time of reviel. I a Outamba Park Date Samole Tvoe Surber -do- -do- Day & Night Drift & Surber -do- Surber Makpankaw Sample Tvoe Surber -do- -do- Day & Night Drift & Surber -do- Musaia Sample Type Surber -do- -do- Surber, Day & Night Drift -do- -do- 3t11196 13112t96 20t1t97 22t2t97 813t97 814t97 Comments Shimy Growth -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- Comments Shimy Growth -do- -do- -do- -do- Comments Shimy Grolvth -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- Date 6111t96 15t12t96 2211t97 25t2t97 18t3t97 Date 09/1 1/96 06/11196 07t01197 15102t97 11t03t97 11t04t97 9 aWAIER P}TTSIO-CHEM] C*I, - FACTORS OUTI\MBA PARK: DAfE MAKPAI{KAW - DATE I I MUSAIA: DATE I I o PH,. aIK(P)'r. rIIRB NO 1 Po4 i._coND" coD 6 o I5 44 o 45 roo 6 0 ro q4 o t4€ ro0 6 o 5 44 IO 8> roo 6 0 , 44 IO 1ro roo 6 o IO 44 IO 166 roo 5 0 , 44 5 r27 roo PH l.rK( P) TI]RB NO 1 Po4 COND" COD 6 0 I5 44 I 2% roo 6 o I0 M I 146 Ioo 6 o 5 44 2 I87 r00 6 o 5 44 2 70 "? Ioo 6 o 5 tA 2 18 "7 r00 PH AtK( P) TI]RB NO 1 PO4 COND" coD 6 o 20 44 IO r68 Ioo 6 o I5 44 IO 95 roo 6 o I5 t* IO 90 roo 6 o IO 44 2 IOI roo 6 o 5 44 I ,+ Ioo 6 o 5 ttJ+ I rc IOO I treatments start Natronal team I start monttoring I V Trealments suspension Abate ',1 \f Total fauna in Surber samples at Outamba park from 1989 to i997 Total fauna in Surber samples at Makpankaw from 1989 to 1997 Total fauna in Surber samples at Musaia from 1989 to 1997 t '1400 1200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 a ot) 5o e o ! E: c c6o E oFeNNNOoostt!lo@()Fr9QqqaEe{{adooc,55i,;o rooo-rgOioijo5>9raFooEbbD+a+E;N55;;E;EXNNroN;;;_NooNo oo@a c)moo Oe NO Sampling dates 1400 1200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 o TI: o o o Il E c tr6o E o Il:o g. o .o Ef c tr6oE 99rto(oN a8QQ90 :c.lctcnNN999o;o :-@@o00 9aeFNqlq{oooo90g'9'oog,C,inijU@iN=NNp>:S:X{?9sgQoroci;ciodr-r:F-i;hiboNNobNN&;:c;o Sampling dates Abate \,, !i 1400 1200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 o o o F N N qy q, q? o o s s 9 l{) q) o (o @ @ N NQ -ol Q A I A a A O O U 91 d o g) o o o, o @ o o S a s A A a s I 9 r :- b d 9 o o F o o - o oqi N,J- +' d N d i d E n 6 N - - 6 + ; ; ; F = N o F - o N F N ; ci N ; i.i N ; ; ; ; = o o F Treatrnents start i v treatments suspenston Sampling dates aDiffelence in abundance between diptera, ephemeroptera and tricoptera in Surber sanrplcs al Oulamba park .r l , A'A I A t, A 100 90 80 G70, ;Ano -'''E so of40q I r,' L -,,, 2() 10 0 A Ai,.l eIA i-o-_Diptera -+- lricoptera - r - Ephenreroptera i Diffarorrce itt abtlntlattce between diptera eplrenreroptera and tricoptera in Surher santples at Musaia A A \1, ,l ii$fi$$$frgEiEp$*i}o o o r t. N ({ .{ro (, (:. o) o rD h rn ;!i ;6E E i i E$,+ E t$R;;;1:Jp33iJ,:3 A t 100 90 80 G70 ;60 .e H50 o 340 ori so 20 10 0 I A O) o E () a ts-o o ,o ({ o E o c) o o o d o, c oi CJ cd I o E o c oo o l) a)o .o @ OJq o @o cl o F(t(.{ c) c o CJ No o((t(! N o E()(! L. o E o oo o E (o {, o, o{, 6 c' .o (r too .o 0o oau @ a (){r u) o,@ o @ N r J- --o- Diptera -o-Tricoptera - r - Ephenrerop_tera I Dillerertce ilr abultdattce betweett diptera, epherrreroptera and tricoptera in Surber sanrplee at Makp'ankaw l ^ 100 90 BO 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 o o .9q E ofq o E 1-A c ,q t- o (, .d) l- o r) (-\ r-o {D t F c o N I(i (!c)({ i-+-Oipt".a -<r.--fricoptera - r - Ephemeropteral ? o t c)N I aOifferettce in abundance betvreerr riiptera, oplrerneroptrlrir arrtl tiicoptera in dry drifl.sarnples at Outanrba palk i a A A I A 100 90 80 G70 E' 60Eso o e40 t30 20 10 0 1I r"iuo/ +\o A .l:--_{ . q' ..A ,( t a , *:J:.1 (J ({ C) i0iooocai' *tFi +--+!