Preliminary report of the evaluation of the socio-economic impact of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme

ji WORLD I-I EALTH ORGANIZATION ONCIJOCERCLIISIS COI{IROL IE.OGRAI,IIIE IN TIIE VOLTA RTVEIi BI.SIN ]J),TA OR,GANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE ECo/OcP SEPIEMBER 1985 IIiITEH..COM]TP.Y SH,IN\J,\R ON S OC IO-EC ONCIfi C DEV]1rcPT,IEN.I. OF'I.HI OIICHOCIRC];ISIS PROIECTXD ZONES. Second. rneetirrg Ouagadougoy,. 1- ^ 5 Se?tember 1qB5 PREII,IIIL\RY I]EPORT 0F TIIB .EVriLU;lI'IOi,tr OF Ti{D SOCTO-ECONO}IIC fffACT OF Ti{E ONCIIOCERCL{SF CO}i'IROI PROGRAI{I,IE If CONIEi\TS PNEAJ,TBiE PAIIT ONE The Challenge PART T.'/IO TrenC.s obseryed. in the zone .............r.,.,., U PART Ti.IRE,E Synthesis and recommendations..r.. ......... . . r,4X.. }IART IOUP. COnCIUSiOII r............................... 7? PART FI\E Annexes .... r .................e.... r.....,. -A PA.GE 1 4 a a a a a a a a a a a a. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a aa a aa aa.aaaaa.a a a aaaaaaaraaa a aaa 1t ) REAMBLE -)f -* -i( -l+ -l+-lt -J+ -ie -* -i+ -if 5* -l( 5 IPi]jiAl,rr'LL Struggle for i.:lprovement of living cond,itions ]rrrs alvlays been and reirrains'Liie f,-mcianental motive for any hum:-n activity. Some of the r^rain objectives of th,: rlrited. ]liitions systern are t]te id"en'bifica-bion of ills of all iiinos afflicting mankind, the organization of fighting strategies an,f the cii.rrTrini'- oLrt of 'bhie fight in close col]abora'bion ltrith the nations anC poprrJ-:n'iiotls concerned. It vas against this backgforrnd. that four speci:.r-i-izecl agencies of the Tlnited l[aticns s.'r'stem (ttie'v/or]d Bank, !GIO, i,rldD.l', il'O), suplror-bed. by a group of Conorsr.rleci-ded in :-974 fo assist severi coruti;ries in 'Lire i/est African region (Dcnin, l3urkina, Ghana, Ivorl' Coa.r:t, I,Iali, l[iger and Togo) affected. by onchocerciasis. /rter ten yeiars of j.nterrse activity aimed at the control of the clisea.se, the entomologicaf and. parasitological r'esults are very positive. The question r+hich then crosses the mjnd is to Imow how these resufts are et:ploiter1 by the States, communities and ind.ivid.uals living in the pro-becbed. a.reas r,rith the 51r-pport of the donors. This "report of the evaluation of the socio-economic impact of OCIIT, vrhich can only be prel jminary because of the coniplexity and scope of tire subject ancl the time lirnit, tries to single out some speciflc aspects oI -blre question. Thus, chapter orre highlights tlie economic importance of the O$CHO zone in the Africat.:. sr-:.]:-region from tlie viewpoint of its natural characteristics, suitability for pro'juction and set't,lement capacity. In c):rapter two, th.e tre'nd.s observecl -in the zone a,nd lessons cii:awn fron thetn are e;<amineri.. I{igratory movetnents ( organized. or spontaneous) are characteristic of the OC,i area at the regional and. especiall), vr'l]agp level-s, The analysis attempts to show to what extcnt the ind.icartcrs ob'taineC at the vi),lage 1evel can help to understa.nd the tlirecticn, significance, intensity and. 66'ljvations of these population rnovemert'bs. fhe statistics sholl an appreciable and sonietjmes spectacular inc::e:;se irr agricul.tural proilr:ctions in the Oi''lCF{O zone', what part do natural- resources Dlair in this evolution ? Beca,use of ihe migratio;r, the poprlatiorls j-n the Oi'lci{o zone rrpj)ear to be p.i,:neers; what are the d.riving forces behind. their tlynamism and the checks on it. /c 2Trierc is a ,ri;liked increase in the ri,te of l-arrd- occupancy iir some of 'bhe valie,v's for;ner1y inrlcsted. b.y cnchocercia,sis, with r,;oruying ecological consequence,.;, aucL a l.gjle;tsicri cf larrd. presSure in other aleas. HOw iS balance r:storecl iir the exploi';:rti.on of tl:e i:esources vrj.tltin the zoue ? !{hi.rt are t-ile uil.l's and. lrea:,ns of access 'bo tlte l':und -i }r ca[pter three, t]:e report -br:ies to synthesize the s-budy and malic -reccti:nerrcl ,-tions from it. Oan thc l-essotts ct-rav,.r'r lrorn it as rcBards the neerl -eor:nf<-,:rn,;.tion on th.e e:1,:loitlLticn of tilc'o:ir,ttra,l- resolrL:ces and ieveio.p.ieiit stratcgies coittributc to ir. bettcr understand,irrg of thc de\refopn(:nt irroblclts irt-bire Oi{C110 zone vrhose importatrce to all the P:'ogr:,ir,r,rers co',r-li';ries is L:roum ? That is our rtish. 'riris prelirainarrr reporb which was preparcd in cfose collaboration wit\ thc i)a:rticipa.tin*3'Countries and lritli the assis'r,ancc of the sponsoring il.geilciJs is irr:,nt to be a d.oounent l'oi' reffecticn. The imp::ovement of bhe ):.nowleCge acquJ-red implies tire help of all i;iiose l.r]rc el-'e concernrtd., directly or i::di::ectIy, uii-bli the d-evelop;ent activib:Lcs in the countries of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme. ...f4 IPA;iT Oi'il] TI{E CHALI,MIGE /l- J5 II .{ ff t\l z{g @CID,T I \ i F,-, I i t.L -ah ra$ o : :r { 1\ I 4 "fj "tt'- ur o|9i v o o FGo0- toJJ, a o t t I I t I q I{ o l-.--_Y I I I)I( ,b o\ I \ o d, u. i.._y'- i*)\(}o\ o J { I I t t I t O II ( \ I I I 1. I ! I o t t, o c) Ho:N' C) tr ts a ea{ .c H A{I ft{o a ETH H !: crIg ,,lr,otnlllt stTt Z, utG u, o- ! {toE2 3 oe, ez!o F elr AE * <t o (, c (\ tI ffiI13dt {rn,I6j:)2<. m off) q @toQ o t\io(D {I ,{ :(, o o r9 I a a a a a \ \ o t i a a a o a aI -t to o e a{rT :l t lr\ _ J.r..r I I r o r)'q,. . .' -^v d t'. t }J Ir i I I , I ( t I i I i I It I I i r t a a/at', Itx .tr iill I Thc initial OCP 3rC3 covared, 654 000 km2. r,,/jth tire extensions ca.rried. cut in tile ivory Coast , Gitana, Togo and. Berrin, this area amountsto 750 000 tmr2, vrh-ichrl(p1'csents 46/c of that pa.rt of iicst Africa situated. Sou-tlr of isoline Zero\L), i.e. the limit of plant growth possibility in blirs rcgicil, &rLd correrinfl tire i^rhole of Sr:rkina, Ivory Coast, Benin, Girana, Tog'o, Senegal, Guinea, Guiriea-3issau, fiqrra Lccne aitd- Liberia and partof i{au-r:ir",lnia, l'l;r"-'l-i e }Iigcr anrL l{i5;.:1'j_a\ t /. 4 Ctre a.yeas,-s, tLrerq[nfa11, water, soil anrl 1;rxran potentialst inthe ,)CP zcrle a.ie higher than the mean for bhe surrorxrd.i-ng regions. This situaticrL Jlves it a pa::ticr.r1ar1y g:'eat i:nportarLce itr the whole of the Suaano-Sahelia.n zotre . l-.1. Inportance r,-.]-.rteo. to its natural characteris'bics tiii:riate fite CCP zcne rvhich initially lay betvicen l-a-bitudes f5oN and BoN has been pal'bia1ly extend"ed. to latitude 4orot S. ,Ihe grcater part of the onclrocerciasis control zone is situated- in Sudano-Sahelian regi-ons, with tr,,lo .rl- be::r-rat j-ng seasons j-ri the jreal - one rainlr, the other dry. vihilc tire:sinfarl v:iries from the south tc tjre North, fronr l4oomm to about JOOrira, tiie dry se.rson, for it: part, can l-ast for between six and ni.rre rron'bhs. It i'; r-rot necessary to recall tlLe cli,,ratic leatures of the coni;roI zone tince tiiis has been done already in rila.ny pltevious d-ocuments. Iiovrever, for about ten .'y-earsr tliis r:gion has been subjected. to a sc:icrts clima-bic crisis r.riiose characteri:rtics and. main consjelluences it is esseirti"ll 'bo rr:call. i'is r..--ra.rcLs .rainfal-1, tite reg-Lon at'bauined its grca'uest dcficit in l9B1 as fillrre f sl,ows, revealing a consid.er;rble d.escerrt of the isohyets tor,rarcls the so,.r-bir. *lrtlrermorer it sh.:ul-d 'be notecl thab tire ieca,le l97l-l9Bo was aperiod alrea.dy consiclered d.ry. (1) Itro::therri llnit of tire zone rvhere therc is n<-: pe-riod,;,'henthe rains are lnor-rc than half the evlrpo'transpiraticn potcntial_. (Z) The:-;e bourr.larj-r-'s are ir:. maps J to B (lrnnex 1) ,Persistence of the deficit per-lod. Siricc 1960, the clecenniaf isohyets irave been d.escending ::egr-:-lrrriy tor^ra,.r:...s the Soutk.. The record was set by the period, l97l - 1980 ancl b:,:oken iir 198J. rrAl-] thc previ,:us obsr:rvations make it possible to shor,I a phenomenon of pe,rsistcr-rcc o-[ l]rt. ,Le ficit pr;ri-od..t'(1). lfeverbheless, t]G Ol{CHO zone i-ra; ren,ri.-ieci rvitl-ri:r tirc li-mits of the 500 to l-rO00mm isohyets, which, combincJ "iith t:ie is;oLines of plant grovrth possii:ilir;y1has rnaintained ibin a:t.:k'l.'bivt=.1_1r,f'aivor-u,lrbl_e sii;u:,tisr1 Curing tlt.. past cLecad_e as regar.cis a,g.:ici-,-1'l;ulla1 procl,uc t j-on. 