Медицинские последствия Чернобыльской аварии и специальные программы здравоохранения. Доклад экспертной группы "Здоровье" Чернобыльского форума ООН.

Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢ cɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ «Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ» ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɭɦɚ ɈɈɇ Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ: Ȼ. Ȼɟɧɧɟɬɬ M. Ɋɟɩɚɱɨɥɢ ɀ. Ʉɚɪɪ Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ: Ɇ. Ȼɚɥɨɧɨɜ

ɀɟɧɟɜɚ 2006

WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Health effects of the Chernobyl accident and special health care programmes. 1.Chernobyl nuclear accident. 2.Thyroid neoplasms - epidemiology. 3.Leukemia, Radiation-induced - epidemiology. 4.Neoplasms, Radiation-induced - epidemiology. 5.Radiation dosage. 6.Radiation injuries - mortality. 7.National health programs. 8.Belarus. 9.Ukraine. 10.Russian Federation. I.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 459417 9 (NLM classification: WN 620)

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ǷȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȍ Ⱦɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɦɢɧɭɥɨ ɫɨ ɞɧɹ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɣ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɹɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɫɥɭɱɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɦɟɪɵ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɟɬɨɤ ɢɨɞɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ, ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɷɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɹ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟɦ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɫɩɚɫɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɠɡɧɟɣ. Ⱥɜɚɪɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɤ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ. ɗɬɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɭɝɭɛɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɦɢ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɚ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɥɨ ɫ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦɢ, ɢɦɟɜɲɢɦɢ ɞɟɥɨ ɫ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɤɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɟɡɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɜ 2003 ɝɨɞɭ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɭɦɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢɚɬ ɮɨɪɭɦɚ, ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (ɆȺȽȺɌɗ), ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ (ȼɈɁ), ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ (ɉɊɈɈɇ) ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɥ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɭɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɮɨɪɭɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ (ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ). ɉɨɞ ɷɝɢɞɨɣ ɮɨɪɭɦɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ȼɈɁ ɩɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜ ɀɟɧɟɜɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɫɟɪɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ. ȼ ɫɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɟɣ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ. ɗɬɨɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ȼɈɁ ɜ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɮɨɪɭɦɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ ɇɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɈɈɇ (ɇɄȾȺɊ ɈɈɇ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ.

iii

Ⱥɜɚɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɥɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ȼɈɁ ɩɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ (Radiation Emergency Medical Preparedness and Response Network). ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 20 ɥɟɬ ɫɨ ɞɧɹ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɪɨɲɥɢ ɞɨɥɝɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɈɁ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɞ-ɪɭ Geoffrey Howe (ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɲɬ. Ʉɨɥɭɦɛɢɹ, ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤ, ɋɒȺ) ɢ ɞ-ɪɭ Fred Mettler (Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɲɬ. ɇɶɸ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɨ, Ⱥɥɶɛɭɤɟɪɤɟ, ɋɒȺ) ɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɞ-ɪɨɦ Burton Bennett (ɷɤɫ-ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ [əɩɨɧɢɹ] ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɭɦɚ ɈɈɇ) ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɞ-ɪɚ Zhanat Carr ɢ ɞ-ɪɚ Mike Repacholi (ȼɈɁ, ɀɟɧɟɜɚ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ). ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧ ɇɚɬɚɥɶɟɣ ɒɚɝɢɧɨɣ (ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ, ɑɟɥɹɛɢɧɫɤ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ). Ɋɟɞɚɤɰɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨɦ Ȼɚɥɨɧɨɜɵɦ (ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɵ, ɋɚɧɤɬ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ). ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɨɠɤɢ: ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ ɇɚɬɚɲɢ Ʉɚɪɚɫɟɜɨɣ, 16 ɥɟɬ (Ƚɨɥɭɛɶ ɦɢɪɚ), ɉɨɥɢɧɵ Ʉɭɡɶɦɢɧɨɣ, 11 ɥɟɬ (əɩɨɧɤɚ) ɢ Ɋɨɦɚɧɚ ɋɬɪɢɝɢ, 16 ɥɟɬ (Ȼɚɛɨɱɤɚ). Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɸɧɨɲɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɭɞɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ Ɋ. Ɇɷɣ (Ɇɢɧɫɤ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ).

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ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ȽɅȺȼȺ 1. ɈȻɓɂȿ ɂ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ȼɈɉɊɈɋɕ ......................................1 ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ...................................................................................................................................1 Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ...............................................................................................................2 Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ................................4 ȽɅȺȼȺ 2. ȾɈɁɂɆȿɌɊɂə ....................................................................................................7 Ⱦɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ........................................................................................7 Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ........................................................................................................................7 ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ .............................................................................................................10 ȼɵɜɨɞɵ................................................................................................................................16 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ.....................................................................................................................17 Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ .....................................................18 Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ......................................................18 Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ...............................................................................................22 ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ .............................................................................................................24 ȼɵɜɨɞɵ................................................................................................................................25 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ.....................................................................................................................25 ȽɅȺȼȺ 3. ɁȺȻɈɅȿȼȺɇɂə ɓɂɌɈȼɂȾɇɈɃ ɀȿɅȿɁɕ ............................................27 ɗɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ.....................................................................................................................27 ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ.........................................................................................................27 ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ (ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ) ...............................................................................35 ȼɵɜɨɞɵ (ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ)..................................................................................................42 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ (ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ) .......................................................................................43 Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ......................................................................................................45 ɉɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ...........................................................................................................................45 Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ....................................................................................................47 ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ........................................................................49 ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ (ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ) .................................................................50 ȼɵɜɨɞɵ (ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ)....................................................................................51 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ (ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ) .........................................................................52 Ʉɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ .........................................................................................................53 Ɉɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ: ɧɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ, ɜɵɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɚɦ ɢ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ..............................................................................................53 ɉɨɛɨɱɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɟɣ.............................................................57 ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡ ...............................................................................................................................59 ɇɟɪɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ .................................................................61 ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ (ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ).....................................................................63 ȼɵɜɨɞɵ (ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ) .......................................................................................64 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ (ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ).............................................................................64 v

ȽɅȺȼȺ 4. ɅȿɃɄɈɁ..............................................................................................................66 ȼɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ................................................................................................66 ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ........................................................................................................66 ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ .............................................................................................................67 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ.....................................................................................................................68 Ɉɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ...........................................................................................68 ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧ ɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ .......................................................................................................68 ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ .............................................................................................................69 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ.....................................................................................................................70 Ɉɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ............................................................................................................70 ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ .............................................................................................70 ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ........................................................................71 ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ .............................................................72 ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ .............................................................................................................72 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ.....................................................................................................................73 ȽɅȺȼȺ 5. ɋɈɅɂȾɇɕȿ ɊȺɄɂ ɁȺ ɂɋɄɅɘɑȿɇɂȿɆ ɊȺɄȺ ɓɂɌɈȼɂȾɇɈɃ ɀȿɅȿɁɕ ...............................................................................................74 Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ.............................................................................................................74 ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧ ɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ........................................................................................................75 ȼɫɟ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɤɢ .............................................................................................................75 Ɋɚɤ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ........................................................................................................76 Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ...........................................................................................77 ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ .............................................................................................................77 ȼɵɜɨɞɵ................................................................................................................................79 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ.....................................................................................................................81 ȽɅȺȼȺ 6. ɆȿȾɂɐɂɇɋɄɂȿ ɉɈɋɅȿȾɋɌȼɂə, ɇȿ ɋȼəɁȺɇɇɕȿ ɋ ɊȺɄɈɆ ɂɅɂ ɁȺȻɈɅȿȼȺɇɂəɆɂ ɓɂɌɈȼɂȾɇɈɃ ɀȿɅȿɁɕ ..........................82 Ƚɥɚɡ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ.....................................................................................84 Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ............................................................................................................84 ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧ ɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ .......................................................................................................84 ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ .............................................................................................................85 ȼɵɜɨɞɵ................................................................................................................................86 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ.....................................................................................................................87 ɋɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ...................................................................................87 Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ............................................................................................................87 ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ..............................................................................................89 ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ .............................................................................................................90 ȼɵɜɨɞɵ................................................................................................................................91 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ.....................................................................................................................91 ɐɢɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɵ: ɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ........................................92

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Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ .................................................................................................................92 ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧ ɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ .......................................................................................................93 ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ .............................................................................................................95 ȼɵɜɨɞɵ................................................................................................................................95 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ.....................................................................................................................96 ɂɦɦɭɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ.............................................................................................96 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ............................................................................................................96 ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧ ɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ .......................................................................................................97 ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ .............................................................................................................99 ȼɵɜɨɞɵ................................................................................................................................99 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ...................................................................................................................100 Ɋɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ.............................................100 Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ...............................................................................................................100 ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧ ɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ .....................................................................................................102 ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ...........................................................................................................109 ȼɵɜɨɞɵ..............................................................................................................................110 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ...................................................................................................................111 ɍɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ................................................................................................................112 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ..........................................................................................................112 ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧ ɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ .....................................................................................................113 ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ...........................................................................................................114 ȼɵɜɨɞɵ..............................................................................................................................115 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ...................................................................................................................116 ȽɅȺȼȺ 7. ɋɆȿɊɌɇɈɋɌɖ ȼ ɊȿɁɍɅɖɌȺɌȿ ɈȻɅɍɑȿɇɂə ɉɈɋɅȿ ȺȼȺɊɂɂ ɇȺ ɑȿɊɇɈȻɕɅɖɋɄɈɃ Ⱥɗɋ ......................................................................117 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ............................................................................................................117 ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ .................................................................................118 Ɉɫɬɪɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɫɬɪɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ......................................................................................118 ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ........................................................118 ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ .................122 ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ...........................................................................................................125 ȼɵɜɨɞɵ..............................................................................................................................126 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ...................................................................................................................127 ȽɅȺȼȺ 8. ɋɂɋɌȿɆɕ ɁȾɊȺȼɈɈɏɊȺɇȿɇɂə ȼ ɑȿɊɇɈȻɕɅɖɋɄɈɆ ɊȿȽɂɈɇȿ, ................................................................................................................................................129 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ................................................................................................................................................129 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ..........................................................................................................129 Ɉɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɫ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶɸ...................130 Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ ......................................................................130 ɗɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ...............................................................................135 vii

ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ .....................................................................................................................137 ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ.........................................137 Ɇɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɭ .......139 ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ...........................................................................................................141 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ...................................................................................................................142 ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ................................................................................................144 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1. ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ «Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ» ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɭɦɚ...................................................................................................................................177 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 2. ɋɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ «Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ» ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɭɦɚ..................................................................................................................................179

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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 1

ɈȻɓɂȿ ɂ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ȼɈɉɊɈɋɕ ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, 26 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ɢ ɤ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɰɟɡɢɹ ɢ ɣɨɞɚ, ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɦ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɚɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ; ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɥɢɡɥɟɠɚɣɲɢɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ; ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɨɛɡɨɪ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɇɄȾȺɊ ɈɈɇ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ɗɬɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɟɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 1. Ⱦɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 2. ȼ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ 3-6 ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ: ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ, ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ (UNSCEAR, 2000), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɧɟɪɚɤɨɜɵɟ, ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ. 1

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɭ ɫ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ ɇɄȾȺɊ ɈɈɇ ɜ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ. Ɂɚ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ, ɫɨɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɉɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɭ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɞɪ., ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ (ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫ), ɬ.ɟ. ɜɵɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɨɜ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɣɬɢ ɤ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 7 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɫɬɢɥɟɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɇɟ ɤɚɫɚɹɫɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ 70 ɥɟɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ɗɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦɨ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ɗɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɚɯ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɨɬɧɹɯ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 8 ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ. ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 8 ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ. ɐɟɥɹɦɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: 1) ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɢ 2) ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɨɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɹɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ Ⱥɜɚɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɤ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ 30 ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɵɯ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ 28 ɫɦɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ) ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɧɟɣ (ɧɟɞɟɥɶ). ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɜ 1986 ɢ 1987 ɝɨɞɚɯ ɨɤɨɥɨ 240 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ «ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ») ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɵ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɦ ɩɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɜ 30-ɤɦ ɡɨɧɟ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɞɨ 1990 ɝɨɞɚ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɨɤɨɥɨ 600 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ) ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ 2

ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ (UNSCEAR, 2000). ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɤ ɷɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɢ ɜ 1986 ɝɨɞɭɨɤɨɥɨ 116 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɫɥɟ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɵ ɨɤɨɥɨ 220 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ — ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. Ɉɛɲɢɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ. ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 5 ɦɥɧ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ȼ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɇɄȾȺɊ ɈɈɇ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ (ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɛɟɡ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ, ɨɰɟɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ. ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹɯ, ɢ ɜɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɤ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚɜɟɪɧɹɤɚ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɤ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ, ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɧɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɨɛɨɦ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ (ɧɟ 131I), ɡɚɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1990 ɩɨ 2002 ɝɨɞɵ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 4000 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ. ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɢɫɤ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 40% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɦɨɝ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚ ɪɚɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɛɵɥ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɡɠɟ. 3

Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɦɢ RET ɩɪɨɬɨɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɚ (RET/PTC1 ɢ RET/PTC3). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɟɤ RET ɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɵɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɛ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɧɟɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɟɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ. ɂɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɵɦɢ, ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨ. ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ. ɋɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ, ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɫɬɧɨ-ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɦɟɪ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɨɛ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɜɵɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɏɢɪɨɫɢɦɵ ɢ ɇɚɝɚɫɚɤɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɭ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɢɫɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ. Ɉɛɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɹɰɢɸ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ 4

ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɟɝɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ (ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ) ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɪɢɫɤɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɥɢɰ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ. ɗɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ, ɤɚɤ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɹ, ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ, ɝɟɧɟɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ. ɗɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ. ɗɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ» ɢ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Rothman and Greenland, 1998a; 1998b). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ȼɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ȼ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɦɢ, ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɬ.ɤ. ɨɧɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ, ɛɵɫɬɪɵɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ. ɗɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢ ɞɚɸɬ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ (Goulko et al., 1998; Jacob et al., 1999; 2000; Likhtarev et al., 1995; Shakhtarin et al., 2003; Sobolev et al., 1997; Stsjazhko et al., 1995). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɟɣ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɯ ɞɨɡ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ-ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ 5

ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. ȼ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ». Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɪɢɫɤ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ. ɂɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ» ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ) ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɯ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ» ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ «ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ» ɢ ɩɨɞɛɨɪ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ «ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ», ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢɡ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ «ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ» ɢ «ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ», ɭɱɟɬ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ «ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ» ɢ «ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ», ɧɚɞɟɠɧɚɹ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ (ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ). Ʉɨɝɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ; ɜ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ, ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɵ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɦ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɥɨɯɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɥɢɤɚ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ. ȼ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɧɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ, ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

6

Ƚɥɚɜɚ 2

ȾɈɁɂɆȿɌɊɂə Ⱦɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ Ⱦɨɡɚ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ 4-ɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ: 1) ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ 131I ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ; 2) ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ (132I, 133I ɢ 135I) ɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɬɟɥɥɭɪɚ (131Te ɢ 132Te); 3) ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ; ɢ 4) ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ 134Cs ɢ 137Cs. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ 131I ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ ɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ 131I ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɫɨ ɫɜɟɠɢɦ ɤɨɪɨɜɶɢɦ ɦɨɥɨɤɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɤɨɪɨɜɶɟɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ, ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɟ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɧɟɟ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ 131I Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ 131I ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɝɚɦɦɚɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɲɟɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 350 ɬɵɫ. ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ «ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ») ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ (Gavrilin et al., 1999; Likhtarev et al., 1996; UNSCEAR, 2000; Zvonova and Balonov, 1993). Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɡɵ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɗɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ 131I ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ 7

ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɢɨɞɧɚɹ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ 131I ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɥɢɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɚ ɫ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ 131 I ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɥɢɰ ɛɟɡ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ (ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ), ɝɞɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɞɥɹ ɥɢɰ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɹɦ 131I ɢɥɢ 137Cs, ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ (ɆɗȾ) ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ 131I ɜ ɦɨɥɨɤɟ (UNSCEAR, 2000; Balonov et al., 2000; Likhtarev et al., 2003; Zvonova et al., 2000). ȼ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ 131I, ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ (Kruk, Prohl, and Kenigsberg, 2004). ɋ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 9,5 ɦɥɧ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (18 ɝɪɭɩɩ ɫ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɝɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ 2.403.317 ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ, ɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ 6.929.109 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ), ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ 23.325 ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ (Kenigsberg and Kruk, 2004b). ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ: 1) ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ 131I ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɢɥɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ 131I ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ) ɢ 2) ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ 131I ɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɜ ɩɥɨɞ (Zvonova, 1998). ȼ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɬɚɛɥɟɬɨɤ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ. ȼ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ ɢ ɬɟɥɥɭɪɚ Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ (132I, 133I, ɢ 135I) ɢ ɬɟɥɥɭɪɚ (131Te ɢ 132Te) ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɤ 131I ɜ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ. ȼ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɞɨɡ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 131I ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɤɚ ɞɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɜ 8

ɩɪɢɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ, ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ, ɞɨɡɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ȼɵɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ (Nedvekaite et al., 2004), ɩɨɱɜɟ (Makhonko, 1996) ɢɥɢ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (Balonov et al., 2003). ȼɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɵ ȼɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɢɡɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ 95Zr-Nb, 131I, 132TeI, 134Cs, 137Cs, ɢ 140Ba-La. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɟɝɨ 137Cs, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɚɦɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɞɥɹ 137Cs. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ (Muck et al., 2002; Golikov, Balonov, and Jacob, 2002). ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɨɡɭ: ɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɵɩɚɜɲɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɢɩ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɣ (ɫɭɯɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ), ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɢɯ ɠɢɥɢɳ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɞɨɡ, ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɨɡɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɨɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ȼɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɚɫɬɛɢɳɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɉɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ 131I, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɨɬɨɩɵ ɰɟɡɢɹ (134Cs ɢ 137Cs) ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɞɨɡɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɴɟɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɢ ɦɹɫɚ (ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɬɨɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɦɚ). Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɣ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɪɚɠɚ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ (Prohl et al., 2002). ȼ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɡɚ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ 134Cs ɫɧɢɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ, ɚ ɜɤɥɚɞ 137Cs ɜ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɥ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ. ɍɪɨɜɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ 137Cs ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, 9

ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɢ ɢɯ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɦ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɚɦ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ. ɍ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɰɟɡɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɫ ɦɨɥɨɤɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (Minenko, Drozdovich, and Tretyakevich, 1996; Likhtarev et al., 2002; Travnikova et al., 2004). Ɇɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɰɟɡɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ «ɩɨɱɜɚ-ɦɨɥɨɤɨ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ 137Cs ɜ ɦɨɥɨɤɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (Ȼɤ ɥ-1) ɤ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɷɬɢɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɦ (ɤȻɤ ɦ-2). Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ 137 Cs ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɤɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ Cs ɢ 137Cs, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɜ ɦɨɥɨɤɟ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (Balonov et al., 1995; Minenko et al., 1996; 2004; Likhtarev et al., 2002). 134

ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɨɬ 131I. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ 131I, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ 131I ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ 131I ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɨɬ 131I ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɜɚ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ȼ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ: x ɞɨɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ «ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ» ɞɨɡɵ), ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɥɢɰ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 25 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɢɡ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ, ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ (Likhtarev et al., 2003). Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɡ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɫɯɨɞɧɨ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ: ɦɟɞɢɚɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,3 Ƚɪ, ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɞɨɡɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɦɢ 1 Ƚɪ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1); x ɦɟɧɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ». Ⱦɥɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ. ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɛ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢ, ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɚ ɨɲɢɛɤɚɦ; 10

x

ȼ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɚ ɧɟ ɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ «ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɟ» ɞɨɡɵ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɥɢɰ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ (ɫɟɥɨ, ɪɚɣɨɧ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ). Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɟ (Balonov et al., 2000; Zvonova et al., 2000). ɋ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 3500 ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ: Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ, Ɍɭɥɶɫɤɨɣ, Ɉɪɥɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɢ Ʉɚɥɭɠɫɤɨɣ. ɗɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (Ȼɚɥɨɧɨɜ Ɇ.ɂ. ɢ Ɂɜɨɧɨɜɚ ɂ.Ⱥ., ɪɟɞ., 2002) ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ ɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɛɵɥ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɇɄȾȺɊ ɈɈɇ (UNSCEAR 2000).

ɉɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬ 131I. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɦ ɪɚɤɚ (ɋɒȺ), ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬ ɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɭɦɨɜ ɨɬ 1,6 ɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 5 (Likhtarev et al., 2003). Ɇɟɞɢɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨ 1,7 ɞɥɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɭ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɢ 2,1 ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡɵ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ 131I ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, ɱɟɦ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɨɲɢɛɤɨɣ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ» ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɬ.ɤ. ɞɨɥɹ ɥɢɰ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɦɚɥɚ.

11

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɢ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɞɨɡ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ (Likhtarev et al., 2003). Ⱦɨɡɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, Ƚɪ 0 – 0,3 0,31 - 1 >1 ȼɟɫɶ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɥɢɰ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ 7589 3404 2227 13220 Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ 5039 3438 3273 11750

ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɣɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɡɭ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɫ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɩɨ ɣɨɞɭ (Yamashita and Shibata, 1997; Shakhtarin et al., 2003). ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɩɚɧɫɟɪɨɜ Ƚɨɦɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢ Ɇɨɝɢɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɣɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɪɚɰɢɨɧ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɷɬɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɞɨ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ (Astakhova et al., 1998). Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɣɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɤ. ɫ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɞɢɟɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ 131I. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɞɨɡ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ 131I ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ. ȼɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬ 131I, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɣɨɞɧɭɸ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɭ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɭ) ɞɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ 131I (Ilyin et al., 1972). ɏɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɣɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ, ɝɞɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 131I (Nauman, 1999; Krajewski, 1990). Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɝɞɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɚɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ƀɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɣɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɚɛɥɟɬɤɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɛɵɬɢɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ (UNSCEAR, 2000). Ƀɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ 30-ɤɦ ɡɨɧɟ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɝ.ɉɪɢɩɹɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɨ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɣɨɞɨɦ-131 (Goulko et al., 1996). Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɬɚɛɥɟɬɨɤ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 6–30 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɡɵ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɝ. ɉɪɢɩɹɬɶ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɞɨ 6 ɪɚɡ, ɚ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɣɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɡ ɞɨ 10 ɪɚɡ (Balonov et al., 2003).

