Short-term impact of pyraclofos (OMS 3040) on the non-target fauna of a West African forest stream

T.IORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL PROGRAMME OCP INSECTICIDE RESEARCH UNIT BoUAKE, COTE DTTVOTRE and OCP HYDROBIOLOGY TEAM oUAGADoUGOU, BURKTNA FASO REPORT 9/88 SHoRT-TERM II'IPACT OF PYRACLoFOS (OMS 3040) ON THE NoN-TARGET FAUNA OF A WEST AFRICAN FOREST STREAI'I INSECTICIDE CHEMICAL GROUP FORMIILATION MANUFACTURER pyraclofos (OMS 3O4O) (TIA-23) organophosphate 502 EC LoT 039 Manuf. date 2184 Rectd L3llll87 Takeda Chenlcal Industrles, Ltd. 1. General remarks ReporE 2188 gLves the detalls of the evaluatlon of thls product againsE the target organism (larvae of Simulium damnosum). Pyraclofos was found Eo be effect,ive againsE the target at 0.1 ng/l-lO nln. There rdas no cross-resisEance with tenephos-reslstanE stralns. The present report. glves resulEs concernlng the non-targeE fauna 2. Materials and Eethods 2.L. Pyraclofos was EesEed in nultiple gutters (Troubat, 1981 and see Annex 1 for general descrlptlon) ln paralle1 with Eemephos, chlorphoxim and phoxim. 2.2. The experlment t.ook place near the village of Monnekoi on the River Kossan, an affluenE of the Comoe Rlver, in souEhern Cote d'Ivoire from 1O- 12 February 1988. The rlver was low (0.: m3 /sec) and cool (25-26oC). The water was sllght1y acld (pH 6.4 - 6.5) and clear (less than 5 JTU) wlth an lntermedlate conductlvity (59.5 - 64.9 us/cm). In general lt would be descrlbed as a small forest rlver under dry season condlElons. 2.3. Informatlon concernlng the insectlcldes used is glven 1n Table 1. 2.4. The guEEers \^,ere colonized the 10/2 and not disturbed until LLl2 in order to aIlow the fauna to become establlshed in Ehe new habitat. ComposiEton in each gutter is given ln Table 2. After Ehe lower ends of ghe gutters were closed with net.s, tte lnsecElcide soluEions were added for 10 mlnuEes and Ehe drlft collected aE lnEervals correspondlng to che expecEed detachmenE up go 24 hours after the application. Then, the remaining animals in the gutters were also collected. 3 Resul t. s 3.1. General remarks The drifElng organlsms as well as those remalnlng 1n each gutter were idenEified to che famlly level. The results are EabulaEed ln Eables 3 - 9. The families were grouped 1n orders. In calculatlng the percentages of detachmenE, a disElnction was made beEween target and non-target fauna. A theoretical detachment based on a standardized faunal composiEion for all the gutters was calculated. The resulEs differ only very sllghtly fron t.hose calculaEed dlrectly as the conpositlon was very uniform among Ehe gutters. The dynamics of Ehe drift is shown graphically in Figures 1 6 3.2. Results in each guEter. 3.2.L ConErol (Gutter 7) (Table 9) The detachment was relatively high (25.82) wit,h a strong component of Epheneropt,era (35.8"A) and Trlchoptera (30.3"1) in the drlft of non-target fauna. The control detachment ls more commonly of Ehe order of LO'(. In the river itself, Ehe natural drift collected wlth a twin net was essentially donlnated by Chironomidae. The Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera were only weakly represented. It. ls thus posslble that the fauna in the troughs was not yet well-established after the colonization. 2 Pyraclofos (OMS 3O4O) 0.05(Tables 3, 4, 5. ) o.0lo, o.15 mg/1-10 mln* (GuEters L,2,3 .2. 3). 2 The inEensity of the drlft was only slightly increased at in Chlronomldae shortly t,he dose of aftero.05 mg/1-1o nin, mainly by an j-ncrease EreaEment. In the gutt.er Ereated aE 0.1 mg/l-10 min, the anplltude of the detachmenE ls greater but Ehe acuEe phase appeared aE Ehe same Elme as ln the preceding gutter. AlEhough the Chironomidae made a peak of drlft in rhis case too,1t was especlally the Philopotamidae whlch lnfluenced the global inEensiry of the drift. They constituted by themselves 26"4 of the detaching fauna. This same famlly of Trlchoptera is also sErongly represenEed (2O%) in the drlfE in rhe gutter Ereated at 0.15 mg/1-10 min. *acEive lngredient. 