Simple epidemiological evaluation: manual of procedure

l,*t{ A TIORLD BEALIIIi ORGANIZATION t ORGANISATION UONDIALIc url LA DArrrE I i I [., t t Stople Epl.dentologlcal Evaluatl_on HAITUAL OT PROCEDURE t OCP/EPI 1986 t t the 1.1. L.2. 1,3. 1.4. 1.5. 1 .5. L.7 . 2,L. 2.2. 2.3 1. PREPARATION OF THE TRIP In preparlng the plan for a slnple evaluatlon round the team leader ehould bearfollowlng polnts ln mlnd: Evaluatlons must be conducted durlng the dry season. In the ralny seasonfarmers are busy ln the ftelds and only a few people would be avallable for examlnatlon. Moreover, some vlllages are lnaccesslble at that Elme ofyear. To ensure maxlmum collaboratlon by the populatlon, vlllage authorltles should be lnformed of the impendlng evaluatlon and if posstble of thepreclse date of the teamrs arrlval. The tean shourd arrlve in each vlllage durlng the afternoon of the dayprecedlng the evaluatlon tn order Eo moblllze the populatlon. Even an experlenced tean cannot examlne more than 300 people in a day. A patEern of one dayrs travel alternatlng wlth one day of evaluatlon lsldeal unless the evaluatlon of one or rnore vlllages wlth populatlons of over3O0 ls planned ---- '-'l---' 1rnfornatlon should be collected on the negotiability of roads and t,racks sothat travel times can be calculated realistlcally. In case of a follow-uP evaluatlon obtaln from the statlstlcal unlE theof people examlned durlng the baseline survey of all vlllages includedthe rravel plan and carry those liete tn the fleld. 2. APPROACH TO THE VILI,AGE ltst 1n As soon as the tean arrlves ln a vlllage, the Chlef and the Secretary of thevlllage should be contacted, together wlth any other persong of noEe (e.g.t,eacher or health asslstant) who are present. Explatn to thetr the purposeof the evaluatlon and mentlon that treatnent of att slck people will beglveu free of charge at the end of each dayrs work. In most vlllages the key person w111 be the SecreEary, whose responsibllltylt w111 be to lnform heads of famllles of the lmpending examinatlon andarrange for then to be Present the followlng morntng wittr all the members ofthelr fanllles. If the vlllage ls belng evaluated for the flrst t1me, collect informatlon onthe nuober of famlll-es, thelr slze and duratlon of thelr resldence in thevlllage frou the Secretary and complle a llst of fanillee gelected for Eheexanlnatlon follonlng the crtterla expressed ln paragraph 5.L.2. In ghe caseof a follow-uP evaluatlon this lnfornatton and the list will be avallablefron the prevlous survey forms. Glve the Ilst of fanllles to be examlned to the Secretary and ask hln tocontact the head of farnllles lncluded ln the llst and arrange for Ehem to bepresent the followlng day early ln the mornlng (at least by g.0o a.m.) aEthe survey slte (for the chorce of the r,rrr"y-rite see paragraph 3.r) wlthall members of their famlly. I 2.4 , {t page 2 2'5' rf the vlIlage te too large for the Burvey to be cotrpreted tn one day, makesure that the famlllee convened for t.he next mornlng do not, total uore than3oo indlvlduars, leavlng the rest to be examined the day after. N'B' Becauee of the longltudlnal nature of Ehe study (vlllages are followed for 15years)' lt 18 essenElal io lmpress upon t,he Eeamr" ""r,"u"-;i;i;".", upon rhe vtlragechlef and secretary, and upon heads of fautltes the need to exaulne the entlre.y ofEhe populatlon selected tn each vlllage. rf the percenEaBe of non-attendance ls Eoohlgh' the daEa collected w111 be ueanlngless. An addlEloual effort should be nade ineach follow-up vlllage to examine all tidtvtduals thar are lncruded in the llst ofthe peopre examrned durlng the baserrne survey (see paragraph r.7). 3. SET-UP OF THE TEAI"I FOR AN EVALUATION i FAUTLY ITINEBTRY UINER.ARY.OF..POB}IS )t. srAR!: $rip talciqg VLqnl Aority resg Rqrirrrr o amcrecoptc narrlyAEiqf Ef) h"m"ifrae a6o ttrr5, I ,l t 3.1 3.2, 4.1. Page 3 Use a shady outdoor area or the school butldlng or a comblnatlon of both. Fanllles w111 be called one at a tlme, but sotre may contaln over 1Oo people so leave sufflctent space between the dlfferent examtnatlon posts. 4. GUIDELINE OF A VILLAGE FORM To facllltate the ftlllng of the 'vlllage form" whlch nust be prepared after each vlslt (slnple or detalled evaluatlon) the naln ltems are enutreratedbelow' Please treat them ln the order lndlcated below so as to standardlsethe presentat,lon of the forms.Each form wheEher summary or detalled, shouldbe slgned by lts author(s). AE the top left hand: At the top rlght hand: Nane of vlllage (followed by lts code nunber) Latltude and longttude sltuatlon Councll Dlstrict Reglon. 4.2. DaEe of vlslt and no. of ss €o 4 .3. Pu se s t: or detatled evaluatlon (wlth posslble Justlflca-n 4.4. Onchocerciasls Focus: Naue of rlver or tribuEary rlver. catchlng polnt (with no. of code). Nearest entomologtcal 4.5. 4ccess: Itlnerary: state of the road. 4.6. Worklng condltlons: Settlenent. 4.7. Naue of the vll1age chtef 4.8. Et,hnlc Grou p (s) and sub-groups 4.9. Populatlon:- A Nane of State (followed by correspondlng code). t vallable census data (showlng source and date)PI census data (wlth comnenEs) Ll': As nuch as posslble, these data should be summarlzed in one t,able. 4.l0.IIlsEory and structure (posslbly with plan ln annex). 4.10.1. 4.Lo.2, 4.10.3. 4.10. 