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Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 131I. Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɢɠɟ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ (Berkovski, 1999a; 1999b; ICRP, 2001; Johnson, 1982; Zvonova, 1998). Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 12 ɧɟɞɟɥɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ 131I ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ ɩɥɨɞɚ. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɢɦɟɫɬɪɚ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬ 131I ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ 131I ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɤ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɭ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɚɝɟɪɹɯ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɥɢ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɜɞɵɯɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɞɨɦɚ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ 131I ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɧɟɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɦɚ. Ɇɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ 4 ɥɟɬɫ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɣ ɫɦɟɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ 131I ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɜɚ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɬ 131I. . Ⱦɨɡɵ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ 131I, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ ɢ ɬɟɥɥɭɪɚ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɨɬ 131I (NCRP, 1985). ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɥɢɰ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɦɢ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚɦɢ ɢ 131I, ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝ. ɉɪɢɩɹɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɨɫɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚɦɢ ɣɨɞɚ ɢ ɬɟɥɥɭɪɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ 65 ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɝ. ɉɪɢɩɹɬɶ, ɛɵɥ ɨɰɟɧɟɧ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɭɸ ɞɨɡɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 20% ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɜɲɢɯ ɬɚɛɥɟɬɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɣɨɞɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 50% ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɣɨɞ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ (Balonov et al., 2003). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝ. ɉɪɢɩɹɬɶ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɬ. ɤ. ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ ɢ ɬɟɥɥɭɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 1% ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 131I (Gavrilin et al., 2004). Ⱦɨɡɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ȼɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɢɡɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ 132Te, 131,132I, 140Ba, 140La, 95Zr, 95Nb, 99Mo, 103,106Ru, 141,144Ce, ɢ 134,136,137Cs. ȼ 13

ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɣ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɟɝɨ 137Cs, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɚɦɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɨ 137Cs. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɞɨɡɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɚ 15 ɥɟɬ, ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 10% ɞɨɡɵ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ 131I, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɭɸ ɞɨɡɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɛɵɥ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɲɟ. Ⱦɨɡɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ 131I, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɡɢɹ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ. Ⱦɨɡɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ 134Cs ɢ 137Cs ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɯ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ, ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɨɱɜ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ. Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ, ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɨɡɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ 131I (Ɂɜɨɧɨɜɚ, 2003; Cardis et al., 2005; Minenko et al., 2004). ɉɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɨɬ 131I. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹɯ, ɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɞɨɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ: 1) ɩɨɥɭɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢ 2) ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ (Khrouch et al., 2004) ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ, ɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɣ. ɉɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɨɬ 131I. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ, ɭɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɞɨɡ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɛɵɜɲɟɦ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɋɨɸɡɟ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɞɨɡ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɛɵ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɧɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɪɚɤɚ (ɆȺɂɊ) (Khrouch et al., 2004). 14

Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɨɛ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɣɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ (Zvonova, 1989) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ, ɬ.ɤ. ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ, ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɟɣ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɫ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɨɦ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ (ɆɄɊɁ). ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɫ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɣ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬ 131I ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɫ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɨɦ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɣɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɢ. ȼɫɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ 131I ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɫ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɨɬ 131I. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɸ ɞɨɡɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ Ⱦɠɨɧɫɨɧɚ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ 1982 ɝɨɞɭ (Johnson, 1982), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ȼ.Ȼɟɪɤɨɜɫɤɢɦ (Berkovski 1999a; 1999b) ɛɵɥɚ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ȼ.Ȼɟɪɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɆɄɊɁ (ICRP 2001). Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 2 ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɡ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ Ⱦɠɨɧɫɨɧɚ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɡɵ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɹɰɵ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɬ 131I. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɢ ɧɟɧɚɞɟɠɧɚ (Khrouch et al., 1988; Krjutchkov et al., 1996). Ⱦɨɡɵ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ ɢ ɬɟɥɥɭɪɚ, ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ. ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ 15

ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɱɚɬɵ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 134Cs ɢ 137Cs ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɱɚɬɵ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɨɬ 131I. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ 131I, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭ ɲɟɢ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 350 ɬɵɫ. ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ «ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ»). Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹɯ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬ 131I. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɡ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɣɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɫ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɩɨ ɣɨɞɭ. ɉɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɞɢɟɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ 131I. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɧɚ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ 131I ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɡ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɩɨ ɣɨɞɭ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬ 131I ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɭ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɩɪɢɟɦ ɬɚɛɥɟɬɨɤ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 6–30 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɝ. ɉɪɢɩɹɬɶ, ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɜ 6 ɪɚɡ, ɚ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɣɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɡ ɜ 10 ɪɚɡ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 131I,. Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɧɨ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ. ɂɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɞɨɡ 16

ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɢɦɟɫɬɪɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɏɨɬɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ 131I, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ: 1) ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ (132I, 133I, ɢ 135I) ɢ ɬɟɥɥɭɪɚ (131mTe ɢ 132Te); 2) ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ; ɢ 3) ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ 134Cs ɢ 137Cs. Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɞɨɡɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 131I. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɞɨɡ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ 131I. Ɍɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɟɞɢɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. ɉɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ. ɇɚɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɋɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɣɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɣɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɞɨɡɵɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɣɨɞɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ (KI) ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬ 131I ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɟɬɟɣ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 131I. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. 17

Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɭɸ ɞɨɡɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɜ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ) ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ: ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ; ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ 1986 ɝɨɞɭ; ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ, ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ. Ʌɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ. Ɉɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ 131I ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɵ, ɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ — ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɵ ɰɟɡɢɹ (134Cs ɢ137Cs). Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ, ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɟɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ. Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: 1) ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɬɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ (26 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ), ɢ 2) ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1986-1990 ɝɝ., ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɞɟɡɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ «ɍɤɪɵɬɢɟ», ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɥɨɤɚɯ Ⱥɗɋ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɟɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɚɹ ɥɭɱɟɜɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɰɢɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ (UNSCEAR, 2000). ɗɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ. 18

Ⱦɨɡɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɥɢɛɨ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ: 1) ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɸɧɹ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ; 2) ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɹ (ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɚ); ɢ 3) ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɚɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɹ (ɞɨɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ). Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ: 4) ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɚ), ɢ 5) ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɹ (ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɡɵ ɜ ɷɦɚɥɢ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɚ (ɗɉɊ) ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ FISH ɜ ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɚɯ ɤɪɨɜɢ). ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ: x ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɹ (ɦɟɬɨɞ 1): ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɨɜ (ɧɟɭɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɜɲɢɟ ɤ ɧɟɞɨɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɨɜ); x ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɹ (ɦɟɬɨɞɵ 2 ɢ 3): ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɝɚɦɦɚɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ; x ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɦɟɬɨɞ 4): ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɚɦ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɡ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ); x ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɹ (ɦɟɬɨɞ 5): ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɮɨɧɚ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɞɨɡ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ, ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɉɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɨ 50% ɞɥɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ 1 (ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɚ), ɞɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ 3 ɞɥɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ 2 ɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ 5 ɞɥɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ 3 ɢ 4 (Pitkevich et al., 1997). ɉɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɗɉɊ-ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ (ɦɟɬɨɞ 5), ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ: ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɹ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɞɨɡ (ɧɢɠɟ 250 ɦȽɪ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 25 ɦȽɪ (ɨɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ), ɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡ (ɜɵɲɟ 250 ɦȽɪ) – ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 10% (Chumak et al., 2005). 19

ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ, ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɛɟɬɚ-ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɠɢ ɢ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɚ ɝɥɚɡɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ. ɉɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɞɨɡɚ ɛɟɬɚ-ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɤɨɠɢ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɚ ɞɨɡɵ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɡ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (ɛɟɬɚ+ɝɚɦɦɚ) ɢ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɥɢɰɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨ ɨɬ 2,5 ɞɨ 11 (ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɨɥɨ 5) ɩɪɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɟɡɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɨɬ 7 ɞɨ 50 (ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 28) ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɟɡɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɡɚɥɟ 3-ɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ (Osanov, Krjutchkov, and Shaks, 1993). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɠɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɚ ɨɞɟɠɞɨɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɛɟɬɚ-ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɠɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɛɟɬɚ-ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɠɢ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɛɟɬɚɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɚ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɮɬɚɥɶɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɢ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ 8607 ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɛɟɬɚ-ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɞɨɡɵ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɞɨɡɟ ɛɟɬɚ-ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ Ɇɨɧɬɟ-Ʉɚɪɥɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɜ ɛɟɬɚ-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɡ ɛɟɬɚ-ɤ-ɝɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɦ (Chumak, 2005). Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ 90Sr, 137Cs, Pu ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 300 ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɫ ɢɸɧɹ ɩɨ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɲɬɚɬɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ 3-4 ɞɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ɗɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɡɚɦɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɬɚɯ. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɨ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɆɄɊɁ ɢɡ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ 30 ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 85 ɦɁɜ (ICRP, 1979). 239

Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2. Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 2, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɜɲɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ, ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɢɠɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ 1986 ɝɨɞɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 130 ɦȽɪ. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɞɨɡ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ 250 ɦȽɪ ɜ 1986 ɝɨɞɭ, 100 ɦȽɪ ɜ 1987 ɝɨɞɭ, ɢ 50 ɦȽɪ ɜ 1988 ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ. ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɡɚɦɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ: ɜ 1986 ɢ 1987 ɝɝ., ɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɜ 1988-1989 ɝɝ., ɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɢɠɟ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ɏɨɬɹ ɞɨɡɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2 ɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɛɟɡ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ, ɢ ɮɚɥɶɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ (Chumak et al., 2000).

20

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ (Kenigsberg and Kruk, 2004a; Ministry of Health of Ukraine, 1999; Cardis and Okeanov, 1996). ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɞɨɡɚ Ⱦɨɡɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ a (ɦȽɪ) ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ Ɇɟɞɢɚɧɚ 75-ɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɢɥɶ 95-ɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɢɥɶ

ɋɬɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ

ɑɢɫɥɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ 1986 68000 1987 17000 1988 4000 1989 2000 1986-1989 91000 Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ 1986 69000 1987 53000 1988 20500 1989 6000 1986-1989 148000 ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ 1986 1987 1988 1989 1986-1989 ɚ

8 12 20 16 9 51 71 83 73 63

60 28 20 20 46 169 92 34 32 107

53 19 11 15 25 194 92 26 30 92

93 29 31 30 70 220 100 45 48 180

138 54 93 42 125 250 208 94 52 240

98000 43000 18000 11000 170000

41 72 79 86 56

185 112 47 35 126

190 105 33 28 112

237 142 50 42 192

326 236 134 107 293

Ⱦɨɡɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɦȽɪ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɥɚɫɶ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ.

Ⱦɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɨɡɚ ɜ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɦ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɞɨɡɚ ɜ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.), ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ RADRUE (Krjuchkov et al., 2004). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɚ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɩɪɨɫɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ RADRUE, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ 21

ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɢɨɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɞɨɡ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1997 ɝɨɞɚ, ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɛɨɪɭ ɡɭɛɨɜ; ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 6000 ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɗɉɊ-ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ. ɗɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɗɉɊ-ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɩɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ (Chumak et al., 2005). Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ. Ɉɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ 131I ɜ ɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɬ ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɟɝɨ 137Cs ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 100 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɛɵɥɢ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɢ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ. Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɥɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɦɟɫɬ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɚɬɵ ɷɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝ. ɉɪɢɩɹɬɶ, ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ 48 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 0,17 Ƚɪ, ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 0,07 Ƚɪ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɞɨ 2 Ƚɪ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 0,47 Ƚɪ. Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3). Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 6 ɦɥɧ. ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ (ɩɨɞ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɫ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ 137Cs ɜɵɲɟ 37 ɤȻɤ ɦ-2), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɨɫɢɥ 131I, ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɡɵ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1987 ɝɨɞɚ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɜɵɩɚɜɲɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ 134Cs ɢ 137Cs, ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ 134Cs ɢ 137Cs. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɦɚɥɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ 90Sr, ɢ ɜɞɵɯɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɟɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ 239Pu. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ 134Cs ɢ 137Cs ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɡ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɬɟɥɚ. ȼ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ. ȼ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 134Cs ɢ 137Cs, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 10 ɦɁɜ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ.

22

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. Ɉɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ 1986 ɝɨɞɭ (Bennett et al., 2000). Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɡ ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɓɀ) (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɓɀ) (Ɂɜ) (Ɂɜ) 0,03 0,02 0,006 0,010

ɋɬɪɚɧɚ

ɓɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (Ƚɪ) 1,0 0,3

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4. Ɉɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɡɵ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ) ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ (1986-1995 ɝɝ.) (Bennett et al., 2000) Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ (ɦɁɜ) ȼɧɟɲɧɟɟ ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ 5 4 5 3 2,5 6 8 6,5 11

ɋɬɪɚɧɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ

Ⱦɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɡ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ, ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɬɢɩɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɥ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ (ɬɢɩ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ). Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ (Chumak, Likhtarev, and Pavlenko, 1999; Golikov et al., 2002) ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɬɟɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɦɨɥɨɤɟ) ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (Balonov et al., 2000).

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ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ȼ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 200 ɬɵɫ. ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɜ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɟ. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ RADRUE, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɢ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɚ (Krjuchkov et al., 2004). Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɡ ɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ. Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ 1995, 2001 ɢɥɢ 2002 ɝɝ. ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɣ. «Ɉɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ» ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɥɢɰ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɜɲɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɵ ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɢɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɡɵ, ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɦɟɪɧɨ 10% ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɮɚɥɶɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦɢ (Chumak and Krjuchkov, 1998). Ⱦɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ 90% ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɜɵɲɟɧɵ ɞɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡ (ɂɥɶɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ, 1995). Ⱦɥɹ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ. ɂɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ, Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɛɟɬɚ-ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɠɢ ɢ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɚ ɝɥɚɡɚ. 24

Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɡ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɣ), ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ (ɗɉɊ ɢ FISH) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡ (ɜɵɲɟ 50 ɦȽɪ ɞɥɹ ɗɉɊ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ 300 ɦȽɪ ɞɥɹ FISH). Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ.ȼ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ : 1) ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ; ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ; 2) ɩɪɨɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ; 3) ɧɟ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɞɨɡɵ; 4) ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ 90Sr ɢ 239Pu ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ; 5) ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɞɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ; 6) ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɭ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɦ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ, ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ. ɇɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ RADRUE, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɚ. Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 134Cs ɢ 137 Cs ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. ɗɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɶ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ RADRUE, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɫ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɞɨɡ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ RADRUE.

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Ⱦɥɹ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ RADRUE, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɛɢɨɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɛɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɚ: 1) ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ; 2) ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ; 3) ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ; 4) ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ, ɢ 5) ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ 90Sr ɢ 239Pu.

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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3

ɁȺȻɈɅȿȼȺɇɂə ɓɂɌɈȼɂȾɇɈɃ ɀȿɅȿɁɕ Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɣɨɞ-131 (131I). ȼɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɫ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɣ. ɑɚɫɬɶɸ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɤ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ (Ron et al., 1995). Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɥɢɰ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ. ɂɧɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚɦɢ ɣɨɞɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɚ (Shore, 1992), ɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɤɭ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɚɭɬɨɢɦɦɭɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɢɬ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ. ɗɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1986 ɩɨ 2002 ɝɝ. ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɰ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ (0–17 ɥɟɬ) ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 5. Ɉɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 4000. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1986 ɩɨ 2002 ɝɝ. ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (ɥɟɬ) 0-14 15-17 ȼɟɫɶ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ 0-17 1 2

ɑɢɫɥɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ1 1711 299 2010 Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ2 349 134 483 ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ3 1762 582 2344 ȼɫɟɝɨ 3822 1015 4837

Ɋɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, 2006 Ɋɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɭɛɪɟɝɢɫɬɪ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɤɨ-ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚ, 2006 (ɞɥɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ) 3 Ɋɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, 2006

ɗɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ (Kesminiene et al., 2002; Moysich, 27

Menezes, Michalek, 2002). Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ 2000 ɝ., ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ ɇɄȾȺɊ ɈɈɇ 2000 ɝ.. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 6; ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ Heidenreich et al. (2000) ɫɪɟɞɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ (EAR) ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɦ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Jacob et al. (2000) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɨ-ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1991-1996 ɝɝ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ EAR ɞɥɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ 1971-1986 ɝɝ., ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ EAR, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɝɨɪɬ ɥɢɰ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ (Ron et al., 1995). Ɍɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ EAR ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ½ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (Ron et al. 1995). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɯ EAR ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ EAR. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ 50 ɥɟɬ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1997 ɝɨɞɚ, ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ 15000 (ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ 5000–45000). ɗɬɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɧɚ 80% ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɨ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ. ȼ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɨɜɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ Shibata ɢ ɞɪ. (2001), ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɲɚɧɫɨɜ (OR) ɞɥɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨ 26 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɩɟɪɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ OR ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨ ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 121 (95% Ⱦɂ 9–31000), ɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ OR ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 11 (3– 176). Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɛɵɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɞɨɡ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɞɧɵɦ ɦɨɥɨɤɨɦ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ/ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ivanov et al. (2002) ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ (99024 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ), ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ 6 ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ: ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ, ȼɨɥɝɨ-ȼɹɬɫɤɨɦ, ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɦ, ɉɨɜɨɥɠɫɤɨɦ, ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɨɦ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1986 ɩɨ 1998 ɝɝ. ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ 58 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ (ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ) (SIR=4,33; 95% Ⱦɂ=3,29 – 5,60), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɨɬ ɞɨɡɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ (ERR/Ƚɪ=-2,23; 95% Ⱦɂ=-4,67 – 0,22). ɗɬɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ: ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɞɨɡɚɦɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ivanov et al. (2003a) ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ 28

(Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ 1051 ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɪɚɤɚ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1986 ɩɨ 1998 ɝɝ., ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ 769 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ 5-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (1991-1998). Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (SIR) ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞ- ɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ERR ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɞɨɡɵ (Ƚɪ). ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1991 ɩɨ 1998 ɝɝ. ɜ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ 106 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ (ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ). ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ SIR ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 5,37 (95% Ⱦɂ=4,40 – 6,49) ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. Shakhtarin ɢ ɫɨɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɨɦ ɣɨɞɚ, ɞɨɡɚɦɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (Shakhtarin et al., 2002; 2003). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ (ERR) ɨɬ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ERR ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɣɨɞɚ ɫ ɦɨɱɨɣ. Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɨɡɵ ɢ ɣɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ERR ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɩɨ ɣɨɞɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɣɨɞɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɣɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Tronko et al. (2002) ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ 1876 ɫɥɭɱɚɹɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1986 ɩɨ 2000 ɝɝ. ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 0–18 ɥɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ 70,3% ɞɟɬɟɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɦɥɚɞɲɟ 15 ɥɟɬ, ɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ 0–4 ɝɨɞɚ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1990 ɝɨɞɚ, ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɦɥɚɞɲɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Tronko et al. (2003) ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1986 ɩɨ 2000 ɝɝ. ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ 472 ɞɟɬɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 4– 14 ɥɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ 1996 ɝɨɞɭ (0,57 ɧɚ 100 ɬɵɫ.ɞɟɬɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 0–14 ɥɟɬ) ɜ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ (Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɨɣ, ɑɟɪɧɢɝɨɜɫɤɨɣ, ɀɢɬɨɦɢɪɫɤɨɣ, Ɋɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɣ, ɑɟɪɤɚɫɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɜ ɝ. Ʉɢɟɜɟ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ 11,4 ɪɚɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɨɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ (0,05) ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɡɚɦɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɞɨɡ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ 0,5 Ƚɪ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ 92% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨ-ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɬɢɩ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ 62% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɥɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ.

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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6. ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɜ Pub Med (ɫɬɚɬɭɫ: 1 ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ 2003). ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ) Ɋɚɤ ɓɀ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ – ɪɢɫɤ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ (Heidenreich et al., 2000) ɉɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɓɀ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ (Jacob et al., 2000) Ɉɛɡɨɪ 15-ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɤɚ ɓɀ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ (Tronko et al., 2002) Ɋɚɤ ɓɀ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ (15-ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ) (Tronko et al., 2002) Ɋɚɤ ɓɀ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɊɎ (Ivanov et al., 2002) Ɋɚɤ ɓɀ ɭ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɢ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (Ivanov et al., 2003a) ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɓɀ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɲɤɨɥ Ƚɨɦɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ (Shibata et al., 2001) ɉɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɓɀ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɊɎ (Shakhtarin et al., 2003)

Ɍɢɩ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ, ɞɟɬɢ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ, ɞɟɬɢ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ (1986 ɝ.ɪ.) ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ, ɞɟɬɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ <15 ɥɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ, ɞɟɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ

Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ

Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ EAR

Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ EAR ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ Ɍɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ EAR ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɞɨɡɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ½ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɓɀ Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɓɀ ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɓɀ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ SIR, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɞɨɡɚɦɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ

ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɡ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɟ ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɓɀ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɓɀ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ Ⱦɨɡɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɨ ɇɉ ɞɨɡɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɓɀ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ

EAR

Ƚɪɭɛɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ Ƚɪɭɛɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ SIR ERR/Ƚɪ SIR ERR

Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ, ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɵ, 99024 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɇɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 1569 ɥɟɬ, ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 1 ɦɥɧ.ɱɟɥ. 21601 ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ Ƚɨɦɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ 2590 ɞɟɬɟɣ (6-18 ɥɟɬ) ɢ 480 ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ

OR

OR = 121 (95%Ⱦɂ 9-31000) ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ERR ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɫ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɓɀ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɥɨɫɶ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɫ ɦɨɱɨɣ

ERR

30

Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 7. ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɨ-ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨ-ɆȺɂɊ-SMHF ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ» ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ (Ƚɨɦɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɢ Ɇɨɝɢɥɟɜɫɤɚɹ) ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɚɹ, Ʉɚɥɭɠɫɤɚɹ, Ɉɪɥɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɢ Ɍɭɥɶɫɤɚɹ) (Cardis et al., 2002; 2005). ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 0–14 ɥɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 0–18 ɥɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. Ȼɵɥɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɵ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫ 1992 ɩɨ 1998 ɝɝ.. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ 276 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢ 1300 ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɦɥɚɞɲɟ 15 ɥɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ 131I ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɨɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɗɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ, ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɨɧ ɢ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ. ɋɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɵ. Ⱦɢɚɝɧɨɡɵ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɨɜ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɢ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬ 131I ɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ (ɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ). ɉɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɣɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɟ-ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɥɢɰɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɨɜɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɢɠɟ, ɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ OR ɩɪɢ ɞɨɡɟ 1 Ƚɪ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦɭ 8.7 (95% CI 3.1–9.7), ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɜɲɟɦɭɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ (Ron et al., 1995). ɉɪɢ ɞɨɡɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ 1 Ƚɪ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ 5,5 (95% Ⱦɂ 3,1–9,5) ɞɨ 8,4 (95% Ⱦɂ 4,1– 17,3) ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ. ɇɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ: ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ (ERR) ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɨ 1 Ƚɪ ɢ ɞɨ 2 Ƚɪ ɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɚɹ ERR ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ (ɪɢɫ. 1). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨ-ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɨ 2 Ƚɪ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɲɚɧɫɨɜ (OR) ɧɚ 1 Ƚɪ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɞɥɹ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɬ 131I ɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɬ 131I ɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨ-ɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ ɢ ɬɟɥɥɭɪɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 131I ɜ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɍɱɟɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥ ɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɪɢɫɤɚ.

Ɇɟɦɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɋɚɫɚɤɚɜɚ

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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣȺɗɋ (ɫɬɚɬɭɫ: ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ 2003) ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ WHO/IARC, E. Cardis, A. Kesminiene ɢ ȼ. Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜɢɱ ɋɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ȻɟɥɐɆɌ, Ɇɢɧɫɤ; ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ɢ ɷɟɞɨɤɪɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, Ɇɢɧɫɤ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ Ȼɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ, Ɇɢɧɫɤ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ Ƚɨɦɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɰɞɢɫɩɚɧɫɟɪ, Ƚɨɦɟɥɶ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ Ɇɨɝɢɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ, Ɇɨɝɢɥɟɜ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɛɢɨɮɢɡɢɤɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ; ɆɊɇɐ ɊȺɆɇ, Ɉɛɧɢɧɫɤ, ɊɎ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɵ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, ɊɎ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ, Ȼɪɹɧɫɤ, ɊɎ Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɊȽɆȾɊ ɜ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɟ, Ʉɚɥɭɝɟ, Ɉɪɥɟ ɢ Ɍɭɥɟ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɝ.ɉɢɡɵ, ɂɬɚɥɢɹ; Ʉɟɦɛɪɢɞɠɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, ɋɄ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɝ.ɇɚɝɚɫɚɤɢ, əɩɨɧɢɹ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɪɚɤɚ ɋɒȺ, Ɋɨɤɜɢɥɥɶ, NCI ȻɟɥɐɆɌ, Ɇɢɧɫɤ; ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ɢ ɷɟɞɨɤɪɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, Ɇɢɧɫɤ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɛɢɨɮɢɡɢɤɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ; ɆɊɇɐ ɊȺɆɇ, Ɉɛɧɢɧɫɤ, ɊɎ ɐɟɧɬɪ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ, Ʉɢɟɜ; ɑȺɗɋ, ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ, Ɍɚɥɥɢɧɧ, ɗɫɬɨɧɢɹ Ʌɚɬɜɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪ, Ɋɢɝɚ, Ʌɢɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪ, ȼɢɥɶɧɸɫ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ, IRSN ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɪɚɤɚ ɋɒȺ, Ɋɨɤɜɢɥɥɶ, NCI ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɝ.ɇɚɝɚɫɚɤɢ, əɩɨɧɢɹ ɆȺɂɊ, Ʌɢɨɧ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ, IARC ɆɊɇɐ ɊȺɆɇ, Ɉɛɧɢɧɫɤ, ɊɎ Ƚɨɦɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɰɞɢɫɩɚɧɫɟɪ, Ƚɨɦɟɥɶ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ Ɇɨɝɢɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ, Ɇɨɝɢɥɟɜ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ, Ʉɢɟɜ, ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, Ƚɨɦɟɥɶ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ

ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨ ɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ

ȼɵɩɨɥɧɢɦɨɫɬɶ

ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɨɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨ-ɆȺɂɊɎɨɧɞ ɋɚɫɚɤɚɜɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɓɀ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ»

ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɨ, ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɤ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ 2005 ɝ.

ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɓɀ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ»

WHO/IARC, E. Cardis ɢ A. Kesminiene

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ, Ʌɚɬɜɢɹ, Ʌɢɬɜɚ, ɗɫɬɨɧɢɹ

Ɂɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɨɡ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɚɱɧɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɹɧɜɚɪɟ 2004 ɝ., ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 2005 ɝ.

ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɓɀ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ» ɍɤɪɚɢɧɨ-ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɓɀ ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ» ɜ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ

Ɏɨɧɞ ɋɚɫɚɤɚɜɚ , Y. Shibata ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ Ɋɚɤɚ, M. Hatch, G. Howe ɐɟɧɬɪ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ Ɏɪɟɞɚ ɏɚɬɱɢɧɫɨɧɚ, S. Davis

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ, ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ <18 ɥɟɬ ɜ 1986 ɝ. ɊɎ, Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɋɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ ɧɚɱɚɬ ɜ 1998 ɝ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ 20032004 ɝ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɨ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ 2004 ɝɨɞɚ

Sloan Kettering ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɚɤɚ ɆɊɇɐ ɊȺɆɇ, Ɉɛɧɢɧɫɤ, ɊɎ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ, Ȼɪɹɧɫɤ, ɊɎ

32

Ɋɢɫ. 1. ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ (ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ERR ɢ ɥɨɝ-ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɨɜɵɯ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɜ) ɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ 11 ɞɨɡɨɜɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ (ɢɡ Cardis et al, 2005) 33

ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɰ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ (OR ɧɚ 1 Ƚɪ: 5,3 (95% Ⱦɂ 2,8–10,1) ɞɥɹ ɞɟɜɨɱɟɤ ɢ 5,7 (95% Ⱦɂ 2,8–11,8) ɞɥɹ ɦɚɥɶɱɢɤɨɜ) ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ (OR ɧɚ 1 Ƚɪ: 5,1 (95% Ⱦɂ 2,9–8,9) ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ 31,5 (95% Ⱦɂ 1,3–761) ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɣɨɞɚ ɢ ɣɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɟ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ (ɞɥɹ ɞɟɜɨɱɟɤ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ), ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɨɛɪɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɟɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ) ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɨɟ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɢɦɢ, ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɱɟɧɵɦɢ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ 25161 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɦɥɚɞɲɟ 18 ɥɟɬ ɧɚ 1986 ɝɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ ɞɜɚ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɭ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ 1986 ɝɨɞɭ, ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɥɢɰ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ 100 ɝɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɧɤɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ «ɞɨɡɚ-ɷɮɮɟɤɬ». ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɨɣ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ. ȼ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Stezhko et al., 2004). Ⱦɜɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ» ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ) Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɫɨɪɰɢɭɦɨɦ ɩɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 0–19 ɥɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨ 1 ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ 1997 ɝɨɞɚ (26 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ); ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɢɡ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɤɨɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɨ ɞɜɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɩɨɥɚ, ɝɨɞɚ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ 26 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ (ɝɨɪɨɞ, ɩɨɫɟɥɨɤ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɫɟɥɨ) (52 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ). ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ. ɋ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɥɨɝ-ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ, ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ (Davis et al., 2004). Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ», ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɦ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (Cardis et al., 2005). ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɨ ɞɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɜɫɟɣ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɞɥɟɧ ɞɨ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1998 ɝɨɞɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ 66 ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ 132 ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹɯ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɧɢ ɢ ɧɟɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ. Ȼɵɥɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɢ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ 34

ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ (Inskip et al., 1997; Ivanov, 2002). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜ ɷɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ (Ivanov, 1997), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɆȺɂɊ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɝɧɟɡɞɨɜɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ» (Kesminiene et al., 2002). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɨɤɨɥɨ 10 ɬɵɫ. ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɚɧ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, 40 ɬɵɫ. ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ 51 ɬɵɫ. ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡ 5 ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɜ 30-ɤɦ ɡɨɧɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 26 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ 31 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 1987 ɝɨɞɚ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɪɨɫ ɫɪɟɞɢ 115 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ) ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ (RADRUE). Ɇɟɬɨɞ RADRUE ɛɵɥ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɨɡ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɚ, ɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ (ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ) ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɸ. Ⱦɨɡɨɜɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ «ɞɨɡɚ-ɷɮɮɟɤɬ», ɬ.ɟ. ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɧɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɤ ɪɢɫɤɭ ɪɚɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɪɢɫɤɚ (ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ, ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɏɢɪɨɫɢɦɚ ɢ ɇɚɝɚɫɚɤɢ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɝɨɪɬ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (Ron et al., 1995; Thompson et al., 1994). Ɉɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚɦɢ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ (Jacob et al., 1999). ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɞɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ 0–4 ɝɨɞɚ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (Tronko et al., 2002). ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ, ɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ.

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ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɨɝɨɪɬ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɩɭɫɬɹ 45 ɥɟɬ (Ron et al., 1995). Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ 15-30 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 15 ɥɟɬ, ɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ (Tronko et al., 2002; Kenigsberg et al., 2002). ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɬ.ɟ. ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ, ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɝɨɪɬ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 10 ɥɟɬ; ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶɫɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ (Ron et al., 1995). ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɨɛɨɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ (Jacob et al., 1999; Cardis et al., 2005; Davis et al., 2004); ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ (Jacob et al., 1999). ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ. Ɇɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɣɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɣɨɞɧɚɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (Thomas, Williams, and Williams, 1991; Kanno et al., 1992; Ohshima and Ward, 1986). Ⱦɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɣɨɞɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (Baverstock and Cardis, 1996; Gembicki et al., 1997; Yamashita and Shibata, 1997). ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɟɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɦɨɱɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ, ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɣ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ, ɷɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ (ɬ.ɤ. ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɩɢɳɭ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ). ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɵɜɲɟɦ ɋɋɋɊ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɣɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɨɜɨɳɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɤɨɦ/ɦɹɫɨɦ (ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 58% ɢ 33% ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ), ɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɣɨɞɚ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 4% (ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ, 1946). Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɣɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɛɵɜɲɟɦ ɋɋɋɊ ɜ 1960-1970-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ (Ʌɨɡɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1971) ɢ Ʉɚɥɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɊɎ (Ɍɸɪɸɤɚɧɨɜ, 1964). Ɏɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɨɦ ɣɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (Cardis et al., 2005) ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɨ-ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨ-ɆȺɂɊ-Ɏɨɧɞɚ ɋɚɫɚɤɚɜɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ 36

«ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ». Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɥ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɨɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɪɪɨɝɚɬ ɣɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ. ɗɬɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɩɨɱɜ, ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɚɪɟɚɥɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɭɠɞ. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ʌɨɡɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ Ʌ.ɇ. (1971). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɲɚɧɫɨɜ (OR) ɧɚ 1 Ƚɪ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ, ɜ 3,2 ɪɚɡɚ (95% Ⱦɂ 1,9–5,5) ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɨ OR ɧɚ 1 Ƚɪ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ (Shakhtarin et al., 2003), ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɜ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɨɦ ɣɨɞɚ, ɞɨɡɚɦɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɣɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ: ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ERR ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɨɦ ɣɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɚ ERR ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɣɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɬ.ɤ. ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɚɩɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɣɨɞɚ, ɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ», ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɟ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɨ-ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨ-ɆȺɂɊ-Ɏɨɧɞɚ ɋɚɫɚɤɚɜɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ» (Cardis et al., 2005). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ: OR ɧɚ 1 Ƚɪ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɥɢ «Ⱥɧɬɢɫɬɪɭɦɢɧ» – ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɣɨɞɢɞ ɤɚɥɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɛɵɜɲɟɦ ɋɋɋɊ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɡɨɛɚ – ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨ 0,34 ɨɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ OR, ɨɰɟɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɜɲɢɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬ (95% Ⱦɂ 0,1–0,9). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ «Ⱥɧɬɢɫɬɪɭɦɢɧɚ» ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ: ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ «Ⱥɧɬɢɫɬɪɭɦɢɧɚ» ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ OR ɧɚ 1 Ƚɪ ɫ 3,5 ɞɨ 1,1 ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɢ ɫ 10,8 ɞɨ 3,3 ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɚɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɚɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ) ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ 131I ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɪɢɫɤ ɜ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɪɢɫɤɚ. 37

ɉɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ. ȼ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ» ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɯ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ. Ɋɚɧɧɢɣ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ȼɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɱɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ (UNSCEAR, 2000). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɚɠɭɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ (Schneider et al., 1993; Thompson et al., 1994; Yoshimoto et al., 1995). ɍɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ, ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɫɬɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɵɯ ɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɲɟɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɭɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɥɭɱɲɟɦɭ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɨ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɫ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ (Likhtarev et al., 1995). ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. . ɋɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɝɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɭ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɢ ɜɵɝɨɞ (Eden, Mahon, and Helfand, 2001). ɉɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ. Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɛ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɨɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɟ) ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɋɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ȼɈɁ (ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ 2003 38

ɝɨɞɚ) ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ» (Cardis et al., 2005; Davis et al., 2004). Ɉɧɢ ɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚɦɢ ɣɨɞɚ. ɉɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɨɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɢɠɟ, ɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɤ ɪɢɫɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɣɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɫ ɞɢɟɬɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɦɢ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ «ɞɨɡɚ-ɷɮɮɟɤɬ». Ɉɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (UNSCEAR, 2000). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ (Jacob et al., 1999; 2000) ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɞɨɡɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (Ron et al., 1995). ɂɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɞɨɡɵ (Ƚɪ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɢɠɟ, ɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ (ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ) ɤ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ «ɞɨɡɚ-ɷɮɮɟɤɬ», ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ (Cardis et al., 2005) ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ, ɬ.ɤ. ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɥɢɰ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɚɫɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɡɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ (Pierce, Stram, and Vaeth, 1990; Schafer et al., 2001; Stram, 2003; Thomas, Stram, and Dwyer, 1993). Ɇɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨɥɚ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ (Jacob et al., 2000). ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɢ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɭɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ (Ivanov et al., 2003a). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɨ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 39

ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ,ɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɤɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɏɢɪɨɫɢɦɵ ɢ ɇɚɝɚɫɚɤɢ (Ron et al., 1995; Thompson et al., 1994). Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɐɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ», ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ 131I. ɓɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ 12-ɣ ɧɟɞɟɥɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɡɪɟɥɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɤ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɣ ɤ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ 131I. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɢ (Jacob et al., 1999), ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɛ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɚ 25% ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1991-1993 ɝɝ. ɩɨ 19941996 ɝɝ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢ ɧɟɬ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ 15 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɟɬ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɇɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɢɰ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 45 ɥɟɬ, ɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɛ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɪɢɫɤ: ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ (ɢɥɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɹɯ ɩɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɢɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 2-3 ɪɚɡ (Shore and Xue, 1999). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ (EAR) ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɢɫɤ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹɯ. ɇɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɟɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɬ.ɤ. ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨ-ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (La Vecchia et al., 1999; Negri et al., 1999). Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɨ-ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ-ɆȺɂɊ-Ɏɨɧɞɚ ɋɚɫɚɤɚɜɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ». Ɇɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɣɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɨɦ ɣɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ (Cardis et al., 2005; Shakhtarin et al., 2003). ɉɨ 40

ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. Ȼɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɣɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ (Yamashita and Shibata, 1997; Ashikawa et al., 1997; Baverstock and Cardis, 1996), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɤɚɫɚɥɫɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɣɨɞɚ. Ɋɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɬɚɛɥɟɬɨɤ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɟɪɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (Reiners, 1994). Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Cardis et al., 2005), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɣɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚɦɢ ɣɨɞɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ/ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɣ. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ: 1) ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ, ɢɫɤɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɢ 2) ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɱɬɟɧɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɦ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ. ɉɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɢ ɬɢɩɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɡ ɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ. ɗɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ. . Ɋɚɧɧɢɣ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɜɵɝɨɞ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ/ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ (ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ) ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ, ɜɵɝɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ. ɗɬɨɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɤɚɦɟɧɬɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ.

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ȼ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ (UNSCEAR, 2000). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɥɢɰɚ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɟɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɟɦ ɥɢɰɚ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɟɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɵɲɟɧɚ, ɢ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɤ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɨɡɨɜɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ, ɬɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ. Ɋɟɞɤɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɭ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɵ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ, ɱɟɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ 40-70% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (UNSCEAR, 2000), ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɚ. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ (ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ) ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɰɟɪɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɨɥɢ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɤɭ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɞɨɡɨɜɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɩɵɬ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 131I ɧɚ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ «ɞɨɡɚ-ɷɮɮɟɤɬ» ɞɥɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɡ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɦ, ɚɤɤɭɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɰɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟɬ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɛ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ. 42

Ɉɫɨɛɭɸ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ») ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɣɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɨɥɢ ɣɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɦɢ. ɋɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɯ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ (ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ) ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɥɢɰ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɢ ɢɯ ɭɱɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɞɨɡɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɢɫɤ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ.

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ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɵɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɱɬɟɧɚ ɜɫɹ ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ 1) ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ (ɞɥɹ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɫ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ), ɢ 2) ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɨɡɨɜɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ, ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɩɨɞ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ, ɩɨɥ, ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ/ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɞɢɟɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɣɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ, ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɰ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ) ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɤɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɜɨ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɪɢɫɤɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɫ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ 131I ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ, ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɣɨɞɚ (ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ) ɧɚ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɢɫɤ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɣɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ, ɜɵɝɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ 44

ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɰ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɡɚɦɢ). ɉɪɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ, ɜɵɝɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɞɨ ɢɯ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ. Ɉɫɨɛɭɸ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ («ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ» ɢɥɢ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɵɯ) ɞɥɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ (ɢɥɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ) ɢ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ. Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɉɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ Ɋɚɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɚɤɚ, ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɤ. ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ. ɉɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɤ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɤ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɚɞɟɧɨɦɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɛɪɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ʉɚɪɰɢɧɨɦɭ (ɪɚɤ) ɢ ɚɞɟɧɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɉɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɤɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ. Ⱦɢɚɝɧɨɡ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ (ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɹɞɟɪ—ɹɞɪɚ ɫ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɤɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜɧɟɹɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɫɚɦɦɨɦɚɦɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɤɭ. Ɍɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɦ ɪɚɤɚ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɦɟɧɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ; ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɢ ɩɫɚɦɦɨɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɤ; ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɨɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɪɚɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɫ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɪɚɤɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɫɚɦɦɨɦ. ɉɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɛɵɥ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɰ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹɯ. Ɋɚɧɧɢɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɵ ɨ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɫɬ-ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɨ-ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ. ɗɬɢ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɵ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ, ɧɟ 45

ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ. ȼɫɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɦɥɚɞɲɟ 19 ɥɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ 1998 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ (ɫɦ. ɞɚɥɟɟ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ 1998 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ 2001 ɝɨɞɚ, ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɤ ɨɬ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹɯ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɧɟɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɛɵɥɚɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (Williams, 2000) ȼ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɇɄȾȺɊ-2000 (UNSCEAR 2000) ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚɦɢ (ɬ.ɟ. ɫɨɥɢɞɧɨ-ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɬɢɩ) ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɨ-ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (Williams et al., 2004). Ⱦɨɥɹ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɥɹ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɨ-ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ (Tronko et al., 2002; 2003). Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɨɥɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ (ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 1 ɫɦ), ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ (Tronko et al., 2002; 2003). ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɤɚ.

100 % ɜɫɟɯ PTC 80 60 40 30 0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 Ƚɨɞ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ Ɋɢɫ. 2. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. PTC CP = ɩɨɞɬɢɩ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɭɡɟɥɤɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ, PTC SF = ɬɜɟɪɞɨ-ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɬɢɩ. PTC SF PTC CP

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Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ

ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɟɤ RET ɩɪɨɬɨɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɣ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ RET ɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (Klugbauer et al., 1995; Fuggazzola et al., 1995). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɨɣ RET ɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɚ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɟ RET ɩɪɨɬɨɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɚ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ (Williams et al., 1996, Fenton et al., 2000) ɢ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɸɬ ɞɨɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ RET-ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɟɤ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɧɟɬ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ: ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ (30-50%) ɧɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɟɤ RET ɩɪɨɬɨɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɚ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɟɤ RET ɩɪɨɬɨɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɚ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɵ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɚ RET ɩɪɨɬɨɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɦɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɹɯ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ (Elisei et al., 2001; Bounacer et al., 1997), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɷɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɢɫɶ (Thomas et al., 1999), ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɦɢ RET ɩɪɨɬɨɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɚ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ RET ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ in vitro, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɚɯ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ. Ʉɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɟɤ RET ɩɪɨɬɨɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦɚɯ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɟ ɹɫɧɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɵ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɟɤ RET, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ (Sugg et al., 1996; Bongarzone et al., 1998; Musholt et al., 2000; Basolo et al., 2001). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ RET-ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɩɨɫɬɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦ, ɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨ ɩɨɥɢɤɥɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɯ RET ɩɪɨɬɨɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɧɰɟɪɨɝɟɧɟɡɟ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ (Unger et al., 2004). ȼɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɭɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɨɦ ɜ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦɚɯ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ B-raf ɨɧɤɨɝɟɧ. ȼ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɨɬ 36-69% ɞɥɹ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ (Cohen et al., 2003; Kimura et al., 2003; Soares et al., 2003), ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ (Powell, Jr. et al., 1998; Powell et al., 2005). ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ B-raf ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ (ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɦɥɚɞɲɟ 18 ɥɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ) ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɢɠɟ, ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 7%, ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (Nikiforova et al., 2004; Lima et al., 2003). ɗɬɨɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟ 47

ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɬ.ɤ. ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, Braf ɢ RET ɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ B-raf-ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɦ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɪɚɤɟ, ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ RET ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɦ, ɢ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɪɚɤɚ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɟɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɟɳɟ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ (Williams et al., 2004; Tronko et al., 2002). ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɪɚɤɚ, ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚ, ɱɟɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɬɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɦɥɚɞɲɟ 19-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɵ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ. . ɗɬɨ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɩɨɫɬɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɉɨɫɬɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ras ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ (Santoro et al., 2000), p53 ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ (Suchy et al., 1998) ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɧɵɯ ȾɇɄ (Santoro et al., 2000). Ɉɧɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ RET-ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɟɤ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ B-raf-ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɷɬɢɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɟɳɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ. ȼ ɩɨɫɬɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɬɢɪɨɡɢɧ-ɤɢɧɚɡ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Axl ɢ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɚ Gas6 (Ito et al., 2002) ɢ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ ɦɢɬɨɯɨɧɞɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɨɦɚ (Lohrer, Hieber, and Zitzelsberger, 2002, Rogounovitch et al., 2002; Lima et al., 2003). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɷɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɟɤ ɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɣ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤȾɇɄ-ɦɚɬɪɢɰ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɝɟɧɨɜ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤȾɇɄ-ɦɚɬɪɢɰ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɜ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ (Detours et al., 2005). Ʌɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɣɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɪɢɫɤ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ 48

ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ. ɂɡ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶɸ ɏɨɞɠɤɢɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ (van Leeuwen et al., 2003; Bhatia et al., 2003). Ʌɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ (131I) ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɂɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ) ɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ (ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ) ɜ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ (Swerdlow et al., 2000). Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ (ɢɥɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɭɥɶɦɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɚ) ɜ ɩɨɫɬɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. Ƚɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɤɭ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɩɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ, ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɣɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɷɬɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɞɨɧɨɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ; ɞɥɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɷɬɨ ɤɭɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɚɧɰɟɪɨɝɟɧɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ. Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɨɛ ɨɛɪɚɡɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɝɟɧɚɯ/ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ. Ⱦɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦɵ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɛɵɥ ɥɢ ɪɨɫɬ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ, ɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɧɟɬ ɥɢ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɚɤɚ. ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ

ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ (www.chernobyltissuebank.com) ɛɵɥ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ (Thomas et al., 2000). ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ Ȼɚɧɤɟ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ, ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɚ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɩɪɨɲɥɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ Ȼɚɧɤɚ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ (ɞɚɬɚ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɞɚɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨ-ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɯ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ (ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɜ Ʉɢɟɜɟ ɢ ɆɊɇɐ ɊȺɆɇ ɜ Ɉɛɧɢɧɫɤɟ). 49

Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ Ȼɚɧɤɚ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɡ əɩɨɧɢɢ, ɋɒȺ ɢ ɲɟɫɬɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɧɨɜ, ɤȾɇɄɦɚɬɪɢɰ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ (CGH) (Thomas and Williams, 2001). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ Ȼɚɧɤɚ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ Ȼɚɧɤɟ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ, ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɟ ɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ, ɯɪɚɧɹɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɜ Ȼɚɧɤɟ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ (www.chernobyltissuebank.com). ɇɚ ɫɚɣɬɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɢ ɪɚɤɭ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɟɠɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɨ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ (ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ) ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ

Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɰ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɣɨɞ. ɉɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ

Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɤ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɥɢɰ, ɨɛɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ. ɉɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ, ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɵ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ RET-ɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ RET-ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɯ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɚɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɦɥɚɞɲɟ 10-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ

50

ɨɬɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ.

ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ

ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɦɢ

RET-ɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɚ

ɢ

Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦɨɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɪɚɤɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɣɨɞ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ, ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɚɞɟɧɨɦɵ (ɞɨɛɪɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ) ɢ ɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦɵ (ɡɥɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ). ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɥɢɰ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɵ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ; ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɟɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɢɧɢɤɟ. Ɋɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɹɬɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɨɤ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ ɪɢɫɤɟ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ (Franc et al., 2003) ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɨɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɢ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ. ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɝɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɡɨɜ. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ (ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ)

ɉɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɤ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɰ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɢ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɨɦ. ɇɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɟɤ RET ɩɪɨɬɨɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɟɧɚɯ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɭ ɥɢɰ, ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, 51

ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɝɟɧɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɚɬɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ. Ɋɚɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɶ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɪɚɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɚɫɶ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ (ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ)

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɟɬɤɭ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤȾɇɄ-ɦɚɬɪɢɰ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɞɨ ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ. ɋ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤȾɇɄ-ɦɚɬɪɢɰ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɨɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ. ɉɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɞɚɠɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɝɟɧɨɜ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɜɵɧɟɫɬɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɪɚɤɚ (van de Vijver et al., 2002). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɞɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ, ɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ, ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ. ȼ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɤɪɢɩɰɢɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɨɦɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ 25-30% ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɤɪɢɩɰɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɵɜɨɪɨɬɤɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɚɥɥɟɥɹɯ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɭɤɥɟɨɬɢɞɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɥɢ ɤ ɪɚɤɭ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɟɧɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ.

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ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɬɛɨɪ ɝɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɬ ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ 137Cs. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɚɞɟɧɨɦ ɢ ɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦ), ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦɨɣ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ, ɚ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ. Ɋɚɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɨɞɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɢɲɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɵ ɬɢɪɨɡɢɧ-ɤɢɧɚɡ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ ɜ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɰɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɪɚɤɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɨɜ abl/PDGFR ɬɢɪɨɡɢɧɤɢɧɚɡɵ (Buchdunger, O'Reilly, and Wood, 2002; Demetri et al., 2002) ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚ her2 – ɞɥɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (Yarden, 2001). ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɚɧɰɟɪɨɝɟɧɟɡɭ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɹɬɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ Ɉɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ: ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ, ɜɵɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɚɦ ɢ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ

Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Farahati et al. (2000) ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɦɥɚɞɲɟɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ (ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ 2-4 ɝɨɞɚ) ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ.