'icarcibl, of ctaily rains of morc than 4Onm. The stuCir of ttre n:ovin3 weig'hted avera[]cs applied to arinual rainfall fractions(1) shorrs a stabilirc'y: or a sligirt d.ecrea.se in d.aily rer.irrs; lo'",rc::: than 4C rnrn, but a great decrease in d.aily rains higher than{0 n::r r,.ihic}r al-on,: expiain 5A/o of rrh{l ann'd.a1 rainfal-l variation. Effcct of thc drought on thc water rescu?ces The observa'bion of thc r1i;;c1..rr,-ges of' the ma.in rivers inriicates that alnost all the-i;er, loviest lrequqncies belong bo the period.s l97l - L972 zrfi, 19t31 - L984. l-lrthcrmorc, for 19Bi - 84, all the sta,tions a.ttainecl thc minirnum ev.rr recordcd. Tnis situation has had manifest corlseo-uelr,les o11 the fil-Iing of the ,1aiils arrd watcr c.atchri.re.nts wLrether tl:ey be for agr:j-cuf'buraf or hyi:ro-clectrrc prurposes. Tllc consequences of thesc obscrvl,.t-lons rnarcle oi Lirrc:rs ir:'5i:e CC? aL:ea, gc be;,roi:.d. the Prograrurets Zorre. In factr the hyc::o-elcctl'ic d.ams situated. to bh.: South of our region d-cpend, for their fiiling, orr 'blic: rains r,,hich fal-l in the OCP a::a:a v;]iich plays the roi,: of i^rater tor,rer: the Ban0ama, 'uhe Sassayrdra atrd, the Vol-ta bassins. in 1984, the Volta LBke, in Girana, anrl, tir<,'Kossou lake, in tire Ivory- Co st, colr-J-,i no longer supply lndiviclua.l co,rsumerlj or manufacturcrs rn th,,.ir rcspec'tive States. Soil resoulclis (Pig.z) In orc-cr' -to l-,-rcceed in tbe si:rrpliiicartio,.r whi-ch is i-nd.isperLsa,ble for' -bliis sl;udy, r,ihicir. is not in any lray a rsoi-I str;Ldyy i/e Llave chosen tite llrcnch cl.assi:lic,Ltion o.f soils alrcariy usecl in tLre APG report ancl the folfoi,ring evi,.l.ua_r.tir:ns . (f) lilbrr,qcl- ancl Grouz,iz : lrS6cheresse au Sal:ct-InC-ices sur fes ressou,rces ei-L e.111 .-rt lc-s p::o,juctions v6g6tafes - C)-HS',101;, Oilu3aclougou, I9B5rt. 6AnlrcxetL table 1.1.a. givcs thc classiiications ;la.d.e and the ailronomic value :r.r;tacl,eci i;o these classes in consuftation with Surkinals Natir:na1 3llrr:au of Soils(1) as t+elI as l.;he correspondence oi these soils with FAOt s ciassiflciltion. The ina1.., ',uhic.., has been d:atrt u! is -bakerr from Atlas of Uest Africa(f-tUit) and. FAOrs vio::}i rnap of ssil;. (f ) Crrr g':ra.titurle -to them for' 'r,Ix-'ir' he1p. 7}iST}TI!UTIOJ'I O.I, TYFJS OI SOiL AN.D TI1EIR AGIiICUI,Ti]IIAL .J,I|LIIT .LIi T.r; OCIT AilJ]TI. J'JD CUT'SIDE IT I}[ i,IEIJT AFITICA(r,'t 16 ('lI ioT,,L ,\itJ,A)/-, -*\(bC.- L 1'f-lrc l]- I ,2 1 1. l-i:ils iti tir nuli tto5 ilyri1'36.,or--rrh-c s <, i I silVer-i,i sr,.,i_lsfi lloth 2 anj- 1 {.. Sli;irt}y der:atura.teC Ferro-alu:ninous so ils l. Avcrii,lely iiesaturatcd, Ierr:o-a.l-umi.nous soils Botlr { anl 5 6. 4+5+6 7 . fli;liri ;' cles,:tu::.--r.terL licrro-arl'.nino *s s,: ils B. So1ls rrith Itsexqrri- ). Isohu-ric licils 10 11, Iialoriori:ll'.c scils BtolO 12. C:rrde r:iinc'ral :oils Bar:ro6es L.4ra, Lrhe abo.,.e table, vllt-Lch i: ce;,:l;atily an inpioper simplification, :tevertJrelulls sl'ior,/s a si-gnific-rnt tiiffer.nc€ bctrreen -irlid OCP area anC tirc porLion of r"est Africa which su::ror.mcls it, as rega::Cs tite agronomic va,lr-le oi'tir, soi1s. In the OOP -tr€&y ttre ave::rrg6: to'rcry good agrononic vali.r.es -rcpr.'::sent 12.,j,/, of the total- a.rea. Ti11s rate fa.l-l-s 'co lJ.ff/o outsi,Le t,h.e onchocelciasis Oontrof Pro3ramrne ari-a. Conversely, the ar,r.ira.6c to Lr-Ld. valucs rL-preser]-b 7C'i outsicLe tllc OCP arca as against only 5-'i( iri the I'::ograil)rfte aTea. T]:ese figr-ires are s,:If-erplanatory. (h CCP ar:a 9(, Outsicl.e OCP Agricult,.lr'a1 value 1.1?/6 Good- to ve4.gocd. Lt( Y/(, 6 I 4.t) noq u. zo,,i) 8.A,4 5.6 Goocl g.6?'6 12.q'6 Average to good. 1..7 b"u 2L.6c15 Ht. Ct.o5)i', 1ilo4 2T.q5 Average to 'good l_0 zo a.l 15. B Avera,ge to very gooC J_1_) o I i'it 13.7 4l-.n5 0 15.5 A.verage to bacl o.+,'o I I -l () 49 "5?/, )\r. o 5.{ia irr oL)oU Bad Table _I.l=& -B* o E C E1 ,l EI i;; ,l I I1\! E -,.u "i*"'t,il it ii tr I 't.. n € r' D b,. dr L, f, ; (r- i' I ue rl ,-i{ u'. i.,l u B I 1 I I i t II I Ii it- I t I I I e{ fl r{ L1HId() H Fr{ t iiiii !r!ri33I33 *-Ei, .l li *lr ii iiliitii; ,'f,tPI e ,lt rlc{ !it !l . .ss !. r. t '6 * i\P ii :r. a v alil1 3 l! E i i---'\ 3 a \ i I i ! 0 ; i I I t I I ti i I t T I J I I I -*.-*-il*" "i\ LJ G. il '1,_ I'r a # I --t .-| ".4 H 9.bv"n 1.2. Ihe irrportanco of the OCP areabecaus e of its production potegy!:q,f q. The C)Ci a-Tc.r occupi,:s ool.y 4U)5 cf thc i.:ird area in tire r,,'hofe of tile sub-regi.on j;rrt i'l;s pote.rlbials .r.lre inuch higlisr thall the averages for the ]an]s sitr-ratecl outsiii:+;ire cor:'bro1 zone, as shovrrr rn lhe follovring tirble (]) and iigule's 3 -io B. IeLbli, L.2.a Aq'ricu1Lr,r':-il procuctj-orr, po'Lcnti'.'l- of the CC? zone anC its sub-region. Ar:eas sui'cal,.le f,'or: i:ire crol:s explesscd as a pelrcc-'ntage of tire total area corrcerrrc-:d.( 2 ). It thercfore appears clearl-y that in rega.rd. to suitability for the cul-ti\,'a'L,ion of both food, crcps and industria] crops, the OCP area -:i,r'cse,rts a potclLial/-p;::eater rhai.n thc a.rca it occupies in West Africa. The total- OCI aT.*az l,rirj-cli is 4Art, of tkre global area ol' the sub-region takerr irrto accr.lr.,nbr pcs;scsses 47.n( of bhe lanc1s verir srritablc fo:r 'maize cuitiva.tion, {8.04% of tho:le for sorgnurn, 44.42)/o of tho:;c for miIIet, 45.2ac% of thos;e ior sireet pota.to.:s, 41.J6c1'6 oI thosr: for cassava and 47.q( of "Lhose .for" co-Lton. (t) source zoncs " : ErO. R.cport on the proj.:ct refative to ttrr: agro-ecolog:-ca1 Vol-.1. Ilethoclology atrd results fcr Afri-ca. nD/1f OCP OUTSI!I] OCP Figure No.Very Suitable suitanre I I Suitabl-e + ver]- sui babfe \rery Suitable Suitabl-e Suitable + very suitable In''IZE SO]]GIruI4 i1]iLE'I SI,,E]]T PC'IATOES Ur\)i)ir V:l C0'f'''0ll 50t5 ,,11 r] +-L, u )( 60, o 40, B 4ztz 47 14 r_)rw 29 r7 14e B )Lcb o? tr -tt) Ct-/ -7 ./l9l ooeo 66 r7 94rB 72r4 Ao1v /, I 17 16 JCt rB 1lr5 c:7 {. -)) 9w 16ro 71 A)',l-ca, 44r1 oli oL)rv 15r4 18r4 7t n)'ls ( 2tr5 Blr9 55 16 55 r9 92ro 7a tl 51 ro e 4 q 6 .7 I B (z) ocPft,co Protting 10 4"+g"igq@ggr It is cne o-fl tl're nain ar;r;ets of OCP!s Participa.ting Corintries b:cause oi-bi,e latit'aclirr.L1 position of this zone which favours proper grrri^ith o-fl ircrbaccous veqetaticn in valleys lrhere the agricuftural press'ffe is l-ovr and. there is i,,rlr.te-,r tlffoughout'bt.c seasorrli. ?his inportauce has been acien'L.aatcd- i'i-Lrther by tire ;:e:c.:nt climatic crisis "ihicir in L9B1 reduccdthe prodlc'1,j-on of Sahq:lia,n p€rs'tures to tl',e l-or,^rest ever recorderl in the P-rst ltu:rorcd ye:.r.:rs. Ilcrwovtr,, tfLc ,;reat,:r part ^f f,1ir,3e larrd.s vrhich ar'; bcr'bh. favourabl-t'- and. availabl.c ici aniiriir.l h",rs1:,.:.r-rdry are j,nfestect with savaruta tsetse fl-ies(glossina no'rriitani-i), vcr:to::s of znin,a.1 t::ypanoso;riasis and. capable of cirecking considerabl;' tite devr.lopnent of rron trypa.no-tolerant zebu-raising. Tor,,ristic and mineral resources Ti.e i-i'lCli() zone d.oes no'b la,ck toLrrisbic arrd rnineral- resources. They vli11 iro',ir:rrer ;rot 'oe slimmauized- in this report. In both caics, i-t sccrns tire c>:istiirpl poten-bial ca.rinot trigger oif a si,grrficant short-tcrr,t de.r':lopmcnt. The present interna.tional crj-si,.; is the crrrli,l , on thc one hand, oI a fall- rrr tkre incomers of mcd.ium- SCal-c ,ianufacturerse r,thiCir Chr-,cks jrrter-continental- tourism, and, <;n the otlrer hanrl, of' a stagnation or ilecline in the nineral raw materj-a.l neecis of the inJ-ustrializel cortntri','.s. in the lcng run, t,re opeuir-]g up of the Zorle ceu]d. unrloubtedly olfer bettcr prosp3gcs for ihe tlevcl-cpmeti'b of these zctivities. L,1 . Because of its miArir.tr l, settlenent rJotorrtial )els i'l-,, i,Lnd ilt-bens rfica.t ion of feLrrling r;rethod.s. ':iitL 20.2 inltabitairts per I:n2, the 0(ll:',.r rear i: far frorn being satu.ra't€C becausc of its a6,;ricu1-bural potcrrtia.libic's. liowever, the 't:rtequal popul'rbiorl dil'i,r:ibu-i;ion in thc r,'lrole oj'this territor;' and the somcr;irnes rrt.trii€.C contraists between the inbr:rfluves atrd the valleys ;;::-ke ti e latter privrle gc'C pl:,r.r:es as; regzrrcis agricultural settlem<-:nt potcnt i.r1. It is thc;,c-bhat the populeLtion clensibi-cs are lowest and were in ccrtaiii car-l,-)s nil at tl'te star-b of tlle i)rc.rgralule. Tir'.r-s, in B*::)<inai, itt L975, 4T'OCO k;'n2 situa'cecl. along the fringes of bhe vall-eirs \^rcre conrpl,.te1y unintra-nit,:d, and. unsuitable fo:l cultivation, r,,hich repres;ented. L7.4% of tire ai'L1a of Br"rrkina t+i'tl',in thc Programme zor\e. 'lite sarne ui;ilisecl pta.tezt;trfenrpty va.l1e;."s ccriltrast existed in llo,:'uhe rii C]-han;.1. Even wh,ere tire valleys ,,reie i,ot cornpl,-tcly cnpty, the portion of 1::.1d uncicr cul-tivaticn t,las.i':risory as thi'fcllcvling figures shovl : u- In.