BceMHpHcUI opraHHJaIJ.Hff J,a.paeooxpaHeHHR - --~-- EeponeiicKoe pernouan&uoe 610po Koneurareu WA 465 82De rus ,. EP6: OP1eTbI H Hcc11e,a.0BattH11 64 OT,UAilEHHhIE H XPOHHqECKHE nocnE,UCTBHH B03,UEHCTBHH XHMHqECKHX BEIUECTB HA 3,UOPOBhE B YCilOBHHX IlPOH3B0,UCTBA OT'leT o coeemaHHH BO3 Sl- ru.s .,,,. I BceMHpHan opraHHJaJ..J,HH JJJ.paeooxpaHeHHH -\ EeponeHcKoe perH0HanbH0e 6ropo ~ KoneHrareH ~ EPB : OPieTbl H HccneJJ.0BaHHH 64 OT)lAilEHHhIE 11 XPOHJ1qECKl1E nocnE)lCTBl1H B03)lEHCTBl1H Xl1MJ1qECKl1X BEIUECTB HA 3,JlOPOBbE B YCil0B11HX IlPOl13B0JlCTBA OPieT o coeemaHHH BO3 KHeB 21-24 OKrn6pH 1980 f0)],a ICP/WKH 011 Ha nyOnHKaUHH BceMHPHOA opraHH3aUHH 3npasooxpaHeHHR pacnpocTpaHRWTCR nono~eHHR npOTOKOna ~ 2 BceMHPHOA KOHBeHUHH 06 oxpaHe aBTOpCKHX npaB . 3aRBneHHff Ha nepeneqaTKY HnH nepeson nyOnHKaUHA EsponeAcKoro perHoHanbHoro Oropo 803 qacTHqHo HnH in toto cnenyeT HanpaBnRTb B 3TY OpraHH3aUHW no anpecy: Regional Office for Europe, Scherfigsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhaqen ~, Denmark. PerHOHanbHOe 6ropo OXOTHO ynosneTBOpReT TaKHe npocb6li. 0603HaqeHHR , Hcnonb3yeMble B HaCTOR~eM H3naHHH, H npHBOnHMhle B HeM MaTepHanli HH B KOeM cnyqae He Blipa~aroT MHeHHR CeKpeTapHaTa BceMHPHOA opraHH3aUHH 3npasooxpaHeHHR O WPHnHqecKOM CTaTyce KaKOA-nH60 CTpaHli, TeppHTOPHH, ropona HnH paAoHa, HX opraHe BnacTH HnH 06 HX rocynapCTBeHHliX rpaHHUax . YnOMHHaHHe HeKOTOpliX KOMnaHHA HnH nponyKUHH OTnenbHliX H3rOTOB HTeneA He 03HaqaeT, qTo BceMHpHaR opraHH3aUHR 3npasooxpaHeHHR oTnaeT HM npennoqTeHHe no cpaBHeHHW c npyrHMH , He ynoMRHYTblMH B TeKCTe, HnH peKOMeHnyeT HX K HCnonb30BaHHW . KaK npaBHno, naTeHTOBaHHlie HaHMeHOBaHHR BlinenRWTCff HaqanbHb!MH nponHCHblMH 6yKBaMH. ?Ta ny6nHKaUHR OTpa~aeT B3rnRnli yqacTHHKOB naHHOA PaOoqeA rpynnli H He06R3aTenoHO npencTaBnReT peweHHR HnH o¢HUHanbHyro nonHTHKY BceMHpHOA opraHH3aUHH 3npasooxpaHeHHR. ISBN 978 92 890 7319 6 ISSN 0250-8729 co,nEP)l(AHrfE CTp. BBe,ne HHe ............................... . .. . 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CneuHanHCTli npe~nonaraIDT, qTQ reHeTHqecKHe TOKCHKOnorHqecKHe 3¢¢eKTli (BKnIDqaff KaHueporeHHOCTb) MOryT C ycnexoM BliRBnRTbCR H KOHTponHpOBaTbCR nocpe~CTBOM npoBe~eHHR cepH0 KpaTKOBpeMeHHliX HCnliTaHHA. 8 qacTHOCTH, cqHTaIDT, qTQ TeCTli Ha MyTareHHOCTb HBnRIDTCR HaH6onee Ha~e~Hb!MH cpe~H HHX. ~nR o6ecneqeHHR e~HHOO6pa3HR CTaH~apTOB npH npoBe~eHHH Hccne~oBaHHA MyTareHHOro ~e0CTBHR Ha 6a3e HHCTHTyTa rHrHeHli H 3TTH~eMHOnorHH B npare CO3~aHa HaUHOHanbHaR cnpasoqHaR na6opaTopHR, B 3anaqH KOTOpoA BXO~HT oueHKa reHeTHqecKoro PHCKa, CBR3aHHOro C XHMHqecKHMH semecTBaMH. nporpaMMa HCilliTaHHA npOBO~HTCR B ~Ba 3Tana. 3To, BO-nepBliX, CKPHHHHrOBlie TeCTli, r~e B KaqecTBe HH~HKaTopa'-j!CilOnb3YIDT MHKpoopraHH3Mbl in vitro B CHCTeMax c MeTa6onHqecKOA aKTHBauHe0 HnH 6e3 He~ H, BO-BTOPliX, UHTOreHeTHqecKHA aHanH3 nHM¢OUHTOB nepH¢epHqecKO0 KPOBH qenoBeKa. nonHaR cxeMa Hccne~oBaHHA non~Ha, KpoMe Toro, BKnIDqaTb UHToreHeTHqeCKHA aHanH3 KneTOK KOCTHoro MO3ra rpli3YHOB H O6Hapy~eHHe ~OMHHaHTHliX neTanbHliX MyTaUHA y MblWeA. PR~ IlPOBO~HMblX B HacToRmee BpeMR 8 KOHTponHpyeMblX HccnenoaaHHA BKnroqaeT 3nHne~rnono- rHqecKHe HCcnenoaaHHR B coqeTaHHH C H3yqeHHeM MyTareHHOA aKTHBHOCTH H UHToreHeTHqecKHM aHanH3OM; npennonararoT, qTo Ha ocHoae 3THX nonxonoa MO~Ho nnaHHPOBaTb MepN npo¢HnaKTHKH H KOHTponR. 3aKoHonaTenbCTBO ~HHnRHnHR paTH¢HUHPOBana npHHRTyro MOT KoHBeHUHro a 139 , BNnyCTHB nepeqeHb XHMHqecKHX BemecTB, npencTaBnRKmHX KaHueporeHHyro onacHOCTb B npOH3BOnCTBeHHNX ycnOBHRX. XHMHqeCKHe aemecTBa, BKnroqeHHNe B 3TOT nepeqeHb ( B HaCTORmee Bpewr HX qHcno nocTHrno 51), nonpa3neneH~ Ha TPH KaTeropHH. CoenHHeHHR, OTHeceHH~e K KaTeropHH 1 (12 XHMHqecKHX aemecTB), HCnOnb3OBaTb 3anpemeHo; nononHHTenbHNe HHCTPYKUHH, KacaromHecn Hcnonb3OBaHHR XHMHqeCKHX aemecTB, OTHeCeHHNX K KaTeropHRM 2 H 3, no CHX nop He B~nymeHN. ITpenycMOTpeHa perHcTpauHR Ha OCHOBe KOMnbroTepH3OBaHHOA 6a3N naHH~X Bcex pa6oqHx, nonsepraromHxCR ao3neAcTBHro BKnroqeHH~x B nepeqeHb XHMHqecKHX coenHHeHHA. 6HonorHqecKHA MOHHTOPHHr BO3neACTBHR Ha npoTR~eHHH acero nepHona pa0oT~ c aemecTBaMH, nnR KOTOPbDC ycTaHoBneHa HnH npennonaraeTcR KaHueporeHHaR aKTHBHOCTb, cnenyeT npoaonHTb KOHTpOnb YPOBHR BO3neACTBHR H CBR3aHH~X C HHM paHHHX 3¢¢eKTOB. B HaCTORmee BpeMR pa3pa6OTaH pRn MeTonoB 6HonorHqecKoro MOHHTOPHHra BO3neACTBHR reHOTOKCHqffNX coenHHeHHA. a Me)l()lyHaponHaR opraHH3aUHR Tpyna. KOHBeHUHR O 6opb6e C onacHOCTbro, BN3NBaeMO8 KaHueporeHHblMH aemecTBaMH H areHTaMH B npOH3BoncTBeHH~X ycnOBHRX. ~eHeBa, MOT, 1974. 9 1. KOHUeHTpaUHID coe~HHeHHR HnH ero MeTa6onHTOB MO*HO H3MepHTb B Moqe, KPOBH H Bbl,tlNxaeMOM so3~yxe. Conep*aHHe MeTan.noB onpe~enRIDT B Moqe HnH KpOBH. qTO KacaeTCR opraHHqecKHX coenHHeHHR, To coenHHeHHR 6eH3ona MO*HO onpenenHTb B BbUlb)XaeMOM B03nyxe HnH (nosonbHO HecneUH¢HqeCKHR TecT) no YPOBHID ¢eHona B Moqe. Bo3neRcTBHe CTHpona onpenenRIDT no conep*aHHID B Moqe MaHnenHKOBOA KHCnOTN; Bo3neACTBHe TPHXnOp3THneHa H TeTpaxnop3THneHa oueHHBaeTCR no KOHUeHTpaUHH TPHXJIOpyKCYCHOA H TeTpaxnopyKCYCHOA KHCnOTN COOTBeTCTBeHHO. CospeMeHHNe aHanHTHqecKHe MeTonN n03BOnRIDT onpenenRTb B 6HonorHqecKHX npo6ax HeKoTopNe npyrHe coenHHeHHR , HO npaKTHqecKoe npHMeHeHHe TaKHX MeTonos 3aTpynHHTenbHO BBHny HenocTaTKa ¢apMaKO~HHaMHqecKHX naHHNX (KaCa!OIItHXCR, B qacTHOCTH, qenoBeKa) nnR 60nbWHHCTBa reHOTOKCHqffbD( BellteCTB. 2. BonbWHHCTBO reHOTOKCHqHNX semecTB Henon.RpHo H cnoco6H.O KOHbIDrHpOBaTb no HX 3KCKpeUHH. KaK H3B€CTHO, KOHbIDraUHR npoHcxonHT C o6pa30BaHHeM rnyTaMaTa, rnIDKYPOHOBOA KHCnOTN, cepHOA KHCnOTN, rnHUHHa H npyrHX coenHHeHHA, nosTOMY MO*HO H3MepHTb KOHU€HTpaUHID 3THX KOHbIDraTOB B Moqe. TaK, ypoBeHb npo¢eccHOHanbHOro B03neRCTBH.R MO*HO KOHTpOnHpOBaTb no conep*aHHID B Moqe TH03¢HPOB. 3. BonblllHHCTBO reHOTOKCHqHNX coenHHeHHA o6nanaeT sneKTpO¢HnbHOR cnoco6HOCTbID BCTynaTb B peaKUH~ c HyKneo¢Hn bHb!MH rpynnaMH, conep*amHMHCR B 6enKax, TaKHX , KaK reMorno6HH. B ycnOBHRX npo¢eccHOHanbHOro KOHTaKTa C reHOTOKCHqHNMH coenHHeHHRMH onpeneneHHe anKHnHposaHHR reMorno6HHa no STHneHoKcHna Hcnonb3YIDT nn.R oueHKH reHeTHqecKoro pHCKa. 4 . 06nanaR sneKTPO¢HnbHNMH CBOACTBaMH, reHOTOKCHqHNe coenHHeHHR MOryT TaK*e pearHpOBaTb C HYKneHHOBNMH KHCnoTaMH C o6pa30BaHHeM 1 0 KOBaneHTHNX a,Jl,IlyKTOB, KOTOpNe pacnanaIDTCR cnoHTaHHO HnH npH yqaCTHH ¢epMeHTOB H BHBOnRTCR C MoqoA. ~o cHx nop coo0manocb o npHMeHeHHH OCHOBaHHoro Ha 3TOM CBOACTBe MeTona oueHKH reHOTOKcHqecKOA onaCHOCTH TOnbKO B HCCnenoBaHHRX Ha JICHBOTHNX. 5. H3BeCTHOe HnH HeH3BeCTHOe BO3neACTBHe reHOTOKCHqHHX coenHHeHHA MOJICeT npHBeCTH K BHBeneHHID MyTareHHNX coenHHeHHA. BNBeneHHe C MoqoA MyTareHHO aKTHBHNX coenHHeHHA, KOppenHpy~ee C YCTaHOBneHHblM BO3neACTBHeM, MOJICeT cnyJICHTb HHnHKaTOPOM reHOTOKCHqecKOA onacHOCTH. MyTareHHO aKTHBHNe coenHHeHHR onpenenRIDTCR B Moqe HapKOTH3aTopoB, pa0oqHx, 3aHRTNX B pe3HHOBOA npoM!>llWleHHOCTH, H MenHUHHCKHX cecTep, npOH3BonnmHx BBeneHHe UHTOCTaTHqecKHX npenapaTOB. 6. ,rtnR oueHKH BnHRHHR BO3neACTBHR panHoaKTHBHOro H3nyqeHHR, 0eH3ona, 3THneHOKCHna, apcHHa, 3nHxnoprHnPHHa H CTHpona npHMeHRIDT UHToreHeTHqecKHe MeTonH, B TOM qffcne onpeneneHHe xpOMOCOMHHX a6eppauHA H cecTpHHCKHX xpoMaTHnHHX O6MeHOB (CXO) B KYnbType nHM¢OUHTOB qenoBeKa. B rpynnax HaceneHHR, nonBepraIDmHxcR Bo3neAcTBHID yKa3aHHHX areHTOB, yaenHqeHHe qacTOTN XPOMOCOMHNX a0eppauHA H/HnH cxo MOJICeT KoppenHpOBaTb C pHCKOM pa3BHTHR HOBOO6pa3oBaHHA. BpenHoe BO3neACTBHe Ha penponyKTHBHYID ¢YHKUHID IlpoBonHMble B ~HHnRHnHH HccnenoBaHHR, KacaIDmHeCR caMonpOH3BOnbHOro a0opTa, OCHOBHBaIDTCR Ha cnyqanx rocnHTanH3aUHH, nonyqeHHHX H3 perHCTpa BNnHCKH H3 6OnbHHqHNX yqpeJ1CneHHA HaUHOHanbHOro MenHUHHCKOro KOMHTeTa. nonyqeHa HH¢opMaUHR o qffcne caMonpoH3BOnbHNX a6opTOB (6000 eJ1CeronHo), HCKYCCTB€HHNX a0opTOB H ponoB. B3RB 3a OCHOBY HMe~HeCR UH¢PN,MOJICHO paccqHTaTb nBa KO3¢¢HUHeHTa: 1) noKa3aTenb - qffcno caMonpoH3BOnbH~x a0opToB/ qffcno cnyqaeB 6epeMeHHOCTH x 100; H 2) OTHOmeHHe - qHcno caMonpoH3BonbHNX a0opToB / qffcno ponoB x 100; 1 1 3TH senHqHH~ s 1973-1975 rr . COCTaBnRnH 7,4 H 10,7 COOTBeTCTBeHHO. YKa3aHH~e senHqHH~ s~qHcneH~ nnn pa3nHqH~x rpynn HaceneHHR npOMbllllJleHH~X pa8OHOB. AHanH3 CBR3H Me:>K,I:ly npo~eCCHOHanbHb!MH spenHOCTRMH H nopoKaMH pa3BHTHR 6~ nposeneH Ha OCHOBe naHH~X ¢HHCKoro perHCTpa BpO:>K,I:leHH~X nopOKOB pa3BHTHR. 3TOT perHCTP BKn~qaeT cnyqaH nopa*eHHR ueHTpanbHO8 HepBHO8 CHCTeMbl, KOCTHO-MblllleqHo8 CHCTeMbl, a TaK*e pacmenHH nonOCTH pTa H CHHnpoMa ~ayHa. Hapnny c naHHb!MH o cnyqanx spo:>K,I:leHH~x yponcTB perHcTp conep*HT HH~OpMaIJ.H~ o 3nopos~x neTRX, ponHBWHXCR B pa8oHe, o0cny*HBaeMOM TeM ~e CaMblM ueHTPOM oxpaH~ MaTepHHCTBa. KpoMe Toro, B 3TOM perHCTpe eCTb naHH~e O npo¢eccHOHanbHO8 neRTenbHOCTH ponHTeneR, H C yqeTOM B~nonHReMO8 MaTepb~ pa0oT~ 6~ nposeneH cpaBHHTenbHbl8 aHanH3 3600 cnyqaes nopa~eHHR H KOHTponbH~x cnyqaes. B nsyx npo~eCCHOHanbH~X rpynnax (paOOTHHKH TpaHcnopTa H CTPOHTenbHO8 npOMbllll11eHHOCTH) OTMeqeH 3HaqHTenbHO 6onee B~COKH8 PHCK pa3BHTHR HeKOTOp~x BHnos yponcTs, Terna KaK cpenH nHu, s~nonHn~mHx HayqHO-TeXHHqecKy~ pa6oTy, TaKO8 PHCK 3HaqHTenbHO MeHbWe. ¢paHUHR KaHueporetttt~e XHMHqecKHe semecTsa npenycMOTpeH~ cneuHanbH~e MenHUHHCKHe OCMOTP~ H pa3pa6OTaH~ 3aKottonaTenbH~e nono~eHHR, KacaK>mHecF- nHU, nonsepra!OIUHXCR so3neRcTBH~ cneny~mHx KaHueporetttt~x XHMHqecKHX semecTB H rpynn semecTB: 6ett3on, apoMaTHqecKHe aMHH~, yronbHaR CMona , ac6eCT H BHHHnxnopH~ . .D,.nR Ka:>K,I:loro KOHKpeTHOro cnyqan pa6oT~ c KaHceporeHHblMH semecTBaMH yKa3aHa qacTOTa MenHUHHCKHX OCMOTPOB H onpeneneH~ BHn~ O6R3aTenbH~X HCCnenoBaHHR. TTpHHUHn~, B3RT~e 3a OCHOBY npH ycTaHOBneHHH nonyCTHMblX YPOBHe8 BO3ne8CTBHR, attanorHqH~ TaKOBb!M npH ocymecTBneHHH KOHTponR BO3ne8CTBHR HOHH3HPYK>mero H3nyqeHHR. 12 Oco6we Hane*nw B03nararoTcR Ha BpaqeA, npowenwHx cneuHanbHWe Kypc~ nonroTOBKH B oOnacTH TaKHe cneuHanHcT~ non*H~ O~Tb xopowo ocBeno~meH~ o xHMHqecKHX BemecTBax C ycTaHOBneHHblM KaHueporeHHblM neACTBHeM, a TaK*e O XHMHqecKHX coenHHeHHRX, Hcnonb3yeMblx Ha npennpHRTHRX, 3a caHHTapHoe COCTORHHe KOTOPWX OHH HecyT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb. 3aKOH naeT npaBO Bpaqy - cneuHanHCTY B oonacTH npo¢eccHoHanbHOA rHrHeHw oTnaBaTb pacnopR*eHHR o npoBeneHHH pa3nHqHoro pona oOcnenoBaHHA, BKnroqaR XHMHqecKHA aHanH3 H H3MepeHHe YPOBHR B03neACTBHR XHMHqecKHX Be~eCTB. OH BnpaBe oTnaTb pacnopR*eHHe o npoBeneHHH Oonee nonH~X MenHUHHCKHX HCcnenoBaHHA B Tex cnyqaRx, Korna, no ero MHeHHffi, B 3TOM eCTb HeoOxonHMOCTb. B HaCTORmee BpeMR yBenHqHBaeTCR qHcno BpaqeA, npoxonRmHx nonroTOBKY B oOnacTH 3nHneMHonorHH. OnHaKO npoBeneHHe 3nHneMHOnOrHqeCKHX HCCnenoBaHHA BO ¢·paHUHH conpR*eHO C qpe3B~aAHWMH TPYnHOCTRMH BCnencTBHe aHOHHMHOCTH CBHneTenbCTB O CMepTH. MyTareHHOCTb B COOTBeTCTBHH C B~wenwHM B RHBape 1979 r. yKa30M Bee HOB~e XHMHqecKHe BemecTBa , nocTynaromHe B npona*y, non*H~ KaK MHHHMYM nBa*n~ npoATH HCn~TaHHR Ha MyTareHHOCTb, npHqeM onHo H3 HHX non*HO npoBOnHTbCR Ha OaKTepHRX . TaKHX HCnwTaHHA cnenyeT npenaBaTb rnacHOCTH. B HaCTORmee BpeMR HeT cneuHanbH~X o¢HUHanbH~X npennHcaHHA, pernaMeHTHpyromHx Hcnonb30BaHHe B npOH3BOnCTBeHHWX ycnoBHRX Tex MaTepHanoB, KOTop~e Y*e HMeroT npHMeHeHHe Hy KOTOPWX MoryT OWTb 06Hapy*eHW MyTareHH~e CBOACTBa. TepaToreHHOe H 3M6pHOTOKCHqecKoe neACTB~ 8 HaCTORmee Bpe~m 3anpemeHO npHMeHRTb Tpyn 6epeMeHHWX *eHmHH TOnbKO Ha npOH3BOnCTBax, rne Hcnonb3yeTCR B03neAcTBHe HOHH3Hpyromero H3nyqeHHR; 1 3 TaKHe npennHCaHHH no CHX nap He pacnpocTpaHHWTCH Ha TepaToreHH~e XHMHqecKHe semecTBa. TeM He MeHee oTnenbHNe spaqH ~ cneuHanHcT~ B oOnacTH npo¢eCCHOHanbHOA rHrHeHN He peKOMeHnywT nonycKaTb OepeMeHH~x *eHmHH K paooTe, npenycMaTpHBa~eA Hcnonb30BaHHe TepaToreHHNX XHMHqecKHX semecTB. repMaHCKaH ,UeMOKpaTHqecKaH PecnyOnHKa OCHOBHOe BHHMaHHe ynenHeTCH 6opb0e c KaHueporeHHNMH ¢aKTOpaMH B npOH3BoncTBeHH~X ycnoBHHX. Pa3pa0aTNBaeTCH CHCTeMa MOHHTOPHHra ~H B~HBneHHH Ha pa6oqeM MecTe ypOBHeA H3BeCTHNX KaHueporeHHNX XHMHqecKHX semecTB. TaKaH HH¢opMaUHH Y*e nonyqeHa nnH OeH3ona, BHHHnxnopHna H OeH3nHpeHa. HaKonneH 3HaqHTenbHNA onNT no 6opb6e C B03neACTBHeM acOeCTOBNX nblJleA. qTO KacaeTCH onpenen eHHH KaHueporeHHOA aKTHBHOCTH H HH¢opMaQHH no oTnenbHNM KaHueporeHaM, TO 3necb ocoooe 3HaqeHHe npHnaeTCH MOHorpa~HHM MAHP. ,UnH ueneA nporpaMMh! MenHUHHCKoro HaOnwneHHH see KaHueporeHHNe BemecTBa nonpa3neneHN Ha TPH r p ynnN (pyKoBoncTBOM nnH TaKoro neneHHH nocny*Hna HH¢OpMaQHH, conep*amaHCH B MOHorpa~HHX MAHP): a) areHTN , KaHueporeHHOe neACTBHe KOTOPNX Ha qenoBeKa noKa3aHo B xone 3nHneMHonorHqecKHX HccnenoBaHHA; 6 ) areHTN, KOTOpNe Ha OCHOBaHHH H3yqeHHH cnyqaeB 3a6oneBaHHP-, BepoHTHO, HBnHWTCH KaHueporeHHNMH nnH qenoseKa; B) areHTN, npOHBnH~e KaHueporeHH YW aKTHBHOCTb B HCCnenoBaHHHX Ha 3KCnepHMeHTanbH~X *HBOTHNX. Pa3pa0oTaHN cneuHanbHNe HHCTPYKUHH, onpenenHwmHe xapaKTep He06XO.IlHMblX Me,IlHUHHCKHX OCMOTPOB; nono*eHHH TaKHX HHCTPYKUHA onpenenHWTCH THnOM B03,IleACTBHH H opraHHOA cneuH¢HqHQCTbW Bo3neAcTBYKJmero areHTa, qTo KacaeTcH TepaToreHHoro, MyTareHHoro H 3 MOPHOTOKCHqecKoro 3¢¢eKTOB , TO B HacToHmee BpeMH no 3TOA npooneMe He HaKonneHo 1 4 nocTaTOqHoro KOnHqecTBa naHHNX, KOTOpNe MO~HO 0~o ON B3RTb 3a OCHOBY npH ocymecTBneHHH 3aKOHonaTenbHOro KOHTponR . UeHTpanbHllit HHCTHTYT npo¢eCCHOHanbHOA rHrHeHN B COTPYnHHqecTBe C UeHTpanbHNMH HHCTHTyTaMH H3yqeHHR paKa H TOKCHKOnOrHH ocymecTBnReT nonroTOBKY MaTepHanos, Kaca~mHxcR KaHueporeHHNX ¢aKTOPOB npOH3BoncTBeHHOA cpenN, B KaqecTBe onHoro H3 3neMeHTOB KoopnHHHpoBaHHblX ycHnHA, HanpasneHHNX Ha o0ecneqeHHe nonroToBKH spaqeA, TexHonoros, anMHHHCTpaTopoB, norutcHOCTHNX nHU B CHCTeMe npo¢eccHOHanbHNX CO~3OB H npyrHX cneuHanHCTOB, HMe~mHx OTHOWeHHe K npo0neMaM npenynpe)!