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ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɦ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ɍɢɪɨɢɞɷɤɬɨɦɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (Reiners and Demidchik, 2003). ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Rybakov et al. (2000) ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ (ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ) ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ 330 ɞɟɬɟɣ ɜ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ Ʉɢɟɜɟ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ. Ɋɚɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɚɦɢ ɜ 57% ɢ 14,5% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɉɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɤ ɛɵɥ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɭ 93% ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɵ ɪɚɤɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɭ 2,8% ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 1,8%. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1986 ɩɨ 2002 ɝɝ., 1152 ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ Ɇɢɧɫɤɟ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ (ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 13,5 ɥɟɬ) (Demidchik et al., 2005). ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɢ ɜ 99,3% ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢ ɦɟɞɭɥɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɜ 0,7% ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ. Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɱɚɝɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɭ 190 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (16,5%), ɚ ɭ 767 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (66,6%) ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɡɚɞɟɥɚ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɭ 159 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (13,8%); ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɮɥɸɨɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɭ 23 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (2,0%) ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɵ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ; ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ 131I ɜ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭ 13,5% ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɭ ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɷɤɬɨɦɢɹ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɵ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɷɤɬɨɦɢɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɟɤɰɢɟɣ ɲɟɢ. ȼ 9,3% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɝɢɩɨɩɚɪɚɬɢɪɟɨɡ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɭ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɷɤɬɨɦɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɱ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɭ 5,6% ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ. ɉɚɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɹɦɢ ɛɟɡ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɜɨɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɨɦ; ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɚɛɥɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɣɨɞɨɦ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ 12,3% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɭ ɬɟɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɚɛɥɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɣɨɞɨɦ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɚɛɥɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ 131I, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɷɤɬɨɦɢɢ ɭ 249 ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ (Oliynyk et al., 2001). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ 52% ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɚɛɥɚɰɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1-2 ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɨɢɨɞɚ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɚɛɥɚɰɢɢ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ. ȼ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ 220 ɞɟɬɟɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɟɣ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ (99%), ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ (ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 7 ɥɟɬ), ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɷɤɬɨɦɢɹ ɜ Ɇɢɧɫɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ ɜ ɗɫɫɟɧɟ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ȼɸɪɰɛɸɪɝɟ (Reiners, 1998). ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ: ɭ 168 ɢɡ 202 ɞɟɬɟɣ (83%), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ 54

ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ 2 ɤɭɪɫɚ 131I-ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (50 ɆȻɤ/ɤɝ ɜɟɫɚ ɬɟɥɚ), ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ (ɬ.ɟ. ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɢɪɟɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ) ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɪɟɦɢɫɫɢɹ (ɬ.ɟ. ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɬɢɪɟɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ < 10 ɧɝ/ɦɥ). ȼ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɢɡ 100 ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɯ ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 8 ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ (100 MȻɤ 131I/ɤɝ ɜɟɫɚ ɬɟɥɚ), ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɪɟɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɭ 65% ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɛɟɡ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 1,8 ɥɟɬ, ɚ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɚɦɢ – 3,2 ɝɨɞɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ (ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɬɢɪɟɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧɚ ɞɨ 1 ɧɝ/ɦɥ) ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɪɟɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɭ 35% ɢɡ ɜɫɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ 28% ɫɪɟɞɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɚɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢɡ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨɦ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɝɨ ɫ ɢɫɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ (Ferdeghini et al., 1999). ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɪɟɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɥɶɦɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɚ (Reiners, 2003). ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ 71 ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ, ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɥɶɦɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɭ 17 ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɣ ɩɭɥɶɦɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɮɢɛɪɨɡ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ (Reiners and Demidchik, 2003; Reiners and Demidchik, ɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ). ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɥɟɝɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɷɤɬɨɦɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɜɨɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɨɦ (L-T4), ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɬɢɪɟɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ (ɌɌȽ). ɗɬɨ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɌɌȽ-ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ, ɢ ɬɢɪɟɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦɵ (Mazzaferri and Kloos, 2001; Gemsenjager et al., 2000). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɫ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɜɨɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɨɦ L-T4. ȼɡɪɨɫɥɵɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 1,5 ɦɤɝ ɥɟɜɨɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɚ L-T4 ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɌɌȽ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɩɨɬɢɪɟɨɡɚ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɥɟɜɨɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɡɚɦɢ, ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɞɟɬɹɦ ɦɥɚɞɲɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ (Chiovato et al., 1991). ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɜɨɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɚ L-T4 ɢɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɌɌȽ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɌɌȽ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɥɟɜɨɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɚ L-T4 ɢ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɫɨɛɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɩɨɩɚɪɚɬɢɪɟɨɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɷɤɬɨɦɢɢ, ɬ.ɤ. ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧ Ⱦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɮɚɪɦɚɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ (ɤɚɥɶɰɢɬɪɢɨɥ) ɪɟɞɤɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɟɧ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɨɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɥɥɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɥɚɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɩɨɩɚɪɚɬɢɪɟɨɡɚ.

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ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɫɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɌɌȽ ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ, ɧɢɠɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɭɛ-ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɬɢɪɟɨɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɡɭ (Mazzaferi, 2000). Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɢɪɟɨɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɡ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɹɞɭ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ (Wiersinga, 2001). ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ (Uzzan et al., 1996) ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɩɨɫɬ-ɦɟɧɨɩɚɭɡɟ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɜɨɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɨɦ L-T4 ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɌɌȽ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ (Marcocci et al., 1997) ɞɢɫɤɭɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɠɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɯ ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɩɪɟ-ɦɟɧɨɩɚɭɡɟ. ɉɨɬɟɪɹ ɤɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ 20 ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɞɟɜɭɲɟɤɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ 14,5 ɥɟɬ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɥɟɜɨɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 3 ɥɟɬ (Radetti et al., 1993). ɇɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɩɚɫɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɡɵ L-T4, ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɌɌȽ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ (Von Harnack et al., 1972). ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɬɶ-ɦɵɲɰɵ ɭ 208 ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɷɤɬɨɦɢɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɟ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ,ɟɫɥɢ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɚ Ⱦ ɛɵɥ ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ (Schneider et al., 2004). ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫɭɛ-ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɪɟɨɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɡɚ ɫ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚ, ɞɢɫɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɢɚɫɬɨɥ, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɛɢɟɧɢɹ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɫɢɫɬɨɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɮɢɛɪɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɣ (Sawin et al., 1994; Biondi et al., 1994; Fazio et al., 1995). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɭɩɚɞɤɨɦ ɫɢɥ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɌɌȽ-ɫɭɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɡɚɦɢ ɥɟɜɨɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Mercuro et al., 2000). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɭ ɛɟɫɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɜɨɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɨɦ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɌɌȽ (Shapiro et al., 1997). Ɉɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɫɭɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ. ȼ ɧɟɪɚɧɞɨɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ (Farahati et al., 1996). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɷɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ. Ⱦɟɬɹɦ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ. ɍ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɟɣ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɡ-ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɪɟɬɢɧɨɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ (Simon et al., 2002). Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɚɦ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɧɵɦ ɪɚɡ-ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɍ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɌɌȽ-ɫɭɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ, ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ L-T4 ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɝɢɩɨɬɢɪɟɨɡɭ. ɗɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɹɬɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɩɨɬɢɪɟɨɡɚ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢ 56

ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɣ ɌɌȽ (ɪɌɌȽ) ɝɨɪɦɨɧ (Haugen et al., 1999; Pacini and Lippi, 1999; Schlumberger, Ricard, and Pacini, 2000). ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɪɟɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɌɌȽ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ. ɉɨɛɨɱɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɟɣ

Ɍɤɚɧɢ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɞɢɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɨɫɥɟ 131I-ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ (20-30%) ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɞɢɫɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ (ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɢɫɫɭɲɟɧɢɹ). ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɷɬɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ 3 ɥɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɡɠɟ (Solans et al., 2001). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɫɟɪɨɫɬɨɦɢɢ (ɫɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɜɨ ɪɬɭ) ɢɥɢ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɬɚɥɶɦɢɢ (ɫɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɝɥɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ) ɫ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚɯ ɜɵɲɟ 11,1 ȽȻɤ (300 ɦɄɢ) ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɫɰɢɧɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɢ. Ⱦɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɩɭɥɶɦɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɨɬ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ ɧɚɡɚɞ (Ceccarelli et al., 1988). ȼ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɢɡ 49 ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɦ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ, ɭ 72% ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɨɦ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɥɟɝɨɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɦɟɪ ɨɬ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɟɱɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ 500 ɦɄɢ 131I (Ceccarelli et al., 1988). Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɭɥɶɦɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ 71 ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫ ɥɟɝɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɩɭɥɶɦɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɭ 17 ɢɡ 71 ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ (Demidchik and Reiners, 2003). ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ 131I ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ. Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ (ɎɋȽ) ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɚɡɨɨɫɩɟɪɦɢɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɭ 1/3 ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ, ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɣɨɞɨɦ-131 (Pacini et al., 1994). ɉɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ 131I ɞɥɹ ɚɛɥɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɦ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɫ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ (Ceccarelli et al., 1999), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɜ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɚɛɥɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɤ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ. ȼ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ 122 ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, 57

ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨ ɛɟɫɩɥɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭ 106 ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɪɨɞɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɬ 59 ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɣɨɞɨɦ-131 (Hyer et al., 2002), ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɦ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ⱥɦɟɧɨɪɟɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɥɸɬɟɢɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ (ɅȽ) ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɭ 1/3 ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɞɢɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ 131I (Vini et al., 2002). ɋɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɧɨɩɚɭɡɵ (ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɨ 12 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ, ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɫ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɣɨɞɨɦ-131 ɜ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɫ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɣɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ (Ceccarelli et al., 2001). Ƚɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ 131I ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɭ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɨɦ. ȼ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ (Schlumberger et al., 1996) ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ 290 ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɣɨɞɨɦ-131, ɫ ɢɫɯɨɞɚɦɢ 2181 ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɟɣ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɛ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɪɬɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɚ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɛɨɪɬɨɜ (ɜ 4 ɢɡ 10 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ) ɫɪɟɞɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɟɥɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ 131I. ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ 131I ɢɥɢ ɞɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɢ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɣɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɟ: Ɋɚɧɧɢɟ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ: x Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɝɚɫɬɪɢɬɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ 131I (ɱɚɫɬɨ) x Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɚɥɚɞɟɧɢɬɵ (ɱɚɫɬɨ) x Ɇɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɡɥɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ (ɪɟɞɤɨ) x ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɪɨɦɛɨ-ɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɩɟɧɢɹ (ɱɚɫɬɨ) x ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɥɢɝɨɫɩɟɪɦɢɹ (ɱɚɫɬɨ) x Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɦɟɧɨɪɟɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 10 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ (ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɭ 17% ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɤ) Ɉɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ: x ɋɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɢɫɫɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɚɥɚɞɟɧɢɬɚ ɭ 2030% ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ x ɉɭɥɶɦɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɮɢɛɪɨɡ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 1% ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɣɨɞ

58

x

x

Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɥɟɣɤɨɡ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 1% ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɜ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɦ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ (ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 5 ɥɟɬ) – ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ (ɧɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ) ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹɯ. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɪɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɡɨɨɫɩɟɪɦɢɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 5% ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵ. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨ 17 ȽȻɤ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɫɩɟɪɦɭ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɛɚɧɤɟ.

ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡ

ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɚɦɢ (Leenhardt and Aurengo, 2000). ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ, ɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɢɡ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɲɬ.Ɉɝɚɣɨ (Mazzaferri and Kloos, 2001) ɜ 2001 ɝɨɞɭ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɋɒȺ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 40-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 35%; ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɜɟ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ. ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɥɚɞɲɟ 20 ɥɟɬ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ 60 ɥɟɬ. Ɉɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɢɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 12% ɫ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɚɦɢ ɢ 43% ɫ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɚɦɢ (p=0,001). Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 68%. ɂɡ 170 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɭ 30% ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɵ ɜ ɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɲɟɢ, ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ 16% ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɲɟɣɧɵɯ ɥɢɦɮɨɭɡɥɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (p<0,05). Ɉɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɵ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɵ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 32% ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɨɜ; ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 40-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɦɟɪɥɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɤɚ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8). ȼ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɢ 114 ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɢɡ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ (Farahati et al., 1997), ɭ 29 ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ (25%) ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɵ. ɋ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɬɚɞɢɟɣ ɪɚɤɚ (p=0,02). ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɦɥɚɞɲɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ; ɷɬɨɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ (p=0,08). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ U-ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɨɜ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɦɥɚɞɲɟ 20-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ 60-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ (Mazzaferri and Kloos, 2001). Ɇɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɵ ɜ ɥɢɦɮɨɭɡɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɭ 52% ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ (Farahati et al., 1997).

59

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8. ɋɬɪɚɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɪɚɤɚ (ɢɡ Mazzaferri and Kloos, 2001) Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ: ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ <15 ɥɟɬ ɢɥɢ >45 ɥɟɬ ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ 15–45 ɥɟɬ Ɇɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥ ɀɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥ ɋɟɦɟɣɧɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɤɭ Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɤɭ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɣ ɓɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ >1 ɫɦ ɭ ɓɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ <4 ɫɦ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɓɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ >4 ɫɦ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ Ⱦɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ Ɉɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɗɤɫɬɪɚɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɢɧɜɚɡɢɹ Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɢɧɜɚɡɢɢ ɂɧɜɚɡɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ (ɞɥɹ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɧɜɚɡɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ) Ɇɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɵ ɜ ɲɟɣɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɵɟ Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɥɢɦɮɨɭɡɥɵ ɥɢɦɮɨɭɡɥɵ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɵ ɪɚɤɚ: ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɂɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɚɹ Hürthle, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɤɨɥɨɧɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦɚ, ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɵɣ ɫɤɥɟɪɨɡ, ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦɚ ɢ ɤɢɫɬɨɡɧɚɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦɚ ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɬɢɩɢɹ ɹɞɟɪ, ɪɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɧɟɤɪɨɡ ɢ Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɬɢɩɢɢ ɹɞɟɪ, ɪɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɟɤɪɨɡɚ ɢ ɢɧɜɚɡɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢɧɜɚɡɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ (ɬ.ɟ. ɝɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ) Ɋɚɤɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɢɥɢ Ɋɚɤɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞ Ɉɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɵ Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ

ɋɪɟɞɢ ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɦɥɚɞɲɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (p<0,02) ɫ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɢɦɮɨɭɡɥɨɜ (p<0,001) ɢ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɤ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ (p=0,09). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɦɥɚɞɲɢɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ (p=0,001) ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɥɨɤɨɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ (p<0,001) ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɤ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (Farahati et al., 2000). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɸɡɨɦ (UICC) (UICC 1997 and 2002), ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ T-ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ (Farahati, Reiners, and Demidchik, 1999), ɬ.ɤ. ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ Ɍ1 ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɗɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ UICC ɜ 2002 ɝɨɞɭ (UICC 2002), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ Ɍ1 ɛɵɥ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧ ɫ 1,0 ɞɨ 2,0 ɫɦ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬ-ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ 60

ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɢɡ 741 ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ Ɇɢɧɫɤɟ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɷɤɬɨɦɢɢ (n=426), ɥɨɛɷɤɬɨɦɢɢ (n=248) ɢ ɫɭɛɬɨɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɷɤɬɨɦɢɢ (n=48), ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1,5 – 220 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ: 96,6 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ) ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ 80,8% ɞɟɬɟɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɛɨɥɟɟ 5 ɥɟɬ ɢ 30,0% ɞɟɬɟɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10 ɥɟɬ. Ɋɟɰɢɞɢɜɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ 204 (27,5%) ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ 73 (9,9%) ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɨɜ, 90 (12,1%) ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɭ 41 (5,5%) ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ: ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚ, ɦɭɥɶɬɢɮɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦɵ, ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɞɢɫɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɲɟɢ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ: ɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥ, ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɜ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɚɹ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ 5- ɢ 10ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 99,3% ɢ 98,5% ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɂɡ 464 ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɣɨɞɨɦ-131, 336 (72,4%) ɞɟɬɹɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɚɛɥɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɚ 128 ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚɦ (27,6%) ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ. ɉɨɥɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɛɵɥ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ ɜ 271 (58,4%) ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ – ɜ 159 (34,3%) ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ; ɭ 34 (7,3%) ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɫ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ 131I ɜ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɚɯ, ɧɨ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɬɢɪɟɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ. ɂɡ 128 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ, ɩɨɥɧɵɣ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɛɵɥ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ 37 (28,9%), 61 (47,7%) ɢ 30 (23,4%) ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ (Demidchik et al., 2005). ɇɟɪɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ

Ɉ ɧɟɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɞɨɛɪɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɟɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (Ivanov et al., 2003b). Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɛɪɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɡɥɚɦ ɢ ɚɭɬɨɢɦɦɭɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɟɣ ɫ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (Ron et al., 1989; Schneider et al., 1993; Shore et al., 1993; Kerber et al., 1993). ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɭɬɨɢɦɦɭɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɧɬɢɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɥ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ (Lomat et al., 1997; Pacini et al., 1999; Vermiglio et al., 1999; Vykhovanets et al., 1997; Vykhovanets, 2004). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɮɨɧɞɨɦ ɋɚɫɚɤɚɜɚ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ 114 ɬɵɫ. ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ 137Cs ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ (ɫɥɭɠɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɞɨɡɵ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ) ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɢɪɟɨɞɧɵɯ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɥ, ɝɢɩɨɬɢɪɟɨɡɨɦ, ɝɢɩɟɪɬɢɪɟɨɡɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɡɨɛɨɦ (Yamashita and Shibata, 1997). Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɛɪɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ (Eheman, Garbe, and Tuttle, 2003). ɍɡɥɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ,

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ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 1%-18%, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10% ɭɡɥɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɥɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ (Nagataki, 2002). ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ 25161 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɦɥɚɞɲɟ 18 ɥɟɬ ɜ 1986 ɝɨɞɭ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ ɞɜɚ ɝɨɞɚ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɭ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɏɨɬɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɷɬɨ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɞɨɛɪɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ (Stezhko et al., 2004). Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɋ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɩɩɥɟɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɢ 3D-ɭɥɶɬɪɚɫɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɰɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ/ɰɢɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ). ȼ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɡɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɦɢ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫ ɭɡɥɚɦɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɟɯɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɫɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵ, ɱɟɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ ɞɜɭɯɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɫɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɬ.ɤ. ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɭɡɥɚ ɢ ɷɯɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ (Lyshchik, Drozd, and Reiners, 2004; Lyshchik et al., 2005). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ (ɣɨɞɨɦ, ɥɟɜɨɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɨɦ LT4) ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ. Ⱥɭɬɨɢɦɦɭɧɧɢɬɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɋɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɚɭɬɨɢɦɦɭɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɞɨɛɪɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ Ʉɚɥɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ERR/1 Ƚɪ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 0,2 (Ⱦɂ 0,06–0,34) (Ivanov et al., 1997). ȼ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɇɄȾȺɊ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɚ (UNSCEAR, 2000). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɫɥɟ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ.

ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ Drozd et al. (2003) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ 328 ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢɡ ɏɨɣɧɢɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ (Ƚɨɦɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ), ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ-ɦɚɟ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ, ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ 99 ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢɡ Ȼɪɚɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ (ȼɢɬɟɛɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ), ɫɥɭɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ. ɍ 3,7% ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɤɢɫɬɨɡɧɵɦɢ ɭɡɥɚɦɢ ɭ 3,1% ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. Ⱥɭɬɨɢɦɦɭɧɧɵɟ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɢɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɭ 1,8% ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ 2% ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ɍ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɬɪɢɦɟɫɬɪɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɬɪɢɦɟɫɬɪɟ. ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ,

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ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɢɪɟɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɬɪɢɦɟɫɬɪɟ, ɛɵɥɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Eheman et al. (2003) ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ) ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɚɧɬɢɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɥ ɢ ɚɭɬɨɢɦɭɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (ɝɢɩɨɬɢɪɟɨɡ ɢ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɢɪɟɨɡ). ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɤɭɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɢ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ ɧɟɡɥɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ (ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ) ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ

Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ 90% ɞɟɬɟɣ ɦɥɚɞɲɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɇɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚ, ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ, ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɥɢɦɮɨɭɡɥɵ ɢ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɵ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫ ɡɚɩɭɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɟɣ ɪɚɤɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɷɤɬɨɦɢɸ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɟɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ-ɡɚɦɟɳɚɸɳɟɣ ɌɌȽ-ɫɭɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɟɣ ɥɟɜɨɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɨɦ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦ. ɉɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ

Ⱦɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɞɤɢɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ, ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɷɬɢɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ. Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɧ ɩɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɚɦ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɹɦ RET ɩɪɨɬɨɨɧɤɨɝɟɧɚ). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɨɦ ɣɨɞɚ, ɩɪɟɜɚɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɦɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ⱦɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɲɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵ. ɍ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɚɦɢ ɩɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ. ȼ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɲɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɝɢɩɨɩɚɪɚɬɢɪɟɨɡɚ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɷɤɬɨɦɢɸ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ. ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ 63

ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɩɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɌɌȽ-ɫɭɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɥɟɜɨɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɨɦ. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ (ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ)

ɢ

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚɦɢ ɣɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɰɢɧɨɦɟ), ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɞɨɛɪɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɧɟ-ɚɭɬɨɢɦɭɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɧɵɣ ɝɢɩɨɬɢɪɟɨɡ ɢ ɚɭɬɨɢɦɦɭɧɧɵɟ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɢɬɵ. ɂɦɟɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɣ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨ ɫɜɹɡɢ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ) ɫ ɚɭɬɨɢɦɦɭɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ (ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ)

Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ/ɡɥɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ UICC/TNM ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ

ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɷɤɬɨɦɢɢ.

ɦɟɪɵ

ɞɥɹ

ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ

ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɣ

ɩɨɫɥɟ

Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɡɨɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɟɤɨɦɟɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɥɶɦɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɚ, ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɟɣ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɫɭɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ. ɝɨɪɦɨɧ-ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ

Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬ-ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɢɩɨɩɚɪɚɬɢɪɟɨɡɚ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɤɚ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɟɪɬɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɌɌȽ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɹɬɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɩɨɬɢɪɟɨɡɚ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ.

64

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɚɭɬɨɢɦɭɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɢ ɭ ɧɟɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɨɫɬɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɞɨɛɪɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɉɝɪɨɦɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɢɪɟɨɡɨɦ (ɢ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɢɪɟɨɡɨɦ) ɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɚɭɬɨɢɦɦɭɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɪɟɯɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɢɬɪɨɧɧɭɸ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɬɨɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ (PET) ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ.

