Задачи по достижению здоровья для всех: Европейская политика здравоохранения

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r nOCCAPHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 l

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- ix -

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TaKHM o6paJoM, Hacrano epeMH, Koraa H eeponeHCKHM JaaaYaM cneayer caenarb ewe oaHH JHaYHTenbH~H war enepea, HcnonbJYH anH 3Toro Haw HeaaeHHH onb1T no ~opMynHpoea­ HH~ HOB~X ypOBHeH HflH HanpaeneHHH noane~aWHX aocTH~eHH~ JaaaY H ueneH. CeKperapHaT EeponeHCKoro perHOHanbHOro 6~po 803 BJHflCH Ja HCKn~YHTenbHO B~HY~ JaaaYy nepeCMOT­ pa JaaaY, onHpaHCb npH 3TOM Ha noMOWb co CTOPOH~ COTeH cneuHanHCTOB H Ha aKTHBHY~ H HCKfl~YHTenbHO B~HY~ o6paTHY~ CBHJb, HH~OpMaUH~ H aaHH~e. nocryna~wHe HJ rocyaapcTB - YneHoe PerHoHa. KynbMHHaUHeH aaHHoro npouecca HBHnacb copoK nepeaH ceccHH PerHo­ HanbHoro KOMHTeTa, COCTOHBWaHCH e flHcca6oHe e 1991 r. H Ha KOTOPOH rocyaapcrea-Yne­ H~ nepecMorpenH H 06HOBHnH JaaaYH 1984 r., coxpaHHB HX OCHOBH~e CTPYKTYPH~e paMKH H HanpaeneHHOCTb, HOC ao6aeneHHeM HOB~X 3neMeHTOB , HOB~X HaeH H HOB~X npHOPHTeTOB, rpe6y~WHXCH H~He PerHOHy .

Or HMeHH PerHOHanbHOro 6~po H ropHYO 6naroaap~ see crpaHbl, yYpe~eHHH HOT­ aenbH~X nHu, npHHHBWHX yYacrHe e 3TOM aene. 8cH 3Ta pa6ora 6~na npoaenaHa c npo­ HeneHHeM JaBHaHoro eaHHCTBa , roTOBHOCTH HCn~TaTb HOBble, HcxoaHWHe HJ MHO~ecrea paJnHYH~X HCTOYHHKOB HaeH, a TaK~e c npoHeneHHeM cnoco6HOCTH CBHJaTb eoeaHHO see 3neMeHT~ e coeepweHHo Hoeoe uenoe .

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IenaTenbH~e ynyYWeHHff B COCTORHHH JaopOBbff HaceneHHff H ~aKTOp~. KOTOp~e cnoco6CTB~T 3TOMY, B~p~eH~ B BHae JaaaY, HeKOTOp~e H3 KOTOP~X oxapaKTepH3OBaH~ C noMomb~ KOflHYeCTBeHH~X KpHTepHeB. npeanonaraeTCff, YTO 3TH JaaaYH CTaHyT HCTOYHHKOM HOB~X a HcKyCCHH OTHOCHTenbHO CTpaTerHH JapaeooxpaHeHHff H HX npeTBOpeHHff B ~H3Hb B r ocyaapc TBaX-YneHax. He ffBflffffCb ~pHaHYeCKH O6R3aTenbH~MH anR CTpaH, OHH B TO ~e epeMR B~p~a~T o6my~ peWHMOCTb rocyaapcTB-YneHOB H noMora~T HaMeTHTb TaKHe JaaaYH, KOTOp~e OTp~a~T noTpe6HOCTH, npHOpHTeT~ H ueHHOCTH pa3flHYH~X CTpaH .

Hoe~e H nepecMOTpeHHble JaaaYH, BKn~YeHH~e B HaCTORmy~ KHHry, OTp~a~T KaK HJMe HeHH R, npoHcweawHe e EeponeHCKOM perHoHe nocne 1984 r . , TaK H Hoeoe noHHMaHHe npo6neM, CBR3aHH~X C nocraHOBKOH H B~nonHeHHeM JaaaY . 0HH opHeHTHpOBaH~ Ha ocymecreneHHe aeHCTBHH cTpaTerHYecKoro xapaKTepa , Heo6xoaHMblX anR aocTH~eHHR JaopoBbff anR ecex .

- 1 -

PaJBMTMe CTpaTerMM aocTMlKeHMH JaopOBbH 4/IH ecex M nepe~M c6opHMK eeponeMCKMX perMOHanbH~X JaaaY

TpMaUaTaH ceCCMH BceMMpHOH accaM6neM JapasooxpaHeHMH Jano•Mna OCHOBY anH aocrM•eHMH 340POBbH anH Bcex, Koraa B Mae 1977 r. OHa nocraHOBMna, YTO 11 0CHOBHaH COUMaflbHaH JaaaYa npaBMTenbCTB M B03 B npeacTOHWMe aecHTMneTMH 40MHa JaKfllOYaTbCH B aocrM•eHMM K 2000 r. BCeMM •MrenHMM 3eMnM TaKoro ypOBHH 340POBbH, KOTopoe noJBOflMT MM •MTb npoayKTMBHO B COUManbHOM M 3KOHOMMYeCKOM nnaHe" ( peJOfllOUMH WHA30. 43). 3ra uenb MMeeT rno6anbHOe JHaYeHMe M npMMeHMMOCTb. Oco6aH ee aKTyanbHOCTb anH EeponeHCKOro perMOHa JaKnlOYaeTCH B TOM, YTO, HeCMOTpH Ha MHBeCTMpoeaHMe JHaYMTenbH~X MHTenneKryanbHblX M ~MHaHCOB~X pecypcoB, B o6nacTM ynyYWeHMH 340POBbH npeacTOMT ewe OYeHb MHOroe caenaTb M no-npe•HeMy npoaoMaeT coxpaHHTbCH 6onbWOe HepaBeHCTBO B noKaJarenHx JaopOBbH nioaeH KaK Me•ay oraenbHblMM rocyaapcrsaMMYneHaMM, raK M Me•ay rpynnaMM HaceneHMH B paMKax oraenbH~x crpaH.

B 1980 r. Ha TpMaUaTOH ceccMM EsponeHCKOro perMOHaflbHOro KOMMTeTa B ~eJe (MapoKKo) 6b1na yrsep•aeHa o6weesponeHcKaH crparerMH aocrM•eHMH JaopoebH anH ecex. B crparernM coaep•ancH npMJblB KapaMHanbHO MJMeHMTb noaxoab1 K paJBMTMIO JapaeooxpaHe­ HMH. npM 3TOM OCHOBHOH ynop 6~n caenaH Ha YeT~pex B~J~BalOWMX oco6yl0 OJa6oYeHHOCTb o6nacTHX, a MMeHHO: o6pa3 *M3HM M JaopOBbe; ~aKTOpbl PMCKa, BflMHIOWMe Ha 340POBbe HaceneHMH M OKp~aiowyio cpeay; nepeopMeHTaUMH CMCTeMbl JapaeooxpaHeHMH; M M06MnMJa­ UMH nonMTMYeCKOH, ynpasneHYeCKOH M rexHonorMYecKoH noaaep•KM c uenblO ocywecreneHMH Heo6X04MM~X MJMeHeHMH. B crparerMM npeanaranocb TaK•e noB~CMTb npMOPMTeTHOCTb Bonpocoe yKpenneHMH 340POBbH M np~MnaKTMKM 6oneJHeH, npMHHTb nOJMTMBH~e Mep~ BO scex ceKropax o6wecrea, YbH aeHrenbHOCTb enMHeT Ha Jaoposbe, M yaenMTb 6onbwee BHM­ MaHMe ponM oraenbHblX flMU, ceMeH M rpynn HaceneHMH. YnyYWeHMe nepBMYHOH MeaMKO-ca­ HMTapHOH noMOWM paccMarpMsanocb B KaYecrse rnaeHoro noaxoaa K ocywecreneHMIO 3TMX MJMeHeHMH.

roa~ COBMeCTHOH pa60Tbl e PerMOHaflbHOM KOMMTeTe ~e npoaeMOHCTpMpoeanM o6wyio OJa6oYeHHOCTb rocyaapcre-YneHOB npo6neMaMM ynyYWeHMH 340POBbH M KaYecrea *M3HM CBOMX •MreneH. 3ro crano OCHOBOH anH npMHHTMH CMenoro peweHMH c~opMynMpoBaTb KOHKpeTH~e perMoHaflbHble JaaaYM (HeCMOTPH Ha cywecTBYIOWMe B crpaHax EsponeHCKoro perMOHa WMpOKMe paJnMYMH B COUManbH~X M 3KOHOMMYeCKMX ycnOBMHX). YcnewHoe ~OpMynMpoBaHMe 3TMX JaaaY M MX yrBep•aeHMe Ha TpMaUaTb YeTBepTOH ceCCMM PerMOHaflbHOro KOMMTera B 1984 r. cranM pewalOWMMM co6~TMHMM, npMaaewMMM CMflbH~H MMnynbC nonMTMYeCKOMY npMHHTMIO eeponeHCKOH CTparerMM aocrM•eHMH 340POBbH anH Bcex Mee npereopeHMIO B *M3Hb.

3TM co6~TMH HBMflMCb nepenOMH~M MOMeHTOM B paJBMTMM JapasooxpaHeHMH B PerMOHe. Bneps~e rocyaapcrsa-YneH~ cornacMnMcb yrsepaMTb eaMHYIO nonMTMKY JapasooxpaHeHMH B KaYeCTBe o6weH OCHOB~ anH MH4MBMayanbH~X M COBMeCTH~X aeHCTBMH. OHM TaK•e nocraHO­ BMflM nepM04MYeCKM paccMaTpMBaTb nono•eHMe B o6nacTM JapasooxpaHeHMH M npMB04MTb B COOTBeTCTBMe co crparerMeH aocrM•eHMH 340POBbH anH Bcex CBOM C06CTBeHHble crparerMM M nporpaMMbl. npoueccy BblnOflHeHMH nocrasneHHblX JaaaY aoMHbl 6blflM noMOYb CMCTeMaTM­ YeCKMH MOHMTOpMHr M noaroTOBKa - Ka.4blH BTOpOH roa HaYMHaH c 1983 r. - OTYeTa o xoae pa6oT~ (BnocneacTBMM B COOTBeTCTBMM c peJOfllOUMeH WHA39.7 6~na npMHHTa TpexneTHHH nepM04MYHOCTb npeaocrasneHMH OTYeTOB). PerMOHanbHblH KOMMTeT M BceMMpHaH

WMpoKaR nepcneKTMBa 3

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YcnexM , aocrMrHyTble Ja nepMoa. npo■elUIIMM c 1985 r .• M TpyaHoCTM

3a BpeMR, npoweawee nocne ny6nMKaUMM B 1985 r. c6opHMKa JaaaY, B pRae Ba~ H~x o6nacTe M 6~nM aocTMrHyT~ JHaYMTenbH~e ycnexM . KoHuenUMM, npMHUMnb1 M cTpaTerHH aocTH~e HHR JaopOBbR anR Bcex HawnH WHPOKOe OTp~eHHe B HaUHOHanbHblX, o6naCTH~X H MeCTH~X CTpaTerMRX H - YTO HaM6onee B~HO - B noBceaHeBHOM MeaHUMHCKOM npaKTHKe BO Bcex YaC TRX PerMOHa . nepMoaMYeCKM npoBoaMBWMeCR MOHMTOPMHr M oueHKa yrny6MnM noHM­ MaHMe KaK nporpecca, aocTMrHyToro Ha nyTM aocTM~ eHHR JaopoBbR anR Bcex, TaK M HeoT­ aenMM~x OT 3Toro npouecca npo6neM. fleKnapauHH, cTpaTerHH H nnaH~ aeMCTBHM, B~pa6o­ TaHH~e B xoae pRaa coBewaHMM B03, noaTBepaHnH cooTBeTcTBHe npMHUMnoB cTpaTerHH aocTM~e HHR JaopoBbR anR Bcex Tpe6oBaHHRM BpeMeHH H noMornH onpeaenHTb onTMManbHb1e noaxoa~ K HX npeTBopeHM~ B ~H3Hb.

B OTYeTax o xoae pa6oT~ 6~nM noKaJaHbl KaK aocTHrHyT~e ycnexH, TaK M ewe He peweHH~e npo6neM~. B PerMoHe B uenoM npoaoJDKaeT yBenMYHBaTbCR o~MaaeMaR npoaoJDKM­ TenbHOCT b ~H3HH H CHH3HnHCb o6wHe noKaJaTenM aeTCKOM H MaTepHHCKOM CMepTHOCTH . CHH3HnMC b noKaJaTenH CMepTHOCTH OT OCHOBH~X 6one3HeM, BKn~YaR HWeMMYeCKY~ 6one3Hb c epAua , H COKpaTHnacb YaCTOTa AOPO~Ho-TpaHcnopTH~X npoHCWeCTBHM . CneAyeT TaK~e OTMeTH Tb TaKHe nono~HTenbH~e caBMrM, KaK ycTaHOBneHMe 6onee 3<M>eKTHBHoro KOHTponR Ja TpaHc rpaHMYH~M JarpRJHeHHeM oKp~a~weM cpeab1 M nepeBOJKOM onacH~x oTxoaoB H ynyYWe HHe KaYeCTBa nHTbeBOM BOA~- 6onee WHPOKO aocTynHOM CTana nepBHYHaR MeAMKO­ caHHTapHaR noMOWb. flocTM~eHH~ 3THX ycnexoB BO MHOrOM noMornH npHHRTHe npHHUHnOB CTpaTe r MH aocTH~eHMR 3flB BCeMM rocyaapcTBaMM-YneHaMH M pa3pa60TKa COOTBeTCTBY~WMX nonHTHKM H cTpaTerHM noYTM BO Bcex cTpaHax PerMoHa .