-I OOOTN.JNsr(DDnoooo(Dt'+6tri* .ooo6.0!,iilh rt q at i' 'i E "i i E :5n99$,i,8ii I o o E d'CI \l .--\ J a -a- , -'l -e/ Differettce ilt abundancc betweon tliptera, ephcnruroi)lcra arrtl tlicopt?ra in day ririitsanrplesatil'lusaia :'- | -o- Diptera --o-- 1l icoptL-ra - * - Ephemerofter al :'- -f)__ 'i.- -l l-:t--. iid ao0ICD u'Q - .=fu:!:- -J!rtn(otrts(liO,(rro'otO.OO l{ll.li.L{Ii.?EEiE+P :1fli:*PFiftB O O O O .- ry (r .! 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N (n cJ (., c) r) o o (, <1 o i t { s * { q) N r@ O O O o O O (D o (D d, O, tlt o\ (D cr o o o ri o o dr dr oi d o, o E i $ i'* E $ ,i F i E e'i $ F i i E g F.t ii "+ F F $ i F * * p R 5 * 5 h Fl s * I r? 3 p 3 b r: s 3 i: P R * * 3 R t o' ci, q) to c o N ? o oc d,({ { N F; t- () o ^ I A , {t- ^ I 100 90 80 G70 ;60 .g 850o e40 aP oo 20 10 0 -^-+-_ A t A 'A a ^ -t a I l- +--l)iptera -+---Triccplera - { - El'trclrroropteral Difference in abundance belwcelr diptera, epholnerrlptr:ra antl tricoptera in day drift samplee at Makpankavr A ..4 L,a 100 90 80 S70960 tsoo ,40g30 20 10 0 ---i--- rtG:- }1'a- |-----Diptera --o--Tlico;rlcra - rl - t-phemerop_teral ,t , t t IDifference in abundance br:tweorr diptora, €l)llonteropl,]ril arrd tricoptera in nlglrt drift 9a1rplo3 at Ctularrrha pa' k a'r A I I t ,{ -A ! h 100 90 80 .- 70 ;60I 850 ?t ao cu 3(, 20 t0 0 y''r It)- .fi ^ -t A .-r -r a r. "l x I al(ro$!at9lnaoNNrD ur (D o) 6 rn .l !P,?,T g g.r.Jjtijiiri,iJI-iil5;i: r + i $ +r +l. r ti ;' ;' .' r: I H p - li il S ooon.)oq 1. r: ir,i 6 ir 4 lil t] [i [i !,t !i t; [] 3F li I i i $ +$ i i E t i u * i; iiiJS*9P!!qni,=iEg Ji t^ ta .t,1 .t g ! { { I q n 6 N ts-,, rn , nr o o ri /D a o Ln a6 nr 'o ?nj. ". i',,i i,,' I ; i . ir -J i i : .r-Ji;d:;iisdil[iii$f,i() o c) o .l (t rr rt (J (!(p (n o\ .n f, o o (D rd a; i.j id ;; oE $ t ? f, t$ t r i i i i+i,t li,1 i P r d ri :t il * rl s o "? o E o \ o -r/ ..t. ' t'4 { d-)rs:lt---t- ,l\. ,'" ti' t -a l- r--L\iptera -o--lriroptera - I - Ephortrorop(aral Differenco ln abundarrco botrvecrr dii)tera, ephenrerolrlera arril triccptera in nlghtclrilt sarnples at Musala A .1.t /t 100 90 80 t-O ;60 cEs0 ?ao Er30 20 10 0 ,l r'-ltt t t A lt l.AA -l} lt a t'.. l\ l, t, Is -au' _a _f r-o-- e- -ti--- r+--F- !--, t' ^t=1'. -d t-: i- ' -+-j_ [--r-.-Diptora --o :Tricopl.rra - I - Ephonreroptcral Difforonce ltt abundance Lotween (l;plora, ophonrcrollera and tticoptera ln rrlghtr.lrifl$arnptos atM.rkpankaw l A,.,I Il 100 90 80 E70 o60o E.n sro 'i 3020 1t) 0 A .\ -a I-t r t t F Er ? ? ? i t t t t t f; T T ii ii ? q t 3,'l sr 4 4 +.r!-:()j: + i, + T.'t, I i,,i f ; [ $ 1,. ? p,i E H I E H .i,i ii r;* B i; gi Fr rj r ; r, .i -- [l J i: d *', ij :, i i; j J s * 3,l ot-Na@o .t{l;.ai(i''iE3F] 6 i- + - ttiptera -.t --1ri<.optcra - A - Ephanreropteral q() o t Caenidao 3oru3/89 09/ I 2/8q 28t02.t90 20to1t9t 07l02tgt 1 6/03/9 r 07t02tg? 2ilDzt9? 23to\N2 12104t9i 22il 1t9) otltl? t97 zBtO1t<.lJ 0B/tl2lg I 1 5/03i 9,i l I 04/u4l0.1| 23 t?t9 30n2t9:l 14iolt94 21t0v94 10t02t94 28t02t9A 07t03t94 28t03ts4 08/( I I /gli 13lO2lltlt 06/ I 1/c,lc 15112t26 22to1tsl) 25t02t97 | I B/03/.rr i I .I ES 23t11 O r'i11 164,? 339,4 1401 ,2 1 19,8 237,t\ 79J.6 364,'.l 27?,8 34,G 24,? 7G,4 71 .? \t2.4 3,i, o I 47,^ 230,q 294,0 60,() 't 50.0 88,0 145,u 32,4 20.1 24,8 58,4 62,8 55.2 i 11 54 0 52,9 476.8 195,3 31 oo 19,4 31 ,8 15,0 0,0 28,2 220,8 38.4 0,4 19,8 13,0 3t,2 0,0 0,0 1,1) 1,8 4,0 6,0 0,4 4,8 1,Bl 3C,4 | 7 1,t) 4,8 6,2 0,2 0,6 6,8 6,2 2.2 0,4 4,8 0.1) 0,() 1.2 0,ri 0.0 1,2 5,r 0., 2,4 0,4 0,f) 0,(r 0,0 0,() t).) 0,6 ll r ) 0,() 0.(l 1,(i 1 (l o,) 8,4 0rl 0,2 0.8 lri 0,0 ?.2 I o,4 0,(; 0,0 0,6 0,0 1,^ 2 0 0,0 0,8 0,(l 0,0 0,0 0,ri 0,{) 0,0 0,4 6,6 2t,i, 104,.j 3,? 