33.2.3 Temephos (G4) (Tab1e 6 ) The peak of detachmenE appeared afEer EhaE caused by Ot'{S 3O40 and was of lower amplltude. The lntensit.y of the drlf t rdas relatlvely weak, influenced especially by Chironomidae, Hydropsychldae, Philopotamidae and BaeEldae. The globa1 percent deEachmenE of Ehe non-target fauna was in the neighbourhood of 30, a value very close Eo thaE observed generally in gutters wlth thls larvicide (Dejoux and Troubat, L976; Dejoux, 1978; Gibon and Troubat, L982; Yarn6ogo et a1, 1986). 3.2.4 Chlorphoxlm (c5) (Table 7 ) The detachment under the lmpacE of Ehis larvicide was higher than those caused by t.he trdo precedlng compounds. TricoryEhidae, Phllopotamidae, and Chironouidae were the most affecEed. The intenslty of the drift was largely a functlon of Ehe drift of individuals of these families In a general wayr the data obtained durlng chlorphoxim are comparable to those already known Gibon and Troubat, 1980; Yam6ogo, L982>. Ehis experlment(Dejoux eE a1, withL979; 3.2.5 Phoxin (c6) Table 8) The impact of this larvicide at t,he dose used was very close to that of chlorphoxim. The Trlcorythidae, Phllopotamldae, and Chironomldae are the mosE ef f ected and t.hus inf luence t.he most the lntenslty of the drif t. The global percentage of deEachment, is not slgnlflcantly dlfferent frou that of chlorphoxin. 4 Discussion The relative cotrposition of the non-target fauna 1s cornparable beEween gutters for the most parl--. Only gutEers G4 and G7 are sltghtly different from Ehe others but are comparable Eo each ot.her (Tab1e 2>. The guEEers were installed in th6 same flow condlElons. The only differences were the larvicide applied and the dose. Therefore, a difference in Ehe observed det.achment must be explalned by Ehe difference in the lmpac t of the various larvi cldes . Thus, ln Ehe guEter treaEed wlth pyraclofos at 0.O5 r0g/1 the deEachmenE 1s not slgnif icantly different from that in Ehe control There is no perceptlble inpact aE thaE dose. global gutter. At twlce EhaE dose, corresponding Eo the estluaE.ed operaEional dose(O.10 nC/1-I0 min) the effecE of pyraclofos 1s notlceable, being more severe Ehan Ehat of Eemephos at. Ehe same dose, but less than that of chlorphoxim at 0.O5 rrg/1-10 min and phoxlm at Orl mg/1-10 uin. The difference 1s essentially due to the sEronger toxlclty of chlorphoxim and phoxiu for t.he EphemeropEera and Chironomldae. 4Pyraclofos aE O.15 ng/I-IO mln does not cause a detachmenE to Ehe same product at 0.10 ng/1-10 mln. The impact of Ehls organophosphaEe on lnverEebrates at. Ehe doses Eested can be raEed lntermedlate. The Baetldae, Phllopotamidae, and Gerridae are Ehe lnvertebrates Ehe most, affecEed, but Ehe shorE-Eerm detachment of organisms ln gutters does not presage a drastlc and irreversl-ble Ehe river ln the medlum-term (several weeks of t.reatment). Less Ehan 24 hours after Ereatment, already reEurned to the normal Ievel. the lnt,enslEy of the drlf t had as superior these effecE ln The temephos, for which lmpacE of pyraclofos, even though slightly hlgher than EhaE of remalns less t.han that of chlorphoxim, the operatlonal product pyraclofos 1s the possible replacement. Conclusions5 The 5O% EC formulation of pyraclofos has a llmited shorE-term lmpact on aquatlc invertebrates. As noted above, Ehls impact ls less than that of chlorphoxin and does not. porEend an irreversible blological disequilibrium in Ehe ruedlum teru. From anot.her standpoint, no parEicular effecE on fish or Macro- crusEacea was observed ln river appllcations. In the river, lf the intensiEy of the drift lncreased under the effecc of the pesticide, the increase is short-llved; which should allow the fauna to reconstltute ltseIf before the next appllcatlon. Leavlng aside Ehe results of acuEe toxlcit.y t.ests on fish, which are not yeE complete, the present, data lndicate Ehat pyraclofos has an acceptable toxicity for the non-target aquatlc fauna. 