HecMOTPR Ha 3TH ycnexH, no-npe~ HeMy He peweHH~MM ocTaeTcR pRA cepbeJH~x npo6- neM . CyweCTBY~WHe Me~y OTaenbHblMM CTpaHaMH paJnHYHR B COCTORHHM JaopOBbR HaceneHHR B uenoM He yMeHbWHnHCb, a B HeKOTOpblX cnyYaRX A~e yBenHYHnHCb; oco6eHHO 3TO Kaca­ eTCR paJ nHYHM Me~AY CTpaHaMH ueHTpanbHOH H BOCTOYHOM YaCTeM PerHOHa, C OAHOM CTOpo­ H~ , H OC TanbHblMH CTpaHaMH PerHOHa, C APYfOH . noKaJaTenH CMepTHOCTH OT OHKonorHYe­ CKHX 6one3HeM B uenoM npoaoJDKa~T noBblWaTbCR . Cepbe3HblMH npo6neMaMH. CBR3aHHblMH C o6paJoM ~MJHH, npoaoJDKa~T ocTaBaTbCR noTpe6neHHe Ta6aKa , YpeJMepHoe noTpe6neHHe anKoronR H HapKOMaHMR. no-npe~ HeMy BblCOKM noKaJaTenH y6HMCTB H caMoy6HMCTB . Orop­ YHTenb HO MeaneHHblM OKaJancR nporpecc B o6nacTH pa3BHTHR COTpyaHHYeCTBa Me~AY pa3- nHYHblM H npaBHTenbCTBeHHblMH ceK TOpaMH I a TaK~ e B o6naCTH HX B3aHMOtJ.eMCTBHR C ll.PYrHMH c eK TopaM H, HanpHMep C YaCTH~M npoM~wneHH~M CeKTOPOM , B HHTepeca x oxpaH~ 3ll.OPOBbR .

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nonHTHKH 3apaeooxpaHeHHH npH onpeaeneHHH KOHKpeTHblX HanpaeneHHM pa6oT~. Ha nepeoH EeponeHCKOM KOH~epeHUHH no np~HnaKTHKe xpoHHYeCKHX HeHH~eKUHOHHblX 6one3HeM H 6opb6e c HHMH, COCTOHBWeMCH B BapHe (6onrapHH) B 1987 r., 6~nH onpeaeneH~ 6yaywHe 3aaaYH, B TOM YHcne npHMeHHTenbHO K HayYHblM HCcneaoeaHHHM B o6naCTH np~HnaKTHKH H 6opb6~ c 3THMH 6one3HHMH. B 1990 r. Ha KOH~epeHUHH B T6HnHCH (6~BWHM CCCP) 6~na npoaHanH- 3HPOBaHa CBH3b Me)t(Lly HeaaeKBaTHOCTb~ cnY)K6 nnaHHpOBaHHH ceMbH H B~COKOM YaCTOTOM a6opTOB H 6~na npHHHTa T6HnHCCKaH aeKnapaUHH, B KOTOPOM WHPOKO oceewa~TCH Bonpoc~. OTHOCHWHeCH K 3TOM npo6neMe.

Me•ayHapoaHaH KOH~epeHUHH no yKpenneHH~ 3aopOBbH, COCTOHBWaHCH B 0TTaBe B 1986 r., paccMoTpena eonpoc~ 6naronpHHTHoro anH 3aopoBbH o6pa3a *H3HH H npHHHna 0TTaBCKY~ xapTH~ yKpenneHHH 3aopOBbH. B XapTHH H3naraeTCH KOMnneKCHaH CTpaTerHH yKpenneHHH 3aopoBbH, BKn~Ya~waH cneay~wHe nHTb acneKToe: o6wecTBeHHaH nonHTHKa, cnoco6cTey~waH yKpenneHH~ 3aopoBbH, 6naronpHHTHaH anH 3aopoBbH oKpY)Ka~waH cpeaa, nHYHble HaBblKH, aeMCTBHH HaceneHHH H nepeopHeHTaUHH cnY)K6 JapaeooxpaHeHHH. B 3TOM xapTHH npeanaraeTcH pacwHpHTb paMKH TpaaHUHOHHblX cnY)K6 JapaeooxpaHeHHH, npeaocTaBHB HM 6onee WHpOKHe nonHOMOYHH, yaenHTb 60nbwee BHHMaHHe BonpocaM JaopOBbH, a He 60- neJHHM, H H3MeHHTb xapaKTep B3aHMOOTHOWeHHM Me•ay cnY)K6aMH JapaeooxpaHeHHH H Hace­ neHHeM. BTopaH Me•ayHapoaHaH KOH~epeHUHH no yKpenneHH~ 3aopOBbH, OCHOBHOM TeMOM KOTOPOM 6~na o6wecTBeHHaH nonHTHKa, cnoco6CTBY~WaH yKpenneHH~ 3aopOBbH, 6b1na npo­ eeaeHa B AaenaHae (AecTpanHH) e 1988 r., a TpeTbH, KacaewaHCH coJaaHHH 6naronpHHT­ HOM anH JaopOBbH OKpY)Ka~weM cpeabl, - B CyHaceanne (WBeUHH) B 1991 r.

B 1988 r. B MaapHae 6b1na npoeeaeHa nepeaH EeponeMcKaH KOH~epeHUHH no nonHTHKe B OTHOWeHHH Ta6aKa, Ha KOTOpOM 6b1n pa3pa6oTaH nnaH aeMCTBHM, uenb~ KOTOporo HBnHeTCH o6ecneYeHHe TaKoro nono•eHHH aen a Eepone, Koraa OTKaJ OT KypeHHH HBnHncH 6~ HOPMOM noeeaeHHH. B 1990 r. B 6yaanewTe npowna nepeaH EeponeHcKaH KOH~epeHUHH no nonHTHKe B o6nacTH npoaoeonbCTBHH H nHTaHHH, B xoae KOTOPOM 6blnH paJpa6oTaH~ OCHOB~ anH HaUHOHanbHOM npoaoeonbCTBeHHOM nonHTHKH H COOTBeTCTBY~WHX nnaHOB aeMCTBHM, B KOTOp~x 6~ YYHT~BanHCb Bonpoc~ nHTaHHH.

Ha nepBOM EeponeMCKOM KOH~epeHUHH no OKpY)Ka~weM cpeae H oxpaHe JaopOBbH, COCTOHBWeMCH BO ~paHK~ypTe B 1989 r., 29 rocyaapcTB-YneHOB H KOMHCCHH eeponeMCKHX coo6wecTB eaHHornacHo npHHHnH EeponeHcKy~ xapTH~ no oKpY)Ka~weM cpeae H oxpaHe Jao­ poBbH, YTO CBHaeTenbCTByeT 06 HX 6onbWOM OJa6oYeHHOCTH eonpocaMH oxpaHbl 3aopOBbH H OKpY)Ka~weM cpeabl. B XapTHH aaeTCH onHCaHHe nporH03HPY~WHX H npeaynpeaHTenbH~X CTpaTerHM, c noMOWb~ KOTOp~x MO~HO 6yaeT noKOHYHTb c yxyaweHHeM KaYeCTBa OKpY)Ka~weM cpea~ H ynyYWHTb ycnoBHH *H3HH H caMOYyBCTBHe H 6narocOCTOHHHe n~aeM. B HeM onpe­ aeneH~ npaea H o6HJaHHOCTH oTaenbH~x nHU, a TaK•e rocyaapcTBeHH~x H YacTH~x opra­ HHJaUHM. Oco6oe BHHMaHHe yaenHeTCH npeTBopeHH~ B *H3Hb npHHUHnOB 3TOM XapTHH nyTeM onpeaeneHHH COOTBeTCTBY~WHX CTpaTerHM H npHOPHTeTOB B o6nacTH npeaynpe~aeHHH, ynpaeneHHH H KOHTponH.

Ha nepBOM EeponeMCKOM KOH~epeHUHH no cecTpHHCKOMY aeny, COCTOHBWeMCH B BeHe B 1988 r. H noCBHWeHHOM paJBHTH~ COOTBeTCTBY~WHX cnY)K6, 6b1no yKaJaHO Ha Heo6xoaHMOCTb HMeTb Ha MYHHUHnanbHOM ypoBHe MeacecTep HOBoro THna, a HMeHHO MeacecTep nepBHYHOM MeaHKO-CaHHTapHOM noMOWH.

WMpOKaH nepcneKTMBa 5

H, HaKOHeu, B uenHX MO6MnMJaUMM noa.aep~KM crparerMM aocTM~eHMH JaopOBbH anH ecex Ha EeponeHCKOH KOH*epeHUMM no eonpocaM nnaHMpoeaHMH M ynpaeneHMH e MHTepecax JaopoebH, npoeeaeHHOH e raare e 1984 r., 6~na paJpa6oraHa HOBaH KoHuenuMH nnaHMpo­ eaHMH JapaeooxpaHeHMH M 6~nM npeano~eH~ HOB~e nyTM CTMMynMpOBaHMH pa6OT~ no aoCTM­ ~eHMIO JaopOBbH anH ecex e paMKaX nniopanMCTMYeCKMX o6mecTB PerMOHa. Bcnea Ja npMHH­ TMeM 3aMH6yprCKOH aeKnapaUMM Ha BceMMPHOH KOH*epeHUMM no MeaMUMHCKOMY o6paJoBaHMIO e 1988 r . MMHMCTpbl JapaeooxpaHeHMH M o6paJOBaHMH EeponeHCKoro perMOHa npMHHnM yYaCTMe e COCTOHBWeMCH e nMcca6oHe KOHcynbTaTMBHOM coeemaHMM no eonpocaM MeaMUMHCKoro o6pa- 30BaHMH B Eepone. Ha 3TOM coeemaHMM 6~na npMHHTa nMcca6OHCKaH MHMUMaTMBa, B KOTO­ poH OTMeYanOCb, YTO MeaMUMHCKOe o6paJoBaHMe e PerMoHe OTH~He aoJDKHO OCHOB~BaTbCH Ha eeponeHCKOH nonMTMKe aocTM~eHMH JaopoBbH anH ecex M npMHUMnax 3aMH6yprcKoH aeKna­ paUMM.

06HoeneHMe Ja.AaY

B nepBOHaYanbHOM c6opHMKe JaaaY 1990 r. 6~n yKaJaH B KaYeCTBe cpoKa B~nonHeHMH 6onee nonoeMH~ JaaaY. BeMay 3Toro *aKra, a raK~e e ceere orpoMH~x MJMeHeHMH, npo­ McweawMx B PerMoHe B nepMoa nocne 1984 r., o6HoeneHMe JaaaY crano HaJpeeweH norpe6- HOCTblO. B 1989 r. KoHcynbTaTMBHaH rpynna no paJBMTMIO nporpaMM~ (KrPn) M yYaCTHMKM TpMaUaTb aeBHTOH cecCMM PerMOHanbHOro KOMMTeTa yKaJanM, YTO TaKoe O6HOBneHMe HBnH­ eTCH ceoeepeMeHH~M, npM 3TOM, oaHaKO, OHM noaYepKHynM Heo6xoaMMOCTb coxpaHMTb O6my10 CTPYKTYPY c6opHMKa JaaaY M BHeCTM e Hero nMWb Heo6xoaMM~e MJMeHeHMH. PyKoeoaHmMe yKaJaHMH OTHOCMTenbHO xapaKTepa o6HOBneHMH JaaaY 6~nM nonyYeH~ e BMae OTBeTOB Ha eonpocHMK, paJocnaHH~H rocyaapcreaM-YneHaM e 1989 r. C uenbio aononHeHMH peJynbra­ roe MOHMTOPMHra aocTM~eHMH JaopOBbH anH ecex, COCTOHBWerocH B 1988 r., 6~n npoeeaeH 3nMaeMMonorMYeCKMH o6Jop, a e HaYane 1990 r. 6~no npoeeaeHo KOHcynbrarMBHoe coeema­ HMe o 6ya.YlllMX TeHaeHUMHX paJBMTMH o6mecrea. 3aTeM PerMOHanbH~H KOHCynbTaTMBH~H coeer no paJBMTMIO JapaeooxpaHeHMH (PKCP3) npoeen cecrnio TMna "MoJroeoH araKM", Ha KOTOPOH 6~nM pacCMOTpeH~ eonpoc~. CBHJaHH~e c O6HOBneHMeM JaaaY. Bee 3TH noaroro­ BMTenbH~e MeponpMHTMH 6~nM oao6peH~ Ha copoKOBOH ceccMM PerMOHanbHoro KOMMTeTa. B 1991 r. KrPn M yYaCTHMKM He~MUManbHOrO KOHcynbTaTMBHOro coeemaHMH no o6HOBneHMIO eeponeHCKMX perMoHanbH~x JaaaY aocrM~eHMH JaopoebH anH ecex e~BMHynM Hoe~e npeano­ ~eHMH no coaep~aHMIO o6HoBnHeMoro aoKyMeHra.

PerMOHanbH~e JaaaYM 6blnM nepecMorpeH~ c yYeTOM peJynbTaTOB ecex BblWeyKaJaHHblX MeponpMHTMH M BHeceHH~X npeano~eHMH, M 06HOBneHH~H c6opHMK JaaaY 6bln npMHHT Ha copoK nepBOH ceCCMM PerMOHanbHoro KOMMTeTa e 1991 r.

KaK M npM *opMynMpoeaHMM JaaaY B 1984 r., OCHOBHOH uenblO O6HOBneHMH 6~no *opMynMpoeaHMe raKMX JaaaY, Korop~e 6~ npeacraenHnM co6oH "coYeraHMe ceroaHHWHeH peanbHOCTM M JaerpaWHMX nepcneKTMB". $opMynMpOBKa KOHKpeTH~X JaaaY JaBMCMT OT xapaKrepa npo6neM~, KOTOpaH B HMX paccMaTpMBaeTCH, M O6beMa HaKonneHH~X JHaHMH OTHOCMTenbHO cno~MBWerocH nono~eHMH aen. YpOBHM, ycraHaBnMeaeMble no onpeaenHeMblM B KOnMYeCTBeHHOM OTHOWeHMM JaaaYaM, - 3TO He peJynbTaT MaTeMaTMYeCKoro MoaenMpoeaHMH, a nporHOJ, caenaHH~H Ha OCHOBe MCTOPMYeCKMX TeHaeHUMH, peJynbTaTOB npoeeaeHHOro aHanMJa M npeanonaraeMoro xoaa 6yaymero paJBMTMH.