4. -E orlgin of the lnhabltants, stages of settlement, contacts wlth the naElvesand/or nodes of land occupancy, tuportant events. Layout' of the houses, lnter-connectlon between the hamlets and the village. Soclal facllltles: school, dlspensary, youth clubs, etc. soclopolltlcal structure: soclal unlts (fanrry, lineage, clan) andpolltlcal organlzatlon (tradltlonal authoriti;;, nodein-authorlty). , tPage 4 Agrlculture: Land tenure system, locatron of farms, modes of work (men,t'omenr chlldren), extenslon servtce bodles (governmentar or non-governmental), product,s harvested. -- other actlvltles: anlmal husbandry, handlcrafts, flshrng, etc. rnfrastructures and structures for trade: roads, markets,market.lng bodles; €tco Present mlgratlons Immlgratlon: numerlcal vol resldence, ac 4.L2.2, Enlgratlon: Slnce when? numerlcal volume, age groups and sex concerned,motlvatlons, envlsaged duratlon.destlnEti6-n, 4 .11. 4 .11.1. 4.LL.2, 4.11.3. 4.L2. 4.L2.L. N. B. slnce when? orlgrn and motlvatrons, modes of settlement, ume, age groups and sex cogcerned, envlsaged duratlon oftlvltles of lmrnlgrants. ,/ As nuch as possrble, all these data should be summarr.zed ln one table. 4.13. 4.13.1. 4.L3.2. 4..13. 3. :x 4.14. Miscerl 4. 15. water: what r{ater rs used (for what) durtng the different perlods of theyear? Relatton to Ehe river and baclwaters (men, women, children). Schoolchlldren: The youth In general. other parElcurar problems (modes of sreep, food, dress, pleasure, etc.) Partlcular problens ane ous notes: Questlons ln abeyance concernlng the study,epldenlology, etc. CENSUS pRocEDURE FOR SIMPLE EVALUATION (FORM 5602) ssage t Annexqs:. Map of the area, photographs (aerral or others), translatlons ofrecorded dlscusslons, age py.rrid, ut". 4.16. For an example of the collectlon of general lnformaElon on a village see 5.1. 5.1.1. Annex 1. 5. Ilrst pa The equlpment requlred conslsts of: A table, a char.r, some ball-polnt pens,and a supply of s602 forms (see Annex 2 for'"f""rr"n conpleted ln French). N'B' An'tnEerpreter, preferably natlve to t,he vlllage, wlll be needed to help Ehec€nsus officer cope wlth language problens and dlstlig,rr"n tnJigenorrs from non-lndlgenous persons. 5'r'2' only famllles that have been resldlng in the vlllage for a uLnlmum of flveyeare and Lntend to stay permanently are included. N'B' rf the trend of onchocerctaels prevalence ie to be properly reflected, thepopulatlon studled nust be etable. visltors, nomads, governtrent offlclals and otherPersons only tenporarlly ln the vlllage selected must therefore be excluded from thesanple.; I ea 5. 1. 3. 4 5.1.5. Page 5 The flrst task ln any vlllage ls to conduct a census of the entlrepopulatlon, broken down lnto resLdents present, resldents absent and non- resldents. .Each famtly unlt ls allocated a separate form (or forms tf the nuuber of fanlly membere exceede the spaces allocated ln one forrn). 0n each forn are aet out data concerntng the adnintstrattve dlvislon (State,vlliage and sectlon), the fanlly (ldIntlty number and ethnlc group), and thelndlvldual (nane; s€x, ager presence or absence, and results of sttn-sntp and vLsual examinatlons). Flrst ldentlfy the data sheet by fllllng ln the boxes et the top: 5-g Dateof survey' 9-10 passage No., 1l state , 7z-t4 vtllage, 15-15 seciion (to beconpleted only lf the vlllage contalns more than onej,17-19 Famlry No. and20-22 Erhnlc group (uslng the OCp/EpI llst of ethnlc codes). The body of the forn conslsts of eleven columns (see annex 2), to becompleted as follows: 5.1.5. Flrst column: provlslonal number. On the rlght-hand slde of the column wrlte r and on the left-hand stde, only for exanlnatlon, the skin-snip number. tsfn. the ser lal numbers L, 2, 3, 4 etc. those lndlvlduals who present for 5.1.7. Second column : Nane of eESono In the flrst ll ne wrlte the name of thehe t v n next thaE of Ehe first wlfe, followed by thoseof her chlldren tn order of decreasLng age, then thoee of the second wlfeand her chtldren, etc. Al1 pe rsons sha rlng the householdts dally meal (e.g.nephew, grandchild, wldow) are counted as members of the fanlly. N'B-' Adults are ldentlfled by thelr posltlon wlthln the famlly, and chlldren byreference to thelr parents. ,. Exanpte : 1. Coullbaly Oner 2. OuaEtara Zenabou 3. Coullbaly D6slr€ 4. Traor6 Bernard y:tlF - Head of FamilyWl - l.ItfeCh - Son or daughter Slb - Brother or slster -FR-- Cousln EN - Nephew, nlece, grandson or granddaughterW - Wldow or wldowerPa = Iather or mother 5.1.8. 23-28 Indlvldual nun,ber. The TIF I.I1 ch .FR' x2 1 I l Ke offlc e to enable iEE- dE-ra ro age lndlca generatlon lndlvldual number ls asslgned later on at thebe processed by computer. 5.1.9. 29 Sex. Assign code 1 for male and 2 for female. *x'e person's nallP does not necessarlly reveal hle or her sex and errors arefrequent ln thts regard. Always aek whetirer a chlld is a boy or a glr1. 5.1.10. 3O-31 Age. rf a blrth certlficate or identlty paper is avallable, record theted. rf not, estluate by reference to a person of the saue vho does have one. Otherwise ask the pereon hls age and take I a ll o ,t a the average betlreen hts reply and the census takerts guess. are determlned by the dental formula. Page 6 Chlldrenfs ages etc. t; 5.1.11. 32 Already reglstered. The codlng le as followe: o ' Never reglstered before (Flrst survey rn the village)1 - Already reglstered in the village2 r Born since the laat survey3 - Born before the last Burvey4 - Already regletered tn anotier EpI village. N.B. As.thls 1g a flret passsge, codes 1, 2 and 3 will not be ueed. 5.1.12. 