65

Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4

ɅȿɃɄɈɁɕ ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɏɢɪɨɫɢɦɚ ɢ ɇɚɝɚɫɚɤɢ (Preston et al., 1994). Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɦɮɨɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ (ɏɅɅ), ɫ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ 2-5 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ʌɟɣɤɨɡ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɭ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ (Yoshinaga et al., 2004), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɡɥɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ (Ron, 2003). Ɋɢɫɤ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɞɨɡɚɦɢ/ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɡɵ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɟɣɤɟɦɢɢ ɜ ɲɬɚɬɟ ɘɬɚ, ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ» ɛɵɥɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɫɥɚɛɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɟ ɜ ɇɟɜɚɞɟ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɥɟɣɤɟɦɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (Stevens et al., 1990). ȼ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɋɒȺ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɵ ɢ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɏɅɅ (Cardis et al., 1995). ȼɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ

ȼ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ Ƚɪɟɰɢɢ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɚɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ «ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ» ɢ «ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ», ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɜ 2,6 ɪɚɡ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɣ (Petridou et al., 1996). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɜ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦ, ɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɫ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɤɨɣ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ (<6 ɤȻɤ/ɦ2, 6-10 ɤȻɤ/ɦ2, >10 ɤȻɤ/ɦ2) ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ (Steiner et al., 1998). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ (Ivanov et al., 1998), ɝɞɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɲɟ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɪɟɧɞ ɛɵɥ ɫɥɚɛɟɟ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɹ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɝɨɞ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ (ɜ 1987 ɝ.), ɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ, ɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ (RR=1,51; 95% Ⱦɂ 0,63–3,61) ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ (Ƚɨɦɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢ Ɇɨɝɢɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ). ɇɟɞɚɜɧɟɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1986 ɩɨ 1996 ɝɝ. ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɪɨɞɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɀɢɬɨɦɢɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ) ɜ 1986 ɝɨɞɭ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɛɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɉɨɥɬɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 66

ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ), ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ Noshchenko et al. (2001). ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ (RR=2,7; 95% Ⱦɂ 1,9–3,8) ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɥɢɦɮɨɛɥɚɫɬɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ (RR=3,4; 95% Ⱦɂ 1,1–10,4). ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ (21 ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɜ ɀɢɬɨɦɢɪɟ ɢ 8 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜ ɉɨɥɬɚɜɟ), ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ (ECLIS), ɧɚɱɚɬɨɟ ɜ 1988 ɝɨɞɭ (Parkin et al., 1996), ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɭ). ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚ (ɩɨɥɭɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ) ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ ɭ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ 24-29 ɦɟɫɹɰɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɯ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɞɚɬɟ (ɞɟɧɶ/ɦɟɫɹɰ) ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɚɬɟ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ (Loos, 2004). ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ

ɂɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ. ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ, ɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɝɪɭɛɵɦɢ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ. Ƚɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɝɟɦɨɩɨɷɡɚ, ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɚ ɢɞɟɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɦɨɩɨɷɡɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɭɱɚɦɢ (Bithell and Stewart, 1975; Wakeford and Little, 2003) ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɯɨɬɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɦɥɚɞɲɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɭɤɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 3-5 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɏɢɪɨɫɢɦɭ ɢ ɇɚɝɚɫɚɤɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨ (Yoshimoto et al., 1991). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɧɚɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ 67

ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɞɨɡɟ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɡɵ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɟ ɜ ɇɟɜɚɞɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨ, ɛɵɥɨ ɬɨɠɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ (Stevens et al., 1990). ɉɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ

ɋ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɢɫɤ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɞɤɢɦɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɦɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ, ɧɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ

ɇɚɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ

ȼ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ (ECLIS) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɟɸɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɦɥɚɞɲɟ 15 ɥɟɬ ɢɡ 36 ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɪɚɤɚ 23 ɫɬɪɚɧ. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Parkin et al. (1993) ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɪɵɦ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɞɨ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ (1980-1985 ɝɝ.) ɫ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1987-1988 ɝɝ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɜ 1987-1988 ɝɝ. ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ 1980-1985 ɝɝ.; ɪɟɡɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ECLIS ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ 5-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ (Parkin et al., 1996). Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ (Prisyazhiuk et al., 1991), Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ (Ivanov et al., 1993; Gapanovich et al., 2001), Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (ɂɜɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ., 2003ɚ; Ivanov and Tsyb, 2002), Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɢ (Auvinen et al., 1994), ɒɜɟɰɢɢ (Hjalmars, Kulldorff, and Gustafsson, 1994; Tondel et al., 1996) ɢ Ƚɪɟɰɢɢ (Petridou et al., 1994; 1996). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ (Hjalmars et al., 1994) ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɦ, ɧɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɥɢɦɮɨɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɦɥɚɞɲɟ 5-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (OR 1,5; 95% CI 0,8–2,6). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ 68

Ɍɭɪɰɢɢ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɞɢɚɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɫɬɪɵɦ ɥɢɦɮɨɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ, ɱɟɦ ɞɨ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ (Gunay, Meral, and Sevinir, 1996). Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ») ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ (Noshchenko et al., 2002), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɭ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ Ɋɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɀɢɬɨɦɢɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɦɥɚɞɲɟ 20-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1987 ɩɨ 1997 ɝɝ ɛɵɥ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɥɟɣɤɨɡ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɵ ɩɨ 272 ɫɥɭɱɚɹɦ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 98 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɥɢɫɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɵ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɚ ɥɢɰ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɠɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ), ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɚ ɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɥɢɰ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 4,5 ɦɁɜ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ – 101 ɦɁɜ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ 1993-1997 ɝɝ. ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɫ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 10 ɦɁɜ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɪɝɨ ɦɢɟɥɨɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ 1987-1992 ɝɝ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ 30% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɣ, ɧɟ ɹɫɧɨ, ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥ ɥɢ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɯ ɪɢɫɤɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ. ɗɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ: x ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ» ɜ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɫɨɪɰɢɭɦɨɦ ɩɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. x Ɏɪɚɧɤɨ-ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɜ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɢ Ʉɚɥɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ. x Ɏɪɚɧɤɨ- ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ

ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɞɤɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶɸ, ɤɚɤ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɥɟɣɤɨɡ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ (ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ), ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ (ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 10 ɥɟɬ). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ ɨ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. 69

ɉɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ

Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟɥ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ – ɷɬɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ «ɞɨɡɚ-ɷɮɮɟɤɬ», ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɩɪɨɥɨɧɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɢɫɤ (ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ, ɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɢɡɤɚ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɧɢɠɟ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɟɳɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɬ.ɤ. ɬɚɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ. Ɉɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ

ɋɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚɯ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɫɬ-ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ 143032 ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɞɥɹ 9-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ SIR ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ, ɪɚɜɧɵɟ 113 (95% Ⱦɂ 62–190) ɢ 177 (95% Ⱦɂ 122–247) ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ 1986-1989 ɝɝ. ɢ 1990-1993 ɝɝ., ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ (Ivanov, 1996). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ (ERR), ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ 4,30 ɧɚ 1 Ƚɪ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ 8745 ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɜɲɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1986 ɩɨ 1990 ɝɝ., ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Shantyr et al. (1997). Ⱦɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 0–250 ɦɁɜ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɤɨɦ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 4–10 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɞɨɡɨɜɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Tukov and Dzagoeva (1993) ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɝɟɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɫɬɪɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ, ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ (Ivanov et al., 2002; 2003c; 2003d) ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɦɮɨɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ) ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ 150–300 ɦȽɪ.

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ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Buzunov et al. (1996) ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ 174812 ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ (96% ɦɭɠɱɢɧ), ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ (77%) ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ 1986 ɢ 1987 ɝɝ. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ-ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 13,4 ɧɚ 100 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨ-ɥɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜ 1986 ɝɨɞɭ ɢ 7,0 ɧɚ 100 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨ-ɥɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ 1987 ɝɨɞɭ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ 1986-1987 ɝɝ. ɫ ɞɨɡɚɦɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ 120–680 ɦȽɪ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ 18 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 2,5-3 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɞɚ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ. ȼ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ 4833 ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɧɟɯɨɞɠɤɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɦɮɨɦɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ 3 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ (Rahu et al., 1997). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ», ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɢɡ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɤɨ-ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚ (Konogorov et al., 2000). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ 34 ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɏɅɅ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1986-1993 ɝɝ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɧɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚ. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 115 ɦȽɪ, ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ–142 ɦȽɪ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ (RR=3,07; 95% Ⱦɂ 0,71–13,24), ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɡɚɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (RR=3,70; 95% Ⱦɂ 0,70–19,66), ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ

ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Osechinsky et al. (1995) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɨɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɊɎ) ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1979-1993 ɝɝ., ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚ ɝɟɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ (ɫ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɩɨ 137Cs ɜɵɲɟ 37 ɤȻɤ/ɦ2) ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɝ.Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɚ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ. ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ (1979-1985 ɝɝ. ɢ 19861993 ɝɝ.) ɜɵɹɜɢɥɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɢ ɧɟɯɨɞɠɤɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɦɮɨɦɵ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɨɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɯɨɞɠɤɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɦɮɨɦɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɦ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ivanov et al (1997) ɞɥɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ Ʉɚɥɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɊɎ) ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ɇɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɨɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɀɢɬɨɦɢɪɫɤɨɣ ɢ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɢ 71

ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ (Bebeshko et al. 1997). Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɫ 5,1 ɧɚ 100 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥ.-ɥɟɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1980-1985 ɝɝ. ɞɨ 11 ɧɚ 100 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥ.-ɥɟɬ ɜ 1992-1996 ɝɝ., ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɨɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ (Prisyazhniuk et al., 1995). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɨɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1980-1993 ɝɝ., ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ. ɗɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ: x ɍɤɪɚɢɧɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ ɢ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ x ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɆȺɂɊ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɯɨɞɠɤɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɦɮɨɦɵ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ x Ɏɪɚɧɤɨ-ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɢ Ʉɚɥɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ x Ɏɪɚɧɤɨ-ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɯɨɞɠɤɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɦɮɨɦɵ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ», ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɟ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɪɚɤɚ (Kesminiene et al., 2002), ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ 146 ɬɵɫ. ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɢ ɧɟɯɨɞɠɤɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɦɮɨɦɵ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɥɨɧɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɨɡ (0–500 ɦɁɜ). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ 117 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢ 481 ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ. Ⱦɢɚɝɧɨɡɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɝɟɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɨɜ. ɋɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧ. ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɟɪɦɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɜ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɦ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɨɡ (RADRUE), ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɵ ɜ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ

ȼɵɜɨɞɵ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɫ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɟɬ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɨɛ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɭ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ 72

ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɏɅɅ) ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɜɵɲɟ 150 ɦȽɪ (ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ) ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1986 ɩɨ 1996 ɝɨɞɵ. Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ

ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɦɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ȼ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɭɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɨɜ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ, ɨɛɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɯ ɞɨɡ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɞɨɡ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ

ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɪɢɫɤɚ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ.

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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 5

ɋɈɅɂȾɇɕȿ ɊȺɄɂ ɁȺ ɂɋɄɅɘɑȿɇɂȿɆ ɊȺɄȺ ɓɂɌɈȼɂȾɇɈɃ ɀȿɅȿɁɕ Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ

Ɉɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ 2000 ɝ. ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 10 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɢ 6 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ (IARC, 2000). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɤɭɪɟɧɢɟ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɤɚ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɤɚɧɰɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɤ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɤɭ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɚɧɰɟɪɨɝɟɧɟɡɭ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɧɰɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɣɤɨɡ (ɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɝɟɦɨɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ) ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ («ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ» ɪɚɤɨɜ). ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɥɟɣɤɨɡ ɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ («ɞɨɡɚɷɮɮɟɤɬ»), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɞɨɡɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɞɢɫɤɭɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡ (Pierce et al., 1996; Ron et al., 1998; Hoel and Li, 1998). ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɠɢɥɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɤ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ (ɬ.ɟ. ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧ ɧɚɤɥɨɧ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ «ɞɨɡɚ-ɷɮɮɟɤɬ»). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɢɫɤɭɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɨɬ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (Pierce and Vaeth, 1991; Pierce and Preston, 2000). ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ-ɩɹɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɥɟɬ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ 1990ɯ ɝɝ. ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ

74

ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɷɬɨɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ

Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɚɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ ɇɄȾȺɊ-2000 (UNSCEAR 2000), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ, ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɵɜɨɞ. ȼ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ ɇɄȾȺɊ-2000 (UNSCEAR 2000). ȼɫɟ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɤɢ ɇɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ ɇɄȾȺɊ-2000 (UNSCEAR 2000) ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɜ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ. Ʌɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ

ȼ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ Ivanov et al. (2004b) ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ 55718 ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ 30-ɤɦ ɡɨɧɵ ɜ 1986-1987 ɝɝ. ɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɥ 0,001-0,3 Ƚɪ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ 0,13 Ƚɪ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1991 ɩɨ 2001 ɝɝ. ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ 1370 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ 43 ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1991-2001 ɝɝ. (ERR/Ƚɪ = 0,33; 95% Ⱦɂ=-0,39 – 1,22) ɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1996-2001 ɝɝ. (ERR/Ƚɪ = 0,19; 95% Ⱦɂ= -0,66 – 1,27) ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ; ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɞɢɤɨ-ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɨɜ, ɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ, ɢɥɢ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɧɟɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ Ivanov et al. (2004a) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ 8654 ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɊȽɆȾɊ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 1996-2001 ɝɝ. ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ (SIR=0,88; 95% Ⱦɂ=0,76–1,02). Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 0,95 ɩɪɢ ɞɨɡɟ 1 Ɂɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɣ (95% Ⱦɂ=-1,52 – 4,49). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 75

ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ, ɷɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɨɜ, ɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɨɣ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ. Ɋɚɤ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ

ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɢ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ: 1) ɷɬɨɬ ɬɢɩ ɪɚɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɢ 2) ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɤ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɜ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɣɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɵ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɪɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ 150 ɬɵɫ. ɠɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ; 90 ɬɵɫ. ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɚɯ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ (ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ 100–200 ɦɁɜ) ɢ 1987 ɝɨɞɚ (ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɨɡɚ 50–100 ɦɁɜ); ɢ 50 ɬɵɫ. ɠɢɬɟɥɹɯ, ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɝ.ɉɪɢɩɹɬɶ (ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɨɡɚ 10– 12 ɦɁɜ) ɢ 30-ɤɦ ɡɨɧɵ (ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɨɡɚ 20–30 ɦɁɜ) (Prysyazhnyuk et al., 2002). Ⱦɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ (SIR) ɪɚɤɚ ɝɪɭɞɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 1,50 (95% Ⱦɂ=1,27–1,73) ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 19931997 ɝɝ. Ⱦɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ 30-ɤɦ ɡɨɧɵ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ SIR ɞɥɹ 1990-1997 ɝɝ. ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 1,38 (95% Ⱦɂ=1,06–1,70), ɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ-ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ 1986-1987 ɝɝ., ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 5% ɨɬ ɜɫɟɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ SIR ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 1990-1997 ɝɝ. ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 1,51 (95% Ⱦɂ=1,06–1,96). ɗɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬ.ɤ. ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɵ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ, ɚ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɨɜɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɚɯ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɆȺɂɊ ɢ Ɋɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚ Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɢ. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɩɪɟ-ɦɟɧɨɩɚɭɡɟ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɞɨ 45 ɥɟɬ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ (ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɨɣ 40 ɦɁɜ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ), ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ (IARC, 2005). ȼ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɪɟɧɞɵ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɞɨ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɩɨɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɫɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ (Pukkala et al., 2006).

76

ɆȺɂɊ ɢ ICRHER ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ ɩɢɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ» ɫɪɟɞɢ ɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɵɫɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ

Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɛɵɥɚ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɟɪɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɨɛ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɰɟɪɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ ɜ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɦ ɩɭɡɵɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɤɚɯ (Morimura et al., 2004; Romanenko et al., 2000; 2001; 2002; 2003). ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ

Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɤɚɦɢ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɚɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɭ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟɬ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɬɨ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɛɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɬ.ɤ. ɟɫɥɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɬɨ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɢ, ɩɨɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɥɸɛɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɚɯ. ȼ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɜɢɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɢɫɤ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɪɢɫɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɬ.ɤ. ɫɪɟɞɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɨɪɰɢɭɦ ɩɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ

77

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ (ɫɦ. ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɥɟɟ). ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɤɚɤ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɞɚɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ 20 ɥɟɬ – ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɫ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɜ ɏɢɪɨɫɢɦɟ ɢ ɇɚɝɚɫɚɤɢ. ɉɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ

Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɧɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɧɢ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ. ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ɂ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ/ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɢ ɩɨɥ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ. ɗɬɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɨɫɶ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɡɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɫɬɪɵɦɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ. ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ 10 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɟ-ɦɟɧɨɩɚɭɡɟ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɦɥɚɞɲɟ 35-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ» ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɰɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹɯ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɏɢɪɨɫɢɦɵ ɢ ɇɚɝɚɫɚɤɢ, ɢ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, 78

ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɬɪɟɬɶɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɤɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɪɚɤɚ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɤɨɜɚɹ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɶ ɧɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɞɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɨɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɞɨɡɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ

ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɵɲɟɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɤ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ: ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ «ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ» ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ RADRUE, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɚɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɚ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 2, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ RADRUE ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ. ȼ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɡɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɩɪɟ-ɦɟɧɨɩɚɭɡɟ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɝɪɭɞɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 5 ɥɟɬ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ – 10 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɟɬ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɨɡ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ

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ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɞɨɡɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ, ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ ɇɄȾȺɊ2000 (UNSCEAR 2000), ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɭɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɚɦ, ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɚɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɢɫɤ ɧɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɫɹ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɞɨɡ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɏɢɪɨɫɢɦɵ ɢ ɇɚɝɚɫɚɤɢ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɥɢ ɛɵ ɮɚɤɬ,ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚɜɟɪɧɹɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɨɡ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹɯ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 2, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ – ɷɬɨ ɥɭɱɲɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ) ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ȿɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɨɡ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɨɡ, ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ. ɂ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɣ. ȼɨɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɞɨɡ/ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɫɚɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɹɰɢɣ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɭɸ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɦ, ɬ.ɤ. ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɜ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ. ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ) ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ ɇɄȾȺɊ ɜ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ. ɇɚɞɟɠɞɵ ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, 80

ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɥɶɸɬ ɫɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ) ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ (ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɊȽɆȾɊ ɢɥɢ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ). ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ). ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɟɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɦ, ɬ.ɤ. ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ, ɬ.ɤ. ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨ-ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɪɚɤɚ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɧɚɰɢɢ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɟɦ: ɪɚɤ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɪɚɤ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɪɚɤ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ, ɪɚɤ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɤ. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɚɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɞɨɡ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɡɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɡ), ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɧɞɵ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ «ɞɨɡɚ-ɷɮɮɟɤɬ».

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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 6

ɆȿȾɂɐɂɇɋɄɂȿ ɉɈɋɅȿȾɋɌȼɂə, ɇȿ ɋȼəɁȺɇɇɕȿ ɋ ɊȺɄɈɆ ɂɅɂ ɁȺȻɈɅȿȼȺɇɂəɆɂ ɓɂɌɈȼɂȾɇɈɃ ɀȿɅȿɁɕ Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɜɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɚɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɋɆɂ ɢ ɚɧɟɤɞɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢɡ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚɯ, ɞɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ 8 ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ: x Ʉɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ x ɋɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ x ɐɢɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɢɨɦɚɪɤɟɪɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ x ɂɦɦɭɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ x ɇɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ, ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ x ɍɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ x Ɉɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ x Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ (ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ) Ⱦɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ (ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ), ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɨɩɢɪɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ – ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɢɠɟ, ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ. ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 15 ɥɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ 70 ɥɟɬ ɞɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 61 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɫ 67 ɥɟɬ ɞɨ 61 ɝɨɞɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 75 ɥɟɬ. Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ 82

ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚɦ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ), ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɹ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ. ɉɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɭ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɵ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɨɜ ɭ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ, ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɟɣ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɭɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɬɪɟɫɫ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɭɪɟɧɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦɢ, ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɹɡɹɦ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɚ ɝɥɚɡɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ (ɫɟɧɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɚ). ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɪɟɫɫ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɝɨ, ɚ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɧɟɠɟɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɟ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ, ɧɟɫɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɣ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɜ ɡɚɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.

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Ƚɥɚɡ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ

ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (Merriam, Jr. and Focht, 1957). ȼɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɸ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɟ. ɉɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɚ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ, ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɫɬɪɨɬɵ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɸ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɵ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɭɛɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɨɣ (ɋɄɄ), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɋɄɄ, ɤɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥɢ Otake ɢ Schull, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤ ɝɥɚɡɚ (Otake and Schull, 1982). Ʉɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ (ɮɢɛɪɨɝɟɧɟɡ) ɢ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɄɄ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (Worgul and Rothstein, 1975; Worgul, Merriam, Jr., and Medvedovsky, 1989; Merriam, Jr. and Worgul, 1983). ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɞɨɡɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ. ȼ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɇɄȾȺɊ ɈɈɇ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɚɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ: «Ʉɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ, ɪɭɛɰɵ ɢ ɹɡɜɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɬɪɭɞɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɲɢɯ ɨɫɬɪɭɸ ɥɭɱɟɜɭɸ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ» (UNSCEAR, 2000). ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ

ȼɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ ɭ ɥɢɰ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɨɫɬɪɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɟɡɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ (Junk et al., 1999; Steinert et al., 2003; Kovalenko, Belyi, and Bebeshko, 2003). ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɟ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ (ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 5-17 ɥɟɬ) ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɤ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɸ (Day, Gorin, and Eller, 1995). ɂɡ 1787 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (996 ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ, 791 ɧɟɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ), ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ (3,6%), ɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɋɄɄ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɟ ɝɥɚɡɚ, ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ Fedirko and Khilinska (1998), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ ɋɄɄ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɟ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ 461 ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɤ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɮɬɚɥɶɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Worgul, 2005). Ɉɮɬɚɥɶɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɱɚɬɵ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ 10 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɜ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɹɬɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ 8607 ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɜɲɢɯ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɡɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ 84

ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɪɨɲɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɨɮɬɚɥɶɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ 33 ɝɨɞɚ, ɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɮɬɚɥɶɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɨɤɨɥɨ 45 ɢ 47 ɥɟɬ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɛɟɬɚ-ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɚ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ (Worgul, 2005). ɇɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɲɢɯ ɨɫɬɪɭɸ ɥɭɱɟɜɭɸ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ (ɈɅȻ), ɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɞɨɡɵ ɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɭɸ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɢ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɤɨɦɨɞɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ (Fedirko, 1999; Sergienko and Fedirko, 2002; Kovalenko et al., 2003). ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ (ɆɊɇɐ) ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (Ivanov et al., 2004a) ɢ ɜ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬ. ɏɨɬɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɷɬɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɟɜ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ

Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɟ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɫɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɜ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɟ ɝɥɚɡɚ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɨɡɨɣ, ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɉɩɵɬ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ⱦɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɚ ɝɥɚɡɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɬɚ-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ȼ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɨɣ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɨɮɬɚɥɶɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɚ/ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɦ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɞɨɡ, ɱɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ. 85

Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɟ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɪɨɝɟ (2 Ƚɪ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɮɬɚɥɶɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ (Minamoto et al., 2004), ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɨɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ (ɄɌ) ɜ ɨɮɬɚɥɶɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ Beaver Dam (Klein et al., 1993) ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬ ɭ ɚɫɬɪɨɧɚɜɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɷɪɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨɦ ɋɒȺ (NASA) (Cucinotta et al., 2002), ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,25 Ƚɪ)ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɚ. ɉɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ

ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɪɨɝɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ (ɬ.ɟ. ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬ), ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɦ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɤ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɚ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɫɧɨɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɚ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɢ, ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɏɢɪɨɫɢɦɵ ɢ ɇɚɝɚɫɚɤɢ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɸ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɚɡɚ. Ʉɚɤɨɜɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɝɥɚɡɚ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɚ? ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɬɪɨ ɞɢɫɤɭɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (<5 Ƚɪ), ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɞɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɦɚɤɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɞɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɛɟɬɚɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ȿɫɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɜɤɥɚɞ ɛɟɬɚ-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (Osanov et al., 1993) ȼɵɜɨɞɵ

Ɉɮɬɚɥɶɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɛɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɚɦɢ (ɋɄɄ) ɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦ ɤɚɬɚɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɟ ɞɨɡ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 250 ɦȽɪ.

86

Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɚɤɤɨɦɨɞɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɡɵ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɞɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ (ɦɚɤɭɥɨɩɚɬɢɹ) ɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ

ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɮɬɚɥɶɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɟ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɞɨɡ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɋɄɄ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɮɬɚɥɶɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɛɟɫɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɬ.ɤ. ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɠɢɥɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɢɦɢ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɡɧɚɸɬ ɨɛ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɨɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɮɬɚɥɶɦɨɥɨɝɭ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɭɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɮɬɚɥɶɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɫɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɪɚɱ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɮɚɤɬ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ, ɧɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɧɢ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɟ (ɩɪɟ-ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɚ), ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ, ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ (2–3 ɪɚɡɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ), ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɋɄɄ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɚɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɮɬɚɥɶɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɝɥɚɡɚ (ɫɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɝɥɚɡɚ - ɯɨɪɢɨɢɞ). ɋɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ

Ɉɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɟɪɢɤɚɪɞɢɬ, ɮɢɛɪɨɡ ɦɢɨɤɚɪɞɚ, 87

ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɜ, ɢɧɮɚɪɤɬ ɦɢɨɤɚɪɞɚ, ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɚɬɟɪɨɫɤɥɟɪɨɡ. Ⱦɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. Ɋɢɫɤ ɥɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɡɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ƚɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɫɯɨɞɧɵ ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɫ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɚɬɟɪɨɫɤɥɟɪɨɡɟ. ɉɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɸ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɩɨɬɟɪɸ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɢ ɮɢɛɪɨɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɏɨɞɠɤɢɧɚ (Adams et al., 2004), ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (Darby et al., 2003), ɹɡɜɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɢ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ (Carr et al., 2005), ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɯ. ɋɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ (ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 10-40 Ƚɪ) ɬɨɠɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɬɟɪɨɫɤɥɟɪɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤɭɪɫ ɪɚɞɢɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ (Al-Mubarak et al., 2000). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɛ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɬɟɪɨɫɤɥɟɪɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ 5 Ƚɪ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɏɢɪɨɫɢɦɵ ɢ ɇɚɝɚɫɚɤɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 0-4 Ƚɪ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɫ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɚ 14% ɧɚ Ƚɪɟɣ (Wong et al., 1999). ɗɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɢɡ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɫ 1958 ɩɨ 1998 ɝɝ. (Preston et al., 2003). ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ «ɞɨɡɚ-ɷɮɮɟɤɬ» ɞɥɹ ɢɧɮɚɪɤɬɚ ɦɢɨɤɚɪɞɚ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɦɥɚɞɲɟ 40 ɥɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɢ (p=0,049). ȼ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1968-1997 ɝɝ. ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ, ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ERR/Ɂɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ 0,17 (95% Ⱦɂ 0,08–0,26). ɗɬɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (Yamada et al., 2004) ɢ ɝɢɩɟɪɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɟɦɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɵ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ERR, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,54 ɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ (0,17), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɵ 95% Ⱦɂ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɯ ERR/Ɂɜ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɨɝɨɪɬ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɞɨɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ ɜ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ ɦɢɨɤɚɪɞɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɤɭɩɨɪɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɪɨɦɛɨɜ. Ɉɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɝɢɩɟɪɩɥɚɡɢɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢɧɬɢɦɵ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɪɨɦɛɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ. 88

ȼ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɤɪɨɜɹɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɝɢɩɟɪɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɟɦɢɹ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɹ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɭɪɟɧɢɟ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɷɬɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɤɭɪɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɤɚ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ. ȼ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɇɄȾȺɊ-2000 ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ (UNSCEAR, 2000). Ɉɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ 137Cs (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɬ ɛɟɬɚ-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɹɦɢ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ, ɝɟɦɨɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɟɬɪɭɞɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɥɨɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ: 1) ɫɪɟɞɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ 2) ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɭ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɜɦɨɣ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɹ, ɤɭɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɋɬɪɟɫɫ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɇɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɯ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ, ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ (WHO, 1995a). ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ȼ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɲɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ (Grakovich, 2003; 2004). ȼ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɭ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1000 ɦɭɠɱɢɧ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ «Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ» ɜ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɟ 2004 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ȼ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɡɚ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɨɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɣ 60910 ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ 4995 ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ, 1728 ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (Ivanov et al., 2000). Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɚ 1 Ɂɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 0,54 (95% Ⱦɂ=0,18 – 0,91), ɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ERR/Ɂɜ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɢɠɟ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 0,23 (95% Ⱦɂ=-0,03 – 0,50) (Ivanov et al., 2004a). ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ

89

ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɨɧɢɟɣ, ɢ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɲɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶɸ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɪɵɦ ɢɧɮɚɪɤɬɨɦ ɦɢɨɤɚɪɞɚ (ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɢɯɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ) ɧɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɥɢɰ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɢ ɢɲɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ (Khomazjuk et al., 2003). ȼɧɟɡɚɩɧɚɹ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɲɢɯ ɨɫɬɪɭɸ ɥɭɱɟɜɭɸ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ (ɈɅȻ), ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1987-2000 ɝɝ. ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɨɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɢ ɜ ɞɜɚ-ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ (Bebeshko et al. 2003). ȼ 2001 ɝɨɞɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ (Buzunov et al., 2001a). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɥɢɧɢɤɨ-ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ 1992-2003 ɝɝ., ɧɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɲɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶɸ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (Buzunov et al., 2001b). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɝɨ 900 ɦɭɠɱɢɧ-ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɲɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶɸ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ, ɤɭɪɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɪɨɜɹɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɲɟɦɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɲɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ

Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɷɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɢɫɤɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɹɫɧɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɨɫɬɪɵɣ ɢɧɮɚɪɤɬ ɦɢɨɤɚɪɞɚ ɢ ɢɲɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ). ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ, ɢ ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɦɹɝɱɟɧɵ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ 90

Ⱥɗɋ,

ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ. ɉɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ

Ɋɨɥɶ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɟ ɬɨɱɧɵ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɝɨɪɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ɇɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɦɚɥɵ ɩɨ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɢɡɤɚ. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ

Ʌɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɵ, ɨɛɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɲɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɭɸ ɥɭɱɟɜɭɸ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɞɨɡɵ (Ɂɜ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɷɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɡɚɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɡ). Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɤɪɵɬ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ

Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ, ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɲɢɦɢ ɨɫɬɪɭɸ ɥɭɱɟɜɭɸ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ. ɇɚɭɱɧɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ: ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɣ (ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ) ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.