6aJHCH~M roaoM anH scex JaaaY ocraercH no-npe~HeMy 1980 r., a 2000 r. cran B o6HOBneHHOM AOKyMeHTe roaoM BblnOAHeHHH scex JaaaY. npyrHMH cnoBaMH, JaaaYH cranH onHCaHHeM COCTOHHHH JAOPOBbff HaceneHHH, 6naronpHHTHblX AAH JAOPOBbH ~aKTOPOB, nonH­ rnKH JapasooxpaHeHHH H HanpasneHHH pa60Tbl, KOTOpble AO~H~ 6~Tb HMeTb MeCTo B KOHUe 3Toro cronerHH. B npHno~eHHH l yKaJaHo coorHoweHHe Me~y sonpocaMH, paccMaTpHsae­ M~MH B o6HOBneHHblX JaaaYax H B JaaaYax, yrsep~aeHHblX B 1984 r.

B c6opHHK JaaaY 1985 r. 6~nH BKA~YeH~ noKaJarenH, CTaBWHe OCHOBOH AAH CHCTeMa­ THYeCKoro nposeaeHHH MOHHTOPHHra H oueHKH xoaa pa6oT~ B K~OM HJ rocyaapcTB-YneHOB H B PerHoHe B uenoM. rocyaapcrsa-YneHbl HcnonbJosanH HX npH npeaocrasneHHH B B03 orYeros o xoae pa6orb1 B 1985, 1988 H 1991 rr. B 1988 r. 3TH noKaJarenH 6~nH nepe­ cMorpeH~ s csere HaKonneHHoro K 3TOMY speMeHH on~ra. nononHHTenbHble nonpaBKH 6~nH TaK~e BHeceH~ c yYeTOM HMeBwero MeCTO HJMeHeHHH ~OPMYAHPOBOK JaaaY (npHno~eHHe 2). 6~n TaK~e nepecMOTpeH H nnaH aeHCTBHH (npHno~eHHe 3), B KOTOPOM yKaJ~Ba~TCH OCHOB­ H~e warn, KOTOpble rocyaapcTBa-YneHbl H B03 npeanpHMYT COBMeCTHO AAH MOHHTOpHHra H oueHKH xoaa pa6or~ no s~nonHeHH~ JaaaY H, s KOHeYHOM cYere, anH nocneay~mero o6Hos­ neHHH JaaaY, c TeM YT06~ npHBeCTH HX B COOTBeTCTBHe c rpe6oBaHHHMH asaauarb nepsoro seKa. nepecMorpeHHble noKaJarenH H nnaH aeHCTBHH 6~nH yrsep~aeHbl Ha copoK nepsoH ceCCMH PerHOHaAbHOro KOMHTeTa B 1991 r.

06HosneHH~e JaaaYH yKaJ~Ba~T Ha Te ynyYWeHHH, Ha KOTOp~e MO~HO paCCYHT~BaTb, ecnH AAH AOCTH~eHHH o6mHx ueneH 6yayr 06beAHHeHbl ~e HMe~mHeCH nonHTHYeCKaH BOAH, JHaHMH, pecypc~ H rexHonorHH. 3aaaYH npeacrasnH~T co6oH orp~eHHe o6mHx ycrpeM­ neHHH scex rocyaapcrs - YAeHOB EsponeHcKoro perHoHa - ycrpeMneHHH, Korop~e 6yayr BAOXHOBAHTb HX H cn~HTb AAH HHX nono~MTeAbH~M CTHMYAOM npH nocTaHOBKe CBOHX co6CTBeHH~X JaaaY H npHOPHTeTOB H oueHKe CBOHX co6CTBeHH~X BOJMO~HOCTeH. B~6op cpeacrs, MCnOAbJyeM~X AAH B~nonHeHHH K~AOH JaaaYH, HBAHeTCH npeporaTHBOH oraenbH~X rocyaapcTB-YneHOB, KOTOP~M cneayer npH 3TOM YYHTblBaTb CBOH nonHTHYeCKMe, ~PMAHYe­ CKHe, COUHaAbHble H 3KOHOMHYeCKHe ycnOBHH, a Ta~e cno~HBWHHCH xapaKTep CBOHX CHCTeM 3ApasooxpaHeHHH H opraHHJaUHOHH~X CTPYKTyp.

CoaepxaHMe M cTp,YKTypa aaHHoro c6opHM~a

8 OCTaBWeHCH YaCTH 3Toro paJaena paccMaTpHBaeTCH coaep~aHHe paJAHYHblX rnas H JaaaY, a TaK~e HX BJaHMOJaBHCHMOCTb.

rnasa l JaKaHYHBaeTCH onpeaeneHHeM OCHOBHblX TeM esponeHCKOH nonHTHKH AOCTH­ ~eHMH JAOpOBbff AAH scex, KOTOp~e MO~HO oxapaKTepHJOBaTb KaK ueHHOCTH H npHHUHn~. ne~amHe s ocHose JaaaY.

B rnase 2 paccMaTpHBa~TCH HJMeHHBWHeCH couHanbH~e. nonHTHYeCKHe H 3KOHOMHYe­ CKHe peanHH B PerHoHe, a raK~e npeanoc~nKH JaopoBbH n~aeH. B nepHOA, npoweawHH nocne 1984 r., s PerMoHe npoHJownH cymecrseHH~e HJMeHeHHH. Ha6n~aa~TcH aanbHeHwee

WHpoKaR nepcneKTHBa 7

nocrapeHHe HaceneHHR H HJMeHeHHR e crpyKrype ceMbH. 6~crpo eoJpacraer oJa6o4eHH0CTb o6wecreeHH0CTH 0TH0CHTenbH0 C0CT0RHHR OKp}')Ka~weH cpeabl Hee BOJaeHCTBHR Ha Jaopoebe YenoeeKa. B crpaHax ueHrpanbHOH H eocro4HOH YacreH PerHoHa npoHJownH 6ecnpeueaeHr­ H~e nonHTH4eCKHe H 3K0H0MH4eCKHe co6~THR, a B PerH0He B uenoM ycHnHnHCb HHTerpauH- 0HH~e npouecc~. B aaHHOH rnaee o6c}')Kaa~rcR KaK 3TH reHaeHUHH, raK H HX nocneacreHR anR 6yaymero C0CT0RHHR Jaop0BbR HaceneHHR.

Ha PHC. l B KpaTKOH ¢0pMe cyMMHp0BaH~ coaep•aHHe H CTPYKTypa rnae, noCBRWeHH~X onHcaHH~ Jaaa4 (3-7). B rnaee 3 (Jaaa4H l-12) paccMarpHea~rcR re pe3ynbrarb1 c ro4KH JpeHHR C0CT0RHHR Jaop0BbR HaceneHHR, K0T0pble npeanonaraeTCR nony4HTb nyTeM npoeeae­ HHR crparerHH aocrH•eHHR JaopoebR anR ecex e EeponeHCKOM perHoHe. B JaaaYax l-12 a KOHKpeTHOH H, TaM rae 3T0 B03M0*H0, KOAH4eCTBeHHOH ¢0pMe HJnara~TCR Te yny4WeHHR B C0CT0RHHH Jaop0BbR HaceneHHR, K0T0p~e ao~Hbl 6~Tb aocrHrHyTbl Ja 20-neTHHH nepHoa Me•ay yreep•aeHHeM PerH0HanbHblM K0MHTeT0M crparerHH aocrH•eHHR Jaop0BbR anR ecex B 1980 r . H 2000 r.

nnR ecex 3THX 12 Jaaa4 xapaKrepH~ 4eTblpe B3aHM0CBR3aHH~X acneKTa, a HMeHH0:

- o6ecne~eHMe cnpaBeA/IMBOCTM e o6nacTM oxpaH~ JaopOBbR nyreM yMeHbWeHHR pa3nH4HH B C0CT0RHHH Jaop0BbR HaceneHHR pa3AH4H~X crpaH H pa3AH4H~X C0UHanbH0-3K0H0MH- 4eCKHX rpynn HaceneHHR B npeaenax oaHOH H TOH •e crpaH~;

- yeenM~eHMe npoaoJl)l(MTenbH0CTM nonHoueHHOM XMJHM nyreM npeaocraeneHHR n~aRM B03MO*HOCTeH anR nonHoro paJBHTHR H HcnonbJ0BaHHR CB0HX ¢H3H4eCKHX, YMCTBeHHblX H C0UHanbH~X cnoco6HOCTeH;

- o6ecne~eHMe 6onee JaopoeoM XMJHM nyreM CHH*eHHR Ja6oneeaeMocrH H HHeanHa­ H0CTH;

- npoA/leHMe cp()l(OB XMJHM c noMomb~ MeponpHRTHH, cnoco6CTBY~WHX yeenH4eHH~ o•HaaeMOH npoao~HTenbH0CTH *H3HH.

nepe~e 12 Jaaa4 M0*H0 paJaenHTb Ha rpH KareropHH: ocHoeononara~mHe uenH crpa­ rerHH aocrH•eHHR JaopoebR anR ecex, oxpaHa JaopoebR yRJBHM~x rpynn HaceneHHR H oraenbH~e npo6neM~ JapaeooxpaHeHHR. B 3THX JaaaYax nocraeneHbl uenH H noeecrKa aHR anR nocneay~WHX rpex rnae (4-6), nocBRWeHH~x Heo6xoaHMblM HJMeHeHHRM 06pa3a *H3HH, oJaopoeneHH~ oKp}')Ka~weH cpeab1 H pa3pa6orKaM e o6nacrH np~HnaKTHKH, neYeHHR H yxoaa, Korop~e caena~r B0JM0*H~M e~nonHeHHe nocraeneHHblX Jaaa4.

B rnaeax 4, 5 H 6 paccMarpHea~rcR ocHoBH~e crparerHH, Heo6xoaHM~e anR aocrH•e­ HHR JaopoebR anR ecex. rnaea 4 (Jaaa4H 13-17) nocBRWeHa JapaeooxpaHHTenbHOH aeR­ renbH0CTH, Heo6xoaHMOH anR ¢0PMHpoeaHHR Jaopoeoro 06pa3a MH3HH, H 0CH0BblBaeTCR Ha npHHUHnax, HJno•eHHblX e OrraBCKOH xapTHH yKpenneHHR Jaop0BbR, npHHRTOH e 1986 r . B HeH npeanara~TCR HaUH0HanbH~e. o6naCTH~e H MeCTH~e HHHUHaTHB~, HaueneHH~e Ha aKTHB ­ HY~ noaaep•KY 6naronpHRTH~X anR Jaop0BbR ¢0PM noseaeHHR, TaKHX KaK c6anaHCHP0BaHH0e nHTaHHe H onTHManbHaR ¢H3H4eCKaR aKTHBH0CTb, a TaK•e Ha CHH*eHHe norpe6neHHR TaKHX HaH0CRWHX ywep6 Jaop0Bb~ eewecTB, KaK anKoronb H ra6aK. HecM0TPR Ha npHJHaHHe orpoMHOH Ba.H0CTH MeaHK0-CaHHTapHoro npocseweHHR C T04KH 3peHHR noe~weHHR 3HaHHH

P11c. l. 3aaaYl1 no llOCTl1JICeHl1~ 3llOPOBbH anH scex

aHhl Jnopo 3aaaYa 1

KaYeCTBO )1(11JHM 3aaaYa 2

nyymee COCTOHHMe J.llOPOBbH 3aaaYM 3 - 12

UeJlb <r JTaea 3)

06paJ JICMJHH, coneMCTB}'IOllMM }'KpenJ1eH11m J.llopoebH

3ana Y 11 1 3 - 1 7

3aopoeaH OKP.YJl(illOlllaH cpena 3at1aY1-1 18 - 25

CooreeTCTB~aH Met111Ko-caH11TapHaH nOMOutb 3at1aY1-1 26 - 31

Crparer1111 (rJTaBbl 4, 5 1-1 6)

CrparerHH paJBHTHH B ~eJTHX .llOCTIOICeHHH J.ll,OpOBbH llJIH ecex 3at1aY1-1 32 - 38

noMepna <r J1aea 7)

n~aeH 11 11X MOTl1B11POBaHHOCTl1 B nnaHe coxpaHeH11H 11 yKpenneHl1H 3llOPOBbH, OCHOBHOe BHl1MaH11e B crparer1111 llOCTl1JICeHl1H 3llOPOBbH anH scex yaenHeTCH 113MeHeHl1~ cou11anbHblX, 3KOHOMl1YeCKl1X, KynbTYPHblX, ¢11311YeCKl1X 11 apyr11x ¢aKTOpOB, onpeaenH~m11x Bbl6op Tex 11n11 "1HblX "1Me~m11x 6onbwoe 3HaYeHl1e anH 3llOPOBbH anbTepHaTl1B Ha ypoBHe oraenbHblX n1-1u, rpynn 11 coo6mecTB n~aeH. 8 3TOH CBH311 noaYepK11BaeTCH BaJICHOCTb MeJICCeKTopanbHblX aeHCTBl1H, KaK OCHOBbl anH ynyYweHl1H B03MOJICHOCTeH B 06nacr11 yKpenJTeHl1H 3llOPOBbH Ha ecex ypoBHHX, Hanp11Mep e ropoaax, Ha pa60Y11x Mecrax, e wKonax, e Kpyry ceMbl1.

fJTaea 5 (3aaaY11 18-25) noceHmeHa pon11 oKpYJICa~meH cpeab1 e 06ecneYeH1111 JaopoBbH 11 OCHOBaHa Ha ¢11JIOCO<!JCK11X np11Hu11nax 11 crparer11YeCKl1X ycTaHOBKax, 113JIOJICeHHblX B Eepo­ neHCKOH xapr1111 no oKpYJICa~meH cpeae 11 oxpaHe JaopoBbH, a raKJ1Ce Ha nonoJ1CeH11Hx aoKnaaa

WHpoKaH nepcneKTHBa 9

BceMHPHOM K0MHCCHH no OKp,Y)KalOIUeM cpeae H paJBHTHIO a "Hawe 061Uee 6yay1Uee 11 • B 3TOM

rnase 0Tpa)l(eHa $0PMHPYIOIUaHCH npHBep~eHH0CTb TaKHM crparerHHM B 0TH0WeHHH OKp,Y)Ka101UeM cpea~. K0T0p~e seayr K 3K0norHYeCKH YCTOMYHBOMY paJBHTHIO, npeaynpe~aeHHIO B03,!leMCT­ BHH Ha nioaei.1 $aKT0P0B PHCKa H 6opb6e c HHMH, a TaK~e cnpaseanHB0My aocryny K Jtl0- pOBOM 0Kp,Y)KalOIUeM cpeae. 8 paMKax 3THX JaaaY CTaBHTCH uenb npeaocraBHTb HaceneHHIO B0JM0~H0CTb npo~HBaTb B TaKOM cpeae, C0UHaflbHble H $H3HYeCKHe ycnoBHH KOTOPOM 6naro­ npHHTH~ tlflH 3tl0P0BbH.