0uagadougou Apr11, 1988 L. Yan6ogo(rranslared from Doc. oCP/VCU/HYBIO/88.3) Table I, Insecticldes tested 1n parallel in nultiple gutterg ln Fehuarry, 1988 at Monnekol on the Koesa,n Blver, C0te tlrlvolre Laryicldes llanufactrrer tr'o:mulatlon;(ng/r/ro :ra)Dose I ! lI I I I I I I I I faketla Chenl-cal Trr: clustries Ltd - 'o.05 - 0.orpyraclofos 5cD6 w - o.15 tenephos 0.1 Procltla 2Ol w I I I I o.05 2q6 wchlorphorLn Bayer phorim I I I I II 0.1 Sayer 5% E d*t' tr I Il II II I I I I ! I I I I I I ',1 Table 2. Relatlve oonpoaltlon of organlsns ln the d.lfferent guttens Gutter G1 I I I t t I I e&. e, G4 e5 6 .e7 Bpheneroptera Chlronomldae Trlchoptera Mlscellaneous L9,98 20.2 2 0. 7 20.2 I I ! I I I I I I I t II I ! I III 20.1 I t I I I I II I I I I I I I t III 1g ,8 a 7 7 a II II I I II I I II t I IIII 26.L 44.4 20., 5.8 40.2 ,6 29 09 g2 55 ,7.O' 4r.4 ,2 ,7 a 5 7 a 26,2 a 29 5 22 o , a 29.8I 10.7 9 9 a q 719 6.4 6 ,4 '{' I I I I I I I I I I I Il I II I I a I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ! I I I I II I I I II I :l o oEU o v luE o o:E E c o .i Fis 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 0ynamics of detachment of non_tanget aquatic fauna aften tneatment xlth pynaclofos at 0.05mg,/l-10 mln (Honnekol L,/o?/AB - Tneatment at 12h05) A + 7hs5 rh55 10h05 12h35 13120 t1h05 14h50 t6h05 17h35 20h05 2ah05 6h $ tzh o i I -.1 I I -l I -1 I i -t A t -1 Temps (heunes) Chlronomlclae o phllopotamldae a Faune totale E o, ooU oE' o ot!, !,c o o = Fig.2 Dynamics of detachment of non_tanget aquatic fauna aften tneatment t00 90 80 70 60 50 a0 30 20 t0 0 Hlth pynaclofos at 0.10m9/1-10 nln (Honnekol LL/O?/AA - TFeatn€nt at tAh05) 7h5!t filltt r Ba€tldae A A+ l0ht5 tar35 l:h20 t{h05 tah50 ltholl 17h35 20h05 2rlh05 Telps lheurcel -i Chlnonomlda€ o phuopot6nldle 6h !}l l2lr t Ba€tldae a Faune totBle E o cU(o oE a lD)t Ec o oz Fig 100 90 80 tt) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 l I I I --l I I I -1 It i ! -i I -l l 3 !ynamics of detachment of non_tanget aquatlc fauna aften tneatment ylih pynacl,ofos at 0.15m9,/i-10 mIn (Honnekol 11/0"/BB - Tneatment at 12h05) A 7h!t5 th55 A + r Ba€tldae 10h30 tAr3!, 1:1h20 t,lh05 t,lh50 16h05 17h35 20h05 2,1h05 Tempe lheunesl{ Chlnonomldae o phllopotanldae 5h !n tar a Faune totale A A <) o ot th I}l tar Flg.4 Dynamics of detachment of non_tanget aquatlc fauna aften tneatment xlth temephos at 0.10m9/l-t0 rnln (Monnekol tL/ua/g8 - Tneatm€nt at 12h051?6 24 + E 0, t a{ 6,Lt 0) 6 ,E' E' c $ o oz ??- 20- 18- 16- 14- t?- 10- B_ 6- 4 2 0 o ! OI_|-.H I I 10h35 14135 l$ao 1fi05 trft5o rer05 l7h3!, 20h05 2,1h05 TeEps (heuncsl -{ Chlnono,oldte o phllopotarlda€ 7h!5 Olslt r Baetldae a Fruns totr16 E 0,E o6 u ou u ofE E E o a; z. Fig.5 Dynamlcs of detachment of non_tanget aquatlc fauna aften tneatment !rlth chlonphoxlm at 0.005m9,/I-10 mln (tlonnekol 77/02/88 - TneatEent at 12h05) 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 It0 100 90 BO 70 60 50 40 30 20 t0 0 7hllll th55 t0fi50 t?r35 l:h20 l/lh05 14h50 l6ar05 t7h35 20h05 24h05 6h $ tAl -1 AA -.1 Temps (heures) Chlronoartclae o phllopotamldae Ftg.6 Dynamics of detachment of non_tanget aquatlc fauna aften tneatment xlth phoxlB 0.10"r9ll-10 mln (Honnekol ll/02/6A - TpestDent at 12h05) A 7h!r!l fig, r Baetldas A Faune totale or$lAr ^ E' 6,Eo lEU o!t :o o)!, EE ct o e10 200 100 t80 t70 160 t50 110 t30 120 u0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A + llh lat:I' r:he0 t{hos t/h!,o laho! t7h3!l 20h05 2&0!i Tenps (heunes){ Chlnonorldre o phllopot8.ld.er Ba€tldrr A Frun€ total€ flTETEgilaic.BsErEt!