91

ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɨɥɢ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨɛɳɢɯ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ. ɐɢɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɵ: ɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ

ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨ ɫɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ, ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɟ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɧɚɞ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ. Ƚɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɯ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɚɯ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɧɟ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ. ɗɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɥɢɮɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ɏɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɚɯ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɞɢɰɟɧɬɪɢɤɢ, ɦɢɤɪɧɭɤɥɟɢ ɜ ɛɢɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦ (Ɋɋɋ), ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ɉɨɪɨɝ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ 200, 300 ɢ 50 ɦȽɪ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (Darroudi et al., 1998). Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɩɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (> 1 Ƚɪ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ) ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɬɶ ɤɥɢɧɢɰɢɫɬɨɜ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɧɧɢɦ ɢ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (< 1 Ƚɪ) ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɪɢɫɤɢ ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɬɟɪɪɨɪɢɡɦɟ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɚ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ ɨ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɨɣ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɚ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɤɚ (Mitelman, 2000; Hagmar et al., 2001; Bezrookove et al., 2003).

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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɢɰɟɧɬɪɢɤɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (Lloyd et al., 1992); ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɫ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɵɦɢ ɚɛɟɪɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɇɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɵɯ ɚɛɟɪɪɚɰɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ, ɨɬɤɪɵɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɮɥɭɨɪɟɫɰɟɧɬɧɨɣ in situ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ (FISH), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ȾɇɄ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦ ɞɥɹ «ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ» ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɋɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɵɯ ɚɛɟɪɪɚɰɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɧɵɯ ȾɇɄ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɸ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɵɟ ɚɛɟɪɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ

ɇɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦɚ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ. ɐɢɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɢɨɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɰɟɧɬɪɢɤɨɜ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ (Sevankaev and Zhloba, 1991). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɩɪɨɛ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɵɯ ɚɛɟɪɪɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɞɨɡɚɦɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɠɟ 250 ɦȽɪ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Sevankaev et al (1995a) ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ, ɨɰɟɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ 900 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɰɟɧɬɪɢɤɨɜ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɞɨɡ ɦɟɞɢɤɨ-ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ (ɊȽɆȾɊ, ɝ. Ɉɛɧɢɧɫɤ). Ȼɵɥɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ-ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɚɪɤɨɮɚɝɚ (Sevankaev et al., 1995b). Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ Ƚɪ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɱɚɬ ɩɨɡɠɟ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɢɰɟɧɬɪɢɤɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɢ. Ⱦɜɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɱɚɬɵ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɩɹɬɢ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ (Sevankaev et al., 1993; 1995c; Salomaa et al., 1997). Ⱥɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ (ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɫ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɮɚɡɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɚɛɟɪɪɚɧɬɧɵɯ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦ) ɭ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɡ ɨɬ ɢɧɤɨɪɩɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɜɢɪɭɫɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ (Neel et al., 1992).

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ɋ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɢɰɟɧɬɪɢɤɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɬɚɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ FISH. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Salomaa et al (1997) ɜ 1993 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɨɬɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɛ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɟɥ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ, ɢ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ~60 ɦȽɪ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɡɵ <100 ɦɁɜ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 7 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɥɚɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ FISH (Darroudi and Natarajan, 1996), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 180–400 ɦȽɪ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 13–15 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɝ.ɉɪɢɩɹɬɶ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 320 ɦȽɪ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɰɟɧɬɪɢɤɨɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ FISH (Edwards et al., 2002). ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ~200 ɦȽɪ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɨɡ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɯ ȾɇɄ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ «ɦɢɧɢɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɥɨɤɭɫɚɦɢ» ɢɥɢ «ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ ɬɚɧɞɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ» (ESTR). ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɜ ɦɢɧɢɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɧɵɯ ɥɨɤɭɫɚɯ ɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ (Dubrova et al., 1996; 1997; 2002), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɷɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɥɚɫɶ (Livshits et al., 2001; Kiuru et al., 2003). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɤ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɦɢɧɢɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɧɵɯ ȾɇɄ (ɬ.ɧ. «ɧɟɧɭɠɧɚɹ» ȾɇɄ) ɞɥɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɧɨɣ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ Dubrova et al. (2002) ɢɡɭɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɜɨɫɶɦɢ ɦɢɧɢɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɚɯ (ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɯ ȾɇɄ): CEB1, CEB15, CEB25, CEB36, MS1, MS31, MS32 (ɥɨɤɭɫɵ D2S90, D1S172, D10S180, D10S473, D1S7, D7S21, ɢ D1S8), ɢ B6.7 (ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɟ 20ql3). ɗɬɢ ɥɨɤɭɫɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ, ɜ ɫɟɦɶɹɯ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɀɢɬɨɦɢɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɣɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ȼ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɫ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɡɚɱɚɬɵɦɢ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɢɜɵɱɤɚɦ ɤ ɤɭɪɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɨɬɰɚ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟ 1,6-ɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ ɭ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɰɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ ɭ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ. ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɶɹɯ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ (Dubrova et al., 1996; 1997), ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɦɢɧɢɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɧɵɯ ȾɇɄ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɦɢ ɝɢɩɟɪɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɵɯ ɦɢɧɢɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɧɵɯ ɥɨɤɭɫɚɯ: CEB1 (D2S90), CEB15 (D1S172), CEB72 (D1S888), CEB42 (D8S358), CEB36 (D10S473), CEB25 (D10S180) ɢ B6.7 ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ 94

ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɣ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɦɭɬɚɝɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɟ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɦɟɣɨɡɚ (Livshits et al., 2001). Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɭ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜ 88 ɫɟɦɶɹɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ (Slebos et al., 2004). ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɵɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ ȾɇɄ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɨɤɭɫɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɢɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛ 33,6 ɢ 33,15 ɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɉɐɊ (ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ) ɧɚ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɢɡ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɬɟɬɪɚɧɭɤɥɟɨɬɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɡɚɱɚɬɵɯ ɞɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɰɚ, ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ ɭ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɦ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɡɵ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨ ɫɜɟɪɯ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɬɟɬɪɚɧɭɤɥɟɨɬɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɚ D7S1482. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɷɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɦɢɧɢɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɚɯ ɭ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɨɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɬɟɬɪɚɧɭɤɥɟɨɬɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɚɯ ɭ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɨɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɰɢɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɗɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɨɡɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɱɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɟɣ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɮɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɞɨɡɵ ɨɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɮɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɞɨɡɵ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ

ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ FISH, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 250 ɦȽɪ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɢ ɷɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɢɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ȾɇɄ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡ, ɢɥɢ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɰɢɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɭɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɱɟɬɚ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɮɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ (ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɣ), ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɝɟɧɨɦɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɚ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɚɥɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɰɢɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ

95

Ⱦɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɟɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ. Ʌɢɲɶ ɜ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɯ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ , ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɰɢɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɪɤɟɪ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɭɛɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ). ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɜɭɯɷɬɚɩɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. Ⱦɢɰɟɧɬɪɢɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɞɨɡɭ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɬɟɥɟ. ɗɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚɦɢ (ɆɄɊɁ, Ȼɗɂɂ, ɇɄȾȺɊ) ɢ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɷɬɚɩɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɟɳɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɢɨɦɚɪɤɟɪɵ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɥɟɬ. ɋɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ FISH, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɨɜ, ɬ.ɤ. ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɪɚɧɧɢɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɡɥɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɋɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ FISH ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɥɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɵɯ ɚɛɟɪɪɚɰɢɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɢ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɵɯ ɚɛɟɪɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ. ɂɦɦɭɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ

ɗɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɇɄȾȺɊ ɜ 1988 ɝɨɞɭ (UNSCEAR 1988). ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ ɧɟɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɨɬ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɣ ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɨɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ. ɂɦɦɭɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɥɟɣɤɨɰɢɬɵ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɚ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɤɨɠɭ ɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, ɥɢɡɨɰɢɦɵ, ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ (ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɪɨɧɵ), ɩɪɨɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɰɢɬɨɤɢɧɵ (IL-1, IL-6 ɢ TNF-D), ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɵ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɢɥɥɟɪɵ (NKɤɥɟɬɤɢ). Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɯ ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɢ ɱɭɠɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ 96

ɢɦɦɭɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ: ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ (B-ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɵ) ɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ (T-ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɵ). Ƚɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɦɢ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɥɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ȼ-ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ Ɍ-ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɭ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɜɵɲɟ 1,5 Ƚɪ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɚ (Awa, 1975; Akiyama, 1995; Kusunoki et al., 1998; 2002; Kusunoki, Yamaoka, Kasagi, 2002), ɜɵɪɚɠɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ Ɍ-ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ CD4 T-ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɨɜ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɢɥɥɟɪɨɜ (Keever et al., 1988; Bloom et al., 1988). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɍ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ Cɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɥɟɣɤɢɧɚ-6 (IL-6) (Hayashi et al., 2003). ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɡɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ, ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɤ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɸ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,3–0,5 Ɂɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ (Akleyev et al., 1999). ɉɪɟɠɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥɢ ɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ (Kosianov and Morozov, 1991). ɍ ɩɢɥɨɬɨɜ ɜɟɪɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ (Ushakov, Davydov, Soldatov, 1994). Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɑɟɥɹɛɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ (Akleev and Kosenko, 1991). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵ. ɍ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɉɪɢɩɹɬɢ (Bebeshko et al., 1996), ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ. ɍ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɝ. Ɇɨɝɢɥɟɜɟ ɢ ɝ. Ƚɨɦɟɥɟ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ 3 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ Ɍ-ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ȼ-ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɨɜ (Ƚɚɥɢɰɤɚɹ ɢ ɞɪ., 1990). ȼ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɇɄȾȺɊ-2000 (UNSCEAR 2000) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ 1) ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɨ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɨɫɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ; 2) ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɧɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. Ʉɨɦɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɛɵɥ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨɢɦɦɭɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ, ɛɵɥɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ. . ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ T-ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɢɥɥɟɪɨɜ (NK-ɤɥɟɬɨɤ). ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ Tɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧɨɜ (Chumak et al., 2001; Bebeshko et al., 2003; Vosianov, Bebeshko, and Bazyka., 2003). ɑɟɪɟɡ 1–5 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɚ. Ɉɬɦɟɱɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ ȼ-ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɨɜ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɬɪɢɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɢ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɭɬɨɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ. 97

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Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵ, ɢ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ CD3+ ɢ CD4+ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ – ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ CD8+ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Yarlin et al. (1993) ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ CD3+ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɞɨɡɚɦɢ 0,1–0,5 Ƚɪ ɢ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɞɨɡɚɦɢ 0,5–9 Ƚɪ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ CD8+ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɧɢɡɤɨɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ 30-ɤɦ ɡɨɧɟ (Titova et al. 1996) ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ CD4+ ɢ CD8+ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ (Kurjane et al. 2001) ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ CD3+, CD4+ ɢ CD8+ T-ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 0,01 Ƚɪ ɞɨ 0,5 Ƚɪ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ Kuzmenok et al. (2003) ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɱɟɪɟɡ 11–14 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ CD25+ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɥɟɣɤɢɧ-2 ɧɟɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɡɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ Kurjane et al. (2001) ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ NK-ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɪɟɡɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥɢ ɨ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪ) ɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ CD4+ ɢ CD16+ (Gridley, Pecaut, and Nelson, 2002). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɥɢɬɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ, ɰɢɧɤɚ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (Kurjane et al., 2001; Nikolenko et al., 2002). ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Chumak et al. (2001) ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɧɨɹɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɢ ɷɬɟɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ 11–14 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ CD4+ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ CD8+ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɛɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ (ɷɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ). ȼ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ (Bazyka, Chumak, and Byelyaeva, 2003) 730 ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɢ 1212 ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ CD3+ ɢ CD4+ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɟ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɹ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Titov et al. (1995) ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ B-ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ IgM (ɢɦɦɭɧɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧ Ɇ) ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 30–45 ɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ IgG ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɨ 90 ɞɧɟɣ ɫ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ (Bebeshko et al., 1996), ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ 5 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ 1118 ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ CD3+ ɢ CD4+ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ «ɱɢɫɬɵɯ» ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Chernyshov et al., 1997), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ CD3+CD4+ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫ ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ >1 ɦɁɜ, ɜ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɭ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Koike et al. (1995) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ NK-ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɭ ɝɨɦɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɨ 137Cs. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɨɜ in vitro (Padovani et al. 1995) ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɨɬɜɟɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɪɟɡɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɞɨɡɵ 1,5 Ƚɪ.

98

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɭɬɨɢɦɦɭɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ (Vykhovanets et al., 1997). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɧɟɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Koike et al. (1995), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɞɟɬɢ ɫ ɡɨɛɨɦ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ IgG, IgM, IgE ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ NK-ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɟ. Ⱥɭɬɨɢɦɦɭɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3. Ɍɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɇɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɨɥɢ ɰɢɬɨɦɟɝɚɥɨɜɢɪɭɫɚ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɯ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɩɨɷɡɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɜ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɜ ɝ. Ƚɨɦɟɥɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɨ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɳɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ

Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧɨɜ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ. ɗɬɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɟɫɫ, ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɯɢɦɢɤɚɬɵ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɷɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. ɂɦɦɭɧɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɲɢɯ ɨɫɬɪɭɸ ɥɭɱɟɜɭɸ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ. . ɉɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧɨɜ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ

ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɧɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɏɢɪɨɫɢɦɵ ɢ ɇɚɝɚɫɚɤɢ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɣɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ, ɬɚɤɠɟ 99

ɨɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɧɢɠɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɦɁɜ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ

ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɶ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɲɢɯ ɨɫɬɪɭɸ ɥɭɱɟɜɭɸ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɦɁɜ, ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɰɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɛ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɰɟɡɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɣɨɞɨɦ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɨ ɡɚɱɚɬɢɹ, ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ. Ȼɵɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɹɸɳɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ɋɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɇɄȾȺɊ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ: 1) ɩɪɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɟ ɨɬ 1,5 ɞɨ 4 Ƚɪ ɢɥɢ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɬ 0,1 ɞɨ 2 Ƚɪ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɪɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ; ɢ 2) ɩɪɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɟ ɨɬ 5 ɞɨ 9,5 Ƚɪ ɢɥɢ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 6 Ƚɪ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɪɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ (UNSCEAR, 1982). Ɉɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɰɨɜ ɞɨ ɡɚɱɚɬɢɹ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɚɜɚɪɢɸ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ 1–6 Ƚɪ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɚɫɩɟɪɦɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɢɩɨɫɩɟɪɦɢɢ, ɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ «ɫɬɟɪɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ (Andrews et al., 1980). ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɪɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɟ ɨɬ 1,5 ɞɨ 6,5 Ƚɪ ɢɥɢ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɬ 1,5 ɞɨ 12 Ƚɪ. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɪɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɬ 3,2 ɞɨ 10 Ƚɪ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɨɜ. ɇɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɡɚɱɚɬɢɹ ȼ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɨ ɡɚɱɚɬɢɹ. ȼ 2001 ɝɨɞɭ ɇɄȾȺɊ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɨ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɯ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (UNSCEAR, 2001). ȼ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ) ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹɯ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ

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ɦɭɬɚɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ⱦɨɡɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɤ ɭɞɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ (ɭɞɜɚɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ), ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 1 Ƚɪ. ɉɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɧɚɞ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɤ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚɦ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɨɜ. ȼɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ (1–6 Ƚɪ), ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ (Kaplan, 1959; Lushbaugh and Ricks, 1972), ɩɨɫɥɟ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɏɨɞɠɤɢɧɚ (Horning et al., 1981) ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɬɟɪɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (Jacox, 1939). ȼ 1996 ɝɨɞɭ Cardis ɫ ɫɨɚɜɬ. ɨɰɟɧɢɥɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɮɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 7,5%. Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 0,03% ɞɥɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, 0,01% ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ 30-ɤɦ ɡɨɧɵ, 0,03% ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɨɧɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ <0,001% ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ. ȼ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɇɄȾȺɊ-2001 ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɵ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɧɢɠɟ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ Ʉɨɦɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɛɵɥ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨɛ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (UNSCEAR 2001). ȼ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɇɄȾȺɊ-2001 (UNSCEAR 2001) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ Czeizel et al. (1991) ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦɚ Ⱦɚɭɧɚ ɜ ȼɟɧɝɪɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ Sperling et al. (1994) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɢɡ 12 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ Ȼɟɪɥɢɧɟ (ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɦɢ 2–3 ɫɥɭɱɚɹɦɢ) ɱɟɪɟɡ 9 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Burkart et al. (1997) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦɚ Ⱦɚɭɧɚ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ȼɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ȼ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ, ɚ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ Burkart ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ DeWals et. al. (1988) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦ Ⱦɚɭɧɚ, ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɚɹ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ Schull et al (1981) ɢɡɭɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ: 1) ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɵ: ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɫ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɦɟɪɬɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɦ, ɭɦɟɪɲɢɦ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ; 2) ɞɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ; 3) ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜ; ɢ 4) ɨɛɳɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɨ ɡɚɱɚɬɢɹ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ.

ȼ 2003 ɝɨɞɭ ɆɄɊɁ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɚ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɦɛɪɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɩɥɨɞɚ (ICRP, 2003). Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ: ɜ ɩɪɟɞ-ɢɦɩɥɚɧɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ (0-10 ɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɱɚɬɢɹ) ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɦɛɪɢɨɧɚ, ɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɞɚ/ɷɦɛɪɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 101

0,5 Ƚɪ ɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ. ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɢɫɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɢ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɩɥɚɧɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɟɧ. Ɋɢɫɤ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ (3–7 ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɱɚɬɢɹ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,1 Ƚɪ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ Ʌɉɗ. ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɢɫɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ (IQ) ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ (8–15 ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɱɚɬɢɹ) ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɨɤɨɥɨ 30 ɛɚɥɥɨɜ/Ƚɪ (ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ). ɉɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,3 Ƚɪ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ʌɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ Harris (1932) ɢɡɭɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɭ 138 ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɭɱɚɦɢ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɟ ɞɨ 200 ɤȼ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɤɨɥɨ 5 Ƚɪ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɬ 6 ɞɨ 18 ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (Harris, 1932). Ɉɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɨɡɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ 2 ɧɟɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ 129 ɢɡ 138 ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 4 ɧɟɞɟɥɶ. ȼ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ (Mayer et al. 1936) ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɨɫɬɪɵɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ 3,6 Ƚɪ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɏɢɪɨɫɢɦɚ ɢ ɇɚɝɚɫɚɤɢ (Yamazaki, Wright, and Wright, 1954a; 1954b). ɂɡ 30 ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɫ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɭ 7 ɠɟɧɳɢɧ (23%) ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɢ ɭ 6 ɠɟɧɳɢɧ (20%) – ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɰɚ. ɋɪɟɞɢ 68 ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɷɩɢɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ, ɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ, ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 10%. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ (6%). ȼ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ Little (1993) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɨɜ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ 1) ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦɟ Ⱦɚɭɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, 2) ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɢ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, 3) ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɵɦ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɚɦ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɜɵɤɢɞɵɲɢ, ɩɟɪɢɧɚɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɜɟɫ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ, ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɜ), 4) ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɵɤɢɞɵɲɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɢ 5) ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɚɦ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɷɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ 30-ɤɦ ɡɨɧɵ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ Ɏɟɪɬɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɤ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ

102

ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɟ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɧɚɞ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɢɰɚ, ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɲɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɭɸ ɥɭɱɟɜɭɸ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ. Ɋɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ Ɋɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 500 ɬɵɫ. ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɝɨɞ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ 800 ɬɵɫ. ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ 1976 ɝɨɞɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ 1990 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ 30%. Ɋɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ. . ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫ 12,1 ɠɢɜɵɯ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ 1000 ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ 1991 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɨ 7,8 ɧɚ 1000 ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 2001 ɝɨɞɚ. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɚɛɨɪɬɨɜ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ. ȼ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ 113 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɚɛɨɪɬɨɜ ɧɚ 100 ɠɢɜɵɯ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ, ɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ. Ɋɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 10,0–11,9 ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ 1000 ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ, ɜ Ʉɪɵɦɟ ɢ Ʉɢɟɜɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 6,1–6,5 ɞɟɬɟɣ ɧɚ 1000 ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (Bobylyova, 2001; EUROHIS, 2000). ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. Ɇɟɪɬɜɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɪɨɞɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ Ʉɚɤ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɜ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɦɟɪɬɜɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝɥɚ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ. ȼɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɤɢ ɢ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦ Ⱦɚɭɧɚ ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ (Lazjuk et.al. 1999; 2003) ɩɨ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɨ- ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɭ ɚɛɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ: 1) ɚɧɷɧɰɟɮɚɥɢɹ, 2) ɪɚɫɳɟɥɢɧɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤɚ, 3) ɪɚɫɳɟɥɢɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɭɛɵ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɧɟɛɚ, 4) ɩɨɥɢɞɚɤɬɢɥɢɹ, 5) ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ, 6) ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɚɬɪɟɡɢɹ/ɫɬɟɧɨɡ, 7) ɧɟɩɟɪɮɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɭɫ/ɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɟɧɨɡ, 8) ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɢ 9) ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦ Ⱦɚɭɧɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 3, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɟ, ɧɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1983 ɩɨ 1999 ɝɝ. ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ 12167 ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɭ ɚɛɨɪɬɭɫɨɜ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ: ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ RR ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 0,88 (95% Ⱦɂ=0,84 – 0,91).