(,DeHHR npo¢eccHOHanbHNX 3noKaqecTBeHHNX HOBOO0pa30BaHHA H 6opb0N C HHMH. ¢enepaTHBHaR Pecny0nHKa repMaHHH rpa)!(,DaHCKHA KoneKc ¢Pr conep~HT nonpo0HNe npennHcaHHR, onpenenR~mHe o0R3aHHOCTH npennpHHH- MaTenH B nene oxpaHN 3nopoBbR Ha npoH3BoncTse. YcTaHOBneHN KOHKpeTHNe Tpe0oBaHHR, KaCaKXnHeCR nposeneHHR MenHUHHCKHX OCMOTPOB, Ha3HaqeHHH BpaqeA Ha npennpHRTHR H npenocTaBneHHH KOMneHCaUHH. B WTaTe KOMnaHHA, rne no HaAMy pa0oTa~T 100 qenoBeK H 6onee, non~eH 6NTb MenHUHHCKHA pa5OTHHK, HMeKIItHA cneuHanbHY~ nonroTOBKY B o0naCTH npo¢eCCHOHanbHOA rHrHeHN. C 1971 r. neACTByeT yKa3, pernaMeHTHPY~mHA Hcnonb3OBaHHe pa3nHqHNX KaHueporeHHNx semecTB (nono~eHHH 3Toro 3aKoHo- naTenbHoro aKTa npHseneHN B nonHoM pa5oqeM noKyMeHTe). IlpensapHTenbHNA (npH ycTpOACTBe Ha pa0oTy) MenHUHHCKHA OCMOTP H nocnenyicrnHe nepHonHqecKHe o0cnenosaHHH, nposonHMNe qepe3 Ka)!(,DNe nHTb neT, HBnH~TCH O0R3aTenbHNMH nnH pa0oqHx, nonsepralO!IlHXCH so3neAcTBH~ KaHueporeHHNX semecTB. IlpHMeHeHHe 0onee onacHNX MaTepHanoB 3anpemeHo, npHqeM enHHCTBeHHblM HCKn~qeHHeM HBnHeTCH HeH30e~Hoe HCTIOnb3OBaHHe HX B Tex cnyqaRx, Korna Heo0xonHMO HananHTb npOH3BOnCTBeHHNA npouecc HnH ycTpaHHTb noBpe)!(,DeHHe. 1 5 B 3THx ocoOHx ycnoBHHX cnenyeT oOecneqHBaTb nposeneHHe nononHHTenbHoro HaOnIDneHHH H HCnonb30BaHHe 3amHTHOA one)l(,IlH, YKa3aHH~e orpaHHqeHHH He pacnpocTpaHHIDTCH Ha neHTenbHOCTb HayqHo-HccnenosaTenbCKHX naOopaTopHA. 3aKOH O 3amHTe OT BpenHHX semeCTB, npHHHTb!A B 1980 r., npenycMaTpHBaeT nepen BHnycKOM XHMHqecKHX semecTB B npona~y nposeneHHe B 06H3aTenbHOM nopHnKe HX HCnHTaHHA Ha MyTareHHOCTb, TepaToreHHOCTb, KaHueporeHHOCTb H 3M6pHOTOKCHq- HOCTb, a TaK~e cnocoOHOCTb BH3HBaTb HapyweHHe ¢epTHnbHOCTH. CqHTaeTCH, qTQ HaHOonee 3¢¢eKTHBHb!M MeTonoM npo¢HnaKTHKH yKa3aHHblX HeOnaronpHHTHHX 3¢¢eKTOB B03neACTBHH HBnHeTCH ycTpaHeHHe TaKHX BemeCTB no Toro, KaK HaCTYnHT HX KOHTaKT C qenoseKOM. BHHBneHHe B xone 3nHneMHonorHqecKHX HCCnenoBaHHA TaKHX He6naronpHHTHHX 3¢¢eKTOB y pa6oqHx paccMaTPHBaeTCH KaK CBHneTenbCTBO KaKHX-TO npocqeToB B opraHH3aUHH H nposeneHHH npo¢HnaKTHqecKHX Mep. BeHrpm.: OCHOBH~e MepH 6opb6H c oTnaneHHbIMH TOKCHqecKHMH nocnencTBHHMH B03neACTBHH XHMHqeCKHX semecTB BKnIDqeHH B o6mHe nono~eHHH KoneKca 3aKOHOB 0 Tpyne, nonKpenneHHoro YKa3oM o npo¢eccHoHanbHOA rHrHeHe H 6e3onacHOCTH CoBeTa MHHHCTPOB. HapHnY C oOmHMH 3aKOHonaTenbHHMH aKTaMH BBeneHH B neACTBHe HnH HaxonHTCH B CTanHH nonroTOBKH HeKOTOpHe KOHKpeTHHe npennHcaHHH. 1. CymecTBYIDT cneuHanbH~e orpaHHqeHHH YPOBHH npo¢eccHOHanbHOrO B03neACTBHH XHMHqecKHX semecTB nnH *eHmHH H MOnone*H, 3aKOHH, npHHHT~e MHHHCTepCTBOM Tpyna B 1962 H 1966 rr., 3anpemaIDT npHMeHeHHe TPYna *eHmHH H MOnone*H Ha HeKOTOP~X BHnax pa6oT. 2. 06H3aTenbHbIMH HBnHIDTCH MenHUHHCKHe OCMOTP~ npH YCTPOACTBe Ha pa6oTy H nocnenyIDmHe 1 6 nepHonHqecKHe oOcnenosaHHR. qacToTa oOcnenosaHHA 3aBHCHT OT THna B03neACTByromero XHMHqecKoro semecTBa ( ero TOKCHqecKHX CBOACTB H nopa~aeMblx HM opraHOB - TaK Ha3~BaeMblX opraHOB-MHWeHeA). 3. nposonHTCR perHcTpaUHR npo¢ecCHOHanbH~X 3aOonesaHHA; 63 Ho3onorHqecKHe ¢opMbl nonne~aT 00R3aTenbHOA perHCTPaUHH, npHqeM 30 H3 HHX oOycnosneHN B03neACTBHeM XHMHqecKHX semeCTB. 4. ,nnn 21 XHMHqecKoro semecTBa ycTaHosneHN OHonorHqecKH npHeMJieMble npenenbHNe ypoBHH B03neAcTBHR. HaUHOHanbH~ HHCTHTYT npo¢eCCHOHanbHOA rHrHeHN ocymecTBnReT cneuHanbHNA MOHHTOPHHr HeKOTOPNX KaHueporeHHNX XHMHqecKHX semecTB, KOTOpNe OblJIH MapKHpOBaHN MAHP KaK BemecTBa, npencTasnnromHe onacHOCTb nnn qenoseKa. B 3Ty rpynny BKnroqeHN 6eH30n, coe~HHeHHR CBHHUa, BHHHnxnopH~, acOecT, aKpHnOHHTPHn, OepHnnHA, KanMHA H xpoM. npennonaraeTCR, qTQ OCHOBOA nnR ycTaHOBneHHR BenHqHHN n~K MO~eT cny~HTb 3M0pHOTOKCHqHQCTb (ecnH oHa He pe3ynbTaT reHeTHqecKoro HapyweHHR). OnHaKO 3necb yMeCTHO OTMeTHTb, qTQ HayqHNX HccnenosaHHA B oOnacTH TepaTonorHH eme HenocTaToqHo, n03TOMY ceAqac OblJIO ON npe~nespeMeHHO 3KCTpanonHpoBaTb Ha qenoseKa ~aHHNe, nonyqeHHNe B HCcnenoBaHHRX Ha ~HBOTH~. HopserHR C 1 HronR 1977 r. BBeneHO B neACTBHe 3aKOHonaTenb- CTBO, B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOTOPb!M HneHTH¢HUHPOBaHN semecTBa H TexHonorHqecKHe npoueccN, oKa3NBaromHe oTnaneHHoe Bo3neAcTBHe Ha 3noposbe paOoqHx. Ba~HeAwyro npoOneMN B naHHOM KOHTeKcTe npencTaBnRroT KaHueporeHH~e 3¢¢eKTN, XOTR yqHTNBaroTCR TaK~e TepaToreHHNe, 3M0PHOTOKCHqecKHe H HeApOTOKcHqecKHe 3¢¢eKT~. 1 7 OpraHN npo¢eCCHOHanbHO8 rHrHeHN (~HpeKTOpaT HHcneKUHH TPYAa) nOAOlllJ'IH K peweHHfil npo6neM cneAY~mHM o0pa3oM, 1. YcTaHOBneHN KPHTepHH onpeAeneHHR KaHueporeHHOro neACTBHR XHMHqecKHX semeCTB. 2. KaHueporeHHNe BemecTBa KnaccH¢HUHPOBaHN B nBe KaTeropHH . 3 . YcTaHoBneHN noporoBNe npenenbH~e BenHqHHN coAep*aHHR KaHueporeHH~x BemecTB B Bo3nyxe pa0oqeA 3OH~. 4. Pa3pa0OTaHN cneuHanbH~e npennHcaHHH, pernaMeHTHPYfilmHe BBO3, npOH3BOACTBO, nepepa0OTKY H MapKHPOBKy KaHueporeHH~X BemecTB, 5. Co3naH perHCTP BemecTB, KOTOp~e MoryT B~3~BaTb OT~aneHH~e nocnencTBHR H KOTOp~e npOH3BOnHTCH HnH n epepa6aT~BafilTCH B npoMbllllJ1eHH~X ycnoBHRX ("PerHcTp 200 BemecTB"). Dpennonara~T, qTQ 3TOT perHCTP OKa*eTCR none3HbIM nnR opraHOB HHCneKUHH Tpyna H cny*6 npo¢ecCHOHanbHOA rHrHeH~ npH npoBe~eHHH npeABapHTenbH~x H nocneny~Hx nepHOnHqecKHX MenHUHHCKHX OCMOTpOB. 6 . HH¢OpMaUHH 060 Bcex HMnOpTHpye~x H npOH3B€AeHH~X B CTp a He XHMHqecKHX semecTBa x H npOAYKTax 6yAeT xpaHHTbCR B perHCTpe nPOAYKTOB. 7. B COOTBeTCTBHH c 3aKOHonaTenbCTBOM 1977 r. yqpe~eHa npaBOBaR OCHOBa, npenycMaTpHBa~aH opraHH3aUHfil O6R3aTenbHOro H HeO6H3aTenbHOro MenHUHHCKOro o6cny*HBaHHH B npoMbllllJieHHOCTH. Ha cny*6N npo¢ecCHOHanbHOP. rHrHeH~ Bo3no*eHa O0R3aHHOCTb npoBeneHHR B~6opoqH~X H ueneHanpaBneH- HNX oOcnenoBaHHA oTnenbH~X nHU no Tpe6oBaHH~ COOTBeTCTBYKl.llHX opraHOB. 18 8. B HeKOTOP~X OTpacnRX npoMblll.lJ1eHHOCTH HopaerHH Ha npoTR*eHHH noqTH 20 neT cymecTByeT perHcTp pa0oqHx, nonaeprawmHxcR ao3neAcTBH10 npo¢eCCHOHanbH~X BpenHOCTeA. 3TOT perHCTP B HaCTOHmee BpeMH Bee 0onbllie pacmHpHeTCH H BKn10qaeT pa6oqHx, 3aHRTNX He TOnbKO B npOH3BO~CTBe anlOMHHHR H ¢eppocnnaBOB, HOH B npOH3BoncTBe CTHpona H Tonyona, a TaK*e nepcoHan 6onbHHU, HMe!OlllHA neno c UHTOCTaTHqecKHMH npenapaTaMH H cpencTBa~~ nnH o6mero o0e36onHBaHHH. IlpHHHTO cneny!OIIlee onpeneneHHe npHMeHHeMblX B npo~mneHHOCTH noTeHUHanbHNX KaHueporeHHNX aemecTB: "TepMHH "noTeHUHanbHbl8 npoMblIIlJleHHbl.A KaHueporeH" O3HaqaeT nlO0YIO CHTyaUHIO, KOM0HHaUHIO HnH CMeCb TaKHX cy6cTaHUHA, KOTOpNe BN3NBalOT yaenHqeHHe qacTOTN cnyqaeB no0poKaqecTBeHHNX H/HnH 3nOKaqecTBeHHNX HOBOO6pa3OBaHHA HnH 3HaqHTenbHOe COKpameHHe naTeHTHOrO nepHona OT MOMeHTa BO3neACTBHR TaKHX cy6cTaHUHA no Haqana pa3BHTHR HOBOO0pa3oBaHHA y qenoBeKa (nH0O B 3KcnepHMeHTanbHNX ycnOBHRX y onHoro HnH HeCKOnbKHX BHnoB MJieKOnHTalOmHx) BcnencTBHe BO3neACTBHH nepopanbHNM, HHranR~HOHHNM HnH nepKyTaHHblM nyTeM HnH B pe3ynbTaTe n106oro npyroro BHna BO3neACTBHH, Bb3BaBrnero pa3BHTHe onyxoneA, noKanH3aUHR KOTOPHX He CBH3aHa C nyTeM BBeneHHH 11 • 3To onpeneneHHe BKn10qaeT TaK*e n106Ne BemecTBa, KOTOpNe B opraHH3Me MneKOITHTalOmHx MeTa6onH3HPYIOTCH B onHo HnH HeCKOnbKO noTeHUHanbHNX npoMbllllJ1eHHNX KaHueporeHHNX aemecTB. Oco0ylO Ba*HOCTb HMelOT nonO*HTenbH~e pe3ynbTaT~, nonyqeHH~e B nayx HnH 6onee HccnenoBaHHHX cneny10mero THna: 19 O) MyTareHe3 a MH1<poopraHH3Max, nPO**ax, Neurospora HnH Drosophila melanogaster; B) MyTareHe3 B COMaTH'JeCJ<HX 1<neT1<ax Mne1<onHTa!OlilHX; r) MyTareHe3 B 3aponblllleBblX 1<neT1<ax Mne1<onHTa10mHx; n> onyxoneaan TpaHC<l>OpMaUHff B 1<ynbType 1<neT01< Mne1<onHTa10mHx. YJ<a3aHHff Ha TO, 'ITO XHMH'!eCJ<Oe aemecTBO HBnffeTCff TIOTeHUHanbHblM npoMblillJleHHblM J<aHueporeHoM, MoryT Ob!Tb nony'!eHbl Ha OCHOBaHHH: a) 1<oropTHblX 3nHneMHonorH'!ec1<HX HccnenoaaHHR; 6) OHOnOrH'!eCJ<HX HCnblTaHHA Ha pa3nH'!HblX BH~ax Mne1<onHTa10mHx; r) YCTaHoaneHHff CTPYl<TYPHOro cxoncTBa C XHMH'!eCl<HM aemecTBOM, npH3HaHHblM 1<a1< noTeHUHanbHbl8 npOMbllllJleHHbl8 J<aHueporeH . Ha OCHOBaHHH 3TOA HH<l>OpMaUHH H3BeCTHble npOMbllllJleHHble J<aHueporeHbl MO*HO OTHeCTH I< onHOMY H3 ~ayx 1<naccoa. 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XHMHqecKOe BemecTBO OTHOCHT K 3TOMY Knaccy, ecnH: a) noKa3aHo ero npennonaraeMoe KaHueporeHHoe neACTBHe B xone 6HonorHqecKHX HCn~TaHHA, nepeqHcneHH~x nnH Knacca I noTeHUHanhH~x KaHueporeHOB, HOB HayqH~X cooOmeHHHX OHO pacueHHBaeTcH KaK HeynoBneTBOpHromee Tpe6oBaHHHM ~nH OTHeceHHR K Knaccy ; 6) KaHueporeHHOe neACTBHe ycTaHOBneHO B onHOM 6HonorHqecKOM HCn~TaHHH y onHoro BH~a MIIeKonHTaffimHX, HO pe3ynbTaT~ He BocnpOH3Be- neH~ H He nonTBepll<,IleH~ npyrHMH HccnenoBaHHRMH; HnH B) nono~HTenbH~e pe3ynbTaT~ nonyqeH~ B KpaTKocpoqH~x TecTax H npennonaraeMoe KaHueporeHHOe BemecTBO B~RBnReT CTPYKTYPHOe cxoncTBO C npH3HaHHb!M noTeHUHanbHb!M KaHueporeHOM H/HnH ecnH ecTb OCHOBaHHR nono3peBaTb, qTo B03neACTBHe B npOH3BoncTBeH- H~X ycnoBHHX conpR~eHO C KaHueporeHHOA onacHOCTbro nnR qenoBeKa. nonhwa B nonbme HeT Bceo6beMIIromHx npaBHn, pernaMeHTHpyromHx Hcnonb30BaHHe XHMHqecKHX BemecTB, B~3~BaromHX oTnaneHH~e TOKCHqecKHe 3¢¢eKT~. 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B~nonHeHHe 3TOA nporpaMM~ Tpe6yeT cneuHanbHOA nonroTOBKH paOOTHHKOB cny*6 npo¢eCCHOHanbHOA rHrHeH~. qTO KacaeTCff 3nHneMHOnorHqecKHX HCCnenoaaHHA, TO B HHX caMOe npHcTanbHOe BHHMaHHe OyneT yn eneHo npo6neMe Bo3neAcTBHR ac6ecTa, BHHHnxnopHna, 6eH3HnHHa, 22 6eH3HnHHOBblX KpaCHTeneA H nonHUHKnHqecKHX yrnesonoponos, HMeffimero MecTo s npouecce no6bl'IH yrnR H npOH3BOnCTBa anffiMHHHR. 3. HHCTHTYT npo¢eccHOHanbHOR rHrHeHbl B non3H Haqan HccnenosaHHR noTeHUHanbHoro KaHueporeHHoro neACTBHR HOBblX XHMHqecKHX semecTB, KOTOpble nnaHHpyeTCR npOH3BOnHTb Ha OCHOBe HOBblX npOMbIIJIJleHHblX TexHonorHR. 4. 8blilleHa3BaHHbl8 HHCTHTYT onHoBpeMeHHO ocymecTBnReT pa3pa6OTKY 3aKoHonaTenbHblX npasHn H npennHcaHHR, KacaffimHxcR npenynpel!C,IleHHR npo¢eccHoHanbHoro paKa. IlOMHMO nocTH~eHHR 3THX senymHx ueneR nporpaMMbl, 6ynyT nponon~eHbl HccnenosaHHR 3M6pHo- TOKcHqecKHX H TepaToreHHblX 3¢¢eKTOB HeKOTOPblX BpenHblX XHMHqecKHX semecTB, npHqeM oco6oe BHHMaHHe B HHX 6yneT yneneHO CTPYKTYPHOMY H ¢yHKUHOHanbHOMY TepaToreHe3y. COffi3 CoseTCKHX COUHanHCTHqecKHX Pecny6nHK Ilpo¢HnaKTHKa OT~aneHHblX nocnencTBHA BO3neACTBHR TOKCHqHblX XHMHqecKHX semecTB H npyrHx npo¢ecCHOHanbHblX spenHOCTeA OCHOBaHa Ha 3aKOHO- naTenbCTBe no rHrHeHe Tpyna, HaH6onee sa~Hble nono~eHHR KOToporo oxsaTNBaffiT scex pa6oTaromHx. OnpenenReMblA neACTBYffimHM 3aKOHonaTenbCTBOM o6menpHHRTb!R nonxon K npo6neMe 3aKnffiqaeTcR s TOM, qTo Bee XHMHqeCKHe semecTBa no HX BHenpeHHR B npaKTHKY nonne~aT HCnblTaHHffi, a Te H3 HHX, KOTOpble npennono~HTenbHO o0nanaffiT cnoco6HocTbffi Bb13blBaTb oTnaneHHble 3¢¢eKTbl (6naCTOMOreHHble, MYTareHHble, TepaToreHHble HnH 3M6pHOTOKCHqecKHe), H3yqaffiTCR nanee B COOTBeTCTBHH c Tpe6oBaHHRMH CTaHnapTHOro npoToKona. XHMHqecKoe semecTBO, y KOTOporo BblRBneHbl KaH~eporeHHble CBOACTBa, nonne~HT 3aMeHe npyrHM. 23 B Tex cnyqaffx, Karna HCKnIDqHTb KOHTaKT C KaHueporeHH~M coenHHeHHeM He npencTaBnffeTcff BO3MO~H~, ero npHMeHeHHe cnenyeT KOHTpOnHpOBaTb, a npenen Bo3neAcTBHff non~eH 0~Tb ycTaHoBneH Ha ypOBHe, He B~3~BaIDmeM He0naronpHffTHOro 3¢¢eKTa. HMeIDmHeCff 3DH~eMHonorHqecKHe naHH~e ff3nffIDTCff npenMeToM caMoro TmaTenbHoro H3yqeHHff. 3anpemaeTcn npHMeHeHHe Tpyna 0epeMeHHblX ~eHmHH Ha Tex BHnax pa0oT, r~e npenycMOTpeHo HCDOnb3OBaHHe XH~rnqecKHX BemecTB, KOTOp~e MOryT ffBHTbCff npHqHHOA OTnaneHH~X nocnencTBH8. PeKOMeHnaUHH no npHeMy Ha pa6oTy 6epeMeHHblX ~eHmHH ono0peH~ MHHHCTepcTBOM 3npaBooxpaHeHHff CCCP. Bee npOH3BoncTBa OXBaqeH~ cny~0aMH, o0ecneqHBalOIIlHMH KOHTpOnb 3a COCTOffHHeM 3nopOBbff pa0oTaIDmHx H npOH3BoncTBeHHO8 cpenli. Hapnny c 3THM BeneTcff HayqHaff pa6oTa, npenycMaTpHBalOIIlaff oueHKY XHMHqecKHX BemecTB Ha OCHOBe KpaTKOCpoqHliX H nnHTenbHliX HCDliTaHH8 H pe3ynbTaTOB 3nHneMHonorHqecKHX HccnenoBaHHA. CoenHHeHHOe KoponeBCTBO BenHKO6pHTaHHH H CeBepHOR HpnaHnHH 3aKOHonaTenbCTBO 06 oxpaHe Tpyna HMeeT noBOnbHO nonryID HCTOPH~ - OT Ha ~ ana npo!Wloro cToneTHff BnnoTb no Hawero BpeMeHH. B naHHOM QTqeTe yMeCTHO paccMoTpeTb HacToffmee nono~eHHe nen, cno~HBweecn nocne npHHffTHff B 1974 r. 3aKoHa 06 oxpaHe 3nopOBbff H 6e3onacHocTH Ha pa6oqeM ~ecTe. 3ToT 3aKoH no- cymecTBY OXBaTliBaeT Bcex pa6OTa~HX, a He TOnbKO 3aHffTblX Ha npennpHffTHffx; ero nono~eHHff~rn npenycMOTpeHa OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb KaK npennPHHHMaTene8, TaK H pa0oTaIDmHx. nono~eHHff 3Toro 3aKoHonaTenbHoro aKTa KacaIDTCff cnyqaeB PHCKa He TOnbKO Ha pa6oqeM MeCTe, HOH BHe ero, ecnH TaKOA PHCK o6ycnoBneH BliDOnHeHHeM TPYnOBOA nenTenbHOCTH. 