[]urkina, on-b]rc 3]r,.sk ''y'cl-Ua., on].y J.JJ;,5 o-ithe l-and.s w.'re cLrlti''ratcrl :irli B6t1'o tte :e, ..rv:rilable for a,3ricult;r.;.1 settletncnt. Ot trte [iomo;e t]rerrc-, j'i.,u';s v.ior.: 2"H/o anC, Bf'l re spcc'bi-,.r:ly. - IiL ;1re rvc:-'1,. ,loast, on the: -.IPICr SassanCra, i',thile it is possible Lo ,Lisii,rll.r.i;h cr.rx.pl sf,6ly e,r,pt.r, Zor'];s, 1;1Le cu-l biva.tcd lands represe:ltcd on!:r l)!, ci -l;1r bc-Lal- l-an'i in !911; on i'hc uririd-Le BeLr:.dr*ma, this va.fue ili'i not c).cri-ri Z)n, tl11'r lccal. r:xc:eptio;r:; and 5A/o of the fands ucre cc.rip1,.,'Le J-y,lr,D{ri:, . r'icre exar.'ples oculc1 be ,:'ivcrL, hut iu a]-nost ti,c lr]:oIe of the OCP arcae wi'ciL ioo.rl excc'pticnse itore 'i"Lan BU'o o,f 't1ro' vaL}le;, l-ands were rr:tus:.ir e.rc'l if iL is ccnsid.ererl that a bui:r-bait land. is productive 1'or $ - J years anc. tira'l, fal.lorrr p.jriods of 1l - 20 years are necessary '"2-ider'"his f*riring r:ys'bcl:r. S.c tt l-e,nun'c capac ity 'Iiris Ol{CiiC) zonc, prot::cted- irom t}ie trarrsmi-ssion of the disea:;e, kras a cliffer..nt inffuence on tfre ocmo5raphy and economy of tire Participating Co',-mtries. T5c poprrla'i;ion, whj-cir is mainly ag.ricu"Itural, is distributed over ir:o:re than 554 CCO lcnr2 r^iith a rei;rtir.cly low doesiLy. Today, the ptysiog:rot,t_v of the ag::icuft,:r'e l.lractised. in this zone iras greatly changed. aLnCL ;itor+s a iefinitt-' d.'zt:atnislr. Thirr is so tTtic; tfrat informa-bion froln tirc OCP/ECi' survelr ?-rd. th,: var:ious sta,.li-"Lical- sources reveal peasant fa.rrirs i;irich a,re using; alveiirge oquipar'.:nt (iilprovcd, man'aal-cu1t:-.ration with. nio,:s tlr.;rn 2Ql, by anirrial -braction, s<;lected. r;i:cii.s, ctc. ) . C;i 'ulic or:e ha.nr1 , i;he r..atur:al cna'':'act,-:rirstics of this zone and i-'Ls suiter.tilib;r fcr: pi'oCuctioi-1, r^rhici': iia.r.vr-: bccn ciesclibeC above, and, on the oth":r ilanil, thr: s'ua.'br:s of equipr'lcri'b usrcci c'}]l tile fams', place its popu-l-aLion lood pot.:ntia}, accorCinl; to FAO sta'rrlard.s, at IJO inheibir;arr-bs pc'r 1':a2 ior no::' 'th;4n 5f/: ai its exparise aitd at 75 inJrabitants per km2 fo.r l;i:c r.rs'u ( I) . On tllc l:"s:ir: of'suclr figarc.,s, 't1:e }oa,c1 supportable by the OCP zorre ha,s been e:;tirnati:,,i il.t:rbout !O miiiion peoplc. Co.np;l.rcrl irith the prese::it popul;r'ciorr s:l-Lua+,:'-on (hardIy 1l nillic-,i-r inhabi'bants in the tli{CilO zorte ani) zb.rut {B r,rilliorr for:r.11- the Par.rticipatirrg Csu:rtrics) it appears to bc a ';cttlein,.-.rrt zor:c pzr cxcellci-tcc. (i) -?AO ,j.ccr.lierr'l: iir)ot,'r-.t-tr,I capaeity of populat j-or, i,oad of l-arids in thc arv.-]oprng co'rurtLies. 12 'viatir -bovter, ijrt'-rjarly, set'clement larnd: these words clross thc mind cluite iliit-,rralllr ir: rer-jerr:d bo tire ul,i0ilO zone. l.hey bririq a i.ather optinistic notc .lt a 'bilie vlt:n Af:.':i-ca. is er;rerie.ncing s,..r-lorrs clif'f-icul-ties in i'ts dc 're lopritent. Trn.J trrci,cJlir, tl-Le zone t s pr;tcnti,lliti:::, a::e not tirose wirj.cli wj 11 rrraLiie spcc-ba3s1u, .:ccno,nic g::cvrth pos:sibl.-.. it is not likely it v;il_L have ii)ilshroon 'l,ovn'E rsilr i:ci'&pclrs, itig irrd-r-rs111r-i1e minirg or touristic complexesirr thc _1_'orcr:,-eabf-, _futir:e. _J:_rt it Joubtlessly off:rs the possibility for er dcv-'1-oprrerri rrlricfr rflaa,r'be ;crc soliJ, ntr.mely 'rfoo,-l sel-f-sufficicncy in|jo3t ,r.t:uf oit,' . '-[he Govern::tcn'i;s aTc a,\iaTe of it '.'.nd. rt'*c incr.easing investncnts in .Lite onchoce::ciasis-protccted. zorr.cs; rhcieas they harl been rather avoid.eclfo:: cl"ecad.cs. Proof of this is p;iven by rnen and r,/onen i,/11o, rclying partly on thesc pu':iic activit-i-cs, irre sebtlini,i, clcaring, cuttivating ancl rca::ing l-ive,.'tock tirerc. PART TliO T?I]I\DS OBf]tr],RVET IN TIfl ZONE L5 2.L. )cf'j-nitc r:igr'rtion T},c irrcsl: rlllrj-can Q;'gion of r^rhich the CiiCl-lC zone is pa.rtl has alvrays ber.n 'i;h: t'icl-i- r.,f' or.'Fl:-inizcd. or sponta.neou.s r,ti,,1ra.tory Inovetrents. tlirrr,.ol"is,'r.f iy, -bir: 6ar13,.,,s o.f 'uhese populati,:n ntovt'rncn-bs iravc beerr econoLric ('i;l'arLe, r-;e.rrcir fc-rr l-.rncl, etc), :rrilita-ry (rtigit 1'ron inva,lers ancl ,,;,rrs), acnii.is'bra:iv-,(co1oui.a,t policies arril- tirr-.ir v-::i-o:rs coorcions), etc. Ivio::c rcco,:i;iy, 'tire :r,rvcrr,-:nt has bc-.n rn a ,lcr''i;lr-.i'ir:utir Cir.-ction, especially to,,vard.s corstal Lo'.i::s; or coifec ainil cccca plantations -Ln tl,e liorrtherut patt of the r:,.{ir,r.. T'Ii: rlir:ilr::c.."rriorj o{'tir.) bcrderstitroq;}r col-oniz;rtion, corifirrned latcr tii tJ..c i-rrdc1r,-:r'rlcitcc of the c.'u.itii:-,sr anC vihich ci<;es .rrot tlrlcc etirnjc rcalr.ui-'-:r i-l';o a.cco-.rnt, i,;i1i. rrot pi:event too much rnovements within g'eograpliic cthnie jroups. T-'hcse raigratorT niovemerr'usj are verlr inte.r:rse a'b ti:e present 'iro:ders oi' bhe c,,r'-urt:;ies in tl,e z-otle. Er.en i-i. triln$lturr.:rnce do.:s not ccilstitu.te nigration in the classic sense, oi tirc 'berrr, i I l1-rs lcci, hr:::e ln.J. thcr,:, to population movernents of' a g.fi.;i:atorry nati'.-*r.-'. It is; especi.tlly stock-b::'ocd.ers moving trlith their her.'Ls in se,rrc:: of pastr.rr-'es and- vrater iyho ha.re Leen invclvccl in this type of nigrrtt:-on. In this pat-icr:r, the CICP zone inrlubi-babIy pIa-,rs a transltional role hr:tr,ree:r'i;he iTo::th anC tl:e f.i cuth of tne region. liortevcr, bl:.is does not rean-bl'Lat i'u Cocs no';,1ain or l-ose from it. In i'ar:t, it has fo: a fong tine b.lcn irlvol-ved. iii tirr- lfort]r-South movencnt b;y" provicling rnor.:t of the manpol^/er employecL in -bi:e plan'l;ations and tor"ns. r,'i'l"ltin tlnc zo,re i-L:;e1f, therc arc v:.rious int.rrnal move;nents fron high-iierrs -t1' 'r=.-,ru to',ia,rcls less popula bed orres 'rriruii nrcre si5nif ic'':irtpotenbi;l-ii;ii,s. Tlie iijor;si pl::.tearr in .8,11r',:in.t, the Dogon plateau i-n }Iali, the Iianye pizbcarr in Togo ani tne Cense zorlci of Itcrho5lo in the Ivory Coast aic e):am1)1t--[j o-f itepa"::tii:re zone?, o{' this type or inte,naf rnigl:-t'cions. lJitir bLLe 1/i.reat ctror-r.3ht cxpc?i!.nceci in tlrc Sahel, ,;ti6r'ation has inc::eas:cc1 :r, intensi'ty a,nct l"kic agricri-l-tu;e.r.1 oireii harc becotnc inorc extcnsivc. Tlre OCP zonc hos there.fo:lc becor,i.: the scttlerient zone par ercelience. With 1{s y;r.r:ir;us wat,jll ilrr:l Lancl. poberrtia..l itics, it J.ias bccorne thc ccntre. of at'urac'i;ir-rri fo,i 1-ropulaitions in rl-i;tr.,ss. hlthcugh uairrtaiiring .its former statu.': cf transitronal z.rrrc brrt'bo a l-esscr 'legrec, it lras bcccre an arrival- zcr:re o .fLftcr 10 Tcai::s of .Jncl-Ioce::cias;is coiiLrol, a rougtj typo_Lorry of nigration in 'i;hr-. zolic ca.n bc csta,bl-ir;ire.-1. T}:ere are no statistical data for p::ecis-'qulrnbif'icatic,n of ;t]-1 tjrc:;e nrovc,ments. I-iowcvcr, -bhe l,Izrp on pai.,e 14 iilustrabcs this.; pattc-rn aell. *'r I I I I I 4l1 irJ ,: I *_"- t 'll '&.j*r*\ -t .+ .{ o.., I +" lfI l- u., f k" l*a r" t !r' / te 4 *t E -,J^ r. frff'ri ,lii\'t'r I i,. "1fi, **."1'r-# Ib -,tt. I it e* I I i ( I t t "- +- ${lI '"**"+l ( { 1 -x.J! I I t I i \ 1 \ \ f' r, t- t t' -{ -*.&.*.rr\ \tT ,{I ^."." .,,-tf a 5 i .-')r ** )." '.- ! / I/ *J / I il I i ,]i * *I I I t I 1 '--, I i ..a aF 'F r' &'/. .)*{;e "; t t i^.-r'*^- irlf tr' j .t 1r to U I} t '-.,, $ I I I ,l ) I i.-( \..ur "l:.t1.,r (] .t6J L 1,1 ! f i* .4 :, ). x ; l. "+i _t t t * E q fi \ .t .titIrtij; p D1Eitot({,T al.H&Edd ll+rIdU 1, .,t l, t .aiI ,..oI :Jtroc' F r. I ':" ; t'!x )', rrri"5 li- t.tf \{ ,4 r)', dL,r 'fr1 ,$l i"r/i; t.-, I I l!lt ri ti I I ! tIJ I .h 5Libl, i -- t '. Fi t f \\ i { 1l L1 l_. I'iisration s tc and out of the OCi'zone Ii:e no.cthlrrr, nei-'fh-eastern and nortlr-i,/csj,cin parts of Lhe zot:e are trrc efi,r:;r points for ni'ia.anbs forci,S by ti:e rlror.rg;ht to leave arid- areas. Tlrr-.y ir..p3 :;t,:ch-1;recd.errs anj1f ot f,.rr:rrcrs. Iiios'b ori th:.m iertaj-n rtr tlle zone :itl(r s,-ttLe it: tiic vall-eys r+he-re !/o,tcl: ;rnd ia:r,].s a::e avai.Lat-'Ie. Apa::t frorn a fcw 11inor con.ilic'i;;: betrve en stoci(-bredrlers anrl fan;:ers, tr]d.i !iona1 hospj-t..,f.ity is extcnCr:,i. .Lo 'bhe i1cl,.rc.)rner:'tr, accorcin6:, to cu.[]torii-,r)r ]a.nd' rurles. The Sor-rtkr IL'rs been and contillue"i to ba'bhe zonets cxi-b. Sometines iLscrves''asstopcvcrfole:ri'3rantpopulrr'bionsre:'-titerna-'uirrcscfthczone oi:,frcir eir.;ewiiere, cn thi:ir v{ay to the coast. \.iith the generaill;r clifficult cc,tnonic ;itu-:;'bioir ii-r thc ifrioan cc'.:ntries, thesc I{orbh-liouth movenents cnd up inor€ ?rrd. more i1 tLre scuthe::n limits of the zorre wilcre thu nligrants ;rrarlcf,je to srrrvivil. '2. Iir.'bcrcou:itrv ancl intra-OCP zone nipr-ltions Intcr-ccrrtt.ry ,aigrations t,ribhin the z,ot:e si.rnply co;rfj.rn that it i:: nob oniy an critollological r,rirole hut also an economi-c, cultu:-'aI and social whole. 1,he ilirira fo:m of this migrartion clisregarrls dhe existence of frontj-ers. It conccrns in'i;ra-r:tluric or: inter-ethtic migra'bions. This applies to the f,obi-, G..lur:ou-.rsi, etc. rbetweeri llurkina anC Ghanas t!:l: E\re betr,ueen Togo, _!har,a" a,nc1 3enin, thc Llarnbaii:i.nd thc Dioula. be-bw(j3n liaii and Burkj-rra, etc. '-[hese pop'*lationri atic siLbje,-:tei]. tc pcn<1u1ar rrovements closely related to prevalent Lcor,o,.,ic ar;C, ltoii1;ica] condit-Lons rn thc: various borrfel ccr:ntries. 'Ihey takeplace in cnc dircc'i;ion or the othel Cepeirdj-n1; o;] prevailing concliticns. 