103

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɞɨɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɞɨ 1994 ɝɨɞɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɞ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɹɫɧɨɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. ɗɬɢ ɠɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɯɜɚɬɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.

Ɋɢɫ. 3. ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ 9 ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɭ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ (ɤɪɢɜɚɹ ɝɨɥɭɛɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ) ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ (ɤɪɢɜɚɹ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ) ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ (Lazjuk et al., 1999) ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ (Fedoryshyn et al. 2002), ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ (ɀɢɬɨɦɢɪ) ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɦɢ (Ʌɶɜɨɜ), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɷɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ «ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ». Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ «ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ» ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɵɹɜɢɥ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ (32,4±17,9 ɧɚ 10.000 ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɢ 26,6±7,2 ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ). ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚɯ ɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɚ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɫ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟɦ/ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦɨɦ ɚɤɭɲɟɪɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɞɢɚɬɪ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ. Ⱥɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɥɢɞɚɤɬɢɥɢɹ) ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ (ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ «Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɵ: ɢɬɨɝɢ 15-ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ» [Kiev, 2001]). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɷɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. 104

Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦɚ Ⱦɚɭɧɚ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɡɚɱɚɬɵɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (Zatsepin et al., 2004) (ɪɢɫ. 4). Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 4, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦɚ Ⱦɚɭɧɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɹɧɜɚɪɟ 1987 ɝɨɞɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦɨɦ Ⱦɚɭɧɚ ɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɧɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɨɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ.

Ɋɢɫ. 4. ȿɠɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦɚ Ⱦɚɭɧɚ ɭ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1981 ɩɨ 1992 (n=1961) (Zatsepin et al., 2004). Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɟɪɢɧɚɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ – ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ 7 ɞɧɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɧɟɨɧɚɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ – ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ 27 ɞɧɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ – ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ, ɭɦɟɪɲɢɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɤ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɚ, ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ 1000 ɠɢɜɵɯ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ.

ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ «Ɏɪɚɧɤɨ-ɧɟɦɟɰɤɚɹ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɹ», ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ 2000-2003 ɝɝ., ɢɡɭɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɀɢɬɨɦɢɪɫɤɨɣ ɢ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ (5 ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ) ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɉɨɥɬɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɣɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ (Bebeshko, 2004). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ: ɞɨɡɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɡɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1986 ɩɨ 2000 ɝɝ. ɢɡɦɟɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɨɬ 6,0 ɦɁɜ ɞɥɹ ɉɨɥɟɫɶɹ ɞɨ 29,4 ɦɁɜ ɞɥɹ Ʌɭɝɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-9. . Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5, ɞɨ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ (1981-1985) ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɜ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɀɢɬɨɦɢɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ (ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ) ɢ ɜ ɉɨɥɬɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ) ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɲɟ ɜ ɞɨɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɣ 105

ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5 ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ; ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɜ ɞɨɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ (ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟ) ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. 19 18 17 16 Rate per 1,000 15 14 13 12 11 10 Ukraine Poltava oblast Zhitomir oblast Kiev oblast Radioactively contaminated raions Control raions

1981-1985

1986-1990

1991-1995

1996-2000

Ɋɢɫ. 5. Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ 1000 ɠɢɜɵɯ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ (95% Ⱦɂ) ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 6 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5, ɩɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɦ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɝɨɞɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ. 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Years 2002

Rate per 1,000

Zhitomir oblast

Kiev oblast

Poltava oblast

Ukraine

Ɋɢɫ. 6. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ 1000 ɠɢɜɵɯ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ (95% Ⱦɂ) ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1981-2002 ɝɝ. 106

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 7 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɞɚ ɧɟɬ, ɧɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɹ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ). ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 7 ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɫɩɥɟɫɤɢ ɜ ɉɨɥɟɫɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɜ 1996 ɢ 2000 ɝɝ ɩɨ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ.

35 30 25 Rate per 1,000 20 15 10 5 0 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

95,24

1999

2000

2001

-5

Years Vyshgorod raion Ivankov raion Makarov raion Polesskoe raion Borodyanka raio

Ɋɢɫ. 7. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ 1000 ɠɢɜɵɯ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ (95% Ⱦɂ) ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1981-2002 ɝɝ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 8 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ 5 ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɀɢɬɨɦɢɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɧɟɬ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɞɚ, ɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ 1987 ɢ 2001 ɝɝ. ɜ ɇɚɪɨɞɢɱɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ. ɉɨ ɧɟɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦɵɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɇɚɪɨɞɢɱɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2202 Years Korosten raion Luginy raion Narodichi raion Ovruch raion Radomyshl raion

Ɋɢɫ. 8. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ 1000 ɠɢɜɵɯ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ (95% Ⱦɂ) ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɀɢɬɨɦɢɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1981-2002 ɝɝ. Ʉɪɢɜɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ.

Rate per 1,000

2002

107

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 9 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 9 ɜɢɞɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɜ 1981 ɢ 1982 ɝɝ., ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ. 24 22 20 Rate per 1,000 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Years Contaminated raions Control raions Linear trend (Contaminated raions ) Linear trend (Control raions )

Ɋɢɫ. 9. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ 1000 ɠɢɜɵɯ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ (95% Ⱦɂ) ɜ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1981-2000 ɝɝ. Ȼɟɡ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ 15ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɤɚɠɭɳɚɹɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ. ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ȼ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɡ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɤɚɫɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɛɟɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɨɣ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɞɟɬɟɣ (Bobylyova, 2001).

ɉɪɢ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɟɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɛɪɟɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɟɡɪɚɫɫɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɹ/ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.). ɗɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɨ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ 108

ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ (Buzunov, et al., 2003). ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟɦ. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɦ ɜ 20042006 ɝɝ. ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɦ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɵ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɛɨɪɬɨɜ ɢ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɦ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɇɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɨɣ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɝ. ɇɚɝɚɫɚɤɢ (əɩɨɧɢɹ), ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɞɢɫɦɟɧɨɪɟɟ ɢ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦɚɦ (Korol and Omelianets, 2004). ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ

Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ, ɧɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɩɚɫɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɭɝɭɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɚɛɨɪɬɨɜ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɲɢɯ ɨɫɬɪɭɸ ɥɭɱɟɜɭɸ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ. . ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɇɄȾȺɊ-2001 ɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɨɬɱɟɬɚɯ ɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ. ɉɨɫɥɟ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɫɥɭɠɢɜɲɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɨ 1994 ɝɨɞɚ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɬ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɨɝɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɡɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɣ 100 ɦɁɜ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ; ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ.

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ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ, ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɦɟɪɬɜɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɨɞɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɲɢɛɤɚɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ, ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɛ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝɥɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦ. Ɍɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɥɢɰ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ. ɉɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɥɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɩɥɚɧɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. . ȼɵɜɨɞɵ ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɨ ɡɚɱɚɬɢɹ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɬ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ, ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɧɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ, ɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɇɚɥɨɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɲɢɯ ɈɅȻ, ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɦɟɪɬɜɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ, ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɨɡ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɧɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɚ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɟ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɟ 110

ɜɵɹɜɢɥ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɧɞɨɜ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɇɚɪɨɞɢɱɤɢɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ. ɏɨɬɹ ɦɚɥɨɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɭɬ ɰɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɭɱɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɯ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɰɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɦɟɪ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ). ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɭɫɩɨɤɨɢɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨɛ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ. . ɇɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨɫɹɳɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɡɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ «ɫɥɟɩɵɯ» ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ.

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Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ

ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ: ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɨɦ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɦɨɡɝ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɫɭɢɰɢɞɨɜ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ɍ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɵ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ: ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɚ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɵ) ɢ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɵ (Viinamaki et al., 1995; Havenaar et al., 1997a; Bromet et al., 2000). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜ ɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ 3-4-ɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɚɯ ɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ (Havenaar et al., 1997b; Allen and Rumyantseva, 1995; Bromet et al., 2002). Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɵ ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɫɭɛɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ (Havenaar et al., 1997b). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɛɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɜ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ (Havenaar et al., 1997a; Allen and Rumyantseva, 1995). ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɷɬɢ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɵ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɛ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɚɱɨɦ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡ «ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ» (Bromet et al., 2002; Havenaar et al., 2003). . Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɦɨɡɝ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ (Nyagu, Loganovsky, and Loganovskaja, 1998; Igumnov and Drozdovitch, 2000). ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɭ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɚ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ, ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɶɟ ɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ȼɈɁ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɢɥɨɬɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ (WHO, 1995b). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɧɟɣɪɨɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɫɬɨɜ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ ȼɈɁ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹɯ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨ (Litcher et al., 2000; Bar Joseph et al., 2004). ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ Litcher et al. (2000) 31% ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɞɟɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ 7% ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɫɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɚɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ. ɗɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ.

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ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɯ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 40 Ƚɪ. ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɨɡ 1–8 Ƚɪ; ɤɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɵ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɰɟɮɚɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ, ɲɢɡɨɮɪɟɧɢɢ, ɫɥɚɛɨɭɦɢɹ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɨɣ ɬɨɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ (ɆɊɌ) ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ (Loganovsky and Loganovskaja, 2000). Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ Rahu et al. (1997) ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨ ɫɭɢɰɢɞɟ ɤɚɤ ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɷɫɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ȼ Ʌɢɬɜɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɭɢɰɢɞɨɜ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɲɟ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ (Kesminiene, Kurtinaitis, and Rimdeika, 1997). Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɥɢɬɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɞɟɥɚɹ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɵɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɢ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɢ, ɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɤɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɏɢɪɨɫɢɦɵ ɢ ɇɚɝɚɫɚɤɢ, ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɜ Ɍɪɢ Ɇɚɣɥ Ⱥɣɥɟɧɞɟ, ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɟɣɪɨ-ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ (Yamada, Kodama, and Wong, 1991). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɚ ɚɜɚɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɭɫɭɝɭɛɥɹɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɫɟɪɢɟɣ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɫɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ, ɫɬɪɟɫɫɨɦ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɣ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɟɦɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɤɥɟɣɦɨ «ɠɟɪɬɜɵ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɹ», ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɨ ɷɬɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɤ «ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ» ɢɥɢ ɤɚɥɟɤ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ, ɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɨ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ «ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɸ», ɚ ɤɚɤ «ɠɟɪɬɜɵ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ», ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɦ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɉɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɋɒȺ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ 18-19-ɥɟɬɧɢɯ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ 15 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɛɵɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 11 ɥɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ 18ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ: ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ

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ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɤɥɚɫɫɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ Ʉɢɟɜɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɱɚɬɵ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ȼ Ƚɨɦɟɥɟ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, ɛɵɥ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ. ɐɟɧɬɪ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜɪɚɱɚɦ ɢ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹɦ. ɐɟɧɬɪ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (Nijenhuis et al., 1995). ɂɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ (ɘɇȿɋɄɈ). ȼ ɬɟɫɧɨɦ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɟɜɹɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ. ɐɟɧɬɪɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ (Becker, 2002). Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɟ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɫɦɨɬɪ, ɢɝɪɨɜɭɸ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɸ, ɚɪɬ-ɬɟɪɚɩɢɸ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɪɚɞɢɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɍɵɫɹɱɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɯ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜ 1993-1994 ɝɝ. (Becker, 2002). ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɞɥɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. . ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ

ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɜɚɪɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɭ ɡɚ ɜɫɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ⱥɜɚɪɢɹ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɬɟɪɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɤ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɸ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɢ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɭɠɟ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɦɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɚɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɣ ɞɟɧɶ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɥɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɭɝɪɨɡɵ ɜ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ. ɉɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ

Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɥɢɰ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɢ 114

ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɟ, ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɢɡɦɟ ɢ ɧɟɬɪɭɞɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɧɟɫɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɥɢɰ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɟ ɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɫɢɯɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɩɫɢɯɢɚɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɩɫɢɯɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɤɥɟɣɦɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɤ «ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ». ȼɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɟɟ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɥɢɰ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ȼɈɁ ɜɵɹɜɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤ ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɫɢɯɢɚɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦɢ. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ

Ⱥɜɚɪɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɭɛɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɫ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɛɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɡ, ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɗɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɚɦɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɟɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. Ⱥɜɚɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɹɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ (Becker, 2004). ȼ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɹɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɤ ɫɨɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɤ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɢ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɱɪɟɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ. .

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Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ

ȼ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ȼɈɁ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɚɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɟɦ . ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ ɭ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɫ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ. Ɉɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ (WHO, 2001), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɪɚɱɟɣ ɢ ɦɟɞɫɟɫɬɟɪ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɜ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɚɦ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ. Ʌɸɛɵɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɩɨ ɩɭɬɢ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ.

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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 7

ɋɆȿɊɌɇɈɋɌɖ ȼ ɊȿɁɍɅɖɌȺɌȿ ɈȻɅɍɑȿɇɂə ɉɈɋɅȿ ȺȼȺɊɂɂ ɇȺ ɑȿɊɇɈȻɕɅɖɋɄɈɃ Ⱥɗɋ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ

ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɚɯ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɨɬɧɹɯ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɭɦɟɪɲɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. əɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɭɦɟɪɥɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ. ɐɟɥɶɸ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. . Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɜ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 9). Ⱦɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɜ 1991 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ. ȼ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ, ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɨ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɢɠɟ, ɚ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜɵɲɟ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɨ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. . Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 9. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɢ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ*. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɇɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ (ɦɥɧ.ɱɟɥ) ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ 0-14 15-64 65+ Ɋɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ 1000 ɧɚɫ. ɋɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ 1000 ɧɚɫ. Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ 1000 ɠɢɜɵɯ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ (ɩɪɢ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ): ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ *

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ 10,3 19% 68% 13% 9 14 15

Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ 147 18% 69% 13% 9 15 19

ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ 49 18% 68% 14% 9 16 22

ɉɨɥɶɲɚ 39 19% 69% 12% 10 10 10

68 62,6 74,3

67 58,4 72,1

66 66,7 72,9

73 70,6 78,7

Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɟɪɟɩɢɫɢ ɋɒȺ (www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbnew.html) ɢ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɣ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɂɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ (www.who.int/countries) ɧɚ 2000 ɝɨɞ.

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ɑɢɫɥɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɭ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɜ 1986 ɝɨɞɭ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ (ɈɅȻ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɲɢɯ ɈɅȻ, ɜ 1987-2004 ɝɝ., ɢ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɪɭɛɭɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɸ ɧɚɞ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɫɬɪɵɯ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɈɅȻ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɵɦ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ 15-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɦ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɢ, ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ Ɉɫɬɪɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɫɬɪɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ

ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɇɄȾȺɊ-2000 (UNSCEAR 2000). ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɵɟ, ɩɨɜɟɪɝɲɢɟɫɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ (ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 20 Ƚɪ), ɭɦɟɪɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ (ɈɅȻ). ɋɦɟɪɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɟɥɢ ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɲɢɯ ɈɅȻ, ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ. Ɉɫɬɪɚɹ ɥɭɱɟɜɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɭ 237 ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɚ ɭ 134 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. ɂɡ 134 ɛɨɥɶɧɵɯ, 28 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɭɦɟɪɥɢ ɨɬ ɈɅȻ ɜ 1986 ɝɨɞɭ, ɚ ɜ 1987-2004 ɝɝ. ɭɦɟɪɥɨ 19 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ. ɇɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɟɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɨɫɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɯ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɫɬɪɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɨɫɬɪɵɯ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ. . ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɨɡ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɜ ɈɅȻ, ɛɵɥɢ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɣ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɨɡɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɚɠɧɵ, ɬ.ɤ. ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɤɭɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɹ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɡɧɚɸɳɢɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ.

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ɋɪɟɞɢ 61 ɬɵɫ. ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ 49 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1986-1987 ɝɝ. ɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1991 ɩɨ 1998 ɝɨɞɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ 4995 ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɤɨ-ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚ (ɊȽɆȾɊ) ɞɥɹ 192 ɬɵɫ. ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ (SMR) ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ (ɪɢɫ. 10) ɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ (ɪɢɫ. 11). ɛɵɥɢ ɧɢɠɟ, ɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (Ivanov et al., 2001b; 2004a). ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɬ.ɤ. ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹɯ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ 10 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ.

1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80

SMR

0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

Ʉɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ

Ɋɢɫ. 10. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1991-1998 ɝɝ. (Ivanov et al., 2001b; 2004a).

1 .10 1 .05 1 .00 0 .95 0 .90 0 .85

SMR

0 .80 0 .75 0 .70 0 .65 0 .60 0 .55 0 .50 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

Ca len da r ye ars

Ɋɢɫ. 11. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1991-1998 ɝɝ. (Ivanov et al., 2001b; 2004a).

119

1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 SIR 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

S IR Ʉ ɨ ɧ ɬɪ ɨ ɥ ɶ (Ɋ ɨ ɫ ɫɢ ɹ )

Ʉɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɵ ɟ ɝɨɞɵ

Ɋɢɫ. 12. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ (ɬɨɱɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɲɢɛɤɚɦɢ) ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɚɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ) ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 1990-2001 ɝɝ.

1.10 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85

SMR

0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

Ʉɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ

Ɋɢɫ. 13. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ (ɬɨɱɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɲɢɛɤɚɦɢ) ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1991-1998 ɝɝ.

ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɬ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ, ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɨɬ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɧɚ 1 Ɂɜ (ERR/Ɂɜ), ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 2,1 (95% Ⱦɂ=1,3 – 2,9). Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ERR/Ɂɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 0,5 ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ 95% Ⱦɂ=0,2 – 0,9 (Ivanov et al., 2001a; 2001b; 2004a; 2004b). ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɡɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ 107 ɦɁɜ, ɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɚ 120

ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɞɨɡɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɨɬ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 116 ɢ 100 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 10) ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 4,3% ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1991-1998 ɝɝ., ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ (Ivanov et al., 2001a; 2004c), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɥɹ 72 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1986-1998 ɝɝ. ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ 58 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ (ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ 204-208 ɩɨ ɆɄȻ-9). ɂɡ ɧɢɯ, ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɦɮɨɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɷɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɚɹ ɞɨɡɨɜɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɫ ERR/Ɂɜ = 6,7 (95% Ⱦɂ=0,8 – 23,5). Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 10. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1991-1998 ɝɝ. (Ivanov et al., 2001b; 2004b). Ɉɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ (ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɤɢ) ɇɟɪɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ɍɪɚɜɦɵ ɢ Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɨɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɳɟɧɢɹ

ɉɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ

ȼɫɟɝɨ

ȼɫɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ Ɉɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɢ 95% Ⱦɂ)

515 116 (72-161)

1728 100 (33-168)

1858

894

4995 216 (105-329)

--

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ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɡɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ 107 ɦɁɜ, ɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɞɨɡɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 30 (42 × 6,7 Ɂɜ-1 × 0,107 Ɂɜ). ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ (Ivanov et al., 2004c), ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 80%. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɨɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 24. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 57% ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɨɬ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɏɅɅ) ɢ 0,3% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1986-1998 ɝɝ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɊȽɆȾɊ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 107 ɦɁɜ, 4,6% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ 12 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ, ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 2,3% ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɤɚɦɢ, ɨɤɨɥɨ 2,0% ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ 0,3% ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɨɬ ɞɨɡɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɡɨɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɟɫɫ, ɧɟɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ 121

ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 6. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ (192 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ) ɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ, ɩɨɥɭ ɢ ɞɨɡɚɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɚɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ (74 ɬɵɫ. ɢ 291 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ) ɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɞɨ 1998 ɝɨɞɚ. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 10 ɥɟɬ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɢɫɤ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɚɞ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɥɸɛɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɊȽɆȾɊ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ

Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɨ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɤɚ, ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɣ. ɑɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 11. ɉɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ «ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ», ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɛɵɥɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1986-1992 ɝɝ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 50 ɦɥɧ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɢ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 16,5 ɧɚ 1000 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 825 ɬɵɫ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 3-4% ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɡɚ 15-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ.

122

ȿɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 18,5 ɧɚ 1000 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ 16,5 ɧɚ 1000 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɧɟɹɫɧɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɟɡ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɭ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 6. ȼ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ «Ɏɪɚɧɤɨ-ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ» ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɧɚɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɧɟɨɧɚɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɩɨ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦ (ɝɥɚɜɚ 6).

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 11. ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ (Korol and Omelianets, 2004). Ƚɨɞ 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ 102340 109525 961179 1749694 1812862 1829341 1823084 1850508 1854671 1819858 1790995 1783092 1785090 Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ 1983 2271 14434 30307 33509 32943 33909 34079 33878 32624 32744 33338 32941 ɋɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɵɫ.ɱɟɥ. 18,5 20,7 15,0 17,3 18,5 18,0 18,6 18,4 18,3 17,9 18,3 18,7 18,5

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 14 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1980-1998 ɝɝ., ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɦ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1992 ɩɨ 2000 ɝɝ. ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 4000 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ (ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 0–18 ɥɟɬ), ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 3000 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ 0–14 ɥɟɬ. ȼɵɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɢ 1152 ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1986-2002 ɝɝ., ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 98,8%. ȼɨɫɟɦɶ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɦɟɪɥɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɚ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɭɦɟɪɥɨ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ (Demidchik and Reiners, 2003). Ɉɞɢɧ ɛɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭɦɟɪ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (Ivanov et al., 2004c). ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɤɚ 123

ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɞɨɡɵ (ERR/Ƚɪ > 10) ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ. SIR 1.2

1.0

0.8

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

Ʉɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ Ɋɢɫ. 14. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɹɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ).

ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɤɨɦ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1986-2001, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 50 ɦɁɜ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɥɚɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 200 ɦɁɜ (Ȼɪɭɤ, 2002). ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ (ICRP, 1991; UNSCEAR, 2000) ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɨɡ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɞ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɧɚ 1–1,5% ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɢ ɧɚ 4–6% ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɥɚɯ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Cardis et al. (1996) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɨɰɟɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɢ, ɛɟɡ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ (ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ), ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɨɧɤɨɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɬ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ, ɷɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ 124

ɤɚɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɝɪɭɛɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ. Cardis et al. (1996) ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɵɦ (Cardis et al. 1996). Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɨɧ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1% ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ 30-ɤɦ ɡɨɧɵ, ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ «ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ» ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ «ɡɨɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ» ɞɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 5% ɞɥɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ 1986-1987 ɝɝ. . Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 12, ɩɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 2–20%. ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɩɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɨɬ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɫɪɟɞɢ 200 ɬɵɫ. ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, 135 ɬɵɫ. ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ 30-ɤɦ ɡɨɧɵ, ɢ 270 ɬɵɫ. ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ «ɡɨɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ» ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 2200 ɞɥɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, 160 ɞɥɹ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ 1600 ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ «ɡɨɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ». ɉɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ 4000 ɫɪɟɞɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 600 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɚ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɧɟɟ. ɉɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɤɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɟ 5 ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ 6 ɦɥɧ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 5000 (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 12). ɗɬɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ, ɬ.ɤ. ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɭ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ 7 ɦɁɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɨɬ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ. Ɂɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɫ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ, ɧɟ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 10 ɥɟɬ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 20–25 ɥɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɩɪɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɢɫɤ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ 10 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ

Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɬ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ 125

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɞɨ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ ɞɨ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Cardis et al. (1996) ɞɥɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ 79% ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ 10 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ (57%). Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɩɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 3%. ɗɬɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɞɨ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ. . ȼɵɜɨɞɵ ɋɪɟɞɢ 134 ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ, ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɵɯ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, 28 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɭɦɟɪɥɨ ɜ 1986 ɝɨɞɭ ɨɬ ɈɅȻ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɜ 1987-2004 ɝɝ. ɭɦɟɪɥɨ 19 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɈɅȻ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɊȽɆȾɊ, ɨɛɳɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɭ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ, ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 6. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɊȽɆȾɊ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ 4,6% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ 12 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ, ɨɤɨɥɨ 2,3% ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɤɚɦɢ, 2,0% ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ 0,3% ɥɟɣɤɨɡɨɦ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ. ɗɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ, ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɢ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ, ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɚɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɟɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1992-2002 ɝɝ. ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 4000 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ (0–18 ɥɟɬ). Ɇɟɧɟɟ 1% ɛɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɦɟɪɥɨ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ; ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɟɳɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ, ɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ.

126

ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɋɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɸ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 15-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ

ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɷɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɰɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɭɱɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ.