24 KOMHCCHH no oxpaHe 3nopOBbH H 6e3onacHOCTH Tpyna OCHOBHOR npHHUHn cymecTBYIOII1ero 3aKOHonaTenbCTBa 3aKn~qaeTCH B TOM, qTO ero nono~eHHH KacaIDTCH TaK~e npe~npHHHMaTeneR H npaBHTenbCTBa, a He TOnbKO pa6oTaIDmHx. rnaBH~R opraH - npaBHTenbCT- BeHHOe yqpe*neHHe, HMeHyeMoe KOMHCCHeR no oxpaHe 3nopOBbH H 6e3onacHOCTH Tpyna (K036T). B KOMHCCH~ BXOnHT no TPH npencTaBHTenH OT KoH~enepaUHH 6pHTaHCKOR npo~llllleHHOCTH (KEn) - OCHOBHOR opraHH3aUHH npennpHHHMaTeneR HOT KoHrpecca npo¢ecCHOHanbH~X COID30B (KnC), Bl,lpa~a101I1ero HHTepec~ paOoqHx, a TaK~e nBa npencTaBHTenH OT MecTH~x rocynapcTBeHH~X opraHoB. npencenaTenb KOMHCCHH ·Ha3HaqaeTCH MHHHCTPOM. OnepaTHBHblM opraHOM KOMHCCHH HBnHeTCH HcnonHHTenbH~R KOMHTeT no oxpaHe 3nopoBbH H 6e3onacHocTH Tpyna (HK036T). nnH npenocTaBneHHH HK036T peKoMeHnauH0 no cneuHanbH~M BOnpocaM HnH B KOHKpeTH~X H3yqaeMblx o6nacTHX KOMHCCHH yqpenHna PHn cneuHanbH~X H npoMbD.llneHH~X KOl\~TeTOB, TaKHX, KaK KoHcynbTaTHBH~R KOMHTeT no TOKcHqH~ BemecTBaM (KKTB). B COCTaB 3TOro KOMHTeTa BXOnHT npencTaBHTenH KEn, Knc H MeCTH~ rocynapCTBeHH~X opraHOB, a TaK~e npHrnaweHH~e cneuHanHcT~. npyrHM cneuHanbH~ KOMHTeTOM HBnHeTCH MenHUHHCKHR KOHcynbTaTHBH~R KOMHTeT, HMeIDmHA aHanorHqHyID opraHH3aUHOHHYID CTPYKTypy. KpoMe TOro,co3naH~ TpexcTOPOHHHe KOMHTeTN, ynenHIDmHe oco6oe BHH~aHHe OTnenbH~M OTpacnHM npOMblWJleHHOCTH, TaKHI\'. , KaK CTPOHTenbHaH, *ene3Honopo~HaH H ~pyr~e. OnHHM H3 Ba*HeRWHX acneKTOB pa3pa60TKH nonHTHqecKHX H npaKTHqecKHX Mep B o6nacTH npo¢eccHOHanbHOR rHrHeHN HBnHeTCH MexaHH3M ycTaHOBneHHH CTaHnapTOB. B KOHeqHoM cqeTe ycTaHoBneHHe KOHTponbH~X npenenbH~X YPOBHeR B03neRCTBHH BXOnHT B 06H3aHHOCTH K036T, npHqeM 3TO nenaeTcH c yqeToM peKoMeHnauHR, npencTaBnHeMblx 25 pa3nHqHbJMH cneUHanbHNMH opraHaMH H HcnonHHTenbHNM KOMHTeToM a uenoM. OnHo H3 nonpa3neneHHA MenHUHHCKOA KOHCynbTaTHBHOA cny*6li no Tpyno- ycTpOACTBY paccMaTpHBaeT BCID HayqHyID HH¢OpMaUHID, KacawmywcH H3yqaeMblx npo¢eccHoHanbHNX apenHocTeA, a 3aTeM MaTepHanN o63opa npencTaBnReT KKTB B BHne noKnanoa. ~pyrHe nonpa3neneHHH HKO3ET nanee nonroTaBnHaawT aHanorHqHNe noKnanN no pa3nHqHNM acneKTaM npOMbllllJleHHOA rHrHeHN, MeTonaM KOHTponR, qHcny Hcnonb3yeJ.',,1b!X H HaH6onee 3¢¢eKTHBHNX MeTonHK; 3TH noKnanN TaK*e H3yqawTCH KKTB. TaKOA MeTon HCnOnb3YIDT, qTo6N H3yqHTb pa3pa6OTKY KOHTpOnbHNX npenenbHNX YPOBHeA nnR MaTepHanoB, C HenaBHero apeMeHH npencTaBnRwmHx HHTepec, TaKHX, KaK BHHHnxnopHn , aKpHnOHHTPHn, 2,4,5-TpHxnop¢eHOKCH- YKCYCHaH KHCnOTa (2,4,5-T), ac6ecT H npyrHe. EeccnopHo , pa3pa6OTKa CTaHnapTOB BO3neACTBHR HnH npenenbHNX KOHTponbHNX ypOBHeA BO3neACTBHR caMa no ce6e He pewaeT npo6neJ.',,lbl npo¢eccHoHanbHOA rHrHeHN. CTaHnapTN non*Hli nonycKaTb BO3MO~HOCTb onpeneneHHOro YPOBHR PHCKa, H nnH Toro, qTO6N o6ecneqHTb HX neACTBeHHOCTb, Heo6xonHMO CTporo cnenHTb 3a HX co6nwneHHeM. n o 3TOMY npe~nHcaHHR MoryT BKnwqaTb yKa3aHHH no MenHKO-caHHTapHOMY Han3opy, xpaHeHHID noKyMeHTaUHH, nocnenylOOleMy 3nHneMHOnorHqecKOMy Ha6nwneHHID, MeTonaM H3MepeHHR YPOBHR BO3neACTBHR, a TaK*e HeKOTOp~e npyrHe ¢aKTOP~, qTo nO3BOnHT 3¢¢eKTHBHO npeTBOPRTb B *H3Hb yKa3aHHNe npennHCaHHR. OCHOBHOA npHHUHn HayqHoro nporHO3HPOBaHHR 3aKnwqaeTCR B TOM, qTo6~ npennpHHRTb nonNTKH ycTaHOBHTb onpeneneHHYID ¢OPMY 3aBHCHMOCTH no3a - 3¢¢eKT H 3aTeM, ecnH 3TO BO3MO*HO, naTb onpeneneHHYID oueHKY PHCKa. BnonHe BepORTHO , qTo CTeneHb PHCKa 6yneT H3MeHHTbCR B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BHna ocymecTBnHeMoro npouecca H 3¢¢eKTHBHOCTH ycTaHOBneHHoro KOHTpOnH. HapHny C caHHTapHNM Han3opoM 3a BCe~~ yKa3aHHblMH npoueccaMH co CTOpOHN HHCneKTOpaTOB oco6oe BHHMaHHe ynenHeTCH npHBneqeHHID 26 paOoTa~ero HaceneHHH K yqacTHro B pa3pa60TKe H npeTBopeHHW B *H3Hb nepeqHcneHH~X Mep. B qacTHOCTH, pa3pa6oTaH~ npaBHna, Ha3BaHH~e npaBHnaMH 6e3onacHOCTH Tpyna 1978 r., B COOTBeTCTBHH c KOTOPblMH npennpHHHMaTenb 06H3aH npenocTaBnffTb npencTaBHTennM npo¢eccHoHanbH~ coro30B onpeneneHH~e npaaa Ha nonyqeHHe HH¢opMaUHH H oOecneqHBaTb ycnOBHff nnn H3yqeHHff COCTOffHHff npOH3BO~CTBeHH08 cpen~. 3aKOHOM npenycMOTpeHa TaK*e o6H3aHHOCTb npennpHHHMaTenn npenocTaBnHTb paOoTa~mHM y Hero no HaRMy nHuaM n~6y~ HH¢opMaUHW OTHOCHTenbHO HMeromHxcn Ha npennpHHTHH npo¢eccHoHanbH~x apenHocTeR, a H3rOTOBHTenn - aHanorHqHyro HH¢opMaUHro noKynaTennM. nono*eHHe cny*O npo¢eccHoHanbHOA rHrHeH~ B CoenHHeHHOM KoponeBCTBe BenHKOOpHTaHHH H CeaepHOA HpnaHnHH paCCMOTpeHO B 1976 r. B ny6nHKaUHH, o3arnasneHHoA "ITyTb snepen". 3Ta ny6nHKaUHR conep*ana TaK*e pRn peKOMeHnauHR OTHOCHTenbHO nepcneKTHB pa3BHTHR B 3TOA o6nacTH. Cno~HBWaHCff CHTyauHH xapaKTepH3yeTCff TeM, qTo OCHOBHYW OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a COCTOffHHe npo¢eccHOHanbH08 rHrHeH~ npaBHTenbCTBO B03nO*HnO Ha KOMHCCH~ no oxpaHe 3nopOBbff H 6e3onacHOCTH Tpyna, 06H3aHHOCTH KOTOpoA OTnHqaroTCff OT 06R3aHHOCTeR, ne*amHx Ha MHHHCTepcTBe 3npaaooxpaHeHHff H CO~HanbHOro oOecneqeHHff npH nposeneHHH HaUHOHanbHOA cny*OOA 3npasooxpaHeHHH acex 3npasooxpaHHTenbH~x MeponpHHTHR. HecOMHeHHO, nenTenbHOCTb 3THX nsyx opraHOB TeCHO CBR3aHa, HOB TO *e BpeMH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a COCTOffHHe nen B oOnacTH npo¢eccHoHanbH08 rHrHeH~, B03no*eHHaff Ha KOMHCCH~, oqesHnHa. HcnonHHTenbH~R KOMHTeT no oxpaHe 3nopOBbR H Oe3onacHOCTH Tpyna BMeCTe co CBOHMH nonpa3neneHHHMH, Kyna BXOnHT BpaqH, MenHUHHCKHe cecTp~, anMHHHCTpaTOP~, HHCneKTOpa H HayqH~e paOOTHHKH, HBnHeTCff OCHOBH~M npaBHTenbCTBeHH~M opraHOM B 3TOA o6nacTH; TeM He MeHee 3HaqHTenbHyro 27 qacTb HauHoHanbHNX pecypcoB npenocTaBnHeT npOMbllll11eHHOCTb, a MeHbWYID, XOTH H 6onee cneUHanH3HPOBaHHYID, - YHHBepCHTeTN. Ponb npaBHTenbCTBa B OCHOBHOM CBOnHTCH K KOHCynbTaTHBHOA H HHCneKUHOHHOA pa0oTe. BpaqH-npo¢naTonorH , rHrHeHHCT~ , MenHUHHCKHe cecTp~ H HH*eHepN no TeXHHKe 0e3onacHOCTH HMeIDTCH B WTaTe MHOrHX KpynHNX npennpHHTHA (Ha nonHOA HnH HenonHOA pa0oqeA CTaBKe); npennPHHHMaIDTCH non~TKH opraHH3aUHH rpynnoBoro o6cny~HBaHHH. nonroTOBKa KanpoB B HaCTOHmee BpeMH cneuHanH3HpOBaHHYID nonroTOBKY Bpaqe6ttoro nepcoHana ocymecTBnHIDT pa3nHqHNe ueHTPN; KpOMe Toro, ¢aKynbTeT npo¢eCCHOHanbHOA rHrHeHN, CO3naHHNA KoponeBCKHM KOnnen*eM BpaqeR B noHnOHe B 1978 r . , pa3pa6aTNBaeT MonenH TaKoR nonroTOBKH . npenycMOTpeHO co3naHHe r.Byx OCHOBHNX ypoBHeR nonroTOBKH - onHorc nnH KOHcynbTaHTOB Ha nonHNR pa6oqHA neHb, BTOporo nnH cneuHanHCTOB-npaKTHKOB B KaKOA-nH6O npyroA o6nacTH MenHUHHN, nonyqHBWHX cneuHanbHNe 3HaHHH no npo¢eccHoHanbHOA rHrHeHe . rosopH o ncnroToBKe cneuHanHcToB B o6nacTH npo¢eCCHOHanbHO8 r HrHeHN , Henb3H He ynOMRHYTb , qTo EpHTaHCKOe o6mecTBO npo¢eCCHOHanbHOA rHrHeHN yqpenHno 3K3aMeHaUHOHHYID KOMHCCHID, KOTOpaH YCTaHaBnHBaeT COOTBeTCTBYIDmHe YPOBHH KBanH¢HKaUHH . CecTpHHCKHA KoponeBCKHA Konnen* y~e B TeqeHHe MHOrHX neT no OKOHqaHHH Kypca nonroTOBKH BNnaeT ynocTOBepeHHe O npHCBOeHHH KBanH¢HKaUHH Me~HUHHCKOA cecTpN no npo¢eccHOHanbHOA rHrHeHe. TaKoe ynocTOBepeHHe HMeIDT TOnbKO o¢HUHanbHO 3aperHCTPHPOBaHH~e MenHUHHCKHe cecTpN, npowenwHe nonH~R Kypc nonroTOBKH; HapHnY C 3THM cymecTByeT COKpameHHWA KYPC nonroTOBKH, no OKOHqaHHH KOTOporo BwnaeTCH CBHneTenbCTBO. 2 8 OilhlT ME~nYHAPOnHoro ArEHTCTBA no H3YqEHH~ PAKA 3HaqHMOCTb TeCTOB, HMe!OmHX uenbffi nonTBepnHTb HnH onpoBeprHyTb npennono*eHHe o KaHueporeHHOM neACTBHH XHMHqecKHX BemecTB cpenN O6HTaHHR, onpenenReTCR BO3MO~HOCTbffi HCnOnb3OBaHHR nonyqaeMblX HH¢OpMaTHBHNX pe3ynbTaTOB npH npoBeneHHH nepBHqHoA npo¢HnaKTHKH paKa. IlpH o0cy~eHHH 3HaqeHHR 3KcnepHMeHTanbHOA neRTenbHOCTH Henb3R He yqHTNBaTb onpeneneHHNe ¢aKTN. 1. YcTaHoBneHo, qTo qacTb cnyqaeB paKa, HeCOMHeHHO, o0ycnoBneHa BO3neACTBHeM HneHTH¢HUH- poBaHHNX XHMHqecKHX BemecTB cpenN o0HTaHHR HnH HX KOMnneKCaMH. L. no oueHKe qHcno XHMHqecKHX aemecTB, HaxonRmHX B HaCTORmee BpeMR WHPOKOe npHMeHeHHe, COCTaBnReT npHMepHO 60 000 H nponon*aeT paCTH. ENCTPO paCWHPRIO!I1eecR Hcnonb3OBaHHe HCKYCCTBeHHNX MaTepHanoB B TO apeMR, Karna npo0neMaM 3npasooxpaHeHHP., CBP.3aHHNM C npHMeHeHHeM XHMHqecKHX BemecTB, He ynenRnocb non~Horo BHHMaHHR, B 3HaqHTenbHOA CTeneHH RBnReTCR npHqHHOA Toro, qTo nnR 6onbworo qHcna XHMHqecKHx aemecTB HeT naHHNX O BN3NBaeMblX HMH OCTP~X HnH XPOHHqecKHX TOKCHqecKHX 3¢¢eKTax. 3. He H~eHTH¢HUHPOBaHN cneuH¢HqecKHe npHqHHHNe areHTN 6onbwoA nonH cny~aes paKa y qenoBeKa, B qacTHOCTH Tex H3 HHX, KOTOpNe HMeffiT onpeneneHHNe, HaH0onee qacTNe o6nacTH noKanH3aUHH. HepenKo cqHTaffiT, qTQ 3TO O3HaqaeT H€BO3MO~HOCTb ycTaHOBHTb HX npHqHHHYffi CBR3b C KaKHM-nH0O onHHM HnH Oonee XHMHqecKHMH areHTaMH, BO3neACTBHffi KOTOPNX Mbl nonBepraeMCR HnH nnR KOTOPNX nonyqeHHNe noKa3aTenbCTBa KaHueporeHHOCTH onHpaffiTCR TOnbKO Ha 3KCnepHMeHTanbHNe naHHNe. TeM He MeHee COBepweHHO onpaanaHo npennono~eHHe, qTo HeKoTopNe xHMHqecKHe 29 BemecTBa H3 qHcna T~CHq BO3neRCTBYIOIIlHX Ha Hae B KOHeqHQM HTOre 0ynyT HneHTH¢HUHPOBaHN KaK KaHueporeHN nnR qenoBeKa. 4 . ~R Tex XHMHqeCKHX BemecTB , nnR KOTOp~x noKa3aHO cymecTBOBaHHe npHqHHHOR CBR3H C pa3BHTHeM paKa y qenoBeKa, 3aBHCHMOCTb npHqHHa - 3¢¢eKT B oonbWHHCTBe cnyqaeB HaRneHa nocne Bo3neRcTBHR areHTa B BNCOKHX KOHUeHTpaUHRX Ha OTHOCHTenbHO Man~e H nerKo Hn eHT H¢HUHpyeMble rpynnN HaceneHHR. TaKHM oopa3oM,onpeneneHHe KaHueporeHoB npoBonHnocb B ycnOBHRX, aHanorHqHNX 3KCnepHMeHTanbHblM, Karna orpaHHqeHHOe qHcno na0opaTOPHNX *HBOTHNX nonBepra~T BO3neRCTBH~ are HTa B noBOnbHO BNCOKHX KOHUeHTpaUHRX, C TeM qTo0N B MaKCHManbHOR CTeneHH noBNCHTb qyBCTBHTenbHOCTb 3KCnepHMeHTanbHNX MoneneR . 5 . ITpH3HaHHe BemecTBa KaHueporeHHbIM nnR qenoBeKa, Ka K n paB Hno , OCHOBNBaeTCR TOnbKO Ha 3nHneMHOnOrHqecKOM nonxone K HneHTH¢HKaUHH KaHueporeHHNX ¢aKTOPOB PHCKa. OnHaKO 3TOMY nonxony npHcymH nBa cepbe3HNX He~ocTaTKa: a) HeBO3MO~ HOCTb KOHTponHpOBaTb HHnHBHnyanbHOe BO3neRCTB He , noCKOnbKY 3TOT nonxon uenHKOM onHpaeTcR Ha naHHNe Ha0n~neHHR 3a rpynna~M HaceneHHR; 0) B 6OnbWHHCTBe cnyqaeB ypoBeHb BO3neRCTBHR, KOTOpOMY nonBepraeTCR qenoBeK, HaCTOnbKO HH3OK, qTQ He nO3BOnReT npoBeCTH npRMOe H3MepeHHe PHCKa B xone 3nHneMHonorHqecKoro Han3opa . 6 . H HaKoHeu , Henb3R 3a0NBaTb cnenyKl!lee : HaKonneHHbJR onNT CBHneTenbCTByeT O TOM, qTo nnR HeKOTOPNX XHMHqeCKHX semecTB noKa3aTenbCTBa KaHueporeHHOCTH , n ony qeHHNe B 3KCnepHMeHTe, npenwecTBOBanH TaKOBNM B KnHHHKO-rHrHeHHqecKHX HccnenoBaHHRX H npencKa3NBanH nono0Hoe neRcTBHe Ha qenoBeKa . 30 CnenyeT nonqepKHYTb, qTo nnHTenbHNe TeCTN Ha *HBOTHNX eme H ceronHR RBnRroTCR enHHCTBeHHblM cpencTBOM (npH OTCYTCTBHH naHHNX O BO3neACTBHH Ha qenoBeKa) nonyqeHHR y0enHTenbHliX noKa3aTenbCTB KaHueporeHHoro neACTBHR XHMHqecKHX BemecTB. CKa3aHHOe He yManReT 3Ha~eHHR npyrHX HCTTNTaHHA, HaMHoro 6onee neweBNx H MeHee nponon*HTenbHNX, a cny~HT nHWb HanOMHHaHHeM Toro, qTO 3¢¢eKTHBHOCTb KpaTKOcpoqHNX TeCTOB onpenenReTCR TeM, B KaKoA CTeneHH HX pe3ynbTaTN MoryT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb pe3ynbTaTaM, nonyqeHHbl?v': B xone nnHTenbHNX 6HonorHqecKHX HCTTNTaHHA . P.o3TOMY cnenyeT npORBnRTb OCTOPO~HOCTb, He no~aBaRCb qyBCTBY HeynoBneTBOpeHHOCTH HnH na~e HenoBepHR K nnHTenbHblM 0HonorHqecKHM HCTTliTaHHRM, H He CTpeMRCb C HeonpaBnaHHNM 3HTY3Ha3MOM 3aMeHHTb HX KpaTKOCpoqHbJMH TeCTaMH, KaK 6yr,TO ON naromHMH Knroq K BNCKa3NBaHHro a0conroTHO ToqHWX npennono~eHHA. IlpH 3TOM, KaK 3TO HH napanoKcanbHO, MO~eT BO3HHKHYTb npennono~eHHe, qTO MN 3a6NnH O TOM, qTo pe3ynbTaTli nnHTenbHliX HCITNTaHHA qacTO He pacueHHBaroTCR KaK OKOHqaTenbHOe CBHneTenbCTBO KaHueporeHHOCTH. qTO HaM neACTBHTenbHO KpaAHe Heo6xonHMO B HaCTORmee BpeMR, TaK 3TO enHHOe MHeHHe OTHOCHTenbHO ueHHOCTH 3HaqHMOCTH pe3ynbTaTOB 3KcnepHMeHTanbHNX HccnenoBaHHA nnR npencKa3aHHR KaHueporeHHoro neACTBHR semecTB Ha qenoBeKa HnH, ecnH TaKOBOe OTCYTCTByeT, onpeneneHHaR Bepa B nepBHqHyro npo¢HnaKTHKy. TpynHOCTH B oueHKe 3HaqHMOCTH pe3ynbTaTOB, nonyqeHHNX B xone nnHTenbHliX HCITliTaHHA Ha *HBOTHliX, HMeroT KaqecTBeHHyro H KOnHqecTBeHHyro CTOPOHli; B CBR3H C 3THM BO3HHKaroT nsa BOnpoca. Bo-nepBliX, RBnRWTCR nH XHMHqeCKHe BemecTBa C BliRBneHHOA B 3KcnepHMeHTe Ha *HBOTHWX KaHueporeHHOA aKTHBHOCTbro CTOnb ~e KaHueporeHHblMH nnR qenoBeKa? BO-BTOplix, onHHaKOBa nH qyBCTBHTenbHOCTb 3KCnepHMeHTanbHliX *HBOTHliX (B qacTHOCTH rpli3YHOB) H qenoBeKa K KaHueporeHHOMY neACTBHro XHMHqecKHX BemecTB HnH rpli3YHli HecpaBHHMO Oonee qyBCTBHTenbHli, He~enH 31 qenoBeK? qacTHqHblA OTBeT Ha nepBbIA Bonpoc MO*HO nonyqHTb, ecnH noMeHHTb MecTaMH cnoBa B Bonpoce: OonbWHHCTBO XHMHqecKHX BemecTB, KOTOpble OKa3blBaIDTCH KaHueporeHH~H nnH qenoBeKa, HBnHIDTCH KaHueporeHHNMH nnH onHoro HnH (B 6onbWHHCTBe cnyqaeB) 6onee qeM nnH onHoro BHna llCHBOTHblX. npyraH qaCTb OTBeTa 3aKn~qaeTCH B TOM, qTO 3KCnepHMeHTanbHOe noKa3aTenbCTBO KaHueporeHHOCTH B PH~e cnyqaeB npenwecTByeT Ha6n~neHHHM Ha qenoBeKe H MO*eT npencKa3blBaTb ero . B KaqecTBe npennoCNnKH nnH nHCKYCCHH MO*HO Hcnonb30BaTb HH¢opMaUHID, HaKonneHHYID MAHP Ha npoTH~eHHH Oonee qeM 10 neT B paMKax npoBeneHHH nporpaMMbl oueHKH KaHueporeHHOA onacHocTH XHMHqecKHX BemecTB nnH qenoBeKa. UeHTpanbHblA 3neMeHT 3TOA nporpaMMbl - BblnycK MOHorpa¢HA no OTnenbHblM XHMHqeCKHM BemecTBaM HnH rpynnaM BemecTB, nnH KOTOPblX KPHTHqecKH npoaHanH3HPOBaHbl H cyMMHPOBaHbl Bee HMe~mHeCH naHHble OTHOCHTenbHO HX HCnOnb30BaHHH H npOH3BOnCTBa, KaHueporeHHOCTH H npyrHX TOKCHqecKHX 3¢¢eKTOB, paBHO KaK H 3nHneMHOnorHqecKHe naHHble. B ony6nHKOBaHHblX 3a nepHon 1971-1979 rr. nepBblX 20 TOMax MOHOrpa¢HA pacCMOTP~HO B o6meA cno*HOCTH 442 XHMHqecKHX aemecTBa . 