7 i{igrations vri l;h j-n the i nCivi :lua.l couritries They a::c in four fc,rms '. ::;r.1ai*1 - l:rr:,tl-i? ltig:rritions rr1r5'?1 - ullb;nii nigrations (cirif i; f rr:a -;he rural areas) rrila,-p.tt: ^ Ufban{r frti.;fa-l,ions Itru'can - 1'r-11a,1(r mlgra.tions (vcry a,r,r") Existing d.ata on the sribjcct rLo not m.rl.c-e possible a very in-depth anal;,rs j5. i{o',+,:vcr, trenrLs appeer wh-Lch enil.blc bi^,e distinctiorr of -b""ro €troups of couir';rics : Sahelian cjourtri:s anct Co;:rstal Count::ies. a) ; 1hg]}",f-j"*trt- i,/hi1e -bite rlrift frorn thc rttra]- a.L-eas coirtitluc-;l of course to be very sigg:ific.r1t irr tlrc corlttries, tlLc most j-mportarrt fcrni oi:nigraticn for OCP is thcrrru-ral - rural-tr mig'r:atio;t. The Sahclial C6u,etriec irave as commorl ch:Lri;eteri:-rtics ab,.:luiant a.1'ricultural poter.Ltialitics in tkrei-r 0I\C;I0 zcnes witir I oli poprtl-,'.tio:r rlensi Lies ir-r th, 'irer11eys. t6 Ln B,"n:kina, two t;ypes of lrrulal- - nlra]ti nigratory rrrovelilent can be obr;elvcti : ol';,-anized nrg::a:.tions of LLc \Iolta 'r/a]lcys Dev':loprrcnt Author:ity (,,fi-tf) type."lC'i;:rose r,rhich can be c:-r}l-.-:cl spontancous. 'Iircy arc especially frcm th,,, clrei po-D.,r1:ltccl i,io;;lr i pl-ateau wj-'Llr e:rl-lalrjte,.1 lencLs tcuards tirc f,:rbiic vi,flr-,ri; i;::cte,cted fronr Olrchor:,:rci,'-Lsis. !;ecaiisc of -iite cons'trailti,s(firri:ncial, social , etc.) inhercnt fur or:garLized raigrations they are lcss ex-i;ensivc. tiri-r.rr r;pcr,t;rncous cnes. Ti:e OCP Survcy has shomr tirat settlen,.'nts cll w,rol-,. fa;ri,l--ics: a:'le goirrgl'-,n in tir., zone as i;e1,1 as tire establi:hrrent oi r:ciu vilta,q:.s or thr: repopui.r.'tion of v:-Ilagcs fc.i-'rriar1l' riescrtr-:r'l for re.-rsons rcla l;,:rl- to o;:choc.-rci..,:is. It also appea:s tira:-b :lnteJrr:ie rnovcments are eoit-tE .)i" bc'bl,'ecn viJ-1.rgos in lhc s&rrlo ZoDe 3 sorre villages have expcri:';ncecl morr or l-.ss r-'rir.,,'i-ii'icarrb iieparturcs of fani.l.ics ; while iir othcrs, rrhich arer mo::c nur.tc.'ousr tircre hirvo bce:r ln.lssive arrivl-il.s of tirt; irspsntancoust? form. i.lori:ovr;:-', the ;lreatJ-y positive rni-gi'irtcry balanc,: implies tir,'.t the context of tire:;e movemeirts should. be stuCie,j r,,.'i-bh inore prccision r:o that the C-eve.l opi,r,:n i; oi' tli': zone ancl- its ecclogical g..1ui1ib:iun ',iouid bc harmoniously €nSUllrl,lL. Tire sitrra-ci-oir in I'lali is al-rrrost i,-le;:tica1 to -bhat of nurkina.. Tire on1;r Cifferl)ncc i" 1lta.t there are no tto-rganized't mi-grations there as yet. Sripc:vision ef-3orti:l allc o-[ course r',-r.ri,': bv 1,he autkioritics so that t're -qp(.ntalteous ni..;'-ra'uion wculd ta,ke p1-:.ce ,..rrrcl-et' rnolre ha,rmonious ccirrli'bions. Thcre rnj-gra,tions are flon regions out:ride tlre zonc r,lltich are experiencing rutt'a.lourabl.: cl-ii;ri,.'bic :'nd hydrological cor:'litions. ,-i'armerisc stock-breeclers ers ,,"'e1l- as fishcm,.rr ,-'f,re involveci in thcse no,,-enarl'us, ',lhusr spontaneous appe arances of :ler,i vi] Iag.)s ir.re obse-rved. in tnai'- places (ZZ in the 00P secto:: o-[ Si]c;Lssor 47 in that of llamako, etc.). Aff,iy;1:-;111 only 1.71 of }Iigt-.rts la.nd er,3a is covercd by the Prograrmte, it is cxpe::icrrcin,i tire sa"ne type oi ncvemcut in tiie zonc. The clrift frcin thc rr-ral- aTa'a.:;'l;,c',,ralcls lfiamrry is ci-.rtainIy srgreifici:.nt, but it is obsetl,'eri(OCpts srllrvej, siror,s ib vel1) that the r.tra1 - rur,il ruigra-bory rnovement is ver-,, i-nte'rise. fievera.l vi}1a.,-{esi }r.rve experii'nccC- the arrival of netr iarnifie s;. ir.r'ic; a.le cl-eir,::ly ilorc rrLlrirrjroLis than thol';e rr,'iii.oh havc': had a rriila'i i vc mi.1xa.to::;;r bi-larr-cc. b) 'Ihe Coastal Cor.urt:lies rts i,:rp.ris intcns.it;.,thc dri-ft fro,-'r the rure.l areas secns to be the mcst i:apo-rta', i. 'L'.rj.s ls crx'plai:ic,)- b;. z cf ii:i.:tic siluation rrhich is less tr',,tic in Liis rgc.1p cll corurL:civ,s tiran in ti:e Sarl're1. 1,1"r'Lheflrrorc, these coul-hri.l; h:-r iie ;, lr,rer,ys l-iad- a liortir-Sorrth nrigratory tracr:i tion. llhe OlfCilO z,ctr-Lcs: situ,r-i;r,'cr,- i:: tlie IIorth ]*rzve fcr a Tong tlnc bcerl cicpartu:re zones. Thisr has rrar.tl-c i-b ,r)os,:ib rc 'bo c,:.:iler\rc elron:tous pote,r'r,iarlr: of gocd qual:-ty Irtnris. The Otlf surwey hais rcvecrl,jo a spa.tr-a:l- moverir-r.rt oi Populati.ons at the l-,-,vel ci ti:e. rrillages the c;rteitt o-f r'rhickr is notabie. Irr Senirr, m.-,.ny vif];rges ir-,vc. e-'rpor.1cnce11 pos;itir,'e rrrigratory balai:ccl-;. It. i,:l':.Lnor the 0CP zo.rc j-s i:rr1j.spu-1,-l.bi;r in th.,) process of rr:5;aiii:'n.t tt, certaip aapicl demoill'aphic clev,rlopi:rcnt; t?rc l.rorb?,crrr JlLrgion ha-s orre ci the highest g:-'or,r-bh rates in the corrn'iry. r.ht of 'ult, 20 villagcs stucij-ed in ti:,-' zone by CCr, the general positive ba.-l-.rncr; l'.a: beerr 81 famllies:. In thc Ivory Coast, the situs.tion is simi--'l-'.rr-bo'bhc pl:'jcedin.jl ones : the drift:i'rom thi,'rurral- ar'Jas is g-oing on but li''*i:aj- - lu:rr;,!lt; nig.-ri-'cj-on is beco;nin€l more ancl irrore r:xtsllrsive : out of tl:e 1l vlttages 1lo:r r,rhichirrform:rticr is avaifable, 20 have a positive rai,;r:Lto.';- i.lai;.ncc wliile 1J h;rvc a cl-eficit of lla-iifies. Li Togo, z'-pa.i't from the d.rift from the nural- aleas which continues 'bo drain the ac'tive populatir:n Lcr,raras-bhe tu:ban crrntl:cs1 the O1',[CHO z-one I,:s bcer, blr,:.fielC of plicnor,rena iirectl;;'re1ated.-bo ilru:al- - rura}t inigi'-'tiorr : the cr.:a-bion antl e;:tension of gitlrt: resel*\res have led. to impcrl,aiit rlovrlrilFjr-rts of pcpr.r-11i.-bicns. [hey ]r?ve ;,tovcrd tow:lrd.s thc: border zones of Glrnira, Ben-ir: ancl 3r:.rkina. iJowever, the vil-l-agcs in the Oi{CilO zone have al-so :ilcceivecl lr. v,rrl/ consiferable irr.llber of then. Tiris is very noticeable in lhc'r:--sul-ts; c,r- th.: sbuir.y carrie,1 out Ly OCI] in which out of 21 vilIagcs, LJ'-'t:;.rte a c-Lcari;r pos:-tl-re iligr.atory b.]l-ence ancr oniy 8 a creficit. 3e;r.cnd tirt quantitativ: aspect o-f 'rlrcse popuJation r.tovemerlts, which iire.]tcverl;itelcss inperf':ctJ-; }norvn, arr observttiotr is ncccssaTy z the OCP s'-ln"u'ey pr,)v,)s tlr:r-U a cirange of mi:n-l;ality is taking place. Tite obsessivefcar of onchoccrci.r.sis ancl tlie drcad oi thet?cu-rsecI vallcysr? are clisappearing. (o1o An appreciabl-e and. sometimes spe.ctacular increase in p.r:oCuctions. 2.2.7. Aninral- lrusband.ry Aburi-ant pasturcs, ;rvailabll-it-y of vrater and. l-ow population clensity nake the Gncho zonc a seta;lerrent zone for i,hc animals forced. to leave the i'iortlL becr,rurje oI bhe porsis'l,cnce of a long drought tl.reru.. Apa::; from tiri,.s forcr:d inr,nii3rabion of stock-brced.ers because of nlr,, favo,-r::ible nalt';--'al- conc,iitions, the onchocerciasis-protected. zone is becorning rin,:xcell,.:nt r,-gion for the pronot.ion of extcnsive:inc1 seiai-intensive e,.nirial truslr.rnd.ry (taUte on page 24). Ihi: sibrr.r.'r,l'-olr hi-rs bcon rlacie possible b.l1r .;ite pr.'o1.;ress of research, vaccinaticn .rnrl the use cf dnr-ls againsit the major epizootics which i:a.vc cnabled. tite s::Ii:ction of.' mor:c tr;,parro-tol_erarit brcecls. ,tlo:: nos;L ,rf CC1l)rs Participating Co,.:.ritri,Js, the brrlk of the livestock rs .[our:,1 irr tir"' orrc]roci,r,'ciasis-prctected zcne : thus, in Benin, r,uith less -bhan one-thiru of '[ire rura.]- pop,;1ation, ';he Ct'iCHC zone l:arbot:ts 52y6 of the cc,,uatryls c.)i-'!le anci ailmost's46 of the sheep ancl goats; in Ghana, no::e than .a-t /'O",,i: o''' t.re c.rr;'i.-l-e-rais-i-ng is in the l,wo r:gions in the i{ortli; in thc lvory Coast, tii: catl;l<; populJ.tiori iriis doubl-,,-i irL bhc Onclio zone betrircen 1974 and. t'iS4 ( Iable on pa.;e ) 2.2.2. -Fi.2lifig T'he -[ish ]rcsjollrc.-'s in the Prol;rannrc a.Tea aTe not iu1ly exploited.. It has bcen c.s'l,imer.t:d. i;l:at lliger ceitch.es 101000 tonncs of fish out of apot:ntial ;vr'Lluatecl i,t 20rO0O tonnes. In ienin, it j-s an activrty engaged. in i..,.y less -'uiran 500 pro{'ess.Lorrrrls. It j.s cssentially locateC in the Niger vaI1ey. I4a1i exportl onc-tenth of bh,-;, 1OO,O00 tunnee of fish caught every yea.r; that rcprcscntr.i )'/6 of Lhc GDP and 8rt of the expor-tl; of the country. -18- ,tliver lJiger appears herc r;o be Lhe rnaii. centre of the regionls fisi.,ing activi-i,ir::;i '.;he check oit f isni-ng, fo1ic,,.ring the excessj-.re fall- i-,, ti.:c iva.tcr l-cvcl- of -Uhr: rivcr 1s thcrcforc not lru-rprising. Tirerc is an eilig::a-iion of p,r:ofessicnarl fj-shc:rrnen to ctlrer -regions (Scti.r.gue in liali, l'i-gcria, Ivcr;'Co..st, etc.). The iirportar-icc of iishirig as regalJ.s food. arnd icbs cre::,'tcC i.: sucJL tir;rt tire c-i.'fori;s rnad.e shcul-d. be strengthened and takcn ii-rto ar.cccrunt i-rr all tl:c water rusolrrccs developrnent proj3cts- 2.2.5. Crop ProrJ.uc'i;icns Yari,-us intrgrat:,1 or sectoral cevelopment projccts irave been fina.nceci in tlic c,ncir,Jc,3rciasi.s-protecterl z.orre. The socj-o-economic imp:161 i-l r;Llch pro;ccts is p69-rif,1ve on tLrr: vrhole evcn i[ thtrir scope seerns to be rrrc:e o:: less l-irni't,:11 according to tlie initral opjective,s. \,/hile for c,:r.lrtrics }il<e l,Iali, Ilil*er and E,.rkina Iraso the rrost urgent thir-lg is the i,ientification of projccts fc:: the d,:vclopment of'',,he potentia.litir:s of the r..ail-eJ,'s protcc+;ect f::om the; spcctre of enchoce:rcier.sis, for tj:e coastal Dou-rrtrics it il th.c iCcntificaticn of projects, ._urcler tlCtCP unbrell-arr, armed at red.r,lcinq ti:,-- iispirriti's betvreen the liorth aird. Soutir irr order to contribute tc, thc slow:.ng rior^rn of tlie clrift from thE llural aroas. As rcgard.s agriculturaI producticng, priority has for a 1en6 time been gi-ven to casLr crops 'co the rietrrmc.nt of food. crops which s'trffer from a lrc1l-)i;1c.,.rrr l:tck of e-rtensicn senricrls and remunerative price sys't em for the producers. 