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3aaaYH, paccMarpHsaeM~e s rnasax 3-7, recHo cBHJaH~ apyr c apyroM. OnHcaHHe BJaHM0JaBHCHM0CTH JaaaY, HJno~eHHblX B KalKtlOM rnase, aaeTCH BO scrynHrenbH0M paJaene. 6onee noapo6H0 B3aHM0CBH3H, cy1UeCTBYI01UHe KaK BHYTPH rnas, TaK H Me~ay HHMH, 06c,Y)K­ aa10TCH B paJaenax, nocBHIUeHH~x oraenbH~M JaaaYaM.

rnasa 8 HBnHeTCH JaKnlOYHTenbHOM rnaBOM aaHHOM KHHrH. B HeM HJnaralOTCH PHtl B~BOtlOB OTH0CHTenbH0 esponeMCKOM nonHTHKH tl0CTH~eHHH 3tl0P0BbH anH scex, a TaK~e HeK0Top~e npo6neM~, CBHJaHH~e c ee peanHJaUHeM. B HeM TaKlKe OCBe1UaeTCH - HO noa

a BceMHpHaH K0MHCCHH no OKp,Y)KalOIUeM cpeae H paJBHTHIO. Our common future. Qxford, Oxford University Press, 1987 r.

10 3aaaYH no aoeTH~eHH~ JaopoBbH anH seex

HeCKORbKO HH~M yrnoM - TeMa B3aHMOeBH3aHHOeTH JaaaY H noaYepKHBaeTeH, YTO peanH­ JaUHH eTpaTerHH aoeTH~eHHH 3flB He OJHaYaeT B~nonHeHHH K~OH JaaaYH no OYepeaH . PaJRHYH~e KOMnOHeHT~ JaaaY MoryT eoYeTaTbeH B KOMnneKeH~X nporpaMMaX MeponpHHTHH. B YaeTHOeTH, B rnase 8 npHBOaHTeH npHMep noTeHUHanbHOH aHTHTa6aYHOH nporpaM~ , B KOTOPOH eoYeTa~TeH KOMnOHeHT~ MHO~eeTBa pa3RHYH~X JaaaY.

OcHOBH~e Tefllil eeponeMCKOM nonMTMKM JapaeooxpaHeHMH

B nepBOM e6opHHKe JaaaY 6blRH onpeaeneH~ weeTb oeHOBH~X TeM, KpaeHOH HHTb~ npoxoaHWHe Yepe3 Beeb aoKyMeHT. 3TH TeM~ eoxpaHHRH eso~ aKTyanbHOeTb H B aaHHOM nepeeMOTpeHHOM e6opHHKe, oaHaKO K HMM eneayeT ao6aBHTb eeabMY~ TeMy, a HMeHHO : 3THYeeKHe aeneKT~ oxpaH~ JaopOBbH. HeeMOTPH Ha TO, YTO 3Ta TeMa noapa3yMesanaeb B nepBOM e6opHHKe JaaaY, RHWb B aaHHOH ny6nHKaUHH OHa Hawna esoe YeTKOe B~p~eHHe s BHae H3RO~eHHOro B HOBOH JaaaYe 38 06H3aTenbeTBa YYHT~BaTb 3THYeeKHe eoo6p~eHHH npH npHHHTHH seex peweHHH, MoryWHX noBRHHTb Ha JaopOBbe HaeeneHHH. no esoeH eyTH eeMb B~weyKaJaHHblX TeM npeaeTaBnH~T eo6oH ueHHOeTH H npHHUHn~. ne~awHe B oeHOBe seex 38 JaaaY H s~p~aeMoH HMM esponeHCKOH nonHTHKH JapasooxpaHeHHH.

- CnpaeelUIMBOCTb - 3TO oeHOBOnonara~WHH npHHUHn aoeTH~eHHH JaopOBbH anH seex. CnpaseanHsoeTb B sonpoeax oxpaH~ JaopoBhH OJHaYaeT, YTO see n~aH ao~H~ HMeTb paBH~e B03MO~HOeTH peanHJOBaTb B nonHOH Mepe eBOH noreHUHan JaopOBbH. flnH aoeTH~eHHH 3TOH uenH Heo6xoaHMO npHnO~HTb yeHnHH no COKpaweHH~ pa3RHYHH B eoeTOHHHH JaopOBbH HaeeneHHH Me~y eTpaHaMH H OTaenbH~MH rpynnaMH HaeeneHHH B npeaenax oaHoH H TOH ~e eTpaH~. CTpaTerHH o6eeneYeHHH enpaseanHsoeTH s 3TOH o6nacTH BKR~Ya~T TaKHe aeneKT~, KaK ynyYWeHHe yenoBHH ~H3HH H Tpyaa HaxoaHWHX­ CH B He6naronpHHTHOM nono~eHHH n~aeH, e TeM YT06~ noB~CHTb KaYeCTBO HX ~H3HYe­ CKOH H eouHaRbHOH epe,D,bl ao YPOBHH, npH6RH~a~weroeH K YPOBH~, xapaKTepHOMY anH 6onee o6eeneYeHH~x rpynn.

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WHpoKaH nepcneKTHBa 11

waH y 11~aeH ocoJHaHHe ceoeH co6cTeeHHOH JHaYHMOCTH H ypoeHb caMonoJHaHHR, a TaKlKe noow,pHH paJJlHYHble cpopMbl COUHaJlbHOH noaaeplKKH.

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- Bee 6011bwee YHc110 npo611eM JapaeooxpaHeHHR no ceoHM MacwTa6aM Bb1xoaHT Ja npeae- 111>1 HaUHOHaJlbHblX rpaHHU. TecHoe MruicayHapoaHoe COTPY4HM~eCTBO RBJlReTCR Heo6- X04HMblM YCJlOBHeM oxpaHbl OKpYJKa~w.eH cpeabl, o6ecneYeHHR aocTyna K aaeKBaTHblM pecypcaM, noJBOJlR~W.HM BeCTH JaopOBblH o6pa3 lKHJHH, H npeaocTaBJleHHR TaKOH noMO­ W.H, KOTOpaR OTJlHYaeTCR BblCOKHM KaYeCTBOM H OCHOBaHa Ha caMblX noc11eaHHX JHaHHRX H nepeaOBblX aocTHlKeHHRX TeXHOJlOrHH.

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npH cpopMy11HpoeaHHH JaaaY, npeacTae11eHHb1x e aaHHOH ny611HKaUHH, npec11eaoea11acb ue11b npoaonJKHTb ycHJlHR, Hanpae11eHH1>1e Ha HJMeHeHHe xoaa paJBHTHR JapaeooxpaHeHHR e PerHOHe, HaYaJlO KOTOpblM 6b1Jl0 nOJlOlKeHO ny6JlHKaUHeH nepeoro c6opHHKa JaaaY. 3TO Heo6xoaHMo e KOHeYHOM HTore a11R o6ecneYeHHR JaopoebR H 611arococTORHHR noapacTa~w.ero H 6yayw.Hx noKoneHHH e PernoHe . YcnewHoe aocrnJKeHHe ue11H "JtlOPOBbe a11R ecex" 6yaeT OJHaYaTb, YTO aeTH ecex cTpaH PerHoHa no11yYaT ropaJao 11yYwHe waHc1>1 a11R Toro, YT061>1:

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- nonyYHTb o6paJoBaHHe e o6wecree, Koropoe no,ll,!lep~Heaer ocHOBH~e npHHU.Hn~ Jaopo­ eoro o6paJa ~HJHH H noowpRer H o6ecneYHBaer ceo6oaH~H HHaHBHayanbH~H e~6op;

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3ro TaK~e OJHaYaer, YTO Bee ~HrenH Eeponbl 6yayr HMeTb paBH~e BOJMO~HOCT H:

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Co epeMeHH npHHRTHR nepeoHaYanbH~x perHoHanbHblX JaaaY e 1984 r. npoHcweawHe nonHTHYeCKHe co6~THR H npouecc~ OKaJanH rny60KOe BOJaeHCTBHe Ha COUHanbH~e acneKT~ H eoo6we Ha eeaeHHe rocyaapcreeHH~x H o6wecreeHblX aen eo ecex YacrRx PerHoHa. OKOHYaHHe xonoaHOH BOHHbl c ee 6ecnnoaH~M HaeonorHYeCKHM paJMe•eeaHHeM e PerHOHe OJHaYaer, YTO eonpoc~ nonHTHKH e o6nacrH o6wecreeHHoro JapaeooxpaHeHHR ceAYac Moryr o6c~aaTbCR OTKP~TO H e ycnoBHRX ceo6oaHoro o6MeHa HaeRMH H HaKonneHHblM OnblTOM. OpHeHTaUHR Ha nonHTHYeCKHe H 3KOHOMHYeCKHe HJMeHeHHR B crpaHax ueHrpanbHOH H BOC­ TOYHOH YacreA PerHoHa npoaoJDKaercR no Mepe npoaeH•eHHR HX e HanpasneHHH nn~panHc­ THYecKoH aeMOKpaTHH H p~HOYHOH 3KOHOMHKH. npoHcxoaRWaR B JanaaHOH H ~-HOH YaCTRX Eepon~ H, cneaosarenbHO, EeponeAcKoro coo6wecrsa 3eon~UHR, a raK)f(e soJMo•Hoe coJaa­ HHe 6onee WHPOKoro eeponeHCKOro 3KOHOMHYeCKoro H COUHanbHO-nonHTHYeCKOro eaHHCTBa norpe6~T corpyaHHYecrsa, BJaHMHOH OTKp~TOCTH H rnaCHOCTH, a TaK•e aoJDKHOH rH6KOCTH no sceMy PerHoHy.

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- 13 -

14 3aaaYH no aocTH~eHH~ JaopoBbR anR Bcex

JaopOBbeM. 3KonorHYeCKHe npo6neM~ He OCTaHaBAHBa~TCR nepea HaUHOHaAbH~MH rpaHH­ uaMH, H HX peweHHe Tpe6yeT 3KOAOrHYeCKH onpaBaaHHOM JapaBooxpaHHTeAbHOM nonHTHKH H Me~ceKTOpanbH~X aeMCTBHM Ha Me~yHapoaHOM YPOBHe.

B EBponeMCKOM xapTHH no OKp~a~meM cpeae H oxpaHe JaopOBbff, npHHRTOM B 1989 r. BO ~paHK$YPTe, aKUeHTHPOBaAHCb Bonpoc~. Tpe6y~mHe npHHRTHR cpOYH~X Mep Ha MeCTHOM, HaUHOHaAbHOM H Me~yHapoaHOM YPOBHRX. C~aa OTHOCRTCR, B TOM YHCne: rno6anbH~e Ha­ pyweHHR B OKp~a~meM cpeae, TaKHe KaK pa3pyweHHe 030HOBoro CAOR H H3MeHeHHe KAHMaTa; 6eJonacHoe H yaoBneTBOPR~mee Tpe6oBaHHRM CHa6~eHHe nHTbeBOM BoaoM c rHrHeHHYeCKHM yaaneHHeM oTxoaoB BO Bcex HaceneHHblX MecTax ropoacKoro H cenbcKoro THna; MHKpo6Ho­ norHYecKaR H XHMHYeCKaR 6eJonaCHOCTb npoayKTOB nHTaHHR; BAHRHHe Ha OKp~a~my~ cpeay H Ha JaopoBbe paJAHYH~x 3HepreTHYeCKHx BapHaHTOB TpaHcnopTa, oco6eHHO aopo~Horo, a Taue cenbCKOX03RMCTBeHHOM npaKTHKH, BKA~Yaff npHMeHeHHe yao6peHHM H neCTHUHaoB; KaYeCTBO BOJayxa - oco6eHHO B CBR3H C OKHCAaMH cep~ H aJOTa; a TaK~e KaYeCTBO B03- ayxa BHYTPH noMemeHHM H CTpoeHHM (~Hnoro, peKpeaUHOHHOro H npOH3BOaCTBeHHOro THnOB), BKJIIOYaR BOJaeMCTBHe paaoHa, naCCHBHOro KypeHHR H XHMHYeCKHX BemecTB.