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ITO3TOMY 3TH 18 XHMHqecKHX BemecTB HnH npOMbllllJ1€HHNX npoueccoB 6~H pacueHeHN KaK KaHueporeHHNe Ha OCHOBaHHH naHHNX, nonyqeHH~x B xone 3nHneMHonorHqecKHX HccnenoBaHHA, HnH 3anHceA B HCTOPHffX 0one3HH, a 3KCnepHMeHTanbH~e naHHNe O HX KaHueporeHHOCTH npH ¢opMynHpOBaHHH oueHKH He HCnOnb3OBanHCb. B qHcne 18 6~o 5 npoMblIIIJleHHNx npoueccoB (npOH3BOnCTBO aypaMHHa, xpoMaTOB H H3OnponHnOBOro cnHpTa, no0Nqa reMaTHTa H oqHcTKa HHKenn), nnn KOTOPNX He ynanocb ycTaHOBHTb npHMY~ KoppenRUH~ naHHNX, nonyqeHHNX Ha qenoBeKe H B 3KCnepHM€HTe, nOCKOnbKY He H3B€CTHa XHMHqecKaR nonnHHHOCTb areHTa, OTBeTCTBeHHoro 3a pa3BHTHe KaHueporeHHoro 3¢¢eKTa y qenoBeKa. TeM He MeHee nnn aypaMHHa, xpoMaToB H HHKenn ecTb onpeneneHH~e noKa3aTenbCTBa Toro, qTQ na6opaTOPHNe ~HBOTHNe OTBeqa~T Ha pRn ¢aKTOpOB, KOTOpNe MOryT 0NTb OTBeTCTBeHHN 3a pa3BHTHe TaKoro 3¢¢eKTa y qenoBeKa. AypaMHH (cTeneHb qHCTOTN HeH3BeCTHa) BN3NBaeT paK neqeHH y KPNC H MblllJeA. 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Bee TPH yKa3aHH~X coenHH6HHH 34 nonsepranHcb Hcn~TaHHRM He MeHee qeM Ha nsyx BHnax 3KCnepHMeHTanbHNX ~HBOTHNX C npHMeHeHHeM pa3HNX cnoco0oB 3aTpaBKH, HO He nyTeM HHranRUHH HnH KO~HOA a0cop6UHH, flpH nepopanbHOM BBeneHHH 4-a~rnHO0H¢eHHna onyxonH Moqesoro ny3NPR pa3BHBanHcb y MblllleA, co0aK H KpOnHKOB; npH BBeneHHH 0eH3HnHHa - Y co0aK (HO Hey KPNC HnH KPOnHKOB: y HHX 3TO semecTBO HHnyUHposano onyxonH neqeHH), a npH BBeneHHH 2-Ha¢THnaMHHa - y co0aK, XOMRKOB H o0e3bRH (HO Hey KpNc HnH KpOnHKOB; nonyqeHH~e B 3TOM cnyqae pe3ynbTaTN OKa3anHCb Hey0enHTenbHhlMH nnR B~RBneHHR 3¢¢eKTa nro0oA noKanH3aUHH), KpoMe TOrO,3TH TPH coenHHeHHR BBOnHnH MbllllaM H/HnH KPNCaM nonKo~HOl BO scex cnyqaRx pa3BHBanHCb onyxonH oTnaneHHOA OT MecTa BBeneHHR noKanH3aUHH, HO He Moqeaoro ny3NpR. nonyqeHHNe pe3ynbTaTN CBHneTenbCTByroT O TOM, qTo: a) 3TH TPH coenHHeHHR RBnRroTCR KaHueporeH- Hb!MH 0onee qeM nnR onHoro BHna ~HBOTHNX, BN3NBaR pa3BHTHe onyxoneA caMblx pa3nHqHNX noKanH3aUHA, HO qame Bcero MO"IeBoro ny3blpR H neqeHH; 6) BBeneHHe 3THX XHMH'tJ:eCKHX BemecTB onpeneneHHb!M BHnaM ~HBOTHNX nepopanbH~I nyTeM (onHH H3 nyTeA BO3neACTBHR Ha qenoBeKa, HO He OCHOBHOA~, o0ycnoBnHBaeT nponyKuHro onyxoneA Moqesoro ny3NPR (opraH-MHWeHb y qenoBeKa); B) B yKa3aHHOA 3aKOHOMepHOCTH eCTb HCKnroqeHHR: sseneHH~ nepopanbHO KPNCaM H XOMRKaM 6eH3HnHH BN3NBan pa3BHTHe onyxoneA ne"tJ:eHH, a npH nepopanbHOM BBeneHHH 2-Ha¢THnaMHHa KPNCaM H KpOnHKaM He 0~H nonyqeH~ y0enHTenbHNe pe3ynbTaTN. flpHMep HCn~TaHHR 3THX Tpex coenHHeHHA MO~eT TaK~e yKa3~BaTb Ha TO, "ITO qenoBeK HeO0R3aTenbHO 6onee ycToAqHB, qeM rp~3YHN, K KaHueporeHHOMY neACTBHro XHMHqecKHX BemecTB H, Hao0opoT, "ITO rp~3YHN HeO0R3aTenbHO Eonee "IYBCTBHTenbH~, "IeM qenoBeK. ~eACTBHTenbHO, 3a0oneaaeMOCTb paKOM MO"IeBoro ny3~PR cpenH pa0O'tJ:HX, no~BepraromHXCR BO3neACTBHID 35 4-aMHH00H¢eHHna, npea~waeT 18%. 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EcnH nnR XHMHqecKHX aemecTB H npoMb!WJleHHNX npoueccoa, BKnIDqeHH~x a npenhl.nYmYID rpynny, oueHKa KaHueporeHHoro neAcTBHR Ha qenoaeKa Morna OCHOBNBaTbCR HCKnfilqHTenbHO Ha naHHNX KnHHHKO- rHrHeHHqecKHX HCcnenoaaHHA, nOCKOnbKY OHH conep~anH ~ocTaToqH~e H onpeneneHHNe ~OKa3aTenbCTBa cymecTBOBaHHR npHqHHHOA 3aBHCHMOCTH, TO nporH03 KaHueporeHHOA onacHOCTH nnR qenoBeKa aemecTB BTopoA rpynnN cnenaH c yqeTOM pe3ynbTaTOB KaK 3KcnepHMeHTanbHNX HccnenoaaHHA, TaK H HccnenoBaHHA Ha qenoBeKe. 36 IlO3TOMY noKa3aTenbCTBa KaHueporeHHoro neAcTBHR Ha qenoBeKa BemecTB 3TOA rpynn~ BapbHPYIDTCR OT noqTH y0enHTenbH~x no npennono*HTenbHblX. ,r:t.nR Toro qTo0~ OTpa3HTb 3TH Kone0aHHR BepoRTHOCTH, XHMHqecKHe BemecTBa pa3nenHnH Ha nBe rpynn~, yKa3aB 0onee B~coKyro (nonrpynna A) H 0onee HH3KYID (nonrpynna B) CTeneHb BepORTHOCTH Toro, qTo XHMHqecKoe BemecTBO (HnH rpynna BemecTB) oKa3~BaeT Ha qenoBeKa KaHueporeHHoe neAcTBHe. 3KcnepHMeHTanbH~e naHH~e nnR OKCHMeTonoHa OTCyTCTBOBanH, nnR 3THneHOKCHna OHH 6blJlH HeaneKBaTH~MH, a nnR aypaMHHa H ¢eHaueTHHa HMeromaRCR HH¢OpMaUHR npenocTaBHna nHWb orpaHHqeHH~e noKa3aTenbCTBa HX KaHueporeHHOCTH, XOTR HenaBHHMH HccnenoBaHHRMH B~RBneHO KaHueporeHHOe neRCTBHe ¢eHaueTHHa Ha Kp~c. qTO KacaeTCR coenHHeHHA Ka~MHR, TO ycTaHOBHTb 3aBHCHMOCTb Me~y naHHbIMH 3KCnepHMeHTa H naHHbIMH HccnenosaHHA Ha qenoseKe He ynanocb, nocKonbKY He pacKp~Ta XHMHqecKaR nonnHHHOCTb areHTa, OTBeTCTBeHHOro 3a BO3MO*HOe KaHueporeHHOe neRCTBHe. 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HenocTaToqHlie naHHlie HccnenoaaHHA Ha qenoaeKe H/HnH orpaHHqeHHlie noKa3aTenbCTBa KaHueporeHHoA aKTHBHOCTH, nonyqeHHlie B 3KCnepHMeHTanbHliX ycnOBHRX, He no3BOnHnH KnaccH¢HUHPOBaTb no HX KaHueporeHHOCTH nnR qenoBeKa OCTaBWHeCff 24 coenHHeHHff, a HMeHHO xnopaM¢eHHKon, xnopnaH/ renTaxnop, opTo- H napanHxnop6eH3on, 3,3'-nHxnop6eH3HnHH, xnopnpeH, MT, nHnnpHH, 3nHxnoprHnPHH, reMaTHT, reKcaxnopuHKnoreKcaH (BHC H nHHnaH), H30HHa3Hn, H30nponHnOBlie Macna, CBHHeU H HeKOTOplie era coenHHeHHR, ¢eHo6ap6HTan, ~-¢eHHn-2-Ha¢THnaMHH, 2,3,7,8-TeTpaxnopnH6eH3o- ~-nHoKcHH, ¢eHHTOHH, pe3epnHH, CTHpon, OPTO- TonyHnHH, TPHXnOp3THneH H TpHa3HKBOH. IT03TOMY nnR nepeqHcneHHliX coenHHeHHA HeB03MO*HO npoBeCTH KaKHe-nH6o conocTaaneHHff naHHliX 3KcnepHMeHTa H HccnenoaaHHA Ha qenoaeKe. Ha OCHOBaHHH orpaHHqeHHOA HH¢opW:aUHH, KOTOPOA Mb! pacnonaraeM B HaCTOHmee BpeMH, MO*HO cnenaTb cnenyfilmHe Bliaonli: a) 6onbWHHCTBO XHMHqecKHX BemecTB, nnff KOTOPliX HMefilTCH nocTaToqHlie noKa3aTenbCTBa KaHueporeHHoro neAcTBHff Ha qenoBeKa, H Tex, pnR 38 KOTOP~X nonyqeHH~e naHH~e yKa3~Ba~T Ha BepORTHOe KaHueporeHHOe neACTBHe Ha qenoBeKa, RBnR~TCR KaHueporeHaMH nnR 3KcnepHMeHTanbH~X *HBOTH~X; 6) B pRne cnyqaeB noKa3aTenbcTBa KaHueporeHHOCTH, nonyqeHH~e B xone 3KcnepHMeHTanbH~X eccnenoBaHHA, onepe*a~T Ha6n~neHHR Ha qenoBeKe; B) 3TH XHMHqecKHe BemecTBa MoryT HMeTb onHH H Te ~e opraH~-MHWeHH y qenoBeKa H 3KCnepHMeHTanbH~X ~HBOTHblX, HO 3TO HH B KOeM cnyqae He RBnReTCR aocon~TH~M npaBHnoM; r) noKa3aTenbCTBa KaHueporeHHoro 3~~eKTa y 3KCnepHMeHTanbH~X *HBOTHblX qacTO nonyqa~T npH Hcnonb3OBaHHH nyTH BO3neACTBHR areHTa, OTnHqHoro OT Toro, KOTOPOMY nonaepraeTCR qenoBeK HnH C KOTOpblM accOUHHpyeTCR nORBneHHe onyxonH y qenoBeKa. Pe3ynbTaT~ nnHTenbH~X HCn~TaHHA Ha ~HBOTH~X (npH OTCYTCTBHH ~wciinR qenoBeKa) nonxon K XHMHqecKHM BemecTBaM, nnF. KOTOP~X npHqHHHaR CBR3b C pa3BHTHeM paKa noKa3aHa HnH no KpaAHeA Mepe c nonHblM ocHoBaHHeM npennonaraeTcR, qeTKO onpeneneH: cqHTa~T, qTo BO3neACTBHe Ha qenoBeKa TaKHX BemecTB cnenyeT ycTpaHHTb, XOTR H eCTb pacxo)l(,IleHHR no Bonpocy, KaK, B KaKOA CTeneHH H KaK 6~CTPO 3TO non~HO 6~Tb cnenaHO. npyroA H qpe3B~aAHO Ba*HOA npo0neMOA RBnReTCF. oueHKa BO3MO*Horo KaHueporeHHoro ao3neAcTBHR Ha qenoaeKa Tex XHMHqecKHX BemecTB, nnR KOTOP~X HeT naHH~X 3nHneMHonorHqecKHx HccnenoaaHHA H 3anHceA a HCTOPHRX 6one3HH. XopowaR 3MnHpHqecKaR KOppenRUHR Mell<,Cy naHH~ BO3neAcTBHR Ha qenoaeKa H *HBOTH~X nnR orpaHHqeHHoro qHcna XHMHqecKHX aemecTB, nnn KOTOp~x nonyqeH~ pe3ynbTaT~ 3KCnepHMeHTanbH~X HccnenoBaHHA H HccnenoaaHHA Ha qenoaeKe, KaK y~e roaopHnOCb B~we, CBHneTenbCTBYeT O TOM, qTo 39 pe3ynbTaTN 3KCnepHMeHTa MOryT npencKa3NBaTb KaqeCTBeHHO cxonHNR OTBeT y qenoBeKa, XOTR 3HaqHMOCTb TaKoR onNTHOR KoppenRUHH Henb3ff pacnpocTpaHHTb no TaKOR CTeneHH, qTO0N nporHO3HPOBaTb BO3MO~HNe KOnHqecTBeHHNe BapHalU{H OTBeTa Y pa3nHqHNX BHnOB ~HBOTHblX. OnHaKO pe3ynbTaTN 3KCnepHMeHTanbHNX HCcnenoBaHHR MOryT npenocTaBnRTb pa3nHqHy~ cTeneHb noKa3aTenbCTBa KaHueporeHHOro neRCTBHR, npHqeM 3TOT HenocTaTOK o0ycnoBneH rnaBHblM o0pa3oM HenocTaToqHbIM nOHHMaHHeM MexaHH3MOB KaHueporeHe3a. H3 442 XHMHqecKHX BemecTB, KOTOpNe oueHeHN B nepBNX 20 TOMax MOHOrpa~HR MAHP, nnn 143 B 3KCnepHMeHTe 0NnH BNRBneHN nocTaToqHNe noKa3aTenbCTBa KaHueporeHHoro neRcTBHR Ha ~HBOTHblX . .lvtR 9 H3 HHX OTCYTCTBOBanH KaKHe-nH0O naHHNe HCCnenoBaHHR Ha qenoBeKe, H MO~HO npennono~HTb, qTQ OHH RBnff~TCff nocTaToqffo XOPOUIHMH o6beKTaMH nnn 3nHneMHonorHqecKHX uccnenoBaHHR. EcnH H3 442 XHMHqecKHX BemecTB, paCCMOTpeHHNX B nepBblX 20 TOMax MOHorpa~HR MAHP, OTO0paTb Bee Te, nnn KOTOPNX HMe~TCff nocTaToqHNe HnH orpaHuqeHHNe noKa3aTenbCTBa KaHueporeHHOCTH, TO HX qucno BO3pacTeT no 268 • .lvtR 6Onbwe8 qacTH H3 3THX BemecTB ecTb noKa3aTenbCTBa BO3neRCTBHff Ha qenoBeKa, npuqeM B 0onbWHHCTBe cnyqaeB TaKoe BO3neRCTBHe RBnReTCff npo~eCCHOHanbHbJM. XOTR COOTBeTCTBHe pa3nHqffNX 0uonoruqecKHX KOHeqHNX ToqeK, HCnonb3yeMblX B KpaTKOCpoqHNX oueHKax, MexaHH3MaM pa3BHTHR paKa TQqffQ He H3BeCTHO, noqTH He npHxonHTCff COMHeBaTbCff B TOM, qTo coqeTaHHe KpaTKOCpoqHNX HCnNTaHHR (ycKopeHHNe CKPHHHHrOBNe TeCTN) RBnReTCff MHoroo0ema~mHM HHCTpyMeHTOM nnR HneHTH~HKaUHH HCKYCCTBeHHblX H npuponHNX KaHueporeHOB H MyTareHOB. 40 KpaTKOCpoqHNe HCilNTaHHH, HMeIOmHe uenbID BNHBneHHe XHMHqecKHX KaHueporeHOB HnH MyTareHOB, MO*HO pa3nenHTb Ha HeCKOnbKO rpynn, a HMeHHO: MyTareHH~e HnH KaHueporeHHNe H3MeHeHHH B KneTKax MneKOnHTaIDIIUiX HnH HH3WHX opraHH3MOB, HHnYKUHH noBpe~eHHH HnH penapaUHH ~HK H TpaHC~OpMaUHH in vitro KynbTYP KneTOK MneKOnHTa!OlnHX. KpoMe Toro, COBCeM HenaBHO pa3pa6OTaHa MeTonHKa HCnNTaHHA nnn BNHBneHHH areHTOB - npOMOTOpOB onyxoneA, noCKOnbKY ycTaHoBneHo, qTo pa3BHTHe paKa - 3TO cno*H~ npouecc, KOTOP~ MO*eT CKna~~BaTbCH H3 MHO*eCTBa 3TanoB, H qTo HeKOTOp~e coenHHeHHH MoryT BNCTynaTb B HeM He KaK a0conIDTHNe KaHuepo- reHHNe HnH HHHUHHPYIOmHe areHTN, a KaK npOMOTOpN. Jlio0aH TeCT-CHCTeMa non*Ha BKnIDqaTb H3yqeHHe onpe~eneHH~x acneKTOB MeTa0onH3Ma y MneKonHTaIDmHx; in vitro 3TO nocTHraeTCH nH0O no0aBneHHeM ~paKUHH neqeHH rpN3YHOB HnH qenoBeKa, nH0O Hcnonb3OBaHHeM HMMYHOKOMneTeHTH~X KneTOK, TaKHX, KaK 3M0pHOHanbHNe KneTKH rp~3YHOB HnH renaTOUHTN KP~CN. ITpHo0peTyT nH B KOHUe KOHUOB KpaTKocpoqH~e TecT~ CTaTyc nnHTenbHNX HCn~TaHHA Ha *HBOTHNX, C TeM qTo6N nporHO3HPOBaTb PHCK nnn qenoBeKa? 3TO 0yneT 3aBHCeTb rnaBHblM o6pa3OM OT nonyqeHHH ~anbHeAWHX noKa3aTenbCTB cornacoBaHHOCTH HX pe3ynbTaTOB C pe3ynbTaTaMH aneKBaTHNX 3KcnepHMeHTanbHNx H 3nHnewMonorHqecKHX HccnenoBaHHA. IlO3TOMY nnn YCTaHOBneHHH HX 3HaqHMOCTH cne~yeT npHnO*HTb HeMan~e ycHnHH. EonbIIIHHCTBO XHMHqecKHX BemecTB HnH npoMblIII.1leHHNX npoueccoB, C KOTOP~MH accOUHHpyeTCH HHnYKUHH paKa y qenoBeKa HnH KOTOpNe paccMaTpHBaIDTCH KaK BepoHTHNe KaHueporeH~ nnn ~enoBeKa, nanH nono*HTenbHNe pe3ynbTaT~ B onttoM HnH HeCKOnbKHX KpaTKOCpoqHNX TeCTax. H3 XHMHqecKHX BemecTB HnH npoMbllllJleHHNX npoueccoB, C KOTOPNMH acCOUHHpyeTCH pa3BHTHe paKa y qenoBeKa (3a HCKnIDqeHHeM pa3pa6OTKH reMaTHTa, npOH3BoncTBa H3onponHnoBoro cnHpTa HnH oqHcTKH HHKenn, nnn 41 KOTOpblX pe3ynbTaTN He nonyqeHN), OTPHUaTenbHNe pe3ynbTaTN npH TeCTHPOBaHHH Ha WTaMMaX Salmonella nanH MbllllbRK, ac0ecT, 6eH3H~HH H nH3THnCTHnb03CTpon. H3 qffcna XHMHqe c KHX semecTB, KOTOpNe paccMaTpHsa~TCR KaK npennonaraeMNe KaHueporeHli nnR qenoseKa, y aMHTpona, aypaMHHa, qeTlipexxnopHCToro yrnepona H nonHxnopHposaHHblX 6H~eHHnOB (nXE) MyTareHHaff aKTHBHOCTb B TeCTe c Salmonella He BliRBneHa. Ha wTaMMax Salmonella nonseprnHcb HCnliTaHH~ 77 H3 110 coenHHeHHA , no KOTOPhIM, KaK npennonaranocb, HMe~TCR nocTaToqHlie noKa3aTenbCTBa KaHueporeHHOCTH nnR 3KcnepHMeHTanbHliX *HBOTHliX; MyTareHHO aKTHBHblMH OKa3anHCb 83% H3 HHX. H3 149 semecTB, no KOTOPbIM HMenHCb orpaHHqeHHlie noKa3aTenbCTBa KaHueporeHHOCTH, 6cmH HccnenosaHli TOnbKO 34 H H3 HHX 56%, KaK OKa3anocb, npORBnff~T MyTareHHY~ aKTHBHOCTb. qHcno XHMHqecKHX semecTB C noKa3aHHbIM HnH npennonaraeMblM KaHueporeHHhIM neAcTBHeM Ha qenoseKa RBHO HenocTaToqHo, qTo6li cny~HTb OCHOBOA nnR BanHnH3aUHH KpaTKOCpoqHliX TeCTOB KaK MeTona nporHO3HPOBaHHff KaHueporeHHOCTH. ToqHO TaK ~e He6OnbWOe qHcno XHMHqecKHX semecTB C nocTaToqHNMH HnH orpaHHqeHHbIMH noKa3aTenbCTBaMH KaHueporeHHOCTH nnR 3KCnepHMeHTanbHNX *HBOTHliX, nnR KOTOPliX eCTb llOCTOBepHlie na HHNe , n onyqeHHlie npH KpaTKOcpoqHQM TeCTHPOBaHHH , see eme He MO*eT cny~HTb Hane*HhIM ~YHnaMeHTOM nnR co3naHHff CHCTeMli sanHnH3aUHH. PacTymaR noTpe0HOCTb B KOnHqecTBeHHliX naHHliX 0 KaHueporeHHOCTH semecTB, HeO6XOllHMblX nnR oueHKH PHCKa, ffBHnacb CTHMynoM K nposeneHH~ nanbHeAWHX HccnenosaHHA c uenb~ onpenenHTb, cymecTsyeT nH KOnHqecTBeHHaR 3aBHCHMOCTb Me~y neACTBHe~ KaHueporeHa Ha *HBOTHliX H qenoBeKa Hero 6HonorHqecKOA aKTHBHOCTb~ B KpaTKOcpoqHNX HCnNTaHHRX. 