'iirc consequence of such a ch.rice is clear. On the one hand, crops l-ii-:e cottorr iravd bet:n progrcss-i-ng rluite rapidly Cespite the clj:natic r-mcertainties; on t':.e other Y'znt1o cereal- procluc'Lion has been stagna'cing if not falling a:"Iarnin;i11r. Ihe past f,i-re )'.-ars lr-rrrc however b<:en marked. by a reorientation of pol-iciL:s. lJhcy novr i4ive: tiie sane prio::ity 1,o cotton and ccreals; ancl -i;his has :-es'.ilted irr veq/ intcr:cs'ting rcsuits fol miliet, sorghr:rn ano. maize. Thc ch.-Lrts below (G1) stLor,rthe sit'*ation. tt is observed that the drouglrt d l-9a1 ,lcalt a blow to prcd-uction. llowcv'cr, tirc yiclds are sbill much l-,,' f-br.r fol Lhc crcps -in tirc OI'iCll0 zone. 'l'I:i-s gcrrerar.l obsc';rva,.tion is; a situation whicir is characteristic of eacj.i of t}:e cc,wrLries. 2.2.4. Cotrr b::y-by-country allalysis 1. Bcnin T}-re evolution of a.gr:-cu-r-l;u,:a,l prociuctj.ons is as fol-lows : in 1931 - l9S4 tiie OIICHO zone pro<Iuced- 1OO)j oi' the mill:t , 84% oftirc cor;tony 9fl of tir,: sorgrr.-un air.i 51i1 of the yams. In bi'rc tvrc provinces of Borgou and Atako::a, the increasein arca:;, producti,trrs and yielis of cotbon ha.ve been very porsitive. iror thc otiier crop:j, Ataliora lias cbtained. better resul'bs than Borgou. - 19 - !hu-,-ie has bcc,n an cvolution in the: fa:rring systetTls shohrl by bhe. i;-1f16cl-rrctjol of ir.niinal- t.r-'action. In Borgo',t, fii=1ues obtainecl for the L934/ t?g5 faritint sr::ison :.rrtlj-oa-be th:t 85 971 ha wer': c'11'Li-t'a'c:d by means of 15 921 arLiinal r;rr;rction :'-mplenents. fl-r,,r,- i,as 'bceri ar-r i1]crcase of ZL\'c in c:l'b',;1c-raising itt tlie OfiCHO zonee bet,,reeri tlijl,'.rncl. t)'dly, as against oni;: 2O6 outsicic 'bh': CCP area. 2. l-!t_l:11r_, ,flLc :voliltiori of tlie vizrious -lnCicabors relar;ivc to the natir;nal cer,-'.t.I pr6cr.uc1;ior-t. is :;tilj- slight. -in thc Oncho zone, however, yields of mi11et, sor-'1;i'r'an, rice a.n,l- ne.i-ze ttre r'latively i'iiallrer. The OlitjJIO zonets part of th: food prodrrc'Lion rose from 9?/o in L9l4 to 94?L in 1980. ,\t ihe sa,rle timc, the areas cuitivated rose from BT/o t o 39t'o. Elghty-nino pcr r:ent of thc miJ-L.t, 9&[ of the Sorghurn, 10ff/, of tlie ri<.:e , ma.iz]e i,,L ;yr.,r", fo:r the I9B4 - B! sca.ron, show the iraportance of tir'' onchocr-ro:i-a-riis-protected zone in regard to r+gricultural prcductions. Oo-ttorr cr-r.I'l.ivation jras recor:cled successes which are d-ue essentially to 'bil,: naster;,/ of f'a,rm-i-trg tccnniques, the extensj-on services for proclr-rcers 3n{ ;11.'1173 al-l 'Lir.- policy of guarante'ed. p:rices. Thus, tron 496 kgfiru t]rre y(Eld-s havc r-t-r;:irbc more bhan 1OOO Ugfna. in ten vc'a"l':i. In the irhole ro.*18r1,, arniln:r,l- tracbiol is; pr;:.c-biscd by l}/c of th': fa:rners. Lrrc':tock cvolvc.l. ve::y }itt1c betr,rcea L9'15 and l)82. This situ-ation cail be cxpl-;:. irre,i 1.r1,, tli", C:orlgrt r,.rhicir fouc,.:ri ijta.ay peat;ants to part with thr)iI' aljr:i.:.lse rmti-I -blren ccnsidercct to b,; tiie-' r'rost r,ri-ilcsp,:":ad. form of savings in tJr,-t .r.r-r.a.I a,"c,,, s, and s-bock-breodors to rniSratc morc and inorc tovrards the south in scarci: of pasture lands. 1. Ivo4y_!PeE! rfhe a'r:r:as; r;n,1er tne ntiin ce::eeri crops varic,-t- vcry littlc be+;ween l)lt2 ani" 1930, rra'l-,jonal- prori.r.rctions and- yielcls alre progressing appreciably. l\ithougir availablc statisticari cli,ta ha::'d.ly iirrlica.te notable chaages in the pror.l.rictj-orr oi-- J'ans, tite grrgr;)s ca.rriecl ou.b b5r OCP/ECO revcal a favourable ,:.".oh;Ltion. 6 orcicr to ensu::e & rval- pronotion of cercal cultivati-on, increased efforts irave bcen macie iir f'avo,.rr of resea::ch and tirc pop*larization of bettcr prorlu-c-'uior: tr:ctmiques. ln 1977t the tasll of tlie Ivorian Tr-'xtiles Develcpment Co*prry (ClUf ) lras exteiri.ied. to cover tl-rc production of rice, naize, sorgkrur,r ilo-r-a bearrs anC groundnr-r'bs. ,ihis ner.r stratc6ar has nad.e possibJ.c ar: irnprov.jrnent of thc yields of th3 p.j,-r.ii.intii. In t9B1 /84 ricc farrns receiving support produced inorc than trio torrlLcs p,, lr l..ectarc in tl,re OliCiIO zone. The yielcis of ;raize and groundnuts \{,:--re loS j;cnrres/lia ancl 1 torrne/ha rcspectivel5'. 20 t'heec extcr-rsion sclvices cover l-ess than 2C;( of tne a5;ricultural Dcpul,.u';-i on. Tl'tr:::c is;, )towe.rer, a sustaincit eifo::t b7 CIT)T. Thc arrras rml-u:: fooci e::cps r"eceiving suppor't increar:r'd by 1696 betwcen 1931 an] T98i as; c,i,3j-li.-;t 9,6 f or cot Lon r,rhi-ch i.-.,cs not r(lpres(rnt inore tl]ar, 514 ^l t-1... !^1...1) ! ,r _r'- U U Ua-.L . TlLis c,-,nf i.ms tl:r-: i.-npo-rtarrcc r,,rhich CIU-T now attaches to the se crops. l,larr,_ra.f c,.:_-L Li-ra-l,ion is cr;ltiva'b,-ii iu ti,e r-rr)lCrIiJ zoae). ani,ral-'b,'ac1;i,:tr c uitivation. ,- -:! ^-.U V', UVll. still pr,:clonirrant (morc tnan Ell/o c'lf th.: 3ru)zs i{or,.rcver, 'birt:rc iri an appreciable increase in It c-ont:crns norc titan 2Q( of the areLls untler 4. Ghana The situ.,tion in 1979t sumnarizecl in tabie anrlexed-, sirovrs that the rliiliit) zone .Pr:tr6.',",,,, lOt)'6 of bh,: gulnea-cilrnr )9fi of th.e ni]Jetl 744 of iire ,gr-',r,-'sril:euts alli; )6/, of ';l-r.- ri-cc. lir-rrLhenlore, the onchocerciasis-protected. zone possesses 6U 0OO of Gh:rrrats 780 OOC hcirc of cattk:. Iulore t1;on )5.x1 of tire corrntri-es sheep and. goats are alscr lrcared there. Thci'c lfas a ijpoci,acu-lar evol-ution o,f fertil-izer cons'lrrnption between L)'l\ :a.ni 1934. Ihr: mulbiplier co-e 'ificicnt is 12,{. 5. Iial-i 'J-:c procir-tction ,rf rrLill.:t/sorgll.ura has bccrr very irre33-r.1ar', especially in 'b]-,c f,llrliO zc)nr. furini; 'Llic stuCy p--riocl rurder constd.eratlon, :naize pr:oti,ricti-or] i,,/tjs r:n tr-Lc ir'"cre asc . lrir:-L:as ttLat o-f r;ro,.:.r-ld-nr-rts suffered a c,rnsi-.is---rabl-,,, d.rorca.sc. Th., fol-fovring fig,r-ces givc an iclea c:-' tlLe irirpcrtance cf i;lrc C];Ci'rC zo;1,- iit +,ir,, r,.rtiorta)- a..',!;cu1 i,111'31 pl.ociuctionlBl .T)( of ther p:ro,Jrrc';j-r.,;r of n1I1:t/so-r;;hr;u4 55.'l,t(, o1 the prorlucticn oi maize (1). i'lie yielcls rf rria,.ize fron far.s receiviiig extension se-L'\rrces (Sor"rth ttali pnoj,rs-L) rcacir,-'(1 2.i tonnes/}:a in 1!80-BI as arSain:rt 1.6 tonnesfha in 1976-77. 'Ihe',;*; ,::;ults 1lrove bhat ib is possiitJ-e to irrcreasc yields through v.i-,;o::r,'Us -.sf irril;f1;s Jlo,r-' thc r',;rle:::ttzl:.tion oi Cef,lal cu.ft,ivation. 'l'ir,:-::c has been a rilorje or }e:;s r:,mlar inc,-:ea.se in aninal husbandry in bJrc trlc';lg cirr'lllrtT.-)r. I}'rc t.lirlCJIO zone!S pa,rt i;r livcsi;oCic pro'i.uction vras 8S6 for cit'.,'i-lr: ,:'tncl si-.:r:pf goa'ur, in l)lQ. Iir 1-!E1, it .fell- to 7$( anl 71% rrrspcctivefy. Tirci:c, is a particularly cncc.urai-:ing rapid. expansicn in anima] tractj-on cspr:cialJ-y irr thc liarl-ian [:xti]es Csilrpai,f (Ct,lX) zone. ft covers 4])6 of tirc fa.rrrs. lilore t'tatt )171' of the ploughs arc foulrd in th<; oncl.rocercircls-protected. zcne. 1'hc corrsr.lirption of lertil izcrs in tlle Ci,IDT zonc represents 84,6 of tire total. (r) l)::t 1aLa. _2l._ 6. j.,:g:r.r Str-tcl:rir]{-I ov'.'r only L.{a/, of thl. i,l.tic,na1 tr:mito.ry, the CI{CFIO zone p:rc)'-lLrccs 2.'f;'6 a',:d \.$i o'l'the nillet and sorghlur, respectro.iy. rts yields areti-e bcst cb:,:::vccl in tlto ccunt::.r" iTu:r'cir,,r:rore r i t aocour:ts f or al-mos b 5i/c ot 'bire l-i i.r:stoc.k- proi Liot"ioii. Thc c,vol-r-rticu of tirc rll,lO-ii-r zoncts part in this production shoh,s a. ciefinil.;c i:ruri-3,::,1.;i,trr o_fl ,.,tocic-ltre.;-:clers. llhe evolution of tiru numbcr of animal_sj-s ars frll-l-otts : thc caltLe populaLbion in this zone incieaserl- hV lCD,i b..;tr..recnl!82 arrd l)EJ as .-rga,i,st onry lg1 i'or-, il-re whol-c co.*r,try. 7 ' -k39- S'l;,';Li:-i;:-cs fc-;::'t,he past ten years sirorrl it quitc lrmiteri evolutiol ofprocfuctiols cirli'( aTeas for nril-l:-t/sorgirr-u,,, niaize:rnc1 rice. There seems bo be riotliI'f:rcnc,,' b.]ti^/ccn the yields obta.j-rrcrl in the oncirocerciasis-protected. zone a1t1 'chr: rtar,,ioiLal av.,raEes. Tlre zonc rc-.prcsen-Ls 796 cf the areas and. accou:its for 7T'6 of t6eprod.rr"cti-,:ii.l . riico s,:crrts to gi.re much better::esults outsid.e Lhe CCp zone. The areas rmdcr gror-rndnu-bs lia.vc lrar'd.ly progressed ar:d proiuctlon .tends to fall in comp;rriscrr ',titY;1974o In l>1t3, the Oil0l{O zc)r1e reprcsent.