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B TO •e epeMH YMCAeHHO yeenMYMBaeTCH aKTMBHaH rpynna npeacTaBMTeneM TpeTbero eoJpacTa . OxeaTb1ea~mMM KaTeropM~ nMU HaYMHaH co Jpenoro cpeaHero eoJpacTa ao 65-70 neT, 3TOT KOHTMHreHT COCTOMT M3 n~aeH, KOTOpble OCTaBMAM CBOM perynHpH~e npo­ ¢ecrnoHanbHble JaHHTMH M 06H3aHHOCTM M KOTOpble aaBHO ~e BblnOAHMAM CBOM ceMeMH~e o6HJaTenbcTea no eocnMTaHM~ aeTeM. 3TM n~aM coxpaHH~T e~e ceoM ¢M3MYeCKMe cnoco6- HocTM M ncMxonorMYeCKM roTOBbl K CTMMynMpoeaHM~ MK peweHM~ Tex MAM MH~X npeacTaBnH­ ~mMx BblJOB JaaaY. nepea HMMM eme MHoro neT aKTMBHoro neHCMOHHoro eoJpacTa , Ho ceM­ Yac OHM nonyYa~T OYeHb Mano npMJHaHMH, Ja MCKA~YeHMeM ycnyr co CTOPOHbl MHaycTpMM no opraHMJaUMM ceo6oaHoro epeMHnpenpoeo• aeHMH M aocyra. flnH M06MnMJaUMM aaHHOM KaTe­ ropMM AMU noTpe6yeTCH onpeaeneHHaH o6mecTBeHHaH nonMTMKa M COUMaAbHaH CMCTeMa , c TeM YT06~ ee YneH~ MornM eceueno peanMJOBaTb ceoH noTeHUManbH~H BKnaa e aena o6me­ CTBa.

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6yaywee JaopoBbff B EBponeMcKoM perHoHe 17

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no3TOMY 6yaeT e~Ho npoaoMHTb o6c~eHHe eonpocoe, paccMoTpeHH~x e aaHHOM Ha6pocKe BOJMO~H~X e 6yaymeM eapHaHTOB. nanbHeHWHe HccneaoeaHHR Ha HaUHOHaflbHOH H Me)l(,lJ.yHapoaHoH ocHoee, a Taue aHanHJ TeHaeHUHH MoryT noaeecTH K conHaHoH 6aJe ~aK­ THYeCKHX noaTeep~aeHHH H aoKaJaTeflbCTB, Ha OCHOBaHHH KOTOPOH MO~HO 6yaeT npHHRTb OCHOBononara~~He Kfl~Yee~e peweHHR, OT KOTOp~x 6yaeT JaBHCeTb ~HJHb HaceneHHR PerHO­ Ha . A 3TO aoMHO o6ecne4HTb, 4TO6~ nonHTH4eCKHe ae6aT~ He ceoaHAHCb TOflbKO flHWb K cTpaTerHRM 3KOHOMHYecKoro pocTa, a 6~nH HanpaeneH~ Ha o6ecneYeHHe JaopoebR n~aeH H noe~weHHe KaYecTea HX ~HJHH.

Opeanocbl/lKM JAOPOBbR

npoRBflR~~HeCR B HaCTOR~ee epeMR B PerHoHe TeHaeHUHH He HJMeHRT OCHOBH~X xapaK­ TepHCTHK noTpe6HocTeH cTpaH e o6nacTH JapaeooxpaHeHHR, H ocHoeononara~mHe npHHUHn~ CTpaTerHH aocTH~eHHR JaopOBbR anR ecex 6yayT no3TOMY coxpaHRTb CBO~ JHa4HMOCTb B 2000 r. TO4HO TaK ~e. KaK He 1993 r., aa, CO6CTBeHHO, OHM 6~nH B~H~ He 1980 r., Koraa 3Ta cTpaTerHR 6~na enepe~e c~opMynHpoeaHa: np~HnaKTHKa 6oneJHeH H 6opb6a c HHMH, yKpenneHHe H noaaep~aHHe JaopoebR, o6ecneYeHHe JaopoeoH oKp~a~meH cpe~. a Taue OKaJaHHe H npeaocTaeneHHe MeaHKO-CaHHTapHoro o6cn~HBaHHR e COOTBeTCTBHH c noTpe6HOCTRMH H H~aaMH n~aeH. PerHOHaflbH~e ~e Jaaa4H RBflR~TCR OTp~eHHeM H~HeWHHX H o~Haae~x TeHaeHUHH, npo6neM, KaK OHM eocnpHHHMa~TcR, a Taue HJeecTH~x pecypcoe H TexHonorHH.

CeHYac oYeHb MHoroe e~e npeacTOHT caenaTb e o6nacTH npeaynpe)l(,lJ.eHHR 6oneJHeH H HHeanHaHOCTH, coJaaHHR ycnoBHH anR Jaopoeoro o6paJa ~HJHH, a Taue anR Toro, 4To6~ JapaeooxpaHeHHe 6onee cooTeeTcTeoeano noTpe6HOCTRM n~aeH. TeM He MeHee aocTH~eHHe TaKHX ynyYweHHH He aacT ceoero nonHoro ~enaeMoro 3cM>eKTa, ecnH He 6yayT coJaaH~ onpeaeneHH~e npeanoc~nKH. npH 3TOM, XOTR OCHOBHaR nonHTH4eCKaR OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb Ja o6ecne4eHHe 3THX npeanoc~noK H no~HTCR Ha npaBHTeflbCTBa, CTORmHH B 3TOH CBRJH B~JOB aoMeH 6~Tb npHHRT Ha ecex ypoBHRX B~pa6OTKH H onpeaeneHHR nonHTHKH B CTpaHax. Ceo~ nenTy Jaecb aoMH~ BHeCTH ece rocyaapcTBeHH~e H o6~ecTeeHH~e opraH~, opraHHJa­ UHH H npeanpHRTHR 4aCTHOro ceKTOpa, nOCKOflbKY OT HX peweHHH H MeponpHRTHH JaBHCRT Te acneKT~ ~HJHH, KOTOp~e RBflR~TCR npeanoc~nKaMH o6ecne4eHHR JaopOBbR Tex, KTO ronocyeT Ja HHX, nonbJyeTcR HX ycnyraMH.

6opb6a Ja MMP

BOHHa ocraeTCR caMOH cepbeJHOH HJ ecex BOJMO~H~X yrpoJ anR JaopOBbR. Xopowo HJBeCTHO, 4TO paJopeHHe H onycTOWeHHe, B~J~BaeM~e BOHHOH, eeayT K rH6enH n~aeH H noRBneHH~ paHeH~X, HCKaneYeHH~X H HHBanHaoe Ha BC~ ~HJHb, JllOaeH, flHWeHH~X ceoero Kpoea H PoaHH~, a raue K ry6HTeflbHOMY BOJaeHCTBH~ Ha OKp~a~m~ cpeay. ~aKTOP

6yaywee JaopOBbR e EeponeHCKOM perHOHe 19

JaopOBbR H aoeoa~ npoTHB RaepHOH BOMH~ BeCbMa aoAro H o6CTORTeAbHO ae6aTHpOBaAHCb e nocAeaHHe ro~. OaHaKO npH 3TOM He CAeayeT Ja6~BaTb, YTO Bp<l)l(ae6H~e aeHCTBHR BHYT­ PH crpaH H raK HaJ~eaeMaR o6~YHaR, 6eJ npHMeHeHHR RaepH~x cpeacre Maccoeoro yHHYTo­ ~eHHR, BOHHa raK~e npeacraeAR~T crpawHy~ onacHOCTb aAR YeAoeeYecrea. BoeHH~e aeM­ CTBHR 1991 r. e JOHe nepcHacKoro JaAHBa H HX nocAeacTBHR co BCeH YeTKOCTb~ H onpe­ aeAeHHOC Tb~ npoaeMOHCTPHPOBaAH peJyAbTaT~ KpynHoro Me~ayHapoaHoro eoop~eHHoro KOH~AHKTa. B 1992-1993 rr . BOMHa npHHecAa CTpawH~e CTpaaaHHR MHAAHOHaM A~aeM e PerHOHe, oco6eHHO e 06AaCTRX H paHoHaX, 6~BWHX paHee COCTaBHOH YaCTb~ ijrocAaBHH H 6~ewero CoeercKoro Co~Ja .

~a epHaR onaCHOCTb H aoKTpHH~ XOAOaHOH BOHH~ ~e He RBAR~TCR 6oAee onpeaeAR~WH­ MH eeponeHcK~ reonoAHTHKy. KoHeu cTap~x ~opM Me)t(,!lyHapoaHoro HanpR~eHHR e PerHoHe CYAHT HOB~e BOJMO~HOCTH, aAR Toro YT06~ ece Hapoa~ B Eepone corpyaHHYaAH H coo6wa CTpeMHAHCb K MHPY, corAaCH~ H rapMOHHH, 6opRCb Ja AYYWee 6yaywee. nosTOMY He MO~eT He paJOYapoB~BaTb H yapyYaTb TO, YTO nporpecc B HanpaeAeHHH HeJaBHCHMOCTH B HeKOTO­ p~x Ya CT RX PerHOHa conpoBO)t(,!laeTCR eoop~eHH~MH KOH~AHKTaMH. KpoMe Toro, He MO~eT He B~J~BaTb cepbeJHoro 6ecnoKOHCTBa H TO, YTO YAYYWeHHR e Me)t(,!lyHapoaH~X OTHOWeHHRX Moryr 6~Tb ceeaeH~ Ha HeT B0306HOBAeHHeM rAy60KO KopeHRWHXCR H aoceAe caep~HBaeM~X npOTHBOpeYHH Me)t(,!ly 3THHYeCKHMH H peAHrHOJH~MH rpynnaMH HaceAeHHR KaK B HX C06CTBeH­ H~x . TaK H B apyrHX crpaHax. DOAee Toro, KOH~AHKT~ Me)t(,!ly TaKHMH rpynnaMH H npoTH­ eopeYH R Me)t(,!ly HMMHrpaHTaMH H MeCTH~M HaceAeHHeM Moryr YCHAHTbCR B peJyAbTaTe OTKP~­ THR rpa HHU, oco6eHHO B paHOHax H o6AaCTRX, HCn~T~Ba~WHX cepbeJH~e 3KOHOMHYeCKHe npo6AeMbl .

MHp - 3TO He npocro OTCYTCTBHe BOHH~ . MHpOM He MO~eT CYHTaTbCR COCTORHHe, Koraa rpa)t(,!laHCKHe BOAHeHHR H 3THHYeCKHe KOH~AHKT~ npoao~a~T ecn~XHBaTb, conpoeo~­ aaRCb HaCHAHeM H eoop~eHH~M paJ60eM, KaK 3TO npoHcxoaHT B HeKOTOp~x crpaHax. KaK yrpoJa aAR JaopOBbR, 3TH ~OpM~ arpeCCHH epRa AH RBAR~TCR MeHee cepbeJH~MH, YeM caMa BOHHa, eCAH yYeCTb conpoBO)t(,!la~wHe HX ncHXOAOrHYeCKHe rpaBM~, ~HJHb B nocTORHHOM crpaxe nepea HaCHAHeM, nocAeacTBHR COJHaTeAbHO H HaMepeHHO npHYHHReM~X yeeYHH H nocrrpaeMaTHYeCKHe CHHapoM~ OTYaRHHR, noao6H~e TeM, KOTOpble HCn~T~Ba~TCff ~epreaMH n~roK , a raue KoceeHH~e nocAeacreHR aoAroepeMeHHoro ywep6a , npHYHHReMoro couHaAb­ HblM, ~H J HYeCKHM H 3KOHOMHYeCKHM crpyKrypaM nocrpaaaBWHX crpaH H HaceAeHH~X Meer.

MHp, KaK H caMO Jaopoebe , RBAReTCff noJHTHBH~M COCTORHHeM 6AaronOAYYHff H 6eJO­ nacHOC TH , npeanoAara~WHM o6ecneYeHHe aAR ecex BOJMO~HOCTeM onTHMaAbHOro paJBHTHR HX C06CTBeH Horo YeAoBeYeCKoro noreHUHaAa . MHp npeanoAaraeT BOJMO~HOCTb aKTHBHOro yYa­ CTH R ecex crpaH, Ha OCHOBe COAHaapHOCTH H BJaHMHOCTH , e BOCCOJaaHHH 6oAee CTHMYAH­ p,Yl(llllero H npHHOcffwero yaoeAereopeHHe MHpa Ha 3eMAe aAR ecex, KTO Ha HeH npo~Heaer .

CeKT OP JapaeooxpaHeHHff H B aaAbHeHWeM ao~ eH aeAaTb Bee, YTO eMy HaaAe~HT ae­ AaTb e COOTBeTCTBHH c ero OCHOBHOH pOAb~, HOH MO~eT H B COCTORHHH cnoco6CTBOBaTb r apMOHH H H CMRrYaTb Me~ayHapoaHy~ Hanpff~eHHOCTb . B K<l)l(aOM crpaHe ceKTOP Japaeo­ oxpaHe HH R ao~eH Hrparb eeaywy~ poAb e aeAe yKpenAeHHR recHoro aoArocpoYHor o co­ r pyaHH Yecrea no peweHH~ npo6AeM oxpaHbl JaopOBbR, HeBJHpaR Ha HaUHOHaAbH~e rpaHHU~ ­ neyxcropOHHHe H Me)t(,!lyHapoaH~e HCCAeaoeaHHR, coeewaHHff H KOHTaKT~ B CBRJH C B~wecKa­ JaHH~ c noco6crey~T, noMHMO YAYYWeHHR COCTORHHR JaopOBbR, YCHAeHH~ BJaHMOnOHHMaHHR

M ycraHoeneHM~ CBHJeM Me)K,lly oraenbH~MM flMUaMM, yYpe)K,lleHMffMM M crpaHaMM, TeM ca~M aeMOHCTPMPYH Ba)l(HOCTb M JHaYMMOCTb BJaMMHOro corpyaHMYecrsa.