33 Exam Status. The coding ls as follows: 1 - Present durlng the vLslt and examtned2 - Present but refused exanlnatlon3 ' Pregent but not examlned because of old age, lllness, pressure of work,4 - Absent from the vlllage for lees than a year : - Changed resldence to another village6 - Deceased 7 - Absent froru the vLllage for nore than a year. N'B' Codes 5 and 5 wlll be used only on second and eubeequent passages. 5.1.13. 34-39 Illac crest skln-snl s . Report the results of form OCp/D3 (annex 4) onf Ofm. 5.1.14. 4O Vlsua acuL The census clerk ensuree thaE everyone preeentlng for nat on s tested for vlsual aculty, except for chlldren aged O-5 years.The codes O - Good vlslon that w111 be used by the exanlner are aa follows: - Bllnd - Severp vlsual impalrnent - Vlsual lmpalrnent - Does not underst.and the test untestable - Not tested for vleual aculty but underwent skin-enlp exanlnatlon (lncludedchlldren aged O - 5 years). 'Not tested for vteual aculty but reported bllnd by relatlves. B rnformatlon for code 4 cones from observatlons (5.1.15). code 9 and 4 arefllled ln bi the census clerk. 5.1.15. 4l Method. t I 2 3 8 9 4 on the flr(after 24 Thls column is completed only where a skln-snlp that was negatlvest readlng (after 30 nlnutes) ie found posltlve on the """or,dhours). Code 2. 5.1.16. Laet colunn : Obeervations Speclflc mentton ehould be nade, in partlcular, of : (a) The whereaboute, lf knorn, of anyone who le temporarlly abeent or has left thevlllage for good; (b) Any person not presentlng for exanlnatton but reeldent ln the vlllage and knownto be bllnd. a , f, :{ * # Page 7 After you have entered all the partlculars for an lndivtdual, and before hepa6se8 to the Isolatlon tent, put on hts left wrist a plece of stlcking plasternarked wlth his skln-enlp nuublr. 5.2, Second and Subeequent passages (see Annex 3) 5'2'L' The census offlcerfg work beglns ln the offlce wlth the preparatlon of anupdated flle. Indlcate on the Jacket the scheduled date of the vlslt andthe passage nunber (secondr Ehl;d, etc.). copy on to new forms from theprevlous flle the data ln the second, thlrd and fourth colunns: -Name ofperson' , ^23-28 Indlvldual number" a.td '29 sex', "*""pt for person" *rho- r"a" . coded 5 or 6 under "33 Exam. status- on the pa"rlo,r" p""".g". In the flfthcolumn, increase the ages by the tlme elapsei slnce tire prevlous vlslt. rnthe slxth column, '32 Already reglstered-, code 1 for all persons ltsted.The skin-snlp numbers wlll not be aeslgned untll t,he examlnatlon takesplace. 5'2'2' On a second Passagel rr€w reglstratlons wlll lnclude: chlldren born since the . tlrsE passage; wonen newly marrLed lnto a farnlly and comlng from anothervlllage; any farnlly menbers overlooked on the flrsE vlslt; and farnllies thatLere Present durlng the flrst vlslt but had not yet corupleted flve years ofreeldence' on a thlrd or subsequent passage the ltst ls closed except fornew chlldren and new wlves. 5'2'3' Newly reSlsteted persons must be coded 2, 3, or 4 in the slxth column todlstlngulsh them from those already reglsEered on the first vlsit. 5.2.4. 5.2.6. In the seventh column, ellmlnating from the s the prevlous vlslt. '33 Exam. sEatus", codes 5 and 6 are used for anple persons who have left the vlllage or dled slnce :j-r' N'B' 0ften a Person coded 5 on the prevlous vlsit reappears ln the village: ln thatcase the earller flle should be corrected, code 5 berni replaced by 4 or 7 dependlngon the length of the absence. 5'2'5' Any correctlon needed to the daEa recorded on the prevlous passage must beoade ln the fleld and then brought to Ehe attentlon of those responslble forthe conpuEer Processlng. For ttrts tt ls essentlal that the census offlcerkeep a notebook ln whlch all such correctlona are recordedl €ogr I Indlvldual nunber 138432 - Sex 1 on p/lIndlvldual nunber 138720 - Age 4 lnstead of 9 on pIrrdlvldual number 139002 - Eiam. status 7 lnstead /t of5 PlLon when an lndlvldual-changes famlly, movlng for example from Fauily 4 toFanlly 12, enter all hts parttculars on fh" d.t. sheet for Family 12 andcrosa then out under Famlly.4, notlng ln Ehe respectLv" -ou""r.ratto.,"- coluuns -Transferred from F/4; and ..iransferred io F/LZ-. I + Page 86. SNIP TAKING AND TIME RECORDING 6.1. The followlng equlpnent ls needed - A table; - A canvas sheet wlth whlch to rlg up an isolatlon tent; - A Holth type sclerocorneal punch, dlameter 2.5cm; - A lancet; - Curved tweezers - A felt pen; - A watch or chronotreter; - A dropper bottle of dlstllled water; - Cotton-woll swabs; - Gtass slldes wlth shallow werls formed by 12 ralsed ceraulc rings arranged ln 3 rows of four. - Sllde trays each holdtng 3 slldes. 6.2. Before taklng any skln-snips, mark the nunbers 1 - 4 wlth the felt pen lnthe left-hand column of four rlngs on the flrst sllde, 5 - 8 on the secondsllde and so on. - The correspondlng rings ln the mlddie and rlght-hand columns are for the snlps from the left and right lllac crests respectlvely:Put one or two drops of dlstllled water lnto each. I{hen prepared, the flrsttray w111 therefore look llke thls: 5'3' Call out the name of the flrst person llsted on the censua form. Be carefulto check hls ldentlEy by comparlng such features as age and eex lrlth thelndicaElons on the foru and nake sure the number he cirrles on hls wrlsEcorresponds t,o the serlal nuuber on the sllde (nunber 1, as he is the flrstexamlnee). 6'4' In the -lsolatlon tent' dlsinfect both lltac crests wlth an alcohol-soakedswab' Leave Eo dry for a few seconds, then take a snlp from the rlghtcrest, llft lt frou the punch wlth the polnt of the lancet and, wlth thehelp of the tweezers, put it ln the flrsE rlng of the rrght-hand column.Take a snip fron the left lllac crest and put lt ln the flrst rlng of thenlddle column. 