61,4 23,4 7,(l 0,0 0.2 0,2 Vatiation of lotal fauna and hoight major taxa moan nunrber per Surber sarilplo al Makpankaw from lggg fo 1997 I olal laurra frlcr,' clrlrlae ir crtr:ntr;tl Urocladlinat 3,1 a 4,2 2,q 10,1 0,8 0,(r 1 t.4 277,r' A\,? 2,n 169,c 2lr.t' ] l?.,11 ().il 1 4 1t4 69,8 ?l:,4 16,8 15,2 2l,B 4,tt t?,? ?.1 ,6 34.',) I t,2 5.r,4 5.1,() l 16,4 | 102,4 44,8 60,3 12 385,() 7,8 181 ,2 263,6 112,A lna o Tan 0,'! 107,U 47,0 0,0 5,rl 3,0 23,6 94,6 3?,2. 41 ,6 3,tl 3,( 23,? 13.f' 8,8 6,7_ 9,ti 4,{\ 4 30,0 18.4 1,6 0.r) 0,2 42,2 a 16,5 s,5 0.f I 1,(l 0,() 1,6 o,? 2 1,5 140,4 108.0 200,n 1.4 t0,4 5,8 0,0 0,0 0,.t 0,() 32,0 0,( 2 l.{ Variatiott of total fauna and heiglrt major taxa nrean numbor per surbor sarnprte at outanrba park from 1g69 to ,1g97 Dnl Totnl launa C aorrldae Ttlcorytlrldae hllao ? rl r;) ?.1,; r (l U 0.{r t.; 0,() 3,2 t,2 1.4 3,4 1,2 1,? () fl .iG ,t, (r 4C,? 1 ,'.) 32,4 40,2 7,8 19,2 15,8 3,8l?,2 2.8 u,4 'l,0 t,4 5,A 2.2 3,() 1,4 1,6 1.1 10,4 31,8 21 ,(', rj,6 14,n 13,ti 1n,0 1 1.8 7,?. 7,8 14,8 6,8 0 0,? 0,{ 0.2 3,2 1,6 1,4 0,0 ().{ 6,( ? 29/0,r/8cl l3lt2t&t) 01/0:)/9r 04/(14/9( 2Bi I I tqt) 16n21\\\ I9/0Iri,I 12t02-!9 | 15/tui9 | ogtozt? ) 28102.192 24t03t9? 1.1tO4/n2 24lt 1t9? 10t12ts? 26/01 /9J 'l4l02tq3) 1 7/03/sr3 | 12il 1 2111'2t53 291121<t.t 12lOllt14 1 9/01/94 ,t1loaal 26t02194 141O3!94 26103n4 1sto4t94 17112t94 25t07.ts51 10/02/e6l 218,(i 293,? 310,r) t.156,(, 426,8 734.6 080,(r 103,2 125 125 1 !r7 56 136,6 61 14 66,3 18 86,8 28 4,6 1 1,6 0 3 14,6 1l 11i4,8 6B,4 1,4 2 71,6 0,6 72,) 64.7 1 r_l,B 14; B,'.fr 10 4tt,,1 362.2 45,8 4?_3.4 4,19 3ri.ii 1A ,4 1,2 3r),4 84 1 53.? B9 lr B,r, 4r 30.8 35,8 (i4,0 :19.4 1 (, /,,1 17,5 51,8 6.2 BB,B 103 56,? 2,8 37, 10,? 1 r.B 39 8q I 1,8 25,? 45,4 17,4 17,6 qA 13,6 9,2 42 ,ll 1t 54,4 75,8 c4,4 55 67,4 19,2 !11 226,t 44 58,4 32 0,41 4t2,b 401,4 1065,t| 130,8 10{),4 531-r,4 340,,r 24,A 1,4 4.c, 5.ti 0,4 6,4 0,B lB,2 3.8 7 :t,2 1,8 0,4 (t,?. 1 0 0 2.6 () 0 0,4 0 5.,t ir un,lttr[:l lllygr"jlll 0 0 't,') 41 ,2 50,6 19,2 12 U ,B j 1J 7,4 C),t! 3," 3,2 8,2 2,2 0 44,2 10.2 1,8 53.8 21,8 25,8 33,{ 10 5,8 ,l? 26,2 14,6 o, B,B 7,8 3,6 7,4 4,8 0 0 1 1 1,4 5,7 12 ?,tJ 16,1 l7 1 4,2 t),.,t 3,4 0,8 1,'? 3,4 0 0'129,? 166,8 149,0 39,8 166,8 289,r) 31,8 257 353,6 6ft,2 192.4 175,8 680,6 't.4 9,8 0,4 35,4 43,6 9.2 57,4 55,6 t0,8 20,6 7,Ct 150,2 0 0 6 0 0 0 (l 0,4 0 0 3,4 o,2 3,8 1,6 4.6 1B 15,4 a 812 14t04t96 03/1 1i96 | 3/1 2/96 ?0tovs7 ?)l('t2fit7 081o3/97 0 0 rJ,8 t),4 189,4 3G,4 1,8 1 43,6 417,e ti?,6 !t3,2 40,6 180,8 t 30,6 87,4 90.4 19,?_ 1t1.4 2?t\.2 133,81 382,4 | 16,2 62,2 75,6 24,4 48,2 B 7.2 15 17,8 't6,8 1?, 3,r l 8,4 | I l,li 4b,6 6p,2 140,6 B1 ,? i'tl 3,4 a,?. 3A,4 13,2 5.? Bl 0,61 7,2 190 78.6 24,2 1,6 0,4 4,4 6.2 22.,6 1l ,? 6,4 1,6 9,4 5,2 14,4 9,2 18.4 2,6 5,4 4.2 5 7,0 0,ri 0 8,4 1,4 't.1 7,4 a tt, 24,G ztl 4,2 34,6 10\,2 68,4 14 0,2 0 21 26 I ,,i 53 n4q l"08lo4t9 151 2t,,2 43,2 18.4 6,4 10,P 4,4 1:1,? 2(),) 5,6 21,2 a(f ?,4 2,4 rt Valiatiolr of total fauna and lreight tnajor taxa rrrcalr nulrrber per {!url'c.r sarnlrle at Musaia fronr lggg to IggT Tolal [arrna Caerrid;re I rir,orytlritlae rlr liif .to 0lrirononiini Elrllr8i Orthocladiinae lnaea 106,(l 278,5 271.8 B,O 3,17,0 152,(j 186,(r 31,3 213,6 157,4 7,1 ,4 75,4 t,t 33, ? 30,2 29.2 t9,8 ] 100,21 6,d i 1,6 0,7 2,8 0,0 1,4 0,1.1 1 t,8 4,0 [,,6 5),2 17,4 3,4 0,n o,) (.), (_) l 0,, I 0'2 | 0,21 0,8 8,;; 9,il 0,(l 0,0 0.2 0,0 0,0 0,8 0,4 0,0 3,0 (.),0 0,('] l,2l 2,f, 2a,0 ft tl 0,.t J,'I ! ,(l 11 ,A 1,(r 19,[t 1,4 ),(j ;lr), B (),t t (r, (, 0,.) (),li tt,0 14 t) 0,() t),2 0.( I (r,j] r) ()l ;:; I 5,0 10,? 0,() 19,2 1,2 0,zl 4,U 0,() O,B 0,tr 2.u 0,(, 0,0 0,;l 0,1'l 0,? 