^cl Bf16 of thc a:.:cas under grorrndnuts anrl supplierl 76% of the procl;.c-bion. as regaicls caslla\,ra ei[c ]rams 7 f itr.-y se,:m .to fol-l-ow tkre same evolution asbhe cereal cr:cps I gtab:Le ;rield t:,nCing r:ither i,o fall. i.ro;r -L?rarn 5G,l o-f .Togo,s animal. husba:rd.ry is carr:i_ed. out in the prograrnrnearea. Lr pa-r.ticu-iar, 5jk of tj"Le cat-ife and BOi of il.rt: horses ancl d.onk-eys in the c:,-mb::y are f c,'onll ti:::e . 'Ihanl'r-s i;o Liic Onciir:c:r:cl,rsi-s Csntr-ol Programme, vast zones irith abr-rndantf,at;ing aild aniiia.I l,usb.-,.niry poti:ntj-r;.1s have been protccted. erad are ccrni;r.ibrrtirrgto ti-il, p;ene.r:ai "ro',,'th o.f i;h.; c,runtlio:; of th.: ?ror,rjll,lrrijre. Likevrl-sc,, thepopulati-(.ros irrt: frcc.ir;r,r tire .1j-:,ea[,e ai,(1 nuisanccs causerl by the opc]rocerciasj_s vt'r:to]-., tllc blackr11.. Tl-r,ts sltuatj-or:. should blreorctically incr:ease the popula1;i.onst capacit;r -ic:: wo,:k, r.e . 'cl.-^;,. sirould ,",rork nol^c i.jetc1se1.y than Llrey i,rere rioin5l bt)i'ol'<: tit: tiilrc:serS oon-rC;1. In othe:: vror,Js, ti1is renevral_ of the popul:tionsr cconorrrj-c C;,rani-sn :'floulri bc: lrcasur.-ct. ?'. of.*i)4 n fl I f, E ab +tl)lr E Ea & o k d tr 5 o h s t1I I5 E & a ,c a & Jl 4 +Id -lto '4 r{ I k JD I I I I I I I I I I* I I I I I I IE ,{ J q1 P o c F4 k a A E4 .t A4 t r.| (-r J) d' I I' t I T a o 'J o e @ l| E o g J I\ i !J \T fr o AI Ia3 il s8Otr F4 a B !l er F BI ? cI ql irlg; frI o rq) fl Go a trD H ll E * -rn" t,. fr ,B4 Ii() hal >l3 f. t, 8 '-o € HFl t 5t .11 t- E t{ E d 8o ts c * g IF o 3F. 0 I .? .t !r\ b.' o .}{t Iq r E q, I () 3 ao{ *as fl,il Rlr- s b. oF t a * F 8,6 fle 6 BOr D +d 3 \n r Fo f. F fl FI I h ? aLTIs I n c- c-4 E ft5 flr+ eU R f, f; t\- \or' g\ a*o g 3 ER fl a$ { s f, o E R \,to() f; lh H E P a E P {v .* t +q o i1, 8+ R E g F GI o E ,tf(\ G ts os s w 6 F !| R oF-\o I n ro b. q I\o I I {, UJr ra o+ (} I R\4 I n!) t.- I tu\6 BF N I 6r) {la ff\\o R @ o, -, -o R e at Its e<} ts.?a5 Q I{v B s B ff ffo F .f o a, tr. 8t R\oE- !ot <+ F6 nI c 3 flo Fo\o r{h aJ fl g o I E. f; tI ca E d t3F.s 1]l I tr-. { 6i\o I tr \€ * .ft E tft IF' \e g@ 0)t'- o\o \D F @ o. -1 s t- @ F+, F" t + F \a s .o s t o. o I i I 1 i J Ft s sF \9 Br.f* 6I It-i d B (!i ,i 4E a|1 .;? tsi nii i I I I I I !.. ii Fat-) E E; Ao 5 2o Er (J Hl! !1 E E o(J a oE ts o rE qdE* * tr o a€ HE l.tg E. r,: o H0: fi g zo E Jb p r\ (\ trs H8R8 NN\AN\Od6I\ \.O t\\O t\ I nH3 {vl Orr\so h,^l no $'N83 dt\NoiSONN r{ H ,-{ OruOO R8* S C-O ()\O\OA na E 11I 6 & 3$S fi. 5.RRE s flhd [8HRF{ ts ft{aR 68 .Oc}NNFal\lNn $ *88 38 RR f-d n€rh\o s \6 doooo i FIO :8 98 6S N€ r d 3 A O Ft\O trat llrt t tlr s\orH ut8 R& l,rr tlll t rr I I I I lSlr s8s8 p $ !) rd c) A flFES figEgl BEFE $$ $$ SABR dfr n8 sN8,8J n+J { ao us, a.{d6\ \& \a \o \o oolnrn €HdaFlnlNN n [iP,9N N.! tv Y\ C- N.O 6OSy\ H{D@ Cl o :q a2 r RS$ ft $HEA .BR8 8 8g 98, 0(3 flRO (\ t\s' d(!dt\3,,C'Sg O\o nh I8 88 B$Bg OdF\4 $d88 Hgsg sfits gRRR a, NI A ss8fl sg g3 RFT 8 N rt\Gsa\'O n(\r RE.RR \O (,\cl\rud no@Hd nHt 6$g$ 8Rfl8 ES Rg,4 il\ rr\s .s.?s I $'888 orur\t r-[\ct6OFaftd' b E A -tO(Ytn O\c,O(\ fif,flR - l,\rr.f dfisR HR8 * irr "f nr u\ 6.8 ohd -88991 39 Re.n,J "+ -a {888 s8 &s @()4A oooo $ $flE: u\oro n$s83. u\o\o As ha8, []$B$ $$E'B SR8*,O'o. d' c. "1CrO rrhsBa s $ tt 6 chA h.-@ s'f \a * fiC\4 r- 'fi C\ fl Ra N I o\ ori @ s trR e1., \o s o $ &Ld 1r\c\ Or fi f,s I(\E fi u\I $ os 5@ l{ $ $fr2l,lsl z Efr C{ LD 6 rJ E E 7 IE(} 5 # E(, E E 2' oa 4 J F (3 6a t r E6 t 6I a o t o ob L a3 E o u)! oF ; slLI aa EI lItt it*:jic DI,IA ()N Ll:i?lgl(trX rEW0CTI0ll lnIfirL EUS Iri Ibnr (tir'J,i)) _24 Pcrrltry (, I 000 0,,', l\)P-ii,,i|l l,)i i - l0rt(;) Cnt{.,Lrr lx 1000) Grxrto (< l0()0rt:r'{r}I.itry r9,ii . ,,rac : tret 1L-"tt, iq:- t Lggo t. t98i :71-7i : rsle : rsgt, : rsel '. tg-t.\ t. tglg . rroo 't98, ) ,,ENi H ioal . r: ro : ra; I 7d( l.)\: , t') L t. B8o ;::i;: l6Ji ' t8oo ' t&9u '2o8tt ' :t t , ,. t ,'-" 2 ' i i : : . "65 ' $URI{ (irA . t:Q7 4 6roe : l/, s3 t Zogi ,, o:i,, t )-th()::i i650 '4500 . ttr I to,e 'rl,5o ' lr, ?450 '1760 ' 7 . rr,0 'l2.SO' 17 .:: ?q,a 3908 4182 6760 i91'! . 8bt,1 -SSg'rr,rril, r i0 7go 7q\i i250IYr.i'i 1)l)AS'n ,l{.i,.tt/, 9 9Cfl lis79 12818 ,i?9 lo0 9'50 80r-r 3454 1800 '1.00u Il lr,0 '12,00' llI 500 llil,,i l: ^(.;,18 6Ifit h,$atr'.75L] ' r!&! '. azt,'.:,'. \,rz? . rooo '. g71L.itn,<xr ;,rrla tllrto r3 ll ' ro,9 ::..i11ti5 lltq 1.19i 29grr i?rtb t. 352r . '?o\e '. 9i\o '. .r.,lF lttg'th : I I ,',{ lt Ul lr ',: , it th(l.l . ?876 . t]l 20r" iba 2fi4 1516 Llr{t'1590 tt'tlO 2 2,8 f,r, 4!ltt) tL$lz2 t:r.,', ' ,rry Ilr-,r.j 56,9 t61,4 .lilr.5''l 49966 ' {4,i60 ' 'r;.'l6 'l9tili, '. 51 ::_rrj1ti. lr\i-) : Pi,)du( rr,rrr rllrrlt ii(XA, - Vo juws 1!.-1,7 Lglio ar-d iagl -25- CEREALS (without GIIANA) tJ c'cp cot NTRrES lZ'D ncp zoax TOTAT AREA : 3 405 867 knil OCP COUNTR.IES TOTAL AREA : 654 000 kulz OCP ZONE PROPORTION OCP/ZONE I OCP co0NtRrEs L7,5 Z EVOLUTION OF n{I: CEREAL PltODUCTIttl'l OF THE OCP COUNTRIES IN COMPARISON ldIT'TI THEIR ONC}IOCERCIASIS ZONE j;trr'r,tl'I'Ti)ii OI' ;jFl AR-flA OF TIiE tlCP ilCrltli;'1;',:,9 .li,ll)EE CERIALS II'J CO]trARISON rlI ; -' it'lillIFl ('!iii,i-r#CEHCiASIS ZONE in thousands of Eons 6000 - It60- 56 6G 50 00- 1000- 3000- ?000- I .!,, ';ir 1:_iy lii.lg ,-11 irOr_:t ail\i* "t Ih li I 4 J$,,i. I !ff +,t ;{){,1.1 I I ! I i ; L It I I i '|cl' i't-i' I ii I I I ; II ,' I IY.l 1l-r t)'i. r,DI, ..,/ ,*,, I f I .r. .,,,' li,.l, r(,1 ,9,/00 {$r'S.( ItrrNi Y., _aJ 1 I I lr GROUNDNUTS (Without Ghana) EVOLUI'ION OF AREAS OF TIIE OCP COUN'IRIES UNDER GROUNDNUTS IN COMPAI(ISON VJITH THE WHOLE OF THEIE OI'ICHOCERCIASIS ZONE In thousands of hectares f] 0., c.LINTRTESffi ocp zour T0I'AL AREA : 3 405 867 .tt:n2 OCP COUNTRIES TOTAL AREA : 654 000 kn2 OCP ZONE PROPORTIOT.I OCP ZONE/OCP COIJNTRIII rz,s EVOLUTION OF GROT]NDNUT PRODUCTION OF TI1E OCP COTINTRIES IN COMPARISION I{ITH TIIEIR ONCHOCERCIASIS ZONE In thousands of tons 500- 47e- 40r ttc- 300- 200- Itt- l7r 5 too Incre:< of the uvoluiio;r o :?firY COA:;T (M:-i tct, IJorql:rxr ^ l:e,ize, ' .,,,,,- .. i::l;::rffiuffinl*,];:;:;luu- 1,'.jod crcDs| '-1 oc! co.rntries -.'.r OCP zonr: *,n iiaselin,: ind,ex 1()(r l' thg t ,xoir.r'r.r' ', : . ai-' ccr';aI[i ,' i.cc ) irird c,^$i; c:l:r.ir* in(lo3:i1; lr,s c,lil';;"'l'.iitl' thejr ( Jrrnrnrl nu ts -Cotton ) 197" I 9a0 ( Gq ortidnuts -C otton) l9't t !rrl0 u:l,sI.,cri;ps ffi v\,f 6ilnu Cour.- zone ttr4 "1a9el i:te inirr:x 1()0 l0i)* 200- 100- 200- -1 ( (Cen'a1s) i-_.--l ,lIIriri l-:t7.;--iY./l. ./ '-'r I l',.i',- , 'ly'.2 '';-''i.t-i.,-l . 19a10 I I I I I I I -L I I 4) ,I i 7: .,: 'r/,1/-, I ., iL. r ,, L t9$e IL4 ,-:i ;: iH-;iri;'t (Cereais) | =r-'-'t - .j' )'ai -'//' i'' .' '.,'. 'V. ' A v." ,{( -'. Ii -' ,/ l/ 1,,: 1."-'.)',.-)(. ' /.'.r'i I -.: v.- .' .it','..,,) /l ,. l _/) 'l i- '-*-1 " -/-i' 1 .!:.. j 'l ., "1 t -- Yt' it'1.',a ,/-',.1 | -.2't'. l. l9e.' ( i I t Il.- .l I -t-_-. - - .,-;.-, .--:1 - I 9[r r 946J IL FlFi"lit\l -*.'------r---- ( cereais ) ( Gr prrnclrmts-Cotton) ; ) I II i I j i I , I I l- 1 I i I r I I : I I I [-*---tll *i"';;:;'i? i 7't. lz;',. I . ru| ,. ..,. 1 00- rcl,n It&& ttlL r lro tla ( .{ 4 7:".)t . ci- 1,,1-,,: *vr..;.r'.utitln of the prc*ucti-cn of "n ..r rfs (i,lirfe+,-:jorghuJlr-Rice) anct cash cropsjn ltaU-, Nieer and Togo as ccrirlarcd rvith ti^.r' j r r'.:s lrec ti "€ onchoeerciasi s i" ones Cash crops(Crcu:drmts ) ,r .d.t_11,I I( () -; ;t (:Jli T0G O ' .Or I lI. ()i,Ii .t Ll c!f.(,r!.jt:i, | - " j'01 s'lu:it'3-;''38' a-'ri . -t Ui )!' ?,i,,€ !-" r r-)() i L:] tril OCP Cou:rtries 'JUl- .1one I ?*O (Grounanuts) --l t^ I I I I I l. '-' lt I r_J ti : j { Ij I I I t----. i, --[ ] :s',?3't,'- i.' - ----_-- )-J_-_ -t 9lC -t 197. ri s( r3 ,; ..: f, r r,, --.,. , 2 r-ltti l I NIGEft ( Celc,nl ,. ) r t'* lI;- -*t I Il I I I I i I i{ -1J --..--_ t- I 1 I '1 l j -.-t-2'!- 1974 t t 5':i. , tlll ( Grounduuts -C ot ton) i il[,{) a 200. M A,l_ I (c;elcri; ) 1, - --t r*' It., I t ',19 I I i Y i ) ----1 I Ij J ,,t b 9'l. It, OU ffi, htli' h.,..1, t i( I .1 ) I I (- I I I l.n-1ce:x o.r' ttrq, (:1ro.Lut1()n ul Ii\IHBtOCk ln dentn, :,JiaI.:'- u.rrtl. lij-,.1r.":: a$ conpa:red with their respective oncirr:rc(jrcia.r: -i s z onesi r.ir ij [-- ft i Ca t i:'Lr ) I 0r :['Corr;rbriel) -lJ t-/' i- zone | 1 t t ,.' e "1,j. nr- i tiii r: r 1'. r0 f--1 OCI' Cou:rtries @ oc; zone l9?. BaseLine index 100 l I r I I I I I I i ( Sheep/Goats ) rt74 i I |'--.. t..l l...r.t',. :iL/-- --'-{1icd(i1974 :'.,r'l .i\ Ll ( C:,r i t1e ) t$t( t, .:/a r gBt (streep/coats) 197. I tt0 F---*" I ,,) ', ) -1 .) '.:1 .1 r-'-..-' 1 I I I I I i 7-.' 'tvI \".. . v' l, I I 'i I 'l I l II r I tr. I; i +1"" ' /'.'., , ai*-.'