127

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 12. ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ ɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɥɢɰ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ (Cardis et al., 1996). ɋɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɤɚ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɋɨɥɢɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɤɢ Ʌɟɣɤɨɡ ɉɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ (95 ɥɟɬ) ɉɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ (95 ɥɟɬ) ɉɟɪɜɵɟ 10 ɥɟɬ ɉɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ (95 ɥɟɬ) ɉɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ (95 ɥɟɬ) ɉɟɪɜɵɟ 10 ɥɟɬ ɉɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ (95 ɥɟɬ) ɉɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ (95 ɥɟɬ) ɉɟɪɜɵɟ 10 ɥɟɬ ɉɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ (95 ɥɟɬ) ɉɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ (95 ɥɟɬ) ɉɟɪɜɵɟ 10 ɥɟɬ 41 500 800 40 21 500 500 65 43 500 1000 130 800 000 24 000 3 300 ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬ 21 0,4 0,02 16 0,3 0,05 16 0,3 0,05 16 0,03 0,05 ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɤɚ ɑɢɫɥɨ 2 000 200 150 150 10 5 1 500 100 60 4 600 370 190 ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬ 1 0,1 0,08 0,1 0,01 0,004 0,5 0,04 0,02 0,05 0,01 0,003 AɎa (%) 5 20 79 0,1 2 7 3 9 32 0,6 1,5 5,5

Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ

ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ/ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɨɡɚ

Ɍɢɩ ɪɚɤɚ

ɉɟɪɢɨɞ

Ʌɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɵ, 1986-1987 ɝɝ.

200 000 100 ɦɁɜ

ɇɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɡ 30-ɤɦ ɡɨɧɵ

135 000 10 ɦɁɜ

ɋɨɥɢɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɤɢ Ʌɟɣɤɨɡ

ɇɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ «ɡɨɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ» ɇɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ «ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ» ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ a

270 000 50 ɦɁɜ

ɋɨɥɢɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɤɢ Ʌɟɣɤɨɡ

6 800 000 7 ɦɁɜ

ɋɨɥɢɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɤɢ Ʌɟɣɤɨɡ

Aɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ: ɞɨɥɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ = (ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ /ɨɛɳɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ) x 100

128

Ƚɥɚɜɚ 8

ɋɂɋɌȿɆɕ ɁȾɊȺȼɈɈɏɊȺɇȿɇɂə ȼ ɊȿȽɂɈɇȿ, ɉɈɋɌɊȺȾȺȼɒȿɆ ȼ ɊȿɁɍɅɖɌȺɌȿ ȺȼȺɊɂɂ ɇȺ ɑȿɊɇɈȻɕɅɖɋɄɈɃ Ⱥɗɋ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ

Ɉɯɪɚɧɚ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ «ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ» ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɡɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ (ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɞɭɲɚ, ɫɦɟɧɚ ɨɞɟɠɞɵ) ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ. . Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɡɚɦɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɨɬɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɬɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦ, ɤɚɤ ɬɨɲɧɨɬɚ, ɪɜɨɬɚ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɞɢɚɪɪɟɹ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɱɚɫɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɩɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɱɚɫɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɢ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢɸ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɰ ɫ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɡɚɦɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɚ ɤɪɨɜɹɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ȼ ɩɨɞɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɦ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ. ɗɬɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɢɫɤɟ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ. ȼɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɥɢɰ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ȼɟɡɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɢɫɤɟ. Ʌɢɰɚ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɟɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ. ɗɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 6 ɨ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ. ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɵɟ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɨ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ 129

ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ: x

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ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ «ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ». Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɰ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ (ɢɥɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ) ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɠɨɝɢ ɤɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɜ, ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬɚ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ «ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɨɦ» ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɨɜ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ «ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩ» (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɟɬɟɣ). Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ «ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ» ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɞɨɡɵ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ ɜɵɝɨɞɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ.

Ɉɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɫ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶɸ

Ɉɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɦ ɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɤɨɠɧɵɟ ɹɡɜɵ, ɝɢɩɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɬ.ɞ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ. ɇɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ 1 Ƚɪ, ɢɥɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ 5 Ƚɪ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɈɅȻ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ. . Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ Ⱦɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ (ɦɟɧɟɟ 1 Ƚɪ), ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ «ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ» ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɜ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟ-ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɭ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ (Guskova, Gusev, and Mettler, 2001; IOM, 1995; 1999). Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɩɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɢ ɜɵɝɨɞ. ȼ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ: 1) ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ 130

(ɧɚɩɪ., ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ); 2) ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɨɞ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ); 3) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ); 4) ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ; 5) ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ (ɧɚɩɪ, ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ɢ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ); ɢ 6) ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ 1000 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɢɡ ɬɵɫɹɱɢ, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɪɚɤɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɦ 200 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɤɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɧɵɦ. Ɂɥɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɋ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɥɟɣɤɨɡ (ɜɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɦɮɨɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ), ɪɚɤ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɨɫɬɟɨɫɚɪɤɨɦɚ, ɪɚɤ ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ, ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ, ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɹɢɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɠɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɥɚɧɨɦɵ, ɢ ɪɚɤ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɯɨɞɠɤɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɦɮɨɦɵ) ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɟɧ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɤɚ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ, ɦɚɬɤɢ, ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɢɟɥɨɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɢɫɤɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɥɚɧ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɨɫɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 20-40 ɥɟɬ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ 40 ɥɟɬ ɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ 50 ɥɟɬ. ȿɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɵ ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1922 ɝɨɞɚ, Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɭɬɢɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɨɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ (Dodson, 1925). ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɚɡɧɵɦ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɥɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɠɟ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɜ 1983 ɝɨɞɭ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɞɚɥɚ ɦɟɦɨɪɚɧɞɭɦ, ɨɬɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɨɜ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ (AMA, 1983). ȼɥɚɫɬɢ Ʉɚɧɚɞɵ ɢ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ (Han, 1997). ȿɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɵ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɜ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ (ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ), ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸɬɫɹ ȼɈɁ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɭ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1 Ƚɪ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɡɚɛɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɤ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ

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ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɭ ɪɚɤɚ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɚɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɱɟɬ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 1996). ȼ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ 50 ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ ɛɵɥ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ. ȼ 2002 ɝɨɞɭ ȼɈɁ ɜɵɩɭɫɬɢɥɚ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɭ ɪɚɤɚ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹɯ, ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɜ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ «ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ». ȼɈɁ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɚ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ «ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ» (WHO, 2002). ɋɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɪɚɤɚ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɜ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɫɬɨɜ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɧɟ ɹɫɟɧ, ɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ. ɋɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɫ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɢ ɧɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹɯ ɞɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.

ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɰɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɫɬ ɉɚɩɚɧɢɤɨɥɚɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɬɟɫɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɶ ɪɚɤɚ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ, ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɫɬ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɍɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɱɬɟɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ. Ɉɲɢɛɨɱɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɵ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɪɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɟ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɵ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɢɡ 10.000 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ 1

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ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɢɡ 10.000, ɚ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ 5% ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ 501 ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ 1 ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɚ 500 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ (ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ 1/501 ɢɥɢ 0,2%). ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɨ ɫ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɜɵɲɟ (ɧɚɩɪ. 1%), ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨ 16%. ɉɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧ,, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩ. ȼ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɤɭ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɤɭ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ), ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥ; ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɞɨɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɞɟɬɢ ɢ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ.

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɛ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɫɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɫɬɵ/ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ, ɢ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵ (Wilfond et al., 1997). Ƚɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɫɬɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɹɯ ɫ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦɚɦɢ ɪɚɤɚ ɢ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɤɭɲɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ. ȼ 1996 ɝɨɞɭ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ (ASCO) ɜɵɩɭɫɬɢɥɨ ɛɸɥɥɟɬɟɧɶ ɩɨ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɤɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ (ASCO, 1996). ȼ ɛɸɥɥɟɬɟɧɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɵ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɤɭ ɜ ɋɒȺ. ȼ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɢ ɛɸɥɥɟɬɟɧɹ 2003 ɝɨɞɚ ASCO ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ: 1) ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɤ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɤɭ, 2) ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ 3) ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɤɭ (ASCO, 2003). Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ Ⱦɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɟɫɬ

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ɜɵɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɜ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɥɟɣɤɨɡ). ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɜ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɬ.ɤ. ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɢ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɮɥɸɨɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɤɭɪɢɥɶɳɢɤɨɜ), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹɯ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɢɫɶ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɤɭɪɢɥɶɳɢɤɨɜ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɜ 5-10 ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɧɟɤɭɪɢɥɶɳɢɤɨɜ, ɮɥɸɨɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɧɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ (Manser et al., 2003; Miller, 1985). Ɉɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɧɞɨɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɝɨɞɚɯ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɝɨɞ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɝɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɜɵɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɣ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɬ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. ɂ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɤɥɢɧɢɰɢɫɬɚ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ, ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ. Ɂɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɪɚɤɚ (IARC, 1990) ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ: x Ɂɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ; x ɗɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ; x Ɂɚɬɪɚɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɦ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ; x Ɂɚɬɪɚɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɭ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɢɫɯɨɞɚ; x Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɢɫɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɨɬ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɤɨɥɨɧɨɫɤɨɩɢɹ); x Ɋɢɫɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɦɚɦɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɜ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɥɟɱɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ).

ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫ ɦɚɦɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɟɣ. Ɇɚɦɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɨɬ 70 ɞɨ 80%. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɦ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ ɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɛɢɨɩɫɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɦ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɞɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ.

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Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɨɦ ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ, ɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɞɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɨɡ ɧɢɠɟ 1 Ƚɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɚ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɝɨɞɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɦɚɦɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ ɢ ɦɚɡɨɤ ɉɚɩɚɧɢɤɨɥɚɭ.

ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɞɨɡɚɦɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1,0 Ƚɪ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɤɨɦ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹɯ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ, ɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɬɟɫɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ, ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɵ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ

ɗɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɚɫɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ: x Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɩɨɞ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ, x Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ, x Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɤɭɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɞɨɧ), ɢ x ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɗɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ) ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɛɨɪ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ). ȼ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹ (ɢɥɢ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɚɫɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɣ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɣɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ. Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨ, ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɥɢɰ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɛɵɥ ɥɢ ɪɢɫɤ ɜɵɲɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɥɢɰ ɫ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɥɢɰ ɛɟɡ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ. 135

ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: x ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ. x ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɧɰɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 1 Ƚɪ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 1000 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ; ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 0,1 Ƚɪ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɹɞɤɚ 100 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ; ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 10 ɦȽɪ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 10 ɦɥɧ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ). x ɉɨɥɧɨɬɚ (ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ) ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ. x ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɞɚ. x Ɍɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɧɟɫɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɵ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɟ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɢ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ, ɬ.ɤ. ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ). x ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ (ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɹɦɢ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɚɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ, ɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ). x ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ. x Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɣɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ. x Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. x ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ ɥɢɰ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ. ɗɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɥɸɞɟɣ: ɩɨɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ, ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ, ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɸ, ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɤ. ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɞɧɚɠɞɵ, ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɢɦ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɛɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ. Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɵ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɨɜ.

136

ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ

ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɲɢɯ ɨɫɬɪɭɸ ɥɭɱɟɜɭɸ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ, ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ʌɢɰɚ, ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɲɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɭɸ ɥɭɱɟɜɭɸ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɧɢ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɣɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɋɢɦɩɬɨɦɵ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɡɪɟɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɭ 237 ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɡɢɤɟ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɥɢɧɢɤɚɯ ɜ Ʉɢɟɜɟ. ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ, ɜ 1989 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡ ɈɅȻ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧ ɭ 134 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜɫɟ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɵ, ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɈɅȻ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ ɛɢɨɮɢɡɢɤɢ (Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ) ɢ ɇɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɛɨɪ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɲɢɯ ɈɅȻ (Bebeshko, 2004; Guskova et al., 2001). Ʌɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɵ ȼɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɩɚɧɫɟɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɟɦɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɩɚɧɫɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɟɦɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɤɪɭɝɚɯ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ 13 ɞɢɫɩɚɧɫɟɪɨɜ. ȼ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɞɨ 2002 ɝɨɞɚ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɩɚɧɫɟɪɚɯ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ 2002 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ Ƚɨɦɟɥɟ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɜ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ, ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ: x ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ɝ. Ƚɨɦɟɥɶ) ɜ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫ Ȼɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ (ȻɟɥɐɆɌ, ɝ. Ɇɢɧɫɤ) ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ x Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ (ɝ. Ɉɛɧɢɧɫɤ) ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ x ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ (ɝ. Ʉɢɟɜ) ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ.

Ʌɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɬɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ ɢ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɦ. ɗɬɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ, Ɉɛɧɢɧɫɤɟ, Ɋɨɫɬɨɜɟ ɢ ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝɟ. ȼ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ: ɇɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ 137

ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ ɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɢ ɜ Ʉɢɟɜɟ. ȼ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɚɦ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɞɢɫɩɚɧɫɟɪɚɯ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ. ȼ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɢɟɜ. Ʌɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ. . ɇɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ȼɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɫɢɥɚɦɢ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚɦɢ ɣɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɚɦɢ. ɍɬɪɨɦ 23 ɦɚɹ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɟɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɚ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɞɥɹ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ ɣɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɚ ɫɟɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ. ɋɢɥɚɦɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ɪɚɣɨɧɧɨɦ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɧɨɦ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɥɭɱɚɹɦɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ. Ⱦɟɬɢ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɢɫɩɚɧɫɟɪɚɯ ɢ ɚɦɛɭɥɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. Ʌɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɧɢɰɚɯ, ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɯ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ. ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɞɟɬɟɣ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɩɟɞɢɚɬɪɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɢ. ɐɟɧɬɪ ɛɵɥ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɜ 1991 ɝɨɞɭ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ, ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝɟ, Ɋɨɫɬɨɜɟ ɢ Ȼɚɪɧɚɭɥɟ. ȼ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ. Ʌɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ɉɧɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ ɢ Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɜ Ɉɛɧɢɧɫɤɟ. ȼ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɞɟɬɹɯ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɢ ɞɟɬɹɯ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɬɹɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ 13 ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɢɟɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.

ɇɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɜ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɟ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɜ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɟ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɛɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ ɩɨ ɝɟɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɞɢɚɬɪɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɜ Ʉɢɟɜɟ. Ȼɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɢ ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɢɹɯ.

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ȼ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, ɜɫɟ ɞɟɬɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɟɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɤɥɢɧɢɤɚɯ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɧɢɰɚɯ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɟ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ. Ɇɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɭ

ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɢɡɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ. ɗɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ: ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬ, ɧɟɜɪɨɩɚɬɨɥɨɝ, ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɨɥɨɝ, ɨɧɤɨɥɨɝ, ɝɟɦɚɬɨɥɨɝ, ɨɬɨɥɚɪɢɧɝɨɥɨɝ, ɝɢɧɟɤɨɥɨɝ, ɨɮɬɚɥɶɦɨɥɨɝ ɢ ɩɟɞɢɚɬɪ. ȼ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɦɨɱɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɋɭɬɢɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ. ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɬɪɨɦɛɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɚɪɞɢɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ (ɬ.ɟ. ɰɢɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɗɉɊɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɷɦɚɥɢ ɡɭɛɨɜ). ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɇɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ, ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɘɇȿɋɄɈ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ ɬɪɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ, ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ. ɗɬɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɟɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ, ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ: 1) ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ; 2) ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ; 3) ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɱɥɟɧɚɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ; 4) ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ; 5) ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ.

Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ. ɋɟɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ (ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɦ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ (Korol and Omelianets, 2004). ȼ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɪɢɫɤɭ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ (ɬ.ɟ. ɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɤ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɤɨɜ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɟɦɶɢ). Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɞɨɧɨɫɢɬ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ 139

ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɭ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɸ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ, ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɜɭɲɟɤ-ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ (ɧɚɩɪ., ɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɢɟ ɤ ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɸ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɤɚɦ, ɧɟɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɛɟɫɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɚɡɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɢɝɪɵ ɢ ɞɪ.) (Korol and Omelianets, 2004). ɂɧɜɚɥɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ Ɉɛɳɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɛ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ «ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ» ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬɪɭɞɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ, ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ ɧɟɬɪɭɞɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɧɟɬɪɭɞɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɢ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ «ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞ» ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ (ɝɥɚɜɚ 6).

ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ «ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ» ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɬɪɟɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ (Bebehsko 2004; Korol 2004): x ɉɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ (ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɨɛ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ). x ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ «ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ» ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦɨɜ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ. x ɉɨɬɟɪɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ (50% ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ). ȿɫɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɨ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚɦɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɛɟɡ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ. ɗɬɢ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ 3-5 ɥɟɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚ. ɉɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɟɬɪɭɞɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɝɨ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɭ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɬɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ «ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ», ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨ ɧɟɬɪɭɞɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨ 16-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. ɉɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ 16ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ. ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɵ

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ ɥɟɬɨɦ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵɥ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧ ȼɫɟɫɨɸɡɧɵɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪ ɥɢɰ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɜ 1991 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɵ ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɧɨɦ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

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ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɨɡɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ʌɢɰɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: x Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ 1: Ʌɢɰɚ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ (ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɵ). x Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ 2: Ʌɢɰɚ, ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɡɨɧɵ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ 1986 ɝɨɞɭ. x Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ 3: Ʌɢɰɚ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ (ɡɨɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ) ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. x Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ 4: Ⱦɟɬɢ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ 1 ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩ 1-3 ɜ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ. ɉɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɧɚ 2003 ɝɨɞ ɜ ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 192 ɬɵɫ. ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 360 ɬɵɫ. ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɭɸ, Ʉɚɥɭɠɫɤɭɸ, Ɉɪɥɨɜɫɤɭɸ ɢ Ɍɭɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (Ivanov, 2004). ɍɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ 291 ɬɵɫ. ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɚɯ, 77 ɬɵɫ. ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɹɯ, 1498 ɬɵɫ. ɠɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɢ 294 ɬɵɫ. ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ (Bebeshko, 2004). ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɨ 54 ɬɵɫ. ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɚɯ (1986-1987 ɝɝ.), 20 ɬɵɫ. ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɚɯ (1988-1989 ɝɝ.), 6 ɬɵɫ. ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɹɯ, 74 ɬɵɫ. ɩɟɪɟɟɯɚɜɲɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 17 ɬɵɫ. ɞɟɬɹɯ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ (Kenigsberg, 2004). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɵ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 3 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɚɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɋɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ

ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɰ ɩɨɞ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɜɚɠɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɰ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɝɨɞ. ȼ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ, ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɡɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ȼɈɁ ɧɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɨɜ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɜ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɧɢɠɟ 1 Ƚɪ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɸɸ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɭ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɪɚɤɚ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɦ ȼɈɁ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɦɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɦɚɡɨɤ ɉɚɩɚɧɢɤɨɥɚɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɤɚ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɥɢɰɚ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɵ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɢɥɢ ɥɢɰɚ ɫ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ. 141

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɥɢɰɚɦ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ 1 Ƚɪ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɞɨɡɚɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ 5 Ƚɪ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɥɢɰɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɢ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɚ. ɉɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ

Ʌɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɚɦ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɦɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɥɢɰ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɵɦɢ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨɛ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. Ɉɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɹɫɧɵɦ, ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ «ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɗɋ» ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɯɪɭɫɬɚɥɢɤɚ. Ȼɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɚɪɚɤɬ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ

Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɥɢɰ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɨɡ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1 Ƚɪ, ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ. ȼɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ ɦɨɱɢ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɭ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ.

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Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɥɢɰ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɞɢɨɣɨɞɨɦ). Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ/ɜɵɝɨɞɭ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɟɸɳɟɣ/ɫɬɚɪɟɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɪɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɟɬ ɪɢɫɤ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɢɯ ɢɧɜɚɡɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɛɨɪɭ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɝɨɞ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɭɦɚɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɜ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ.

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ȽɅȺȼȺ 2 ȻȺɅɈɇɈȼ Ɇ.ɂ. ɢ ɁȼɈɇɈȼȺ ɂ.Ⱥ. (ɪɟɞ) (2002) ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɨɡɵ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ 1986 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ 144

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ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ 1 ɋɈɋɌȺȼ ɗɄɋɉȿɊɌɇɈɃ ȽɊɍɉɉɕ «ɁȾɈɊɈȼɖȿ» ɑȿɊɇɈȻɕɅɖɋɄɈȽɈ ɎɈɊɍɆȺ: Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɚ, Ɍ. Ȼɟɛɟɲɤɨ, ȼ. Ƚɪɚɤɨɜɢɱ, Ⱥ. ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ, ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ȺɆɇ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ Ȼɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ȺɆɇ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ Ȼɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer, France ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɵ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ȺɆɇ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, Ƚɨɦɟɥɶ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ȺɆɇ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɛɢɨɮɢɡɢɤɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɇɂɂ ɧɟɨɬɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ȺɆɇ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ International Atomic Energy Agency Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Japan University of Chicago, United States of America National Cancer Institute, NIH, United States of America State University of New York, United States of America International Atomic Energy Agency WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer, France World Health Organization, Switzerland

Ƚɭɞɡɟɧɤɨ, ɇ Ⱦɟɦɢɞɱɢɤ, ɘ. Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜɢɱ, ȼ. Ɂɜɨɧɨɜɚ, ɂ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, ȼ. Ʉɚɩɢɬɨɧɨɜɚ, ȿ. Ʉɟɧɢɝɫɛɟɪɝ, ə. Ʉɨɪɨɥɶ, ɇ. Ʉɪɸɱɤɨɜ, ȼ. ɋɭɲɤɟɜɢɱ, Ƚ. ɑɭɦɚɤ, ȼ. Balonov M. Bennett B. Bodnar, E. Bouville, A. Bromet, E. Buglova E. Cardis, E. Carr, Z.

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Darroudi, F. Davis, S. Gentner, N. Hatch, M. Havenaar, J. Hendry, J. Howe, G. Jacob, P. Kesminiene, A. Kopecky, K. Lee, R. Loos, A. Mettler, F. Lee, R. Loos, A. Mettler, F. Neriishi, K. Pinchera, A. Reiners, C. Repacholi, M. Ron, E. Shibata, Y. Shore, R. Streffer C. Thomas, G.

Leiden University, The Netherlands Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation National Cancer Institute, United States of America Altrecht Institute of Mental Health, The Netherlands International Atomic Energy Agency Columbia University, United States of America GSF, Germany International Agency for Research on Cancer, France Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States of America University of Chicago, United States of America WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer, France Federal Regional Medical Center, United States of America University of Chicago, United States of America WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer, France Federal Regional Medical Center, United States of America Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Japan University of Pisa, Italy University Würzburg, Germany World Health Organization, Switzerland National Cancer Institute, NIH United States of America Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan Department of Environmental Medicine, United States of America University of Essen, Germany South West Wales Cancer Institute, United Kingdom

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Tirmarche, M. Wachholz, B. Worgul, B. Yamashita, S.

Institute of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety, France National Cancer Institute, NIH, United States of America Columbia University, United States of America (deceased) World Health Organization, Switzerland

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ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ 2 ɋɈȼȿɓȺɇɂə ɗɄɋɉȿɊɌɇɈɃ ȽɊɍɉɉɕ «ɁȾɈɊɈȼɖȿ» ɑȿɊɇɈȻɕɅɖɋɄɈȽɈ ɎɈɊɍɆȺ: ɋɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ «Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ» ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɭɦɚ ɩɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɪɚɤɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ 1-3 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 2003 ɝɨɞɚ, ȼɈɁ, ɀɟɧɟɜɚ ɋɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ «Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ» ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɭɦɚ ɩɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɥɟɣɤɨɡɚ ɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜ 5-7 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2004 ɝɨɞɚ, ȼɈɁ, ɀɟɧɟɜɚ ɋɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ «Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ» ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɭɦɚ ɩɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɧɟɪɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ 13 - 15 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 2004 ɝɨɞɚ, ȼɈɁ, ɀɟɧɟɜɚ ɋɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ «Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ» ɑɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɭɦɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ 19-21 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 2005 ɝɨɞɚ, ȼɈɁ, ɀɟɧɟɜɚ ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢɚɬ ȼɈɁ: Michael Repacholi – ɭɱɟɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ «Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ» Zhanat Carr – ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ «Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ» ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ, ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ «Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ» ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ: Zhanat Carr Geoffery Howe Fred Mettler Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ: Burton Bennett ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ: ɇɚɬɚɥɶɹ ɒɚɝɢɧɚ Ɋɟɞɚɤɰɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ: Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ȼɚɥɨɧɨɜ

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