Cnpase.anMsocTb s eonpocax JapaeooxpaHeHMH M yaoeneTsopeHMe ocHoeononarill09,Mx noTpe6HOCTeM

B npMeep~eHHOCTM MaeanaM o6ecneYeHMH Jaopoebff anR ecex JaKn~YaercH ocHoeono­ nara~mMM npMHUMn cnpaeeanMeocrM. 3ro OJHaYaer, YTO ece n~aM MMe~r npaeo Ha paeH~e BOJMO~HOCTM anR eceMepHoro paJBMTMff M noaaep~aHMff MX noreHUMana JaopOBbff. 3TOT npMHUMn MMeer aea acneKra: cnpaeeanMBOCTb e orHoweHMffX Me~ay crpaHaMM M cnpaeea­ nMeocTb B OTHOWeHMffX Me~ay n~abMM BHYTPM Ka)l(aOM MJ crpaH. Me~ay crpaHaMM PerMOHa coxpaHff~TCff OYeHb 6OflbWMe paJAMYMff B YPOBHHX ~MJHM. 3TM paJAMYMff B couManbHO-3KO­ HOMMYeCKOM paJBMTMM npMBOaHT K B~J~Ba~mMM 6ecnoKOMCTBO npoHeneHMffM HepaeeHCTBa e COCTOffHMM JaopOBbff. Bee YCMAMBa~mMMCff noTOK MH~OpMaUMM no TaKMM eonpocaM, B Yacr­ HOCTM MH~OpMaUMM, nocryna~meM MJ crpaH ueHrpanbHOM M BOCTOYHOM YacreM PerMOHa, noJBOnMn COCTaBMTb ffCHY~ KapTMHY peJKMX KOHTpaCTOB B TOM, YTO KacaeTCff COCTOffHMff Jaopoebff M creneHM aocrynHocrM cn~6 JapaeooxpaHeHMH, Me)K,lly crpaHaMM PerMoHa M BHYTPM Ka)l(aOM MJ HMX.

3OH~ COUManbHO-3KOHOMMYeCKOro He6narononyYMff M flMWeHMM YaCTO MMe~TCff MB 6onee paJBMT~X crpaHaX EeponeMCKoro perMoHa. CpeaHffff O~MaaeMaff npoao~MTeflbHOCTb ~MJHM cpeaM HaxoaHmMXCff B He6naronpMffTHOM COUManbHO-3KOHOMMYeCKOM OTHOWeHMM KareropMM M KOHTMHreHTOB HaceneHMff Jaecb HM~e. a ypoeeHb paHHeM aeTCKOM CMepTHOCTM B~We no cpaeHeHM~ c ocranbH~M HaceneHMeM. BblffBAeHO MHO~eCTBO TaKMX HaxoaHmMXCff e He6naro­ npMffTHOM nono~eHMM "He6narononyYH~x rpynn": npecrapenb1e, 6e~eHU~ M MMMrpaHr~. npeacraBMTenM 3THMYeCKMX MeHbWMHCTB, n~aM, npo~MBa~mMe B oco6o He6naronpMHTH~X reorpa~MYecKHX JoHax H paHoHax, a ra~e ceMbH nHWb c oaHHM HJ poaHreneM, aoeonbcT­ e~mMecH nMwb reM, YTo aa~r MM cKyaHoe ~anoeaHMe MAM ebmnar~ H nbror~ rocyaapcrea. 4Hcno raKHX rpynn H KareropHM, eepoHTHO, 6yaer eoJpacrarb e crpaHax, cranKHBa~mHxcH C 3KOHOMHYeCKHMM rpyaHOCTffMH M pacnaaoM nonMTMYeCKMX crpyKryp.

OaHOM HJ Ba)l(HeMWHX JaaaY npH paJpa6OTKe H onpeaeneHHH nonHTHKH n~60M crpaH~ - anff o6ecneYeHHff ee COOTBeTCTBHff ueHHOCTffM H KPHTepHHM o6ecneYeHHff JaopOBbff anff ecex - HBnHercH coJaaHHe nocneaoearenbHOH H aonrocpoYHOH crparerHH, MorymeH e KopHe pe­ WHTb npo6neMy flHKBHaaUHH COUHaflbHOM HecnpaeeanHBOCTM. npH 3TOM Heo6xoaHMO pewaTb npo6neM~, o6ycnoeneHH~e HeaocraroYHOCTb~ peanbHblX aoxoaoe anff yaoenereopeHHff raKMX OCHOB~X norpe6HOCTeM, KaK norpe6HOCTH e npoaoeonbCTBHH, e npaBMflbHOM nHTaHMH H HOpMaflbHOM ~Hnbe, npo6neM~ HeaocraTOYHOM o6ycrpoeHHOCTM e nocenKax, MMKpopaMOHax M KBapranax ropoaoe, BKn~YaH o6ecneYeHHe caHMrapHo-rHrHeHHYecKHX ycnoeHH H 6eJonacHoH nHTbeBOH eoa~. a TaK~e npo6neMbl, CBffJaHHble c Heo6ecneYeHHOCTb~ ycnOBHM H BOJMO~HO­ crei1 anR o6paJoeaHHH H rpyaoycrpoi1crea. npH 3TOM JaaaYH 3flB ao~H~ paccMarpHearbcff KaK npeanara~mHe JapaeooxpaHHTeflbHblM KOMnOHeHT COUHanbHOM nonHTHKH crpaH, Hanpae­ neHH~H Ha yMeHbWeHMe M COKpameHHe npoHeneHMM HecnpaeeanMBOCTH.

6yaywee JaopOBbH s EsponeHCKOM perHOHe 21

nonMTM~ecKaH eonH M rocyaapcTeeHHaH noaaepna

CTOHWHe B HaCTOHWee speMH npo6neM~ 03Ha4a~T. 4TO JaopOBbe cneayeT paccMaTpHBaTb KaK C$epy OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH He TOnbKO ceKTOpa JapasooxpaHeHHH, HOH apyrHX ceKTOPOB, 6yab TO o6paJOBaHHe, cpeacTBa MaCCOBOM HH$0pMaUHH, TpaHcnopT, cenbCKOe XOJHMCTBO, npOMbllllAeHHOCTb H T.n. flaHHaH OCHOBononara~waH crparerH4eCKaH HanpasneHHOCTb aeH­ TenbHOCTH no o6ecne4eHH~ JaopoBbH anH scex onHpaercH Ha nono~eHHH H npHHUHnb1 Orras­ CKOM xapTHH no yKpenneHH~ JaoposbH H EsponeHcKoM xapTHH no oKp~a~weH cpeae H oxpaHe JaopOBbH. flnH npHHHTHH Heo6xoaHM~X B 3TOM CBHJH Mep Heo6xoaHMa nonHTH4eCKaH BOnH H M06HAHJaUHH noaaep~KH co CTOPOH~ caMblX WHPOKHX Mace HaceneHHH H o6wecrseHHOCTH. npouecc M06HnHJaUHH aanbHeHweH noaaep~KH ao~eH paccMaTpHsarbcH KaK HaKnaa~sa~WHM 06HJaHHOCTH H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb Ha caMOM B~COKOM ypoBHe H Tpe6y~WHM csoero ocywecr­ sneHHH 4epeJ see ceKropa cTpaHbl. MHHHcrepcTBa JapasooxpaHeHHH BMecre c apyrHMH opraHaMH 34pasooxpaHeHHH, a TaK~e C 4aCTH~MH H npQ$eCCHOHanbH~MH opraHHJaUHHMH H 06beaHHeHHHMH ao~H~ aeMCTBOBaTb coo6wa, C TeM 4T06bl o6ecne4HTb H noaaep~aTb npH­ sep~eHHOCTb KaK ueHHOCTHM H npHHUHnaM aoCTH~eHHH JaopOBbH anH scex, TaK H nocTaB­ neHHblM s paMKax Jaaa4 3flB uenHM.

B KOHKpeTHOM Bblp~eHHH cnoco6~ M06HnHJaUHH n~aeM JaBHCHT OT KynbTYPHblX H COUH­ anbH~X ycnOBHM H oco6eHHOCTeM, a TaK~e OT KOHCTHTYUHOHH~X H nonHTH4eCKHX CTPYKTYP TOM HnH HHOM CTpaH~. TeM He MeHee M06HnHJaUHH CBHJaHa C o6ecne4eHHeM aKTHBHOM noa­ aep~KH co CTOPOH~ rp~aHCKHX H penHrHOJH~X PYKOB04HTeneM H apyrHX o6wecTBeHH~X H rocyaapcTBeHH~x aeHTeneH, pasHo KaK H aeHreneH H nHU, npeacTaBnH~WHX aenos~e KpyrH, npQ$COIOJ~ H BnHHTenbH~e HenpaBHTenbCTBeHH~e opraHHJaUHH BO scex CAOHX o6wecrsa. Heo6xoaHMbl nocToHHH~e ycHnHH anH o6ecne4eHHH Toro, 4To6~ npeacraBHTenH MeaHUHHCKHX npQ$eCCHM, paJAH4H~X COUHaAbH~X rpynn H oco6eHHO KOMMyHanbH~X HAH MYHHUHnanbH~X opraHHJaUHM CTaHOBHnHCb H OCTasanHCb aKTHBH~MH copaTHHKaMH B 40CTH~eHHH ueneM no o6ene4eHH~ 340POBbH anH scex. On~T npHBne4eHHH H M06HAHJaUHH scex 3THX rpynn H KOHTHHreHTOB K WHPOKOMY aBH~eHH~ Ja aocTH~eHHe JaopOBbH anH scex Ha npOTH~eHHH npownoro aecHTHneTHH csHaeTenbcTsyer o TOM, 4TO ycHnHH, HanpasneHH~e Ha M06HnHJaUH~ noaaep~KH H coaeMCTBHe C HX CTOpOHbl, npHHOCHT CBOH nnoa~.

MeqyHapoaHoe COTPY4HM~eCTBO

flHHaMH4HaH, KonneKTHBHaH nonHTH4eCKaH npHeep~eHHOCTb rocyaapcTB-4neHOB HBAHeTCH oaHHM HJ B~HeMWHX ycnOBHM anH noaaep~aHHH CTOnb Heo6xoaHM~X anH aeHrenbHOCTH no B~nonHeHH~ perHOHanbH~X 3a4a4 HMnynbCOB. 8 peJon~UHHX, npHHHT~X reHepanbHOM AccaM- 6neeM OpraHHJaUHH 06beaHHeHH~x HaUHM H BceMHpHoH accaM6neeH JapasooxpaHeHHH, coaep­ ~HTCH o6paweHH~M K crpaHaM npHJ~B pa3pa6oTaTb C06CTBeHHble crparerHH no aocTH~eHH~ JaopoBbH anH scex H npeanpHHHTb Heo6xoaHM~e warH H Mep~ no HX peanHJaUHH.

K~4eBOM npo6neMOM anH MeHee paJBHT~X crpaH PerHOHa HBnHeTCH HexsaTKa KanHTa­ nosno~eHHM H Hecooreercrey~wee rpe6oeaHHHM paJBHTHe ceKropa JapasooxpaHeHHH. no- 3TOMY oaHOM HJ B~HeMWHX rpyaHOCTeM, CTOHWHX nepea EsponeHCKHM perHOHOM, HBnHeTCH o6ecne4eHHe H noaaep~aHHe KOHKperH~X $0PM conHaapHOCTH, noJBOAH~WHX 6onee paJBHTblM crpaHaM npeano~HTb 3<ppeKTHBHy~ noaaep~KY H coTpyaHH4ecreo MeHee o6ecne4eHH~M crpa-

22 3aaaYH no aocrH~eHH~ JaopoBbR anR scex

HaM, TeM caM~M cnoco6CTBYR 6~crpoMy paJBHTH~ HX ceKTOpOB JapaosoxpaHeHHR. TaKoro poaa conHaapHocrb 6b1na npoRsneHa B 80-x roaax, Koraa crpaH~ PerHoHa oKaJanH noMo~b B aene noaaep~KH H aKTHBHJaUHH paUHOHaRbHOM pa3pa60TKH BCe06beMn~~HX CHCTeM oxpaH~ JaopOBbR B crpaHaX KbKHOM Espon~. K apyrHM JHaYHTenbH~M H csoespeMeHH~M npORBneHHRM perHOHanbHOM conHaapHOCTH OTHOCHTCR npoRBneHHaR PerHOHanbHOM KOMHTeTOM B 1990 r. HHHUHaTHBa no COJaaHH~ perHOHanbHOM nporpaMM~ EBP03nOPOBbE no aKTHBHJaUHH corpyaHH­ YeCTBa s o6naCTH JapasooxpaHeHR co crpaHaMH UeHrpanbHOM H BOCTOYHOM Espon~. 3HaYe­ HHe aaHHOM nporpaMM~ JaKn~YaeTCR B coaeMCTBHH 3THM crpaHaM B nposeaeHHH petpopM H yKpenneHHH CHCTeM JapasooxpaHeHHR, onHpaRCb B CBOeM nonHTHKe JapasooxpaHeHHR Ha ueHHOCTH H npHHUHn~ aocTH~eHHR JaopOBbR anR scex. HaH60nbWHM noreHUHan ee JaKJIIOYa­ ercR s KoopaHHaUHH aeRrenbHOCTH c nporpaMMOM PHARE EsponeMcKoro coo6~ecrsa (no OKaJaHH~ noMO~H B aene 3KOHOMHYeCOM nepecrpOMKH B crpaHax UeHrpanbHOM H BOCTOYHOM Espon~). C nporpaMMOM DEMOSTHENE EsponeMCKoro cosera (no CTHMynHposaHH~ B 3THX crpaHax aeRrenbHOCTH B OTHOWeHHH CTHneHaHaTOB), a raue C nporpaMMOM noMO~H B03/ijH~CE~ Coap~ecrsy HeJaBHCHMblX rocyaapcTB.