- | 9a0 i i I I ltJ'.,r-*'-- 197 r B T"-NIN Itto llaa a (t;attie ) C/,'. I I I i I I I I I I I I t tlt't, ll t' I r I I I I 1 i 4 ,l (srreep/cets) *l I i i -z-{ ,j J "t.,i,,I ,t Ij ; .d..L r-i ir"j I I lCllr. t$fll Itta t tto tta. 7 I I I I I I I ./t, -10- 2.1 . Econo:nic d.ynamism of the popi-rlatqons The obscrvations maoe in the preceding paragraphs as regard.s both population mcvcnents and increases in productions bear witness by themselves to the economic dl/'namism of r;he populations j-rr the zone, The surprising rapid.ity with wirich the peaszrnts someti-mes clevelop cotton cultivation, when they find. it is in their intcres-b, proves that they are perfectly i.:n a position to r.rod.ify th,-:ir farrning system and aoopt new method.s of r,rorking. Likenise, the very €{r,rat pro5;ress of arrimal 5usband.ry in the zonet relaterL to the arrival of livestock fleeing from the droug'ht in the Sahe1, has so far tal<en place in a rela.tivcly harmonious way. There has been no report j-n recent ycars that the traCitional corrflicts betvreen fa::mers and. stock-breecle:rs has takerr a particularly acute turn. ft is the proof not only tfiat ]-and. is still available but also that t]re peasants have aclapted. themselves to a new situation. And. r,rhat is more, a new ttsacett of peasants/stoct-breeders is appearing particu.larly tlrrough thc cLevelopment of animal traction. It is possible to refinc th.is general analysis to some ex,tent, thanks to the results provic'li-:d by tire survey carried out in 1985 by OCP/ECO. This survey took placc in aLl the seven Participating Cor:ntries ancl covered. 210 villages and 1200 familics; while the results of the anal1'sis of the fcms retrrrned, and relative to 1BO vi]lagcs anci B5O fainilies are only indicatirl:rsr they ar:e nevertheless signi.t'icanb it: a certain nunber of fielas.(f ) A first fact appears clea-r1y: more than half (5Y'r) of the family heacls of tire sample consj.dcr tirat their pro.Juctiorr is increasing more and more. T61s resul'b is appreciab1e, consiclcring tlir-' refative rnediocrity of the climatic condi-bj.ons which have prevailecl in recent irears. The j-pfornation providr:rl as rcgarcls equipment is also interesting. Api:ra1 tractio{practiseri by a}nost l9/c of the fa:ms and riruch rnore if a.ccor:nt j-s not teuken oi the infcrmation colfectecl in Gh.ana and the fvory Coast, which d.oes not appear to be significant in this field.. Animal traction constitrites in itseif the sign of a profound transformation of the m::thods ancl lcvel of production. That is hou the positive appreciation of Lh'- c-'volu'uior: of procLuct-i-on has risen to 84% t'rithin tlie farms concemerl, vhich, fur-.therilolre, are parbicularly well equ.ipped., for example as regards carts and moperls. All this si,gnifies a clefinite integration into the money economyt both by the volume of the investments macle ancl by the nature (means of transport) of some of the equipnent. Generally speaking, the leve1s of indiviclr-lal ecluipment revealed, in the sunrey are quite sigrrificint : lflL of the fa::rns surveyed possess a cartr 2fv6 a mopedr Jf11o'nave houses roofe,l with iron sheets. As regards wireless sets whictr bear rritness 'bo the opening of the rural areas onto the outsid.e worlcl, thcy are very widespread : about tl.ro-thirds of the families possess at least one. (f ) For fr:rther rletails on these rcsul'bs see Annex II.1 (B) /.t" -rL- l'he Cyr:o.misn ol the zone is snovm also b;r the d.evel-opment of common facili'bies. Sqrne of thi'li are o1' cou:rse constrrrcted thrr:r:gh the initiative of the, Sta.te o:: d.eveloprent bo,lies (roads, schools, clispensaries). Nervertheloss, the populations sorrretifles pau;-Licipate iir thcnr. i'toreover, certa.in t;rpes of facilrtic.s alTe vcry closcl;,. 1ue to local, collective or-iniivid.ull ihitlatiyes. This a.pp1ies7a,re11; (ave::age fo::'the saLmple - orre wel-l for 1!O inhabitants), wiricli arc par-Uicr"i-1ii.::1y rr11rt)Jiorls in the siaal-I ancl meiir.rn villagee. This is especj-ally 1;hu case cf iiil-1s (Or,e for 1200 inhabitants) r,rldch, for their part, a::e forrnci abr)re a,11 in villages of br:twecn 1000 and 1100 inhabitarrts. 0n the',,rhole, thc vil}:-rg;o.s 1'1:i.1r(.r on avellage, tvlo of 'the follorrlin6; three fercj-Iitir.s : narkr;t, shop, liill (t). *ri'ia11y, it vr-111 be noted. that 7O//o of the sample villages have at least one farm,--rs p_troup wLratevc:r be its fo:m or inportance. Tkra-b is a quite positive el-eme,nt. Tlr-usr the OCP/ECO'surveyts pic-bu::e of the ru:raI r,rorld i:r the OlICiiO zone goes against na,ny clicheg., It shows an openj:rg onbo the outside worId., a cap:rcity f,:r adaptati-on to ncw situations and a 'uri11 to lmprove ind.ivid.ual and crtl]ectir,'e si-bu.-.tions. ',^ihil-e being carr:1'u1 rrot to be too optimistic, since the proEres to bc ne:le is still concj-dcrable, that can a.Il the same be considerc-:d encouraging (2). 'I:rec ad.J.itional obscrvations Tire clyrLamism of tire village conqurritic's is rel-a'Led. 'Lo bl:ree eieinents i the sj.ze of tj'Le vi1-l.r.ges, the e-xistence of aniini+l- husbandrX, aird the number of ethric groups prest-.,--l;cc1. It is a:na'btcr of observation and not explanations : h:re again,.tr-.ri r:ncioubtetily more than in other fiel,is, it is out of the question to estab.l-isir simplistic rel-aticns of cause a;rc1 effect. - Ine srzc of the villaires : eveiything goes on as if thore existeC an optirn,::;r;'bhis: r*or:.J-d seerir to bt-- bt'twecn l0O and 1000 il:rhaSitants. 3e1ow that, bhe viilaL-cs ar-'c unclcrprivileger!. (J) tro,, the viewpoint of facilities(in,1iv:'-uual ai:il coliectiver, for pro,juction anii comfort). Above trrat, all the inclica.tors a.re rsi1:'"rateC. at ler.el-s -l6r,.rer tl:r-r.n th,e average for the sanple. (i) s:Lncc-bliisr ir: ?L'r\ avcri)tc, i",nL-ans tirat some villages are completely witirout tl:ese fac,-Iibies. They arc gencrally the ;:maIi vi11ages. (Z) It r+ould have b,:eir desirable -bo be abl-e Lo 'bake mor:.etaryffinancial indicc,tors into accorxlt, foi: cxaml-llc the evolutiirn of the nunlber of current, savings and d.eposit accoul,r'bs, etc. Unfortrurately banking sta';i-stics are not brokcn clor.rn ,,reor'staphicall-y ,niithin ear.ch [jtatc, v;hich pro]ribited the isol-ation of tire zone. (1) 'r,/itli cxce.p'ciorrs; for example, as lc{d.rd.s wells ancl also mopecls anC roofs l+j-Lii iron sheets. 12 - The existcncc oi'aninal husbandry : complcte absence of animal husbanclry in t5c villages correspond- to mcd.iocre results. 0n the contrary, its developmen'b secrits to be bencf-rcial from the point of vierv of production anC I'actors oi' prodirc'r,ion (up to a. certain li:rit). - TL-re nrluber oi e'bhnic 6'1'oups : it is villages conposed. of only two o,cpic :;roulls v;itich hav,: tlle least goocl resuJ.bs. ilhen th::ee or more cthnic g,Toups co-cxis-l;, aIl the inCicatr:rs jmprove. As regard.s mono-ethnic groupst ii,";.-are a.b,)ve ti.;; avera.ile for thc: sample, erccpt for animal traction. Can it be ir;ypcthesize:i thab tire bi-cthnic villages ar:r: in a tra.n:sitionaf situationr with all thc ,l:l-lficr-,,1 ii.:.: it -i.nlpiies, while tlre rnono-etl]r-ric vi]Iages, on the one }tand, auci tn,: nslbi-ctlutic oncs, on thc other hand, are in a kind of equilibrir:rn ? Il tirc-se tirree observatiorrs have been t,aken into accolr-nt, it should be repcatecl tfiat the pur.pose is not to advance a scries of explanations of 'L]te evolution recorclsC- in the zorie but ri'.tkrer to show that a survc)' of the type carried out by OCr-fljCO makes it possible to higirlight certain phenomena which are not quite visiblc othenrj-se, and. can constiiute the d.eparture poilt of more in-d"epth -tnve:rtiga.tions . 2.4. 'Ihe inp:rc: t of extension servir.:es (") SSl""!i"s -U:B Ex'cension se::vicrls concerri afl- thestops taken b5' the Governmcnts of -i;ire F,irticip.rtinrl Coyl'rr{es l,rith a view to the raticnaliza.tion of the prod-uction structures : d.iss.omina'iior: of technical knowled.ge, co-operative organizationt func-bional- litoracy programrne, ete. 'Ihe forcrnen in the matter of extensi-on servi-ces remain the devel-opment bo,fies. T6ey exist in all tire countries in thc Ol{CiiO zonc. Thcir most 5usgsr;tsfu1 in'ttlvc.n'f iols conccrn cash crops, ,:specially cotton for thc whole zoi-Le o Th,f u:;e of anima,i trer.c'tic,,n, a.rbificral manirrer P]:ytosanitary trea'tments er.nc1 the disscriljlation of inp-:ovcd seecls are in fact focuscc). only on cotion ",.1 L1yaf,ion. Atid the rcrsults obtai-:le,L by the pe:isants are encouragilg (see cvolirtiorr of 'r,,rj-s cropts yiclcis in r:ach of tire co',mtries in the zone). Even the or.";an iza.bic,.t oi ti,+ villaples into co-operative grloups afurs first oi a]1 at the pronotior-r o1' c''l"1-r crops; it is in thls contcxt that the fact of !