0,1) 0,tl 6,.r 5,0 7,3 9,6 0,3 10,0 {J,4 18,rt 5,5 8,4 9,4 16,0 13,0 3,6 2l,fJ 9,0 e,8l 4,41 2A.,Al ?,{tl 7 ,41 2,0 0,0 0,6 0,u 0,0 0,? (),0 0,t) 0,{J 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,(j (),? (.),0 0,01 0,01 0'01 0,t,1 41,A '70,'l 36,2 4,3 221,o 9i1,6 b(),2 6,(.r 78,?. 40,8 3,8 0,;' 0,('] 0,rr I 22,O 20,ri 64,6 13,0 75,2 91,? 81,6 0,6 0,2 0,') 0,2 O,B 0,,) 0,4 0,i) 0,? 0,rr 0,0 0,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,4 19,8 2,2 15,.1 1,4,?. 9,0 4,fl 5,4 2{t,t', i1,4 15,i) 5,2 7,2 15,4 35,0 2A,O u,o] 6,01 3,01 1,4 | 1 ,(' 0,0 0,4 9,8 0,'). 4,4 3,2 23,? Q,2 5,4 0,6 ?.,),4 33,6 20,8 0.(l4).,2 55,4 52.,4 3/,6 45,0 12,0 27,0 34,8 88,B 62,8 18,4 18,6 7,8 7,0 4?-,2 31,6 114,8 37,6 1,7: 0,2 14,0 0,0 0,0 0,d 0,0 5,8 3,8 4,t) 5,0 0,0 1,0 0,2 0,0 1,8 0,6 5,0 3,0 LtQ 1,8 ti6 2,{l 2,U 1,4 1,2 0,0 0,6 O,B 1,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 0,4 1),4 3,6 0,ti 10,r'; 5,0 13,6 1 1,6 24,6 7,0 I ,rj 0,0 1,4 1,6 0,0 0,0 0,ti 0,4 0,0 0,2 0,0 tl,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 17,4 0,2 4,4 g,? I,t 1 r,c 5,0 1,4 17,2 5,0 1,4 0,?- 6,0 3,3 2't,4 16,4 4,8 1,4 2,0 0,6 8,0 0,8 12,4 5,40 28t0it89 11/12189 07t04190 2411119t) 15112t90 16/01/9 r 14t0r'.t91 19/03/91 08102ts2 26t02t9? 22103t92 10t04t92 19111t92 06t12t92 24t01t9?, 06t0?.t93 13/03/93 10104t93 05/11/93 17 t12lg:J 27t12tc3J 07l0'v941 I 1 6/01/94 I 11102t94 22t02194 06/03/94 20103t94 11104194 12t0v95 '11t02t95 16/03/95 26104t95 14t11tgs 18112t95 18/01/96 14102t96 1 8/03/96 1',U04t96 09/1 1/96 06t12t96 97lo1ts7 15t02t9/ 11t03t97 11lO4rJ7l trS ll.retitlae 1,6 10,5 16,8 0,0 21,2- 2,0 29,8 1,3 12.,8 6,0 6,6 7,8 0,4 0,4 o,? 0,8 2,4 7,6 0,4 0,2 0,4 4,0 0,21 1,21 3,0 | 0,6 0,6 LI,? 0,4 0,6 2,0 0,2 2,4 1,0 1,4 3,0 1,2 2,O 1,0 1,2 0,6 1,2 3,6 2 0 20,4 121,5 71,4 1,3 3,2 3,0 5,0 1,5 28,0 7,8 3,2 0,0 0,0 4,6 10,8 9,6 7,0 17,2 0,0 6,8 10,6 B'81 3,01 15,0 | 8,8 7,2 1 1,6 2,6 0,4 13,4 8,8 2,8 0,4 0,0 3,8 0,0 0,0 1,8 0,4 0,81 12,21 7,81 14,01 6 t Surber santples invertebrate furrctional groups(%) at Outamba park DATE[ia Gathering Collectors Predators Shredders 29i03i89 13t1)t89 01/03i90 o4lo4t90 28t11190 1til12t90 r 9i0 t/9 I 1',2102t9t 15/03/91 09tl'il9? 28t02ts2 24l03tg?. 14104/s)2 24t11tsT 10t12t92 2At01te3) 14tO2t93l 1//03/93 06/04/93 12t11t9:\ 21t1?.t93 29117.11):J 1?-101i94 19io1t94 14t02i94 26lOi:t94 14l03t94 2Gl0:\ts4 15t04t94 17112ts4 25t02!95 10/02i96 30/03/e6 14i04t9$ 03/1 1/e6 13t12t96 20t01/97 22t02i9'i 0B/03i9 i 08104i9"7 69,7 88,0 78,5 78,6 75,1 90,2 68,5 44,1 71,5 32,3 46,3 62,2. 74,91 95,7 96,1 19,6 59,6 43,6 81,1 69,1 GB,2 79,E 37,4 55,1 75,1 61,21 0,5 C,,1 0,1 0,() 0,2 O,IJ 1,6 0,5 0,5 0,8 0,0 0,7 0,5 1,1 0,1 6,5 1,0 1,9 4,3 4,lt 3,7 '/,L\ 2,4 7,8 6,0 11,4 0,1 3,0] 14,11 65,2 62,3 73,3 87,2 2,1 11, l 1,4 0,7 3,7 0,5 6,6 0,u 0,6 4,7 0,fl 0,4 0,0 4,6 1,5 o,2 0,u 1,0 3,0 3,1 1,0 0,8 0,t) 11,8 2,4 ?-,4 22,1 14,1 16,5 5,0 0,3 5,8 7,2 10,3] 9,31 fi,6 1 ,,5 7,'l 2.2,2 9,0 61,8 67,7 75,3 78,3 85,4 69,5 75,0 82,7 70,6 B?.,0 9,0 6,0 15,6 4,6 .t c:J,U 9,4 12,4 {;,4 l-r, 1 11,8 1 1,8 Filtering Collectors Scrapers Otlters 2:j,t\ 5,0 13,9 13,1 13,5 .r,C 17,0 33, r', 1 t,B 1,8,5 45,3 2.2,4) 1',) ,11 0,7 1,?_ 5l ,3 10,4 32,1r 3,1 ?_2,2 25,3 af*o,, 4,1,3 2'1,,1 10, I 17,?, 21,8 1il,Lj 11,1 0,5 2Q,2: 1 1,0 7,1 1A,4 3,1 14,0 15, 1 9,0 14,7 (i,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0'0] 0,0i 0,01 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,3 0'0] (J,01 (),0 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 t),0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,tJ 0,(l 3,0 4,6 3,6 3,1 5,1 14,8 4,t, 2,3 4,9 0,6 0,9 0,1 0,1 0,5 5,9 4,2. 