Csoe nocTORHHOe JaHHTepecosaHHOe OTHOWeHHe H noaaep~KY npoaeMOHCTpHposanH KaK PerHOHanbH~M KOMHTeT, npoRBnR~~HM nocTORHHY~ JaHHTepecosaHHOCTb B nposeaeHHH CHCTe­ MaTHYeCKHX nposepoK H oueHOK aeRrenbHOCTH no aocTH~eHH~ JaopOBbR anR scex, TaK H oraenbH~e rocyaapcrsa-YneHbl YepeJ CBO~ roTOBHOCTb HH~OpMHPOBaTb O HaKonneHHOM on~re H aocTH~eHHRX H aenHTbCR HMH. nepecMOTP H 06HOBneHHe JaaaY 3nB RBnR~TCR HCKmYH­ renbHblM MO~H~M CHrHanoM H o6pa~eHH~M KO BCeM noarsep~aeHHeM Toro, YTO B~COKHe ueHHOCTH 3nB no-npe~HeMy coxpaHR~T CBO~ JHaYHMOCTb H aKryanbHOCTb anR rocyaapcTB­ YneHOB, a HX npHBep~eHHOCTb 3THM ueHHOCTRM ocraeTCR CTORb RCHOM H Henpeno~HOM , KaK HHKoraa npe~e .

3

AocTM)l(eHMe Ayl.lwero 3AOPOBbSI

B aseHaauaTH JaaaYax aaHHOM rnae~ xapaKTepHJY~TCH )l(enaeMble peJyflbTaT~ cTpaTerHH .llOCTH)l(eHMH 3.llOPOBbH .llflH ecex B EeponeHCKOM perHOHe. KpoMe Toro, B HHX yKaJblBa~TCH npeanoc~nKH .llflH ynyYweHHH B COCTOHHHH 3,llOpOBbH, KOTOp~e PerHoHaflbH~H KOMHTeT YTBep­ ,llHfl B 1980 r. e CTpaTerHH .llOCTH)l(eHHH 3.llOPOBbH .llflH ecex H KOTOp~e OCTa~TCH uenb~ Ha 2000 r . 3TH Jat1aYH Jaaa~T "nosecTKy t1HH 11 anH Tpex nocneay~lllHX rnae, e Korop~x pac­ cMaTpHsa~TCH HJMeHeHHH s o6paJe )l(HJHH, ynyYweHHH s o6nacTH OKp~a~meM cpea~. a TaK­ )l(e MeponpHHTHH e o6nacTH npOq>HflaK THKl-1, neYeHHH H yxoll,a, KOTOpble AO~Hbl o6ecneYl-1Tb ,llOCTH)l(eHHe TaKHX peJyflbTaTOB.

3aaaYH no ,llOCTl-1)1(eHH~ peJyflbTaTOB MO)l(HO noApaJAeflHTb Ha TPH pa3flHYH~e KaTeropHH (CM. pMc. 2), OTp~a~mHe paJflHYH~e npo6neM~. CTOHUlHe e o6naCTH O6UleCTBeHHOro 3,llpa­ sooxpaHeHHH. c~aa OTHOCHTCH OCHOBH~e uenH no ,llOCTH)l(eHH~ 3.llOPOBbH .llflH ecex, 3,llOpo­ Bbe YHJBMM~X rpynn HaceneHHH, a Ta~e OCO6ble npo6neM~ oxpaH~ 3.llOPOBbH. B rnaee 3 Ja,llaH~ paMKH ,llflH paJpa6OTKH BCe06beMfl~UleH nonMTHKH, nnaHHpOBaHHH H ocymecTBfleHHH B noaaep)l(Ky peanHJaUHH K~.llOM HJ Jat1aY. 6onee noapo6Ho 3TH cTpaTerHH H Mepb1 no pea­ flHJaUHH, Tpe6y~UlHeCH .llflH peweHHH paccMaTpHBaeMblX e aaHHOH rnaee JaAaY, HJnara~TCH e nocnea~lllHX Tpex rnaeax.

rnaeH~M MoMeHTOM e rnaee 3 HBnHeTcH cTpaTerHH. Bee npeanaraeMb1e cTpaTerHH e OCHOBHOM 6aJHPY~TCH Ha TOM, YTO 6yayT o6ecneYeHbl nyYWHe ycnoBHH AflH pacnpeaeneHHH TaKHX 6nar, coJaa~lllHX npeanoc~nKH anH xopowero JtJ.opoebH, KaK o6ecneYeHHOCTb npo­ .llYKTaMH nHTaHHH, )l(HflbeM H .llOXO.llaMH, COJ,llaHHe 3.llOPOBOH H cnoco6CTBY~llleH yKpenneHH~ 3.llOPOBbH <PHJHYecKOM H COUHaflbHOH cpe,llbl, BOJMO)l(HOCTH seem 3.llOPOBblH o6pa3 )l( H3H~1 1-1

.llOCTynHOCTb nepBHYHOH Me,llHKO-CaHHTapHOH noMOUlH. YHHKaflbHble KaYeCTBa CTpaTerHH, OCHOBaHH~X Ha npHHUHne cnpaeeanHBOCTH, COCTOHT e TOM, YTO e HHX AO~Hbl oco6eHHO YYHT~BaTbCH noTpe6HOCTH H H~,llbl Manoo6ecneYeHHblX H HaXOAHlllHXCH e He6naronpHHTHOM nOflO)l(eHHH rpynn H KOHTHHreHTOB HaceneHHH.

- 23 -

24 3aaa4H no aoCTH~eHH~ JAOPOBbff AAR ecex

PHc. 1

PHC. 2. UeAb: aoCTH~eHHe AY4Wero JAOPOBbff

3AOPOBbe , cnpaee,llJINBOCTb M

Ka~eCTBO lKMJHM 3ua~a 1 CnpaeeAJ1HeocTb

e eonpocax oxpaH~ JAOPOBbR 3ua~a 2 3AOPOBbe H Ka~eCTBO XHJHM

3AOPOBbe KOHKpeTHblX rpynn HaceneHMR 3ua~a 3 ny~wHe BOJMOXHOCTH ,llJIR HHBanHAOB 3ua~a 6 CoxpaHeHHe JAOPOBbR e CTapoCTH

3ua~a 7 3AOPOBbe AeTeH H MOnOAeXH 3ua~a 8 3AOpOBbe xeH.HH

np04>HnaKTHKa H 60pb6a c 6oneJHRMH H npo6ne1111>1 JAOPOBbR 3ua~a 4 CoKpaw,eHHe pacnpocTpaHeHHOCTH XPOHH~eCKHX 6oneJHeH 3ua~a 5 CoKpaJlleHHe pacnpocTpaHeHHOCTH HH4>eK~HOHH~X 6oneJHeH

3ua~a 9 CoKpatlleHMe pacnpocTpaHeHHOCTM cepAe~HO-COCYAHC~X 6oneJHeH 3ua~a 10 6opb6a npoTHB paKa 3ua~a 11 Hec~acTH~e cny~aH

3a.aa~a 12 CoKpaJlleHHe pacnpocTpaHeHHOCTH ncHXH~eCKHX paccTpOMCTB

Uenb AOCTHJKeHMff JAOPOBbff AAff ecex

K nepBOM KareropHH OTHOCffTCff aee Jaaa4H, B KOTOpblX paccMaTpHBaeTCff OCHOBono­ Aara~maR opHeHTaUHff noAHTHKH aocTH~eHHff JaopOBbff AAR ecex, a HMeHHO: aocTH~eHHe cnpaeeaAHBOCTH B eonpocax oxpaH~ JAOPOBbff H YAY4WeHHe JAOPOBbff H Ka4eCTBa ~HJHH.

3aopOBbe YRJBMIIIJIX rpynn

Bo-eropy~ KareropH~ BXOART 4eT~pe Jaaa4H (TpH HJ HHX HMe~T HOBY~ HanpaBAeH­ HOCTb), B KOTOp~x pe4b Haer O JAOPOBbe oraeAbH~X rpynn HaceAeHHff: HHBaAHAOB, aereM H MOAoae~H, ~eH~HH, a ra~e no~HA~x H npecrapeA~x. Ha e~6op 3THX rpynn, KaK rpe6y-

nocTM~eHMe nyYwero JaopoebH 25

~~M X oco6oro BHMMaHMH , noenMHnM TpM coo6p~eHMH: e K~OH MJ 3TMX rpynn n~aM YaCTO CTpaaa~T OT Toro, YTO OHM OTHOCMTenbHO y~eMneH~ C TOYKM JpeHMH MX JapaeooxpaHMTenb­ Horo M COUManbHOro CTaTyca; y HMX CBOM co6CTBeHH~e YHMKanbH~e noTpe6HOCTM e OTHO­ WeHMM JaopoebH; M OHM MoryT eocnonbJOBaTbCH nnoaaMM oc~ecTeneHMH cTpaTerMH, KOTO­ p~e a ena~T 6onee nonHOKPOBH~MM ro~ ~MJHM, noaYepKMBaH B~HOCTb Me~ceKTOpanbH~X noaxoaoe.

K TpeTbeH KaTeropMM OTHOCHTCH weCTb JaaaY, B KOTOp~x paccMaTpMea~TCH KOHKpeTH~e npo6neMbl JapaeooxpaHeHMH : paK, cepaeYHo-cocyaMcT~e 6oneJHM , apyrMe xpoHMYeCKMe Ja- 6oneeaHM H, MH~eKUMOHH~e 6oneJHM , HecYacTH~e cnyYaM, npo6neM~ oxpaH~ ncMXHYecKoro JaopOB bH H caMoy6HHCTBa. OHM HMe~T MHOro o6~ero e nnaHe CTpaTerMYeCKOH nepcneKTHB~ H pa3pa60TKH nonHTHKH. 06~HMH anH OTHOCH~HXCH K aaHHOH KaTeropHH TeMaMH HBnH~TCH, B TOM YM Cne, pa3pa60TKa M BHeapeHMe B ~H3Hb CTpaTerMH npOcpMnaKTMKM M KaYeCTBa ~MJHH maeH , cTanKMea~~MXCH c paccMaTpMeaeM~MH Jaecb npo6neMaMM.

3a..r.aqa 1 - Cnpaee~JIBBOCTb e eonpocax oxpam,1 3~opoebJ1

K 2000 r. H86JDO.Q8CM1,1C B H8CTO~ee BpeMJI pa3.1DfCllUI B COCTOmmH 3.QOpoBb.sl MCJll.:AY

CTp8B8MB H MCI,lzy OT.QCJll>lll>IMH JtOHTHHl'CHTaMH HaCeJieHIDI BHyTpH CTp8H C01tp8TBTCB no

.s;:paAeeA Mepe ea 25% B pe3yJlbT8Te YJIY11WCHIDI 3.QOpoBb.sl H8CCJICHHB C'l'p8H H rpynn JIHl.l,

eaxo~CJI B He6.naronpwrreOM nOJIOICHHH.

3Ta JaaaYa Mo~eT 6~Tb e~nonHeHa, ecnM :

- 6yaeT ycMneH MOHMTOPMHr paJnMYHM e COCTOHHMM JaopOBbH Me~ay paJnHYHblMM reorpa~HYeCKHMM paHoHaMH M couHanbH0-3KOHOMHYeCKHMM rpynnaMH HaceneHHH BHYTPH K~OH HJ crpaH;

- npHopHTeT 6yaeT oTaaH e~nonHeHH~ Mep, HanpaeneHH~x Ha coKpa~eHMe paJAHYHH B COCTOHHHH JaopOBbH ;

- ocHOBH~e npeanoc~nKH JaopoebH, raKHe KaK Haane~a~ee nHTaHHe, ~HnH~H~e ycnoeHH H o6paJoeaHHe, 6yayT aocTynH~ anH ecex;

26 3aaaYH no aocrH~eHH~ JaopOBbH anH acex

- ~MnaR ' M npoMJBOACTBeHHaR cpe,llbl. 6naronpMHTCTB,YlOlllMe Jaop0Bb~. craHyT 6onee aocrynHbllllM;

- Haane~aw.ee NeAMKo-caHMrapHoe o6cn,Y)KMBaHMe craHeT aocrynHblM anH ecex;

- HaxoaH•MNCH e He6naronpHHTHON nono~eHHH crpaHaM 6yayr o6ecneYeH~ oco6aH OONOlllb M BHMNaHMe.

OnpeaeneHMe npo6neNbl

HaH6onee WHPOKO pacnpocrpaHeHH~MH noKaJarenHMH paJAHYHH B COCTOHHHH JaopOBbH a EaponeHCKOM perHOHe HBAH~TCH noKaJarenH, xapaKrepHJY~WHe CMepTHOCTb HaceneHHH. OKono 1980 r. YPOBHH aeTCKOH CMepTHOCTH B paJAHYH~X crpaHax Eapon~ 06Hap,Y)KMBanH Kone6aHMH c 91 ao MeHee 7 cMeprH~x cnyYaes Ha 1000 •Haopo~eHH~x. roraa KaK o•Haa­ eMaH npoao~HrenbHOCTb •HJHH npH po~eHHH Kone6anacb or 63 ao 77 ner . HecMorpH Ha onpeaeneHH~H nporpecc B HeKOTOp~x o6nacTHX, TaKHX KaK 6opb6a c paHHeH aeTCKOH CMepTHOCTb~, HepaaeHCTBO, C TOYKH JpeHHH apyrHX noKaJareneH COCTOHHHH JaopOBbH, B nocneaHHe ro.llbl npoao~ano cKopee pacrH. He•enH CHH•anocb.a

rnaBH~H taKropaMH, cnoco6CTBY~WHMH ycHneHH~ HepaBeHCTBa B COCTOHHHH JaopoBbH, HBAH~TCH HeJaopoa~e. B~J~Ba~wHe crpecc ycnoBHH •HJHH H pa6or~. HeaaeKsarHaH aocryn­ HOCTb MeaMUMHCKHX H apyrHX o6wecrseHH~X cn,Y)K6 HAH BHaoa 06CA,Y)KHBaHHH, a raue noae­ aeHHe, npHYHHH~wee ywep6 JaopOBb~, Koraa BOJMO*HOCTH B~6opa, MMe~wHeCH B pacnopH•e­ HHH oraenbHoro YenoaeKa, orpaHHYeH~. 3TH taKrop~ JaYacry~ He noaaa~rcH Henocpeacr­ seHHOMY KOHTpon~ co cropoH~ noaaepra~WHXCH HX BOJaeHCTBH~ n~aeH, npH 3TOM Ha6~aa­ eTCH BOJaeHCTBHe cpaJy HeCKOAbKHX taKTOPOB, YCHAHBa~WHX H ycyry6nH~WHX apyr apyra.