6.5. ':'.Proceed ln the Batre way wlth each examlnee. N'B' Take care to check each pereonre tdentity characteristlcs and the nunber on hlsarm and to put the snlps lnto the correct rings. 6'5' As each sllde ls flllede 1.€. after every four palre of enlps, uark besidelt on the tray the tlrne tn houre and mlnuteo so that the nlcroecoplc readlngcan be made 3o rnlnutee later. Then, as each tray of three slidee le filled,send lt to the mr.croscoptstrs tabre to awart exanlnatlon. , .tt Page 86. SNIP TAKING AND TI},IE RECORDING 6.1. 6.2. 6. 3. 6.4. 6. 5. The followlng equlpment ls needed - A table; - A canvas sheet wlth whlch to rlg up an lsolatlon tent; - A llolth type sclerocorneal punch, ii"."t", 2.i".; - A lancet; - Curved tweezera - A felt pen; - A r{atch or chronometer; - A dropper bottte of dfsttlled water; - Cotton-woll swabs; - Glass elrdes wtth ehalrow wells forned by 12 rareed ceramlc ringearranged in 3 rowe of four. - Sllde treys each holdlng 3 elidee. Before taklng any skln-snlps, mark the nurnbers I - 4 wlth the felt pen inthe left-hand corull of ror.'rirrgs on the frrst slrde, 5 - g on the secondsllde and so on... The corresponJing .rngs rn tie-urddre and rrght_handcolumns are for the snlps rro. tt.-left-anJ rigit rlrac "r"rt"-."epectrvely:Put one or two drops of dletllled water rnto "I"i. when prepared, the frrettray w111 therefore look ltke thls: I rr<) tartQ call out thi nzrne^?l ,.h" flrst person ltsted-on the census form. Be carefurto check hle identlty by "orp"ring such featurea as age and eex wlEh thelndlcatlona on the form and oake eure the nunber he carrles on hls urteE ::fii:::ide to the serlal number on the elide (nuuber 1, as t. ie rhe flret rn the leolatlon tent' dlslnfect both l1iac crests wlth an alcohol-soakedswab' Leave to dry for a few seconds, Ehen take a snlp from the rrghtcrest' llft tt from the puncrr wtth the pornt-or-an" lancet and, wrth thehelp of the tweezersr put lt ln the flrat rlng of the rlght-hand column. :ifir: ::il,::"" rhe teft ili;c crest and put rt rn Ehe frr"t ring of the Proceed ln the sene rray wlth each examinee. !'B' Take care to check each personrg tdentlty characterlstlcs and the nunber on hlsarm and to put the enlps lnto the correct rlngs. 6'6' As each sllde ls flllede i.€. after every four palre of enlpe, uark besldelt on the tray the tlne ln hours ana-minuteo so that the nlcroecoplc readingcan be made 3o mlnutes later. Th;;; ""'"""r, tray of three elldee le fllled,eend lt to the mlcroecoprstre tauie'to-awart examlnation. t t ooo @oo ooo ooo ooo @oo ooo @oo @ oo @oo @oo @oo ,6.'l . 7 .L, Page 9 If a person llsted as presenE for examlnatlon does noE cone forward when hls name is calledr leave the two correspondlng rlngs unused and pass on to ghe next number. 7. VISUAL ACUITY TEST For this use two standard cards deplctlng a large and a surall human hand inblack sllhouette on a whlte background. You also need a measuring Eape, 'preferably aE least 5 netres long for convenience, and a sEool for the exanlnee to slt on. Choose a shady but noE Eoo dark place and mark out .. dlstancee of 3 and 5 netres froo where the examlnee will be slttlng, t,hus : Examlnlng ExamineeOfflcer 3rn 5n {'4- Hake sure the examlnee ls not faclng the aun ao that he wiLl not be dazzled.Remember, too, to check chlldrenrs ages as only those over flve years old should beexanined. Use an interpreter 1f necessary. 7 '2' Explaln to the examlnee that to test hls eyeslght you are golng to ask hlrnln whlch dlrectlon the flngers of a hand "r" pol.rting. Show hlm flrst your olrn hand from close up ln directlng the flngei" rrp, forrr, to the left and tothe rlght, and ask hlm each tlme to lndlcate uy a- iesture which way they arepolntlng. Then do the same wlth the cards until yJr, "." sure he hasunderstood. you are ready t,o start the test. 7 '3' SEand on the Ilne you have marked five Eetres fron the examlnee and take thecard wlth the large hand, whlch corresponds at that dlstance to a vlsualaculty of 5/30. Turn the card dlffe.".,t waya, holdlng tt behlnd your backso that the examlnee cannot see your movements and gu-ss, then hold tt tnfront of you and ask hlu each time where the flngerl are polntlng. It3.. You- should prevlously have pracElsed on your own turnLng the card behlnd yourback so that you- yourself always know wlthout iooklng whlch wly lt Ls orlented (buElf ln doubt check rather than rlsk maklng a rnlsEake). Take care too, to turn Ehecard at randoru and noE follow any regulai partern (e.g. clockwlse, antl-clockwlse, up-down left, rlght), whlch would also enaLle the examlnee to guess. LasEly, takecare always to hold the card vert,lcally when you show it so that Ehe examlnee doesnot shlft hls posltlon to see it better. 7 '4' Repeat the operatlon wlth the small hand, whlch corresponds to a vlsualaculty of 5/10 at flve Betres. 7 '5' If the examl'nee answers correctly each Elme for both cards, hls vlsualaculty ls 5/10. Enter ln column 4o (Acult6 vlsuelle) of the examinatlon formthe code nuober O, meanlng good vlslon. 7.6. rf the exaulnee ansrJers correctly for the large hand but not for the soarlone, hLs vlsual acutty ls 5/3o. Enter the code number 3, meanlng tmpalredvleton. 