2,5 5,4 7,5 1,0 0,1 0,9 1,5 1,0 8,4 7,2 4,5 1,9 5,6 2,5 5,3 4,1 12_,8 7 ,',I 1,0 o,4 1,4 2,1 1,3 0,1 DAT ES 30/03/89 0gl12t89 7-.Bl0219t) 03/04i90 23t1119t) 20/r) l/91 07l0'2t91 16/03/0 I 0llo2t9,) 27iO?t92 '23t03t92 '12t04192 2211u92 LtBl1219'2 2BlL) 1/93 oBto2t93 15/03/93 04i04/93 07l1U93 i!3t12t93 30/ I 2/9 3 14101t94 2.1lOl!s4 10!0?^i9,1 2BlV_t94 07103i9,1 zBt03t94 08/0 l/95 l3/02/95 06/t 1/96 15112196 22t01t97 251021s7 1B/t'r3i97 80,5 97,1 79,8 75,0 99,8 80,3 58,6 43,9 BB,9 67,2 77,B 74,1) 97,1 84,4 64,9 76,1 62,8 84,4 96,2 7?-,1 47,3 8u,2 87,B 65,0 BB,O 83,0 48,7 BB,9 68,3 93,5 74,7 76,4 83,0 83,7 11,9 O,G tr,7 'i ,'t) 0,t) 0,7 19,9 3 /,9 '1,2 22'-,{..) 1 1,5 0l 0,0 4,1 3,[J 7,6 21,,8 0,0 0,0 17,'.2 0,4 1,0 2,3 14,7 6,8 10,7 3?.,1 3,'/ 14,U 0,0 7,t, 3.1'; 4,3 2,6 {i ur ber sarrlples inverteLrrate fu nctiorral groul)s(%) at Makpankaw tt .t C;athering(-ollecturs Filterirrg; Collc.clors [])redators Sh'erlders Scrapers a 1,1 o,). 0, I 0,tl 0,0 0,1 0,0 ( u,ri 0,2 2,'l 4,3 1 ,') '1,7 3, I 0,6 1,7 0,(j 0,0 4,'.) 4?,'2 lL,4 (1,(l (,, I u,() 1,0 1 ,(i 3,1 3,5 5,1 4,4 4,9 1,4 9,1 c,5 0,1 ll,9 0,0 1'2,-l 1,0 5,{"j 5,7 $,4 1,2 5,8 211,() 15,2 B,r1 11,1 3,8 6,5 9,7 7,'l (, ?,{Jy.) 14,O 2,rl 3,fj 12,3 7,4 -/,9 4,{) 14,7 14,6 5,[J 6,3 1,lr 4,{) 1.1 Otlrers 0,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,u ['],0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,c, 0,0 0,0 0,i] 0,6 4,4 9,1 0,1 g,o 15,5 5,3 1,9 5,1 2,9 3,1 0,6 0,u 0,0 0,6 't,3 3,9 0,0 0,c) 0,4 0,0 0,1 0,3 1,'r ., -| atl 0,/ 0,0 '7,9 0,0 0,0 1,9 1,8 3,0 t tsurber sarnples invertebrate functional groups(%) at Musaia ShretJders , a a DATES Gathering Collectors Scrapers Otlrers 2Bl03/rJ9 11t12t89 07t04t90 Z.tll1l9t't 15t12t90 '16t01t91 14t02t91 19/0J/91 08t02t92 26tAzt92 22t03t92 10t04t92 19t11t92 06n2t92 24t0u93 06ttJzl93 13i03/91, 10i04/93l I 05/1 t/931 17t12t93 2'il 12t93 07t01t94 16t01t94 11t02t94 22t02t94 06/03/91 20103t94 11t04t94 12t01t95 11t02t95 16/03/95 26t04t95 14fi1t95 18t12t95 1B/01/90 14t02196 18/03/96 11to4t96 ogt11t96 06t12t96 07t01t97 15t02t97 11103t97 11tj4t97) 69,4 79,2 54,'l 75,0 78,B 75,6 62,7 71,2 59,4 74,8 67,2 3G,3 66,7 87,3 74,21 70,5 75,8 61,3 50,0 88,5 98,1 96,0 87,7 85,9 80,3 71,3 82,O 49,8] 88,91 88,3 67,6 85,0 83,0 78,7 82,4 80,6 69,6 73,1 89,7 74,3 95,3 72,2 78,0 86,7 Filtering Colleclr:rs 10,G 8,0 31,:J 4,2 1,2 1,2 7,8 5,G 9,4 1,0 0,7 52,8 2,13 0,0 1,3 5,5 0,0 18,4 3,1 0,s)] 0,0 0,0 0,0 4,0 7,0 12,5 0,0 35,7 2,3 1,6 9,3 1,7 8,1 1,1 a.)L,J 1,6 1,1 3,2 0,0 2,9 0,0 5,7 11,7 2,1 Predators 0,0 00 L,) 0,4 3, {r 3,ri 13,9 3,0 0,0 3,4 12,1 0,6 3,1 0,0 0,0 0,:i G,2 ] 0,01 0,0 4,3 3,1 6,7 0,0 9B 1,4 1,0 1,1 14,0 7,7 20,0 0,[] 3i- 4,9 4,3) 0,9 0,5 0,0 0,[l 0,5 0,li 0,'i 0,5 0,9 4,3 18,5 10,1 9,0 0,0 10,0 1,9 3,1 3,1 g,B 7,7 12,7 3,3 G,5l 17,4 11 ,1 1.1,9 12,5 15,8 18,6 15,0 13,6 10,'7 8,8 1 1,3 4,2 0,0 1,8 24,5 B,B 4,3 14,7 3,3 4,4 9,8 0,9 4,8 '25,0 4,?' G'O 0,0 aaJ'J 1'/ ,1 4,4 6,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0'0] 0,01 0,01 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 o'o] 0,01 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,7 0,'l 2,O 8,3 3,7 4,1 13,2 9,6 20,6 15,0 1'1,3 3,2 la,7 '1,2 0,0] 2,11 2,01 13,7 3,6 0,0 1,6 5,3 3,3 4,4 0,6 13,1 12,1 3,3 5,4 0,0 2,9 0,5 1,g 1,01 0,01 10,8 43,8 0,0 0,0 0,6 3,1 0,3 3,5 2,9 a, a 1994 I 996 l99il;t)Dt IJlX0ilS [)AIE -) OJ OLI(jO(,}IATIA II BAIIIT)AE l2 cAtiltnAi li Ltf)r0ilrr.tBitDAt I1 l{tPlAfjTllI]DAT l5 IFI[()flYTlllt,0t l8 Er,rlriltR0PrtliA (0ilttR) I9 l{IOl)tIiLA SP. 20 GUlrPilDAt 2I LIBEII.UI.IDAT 22 ZYGOPTIRA ? 