= H BBi =85'S=rr HEf,?EEE 9?? 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I st: irD s:-a? 4s a ; = a a a 5n 6 a td * n 3t B n :i a $ a + a Et * 5 I 9 E 5 4 # tE-- B;A "-, Elr "-, A + F ?*, Li -ir g=SEE H * -Ea 3E*d!8:F s---titi% F FIJa 8 ts*= 6 E.-"., gs I ts : s 5- F - -s Bab tB aaas.:tg 6 1', ., l* ;E irB BtB E; 3ts s t =c + iE vE* -,,*A e!r =it9ig-Q l*r: sd9;1t{6[ rElid4t Ea -a -!!H[: 4--= e lBts=5 Y trtt! 4 a 4 B -9 ,d 4 ,A -; aI .J , I c E n Eti 6 EI E =a '9 n ,*E v n - s a ETI t I , + i HE E:Eilaac.B =t *:8 F BB 3a I E 9?? E4s E- E5I 1.:rx a 3:- ,3EFF}=EiFlig# Ba S =! = =Et4r=tr il=,s =-8 -EEB8E4q R9 g :- E] t F,.AEflI q F:.E'J g s{ ^<trrP= BBBS* j-ii, e9fFeaaPEfiHeiE=*= ., :'" i;?a=e I F,2 s;8 it !1 8-i:ic B H:-' ::- i -. I B E il }E E S-aH-= *E tsEEa -a @*---18@ FFFId Ff&Ja-B h-*6=*t-l 6 a-6;-- a8-s-.8 9- EP ANNEX 1 METHODS OF EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF SIMULIIJM LARVICIDES AGAINST NON_TARGET ORGANIS},1S PARALLEL GUTTERS This technlque ls based on the measurement of the drifE (detachment.) of benthlc aquat.lc organism. Thls phenomenon occurs naturally in a daily cycle, but ls very much increased by the pa$sage of toxic materlals. The gutter (a secEion of PVC plpe 2m long by L2 cm in dlaneter) rePresenEe a sEretch of river ln minlature. It ls placed ln the rlver 24 hours before the appllcatlon of lnsectlclde and colonlzed by adding natural supports (stones, grass, eEc.) wlth adherlng organlsns. The larvlcide soluEions are prepared ln plastlc containers so as to obtaln the adequate gutEer dosesfor a flow of 10 mlnutes. After closing the upstream end of the gutEer just before the contaminatlon, neEs are placed ln the downstream end and detaching organlsms are collecEed aE lntervals after the passage of the lnsecticide. This method t.hus permiEs an analysis of the dynanlcs the lnsecElcides, as well as Ehe global reduct,lon of each organlsms. of the effects of group of r) 2) s) REFERENCES I)cjoux C. et Troubat J.J., 1976 - insecr. i cides organophosphor6s sur en milieu tropical. Bepp Dejoux ques. V Bouak6 comp ar6.c de deux aquatique non-cible Toxicit6 ta faune ort ron6o. ORSTOM Bouak6 No 1, 60 p. C., 1978 - Action de trAbate sur les . Effets des premiers traitements de 19 z 9 p. Invert6br6s la Maraou6. aquati- ORSTOM 3) Dejoux C., Elouard J.M., LevGque C., Troubat J.J., lgTg - La lutte contre Simulium damnosum en Afrique de lrOuest et Ia pro- tection du milieu aquatique. c.R. du congrds de Marseitle sur la Iutte confre les insectes en milieu tropical, II : 873-883. 4) Gibon F.M. er Troubar J.J., 1982 - Effers du sur les invert6br6s aquatiques. I : toxicit6 e t du t6m6phos su I fone. ORSTO !p"ek6 , 48 : t6.a6.phos sulfone compar6e du t6m6phos 8 p. multigr. Troubat J.J. 1981 Dispositif i gouttiires rnult.ipl,es desrin6 i tesrer toxicit6 des insecticides vis-!uis des invert6br6s !"_ef!g la aquat iques. 3s:-:_!rd robiol. crop. 14 (2) z r49-t52. 6) Yam6ogo L., 1982 SurveiIlance du milieu aquatique en connexion avec des tests de nouveaux larvicides antisimuIidiens. 3_a-p-p_g:J Consultant _9!!l_9S3, ouagadougou non pub 1i6 27 p. mu 1t igr. 7) Yam6ogo L-, Lev6que c., Trao16 K. et Fairhurst c.p., 1986. Dix ans de surveillance de la faune aquatique des riviEres dtAfrique de lrouest trait6es contre les vecteurs drOnchocercose huma ine. ( Texte pr6sent6 i la 2A conf6rence internat iona le des entomologistes df expression franqaise Trois-RiviEres, Qu6bec, Canada).