8 HaCTORmee speMR TaKaR 3aBHCHMOCTb nnR scex Knaccos KaHueporeHHNX semecTB ycTaHoBneHa HenocTaToqHQ H He MO*eT 6liTb npH3HaHa npHeMneMOA nnR Hcnonb3OBaHHR so scex cnyqaffx. 42 SKCilEPHMEHTAflbHblE HCCnEnOBAHHH MyTareHHOCTb HepenKo OKa3NBaeTCff BO3MO~Hblw. npencKa3aTb MyTareHHYID aKTHBHOCTb coenHHeHHR Ha OCHOBaHHH cxoncTBa ero XHMHqecKOA CTPYKTYPN C y~e H3BeCTH~ MYTareHHNM coenHHeHHeM. TeM He MeHee ceAqac CO3naHN pa3nHqHNe TeCTN, onpenenRIOIIUie noTeHUHanbHYID MyTareHHOCTb H, cnenoBaTenbHO, OTnaneHHYID TOKCHqHOCTb nnR qenoBeKa. CIDna OTHOCRTCR TeCTN in vitro, KOTOpNe H3yqaIDT BnHRHHe Ha pennHKaUHID H penapaUHID nHK, HCCnepoBaHHff C HCnOnb3OBaHHeM 0aKTepHanbHNX CHCTeM H KneToqHNX KynbTYP, HccnenosaHHR reHHNX MyTaUHA, XPOMOCOMHNX a0eppaUHA H cecTpHHCKHX xpoMaTHnHNX O0MeHOB. HccnenoBaHHR Ha MneKOTTHTa!OO\HX BKnIDqaIDT UHTOreHeTHqecKHA aHanH3, TeCT noMHHaHTHNX neTanbHNX MyTaUHA, TeCT COMaTHqecKHX MyTaUHA Y MblllleA in vivo, H3BeCTHNA KaK ToqKOBNA TecT, H TeCT cneuH¢HqecKHX noKyCHNX MyTaUHA. IlpH nnaHHPOBaHHH nporpaMMbl HCTTNTaHHA qpe3BNqaAHO Ba~HO npenycMOTpeTb, qTO0N cnoco0N BO3neACTBHR areHTOB MaKCHManbHO COOTBeTCTBOBanH TeM, KOTOpNe HMeIDT MeCTO B H3yqaeMoA npOH3BOncTBeHHOA cpene. EcnH BO3MO~HO, HCTTNTaHHR cnenyeT Hcnonb3OBaTb nnR onpeneneHHR napaMeTpoB 3aBHCHMOCTH no3a - OTBeT. nposonHTbCR B onpeneneHHOA nocnenosaTenbHOCTH, qTO0N nonyqHTb KaK MO~HO 6Onbwe HH¢opMaUHH, KOTopaR MO~eT OKa3aTbCR none3HOA npH ycTaHOBneHHH CTaHnapTOB BO3neACTBHR H npoBeneHHR MOHHTOPHHra 0HonorHqecKoro BO3neACTBHff XHMH~eCKHX BemecTB, BN3~BaIDmHx OTnaneHHNe TOKcHqecKHe RBneHHff. KaHueporeHHOCTb Ha cosemaHHH npHHRTO onpeneneHHe KaHueporeHHNX XHMHqecKHX aemecTB, Hcnonb3OBaHHOe B MOHOrpa¢HRX MAHP: 43 illHpOKO npHH.RTblA TepMHH 11 XHMHqecKHA KaHueporeHe3" , HCnOnb30BaHHblA B MOHOrpa¢H.RX MAHP , 03HaqaeT HHnYKUHro XHMHqecKHMH semecTBa~m HOB006pa3osaHHA, KOTOpble 061:,l'{HO He Ha6nronaroTc.R , 6onee paHHroro HHnYKUHro XHMHqeCKHMH semecTBaMH HOB006pa30BaHHA , KOTOpble 06bJqHo Ha6nronaroTC.R, H/HnH HHnYKUHro XHMHqecKHMH semecTBaMH 6onbwero qHcna HOB006pa3oBaHHA, qeM Bbl.RBn.ReTC.R 06bNHO , XOT.R K 3THM TpeM CHTyaQH.RM MOryT 6b!Tb npHqacTHbl KOpeHHblM o6pa30M OTnHqHbJe MexaHH3Mbl. 3THMOnOrHqecKH TepMHH "KaHueporeHe3" 03HaqaeT pa3BHTHe (HHnYKUHro) paKa, T.e. 3nOKaqecTBeHHblX HOB006pa30BaHHA; onHaKO o6menpHH.RTbtM 3HaqeHHeM 3Toro TePMHHa .RBn.ReTC.R pa3BHTHe pa3nHqHbJX THnOB HOB006pa3oBaHHA HnH KOM6HHaUHH 3noKaqecTBeHHblX H no6poKaqecTBeHHblX onyxoneA. B MOHorpa¢HRX TepMHHbl "onyxonb" H 11 HOB006pa3osaHHe" Hcnonb30BanHCb KaK paBH03HaqHbJe (B HayqHoA nHTepaType TepMHHbl "TyMoporeH" , 11 0HKOreH", "6nacTOMOreH" Hcnonb3yroT KaK CHHOHHMb! TepMHHa "KaHueporeH", XOT.R HHorna TePMHH "TyMoporeH" npHMeH.RWT cneQHanbHO , qT06bl yKa3aTb Ha HHnYKUHW no6poKaqecTBeHHblX onyxoneA). H oueHKa , H HHTepnpeTaUH.R pe3ynbTaTOB KOHKpeTHOro HCCn e n osaHH.R, TaK lKe KaK H oueH Ka KaH~eporeHHOA aKTHBHOCTH XHMHqecKoro semecTBa soo6me, BKnroqaroT P.Rn KaqecTBeHHO BalKHblX MOMeHTOB, B TOM qffcne: a) 3KCnepHMeHTanbHble ycnOBH.R , B KOTOpb!X nposonHnOCb HCITblTaHHe XHMHqecKoro semecTBa; 6) noCTO.RHCTBO , c KOTOpblM Bbl.RBnRnHCb KaH u epo reHHble CBOACTBa XHMHqecKoro semecTBa; B) cneKTP HeonnacTHqecKoro OTBeTa; r) cTanHro o6pa3oBaHH.R onyxonH, K KOTOpoA Morna 6b!Tb npHqacTHO XHMHqecKOe semecTBO; n) B03MOlKHyro ponb MOnH¢HUHpyromHx ¢aKTOPOB. 06bJqHo B 3KcnepHMeHTe pa3nHqaroT nae cTeneHH noKa3aTenbHOCTH Toro , qTo XHMHqecKoe semecTBO Bbl3b!BaeT pa3BHTHe onyxonH y lKHBOTHblX: 44 a) nocTaToqHNe noKa3aTenbCTBa KaHueporeHHOCTH npenocTasnHeT pa3BHTHe 3noKaqecTBeHHNX HOBOO6pa3OBaHHR H 6) orpaHHqeHHNe noKa3aTenbCTBa KaHueporeHHOCTH OTpa~a~T KaqecTBeHHNe H/HnH KOnHqecTBeHHNe HenocTaTKH pe3ynbTaTOB 3KCnepHMeHTa. ,nnH MHOrHX H3 XHMHqecKHX BemecTB, oueHeHHNX B nepBNX 20 TOMax MOHOrpa~HR MAHP, no KOTOpbIM nonyqeHN nocTaToqHNe noKa3aTenbCTBa HX KaHueporeHHOCTH nnH *HBOTHNX, HeT naHHNX (HnH HX HenocTaToqHo) OTHOCHTenbHO HX KaHueporeHHOrO neRCTBHH Ha qenoBeKa. ITpH OTCYTCTBHH aneKBaTHNX naHHNX nnH qenoBeKa C npaKTHqecKoR TQqKH 3peHHH COBepmeHHO onpaBnaHHO paccMaTpHBaTb TaKHe BemecTBa KaK KaHueporeHHO onacHNe nnH qenoBeKa. ITpH COBpeMeHHOM YPOBHe 3HaHHR TPYnHo ycTaHOBHTb nporHO3HpyeMy~ 3aBHCHMOCTb Me~y no3OR (Mr/Kr MaccN Tena/cyT) KOHKpeTHOro XHMHqecKoro BemecTBa, KOTopoe Heo0xonHMO nnH pa3BHTHH paKa B HccnenoBaHHHX Ha ~HBOTHNX, H 'AO3OR, KOTopaH, BepOHTHO, BN3OBeT aHanorHqHy~ qacTOTY cnyqaeB paKa y qenoBeKa. TeM He MeHee Ha OCHOBaHHH HMe~HXCH naHHNX MO~HO npennono~HTb cymecTBOBaHHe TaKOR 3aBHCHMOCTH, no KpaRHeR Mepe nnH HeKOTOPNX KnaccoB KaHueporeHHNX BemecTB. KOTOpNe npenocTaBnH~T nocTaToqHNe noKa3aTenbcTBa KaHueporeHHOR aKTHBHOCTH B TeCTax Ha ~HBOTHNX, MoryT HCnOnb3OBaTbCH nnH COOTBeTCTBy~eR KOnHqecTBeHHOR oueHKH onacHOCTH nnH qenoBeKa npH HeKOTOPNX 3apaHee 3anaHHNX YPOBHHX BO3neRCTBHH H npH ycnOBHH, qTo yqHTNBa~TCH npHpona XHMHqecKoro BemecTBa, ~H3HonorHqecKHe pa3nHqHH Me~ny HCCnenyeMbIM ~HBOTHNM H qenoBeKOM, a TaK~e npHcymHe HM oco0eHHOCTH ~apMaKonorHH H TOKCHKOnorHH. OnHaKO B HaCTOHmee BpeMH HeT npHeMneMbJX MeTonoB onpeneneHHH KOnHqecTBa BepOHTHNX OIIIH0OK, nonymeHHNX B xone TaKOR npouenypN, He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, HCnOnb3yeTCH nH OHa nnH o6o6meHHH pe3ynbTaTOB, nonyqeHHNX Ha pa3HNX BHnax ~HBOTHNX, HnH nnH 3KCTpanonHUHH pe3ynbTaTOB BO3neRCTBHH 45 areHTa B BNCOKHX no3ax npHMeHHTenbHO K HH3KHM no3aM. MeTononorHR TaKOA KOnHqecTBeHHOA 3KCTpanonRUHH naHHNX npHMeHHTenbHO K, qenoBeKy Tpe6yeT nanbHeAmeA pa3pa6OTKH. HeKOTOp~e XHMHqecKHe BemecTBa, nnR KOTOPNX ecTb orpaHHqeHH~e noKa3aTenbCTBa HX KaHueporeHHOCTH nnR ~HBOTH~X, 6~H TaK~e HccnenoBaH~ Ha qenoBeKe, onHaKo nonyqeHHNe pe3ynbTaTN He y6enHTenbHN. nocKOnbKY TaKHe BemecTBa neACTBHTenbHO MOryT 6NTb KaHueporeHHbtMH nnR qenoBeKa, Heo6xonHMO npoaonHTb 6onbme 3KcnepHMeHTanbH~ H 3nHneMHonorHqecKHX HccnenosaHHA. B nocnenHHe ronN pa3pa6OTaH pRn KpaTKocpoqHblX TeCTOB nnR B~RBneHHR noTeHUHanbHNX KaHueporeHOB. B Tex cnyqaRx, Korna HMe!OIIIHecR 3KcnepHMeHTanbHNe naHHNe HeaneKBaTH~, TTO3HTHBHNe pe3ynbTaTN BanHnH3HpOBaHH~X KpaTKocpoqHNX TeCTOB yKa3~BaIDT Ha TO, qTo coenHHeHHe RBnReTCR noTeHUHanbHNM KaHueporeHoM, a TaK~e Ha Heo6xonHMOCTb npoBeneHHR HCCnenoBaHHA Ha ~HBOTHNX C uenbID oueHKH ero KaHueporeHHOCTH. KpaTKOcpoqH~X TeCTOB Henb3R paccMaTpHBaTb KaK nocTaToqHoe noKa3aTenbCTBO OTCYTCTBHR y BemecTBa KaHueporeHH~X CBOACTB. cqeTe KpaTKOCpoqHNe TeCT~ CTOnb ~e Hane~Hb!MH, KaK nnHTenbHNe, nnR nporHO3HpOBaHHR KaHueporeHHOA onacHOCTH nnR qenoBeKa, 6yneT 3aBHCeTb OT nonyqeHHR nanbHeAmHx nonTBep~eHHA cornacoBaHHOCTH HX pe3ynbTaTOB C pe3ynbTaTaMH nnHTenbH~X 3KCnepHMeHTOB H naHHb!MH HccnenoBaHHA Ha qenoBeKe. 3M6pHOTOKCHqHQCTb H TepaToreHHaR aKTHBHOCTb 3KcnepHMeHTanbH~e HccnenoBaHHR, KacaIDmHecR onpeneneHHR 3M6pHOTOKCHqHQCTH HnH TepaToreHHOA aKTHBHOCTH XHMHqecKHX BemecTB, BKnIDqaIDT KpaTKocpoqH~e TeCT~, aHanorHqHNe TeM, KOTOpNe Hcnonb3YIDTCR nnR onpeneneHHR MyTareHHOCTH. HapRnY c HHMH oco6yID Ba~HOCTb HMeIDT 3nHneMHonorHqecKHe 46 HccnenoBaHHH. IlpH 3KCTpanonHUHH pe3ynbTaTOB Ha qenoaeKa qpe3BNqa8HyID ueHHOCTb B onpeneneHHH KOnHqecTBeHH~X napaMeTpOB pa3BHBaIDmHXCH 3¢¢eKTOB npencTaBnHIDT HccnenoaaHHH Ha MneKOOHTalOIIlHX. Oco6oe 3HaqeHHe B TaKHX HCCne~oBaHHHX npHnaeTCH Hcnonb3OBaHHID OO3HTHBH08 KOHTpOnbHOR rpynn~, no~BepralOIIle8cH BO3ne8CTBHID H3BeCTHOrO TepaToreHHOro coenHHeHHH. Ha OCHOBaHHH TmaTenbHOR oueHKH pe3ynbTaTOB TaKHX HccnenoBaHH8 MoryT ONTb CHH~eHN BenHqHHN n~K H npo¢ecCHOHanbHaH neHTenbHOCTb MO~eT paccMaTpHBaTbCH KaK onacHaH nnn 0epeMeHHNX ~eHmHH. 3IlH~EMHOnorHH H 3IlH~EMHOnorHtIECKHE TPEEOBAHHH 3nHneMHonorHqecKHe HccnenoaaHHH, a~HBnHIOIIlHe cnyqaH pa3BHTHH npo¢eccHOHanbHOro paKa HnH ~pyrHX oTnaneHHNX 3¢¢eKTOB, CBHneTenbCTBYIDT O npocqeTax B ocymecTaneHHH npo¢HnaKTHqecKHX Mep. IlO3TOMY ¢YHnaMeHTanbHNe HayqHNe 3KcnepHMeHTanbH~e nonxonN non~Hli ONTb TeCHO CBH3aHN Me~y co6o8 H COOTHeCeHN C 3nHneMHonorHqecKHMH HCCnenoBaHHHMH. TeM He MeHee qpe3BNqa8HO Ba~HO H3Bneqb MaKCHManbHYID nonb3Y B Tex cnyqaHx, Korna npencTaBnHeTCH BO3MO~HOCTb nnH HCCne~oBaHHH KaKHX-nH0O HenpenBHneHHNX cnyqaea; pe3ynbTaTN TaKHX HccnenoBaHH8 cnenyeT ny6nHKoaaTb. Heo0xonHMO nonyqHTb naHH~e, KacaIDmHecH a) oTnenbHblX nHU (npennoqTHTenbHO acero KOHTHHreHTa pa6oTaIDmHx); 6) OCO6NX rpynn, H3BeCTHNX KaK rpynn~ pHCKa. Cnoco6~ nonyqeHHH 3THX naHHblX MoryT 6NTb HeonHHaKOB~ B pa3HNX CTpaHax H3-3a pa3nHqH8 B opraHH3aUHOHHNX CHCTeMax H OTHoweHHH o6mecTBa K npe~cTaaneHH~ He nonne*ameR 47 ornacKe HH¢OpMaUHH, HH¢OpMaUHH MOryT 6~Tb noKyMeHT~ o COUHanbHOM CTpaxoBaHHH, coo6meHHff c MeCT pa6oT~ HnH 06NqHaff MenHUHHCKaff noKyMeHTaUHR; TaM, rne 3TO B03MO*HO, MenHUHHCKOR noKyMeHTaUHH cnenyeT npHnaTb ¢OPMY "nacnopTa" pa6oqero, KOnHR KoToporo MO*eT xpaHHTbCff B KOMneTeHTHOM HaUHOHanbHOM opraHe. OCHOBH~e CBeneHHff, KaCa!OlltHecn oTnenbHblX nHU, non*HN BKnroqaTb: ¢aMHnHro HnH HneHTH¢HKaUHOHH~8 HOMep, non, MecTo H naTy po*neHHR, npo¢eccHro (c yKa3aHHeM nponon*HTenbHOCTH TpynoBoro cTa*a). TaKHe 3anHCH non*H~, HaCKOnbKO 3TO B03MO~HO, conpOBOlK,llaTbCR noKyMeHTaUHeR O 3apaOoTH08 nnaTe; cpoK xpaHeHHR noKyMeHTaUHH He MeHee 30 neT HnH no HacTynneHHR cMepTH paOoqero. AHanorHqH~e naHHNe HeoOxonHMhl TaK*e H nnn rpynn PHCKa, XOTff B naHHOM cnyqae B noKyMeHTaUHro MoryT BKnroqaTbCR Oonee nonpo6H~e cBeneHHR. KpoMe Toro,HeoOxonHMO npHno*HTh onpeneneHH~e ycHnHn, qTo6N onpenenHTb rpynny PHCKa, KOTOpan COCTaBHT "3HaMeHaTenb" nro6oro HccnenoBaHHR. Dnn Toro qTo6~ npennpHHffTb non~TKH YCTaHOBHTb KOppennUHro B03neRCTBHff (ecnH B03MO~Ho, nocTynneHHff BHYTPb) C HH¢opMaUHe8 O KOHKpeTH~X nHuax, Heo6xonHMhl naHH~e o npoH3BoncTBeHHoR cpene. Bo MHOrHx cnyqanx 3TH naHH~e OynyT HenonHNMH nnn oTnenbHNX nHu H HeToqH~MH na~e nnn uenb!X rpynn paOoTaromHx, onHaKo caMble nocToBepH~e oueHKH KpaRHe HeoOxonHMhl. MoryT npencTaBnRTb ueHHOCTb oTnenbH~e OnHcaHHff B~nonHReMblX npoueccoB H npOH3BOncTBeHHNX 30H, B KOTOP~X pa6oTaeT KOHKpeTH~R COTpynHHK. KpaRHe HeoOxonHMa aneKBaTHan HH¢opMaUHR, Kacaianancn o6meR CMepTHOCTH H 3aOoneBaeMOCTH, COOTHeceHHaff c KnaccH¢HKaUHeR npo¢eccHOHanbHblX 3a6oneBaHHR. Dnn B~RCHeHHff cneuHanbH~X BOnpocoB, KaCaJOmHXCff no3nHHX HnH CKp~TblX 3¢¢eKTOB B03neRCTBHff XHMHqecKHX BemecTB, Heo6xonHMhl naHHNe: 48 a) HaUHOHanbHOro H perHOHanbHOro perHCTPOB paKa; 6) perHCTpa BPOlk,D;eHH~X yponcTB (npoOneMbl onpeneneHHR) H B) perHCTpa MeTpOBOPO*neHHblX (npoOneMbl onpeneneHHR). rpynna OTMeTHna uenecooopa3HOCTb npHHRTHR Ha3BaHH~x oOmHx nonxonos, nonqepKHYB, HapRnY c 3THM, Ba*HOCTb cneuHanbH~X MeCTH~X HCcnenosaHH8 npH ycnoBHH, qTo B TaJ<HXcnyqaffx onpeneneHHe KOHTpOnbH~X rpynn OyneT nposonHTbCff ocoOeHHO TmaTenbHO. He HCKnIDqeHO TaK*e, qTo B nepB~e ron~ C03naHHR HaUHOHanbH~X HnH perHOHanbH~X perHCTPOB 6yneT OTMeqaTbCR oqesHnHoe ysenHqeHHe qHcna COCTORHH8, nonne*amHx perHCTpaUHH (3TO 06bffCHReTCR 66nbWHM BHHMaHHeM K npoueccy perHCTpaUHH TaKHX COCTORHHA). 0630P ony6nHKOBaHH08 BO BCeM MHpe nHTepaTyp~ 6yneT cnoco6cTBoBaTb onpeneneHHID oOnacTeA neRTenbHOCTH, Tpe6yIDmHx cneuHanbHOrO H3yqeHHR HnH Ha6nIDneHHR. TaKHM ~e OpHeHTHpOM non~H~ 6~Tb H ony6nHKOBaHH~e pe3ynbTaT~ 3KCnepHMeHTOB Ha ~HBOTH~X HnH npyrHe noKyMeHTHPOBaHH~e HayqH~e HccnenosaHHR. TaKHe HCCnenoBaHHR MoryT cny*HTb nnR nonTseplk,D;eHHR HayqH~X noranoK, HO OHH, no-BHnHMOMY, He 06R3aTenbHO OynyT pelllHTenbHO onpoaepraTb HX, nocKOnbKY Bcerna TpynHo noKa3aTb OTCYTCTBHe qero- nH60. TeM He MeHee OHH B~CTynaIDT B KaqecTBe cepbe3HOA nperpan~, qTo CBR3aHO C cymecTBOBaHHeM Me~BHnOBOA H3MeHqHBOCTH H, 6onee Toro, noCKOnbKY B03MO*eH Hepenpe3eHTaTHBHb18 xapaKTep OTnenbHblX 6Honor0qecKHX 3KCnepHMeHTOB . 49 MOHHTOPHHr B03nE8CTBHR KAHUEPOrEHH~X XHMW-IECKHX BEIIlECTB Heo6xonHMO TmaTenbHO H3yqHTb XHMHqecKHe H 6HonorHqecKHe MeTon~, npHeMneMble nnR npoaeneHHR MOHHTOPHHra B03ne8CTBHR KaHceporeHH~X XHMHqecKHX aemecTB Ha pa6oqeM MecTe. KpoMe Toro, HOB~e nonxon~ npennonararoT noRBneHHe B 6nH~a8wee apeMR B03MO~HOCTH ocymecTBneHHR MOHHTOPHHra HHnHBHnyanbHOrO B03ne8CTBHR. )LTIR XHMHqecKoro aHanH3a MHOrHx rpynn XHMHqecKHX KaHueporeHOB pa3pa00TaH~ B~COKoqyBCT- BHTenbH~e, TOqH~e H xopowo oueHHBaeMble MeTo,IU,I. HMeromHeCR MeTon~ no3BonRroT TaK~e onpenenRTb KOHUeHTpauHH TaKHX coenHHeHHA, HX MeTaOonHTOB HnH B~enReMblX c Moqo8 KOHbroraTOB. CnenyeT noompRTb npoaeneHHe TaKHx HccnenoaaHHA, nocKonbKY OHH MoryT o6ecneqHTb nonyqeHHe 6onbwero o6beMa HcxonHoA HH¢opMaUHH. 