7'7' rf the exanlnee falle the test wlth both carde aE 5 net,res, trove forward tothe 3 tretre nark and test hln agaln wlth Ehe large hand. rf he can now see a II t6. SNIP TAKING AND TIME RECORDING Page 8 6.1. The followlng equlpnent is needed 6 .2. - A table; - A canvas sheet rdlth whlch to rlg up an lsolatlon tent; - A Holth type sclerocorneal punch, diarneter 2.5cm; - A lancet; - Curved t.weezera - A felt pen; - A watch or chronometer; - A dropper bottle of dtstllled water; - Cotton-woll swabs; - Glass slldes wlth shallow welrs formed by 12 ralsed ceramlc rlngs arranged ln 3 rows of four. - Sllde trays each holdlng 3 slides. Before taklng any skln-enlps, mark the nunbers I - 4 wlth Ehe felt pen inthe left-hand column of four rlngs on the flrst sllde, 5 - 8 on the secondsllde and so on. The correspondlng rlngs in the mlddie and rlght-hand columns are for the snlps from the left and rlght lllac crests respectlvely:Put one or tuo drops of distllled water lnto each. when prepared, the flrsttray wlll therefore look like thls: 6'3' call out Ehe name of the flrst person Ilsted on the census form. Be carefulto check hls ldentlEy by comparlng such features as age and sex wlEh thelndlcatlons on the forra and uake sure the number he carrles on hls wrlsE corresPonds to the serlal number on the sllde (nunber 1, as he ls the flrstexaminee). 6'4' rn the lsolatlon tent' dlslnfect boEh lllac crests wlth an alcohol-soakedswab' Leave Eo dry for a few seconde, Ehen take a snlp from the rlghEcrest, llft lt from the punch wlth Ehe polnt of the lancet and, wlth thehelp of the Eweezers, Put iE ln che flrst rlng of the rlght-hand column.Take a snlp from the left lllac crest and put lE tn Ehe itrst rlng of theulddle column. 6.5. Proceed tn the same way w{th each examtnee. N'B' Take care to check each personrs ldentity characterlstlcs and the nuuber on hlsarn and to put the enlps into the eorrect rlnls. 6'6' As each sllde ts ftlled, l.€. after every four pairs of entps, mark beeldelt. on the tray the tlme ln hours and mtnutes Bo that the nlcroecoplc readingcan be nade 3o mlautee later. Then, as each tray of three slldes ie filled,eend lt to the nrcroecopr.strs tabre to awart examlnatlon. , IPage 1O whlch rray t,he ftngers are polnting, severely lnpalred vLslon. enter the code number 2, meanlng 7'8' Laetly, lf the exaulnee falls the test at,3 tretres, enter the code number r,neantng bllndness. 7.9. To eun up : Test paseed at 5 metres ulth large and small hande - Good vlslon - Code 0Test passed at 5 net,res wlth large hand only - Impalred vlelon - Code 3Teet passed at 3 netree wtth large hand r Severely inpalred vLslon Au rests railed - Siiiol"ss - code I 7. 10. In addltlon, code 8 ls ueed code 9 (generally fllled ln snlp exaulnatlon but do not chlldren aged 0 - 5 years).for person not exanlned but for persons falllng to understand the test andby the census clerk) for those who undergo skln-present for the vlsual aculty teet (included Uee code 4 (generally filled by censue clerk) reported bllnd by relatives. 7'11' Test to conflrm the dlagnosls of a reported bllnd peroon pregent ln thevlllage but unable to attend the evaluation. 7'11'1' Vlelt the patlent Ln hls home and brlng with you a flash llght and thevlsual aculty test cards. Shlne a torch ln thl eye of the pattent reporEedto be bllnd lf the house ls sufficlently dark. ast ttre qu""tloo "Do you see my llght?- Repeat the procedure several tlmes. If the answer is conslstently '.o', the patlent ls blind, asslgn the code l. rf the anewer laconslstently "yes', proceed to test the vlsual aculty of the patlent. 7 'LL'?' rf the lnslde of the house is too brlght to make the test wlEh the torchltght effectlve, do the hand movetrent test. Hold your hand 30 - 40 cm lnfront of the patlent eyes and ask the questlon "what am I dolng?.. If he lsunable to tell you what you are dolng he ls bltnd, asslgn code l. If herecognr.ses what you are dolng, proceed to test hts vlsuil acur.ty. $' rt'" hand should be moved slowly to avold generatlng alr current ln front of theface of the patlent whlch wlll ald i,t. t, grr""f what you are doing. 7'11'3' rf you tesE the personrs vlsual aculty, reporE the result as usual. rf youare unable to conduct the test report code 9. 8. MICROSCOPIC E)UI.,IINATION 8.1. 8.1.1. After 30 mlnutes The followlng equlpment ls needed: - A table; - A blnocular loupe; - Curved tweezerg; - A watch or chronometer (set to exactly the same tlne as the snlp-taker'e - watch); - A number of plastlc ulcrotltratlon trays each contalntng 96 round-bottomedwells arranged tn 8 rows of twelve serially nuubered Al - Al2, 81 - B12, - etc.; , J I a 8.1.2. Page 11 - Sallne solutlon; - A hypodernlc syrlnge and needle slze 1; - A ro11 of adheslve tape (as wlde as posslble); - Mlcroscopic exaulnatlon forms (for completed specimen, see Annex 3); - A black ball-potnt pen; - l{ater and detergent,. Prepare for the examlnatlon by marklng ln the left-hand column (headed -Num6ro") of the form the serlal numbers of the skin-snlps. wittr ttrehypoderulc syrlnge flll the 96 wells of the nLcrotltration tray wlth saline.Clean and focus the lens. .,,1,i 8.1 . 3. When 30 mlnutes have elapsed from t,he tlme narked beslde it on the slidetray, begln the exantnatlon of the flrst sllde. If the flrst result ispositlver enter ln the second column of the form the nunber of mlcrofllarlae counEed ln the left snlp and ln the thlrd column the nunber in the rlghtentp, thus: H: Before decldtng that a specLmen ls negatlve, llft the skln-snlp out of the rlngwlth the tweezers and examlne the llqutd "forr", as mlcrofllarlae may have been hlddenunder the snlp. 8'1'4' rf the result ls stlll negattve, take both snips wlth the trdeezers and puttheo ln the flrst sallne-fllIed well (A1) of tire mlcrotltratlon tray. Thenmark the nunber Al ln the second column of the form and leave the thirdcolunn blank, thus: Vlllage: ZOnCftO Nun6ro 1 A1 2 N'B' Take care to wash the Eweezers after each use so as not, to contanlnatesucceedlng speclmene. 