BHyTpH •e crpaH JHaYHTenbH~e npoHBneHHH HepaBeHCTBa B COCTOHHHH JaopOBbH cywe­ CTB~T Me~y HaH6onee H HaHMeHee npHBHnerHpoBaHH~MH rpynnaMH. PaJAHYHH Me~y COUH­ anbH0-3KOHOMHYeCKHMH rpynnaMH HBAH~TCH Yacro OYeHb 60AbWHMH H Moryr COCTaBHTb He­ CKOAbKO ner o•HaaeMoH npoao~HrenbHOCTH •HJHH. PeJynbrar~ uenoro pHaa HccneaoaaHHH (3-13) noKaJanH 6onee YeM aayKpaTHOe paJnHYHe B OTHOWeHHH paHHeH aeTCKOH CMepTHOCTH H CMepTHOCTH B peJynbrare rpaBM, orpaaneHHH, npoHBneHHH HaCHAHH, paKa nerKHX H HH­ tapKTa MHOKapaa, a TaK•e rpoeKpaTH~H paJp~B B OTHOWeHHH UHPPOJa neYeHH. PaJnHYHH B OTHOWeHHH Ja6onesaeMOCTH H HHBanHaH0CTH aHanorHYH~ pa3pblBY, Ha6n~aaeMOMY B OTH0We­ HMM o•MaaeMOH npoao~HTenbH0CTH *HJHH. TaK, HanpMMep, nposeaeHH0e B oaHoM HJ rocy-

a HHt0pMaUMH o C0CT0HHHH Jaop0BbH, npMB0aMMaH B rnase 3, BJHTa HJ paJAHYH~X HCT0YHMK0B PerH0HaAbH0ro 6~po, a HMeHHO 0CH0BaHa Ha asyx 0TYerax (1, 2) H Ha 6aJe aaHH~x no aocrH•eHH~ JaopoBbH anH scex.

aapcTB-YneHoB (14) MccneaoeaHMe, noKaJano, YTO cpeaM KaTeropMM HaceneHMH c HMJKMMM aoxoaaMM OT xpoHMYecKMX 6oneJHeM cTpaaa~T 42% HaceneHMH no cpaeHeHM~ c 18% e rpyn­ nax C B~COKMMM aoxoaaMM. BeCbMa peaKo aocTynHa MH~OpMaUMH o aMHaMMYeCKMX, Ha6n~aa­ eM~X no Mepe npoxo~aeHMR epeMeHM MJMeHeHMRX B paJnMYMRX B COCTORHMM JaopOBbR Me~ay KOHTMHreHTaMM HaceneHMR. B uenoM ~e. oaHaKO, TaKMe paJnMYMR, no-BMaMMOMY, Ya~e yeenMYMBa~TCR MflM coxpaHR~TCR, He~enM npORBflR~T TeHaeHUM~ K yMeHbWeHM~.

3TH OCHOBH~e npoHBneHMR HepaBeHCTBa coxpaHR~TCR, HeCMOTPR Ha ocy~eCTBnReMy~ BO ecex eeponeMCKMX rocyaapcTeax-YneHax nonMTMKY, HanpaeneHH~ Ha noaaep~aHMe cnpaeea­ nMeocTM M Ha COKpa~eHMe npoRBneHMM HepaBeHCTBa B OTHOWeHMM JaopOBbR. ~MeeTCR He­ MHoro npMMepoe KOMnneKCH~X YCMflMM no CMCTeMaTHYeCKOMY MJyYeHM~ BOJaeMCTBMH rocy­ aapcTBeHHOM nonMTMKH Ha COCTOHHMe JaopOBbH paJflHYH~X rpynn MB paJnMYH~X perMOHax.

npettJ1araeMhle pe■eHMH

CoKpa~eHMe npoHBneHMM HepaBeHCTBa B COCTOHHMM JaopOBbH Me~ay rpynnaMMIKOHTMH­ reHTaMM HaceneHMH M o6naCTHMM MflM paMOHaMH Tpe6yeT npeaocTaeneHHH HH~OpMaUMM ope­ anbH~X MacwTa6ax 3THX npoReneHMM Mo cnoco6cTBy~~Mx HM ~aKTopax . 3To coaeMcTeoeano 6~ nOBblllleHM~ nonMTHYeCKoro npMJHaHHH aaHHOM npo6neMbl M o6ecneYHBano 6~ npMOpMTeTHOe ee paccMoTpeHHe. 8 3KOHOMMYeCKOM M COUMaflbHOM nonMTMKe Heo6xoaMMO paccMaTpMBaTb ne~awMe B OCHOBe 3TMX HBneHMM ~aKTOP~- •

npMo6peTeHH~H e cTpaHax on~T ceMaeTenbcTeyeT o TOM, YTO HanpaeneHHaH Ha o6e­ cneYeHMe cnpaeeanMBOCTM nonMTMKa ocywecTBnHeTcH 6onee 3<M>eKTMBHblM o6paJoM , Koraa OCYWeCTBnReTCR aenerMpoeaHMe npaBOMOYMM B o6nacTM npMHHTMR peweHMM Ha MeCTH~e ypoe­ HM M MMe~TCH MexaHMJM~. o6ecneYMBa~wMe BOJMO~HOCTb caMoro WMpOKoro yYaCTMH Hacene­ HMR M o6wecTBeHHOCTM Ha Bcex CTaaMRX npMHRTMR peweHMM.

CeKTOP JapaeooxpaHeHMH aoJDKeH B~CTynaTb Ja paJpa6oTKy M OCYWeCTBneHMe TaKMX CTpaTerMM, KOTOp~e HaueneH~ Ha ynyYWeHMe ycnoBMM ~MJHM M Tpyaa flMU, HaxoaH~MXCR B He6naronpMRTHOM nono~eHMM, TaKMM o6paJOM, YTO6~ noB~CMTb CTaHaapTbl MX ~MJMYeCKoro M COUManbHOro OKp~eHMR ao YPOBHeM, npM6nM~a~WMXCH K ypoBHHM, xapaKTepHblM anH 6onee o6ecneYeHH~x rpynn (15). 3To OJHaYaeT cTpeMneHMe o6ecneYMTb aaeKBaTHbre aoxoa~. ocTa~wMecH nocne ynnaTbl Hanoroe, aaeKBaTH~e M 6eJonacH~e ~MnM~Hbre ycnoBMH, e~coKoe KaYeCTBO npoayKTOB nMTaHMH, paBH~e BOJMO~HOCTM anH o6paJOBaHMH, B~COKMe CTaHaapTbl npOMJBOaCTBeHHOM rMrMeHbl M 6eJonacHOCTH, a TaK~e CHa6~eHHe YMCTOM BoaoM ecero Hace­ neHMH. flnH 3Toro Tpe6y~TCH TaK~e 3<M>eKTHBH~e Me~ceKTOpanbHble aeHCTBMH B TaKHX o6nacTHX, KaK o6paJoBaHMe, o6ecneYeHMe ~MnbeM, ropoacKoe nnaHMpoeaHHe, cenbcKoe XOJHMCTBO H oxpaHa OKp~a~weM cpea~. OCHOBblBaHCb npM 3TOM Ha CHCTeMaTHYeCKOH oueHKe BOJaeMCTBHH Ha JaopOBbe CTpaTerMM M npaKTHKH KaK B npaBMTeflbCTBeHHOM, TaK MB HenpaBMTenbCTBeHHOM ceKTopax (16). flnH CTHMynMpoeaHHH Me~ceKTOpanbHblX aeMCTBMH Heo6xoaMM~ COOTBeTCTBY~~Me cornaweHMH Ha Me~ayHapoaHOM, HaUHOHanbHOM, ~eaepanbHOM, perMOHaflbHOM M MeCTHOM YPOBHHX.

CTpaTerMH aoJDKH~ 6~Tb TaK~e HaueneH~ Ha conMaapHOCTb MO~eT 6~Tb HCnOflbJOBaHa H anR peweHMR npo6neM HepaeeHcTBa, cywecTBY~~ero Me~y cTpaHaMM.

PeweHHe aaHHOM JaaaYH B yCJIOBHRX EsponeMCKoro perHOHa He Mo~eT 6b1Tb o6ecneYeHO BHe 6onee WHPOKOro rno6aJlbHOro KOHTeKCTa. HblHeWHHM ~HHaHCOBblM KPHJHC BO MHOrHX paJBHBalO~HXCR CTpaHax B apyrHX perHOHax B03 noaYepKH~aeT Heo6xoaHMOCTb Toro, YT06bl rocyaapcTsa - YJleHbl EsponeMcKoro perHoHa oTaasanH ce6e OTYeT s TOM, YTO cTpaTerHH, HanpasneHHble Ha ynyYWeHHe nono~eHHR aen B 06JlaCTH JapasooxpaHeHHR B HX C06CTBeHHblX cTpaHax, He npHsoaHnH K yxyaweHHIO nono~eHHR B paJBHBalO~HXCR cTpaHax.

3a~a11a 2 - 3~opoebe e u11ecTBo lKB3BB

K 2000 r. BCeM JDO.QJIM .QOJUDl8 61:,1n, o6ecneqeea B03MOXHOCT.b p83BBTHJI H HCDOJib30B8HIUI BX

COOCTBeHBOro DOTC~ana 3.Q0p0Bl>JI C TCM, '11'001:,l BeCTH DOJDIOQCHHylO B COQ118JIMOM,

31tOHOMH'lecltOM H DCIIXB'ICCltOM IIJl8He JltH3Hh.

- 6yaeT ycMneH MOHHTOPHHr noTeHUHana JaopOBbR H KaYeCTBa XHJHH;

- 6yaer no~pffTbCff aKTHBHoe yYacrHe e ~HJHH coo6•ecrea;

- 6yaer ynyYweH aocryn K Heo6xoaHMblM anR JaopoebR npeanocblJIKaM, oco6~HHO o6paJoeaHHIO;

- WHpOKOe pacnpocrpaHeHHe nonyYHT JaopOBblM o6pa3 ~HJHH, OCHOBblBalOlll,HMCR Ha 3cM>eKTHBHOM cnoco6HOCTH H yMeHHH cnpaenRTbCff c rpyaHOCTRMH;

- 6yayr ynyYweHbl JapaeooxpaHHTeJlbHble H npHpoaooxpaHHTeJlbHble acneKTbl ~HJHM M rpyaa;

- 6yaer caenaH 60JlbWMM ynop Ha KaYeCTBO ~HJHH npH OKaJaHMH nepBMYHOH, BTOPMYHOM H rpeTHYHOM MeaHKO-CaHMTapHOM noMO~M.

OnpeaeneHMe npo6neMbl

3aopOBbe YeJIOBeKa ~OpMMpyeTCR H noaaep~HBaeTCR BCeM COBOKynHOCTblO YCJIOBHM no­ eceaHeBHOM ~HJHH. B03 paccMaTpMeaer Jaopoebe KaK noJHTHBHOe COCTORHMe, xapaKrepH-

nocTHxeHHe nyYwero JaopoebR 29

J.YJ(}~ee nH4HOCTb e uenoM, H onpeaenReT Jaopoebe KaK cocTORHHe nonHoro ~HJH4ecKoro, ayxoeHoro H COUHaflbHOro 6naronony4HR, a He TOflbKO KaK OTCYTCTBHe 6oneJHeH HflH HHBa­ nHaHOCTH. HaeR aocTHXeHHR JaopOBbR anR ecex COCTOHT B TOM, 4TO6~ coJaaTb CTPYKTYP~ H Mex aHH JM~, KOTOp~e 6~ no.a.aepxHeanH OTaenbH~X n~aeH H nOJBOnRnH HM HcnonbJOBaTb Bee CBOH BOJMOXHOCTH H paJBHBaTb HX aanbwe B caM~X WHPOKHX npeaenax. 3TO O3Ha4aeT nOJBOflHTb HM eceueno peanHJOBaTb HX noTeHUHaflbH~e BOJMOXHOCTH B OTHOWeHHH JaopOBbR H TeM CaMblM noe~CHTb Ka4eCTBO ceoeH XHJHH.

noc THXeHHe 3TOH uenH JaTpyaHReTcR HJ-Ja HeaocTynHocTH oTaenbH~x npeanoc~noK o6ecne4eHHR JaopOBbR, B oco6eHHOCTH o6paJOBaHHR, HJ-Ja npenRTCTBHH B ~H3H4eCKOM H couHanbHOM oKpyxeHHH, KoTop~e Mewa~T e~6opy Jaopoe~x cnoco6oe c~ecTeoeaHHR, a Taue HJ-Ja yrpoxa~~Hx Jaopoeb~ acneKToe xHnH~H~x ycnoeHH H npoHJeoacTeeHHOH cpe~ ( 17) . 6~cTp~e COUHaflbH~e, 3KOHOMH4eCKHe H nonHTH4eCKHe HJMeHeHHR, KOTOp~e npoHCXO­ a RT B Ha CTOR~ee epeMR B EeponeHCKOM perHoHe, npeacTaenR~T co60H HOB~H 8~30B anR r ocyaa pCTB-4fleHOB C TO4KH JpeHHR o6ecne4eHHH TaKHX ycnoBHH XHJHH H pa6oT~. KOTOp~e noMoranH 6~ coxpaHHTb H yny4WaTb Jaopoebe. OTeeTHTb Ha 3TOT 8~30B MOXHO nyTeM aKUeH TpH poeaHHH nonOXHTenbHOH KOHUenUHH JaopOBbH H MexceKTopanbHOro noaxoaa K Japaeoox paHHTeflbHOH aeRTenbHOCTH.

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