6HonorHqecKH8 MOHHTOPHHr BKnroqaeT HCTTOnb30BaHHe UHTOreHeTHqecKHX HCcnenoBaHHA C nHM¢OUHTaMH nepH¢epHqecK08 KpOBH. OH no3BOnReT H3yqaTb He TOnbKO XPOMOCOMH~e OTKnoHeHHR, HOH qacTHqHo ceCTPHHCKHA XPOMaTHAHbl8 oOMeH. ~ff o6ecneqeHHR nocTOBepHOCTH pe3ynbTaTOB HCcnenoaaHHA pa6oqHx, KOHTaKTHPYKmHX c XHMHqecKHMH BemecTBaMH, B~3~BaromHMH oTnaneHH~e TOKCHqecKHe 3¢¢eKT~, qpe3B~qa8HO Ba~HO BKnroqaTb B TaKHe HccnenoaaHHR nocTaToqHo 6onowoe qHcno nHU H, KPOMe Toro, ynenRTb caMoe npHcTanbHOe BHHMaHHe non6opy KOHTPOflbH~X rpynn. ITpennonararoT, qTo B03Ae8CTBHe XHMHqecKHX aemecTB, B~3~BaromHx oTnaneHH~e TOKcHqecKHe 3¢¢eKT~, MO~eT KOHTponHpOBaTbCR HCCnenoBaHHeM BepORTHOro MyTareHHoro 3¢¢eKTa B ~HnKHX cpenax opraHH3Ma B HCn~TaHHRX in vitro. OnHaKO TaKHM npouenypaM 50 CBOACTBeHHN MHOroqHcneHHNe H HenocTaToqHo H3BeCTHNe KoneOaHHH H, KPOMe Toro, OTPHUaTenbHNe pe3ynbTaT~ He HCKnroqaroT B03neACTBHH. ~pyroA npenno~eHHbl:A TecT BKnroqaeT onpeneneHHe nponyKTOB anKHnHpOBaHHH reMorno6HHa B KPOBH H nponyKTOB anKHnHpOBaHHH HyKneHHOBOA KHCnOTN B Moqe, a TaK~e Hcnonb30BaHHe HMMYHOnorHqecKHX MapKepoB. Bee nepeqHcneHHNe MeTon~ HeoOxonHMO H3yqHTb B 3KCnepHMeHTanbH~ ycnoBHHX; HH onHH H3 HHX B HaCTOHm,ee BpeMH He MO~eT ONTb peKOMeHnoBaH nnH Hcnonb30BaHHH B noBcenHeBHOA npaKTHKe. cl>yHnaMeHTanbHaH ocHoBa, oOecneqHBaromaR neACTBeHHYID OopbOy C npo¢ecCHOHanbH~MH 3a0one.BaHHflMH BcnencTBHe nnHTenbHOro KOHTaKTa C XHMHqecKHMH Bem.ecTBaMH, onpenenfleTCfl anMHHHCTpaTHB- HOA CTpyKTypoA H ropHnHqecKHMH nonHOMQqHflMH npaBHTenbcTBeHHoro opraHa, cneuHanbHO npenHa3HaqeHHOro nnH BNITOnHeHHH 3 TOA 3anaqH. TaKoA cneuHanH3HpOBaHHbl:A npaBHTenbCTBeHHbl:A opraH non~eH nonyqaTb nocTaToqHyro ¢HHaHcoByro nonnep*KY. OH non~eH ONTb nonHOCTbW yKOMnneKTOBaH cneuHanHCTaMH COOTBeTCTBYIDlll.HX npo¢HneA; Bera pacnopR~eHHH non~HN 6NTb na6opaTopHH, oOopynoBaHHe H nepcoHan, o6ecneqHBarom.HA npoBeneHHe Hanne*amero MOHHTOPHHra. )VIfl Toro qTQ6N neACTBOBaTb 3¢¢eKTHBHO, naHHNA opraH non*eH HMeTb paOoqHA nnaH, KOTOPNA cnenyeT nocTOHHHO nepecMaTpHBaTb C yqeTOM HOBNX pa3pa00TOK B 3TOA 6NCTPO H3MeHHromeACH o6naCTH. Pa6oqHA nnaH non~eH oxBaTNBaTb cnenyrom,He o6naCTH neHTenbHOCTH: a) HneHTH¢HKaUHH XHMHqecKHX Bem,ecTB, BN3NBarom.Hx paK H npyrHe oTnaneHHN= 3¢¢eKTN; 6) pa3pa60TKa MeTonoB 6e3onacHoro o6pameHHH C 3THMH XHMHqecKHMH BemecTBaMH; B) npoBeneHHe MenHUHHCKHX OCMOTPOB; 51 n) KOHTponb 3a conep~aHHeM apenHhlX aemecTB Ha pa6oqeM MecTe; e) pa3pa60TKa MeTonoa npo¢HnaKTHKH apenHoro B03neACTBHR; 3) ocymecTBneHHe nporpaMM nonroTOBKH Kanpoa. PaccMaTpHBaR naHHblA aonpoc 6onee nonpo6Ho, Heo6xonHMO OTMeTHTb cnenyromee: npaBHTenbCTBeHH~e opraH~, OTBeTCTBeHH~e 3a B~nonHeHHe 3TOA nporpaMMbl, B~RBnRnH H oueHHBanH Ha pa6oqeM MecTe ace XHMHqecKHe aemecTBa, KOTop~e MoryT B~3~BaTb He6naronpHRTH~e XPOHHqecKHe HnH oTnaneHH~e nocnencTBHR nnR 3nopOBbR, 3TOT npouecc non~eH ocymecTBnRTbCR Ha Henpep~BHOA OCHOBe C yqeTOM HOBOA HH¢OpMaUHH, KOTopyro MO~HO HCTTOnb30BaTb npH pa3pa60TKe COOTBeTCTBYKXnHX KnaccH¢HKaUHA BpenH~X XHMHqecKHX BemecTB. He HCKnroqeHo, qTQ TaKaR HH¢opMaUHR 6y~eT HCnOnb30BaHa nnR pa3pa60TKH CHCTeM~ perHCTPaUHH TaKHX TOKCHqH~X XHMHqecKHX BemecTB, a BnocnencTBHH - CHCTeMbl cepTH¢HKaUHH, ynocToaepRromeA B neTanRx cneuHanbHoe Hcnonb30BaHHe XHMHqecKoro aemecTBa HnH 3anpemeHHe ero HCTTOnb30BaHHR. YKa3aHHblA opraH non~eH pa3pa6aTNBaTb nonpo6H~e HOpMaTHBHO-TeXHHqecKHe noKyMeHT~ ~n~ npennpHRTHA, conep~amHe onHcaHHe MeTonoa 6e3onacHoro o6pameHHR C BpenHbllvtH aemecTBaMH. Co3naHHe TaKHX noKyMeHTOB noTpe6yeT TmaTenhHoro H3yqeHHR cymecTBYKmeA B npoMblllllleHHOCTH npaKTHKH H HneHTH¢HKaUHH HMeKJmHXCR BpenHOCTeA . Bee pa6oqHe (H Te, KTO HenocpencTBeHHO KOHTaKTHpyeT C apenH~MH aemecTBaMH, H Te, KTO 3aHRT B npOH3BoncTBax, rne He HCKnroqeH B03MO~Hb1A 52 KOHTaKT C TaKHMH semecTBaMH) nonJKH~ npoxonHTb perynR:pH~e MenHI .. {HHCKHe OCMOTp~. TaKHe OCMOTP~ cnenyeT TmaTenbHO nnaHHPOBaTb, C TeM qTo0~ B~ffBnHTb paHHHe 3¢¢eKT~ BO3MOJKHOrO BO3neAcTBHff XHMHqecKHX semecTs, B~3~BaIDmHx oTnaneHH~e nocnencTBHff. noKyMeHTaUHff, KacaiootaR:Cff ynOMffHYT~X KaTeropHA pa0oqHx, nonJKHa 6~Tb BKnIDqeHa B COOTBeTCTBYIOO:\He perHCTp~; 3TO no3BOnHT HCnOnb3OBaTb ee npH nposeneHHH nocnenyIDmHx 3nHneMHonorHqecKHx HccnenosaHHA. KOHTpOnb 3a conepJKaHHeM Ha pa0oqeM MeCTe spenH~X semecTB, KOHTaKT C KOTOPblMH MOJKeT npHBeCTH K pa3BHTHID OTnaneHHblX HnH XPOHHqecKHX nocnencTBHA, npencTasnR:eT coGoA KOMnneKCHYID npo0neMy, peweHHe KOTopoA Tpe0yeT cneuHanbHO nonroTosneHHoro nepcoHana H BO3MOJKHOCTH HCnOnb3OBaHHff cneuHanH3HposaHHoro na0opaTopHoro o0opynosaHHff. 3TH Tpe0osaHHff HaMHOrO npeBblWaIDT Te, KOTOp~e npenbffBnffIDTCff K KOHTpOnID npyrHX He0naronpHffTH~X 3¢¢eKTOB, pa3BHBaIDmHXCH npH KOHTaKTe C XHMHqecKHMH semecTBaMH. IlO3TOMY BaJKHO , qTO6~ npaBHTenbCTBeHH~A opraH, HecymHA OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a ocymecTBneHHe MOHHTOPHHra, pacnonaran rpynnoA cneuHanHcTos pa3nHqHoro npo¢Hnff. TaKaff rpynna nonJKHa BKnIDqaTb spaqeA, npowenurnx cneuHanbHYID nonroTOBKY s o0nacTH npo¢eCCHOHanbHOA rHrHeH~, 6HOXHMHKOB, 6Honoros, cneuHanHCTOB B o0naCTH 0HOMeTpHH, 3nHneMHonoros H HHJKeHepos. KpoMe Toro, npaBHTenbCTBeHH~A opraH nonJKeH HMeTb BO3MOJKHOCTb Hcnonb3OBaTb cneuHanbHOe na0opaTopHoe o6opynosattHe, c noMombID KOToporo MOJKHO onpenenffTb MyTareHH~A, TepaToreHH~A, 3M0pHOTOKCHqecKH8 H KaHueporeHH~A 3¢¢eKT~ XHMHqecKHX semecTB B TeCT-CHCTeMax in vitro H in vivo. Heo6xonHMO TaKJKe yqHT~BaTb BO3MOJKHOCTb noR:sneHHff OTnaneHH~X He8pOTOKCHqecKHX 3¢¢eKTOB, paBHO KaK H ffBneHH8 rHnepqyBCTBHTenbHOCTH H noseneHqecKHX H3MeHeHHA. 53 TTOMHMO Bb!WeynOMHHYThlX Mep,KOMneTeHTHOMY opraHy BMeHHeTCH B o6H3aHHOCTb H3yqeHHe Bcex npyrHX MeTonoB npo¢HnaKTHKH, KOTOpble MOrYT 6b1Tb npHeMneMhl B oco6hlx cnyqaHx, a TaK~e coneAcTBHe HayqHblM HCcnenoBaHHHM, HMelOIIlHM uenbID COBepweHCTBOBaHHe TaKHX MeTonoB. KnIDqeBaH nO3HUHH, o6ecneqHBaIDmaH 3¢¢eKTHBHOe npeTBopeHHe B ~H3Hb BCex 3THX nporpaMM, - pacnpocTpaHeHHe HH¢opMaUHH. TTpe~~e Bcero Heo6xonHMO~ qTO6bl opraH KOHTponH 6bln ynonHOMoqeH Tpe6oBaTb OT ¢HPM - H3rOTOBHTeneA XHMHqeCKHX BemecTB, Bbl3blBaIDmHx OTnaneHHble TOKCHqecKHe 3¢¢eKThl, npenocTaBneHHR OCHOBHOA HH¢OpMaUHH, KOTOpaH MO~eT 6b1Tb Heo6xonHMa nnn KOHTponR npo6neM, CBR3aHHblX C oxpaHoA 3nopOBbff. B CBOID oqepeno opraH KOHTponH non~eH o6ecneqHBaTo npoMblu.:.neHHOCTb HHCTPYKUHHMH, conep~amHMH onHcaHHe MeTonoB 6e3onacHoro o6pameHHR c TOKcHqHhlMH MaTepHanaMH. Oco6eHHO Ba~Ho, qTo6hl He TOnbKO pyKOBoncTBO, HOH Bee pa6oTaIDmHe nonHOCTbID OCO3HaBanH npHqHHhl, o 6ycnoBnHBaIDmHe Heo6xonHMOCTb npenrrpHHHMaeMblx Mep. BepoRTHO, cnenyeT npHHHMaTb cneuHanbHble Mepbl npenocTOPO~HOCTH nnH 3amHTbl oco6eHHO YR3BHMblX rpynrr (HanpHMep, 6epeMeHHhlX ~eHmHH). CnenyeT O6bRCHRTb BCeM nHUaM, npHqacTHblM K o6pameHHID c BpenHhlMH BemecTBaMH, npHqHHhl, no6y~naIDmHe K npoBeneHHID TaKHX Mep H O6H3aTenoHOMY BhlnOnHeHHID Tpe6oBaHHA, yKa3aHHhlX Ha 3THKeTKe. 6eccnopHo, He Bee rocynapcTBa-qneHhl pacnonaraIDT nocTaToqHoA MaTepHanoHo-TexHHqecKoA 6a3oA, nO3TOMY peKOMeHnyeTCR npenrrpHHHTb onpeneneHHhle ycHnHn, qTo6hl pa3pa6oTaTb nporpaMMbl nonroToBKH Heo6xonHMhlX crreuHanHcTOB pa3nHqHoro npo¢HnH. Oco6yID ponb 3necb Mo~eT chlrpaTb COTpynHHqecTBO Ha Me~nyHaponHOM YPOBHe. 54 npenMeTOM TmaTenbHoro paccMoTpeHHH pa3nHqHblMH rocynapcTBa~~-qneHaMH H Me~nyHaponHb!MH opraHH3aUHHMH HBHnHCb cneUHanbHble Mep~, KOTOpble Heo6xonHMbl nnH 3amHTH pa0oqHx OT BO3neACTBHH BemecTB, o6nanawmHx cnoco0HocTb~ oKa3b!BaTb oTnaneHHble TOKcHqecKHe 3¢¢eKTbl. ITpHeMneMble nonxonbl BKnwqawT HeCKOnbKO pa3nHqHbJX BapHaHTOB Bb!0opa, KOTOpble MOryT 0b!Tb Hcnonb3OBaHbl nocne TmaTenbHOA oueHKH KaJK,QOA KOHKpeTHOA CHTyauHH. B HX qHcne: a) 3anpemeHHe HCnOnb3OBaHHH BpenHblX XHMHqecKHX semecTB; 6) HCnOnb3OBaHHe BpenHHX XHMHqecKHX BemecTB c oco6oro pa3peweHHH npH ycnoBHH cTpororo coonwneHHH npennHcaHHHX Mep KOHTponH; B) 3aMeHa BpenHblX TOKCHqHbJX BemecTB MeHee TOKCHqHbJMH; r) Hcnonb3OBaHHe BpenH~X XHMHqecKHX BemecTB TOnbKO B 3aMKHYTb!X TeXHOnorHqecKHX UHKnax; n) orpaHHqeHHOe BO3neACTBHe Ha He6onbWOe qHcno pa6oq1-1x B TeqeHHe Henponon*HT~nbHoro npoMe*YTKa BpeMeHH; e) KOHTponb 3a conep~aHHeM BpenHblX BemecTB B coqeTaHHH C npHMeHeHH€M B COOTBeTCTBYWmHe .MOMeHTbl KoppHrHpywmHx Mep; ~, npHMeHeHHe Heo6xonHMblX Mep, HMeKmHX uenbW orpaHHqHTb BO3neACTBHe ¢aKTOPOB npOH3BOnCTBeHHOA cpenbl, HanpHMep Hcnonb3OBaHHe cneuHanbHblX CHCTeM ynaBnHBaHHff (¢HnbTPOB), MOKPb!X cnoco6oB nepepa6OTKH H s¢¢eKTHBHblX MeTonoB MeCTHOA H o6meA BeHTHnHUHH; 3) o6ecneqeHHe cpe~CTB HHnHBH~yanbHOA 3amHTbl (cneuoneJK.na) H 3am1-1THoro o6opynoBaHHH. 55 no~rOTOBKA KA~POB Ha COBemaHHH 6bl1IO no,nqepKHYTO, qTo: a) Ha3pena Heo6xo,nHMOCTb B opraHH3aUHH Me~nHCUHnJlHHapH~X KypCOB nnR JlHU, ocymecTBJlR~mHx Henocpe,nCTBeHHO Ha MecTax PYKOBoncTBO cny~6aMH npo¢ecCHOHaJlbHOA rHrHeHbl; 6) cnenyeT opraHH3OBaTb 6onee cneuHanH3Hpo- BaHH~e Kypc~ ,nnR Tex, KTO pa6oTaeT B 6onee Y3KHX o6naCTRX HayqHo-npaKTHqecKOA neRTenbHOCTH, HanpHMep nnR cneuHaJlHCTOB B o6naCTH na0opaTOPHOA pa6oT~, aHanHTHqecKoA 3nH,neMHonorHH H T.n.; B) B03 .non~Ha no.nroTOBHTb yqe6Hoe noco0He o6mero THna no 3nHneMHonorHqecKHM MeTo,naM B pa6oTe cny~6 npo¢eccHOHanbHOA rHrHeHbl; r) Heo6xo,nHMO B~enHTb nononHHTenbHble ¢HHaHCOB~e pecypcbl ,nnR nonroTOBKH Ka,npoB B 3TOA o6nacTH; rocy,napcTBeHHble opraHbl .non~Hbl noompRTb ¢HHaHCHpOBaHHe no.nroTOBKH npOMbllll1leHHOCTb~, O6MeH CTHOeH,nHRMH H nporpaMMaMH cneUHaJlH3HPOBaHHblX KYPCOB no.nroTOBKH, KOTOpble MoryT pa3pa6aTb1BaTbCR cneuHaJlH3HPOBaHHblMH ueHTpaMH B COTpy,nHHqecTBe C B03; .n) cne,nyeT co.neACTBOBaTb TOMY, qTQ6bl MAHP B .nononHeHHe K CBOHM MOHOrpa¢HRM ny6J1HKOBaJ1O 6~nneTeHH, KOTOp~e MOrJlH 6bl npe,nocTaBHTb pyKOBO,nHTeJlRM cny~6 o6mecTBeHHOro 3,npaBooxpaHeHHR HOBeAwy~ HH¢opMaUH~ 0 KaHueporeHH~X areHTax npOH3BO,nCTBeHHOA cpe,nbl; e) Me~,nyHapo,nHble opraHH3aUHH ,non~Hbl npo,non~aTb H paCWHPRTb CBC~ ,neRTenbHOCTb, HanpaBneHHY~ Ha oKa3aHHe noMomH cTpaHaM B ,nene 6opb6bl c Bpe,nHblMH ,nnR 3,nOpOBbR ¢aKTOpaMH, CBR3aHHblMH C HCnonb3OBaHHeM TOKCHqHblX XHMHqecKHX BemecTB; 56 *) c uenbID nonroTOBKH nepcoHana non*Hhl 6b1Tb co3naHbl yqe6Hble nporpaMMhl, BKnIDqaIDmHe Bee acneKThl KOHTponR H npo¢HnaKTHKH BpenHoro BO3neACTBHR XHMHqecKHX BemecTB, Bb13blBaKXnHX OTnaneHHble TOKCHqecKHe 3¢¢eKTbl; 3) Heo6xonHMO ycoBepweHCTBOBaTb o6mHe H cneuHanbHble cxeMbl nonroTOBKH Ha MecTax, KOTOpble non*Hhl CTaTb OCHOBOA nnR Me~yHaponHhlX KYPCOB, CHMnO3HYMOB H npyrHX MeponpHRTHA no nonroTOBKe Ka,npoB; H) Heo6xonHMO nponon*HTb pa6oTy no nonroTOBKe H ny6nHKaUHH ¢YHnaMeHTanbHblX H3naHHA H PYKOBoncTB, nOCBRWeHHblX Ba*H~ acneKTaM 3TOA pa3BHBaIDmeAcR OTpacnH 3HaHHA. B~BO~~ H PEKOMEH~AUHH 1. Hcnonb3OBaHHe XHMHqecKHX BemecTB, KOTOpble MOryT OKa3blBaTb OTnaneHHOe HnH xpOHHqecKoe Bo3neAcTBHe Ha 3nopoBbe pa6oqHx, non*Ho ocymecTBnRTbCR non COOTBeTCTBYIDWHM KOHTponeM co CTOpOHbl KOMneTeHTHblX HaUHOHanbHblX opraHOB. 2. Heo6xonHMO YCTaHOBHTb, KaKHe XHMHqecKHe BemecTBa OKa3blBaIDT He6naronpHRTHOe OTnaneHHOe HnH XPOHHqecKoe BO3,neACTBHe Ha 3~OPOBbe. COOTBeTCTBYKXnHe opraHbl non*HN B~aBaTb pa3peweHHe Ha Hcnonb3OBaHHe TaKHX BemecTB H KOHTponHpOBaTb ycnOBHR HX npHMeHeHHR. 3 . Heo6xonHMO npoBonHTb nOCTOHHHYID pa6oTy no HneHTH¢HKaUHH TaKHX XHMHqecKHX BemecTB C yqeTOM HaKannHBaeMOA HH¢opMaUHH H HOBblX TeXHonorHqecKHX MeTonoB. HCnOnb3OBaHa nnR pa3pa6OTKH CHCTeMbl perHCTpaUHH, 57 KOTopaR, B qacTHOCTH, 6yneT BKnffiqaTb nono*eHHR, npenycMaTpHBaIDmHe Bbl,Ilaqy pa3pemeHHA Ha Hcnonb30BaHHe XHMHqecKHX semecTB, OKa3~BaIDWHX oTnaneHHOe TOKCHqecxoe B03neACTBHe Ha 3nOPOBbe. 4. Cne~yeT pa3pa60TaTb nonpo6H~e Tpe6oBaHHR, o6ecneqHsaIDmHe 6e3onacHoe o6pameHHe c HOB~~rn XHMHqecKHMH semecTBaMH, HMeKJnHMH npoMbIIllJleHHOe npHMeHeHHe. Heo6xonHMO TaK*e oOecneqHTb Hanne*amHA KOHTponb 3a npoueccaMH npoMbllllJleHHoro npOH3BoncTBa H HneHTH¢H~HpOBaTb HMeIDmHeCR BpenH~e ¢aKTOp~ npoH3BoncTBeHHOA cpen~. 5. HccnenosaHHR, nposonHMhle Ha ypoaHe HH3IIIHX opraHH3MOB c uenbID onpeneneHHR 3M0PHOTOKcHqecxoro neACTBHfl XHMHqecKHX semecTB;MoryT flBHTbCfl Ba~H~M KOMilOHeHTOM oueHKH noTeHI..1,HanbHoro oTnaneHHOro TOKCHqecxoro B03neACTBHfl XHMHqecKHX aemecTB Ha 3nopoabe pa6oqHx. 6. EHonorHqecKHA MOHHTOPHHr ( a TOM qHcne UHTOreHeTHqecKHe HccnenoaaHHR) MO~eT OKa3aTbCfl npHeMJieMblM MeTonoM oueHKH B03neACTBHfl reHOTOKCHqH~X XHMHqecKHX semecTB Ha 3nopOBbe pa6oqHx. 7. ITpennonaraeTcR, qTo o6mHe npHHUHnN oueHKH PHCKa pa3BHTHR HOB006pa3oBaHHA B CBR3H C B03neACTBHeM XHMHqeCKHX semecTB, c¢opMynHpOBaHH~e B MOHOrpa¢HRX MAHP, npencTaBnRIDT nocTaToqHQ Hane*HYID or.Hosy nnP. onpeneneHHR KaH~eporeHH~x XHMHqecKHX semecTB. YKa3aHH~e npHHUHnN npenocTaBnRIDT pyxosonRmHe yxa3aHHR, □03BonRIDmHe KOM□eTeHTHblM opraHaM oOecneqHTb ttanne*aianyID 3aWHTY paOoqHx OT B03neACTBHfl Tex XHMHqecKHX BemecTB, KOTOp~e npoRBHnH KaHueporeHH~e CBOACTBa TOnbKO B 3KC□epHMeHTanbHbJX CHCTeMax. 