8'1'5' Proceed ln the 8atre way, uslng the wells ln the order of thelr serlalnumberlng, so that after a whrle your form mrghE look lrke thls; ri tI Vtllage : ZORGHO Nun6ro 1 9 4 2 aPage L2 Vlllage: ZORGIIO Nun€ro 1 A1 2 A2 3 6 L2 4 A3 5 o 2 6 A4 7 A5 I A6 8.1.6. When you have exarulned all Ehe slldes, wash them wlth water and detergent and stlck adheslve taPe over the wells of the mlcrotltratton tray so thatEhey w111 not dry out overnlght. 8.2. ffter 24 hours (check ) 8'2'1' For thls you need the following addltlonal equlpnent: an Eppendorf plpette(50) wlth dlsposable tlps, sLx clean rlnged "frau" and two sllde trays, afelt pen and a red ball-polnt pen (so that the results are easlrydlstlngulshable from those of the 30 mlnute test, marked ln black). 8'2'2' Number the rings ln the left-hand columns of the flrst three slldes from Ito 12, as lllustrated rn sectlon 5 on snrp takrng (para 6.2). 8'2'3' The niddle columns w111 be used for the speclmens frou wells A1 - Al2 ln theulcrotltratlon trays and the rlght-hand coluuns for speclmens 81 - 812.whlle the examlnatlon ls proceedlng, a second tray of three slldes will beprepared for specluens Cl - Dlz. Then the ftret t-hree trays can be washed and used agaln for specimens El -F12 and so on. 8'2'4' wlth the plpette, transfer llquld from the wells in the mlcrotltratlon Erayto the correspondrng rrngs on the slrdes and examrne. N'B' Change the dlsposable tlp of the plpette after each speciman to avoldcont,aElnating the next one. 8'2'5' rf the result ls negatlve, mark o wlth the red pen ln the third column ofthe form, whlch you left blank after the 3o nlnute readl.ng. If posltlve markthe number of nlcrofllartae counted. 8'2'6' Flnally, dlspose of all specl.mens and wash slides, nlcrotltratlon trays andplpette tlps. , t tt 9.1. 9.2. 9.3. 9 .4. 10. 1. 10.2. Page 13 9. CHILDREN BORN AFTER TIIE START OF THE PROGRA},IME One of the ways of determlnlng whether transmLsslon ls occurrlng in afollow-up vlllage ls to lnvesElgate the presence of infectlon in childrenborn slnce the start of the vector control programme. Thls requires anaddltlonal effort from the census offlcer and ihe nlcroscoplst. As the cenaus offtcer fl1ls ln form 5602, he should noEe down on a separate sheet of paper the skln-snip nuuber, name, age, sex and fanily nunber ofevery chlld whose age le equal to or less than the number of years of vectorcontrol ln the vlllage. For example, lf vector control began in 1976 andthe survey ls belng conducted ln 1986, all chlldren aged ten years or lessshould be llsted in thls way. At the end of each dayts work the census offlcer checks the results recordedby !h: nlcroscoplst agalnst hts llst of chlldren. If any of them is foundposltlve, e new palr of ekln-enlps ls taken from the child and examlneduslng the usual procedurel l.€. after 3O mlnutes ln dlstllled rrater andthen, lf negatlve, after 24 hours ln sallne. Thls verlflcation ls needed toavold errors due to nislabelllng. if a chlld on the llst is found posltlve a mlgratron hlstory must beestabllshed at the same tlme as the secona palr of snlps ls taken, to ensurethat he has not been resldlng ln an area where onchocerciasls transmlsslonls occurring. Note down where the chlld was born and any other places wherehe has llved, wlth the perlod of resldence (e.g. LgTs-Li77). rn recordlng aprevlous place of resldence be sure to speclfy name of vlllage, subdlstrlcr,dlstrlct,, reglon and country so that it can Ue located. 10. DATA oRGANIZATTON (DEPOUILLEMENT) After the survey of a vlllage has been completed t,he consolidated resultsare entered on three speclal forms (for completed specluens see Annexes 4, 5and 6)' The flrst form ls for the census data, the second for the resurts ofthe-parasltologlcal examl.natlon, and the thlrd for the regults of the vlsualaculty tesE. Flrst complete on all three forns the spaces for the name and identlty number of the village and for the date. 10.3. Flrst form: Census resultsIn the flrst column wiiElttre identlty numbers asslgned to the farnllles andln the second column the nunber of lndlvldual members ln each fanlly. In Ehethlrd to elght columns enter the number of persons coded 1r2 or 3, 4, S, 6and 7 respect,lvely for 'ExamLnatlon sEatus- In the last coluun enter thetotal number of pereons in a family who are known to be bllnd, whether ornot they preeented for the vlsual aculty te8t. Flnally, add up the flgureeln each column and wrlte the totals at the bottom. cal results10.4. Second form: P raslt Record ae ln the annexed spec t results of the skln-enlp readlng byage-group and 8ex. l:l II a person ls negative for borh snlps, use the norarLoa lo/.(b) rf a -person le positlve for at reast one snlp, record both flgures,e.E.lo-Ll ot l9-L51. Count the total nunber of persons found posltlve and the total examlned tneach age and sex. sub-group and wrlte the two figures in the bottou rlght-hand corner of the correspondrng box: e,g. olLT for age o-4 Male. t Page 14 Flnally, at t,he botton of the form, record on the left the total number of males posltive and the t,otal number examined, on the rtght the total number of feuales poslt,lve and examlned, and ln Ehe mlddle the grand total for both S€X€S T IE ls very easy to mlscount so always count twlce and wrlte down the result only lf lt 16 the same both times. Otherwlse re-count. 