5 E(jflr1tl t0A t 26 llYDRt)f)SYCll tt)AI 27 tlYDTI()PI I LII)rlE 2B LIPTOCIRIDAE 29 PllILOt,(]IA}IiDAI J() POLYCTilIffOI.fJDItJAi 36 CORIXIt)AI i6 fliiltPt rRA (0tiltR) J9 CTI{IiIC|P[){]OIIIDAE ,{l siiltJLrrDAr (0rlliR) 42 S.t)11fiX0SUt{ 4J CtlIR0il0rltlil 44 TAl{YIARSIt{i 45 0RTll{J,:tAllilNAE .{5 TAIiYPt]UIIIAT 47 DIPTITIA (OIl]ER) 18 0)'j ISiltrAE 4? t Lilti'AI 5O }lYDROPiIILIDAE 5I G/R I}l IDflI s2 c0rt0Fr rRA ( 0rtitR) 5"1 PYRALIt)AI 54 SIS)RItrAt 55 11Yt)RAiI,lRIIIA 59 PIS(]IS 5I CEI{tR0l)IiLUtl+0Ait ts 62 OP}lTLIl(iIOSIO}1/1 64 AIROBAIIODES 55 CL0toil 66 PSTUI)(]TllIII{OIA 7O IIA(jIIAOURYIlll.ls il 0lcrRC0Hrz0l{ 72 I{EUPtlcIIINIS /J IR ICORYIt|US 80 Cll[.UHNT{]PSYCHT IALCITIRA BI C.['OPIt]S/l 82 C.OI6IIAIA 8J Cflrurlllropsyct{t ((]illERs) 8{ AilPUtSYCllt 85 rlA0RtiSI iltUll 36 PR0I()ilAr.R0tltllA 88 ntilril! 0iltRA 89 POIYII()RT}lAilISUS IOII1UX 5l J2 i5 2J Countr'.y: Specific SIERRA LEONE ri clrness: Niqlr L dr i te : KABA/0tlT,lll'it]A l,Ai{K betwcen February alrd March Si tL 1990 9 |il.2 t 9?3, I I I I I t t I I t I t t t t t t I t It t t t I t t t tI t t t t t I t t tt * t t t I I I t t t t t I I t t t t I * I I I t t I t t I I I I * { t t t t t I tt t { t t t t t t t t I I I I t t * I I I * t t I I I * t t I t I t I t I t I t t t t t t I I I t tI 5? a 7 j t t t t t I t I t t * t I t t I I t * , t I I , I t t I t t I I t I t t I I t I t Countr'.y: Bll-ltRA l-[0llE SiLe: SLLI/HAKP/rNl$tt. Specif ic richrre:;s: Niglrt <lri I l. between ['cbr.uary aird Marclr t t l o: ou,ltcrRrrn I rr anrrrr,nr I tz cntunnt IJ LiPIOP}lLISIIDAE I4 IiIPIAGII{IIDAE I5 Ifl I|]ORYI}IiDAt li 0Llt]UlltURI It,(lt lB tPilil,ttP0prttlil (0illtR) l9 t{t0t,ERt.A sP. 2U GOIIPl1iUriE 2I LIEEtLULIt)AE 22 iYG(.)PTiRA 25 tr,il0{ IDiit 26 HY0titit'sY(,llt0At 27 llYt|ROT,IILIt|AE 2B LTPIOCIRIDAE 29 PIIII.UPOiAHIDAE JO POIYCIII Il1OPUDIDAT J6 CORIiiD/lI ,18 l1itltPrtRA (0iltrR) J' CTR/lIt]POT"OllIDAE 1l strl{rLitl)nt (0tiltR) 42 S. t)0ilil0srJl'l di ctlIti{)r{rltltl{I 14 IAt{YTARSiIII 4 5 ORTIIl]CLADI iIIAE 45 IAllYPODIII,1I 47 DrPitRA (0lilrR ) 48 0YI iSLIL,rit 4t l.lltt)At 5(, llYO[|(]IHiLIDAE 5t GYRIiltt)At 5J PYRr'IIDAI, 5{ SISYR]OAT 55 llYDRA(,ARiIIA 59 ptscr s 6I CtilIRIJf|IILUIl{ EAI I IS 62 0Pl1EtHAI0Si0rlrl 6.1 Ctilr110PIIt 0tt'Is 6,1 AtR08Ati0i,tS 65 (rL0tUil ri6 l,StUl.t0lAlillt) I A 70 llActlAt)t)tlYliluS i I DICtRC0tlYt0li 72 I{IUROCAIllIS 7J IRICORTIIIUS 80 cllti,r't/lr0PSYCHt rAICItIRA 8l c.copt(lsA I I t t I , , t , I t t t , , I I t I t I ta f 82 C.tlI6IINIR 8J CHttitr,ll0PSYCtli (0tlltRS) 8d rrill)lllf SYLilt 85 llllcRtlsIUluft 86 PROIOI1AIRI]NI A 89 P(]IYIII]RPHAII i SUS , I T{]I AU)( 4B 24 t t t t t t t t t t I I 990 l99l I t I I I I t t * t t * I * I I I I t I I I I t t t I t t I t I I I I t I * I t t * t * t t I t t t t t t t * t I t t t I t I t t , t , I t t t t t I I I t, t I * t TOOE IA)(TJI{S DATE . ) i 989 l9?7 40 JO J4 t99i I9 r1 t I * t I t tI I t t * I I * * I I I t I I t * I t il * I t t * t I I t , * I t t I t * I t I I t t t t I I t t t t t t I t I I I I I , I Country: SIERRA LIONE SiLe: l,t0NG0/t{USAtA Specific richrrcss: Night dri l-t between February an,l March l!9J't t I OJ OLIGttCHfiITAII 80tIlttrit I2 Cllil{IT'rlE IJ LTFI()I,HLIEiIDAE l4 tlrPTnGiliil0At I5 IRICORYIllIDAE I7 OLIGUliIURIIDAT IIJ IPIITilIRT]PIIRA (t)ItltR) . 19 I{tOPERIA SP. 20 GIJHPHIDAT 2I LiBEI.tUI IDAi 22 IYSOPItRA 2i 0Dt]l{AiA (0rHrR) ?5 tciloilt0At 26 tl) t)Rt]PSYl]I{IDAt 27 lllt)R0pIIt I0Ai 28 I-EPT{JCIRII,AT 29 PIIILOPOTAITIOAE .i() It]LYCIIITR(]POt)IUAi 36 [uRIXitrAi ,{8 11illtPriltA (0illiR) i9 iIRATr]{]0c0lilDAi 'il sll,tuLilD,1E (0llitR) 4 2 S.