58 1. rocynapCTBa-qneHN non*HN BNHBHTb BpenHNe ~nH 3~0POBbH qenoBeKa ¢aKTOPN H pa3pa60TaTb COOTBeTCTBYKXItHe npaBHna KOHTponH 3a npOH3BO~CTBOM H HHnHBHnyanbHblM HCnOnb3OBaHHeM XHMHqecKHX BemecTB, KOTOpNe MOryT OKa3NBaTb He6naronpHHTHOe OTnaneHHOe B03ne8CTBHe Ha 3nopOBbe paOoqHx. 2 . Bo Bcex rocynapcTBax-qneHaM non*HN ONTb co3naHN HeoOxonHMble HayqHo-HccnenoBaTenbCKHe yqpe~eHHH, cny*0N MOHHTOPHHra, a TaK*e HH¢pacTpyKTYP~ cny~6 npo¢eCCHOHanbH08 rHrHeHN, c TeM qToON o6ecneqHTb H~eHTH¢HKaUHID TOKCHqHNX XHMHqecKHX BemecTB H KOHTpOnb 3a HX HCnonb30BaHHeM. 3 . Heo6xonHMO co6paTb nononHHTenbHYID HH¢OpMaUHID B OTHOWeHHH OTnenbHNX nHU H yToqHHTb onpeneneHHe rpynn pHcKa. 4 . CnenyeT ynenHTb CaMOe npHCTanbHOe BHHMaHHe MepaM 6e3onacHOCTH, npHMeH HeMblM npH pa6oTe c XHMHqecKHMH BemecTBaMH , BN3NBaIDmHMH OTnaneHHNe 3¢¢eKT~. s. CnenyeT cone8CTBOBaTb npHHHTHID TaK Ha3NBaeMoro nacnopTa pa6oqero , B KOTOPOM 6ynyT nonpo6HO 3anHCNBaTbCH Bee BNnonH~WHeCHHM BHnN pa6oT. 8 3TOM noKyMeHTe non~HN ONTb TaK~e neTanbHO onHCaHN npOH3BOnCTBeHHNe ycnOBHH, B KOTOPNX OH paOoTan. 6. HeoOxonHMO npennpHHHTb HayqHNe HCcnenoBaHHH , HMe~mHe uenbID npoBeneHHe 6HonorHqecKoro MOHHTOPHHra B03ne8CTBHH Ha pa6oqHx reHOTOKCHqH~ XHMHqecKHX BemecTB. 7 . C uenbID C03~aHHH 3¢¢eKTHBHNX nporpaMM npo¢HnaKTHKH oTnaneHHNX TOKCHqecKHX 3¢¢eKTOB H KOHTponH 3a HCnOnb30BaHHeM BpenHNX XHMHqecKHX BemecTB B rocynapcTsax-qneHax non~H~ 6NTb co3~aHN 59 COOTBeTCTBylOmHe na6opaTOPHble cnyllCObl H KOMneTeHTHble cnyllCObl MOHHTOPHHra. 3anaqeA 3THX yqpe~eHHA nonl!CHO Ob!Tb onpeneneHHe MYTareHHoro, TepaToreHHoro, 3M0pHOTOKCHqecKoro H KaHueporeHHOro neAcTBHR XHMHqecKHX BemecTB. 8. Bee pa6oqHe, 3aHRTble B npOH3BODCTBe XHMHqecKHX BemeCTB, cnocoOHblX OKa3b!BaTb oTnaneHHOe TOKCHqecKOe B03DeACTBHe, HnH paOoTa~He C HHMH, nonllCHbl perynnpHO nonBepraTbCR MeDHUHHCKOMY OCMOTPY H HaXODHTbCR non nocTORHHb!M 3nHneMHonorHqecKHM HaOn10neHHeM. 9. CnOllCHOCTb npoOneMbl oOycnoBnHBaeT C03DaHHe MHOrODHCUHnnHHapHoA OpHranbl cneUHanHCTOB, B KOTOPYIO BOADYT BpaqH, OHOXHMHKH, OHonorH, HHl!CeHepbl, 3TTHD€MHOnorH H cneuHan.HCTbl B oOnacTH OHOMeTpHH. 10. OnHHM H3 BallCHeAWHX ycnOBHA oOecneqeHHff 3¢¢eKTHBHOCTH nl06b!X npoBODHMblX B naHHOA oOnacTH nporpaMM RBnReTCR OOMeH HH¢OpMauHeA Hee pacnpocTpaHeHHe. KoMneTeHTHble opraHbl nonllCHbl HMeTb npaBO Tpe6oBaTb OT ¢HPM, KOTOpble HCnonb3YIOT XH~rnqecKHe BemecTBa, OKa3b!BalOmHe OTDaneHHOe TOKCHqecKoe B03DeACTBHe Ha 3DOPOBbe, npenocTaBneHHR OCHOBHOA HH¢opMaUHH, Heo6XODHMOA nnR peweHHR npo6neM, CBR3aHHblX C oxpaHoA 3DOPOBbR. 11. Heo6xbDHMO nonnepllCHBaTb 06MeH HH¢opMaUHeA Me~y opraHaMH 3DpaBooxpaHeHHR H BenymHMH HayqHo- HccnenoBaTenbCKHMH HHCTHTyTaMH. 12. rocynapcTBeHHble opraHbl nonllCHbl nocTORHHO o6ecneqHBaTb npoMb!WneHHble npennpHRTHR HH¢opMauHeA O Mepax 6e3onaCHOCTH npH paOoTe C TOKC.HqHblMH X.HMHqecK.HMH BemecTBaMH. 13. rocynapcTBeHHble opraHbl nonllCHbl cnenHTb 3a TeM, qTo6bl pa60THHKH, HM€!0mH€ neno c TOKCHqHbJMH XH~rnqecKHMH BemecTBaMH, 6blnH o6ecneqeHbl HH¢opMauHeA, Kaca10meAcR 3amHTHblX npouenyp H Mep 6e3onacHOCTH. 60 14. XHMHqeeKHe BemeeTBa, OKa3~BaromHe oTnaneHHoe TOKeHqeeKoe BO3neAeTBHe Ha 3nopOBbe, non~HW eOOTBeTeTBY~HM o0pa3OM MapKHpoBaTbeH; O0H3aTenbHOeTb TaKOA MapKHPOBKH non~Ha npenyeMaTpHBaTbeH 3aKOHOM. 15. CnenyeT pa3pa0OTaTb eneuHanbHWe npennHeaHHH nnH 3al!lHTW HeKOTopwx oeo6eHHO YH3BHMblX rpynn pa0oTaromHx, HanpHMep 0epeMeHHWX ~eHmHH. 16. Bee roeynapeTBa-qneHw non~H~ npenoeTaBHTb HeooxonHMble peeypew, BKnroqaR aecHrHoBaHHR, nepeoHan, MaTepHan H o6opynoBaHHe, nnR 9eymeeTBneHHR npo¢HnaKTHKH oTnaneHH~X H XPOHHqeeKHX noeneneTBHA BO3neAeTBHR XHMHqeeKHX eoenHHeHHA. 17. CTpo¢HnaKTHqeeKHe Mep~ 3amHT~ 3nopoBbH pa6oqHx MoryT BKnroqaTb orpaHHqeHHH Ha Henonb3OBaHHe XHMHqeeKHX aemeeTB. 18. Heo0xonHMO npoaeeTH nononHHTenbHWe HeenenoaaHHR nnR oueHKH ueneeoo6pa3HOeTH Henonb3OBaHHR 3KenepHMeHTOB Ha ypOBHe HH3WHX opraHH3MOB, e TeM qTo6~ onpenenHTb reHOTOKeHqHoeTb H 3M6pHOTOKeHqHoeTb XHMHqeeKHX semeeTB, BO3neAeTBHIO KOTOPWX nonsepra10TeR pa6oqHe. 19. C uenbro nonroTOBKH nepeoHana ,non*Ha 0~Tb eo3naHw yqe6H~e nporpaMMbl, BKn10qa10mHe see aeneKTW KOHTponR H npo¢HnaKTHKH spenHor6 BO3neAeTBHR XHMHqeeKHX semeeTB, B~3~BaromHx OT,naneHHWe TOKeHqeeKHe 3¢¢eKTW; B eBH3H e 3THM Heo6xonHMO npe,nnpHHHTb ene,ny10mHe Mepw: a) pa3pa6OTaTb o6mHe H cneuHanbHWe exeMbl, KOTOp~e non*H~ eTaTb oeHOBOA ,nnH Me~yHaponHWX Kypeos, eHMilO3HYMOB H ~pyrHX MeponpHHTHA no nonroTOBKe KanpoB; 6) nponon*HTb pa6oTy no nonroTOBKe H ny6nHKaUHH ¢YHnaMeHTanbH~X H3naHHA H PYKOBoneTB, nocsHmeHHWX Ba*HeAWHM aeneKTaM B naHHOA o6naeTH; 61 B) opraHH3OBaTb MeJK,nHCUHnnHHapH~e KYPC~ nnR pyKOBOnHTeneR COOTBeTCTByromHx cny~6 npo~eCCHOHanbHOR rHrHeH~; r) opraHH3oBaTb cneuHanbH~e Kypc~ (HanpHMep, nnR cneuHanHCTOB B o6nacTH na6opaTopHoR pa6oT~ H aHanHTHqecKOR 3nHneMHOnOrHH); n) 803 non~Ha pa3pa6OTaTb yqe6Hoe noco6He o6mero THna no npHMeHeHHro 3nHneMHonorHqecKHX MeTonoB B pa6oTe cny~6 npo¢eccHoHanbHOR rHrHeH~; e) Heo6xonHMO BbI.nenHTb nononHHTenbHHe ¢HHaHcoB~e cpencTBa nnR nonroToBKH KanpoB; ~) HaUHOHanbH~e opraHH non~H~ noompRTb ¢HHaHCHPOBaHHe nonroTOBKH npoMblll11leHHOCTbID, O6MeH CTHneHnHRMH H nporpaMMaMH cneuHanH3HpoaaHHHX KypcoB nonroTOBKH, KOTOp~e MOryT 6~Tb pa3pa6OTaH~ cneuHanH3HPOBaHH~ ueHTpaMH B COTpynHHqecTBe C 803 H Hcnonb3OBaH~ Ha Me~nyHaponHOM YPOBHe. 20. Heo6xonHMO coneRCTBOBaTb TOMY, qTo6~ rocynapcTaa-qneH~ co3naaanH perHcTp~ npo¢eccHoHanbH~x 3a6oneaaHHR, pa3BHBa~HXCR B pe3ynbTaTe oTnaneHHOrO BO3neRcTBHR XHMHqecKHX BemecTB. 21. Heo6xonHMO coneRCTBOBaTb TOMY, qTo6~ MAHP B nononHeHHe K CBOHM MOHOrpa¢HRM ny6nHKOBano 6ronneTeHH, B KOTOp~x PYKOBOnHTenH cny~6 o6mecTBeHHoro 3npaaooxpaHeHHR MornH 6~ HaRTH HOBeRwyro HH¢opMauHro, Kacaromyrocn KaHueporeHH~x areHTOB npOH3BOnCTBeHHO8 cpen~. 22. MeJK,nyHaponH~e opraHH3aUHH, B TOM qHcne 803 H MOT, non~HH nponon~aTb H pa3BHBaTb nenTenbHOCTb, HanpaBneHHyro Ha oKa3aHHe noMomH cTpaHaM B nene 6opb6~ c onacH~ nnn 3nopoabn ¢aKTopaMH, CBR3aHH~MH C Hcnonb3OBaHHeM TOKCHqH~X ' XHMHqecKHX BemecTB. 62 YCHREHHE CnY~6 IlPO¢ECCHOHARbHOA rHrHEHW C UERb~ ITPO¢HRAKTHKH OTnAnEHHWX rrocnEnCTBHA B03nEACTBHR IlPO¢ECCHOHAnbHWX BPEnHOCTEA 3a nocnenHHe ronN BO MHorHx npoMhllllJleHHO pa3BHTwx cTpaHax MHpa nocTHrHyTw 0onbWHe ycnexH B npo¢HnaKTHKe KaK OCTpwx, TaK H XPOHHqecKHX npo¢eCCHOHanbHWX 3a0oneBaHH8. HeManoBa*HYID ponb B 3TOM cwrpanH HaUHOHanbHWe cny*0w npo¢ecCHOHanbHO8 rHrHeHw. nenTenbHOCTb 803, O0benHHeHHWe ycHnHH 803 H MOT B oonaCTH npo¢eCCHOHanbHOR rHrHeHW B 3HaqHTenbHOR Mepe cnoco0cTBOBanH 3THM ~OCTH*eHHHM B rocynapcTBax-qneHax. Pa3pa6OTaHW COOTBeTCTBYIODlHe 3aKOHonaTenbHNe aKTW, ocymecTBnH~TCH MenHUHHCKHe H TeXHHqecKHe Mepw no npenynpe~eHHID BpenHoro BO3neRCTBHH Ha pa6oTaromHx ¢aKTOpOB npOH3BOncTBeHHOR cpenw. nanbHeRwaH WHPOKaH HX peanH3aUHH, YCHneHHe KOHTponH 3a ycnOBHHMH Tpyna no3BOnHT eme 6onee cymecTBeHHO COKpaTHTb qHcno BbJPa*eHHWX npOHBneHHR npo¢ecCHOHanbHWX BO3neRCTBHR Ha 3nopOBbe. OnHaKO XHMHqecKHe H ¢ H3HqeCKHe ¢aKTOPN npOH3BOnCTBeHHOR cpenN, na*e npH HH3KHX YPOBHHX BO3neRCTBHH, ~oryT BW3NBaTb naTonorHqecKHe npoueccw, KOTOpNe npOHBnHIDTCH He TOnbKO BO BpeMH HX BO3neRCTBHH H He TQTqac nocne Hero, a B oTnaneHH~e nepHonN *H3HH HHnHBHnYYMOB, cnycTH Mecnl..l,bl, ronw H necHTHneTHH nocne npeKpameHHH BO3neRCTBHH. ITpOHBneHHH 3THX npoueccoa KaK 6N OTCTaaneHN 80 apeMeHH, OHH BO3MO*H~ na*e y nocnenyromHx noKoneHHR. B ocHoae oTnaneHH~x a nHpeKTOP, KHeBCKHR HayqHQ-HCcnenoaaTenbCKH8 HHCTHTYT rHrHeH~ Tpy~a H npo¢eCCHOHanbH~X 3a6oneBaHHR, CCCP. 63 3¢¢eKTOB ne*aT H3MeHeHHH HaH0onee TOHKHX CTPYKTYP H HHTHMHblX MexaHH3MOB O6MeHHblX npoueccoB Ha KneToqHoM, cy0KneToqHoM H MoneKynHpHOM YPOBHHX H npoHBnHIOlllHecH nopa*eHHeM reHeTHqecKoro annapaTa H HapyweHHeM npoueccoa pereHepaUHH. CoapeMeHHblA YPOBeHb 3HaHHA nO3BOnHeT cqHTaTb, qTo MelK,Ily MyTareHHOA, KaHueporeHHOA H TepaToreHHOA aKTHBHOCTb~ areHTOB npOH3BoncTBeHHOA cpenbl cymecTByeT CBH3b. OnHaKo HeT nocTaToqHblX noKa3aTenbCTB Toro, qTo areHT, oKa3~Ba~mHA ao3neAcTBHe onHoro THna, o0H3aTenbHO oKa3blBaeT H npyroe. K oTnaneHHblM nocnencTBHHM BO3neACTBHH npo¢eccHOHanbHblX ¢aKTOPOB MHOrHe aBTOPbl OTHOCHT 6onee WHPOKHR Kpyr naTonorHqecKHX H3MeHeHHA H 0one3HeA, a HMeHHO nHeBMOKOHHO3bl, paHHHe CKnepOTHqecKHe H3MeHeHHH B opraHax H TKaHHX, KapnHOTOKCHqecKHe H He8pOTOKCHqecKHe (napanHTHqecKHe) 3¢¢eKTbl npoMbIIIIJleHHblX HnOB, npe*neapeMeHHOe cTapeHHe H coKpameHHe nponon*HTenbHOCTH *H3HH. TTpo6neMa npo¢HnaKTHKH oTnaneHHblX nocnencTBHA BO MHOrHX CTpaHax MHpa npHo6pena qpe3Bblqa8Hy~ aKTyanbHOCTb He TOnbKO B CBH3H C BO3neRCTBHeM npOH3BOnCTBeHHblX ¢aKTOPOB, HOH 3arpH3HeHHeM OKPY*a~meR cpenbl, HenocTaToqHblM KOHTponeM npHMeHeHHH neKapcTBeHHblX cpencTB H nH~eBblX no6aBOK. TTpH peweHHH 3TOA npo6neMbl B paMKaX npo¢eCCHOHanbHOA rHrHeHbl noCTOHHHO non*Hbl yqHTblBaTbCH H npyrHe ee acneKTbl. Cny*6b1 npo¢eccHoHanbHO8 rHrHeHbl pHna eaponeRcKHX cTpaH pacnonara~T onpeneneHHblM onblTOM npenynpelK,IleHHH oTnaneHHblx nocnencTBHR, Bb13blBaeMblx ¢aKTOpaMH npoH3BoncTBeHHO8 cpenbl. OnHaKo OH KacaeTCH B OCHOBHOM XH~rnqecKHX KaHueporeHOB. IlpHHHTOe B CTpaHax 3aKOHonaTenbCTBO OTHOCHTenbHO HCnOnb3OBaHHH KaHueporeHOB OTPa*aeT OTCYTCTBHe o6mHx nonxonoa K 3TOA npo0neMe, qTo o6ycnoaneHo HapHnY C npyrHMH npHqHHaMH 3KOHOMHqecKHM 64 3HaqeHHeM OTnenbHblX BHDOB npOH3BODCTB (1). YcHneHHe cny~0 npo¢eCCHOHanbHOA rHrHeH~ C uenbro npo¢HnaKTHKH oTnaneHHblX nocnencTBH8 BO3~eACTBHR npOH3BODCTBeHH~X ¢aKTOPOB RBnReTCR HeOTnO~HOA 3anaqeA, H 3TO HeODHOKpaTHO nonqepKHBanocb BO3 H MOT (2,3). B HaCTORmee BpeMR 3TY 3anaqy no npaay MO*Ho paccMaTpHBaTb KaK COCTaBHYID qacTb CTpaTerHH BO3 "3DOPOBbe DnR Bcex K 2000 rODY"· CoBpeMeHHOe COCTORHHe npo¢HnaKTHKH OTDaneHH~X 3¢¢eKTOB npo¢eccHOHanbH~X BpenHOCTeA B 0onbWHHCTBe rocynapcTB-qneHOB Ba~HOCTb npo0neMbl npo¢HnaKTHKH oTnaneHH~x nocnencTBHA aoo6me H oco6eHHO npo¢eccHoHanbHO o6ycnoaneHH~x oco3HaHa He TOnbKO cny*6avM 3DPaBooxpaHeHHR, HOH WHPOKOA o6mecTBeHHOCTbID. 3TOMY B 3HaqHTenbHOA Mepe cnoco6cTBOBanH MHoroqHcneHH~e ny6nHKaUHH, CBHDeTenbCTByromHe O pocTe qHcna 3nOKaqeCTBeHH~X HOBOO6pa3oaaHHA, caMonpOH3BOnbH~X a6opTOB, MepTBOPO*DeHHA, BPO*DeHH~X ne¢eKTOB H YPODCTB. Ha6nronaeTCR BnonHe O6bRCHHMbl8 HHTepec K 3TOA npo6neMe cneuHanHCTOB caMoro pa3nHqHoro npo¢HnR - reHeTHKOB, OHKonoroa, TepaTonoroa, aKywepoa- rHHeKonoroB H np. B HayqH~x yqpe*neHHRX pa3Horo npo¢HnR npennpHHHMaroTCR non~TKH pewaTh npo6neMhl oxpaH~ OKPY*aromeA cpeD~, BKnroqaR npOH3BODCTBeHHyro. EcTeCTBeHHO, TaKHe TeHneHUHH non*H~ B~3~BaTh ynoaneTBOpeHHe H BCeMepHO nonneP*HBaThCR cny*6aMH npo¢eCCHOHanhHOA rHrHeH~, TaK KaK 3TO pacWHpReT HX BO3MO~HOCTH H co3naeT peanhH~e npennocb!JlKH K yrny6neHHID TeopeTHqecKHX acneKTOB npo6neMhl. BMeCTe C TeM H3-3a HenocTaToqHoA KOOPDHHaUHH HCCne,I!OBaHHA KaHI.ieporeHH~e , MyTareHH~e, 3M6pHOTOKCHqecKHe H TepaToreHH~e 3¢¢eKT~ BO3DeACTBHR ¢aKTOPOB OKPY*aromeA cpe,I!~ H3yqaroTCR B OTP~Be OT ~pyrHX BHDOB BpenHoro BO3,I!eACTBHR. H3yqaeMble ypOBHH BO3DeACTBHR (D03~ H KOHUeHTpauHH) 65 qacTO HaCTOnbKO BenHKH, qTo OHH He MOryT HMeTb MeCTa B peanbH~X npOH3BoncTBeHH~X ycnOBHRX. K CO*aneHHID, penKo ycTaHaBnHBaeTCR Beeb cneKTP 3aBHCHMOCTe0 no3a (KOHUeHTpaUHR) - BpeMR - 3<f)<f)eKT ( 4, 5) . B pe3ynbTaTe TaKoro nepBHqHoro "npoceHBaHHR" B perHCTP~ KaHueporeHOB, MyTareHOB, TepaToreHOB 3aHOCRTCR BemecTBa, KOTOp~e B peanbH~X ycnOBHRX BCTpeqaIDTCR B no3ax (KOHUeHTPaUHRX), 3HaqHTenbHO MeHbWHX, qeM H3yqeHH~e. Ha 3TOM OCHOBaHHH non COMHeHHe CTaBRTCR 3aKnIDqeHHR B OTHOWeHHH MHOrHX areHTOB, HanpHMep KaHueporeHHOCTb aMMHaKa, 3THnosoro cnHpTa, naKT03~, rnyTaMHHOBOA KHCnOT~ HnH MyTareHHOe neACTBHe anbOYMHHa, KO<f)eHHa, UHCTeHHa, rnIDK03~ H npyrHX BemecTB. TaKHM o6pa30M, XOTR OO'beM HH<f)OpMaUHH 06 oTnaneHH~X 3<f)<f)eKTax B03ne0CTBHR <f)aKTOPOB npOH3BOncTBeHH00 cpen~ BO Bcex CTpaHax noCTORHHO so3pacTaeT, oqeHb penKo npennpHHHMaIDTcn non~TKH oueHHTb CTeneHb TOA HnH HHOA onacHOCTH (3TO npellC,Zle Bcero OTHOCHTCR K "reHeTHqecKOMY" pHCKY), HeCMOTPR Ha TO, qTo COBpeMeHHblA ypoBeHb 3HaHH0 B 6onbWHHCTBe cnyqaeB n03BOnHeT 3TO nenaTb. CymecTBeHH~A HenocTaTOK MHOrHX HccnenoBaHHA COCTOHT B TOM, qTo B HHX He nenaeTCH pa3nHqH0 Me*nY noTeHUHanbHOA H peanbH00 onacHOCTbID. CT03TOMY nonyqeHH~e pe3ynbTaT~ HepenKo HMeIDT ceHCaUHOHHblA xapaKTep. 