10.5. Thtrd form: Visual acult N.B.: 1I.1. LL.2. Enter ln the approprlate box the number of cases of bllndness (code l) andvlsual impatrmenE (codes 2 and 3) for each eex and age-group, and at thebotton of the form the total bllnd and the total vtsualiy imiafred ln the v1llage. 11. DATA STORAGE rt ls of vltal lnportance to organlze a dat,a bank for stortng thelnformatlon collected. use boxes size 34 x 25 x lo cm. Every follow-upvlllage ehould be allocated a separate box to allow roou for the resurEs ofthe subsequent surveys. The results for basellne villages not followed upcan be groupedl €rgo flve vlllages Eo a box. The ldentity nunber(s) of tirevlllage or vlllages should be narked on the back of the Lox, e.g. '.135.. or "L26, Lzg, 130-132.. As the data bank nay photocoples of everytbulldlng. be hl danaged or destroyed by ternltes, flrer etc., make ng and establlsh a dupllcate bank in another 11.3. Computer storage should be used if avallable. , tI IAnnex 1 C6te d'Ivotre (03) Page 1 1. 2. 3. :T:l"r(leo) - Bembau ' !:l:fll ;i:l:t".fenhoure council (Ghando) 24 and 25 April L976. Flrst pasaageoDate of vlslt and No. of pe 88age: Purpost, of vtslt: Detailed evaluatlon I ,. Onchocerciasls focuS Paesit tts trt5uEEiy : Gbanonl or Bagoue, located about 6 ko frorn the viLlage, and , located about 0.5 kn aualo 4 5 Acggss: Road from Bondlall to Mandlnanl. From Bondlall, Ghando ls the secondvlllage found after the Bagoue brldge. rt ls on the rtltrt-trand slde of the road,the left-hand slde of whlch le occupled by the Nyaoro and Nyafara hille on thenorthern slde of whlch flowe the pagse. ' l{orklng condltlor}s: Llvlng and worklng accomnodatron ln a conpound wlthln theffirth oi tt" itr"rra house. Name of the vl llage chtef : ManudJo Fane. Ethnic group: Senoufo (code O6O 9. 3. Soctal facll ltles: None. One has to go to Bondlali. 10. Econonlc Actlvl ties regourceg and robleme. |grlcglture-: Th: vlllage chlef le also rhe land chtef. The farms are on rheoppoeite slde of the river. However, the rronen of Ghando have had rlcefarns on thc Fanks of rlver paeee for a long tfune, up to the 1975-1976farmlng eeadon. "rl 6. 7. 8. 9 Hletory and struc ture of the vlllage. 9. 1. Or ln of the lnhabltants: The inhabltants of Gbando say they have always1lv ln th 8V I age whlch suffered greatly durLng Samoryre passage. Itnas the capltal of the dletrlct wlth the sane name but loet that title toBondlall after the I|EIE o 9.2 Populatlon: EpI enumerated 127 .....ln ophthalmology 55.92 of ), sub-group of the Nyoudougous. persons, examlned 9O of then in parasltology andthem are men and 44.L2 uon€no Layout of the houses: Gbando has relatlvely grouped houses. nelther sectlonsffi;;;;-;";; clear delimttatlon'. 9' 4' xocloPgltlcel structure! chleftalncy ie the poritlco-adminlstratlve system.@isted by a secretary. 9' 4'1' The household ls the baslc soctal unlt, followed by the cran. There are twoclane! thet of the Fannls, to whlctr ttre chlef belongs, and that of theBeubas to whlch the village Secretary belongs. 10. 1 I , aAnnex 1 (Contd.) The main crops are yan, naize, groundnuts are cash crop. 10' 2' 9:l"r=?",alrlal"g: Rearlng of sheep, goars and poulrry. There are cows roo,aII of which belong to the Fulanls. 10. 3. Trade: Nothlng to report. 11. Present Elgratlone: representslS.7Z. The ualn Yanoussokro (3) and Dlvo ( 15-19 (3), 20 - 24 (8) and Page 2. groundnuts, rlce and cotton. Rlce, cotton and persons absent, 20 have ernigrated; thtsdlrectlons are Bondiali (8), AbldJan (4),2). The^mll1 "e" groups lnvolved are: 10-14 (3),25 - 29 (3). 11 . 1. 11.2. Imtgratlon: None. Enlgratlon: Out of the 37 12. Partlcular problens: water: untll- L975, the village rras drinklng rLver uater. slnce then, lt hega covered well equlpped wlth pump. L2. 1. , .l o e)t rq trLi : I @ t,qt n o oft o c Ft o\< F-l dg nE .E a vl l CN UI o o at oI o v\ oI C) o() rrlF Cl H a H Vt C)ozHno r{ iJnooFb !a trt oFHD NH rl,n tl, U, Hu .tt U, H >u r{ trr 1r1 riq HHoz ftl oN 5( a \o \o I o H' ut P.fi @ f c3d o n { I \o trlq, !J P.ts\ zo .l ot n No lN ,\, trl ct! aO 0e 11 od1' N) I 5 F. H 0, 0a o E @ o\ o N I5 I It ra h € \lll (4 s( \t{ E. L 3 b t v 3 r tr V r D ,4. o f o D v. 7 t" ltr I 7< o D v , 7no9 P- I l*l2- I h r t VA V F. D u) ,t ,<) t o^ trr l.n t' mz .S 1 ,P C tr nD Dt b o s E f-. I ls' f oI 6 , f- o ,!-?.0 E V c o *g f-o9 I .\ ot ,)tt g to EI L t'lr I 6)tt h Vr F oit R g \ tr (5 o 5(s =r^t ls a =Oo \ (^, 1.o : :e ttl \ 9P tD a =N \, 5 Lo s .€) \ : lA, ID 5 5 € \ g ts I =(l) \ l^t 6 o re A" \ \r, 6 :q9 \ \ !e 14) o 0S E L (, tc s :f \S \ (A 6 s + eD \ u, (D o +. +, ztr E. H lE F.,I Hr EI-N) co \ ^c At \ \ lo Ar \ lt \ \ ll \ trts \ \ \ (rr !!,IN : u\ : f\ eh) I w o *) G DS \ \ s w g ]., : ,\, b80El H o I o B s S s ED s 5 S s, 0 ndF ffig- \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \, ffpHH8 o AJ s e. s t\ g. +l 1., g CD o o o s s 'cI' s G s) s s o 9It \ o s l.l Io 6' Is 6i\ o oe \ o 5h s A,ii o (1, c s c! s o o o o tA, (N s s o G o o q :f\ a s s g o s,l o o s G }) 6\ UI5 E8 O FJ.l'rFOt u,N OO\Ortrl s s s S S s to !O s s s o S Fus .[ EE 5ifd E. I F 3 c?F.I d rJ is I .F o o tt \ b o s lrl z aFr.v EP/d30 e. a t oo ro rt! trl 5 I @ U 0l(-l o oFi oth o : vl IF CA IA o o ..t H. o 5 ,1 b F,Fl\ ozo o c) EINoH (n H UI r)o zHNo r. \,Foon trt o r{H F H rt,F tr, (n H '2 VIH ;o r-{tll tl tr{ HHoI trtoN$r F\o \o I o ts. ta c? (a f EJ(t oI { I P trt 0) EF'HY z o o o 5 at n\< No INu rllfi 3 .'o @ n o ,E H N I 5 0t 0q o E I5 II t o f 09 ts\ CD\ star LDC' +, € ( OO(d a-(rf r) (5 A, \!