[)Aillr05utl 4.1 (,llIRot{0t1tfll 4d ]AI{YIARSII{I 15 t|RiHO(:LADI]llAE (o I/rt{Yl0t,ili4t 4i t)rPTtr{A t0iltER) (8 triIlSCIt'I'lt 49 tLilDfit 50 Hlt'R0t'i{lLltrAt 5I GYRINItlrlT 52 CoLiolrliRA (0ilttR) 5.J PIRALI(,AE 54 SISYRIi)AT 55 HYORAl]AfliI{A 59 PiSCES 5I CIllIROPiII.UH+811III3 62 0PlttLHAI0STUtlA 65 CL0Eofi 66 psttJt|0pArill0tA 7O ilNrj}lNt,ORIltlUS 7l DI(,.ERC()fiY70il 72 I{EUROCAIIiIS I3 IRICORYIIIUS 74 TFIIEIIERYilluS EO CHFUIIAIOFEYCIIE IAI.C'rERA 8l c. c(}PIosn I t I I a , I 82 C.DIGIiAIA BJ CltttJltAI0psY(rtlE (0tlltRS) 81 AHPtlIPSYl:IIT 85 ltA0F il t.tlL|t1 86 pti0 tuilACRUl{iltA 88 AEIllAtt)Pl IRA 89 POLYII(.)RP}IAIISUS L(jDE ]AX(}}IS DAIT.) 1992 I 994 I 996 i99l I * t I t I t * t t t t * I I t I I I l , I , I I I t I I I I I t I t t I * I t I I I I t t I t t I I t I t * I t I t t I I t I I * * t I t t t I I I I I I I I t I I t I I t * t t , t t t I t i I a a I I t I I I I t I l9B9 I 991 I t I t t II * t * * t II t I I t t I t t t I t t * I t I I t I t I t * t I I I t , I I , , t t I t , I t t I t t t t I I t t I t I I I I I I 4 I J6 48 25 5 l4 t , t I l\ I{]I AUX 5t t t I t t I I I * , * 08104117{,Ai[3 -) I ri,, iJ ll 3 oslrl\(, CODES + 08l03lit 1 r{b ll 8Atrl0,tt l2 CAtrlilrit tJ tiPIot,ilLrBIIt'iE I4 HEPIIlGII.I II,:.ii I5 ItI IIiip iIilJI,NI I9 I{IDPtRLA 3P. 2I LIBITLUI IDAt 22 I/G()i)ItRA 25 tt',ll0hlt,itt 26 tlIOFl.)FS/CtlII riI ?7 llYDRFII ILit',rt 28 Ltplnr.tRI0At 29 PIi I t rlf 0 rArlt 0,1E t8 }lriltpriRA (0UiIR) J9 CtRA I 0p0(r0ll i l'.'\t 4l SltluL lll,,At ( U l11ili ) 12 S, [,AHtl0SUtl 4J |]HIPUI{I)IltIII 4{ IFIIIIARSi}{i 45 0Rl lit,tLr,t,i Ilili {6 IAl{YIt|I)iIIAE 17 DIFTTRA (0rtitR) 49 tLrltDAt 50 tlYDR0PillLlt;AE 5J PYRALIi|Ai 55 HYtrflr)f,Afl lliA 6 I CI|lTtlt]PI I LIjIi IEAi- I I:I 64 AFl1t'IJAi IUi)iS 66 PSIU[(jPAIillO IA 72 IIEUROIATliIS 7] ]Ri(,l]RYTltI.'S E0 C}litlllAI0PS/CiiI IALCII t.RA 82 lJ,DIGI IAIA 84 AllFHiPSrrHi 85 flACflrlSItllUll 86 PR'JIOHACR{]t{EIlA 88 AETHALOPTERI1 9J OIllEIS nl 1.04 l.: I .('ii 8,4 7. '4 6 1 0 6 l6 1.44 ilb q t 0{ tlb ()J.L I I 0 l. qd I 0 4 3.2 16.61 4.2 21.87 i4. b i1.06 Lt 13,!4 l{.6 il.ll 0.4 0. -10 t.B t.62 0. ,1 0.36 2.6 2. iJ 0, t' 0. 5,1 0.r 0,14 l;,2 IL854.{ 22.t2 0.2 1.04 2.6 1J.54 1.4 't ,29 0.1 0,lt t2.) 10.95 j,1,5 ii.c6 5.0 4.19 8.0 7.18 I ii t,l/eo 1 .54 1 .54 1.9; 0.6 0.2 3.1: L04 4,85 4.67 0.2 l.ua I .04 9.i; 3, r2 L04 20.8.I i.lt to , 225.2 151.0 i I I pAlS : SltRiiA Li_itlit SitE : hABAt0UIAtiFApriR( l,l0tlBRtS l'l0rENS - tl1t(lLrifltis FttAIMS SUPETR FAUt,IE T(]TAI-i llt,4 )tll ltt')'i i:.ir2ie1 ilt, ),i 1l 1 2t.a2 ll ir 1b I 6 (l ,l', \t.t) 0.li 43.',j 7.4 0.6 1.0 1/U.o i I . J0 1,94 0.16 0, i8 44.6t iB,4 i2.1 , 6.8 4.50 19.6 i? 85 10,6 i.02 0.62 0, 80 i,,1 l, il I05, ? 5.6 5.4 )0.2 8.r 12.0 0,4 14 r') l,', r I n, Lt.q 0.1 _1,,) 2(..0 J.2 1C 2.6 6r, | ,i4 it 4L l.{t 0, ts! l.lr ( i) 0.rd n tq 0,9ri E.6j l . i5 0. J0 0.3c c.3i 4,t) L',t,1 0.{i 2.0c I 8 ,l {j.1 c. t f, c,0 rL.o 2.8 i^ i.q 2i.; 2.4 4,2 16.4 2,8 l.B 0.?l 0 6.1 i.r . 8o l,3l l.rl5 0.8? 0.8? 6.Cl 0.6J ].lu 4.29 0. 73 0,47 0.lr 0. 79 fl ,i\ 17, 75 0.8 ') ..1 5i. u 5t) 4.0 2t.B 3.8 l.u 5 . ,lr)8.0 0.1 1.2 t,/. 26,8 ?.,Ia 7_,\\ P.9 i 0.ei J .,itj 5.i1 0,li.l 2l.F 0.2 3.4 ,.:, 9.1,1| '(l.LJ tl I r''l 0.4i {.{.14 l.16 14.44 fl n) 0,1i 2,'r'i 0.ti r2.19 49 .6 i.8 J.4 0.6 i2.85 , (l 2.25 0.40 3 5 .1 : {. r: (.1 i8, 24.74 6 2 ,l 1 , 0 l816,2 i.b t,r\ h 0 .t .J .B0 :8. .r ,l.rJ c.8 ,', lr0 6?, .4 5 r , 12 J, /,t 6.6 4.9i lJr,8 c a 4 B a { ; 1 0 I l 68 20 105.? 2:,4 0.8 ( t, 1.fi 5,7'J 0.?') 