6onbWHHCTBO HCcnenoBaTeneA B pa3nHqH~ CTpaHax cornacH~ C TeM, qTQ OCHOBH~ noKa3aTenbCTBOM HanHqHH OTnaneHH~X nocne~CTBHA B pe3ynbTaTe B03ne0CTBHH <f)aKTOpOB npOH3BoncTBeHH00 cpen~ HBnHIDTCH ~aHH~e 3nH~eMHonorHqecKHX HccnenoBaHHA, npoBonHMblX BMecTe c 3KcnepHMeHTaMH, B KOTOP~ ycTaHaBnHBaeTCH Be~ymHA naToreHeTHqecKHA <f)aKTOp. OnHaKO qHcno TaK~X HccnenoBaHHA, K co~aneHHID, HeBenHKO. Mo~HO cocnaTbCH Ha 3HaqHTenbHbl0 on~T, HaKonneHHblA B ffiBeUHH, no 66 H3yqeHHID COMaTHqeCKHX H penponyKTHBH~X HapyweHHA y pa6oqHx, nonsepraBWHXCH BO3neACTBHID XHMHqecKHX semecTB (L. Beckman, Heony0nHKOBaHH~e naHH~e, 1980). B CBH3H C 3THM B nocnenHee BpeMH MHOrHe aBTOP~ (6-8) nonqepKHBaIDT Heo0xonHMOCTb opraHH3aUHH reHeTHqecKoro (snHneMHonorHqecKoro) MOHHTOPHHra rpynn HaceneHHH, cnyqaAHo nonseprl.lIHXCH neACTBHID XHMHqecKHX ~!yTareHOB HnH KOHTaKTHPYIDmHx C HHMH B npOH3BoncTBeHH~X ycnOBHHX. npennaraIDTCH KOHKpeTH~e noKa3aTenH: onpeneneHHe MyTareHH~x MeTa0onHTOB B Moqe C nOMOmbID 0aKTepHanbH~X TeCTOB H ycTaHoBneHHe qacTOT~ XPOMOCOMH~X a0eppauHA H cecTpHHCKHX XPOMaTHnH~X o0MeHOB B COMaTHqecKHX KneTKax. P,nH 3nHneMHOnOrHqecKoro MOHHTOPHHra aaTop~ cqHTaIDT uenecoo0pa3HbJM Hcnonb3OBaTb TaK*e qacTOTa BO3HHKHOBeHHH 3nOKaqecTBeHH~X HOBOO6pa3OBaHHA y neTeA, qacTOTa BPO*neHH~X nopoKOB pa3BHTHH cpenH npo¢eCCHOHanbH~X H Henpo¢eCCHOHanbH~X KOHTHHreHTOB, qacTOTa caMonpOH3BOnbH~X a6opTOB H qacTOTa XPOMOCOMH~X H npyrHX HapyweHHA B a6opTHBHOM MaTepHane. no MHeHHID npencTaBHTeneA pa3H~X HayqH~X nHCUHnnHH, npHqacTH~X K npo6neMe, TOnbKO coqeTaHHe na6opaTOPH~X MeTonoB B~HBneHHH MyTareHOB, KaHueporeHOB H TepaToreHOB C MOHHTOPHHrOM npo¢eCCHOHanbH~X KOHTHHreHTOB B KOHeqHQM HTOre 6yneT cnoco0cTBOBaTb npenoTBpameHHID oTnaneHH~x nocnencTBHA nnn 3~opoBbH HacTonmero H 6ynymero noKoneHHA. BMeCTe C TeM cnenyeT npH3HaTb npaBHnbHOA TQqKy 3peHHH, B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOTOpoA naHH~e 3nHneMHOnorHqecKHX HccnenoBaHHA paccMaTpHBaIDTCH KaK 3ano3nan~e (9). TaKHe HccnenosaHHH HepenKo B~HBnHIDT cymecTBeHH~e npocqeT~ nposonH~x paHee npo¢HnaKTHqeCKHX Mep. BOT noqeMy Ba*HaH ponb OTBOnHTCH 3KCnepHMeHTY Ha na6opaTOpH~X *HBOTH~X Ha CTanHHX, npenwecTBYKlOlHX WHPOKOMy KOHTaKTY nroneA C TeMH HnH HH~H BpenHOCTHMH B 67 npOH3BOACTBeHH~X ycnOBHHX. Hx pe3ynbTaT~ npH onpeneneHH~X ycnOBHHX MOryT cnoco0cTBOBaTb rHrHeHHqecKOMY OT6opy TeXHOnorHqecKHX npoueccoB H XH~~qecKHX aemeCTB, onpeneneHHW opHeHTHPOBQqH~X 6e3onacH~X nnH 3AOPOBbH YPOBHeA BO3neACTBHH H pa3pa6oTKe nononHHTenbH~x npo¢HnaKTHqecKHX Mep. 8 CCCP naHH~e 3TTHneMHonorHqecKHX HccnenoaaHHA H pe3ynbTaT~ nepHonHqecKHX MenHUHHCKHX OCMOTPOB paccMaTpHBaWTCH KaK OCHOBa nnH nepeCMOTpa ycTaHOBneHH~X paHee 6e3onacH~X ypoBHeA BO3neACTBHH H COBepweHCTBOBaHHH BCeAcHCTeMbl npo¢HnaKTHqecKHX Mep. B HaCTOHmee BpeMH B eaponeACKHX CTpaHax cny~0~ npo¢ecCHOHanbHOA rHrHeH~ ynenHIDT OCHOBHOe BHHMaHHe npo¢HnaKTHKe KaHueporeHHOA onacHOCTH XHY.HqecKHX BemecTB. npoaonHMble B 3TOM HanpaaneHHH, HBnHIDTCH COCTaBHOA qacTbro HaUHOHanbH~X nporpaMM KOHTponH 3a paKOM. Pa3BHTHW Bcex BHnOB neHTenbHOCTH B 3TOA o0nacTH cnoco6cTBOBanH aKTHBH~e neACTBHH npaBHTenbCTB H Me~nyHaponH~X opraHH3aUHA, oco6eHHO MAHP, MOTH 803. Ba~HOe 3HaqeHHe HMeroT npHHHT~e reHepanbHOA KOH¢epeHUHeA MOT 24 HWHH 1974 r. KOHBeHUHH 139 H PeKOMeHnaUHH 147 (2) o 6Opb6e c onacHOCTbro, B~3~BaeMoA KaHueporeHH~MH BemecTBaMH H areHTaMH B npoH3BoncTBeHH~X ycnOBHHX, H Mepax npo¢HnaKTHKH. 6onblliHHCTBO eaponeACKHX CTpaH paTH¢HUHPOBanH H npHHHnH 3TH noKyMeHT~. B 6onblllHHCTBe eaponeACKHX CTpaH HMeeTCH HaUHOHanbHOe 3aKoHonaTenbCTBO, KaCalOllleecH KaHueporeHH~x areHTOB. P. Montesano H L. Tomatis (1) cnenanH O63op 3aKoHonaTenbCTBa a 14 npOMbIWJteHHo pa3BHT~X CTpaHax (H3 HHX 11 eaponeACKHX) PaccMoTpeH~ naa BHna 3aKoHonaTenbCTBa: a) KaCalOllleecH XHMHqecKHX KaHueporeHOB B npOH3BoncTBeHHOA cpene H 6) KacalOllleecH KOMneHcaUHH B cnyqaHx npo¢eccHoHanbHoro paKa. Ta0n. 1 naeT npencTaaneHHe o nonHoTe 3aKoHonaTenbCTBa a PaccMaTpHBaeMblx CTpaHax. HaUHOHanbH~e cnHCKH 68 KaHueporeHOB no 11 npoMhJIIIJ!eHHO pa3BHTblM CTpaHaM npHBO~RTCH TaK~e MOT (10). Bo acex npoMbDWleHHO pa3BHT~X cTpaHax paK nerKoro RBnReTCR O~H08 H3 OCHOBH~X npHqHH CMepTH. XOTH rnaBHblM ¢aKTOpOM PHCKa npH3HaeTCR KypeHHe CHrapeT, B03~e8CTBHe npOH3BO~CTBeHH~X ¢aKTOPOB TaK~e HMeeT aa~Hoe 3HaqeHHe. B nocne~Hee ~ecRTHneTHe HaKonneHo MHoro ~aHH~X oo yaenHqeHHH pHcKa paKa nerKoro H Me30TenHOMhl y nHU, 3aHRT~X ~oO~qe8 HnH o0pa00TK08 acOecTa. YcTaHOBneHa 3 _aBHCHMOCTb pa3BHTHff Me30TenHOMbl OT THna BOnOK Ha ( 11 , 1 2) . TaOJ!Hua 1. 3aKOHOilaTeJll,CTBO no npoMWWM!HHl,IM KaHUeporettaM B HeKOTOPMX crpattax OO!uee 3aKotto- 3aKOHODaTe.rn,- 3aKOHODaTe.111,- naTeJlbCTBO CTI>O l10 CTB0,3anpelllaJO- C1l)atta no XHIUl'lec- npoH3BO.DCTBY 111ee npoH3BO.DCTBO IOUI 5ellteCTBaJI 1-1 HCflOlll,30- HJIH HMnopT OT- BaHHID KaHUe- .oen1>HWX KaHl.lepo- poreHOB reHOB ABCTpaJ!H/1 +a Eem,rwi + ~paHUli/1 +a repMaHcKa11 .CeMOKpaTH'leCKall PecnyOnHKa +a ~e.oepaTHBHall PecnyOnJ.f!Ca repMatGIH + HpnaHDWI + + + HTanWI +a RnoHWI + + + H1-1.oepnatt.nw +a UIBeUWI + blBel'IJ.JapHII +a O::X:P + + + Coe.DHHeHHoe KoponeBCTBO BenJ.f!CoOpl-lTaHHH H CeBeptfOH V.pnatt.DHH + + + CIJIA + + a 8 3aKOHO.DaTe1lbCTBe HeT CfleUHaJlbHWX Yl(a3aHHH o0 OT.DeJlbHWX KaHueporeHax. 69 YcTaHoBneHo, qTo paK nerKoro cpenH ropHopa6oqHx BCTpeqaeTCR HaMHoro qame, qeM cpenH HaceneHHR B uenoM (13). qaCTO OH B03HHKaeT Ha ¢oHe nHeBMOKOHH03a, CHnepOKOHH03a H KOHHOTy6epKy- ne3a. 3THOnorHqecKHM MOMeHTOM 06bI'-fHO npH3HalOT B03neACTBHe OKCHna *ene3a H panHoaKTHBHOA pyn~ HnH HX coqeTaHHOe B03neACTBHe (14). npH 3TOM He cnenyeT HCKnwqaTb ponb a~xnonHNX ra30B naHraTeneA BHyTpeHHero cropaHHR H nH3eflbHNX nBHraTene8, HCITOflb3ye~ B non3eMHWX BWpa6oTKax. 3nHneMHonorHqecKHe HccnenoaaHHR npoaonHnHcb TaK~e B HHKeneBo8, xpOMOBOR, anlOMHHHeBOA H HeKOTOPWX npyrHX OTpacnRX npoMbllllJ1eHHOCTH. 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Y HH ¢ HKaUHR c o 3nana 6bl nnR TaKOR pa60Tbl 6onee 6naronp HRTHble ycnOBHR H cnoco6CTBOBana 6bl pacwHpeHHID 0 6 beMa HCCnenoBaHHR no H3yqeHHID OTnaneHHblX 3¢¢eKTOB, Bbl3blBaeMblX ¢aKTOpaMH npOH3BoncTBeHHOR cpe,nw, n p HBneqeHHID K 3TOR npo6neMe HOBblX na6o paTOPH R H cneUHanHCTOB pa3HOro npo¢H~R- 06 3TOM CBHneTenb CTByeT onblT Tex cTpaH, rne TaKaR yHH¢HKaUHR y • e ocymecTaneHa . OnHoR H3 OCHOBHblX sa,naq TOKCH KOnoro a RBnReTCH ycTaHoaneHHe 3aKOHOMepHOCTeR Me • nY CTpOeHHeM, $H3HKO-XHl•!HqecKHMH CBOf"ICTBaMH aeme cTB H HX 6HOnOrHqecKOR aKTHBHOCTbID, TOKCHq HOCTbID H npyrHMH CBORCTBaMH. 3TO cosnaeT OCHOBY n n R n p orH03HPOBaHHR 83 TOKCHqHQCTH H onacHOCTH HOB~X semecTB, a TaK•e MO.eT Hcnonb3OBaTbCH npH CHHTe3e HOB~X MaTepHanos. nnH oTnen&H~x rpynn semecTB B~HsneH~ npenen&H~e 3aKOHOMepHOCTH. OHH C ycnexoM HCnon&3YWTCH npH onpeneneHHH OpHeHTHposoqH~X 0e3onacH~X YPOBHeA BO3neACTBHH. OnHaKO 3TOrO HenocTaToqHQ nnH nporHO3HPOBaHHH OTnaneHH~X 3¢¢eKTOB. H3B€CTH~ non~TKH HaATH CBH3b KaHueporeHHoro neAcTBHH semecTB C 3neKTPOHHOA KOH¢HrypauHeA MOneKyn H cnoco0HOCTbW o6pa3OBaHHH CBO0onH~ panHKanoB. B pe3yn&TaTe nonyqeH~ naHH~e, CBHneTeflbCTBYWmHe nHWb O HeKOTOpOM COOTBeTCTBHH Me-ny 6HonorHqecKHM neACTBHeM H ¢H3HKO-XHMHqecKHMH CBOACTBaMH. H.IT. ny0HHHH (27), H.B. CaHOUKHA H B.H. ¢OM€HKO (9) npHsonHT Knacc~ XHMHqecKHX coenHHeHHA, cpenH KOTOP~X HaH0onee qacTO B~HBflHIDTCH KaHueporeH~, MyTareH~ H TepaToreH~. EeccnopHo, qTo cospeMeHH~X 3HaHHA O CBH3HX KaHueporeHHoro, MyTareHHoro, 3M6pttoToKcHqecKoro H TepaToreHHoro neACTBHH co CTPYKTYPOA MOneKyn~ semecTsa eme KpaAHe HenocTaToqHo. CnenyeT npH3HaTb orpaHHqeHHblMH HaWH 3HaHHH OTHOCHTenbHO cnoco6HOCTH MHOrHX 0HonorHqecKHX ¢aKTOPOB npOH3BOnCTB€HHOA cpen~ B~3~BaTb oTnaneHH~e . nocnencTBHH. Kaca!OlllH€CH a¢naTOKCHHOB, aHTH6HOTHKOB, ropMOHOB, BHTaMHHOB, H€KOTOP~X anKanoHnos, npyrHX nponyKTOB •H3HeneHTen&HOCTH nnecHeB~X rpH6OB H pacTeHHA, C yqeTOM nOCTOHHHOro ysenHqeHHH qHcna 6HonorHqecKHX BpenHOCTeA B IlPOH3BoncTBe IlO3BOflHWT cqHTaTb HccnenosaHHH B 3TOA o0nacTH BeC&Ma nepcneKTHBH~MH. YcnOBHH Tpyna B npoMblIDneHHOCTH H cenbCKOM XO3HACTBe xapaKTepH3YIDTCH onHoBpeMeHH~M, KOM0HHHPOBaHHblM H KOMnneKCHblM BO3neACTBHeM ¢aKTOpOB IlPOH3BoncTBeHHOA cpen~. 3TO O0CTOHTenbCTBO CTaBHT npo0neMy CHHeprH3Ma (HnH noTeHUHPOBaHHH) H qacTOT~ OTnaneHH~X nocne~CTBHA IlPH pa3nHqH~X BHnax BO3neACTBHH. 8 CBH3H C HenocTaTOqHQCTbID HH¢OpMaUHH no 3TOMY sonpocy Heo0xonHMhl ueneHanpasneHH~e HccnenosaHHH B 3TOM HanpasneHHH. 84 cnHCOK nHTEPATYP~ 1 . Montesano, R. & Tomatis, L. Legislation concerning chemical carcinogens in several industrialized countries. Cancer research, 37: 310-316 (1977). 2. International Labour Conference on Labour. Convention 139. Convention concerning prevention and control of occupational hazards caused cy carcinoqenic substances and agents. Geneva, ILO, 1974. 3. MeTO,nN ycTaHOBneHHR .nonycTHMblX ypOBHeA BO3,neACTBHR npo¢eCCHOHanbHNX ape,nHOCTeA. CepHR TeXHHqeCKHX ,noKna.nos BO3 ~ 601. BceMHpHaR opraHH3aUHR 3,npaaooxpaHeHHR, ~eHeaa, 1978. 4. KaraH ~ . c. 0 KOMnneKCHOM KOnHqecTBeHHOM nonxo.ne K H3yqeHHW Bpe,nHOCTH neCTHUHnOB. - 8 KH.: I'HrHeHa npHMeHeHHR, TOKCHKOnorHR neCTHUHnos H KnHHHKa OTpaBneHHA. BNn. 6 . KHeB, 1968, C. 81-93. 5. Medved, L.I. Classification of pesticides. In: conference on modern trends in the prevention of pesticide intoxications. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1972, pp. 25-27. 6. EoqKOB H. n . MeTo.n perHCTpaUHH XPOMOCOMH~X a6eppauHA KaK 6HonorHqecKHA HH,nHKaTop BO3,neAcTBHR ¢aKTOPOB OKpylKawmeA cpe.nN: peKOMeH.naUHH. - M.: HH-T Me.n.reHeTHKH, 34 c. MeTo.n. 1974.- 7. Bridges, B.A. et al. 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ITHnHHCKaH M.A. QHTOreHeTHqecKoe neRCTBHe UHHe6a H UHpaMa Ha COMaTHqecKHe KneTKH qenoBeKa. - B KH.: reHeTHKa H ceneKUHH Ha YKpaHHe. KHeB: HayKOBa nY~Ka, 1971, q_ I~ c. 11-21. 24. norOCHHU E.E . . OCHOBHNe HanpasneHHH H 3anaqH reHeTHqecKHX HCcnenoBaHHR B OHKOnorHH. - Bonp. OHKOn., 1972, ~ ~. c. 8 ~15. 25 . PanonopT H.A. ~apMaKonorHH: 1966, c. 7-46. TOKCHKOKHHeTHKa. - B KH. : TOKCHKOnorHH. M.: BHHHTH, 26 . TpaxTeH6epr H.M. H np. ITpHMeHeHHe MHKpocneKTpanbHOro aHanH3a KynbTYP KneTOK nnH oueHKH cpaBHHTenbHOR TOKCHqHQCTH HOBNX XHMHqecKHX BemecTB. - rHr. H caH., 1976, ~ .!.2., c. 54-56. 87 27. MoneKynRpHble MexaHH3Mbl reHeTHqecKHX npoueccoa. MyTareHe3 H penapaUHR/ 0TB. pen. H.n. ny0HHHH, M.: HayKa, 1976. - 324 c. 28. Warkany, S. Conqenital malformations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, _§i(1): 73-76 (1973). 29. no6poaonbCKHA fl.A., 6opOBHKOBa H.M., CBaTKOB B.H. XpOHHqecKoe KOM0HHHPOBaHHOe neACTBHe panHaUHOHHOro H TeMnepaTypHoro HnH XHMHqecKoro ¢aKTOPOB Ha nnonoBHTOCTb Kpblc.- B KH.: Te3Hcbl Bcecol03. KOH¢. "OTnaneHHble nocnencTBHR H oueHKa PHCKa BO3neACTBHH panHaUHH". M.: MHH3npaB CCCP, HH-T 0HO¢H3HKH, 1978, c. 138-140. 30. CaHOUKHA H.B., YnaHOBa H.n. KpHTepHH BpenHOCTH B rHrHeHe H TOKCHKOnorHH npH oueHKe onaCHOCTH XHMHqecKHX coenHHeHHA. - M.: MenHUHHa, 1975. 31. PaHHee BblHBneHHe npH3HaKOB HapyweHHH 3nOPOBbH, Bbl3BaHHoro npo¢eCCHOHanbHblMH BpenHOCTHMH. 88 CepHR TeXHHqecKHX noKna~OB BO3 ~ 571. BceMHpHaR opraHH3aU.HR 3npasooxpaHeHHR, )f"eHeaa, 1975. npHno~eHHe 2 · cnHCOK yqACTHHKOB BpeMeHH~e COBeTHHKH ~-pH. qepHO3eMCKH, HHCTHTYT OHKOnorHH, Co¢HH, 6onrapHH ~-p K.P. Duncan, nHpeKTOp Me~HUHHCKHX cny~O, HcnonHHTenbHbIA KOMHTeT no oxpaHe 3nopOBbH H _0e3onaCHOCTH Tpy~a, noH~OH, CoenHHeHHOe KoponeBCTBO BenHKO0PHTaHHH H CesepHOR HpnaH~HH npo¢. D. Furon, HHCTHTYT npo¢eCCHOHanbHOA rHrHeH~, flHnnb, ¢paHUHH ~-p K.I. Hemminki,HHCTHTYT npo¢eccHOHanbHO8 rHrHeH~, XenbCHHKH, ¢HHnHH~HH (3aMeCTHTenb npe~cenaTenH) npo¢.J.Indulski, nHpeKTOP, HHCTHTYT npo¢eccHoHanbHO8 rHrHeH~, non3b, nonbwa npo¢. H.¢. H3MepoB, nHpeKTOP, HHCTHTYT rHrHeH~ Tpy~a H npo¢3a6oneBaHH8, MOCKBa, CCCP (npence~aTenb) ~-p B.E. KOBWHno, Ha~anbHHK, rnaBHOe caHHTapHO- 3ITHneMHOnOrHqecKoe ynpasneHHe, MHHHCTepCTBO 3npasooxpaHeHHH CCCP, MocKsa, CCCP ~-p G. Konetzke,UeHTpanbH~A HHCTHTYT npo¢eCCHOHanbHO8 rHrHeH~, 6epnHH- flHXTeH6epr, repMaHCKaH ~eMOKpaTHqecKaH Pecny6nHKa 89 ITpo¢. ~.H. KyHnHeB, nHpeKTOp, KHeBCKHR HayqHo- HccnenoBaTenbCKHA HHCTHTYT rHrHeH~ Tpyna H npo¢ecCHDHanbH~X 3a6oneBaHHA, KHeB, CCCP n-p V.Mathies, Bpaq-cneuHanHcT, XeHKenb nTn., XaH, ¢enepaTHBHaH Pecny6nHKa repMaHHH n-p G.Ungvary, PYKOBOllHTenb, ceKUHH TOKCHKOnOrHH, HaUHOHanbHbIR HHCTHTYT npo¢eCCHOHanbHOR rHrHeH~, Ey~anewT, BeHrpHH ITpo¢.P. Shubic, ueHTp paKa, HHCTHTYT TOKCHKOnOrHH H xHMHOTepanHH, reRnenb6epr, ¢enepaTHBHaH Pecny6nHKa repMaHHH (noKnanqHK) ~-p R.J. Sram, HHCTHTYT rHrHeH~ H 3nHneMHonorHH, ITpara, qexocnoBaKHH r-H R.M.Stern, naTCKHA HHCTHTYT CBapKH, rnocTpyn, naHHH n-p H.H.Tj¢nn, nHpeKTOpaT HHCTT€KUHH Tpyna, Ocno, HopBerHH r-H L.Tomatis, Me)l(,I(yHaponHoe areHTCTBO no H3yqeHHID paKa, nHoH, ¢paHUHH n-p V.Vicente Martin, MHHHCTepCTBO 3npaBooxpaHeHHH H couHanbHoro o6ecneqeHHH, ManpHn, HcnaHHH npencTaBHTenH npyrHx opraHH3aUHA n-p M.Stilon de Piro, Me)l(,I(yHaponHaH opraHH3aUHH Tpyna, ~eHeBa, lliBeRuapHH EBponeRcKoe perHoHanbHOe 6wpo BO3 90 n-p M.H. M.Hxees, perHoHanbH~R cneUHanHcT, oxpaHa 3llOPOBbH pa6oqHx (ceKpeTapb) r 1111I~ Iii~ Ill~ Ill! Ill~ 11111111~ ll!l/ 11111 11 '-.--. .. 00000 05 .. ~ -
Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) · Publications
Отдаленные и хронические последствия воздействия химических веществ на здоровье в условиях производства: отчет о совещании ВОЗ, Киев, 21–24 октября 1980 года
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