\ Do Do L Ar \ tt' t os. 5 9l96 I ooa.l F }) F c<tr E^ 9at' f A, vs)\ a f) , 2 I A) J t, n Dr ot P , 6 ? 3 ,D , a. r Dtf ; , u s 1 frf , t{ lo , - p , o ,t It- F L ! , E # a D( ,f2a , ts Fs ).) l. r oI( , , a I r)E' F 7 V , , I 7' tl D ) ? / t k I 6' E oHr T g S s =s Y ,\ \ 5 0c s v t2t S, g E sI c \ a =c! t^, \ oo .r !J 1., \q =c P \ \ s6 s !f ,hJ \g tr, "l$ i, U\ o 5\ sb o is o r IF qt o oa e r s u, o U't s h .e ( f o * =G'\ s he o t^) r ?r s trr o o G' U\ -s A. -O .O P *, EFN 'o H E,f.t ,S \ \ b \ b \ \ ft lul \ ,rr \ p \ At \ Is S x o s o t) \ (ll \ s ,e la ;s co G E o r \ tlt \ E s o \ tp Ar s t s : s +J .S b80tl H I' L \ \ \ \ \ \ \ S \ \ \ \ \ \ \ d(DIr ffig- w \ L \ \ \ \ \ \ \ t, (1, \ s \ \ (^| 6' i{Hs8 e, o o CD (, G e € o =o G S G) CD o o o =I e O I (, C, o s g o s Q o S o o o q. \ lrJG a s 0 o o o o s G e c> o o o G> s 5 o I o s, s s o c) o I o C} I o o a 0 o b \ c1 tl)5 lJ(Jt5 A F.. Fr FJOH(!N (!0r\6 ..rio Lo a o I o I g sc o S o o o E,F.q [s 5ifa E. F 3a l'+ 9 d o s \ N o U) (,\ o N\ \ tJ c mu.v EPl aco a a a! I ,t 6'tH.Hl.{ 0, 00o o c F ITo x,\' .4 t rrt zI B, Fl z B \ e o U.' l, oqs ft \ oca o r3 o G'p o \ w I P o (t 3\ t o \\ \ tO ro 0 o \ \ r? tFr tI tra I*.D \\ Sl^| f,ns h o D + % tFh + q" o op @l> D P X ooo r oooo(AltNaooo \G(ll o c L5rir lP -1 b.E vl, ,U \ VL o r\ F f\ n G r. -a t s Do N + t. ('. o7t n + n lr, o,', X o o Lr,oo F s o o oo \rcl| to S o W a a o X aa D ? axauuY gP/dco o DNbhe; KouRroesrFl OCP/d3 Annexe 5Nutber : O 3tr Iotal 1 2-3 4 5 6 7 81lnd 4 qg 2 3 4 d 42 a -J - rl I tra 3 4 o 2 A 4 -.\ s Ea Fi < -l 4 --.t -4 + 3 ErI _43 -l rFi _4 a a 3 F' -a I' 4t 42 .r - 3 _4aJ 4 -tl w ra A I' qi -' ,ll 2 I a e 3 -,{t -tr9 -sI t 3 4 a -Jq L - e z q ls - a I a E --lI t - I I 4 -tI l Ut{ : G 4 ra c, _tt a IT z t9 I ra I .I q _t,o 1 I I 4 - s -iolq u ,. STt o 13 3q l6 _43 _3L , t 2 -l - -'L r tzq, o t vlo + (, o I5\o vt IN \4, o I a. a vl I\o o I5 GIo I t a t o \, c o q (b \ o t I \ \ s s S s s S o s S s ds t" (^t \l" o\ s\ o o\ s \ o S \ s \ s \ o s *. arl I a\ s- () \ \- t)lrt t 5\ rN s to o s o v t 12 \ o o S o o {, { s P I t- 5\ sat t (a a g ii \)s\i q o- o c s o o \ s \ \ >. \ $ s ta s \ s f.l {. a S *'s \ \s tS\ \ \ s s ss S oS s s s s \ s ht r-I la .iif., Et E s \q \ ol o \ \ o \ S \ s \ s \oi $\ts s q o o s o s \ c s s o o s .l l, I \ t o o o \ q o o o .$ s q I$ a e\$\$l \ I q s () $ Io \ \ () s st o s s s s S\l s s\ \ \ \s Ft, z EJ C, o : o r)t o le, 53o\ x o (rr U 0, t'?I l) \ f\f at tt d f \ \ S o o s\ ; o \ \ t\A '\,to s G) afs o s \ o \G! s\ \ rD \ t.]\ Ss \t' \. nt o ,I vto + o I5\o vr IN\0 Po IH 5 \JI I\o o I5 C) rl, J \t \ n (r" -l 6r E r{ H 4(, UI frl B E n (^, tr, H(A r< rr HB\t H N trt(, uIllr-- - - I-t- - III - z 0) 5I zc5c o n o c) 'u o(., 5 o x o t, 0, rl o I fr u, t D t s t e { aL lt 5 6. 7 r i Annex 1 C6te dr $rre <orl Pageloill'r(t'o, - Benba il::l:il ri:l:l". Tenhoure council (Ghando) 24 and 25 Aprl1 1976. Flret paesege.Date Of vtslt and No. of I ee of vlslt: Detalled evaluatlon Orrc rctaets focua: Er tB tr .. .iA. t 1. 2. 3. Gbanonl or Bagoue, located about 6 kn fron the village,located about O.5 kn auay. andt Acgeee: Road fron Bondlall to llandlnanl.. Fron Bondlall, Ghando le the secondvlllage found after the Bagoue brldge. rt le on the rlght-hand elde of the road,the left-hand elde of whlc[ le occutled by the Nyaoro and Nyafara hule on theuorthern elde of rhlch flows the passe. ? a O Wo condltlons: Llvlng and working accorulodatlon ln a conpound wlthln thetue north of the chlefte house. of he vl e chl : llanudJo FanG. E&ntc ,: Senoufo (code 060), aub-group of the Nyoudougoue. Populaglonj-.Elr enumerated' L27 persons, exarnlned 90 of theo in parasltology and .....1n ophthalnology 55,92 of then are men and 44.12 eon€no 1 9. Elsto ry and cttucture of thc vl1lage. v 8. 9. l. 9.2 9. 3. Oti of the lrrhab ltentg: The lnhab ltants of Gbando say they have a1,lreysI nt 8V lch euffered greatly durlng Sanoryts passage. Itwae the capltal of the dietrlct rlth the eame nane but lo8t that tttle toBondlell after thc rar. o t of the housee: Gbando haa re latlvely grouped houeea. nelther eeetlonev , nor have clear delloltatlons. Soctal faclll ttee: None. One hae to go to Bondlali. t 9' 4' xoclopsutlcal structures chleftalncy ts the polltlco-adulntstratlve sygte'.ieted by a secretary. 9' 4'1' The houeehold ts the basic soclal unit, followed by the clan. There are twoclans: that of the Fannls, to whlch th; chlef belonge, and that of the , Beubae to whlch the vlllage Secretary belonge. 10. 1o. Econoolc Acttvt tteg, te8ourc es and Drobleus. ABrtculture: Thb vlllage chlef la also the land chlef. The farns ere on the;pE;ffiae of the river. Hovever, the rouen of Ghando have had rlcefarne on the banltr of rlver paeee for a long tlue, up to thc L97s-L976farning learon. a 1. t e Id.) Page 2. aal.n cropa are yam, uaLze groundnuta, rlce and cotton. Rtce, cotton and,groundnuts are cash crop. other ectlvltles.: Rearlng of aheep, goats and poultry. There ere cow' too,ilfEfiffi'Elong to rhe Fulanle. . 3. Tradq: Nothlng to report. \ 11. preeent tlonE !., 11.1. 1tr,.2. Iuolgratlonl None. ry-0utofthe37per8onsabeent,20haveen1grated3th1erepresenrs15.7z. The natn dlrectlon' are Bondiali tell lurij"i ial,Yanouseokro (3) and-Dr.vo (2). The^natn age groups tnvolved are: 10-14 (3),15-19 (3), 20 - 24 (8) "od is - 29 (3t.-o- o---rr 12. Partlcular ptob leos: 12. 1. tlecer! untll-L975r the vlllege uas drlnklng rlver water. slnce then, lt hasa covered well equlpped rlth puop. J a l , 5t I I t