0.,r7 0.75L0 i82, 4 , ri x n, lib l. l. 4 2 Nb |lb t8l 03 I et +t II SAtIit)AE l2 cAEt{ tt,At I3 LTPTbPIIttBIIDTIE I5 IRIc(]PYIllIt)AE I9 }IEt)PERtA SP. 20 G0r,tPll I DAt 2I TIBELLULIDAE 25 ECil0r'ilD/lt 26 llYDFOPSY(,ll IDAE 2/ tlYDROPIiLI['AE 28 LTPIOCERIDAT 29 PHILOP()]AIIIDAE J6 CORIIIDAE r8 tlEilIPItPA (0rl]rR) J9 CtRAT0pOC0ilii)AE 4l stlflrLIrDAE (0illrR) 4 2 S. DAr'ilt0SUil 4J CtlIRONOIII}l I 44 IAI{YIARS Il{ I 45 ORIllO{]LAt)IIIIAE 15 IAIIYPODI}lAE 47 DIPTERA (0rl.lEF) 49 tL}IIDAE 5J PYRAL IDAI 55 HttTRACAR IIA 59 PISCIS 6I CEII I ROPT ILUIl }BAEIIS 62 0PlltLllAI0SI0llA 61 AFtlTJEATIOI)ES 66 PSTUDOPAIIIIOIA 7J IRItORY IHUS 71 TPllEI,ITRI I}lUS 8O C}|TUIIAIOPSYCilT FALCIFTRA 82 C.DICIIAIA 0AItS - ) rr 00 Es lAx0lrs 0.4 l.ol t}tb 0 l4 0 |) L I 0 0 4 4 0 8 8 6 1.0 1.0J 6 t.1t 1,0 4 .0J 1,0 4.0i o'5/ll/e6 58.06 l,6l 8.06 lt,29 J.2i ?.42 1.0 0.8 { . cJ i.2i 0 4 0 ot 6 2 J 8 6 0.6 5.$ l.,t 0.2 I 7.8 ( 0 5 0 u 5.4 a,) 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.6 lE.0 0) i.b 7.8 0 4 : 0 I I I I . 0 0 () I 4 6 2,0 /,/ 2.2 2 14.0 2,6 6.8 12.0 4.4 i) 1.4 FAUI{E IOIAI, E 21.I 53.4 t\lI?l')6 iib ?. c5 i.0 5.14 t !].5 1,2 1.4 2.10 1,4 2 ,40 I9.8 iJ.90 ].03 5.r4 t.t i0,0 l.B l.t _5. o 1.0 0.,1 l.7l 0.68 0.2 i,1 0, J,r 2 .40 1.6 I,D C.t 1.1 ,1 .6 0.6 ?.14 2 ,14 1.3/ 2.40 I .0J l .0J t2,3i L7 ,12 i.08 2.05 9. 5e 6?.8 22lttl .oi r 0.8i ib 5t t: 0 I v ) I rl 0.2 0 10. 0.4 1' 10.51 0.32 8,60 0.4 0.72 ,] 0 3.9) ll.2t i.90 2,1: .1 .9C 2.'.;1 0.72 L0? 0.7.' ?qn I .45 l.8l 0.35 8.60 c. ir 0, c,5 I )i a 1; L5r 2,2"\ 0. J7 0.90 1.5? f . ci 0.9,5 28.(,6 0. i2 I2.12 12,,1/ 1.4 c.5 lr,a 1,r.E i.6 t.5? 12.42 0, i2 i. ?q i.?9 - i) .'; 5.8 t.?t 0, ?6 I .09 l.8l (,.2 1.? ,'1 i.4 2.t4 I .0c I .0? 21.38 0, J6 16.31 6,5: t)4 r),6 0,4 L,.1 54.0 PAYS : SIEflPA LIOIIE SJIE : SELI/ilAl(PlilliiA|i }IOI,IBRE$ I,IOYT}lS. FREillJEllCES REIAIIVES \ .SURBER I 2': l0) 191 ill) El r J).L 4.07 I .48 t 8. 52 0.14 2.59 2.1h 2.59 1.65 1.85 25, ?i 4,nl l2,59 22.22 4,07 J. 70 4,01 f.i5 0. "(7 2 ,59 t I PAiS : SIIRRA LEoNE Slli : l10llG0/t1usrlIA }lOI,I8RES I'IIJIINS . IRI(]UTII(]ES RELAIIVES \ . SURBTR , I iLi12i'th Nb 01i0tl\7 L5li2i11 llb ll t)\6 1t 1,,' 17.14 v .]i () .4 I l.4r 5.71 5.7t i.80 I al zsi u.6.1 0_6 i 2 .5.i r:so 0. 6: I .9C 2.51 16.71 L4'.1 4 ,21 0.?5 q \l 0,c 1.6 0,4 j,/r ll 0.6 t) s ,86 .80 .4! 1, -0,2 ,.u I .'i 0, r n, 0.2 2 0.2 0,1/ 0.{; 0.,1; l 0.60.2 lt 0,r il 0.ti0.2 ?: 1?)L.L,)tJ.6;0.00 i,,t l.,l 0.2 li,6 U.i 2 na 0.8 8.0 I8.'i6 tt,t 2B.il 2.86 1.2 2,84 1i 0.6 5.71 i( 8, 51 n1 2.8r, 8.57 1l .4i 0.3 7.E 0.4 2.5.1 24 .01 t.2t r5.825. i,, I4 i,80 2, sl 0,4 0.2 il r,7.r) J7,6 .-_l 9b|-gITU II BAIIID/1[ l2 cAEl{ lt,At ti Lipt0PllLi8il0rlE I5 TRI(j0RYIllIi]AT I9 IIE()PIRLA SP. ?,j GUI,IPllITAi 2I LiBILLULIDAi 25 ECTO}IIOAI 26 HYDROPSYI}lIDAE 2I tlYDROPIII.It'AE 28 LEPIOCIR]l|AE 29 PHlt 0PrilAt{tDAE J() POtYCI,II IROPODit.AE 36 C0RIXIT)At i8 HEr,il''ttFA (0IlltR) i9 CERAI0P0,i0liitrAr 4r sil'IulIIDAE (0tlltR) 12 S.DAtltl0SUt'l 4J c,HIRoiltilffi{I 4{ TAilitAiSt|lI 45 0RIl|{.r(tADIItiAi 46 IAI{YPOt)Il,lAE 47 DrPr iRA (0rllrn ) 49 tLr'ilt,AE 50 HYDP.l]PIIII.IDAi 5J PYRAL IDAF 55 tlYDRAI AR II.IA 6I CT{IRI]iIILUNI66ITIS 66 PSIUu['PAilll0lA i2 t{tuRd',Ailtts 7J rRl:0rlitrtl]s i4 IFl|THIR TTIIUS 80 C}lt.UI{AlOFSYCl|E TALfjIFTRA 82 C.DIr"lmtA 85 f1ACF05til,|Uil 66 PR0l0t1A(]RoilEi'lA DAIIS .) COOES TA {(jiIS 4 2 1,0 ilb 0 I 4 U 0 I 0 0 3 1L 0 0 0.2 12.82 2.56 5,li 2.56 2.56 5.li i8.46 25.64 5.13 12.81 5.lr FAUIiE IOTALT 7.3 42.2 ilb |rb il/oJ/ei )J i)A 4,5iq, ?.t) 0o t 0 10. 6 J.2 0.10 0 0t. t.l ,i0 .5iU l4 Ir, i,6 qr, c8 5,1 jtj li q. 2-1 ?.71 0.4 6,2 1.0 0.i5 5.4(' 0.8/ I .05 1.74 | ,14 2r.4J )5.1r, t0.80 t?.20 0.5i 1 ,60 1.60 18.02 0.5i 14.,16 16,19 0.2 0.6 0.b 7.0 0.2 5,4 6.2 1.7 2.0 21.6 17.4 L2.4 14.0 0.8 -5.0 0,2 J,4 0.4 2.i 9,Cl I ,06 5,85 4.7? c.5,i 0.5r I 1 '7,'I0.4 0.2 4 .3(, 0.t/ 3.14 I . i.t'" c,li l',.1.{ 0.70 t.2J 0.J5 3,1 0.3 1.4 c.4 2,0 3,0 0.2 5.C) 0.8 5 7 0 II ) J,6 1.8 0.2 4,6 0.2 114.8 a I l tu04let n,tt J 4 2 q 4