}b'king the .0easants ,-csporrsi}:lc for l;hc orga,:iizatiot: of i,r3ricr-1}'Lural- loa,ns, tlle ciir.:tricution oi inputs anci the collc,ctive nri,.rketiug of pro'J'.rcts sJroufd be ruid.erstood.. ContrarX. to cash crops, food crops i:ave bcirefitbed. only marginally fron exteti,sioli sol-rices. T6rrs varieties from various ifources constitu'bc tlie bulk of the secd.s userl by thc peersants. Ihey are from prcvious harvests or are bought f::,om'l,ite na:-.iiets. TLre manurcs userl irave never been mainly for food- crops. il-he samc applres to agricirltural crc-:d"it : most of the peasants c1o nc,t lta,ve access to it; furtherrrolre, the main beneficiaries are the pioclucers oi cas]'r crops. - In l1ati and nore pr,:cisely m the 0}'lfi110 z'one? thc follouing errol,;Licn is observcd as regarils a,griculta:ral equipncnt, arca manulled and yielcls of cotton. rg79-L9e0 L9B1-t984 -11 - /o Plough lluI bicul-tiv;tor * Loe Ca:rt 'Ir',,.a-bi;e rt apparl. lus trr:a ina.,r.ulccl (na) Co Lton ;'i -:iri 52 522)b b69 25 4t2 24 539q7 3Cr7/t ,-lt 7g'l 57 59L 41 BB9 29 2t5 cc oatr, 91 1ttt 294 8 a ct 1 t- l_ t t , , , c) t4 t4 5 4 o \tiitli reg'.r,rci tr,r a+r:j-cultu-ral cred.it, tirei:e is an incrca.se in the,.,1e,.lrrt of loairr: r?rante.l -i,o [,tLe peasants il 'b1ie iiou.',iouri regioxt z 2U 112 7BO fOI in 1979-l9BC ancl.51l- 5L4 750 fl.i irr 79A4-ry55, i.o. 54.5'i(,. VJ-llage asso()ijtioi.Ls l'-orlirerl in the ililciiO zone in lrial-t rose from l-22 in 1977 - /B to 446 in 1981 - 81, i.e. an j.ncrease of 26fl1. The prod.u<;'bic'rn of tl:.ese erssoci-.tions reach:d. 19 LL) 201 kg in 1981-82 ers against 12 8S0 5!B kg irt T)ll-Jri, i.e. 3 p;rovth oT' 2O1.6ai. - In 3c:r-i n, tirc aniutt,l-tracticn rnplemcnLs in the Atacora provi.nce a::e incre"rsing z 618 in l9i4-7J and.2118 in 1981-84, i.e. \1)6. Duringi the 19E0-BI cropsring se':rsor1, t]..e area cuftivs.ted b.1. 111s.3.rrs of animal- -Lractioll was L 6)0.2J n',:., i.c. l.Jilo of bhe total- cul'L;i-;ated areal in 1982; Bl it rose to l3 555.95 ltz and a-Lba.i:rcd. ).81 of thc lancls brought into culbivat:on. The folloi.ring is tlrc .;r'o1st-ri-on in tlre Sor,gou prcvince t 1981-1982 L9e4-t9s5 lo Aniirrai'Lraction iiaplelr:-.nts Ploug;hs ilic11-;e-plcughs 6 ts> o ttl 6 77c L5 921 at t66 11 or8 l-15.7 64.7 61 (r) Pos i-b :l-,"-e resul-ts Th.e a|i)fi,;r;C s-::vey shov.'s vr:ith,:ut arirbiguity that exterlsion se:r.'v'ices, niratcv..:r tl-reir i',.)rn, pla;,'a motive r:ole in thc C.ynamism o-f the popul-rrtions. The results ar:c clca:: ; Or:ly two wilf be citeit z 51ol/o of ';he families bc;efjtr,;iniri from extension se::vices LLave an anirnal tr:Lctioir inplcr,rent as apins-b 5,( in r;irc rest of tl.ie sanple. B7l, consicler that they a::e producing more as c'::a iyis't 16)lr. These 61oot1 ::csuI-bs, cornparerl ruith th.e srncLll-scale nature t"lhiclt seelxs to pr,:.Lorlinate tjic extension sc.rvices in the zonc', as well as the spolltancous comr,r.,nts glot frorri tiie pr:asai-its rl,.r-rin5 thc srrrvey Iea.d. to tiie +"?rouglrt that ttic flmcticn cf tl,r': cxt.:rrs-ion sc:'v-ices il.,l not solely bechirical . Their role is verlr iai'gely psycholollical : for the peasarlt, tirey r:.r,'e a finlc vribl-r the outside worl'l- an,i heJ-p -io i-rl.rlr.k r,is r'eeli-ng of isol.ation and c.ien rlesertion. If there i-s a recoltsi.rnLli'tion that can be irad.e, it is tiri-'rcfore that it vroul-J be rlesirable ho gcneltillize an.y fo:m of sjnall--scale extensj-on serv'ices. -t4- Oti coruse, ti.,ese e>:'i,ension s;erv'ices rlust l)e based on concrete eon+;ribrrtions, otlicrr,,riso. ti(jy -,rouf,L qulckl;i be consiJet.-,L as parasitic. I:-'ot,t this point of vicvr, one f;rci.l--Lt',7 ccuJ-d.'i:e privilcge,d.: that of cred-it. One of the most i?e,1lrr;,.t r(l Juests marle by tlre peasri;r-t;s is in fact 'bl:e incrcase o-f crecli-b possii-'i- .1.jties, especizi.Il. ;o, cquipment. II is clcar, I'ror]eover, tr;at the tlevelopment of a;lrrcr.ljt-,;.,:.,-r,1 crcclit r:an be orgairizc,i r"itiLin tlrc'cotiuTrLini-'t; strucru.res i'rhich are 'ilLe'n:tr-Iv(.s a. facrcr r.,rf CJma.fiiism. . '.li-Lcr)ic0 cr: the 3u-L i:r. ,;1::L Le o-f tl-le pr,:ce4ing legults the::e is no causc 'bo lapse lnto scl-f-.sa1,i;-ri':-r.ctioit hec.l'.isc, €icsner-.rl-Iy spca.king, the ur\CiiO zor:.e suf'fers flron r,ra::iC_ Ul, 1i:r.1111.;llpS I iletrl-th In lhe h:a,Itir sector, two elcments are tc be considill:ed; d-ifi'icultics oI cl::inlcing l,ra.t(:r supply a,rC insufficiency of health struc'uures (especial ly a pr.imarw i:r:al-t:: care policy). Thcy expcssc 'bhe populabions 'bo colrlmon d.iseaLses(aiarrto"al rliseargt's, nalauia, etc.) aird recluce Lhe e-ffor-b the viJ-lagers clcvote tc econoriic activ:Lties. It is strihinq 'to observ'-: the gri:at' the ploblctn:; ol' ircal,tit, i'riiich they r-uri,rnillous pos:itive 1.,rra (?rI ain in goocl lrealtl, anC I wo ireaf il: a;rd production ale generally presente r.cl-alt,-.ci clerreii-bsl . 'Ihe pcrsorral iliscotrrfort c ;lori+arcl as s'uch.. sensitivi'Ly of the populatiorls to 1-r expresscd. It often takes a rk ',vel}'). I-b i;houlcl be notccl that c1 by the peasant:; as tvro closelY aus:d. b), the disease is 1ot Put \irater pobabllit;7 is perceir,.ed as i:. facl;or: of gc-rod heali:h rnaking it possr'51,;. ''r,(., ;rvo j-cL lr,iiarrhoeal r.ii.e,,rsr;siJ wtricll sccn i;o bc cons j-rlered- a veritable ="or1rgu in thc zcrle. Irrcon'b.,:;i;a51y", that is a. fi':It-L for: p:':irilegerl int':'lvention: u:l-1s; ,irr,j. bore-holes arc r.utarri,rrousl-y aplgreciell;ec1. \Jithout doubt, siut.ple L'if ';t-'a.tron -t.:cj::iT:es *riiorr,,, ::ole is irnpor:tanl; esilccially fron .uecelnbcr to June (1) srro,il-c]- bc incl,-r.''c11 in 'bhis intcr'vcntion. liov.eve::, tiie s.ri111i1inr-; oi' ire l-ls and bo::c-LrcJcs si.roulC c'lmply r';itl-r. a co-oii]-iiat,:,j. a,rrl wc11-thorrghl,-out policy. Viila.1e r^ratcr supply uniioubteclly cr:nsti';rr'crJrl an.lnpo,:tar:'1,.;letnl-:rr't of ar-iy-policy f'or the develotrrnerrt of rural atean) an,'r,..tor:e p,":ccil;c11, as r-."g'a.r.ts habita',;s, tiris policy is bcco,ling a pri,ne necessity. i'iha,t a.bout Onci.rocelciasis ? Oncllor:c::c:t-a.s j-s ccrr.Lrr;l ist a grr-a,'b srrccess irrl,he her.lth scc Lor:, Froil a 6;ncra1 t,ccl.;nic !oi.i'b of vi,.-r,r, i-b jrats be.:n anply sholrrr in tho preceding pages t'rab the s11,rcess of tl-.e !:cog;r:a,,rme ltall. gi)-.ie 1ianr1 in nanci r^rith a rcnewal- of c1;rnarnism in the 7-Qnc. (1) Utrin,:5 L;.i:- p:i'ioc1, m.rrrl," l,.rcI1s alre ,1rji a.rd almolr',-sta.';nant water iras to bc ,j.r'a,rn.L .[-.oin t]r,- rivers and brzclcv;aters. Cases oi 11ia.i:riroeal tliseases becomc pa:,t:i-cularly fr:quciit whil-e 'uhe main ailricuitu-ral- work takes off. ,5 This d;rani-sin is evij-entl;" refatc,L to the migra'l,ions ca,use,l bj, the,lrougitt irr the jahel- anC by tlre orrcr-dens:ity of ccrtrr-i n peripi-l,eraf regions. But it c.'r.r: l:e ttrougirl Lha.t the absenc'l of eifective onchoccrc:.asis corlbrol worrld. have sooner o:: lilb,:r l-cL to tirc flight cf 'Lhese:reri lrigrari'bs. The case of the vi1Ia;1e of'Sair:-5-.Piclre in 3u,:kina is an,l):arnpl-e in this r::spect (1), At tlir-. in1i.r-i-ctua1 ]cr.e1, the ,-l-isappcar&r^rcc of onchocerciasi-s is obvicusly bunefici:ll- b,-caus,: o.::' bhe improvellent r,f woril r.rhich it ira,s brcugirt about. Thls.; pircnon,.'lr',n rrrs rio't be.:n quani;ifieO (Z). 01 'bhe ctiter hanil-; the O!F[]CO survelr shcwciL tlp'b -faririi.1- i-r:l'.r'.s who stiltecl ti-raut bhey ,,,s1's onchocerciaisis pai;ients(tZl(, of t;i,: i-r;rll;l-c ) itaci 1,1r..r,.'Lr trcoitomic rr:srtf i,s, Soin..,t j-neS far be]cvrl,hc ar.erage(, ). '-lii: inpo:''balrc: c-rf -LiLis obs:rvatiolr is nct si,a'uisiical . In particular, it shoulc'L not bc ct-,trcluJeci'j;]r:,lt 'clrer: axe L2c1i1 oncnocercj,'-r,sis patients today in the vlkrc-,Ie oll thc zerre. ii-r'i; it pa',)vcs one tlLing; the iniract of a clisc.asc. l-ike onchocerciasis is v(:li,v gr'.:;rt1y f.:1t try bir,):r: r,rho c,olsid.er titenselves al'fcctcci by it. It rna.tters .rc::,t Ii'r-b1.:c wl:cthr:r thr: j-r pe rccptio',: of -i;ire rlisezs:,: is objoctivcl;r -eo,,rn.:rtcl cr, o'i; . 'Ihc resul-t i; tiLat they lose all or pa::t of thed.r dyrreimisn th::ough i L. It ,rci-'il-c.L obvicusl.y be .i-nterEsting to try to flnd out if other cliseases have,,l. psycl-rolor;ical inipact as sl1'eat as onchocerciasis. Such a stucly could. prcvic1e us.:-[ul info:rnntion .for tht- malcing of essentia] ciloices in regard tc pur'r1ic ltoi,uf itr po-l-icy. frrf rastnrc Lures The lrad sta-be of tht: roa4s arrd. traclcs is oetrimr-n-baf to the tlevelopmcnt of thr, rcilioir. Solutjons ,-arc prol,;r'e s:;ilrgfy prol'id.t,d fr..r this situation(consi;mctir-r'i ariC i::iprovernc.nt of roacis, building of briiiges, etc. ). They are carric,L r:u-t b.,'-bhc,Cl.o.rerrmlr;nl;ri of a;r,ch coluftry in rhe piogrontrer wi'i,h the hclp of forei6gr fj-r,e:ncirr-L backer:s. The provision of }iealth and. school- facillties L-o-]-f cvis 'tir.: sa.nc P;oce,1i.:-::e. i{orrevc t 2 zt:t ::ega::lis ;.;chool i.nfrastructures, t}:c- pcpul,.Lt:ionsl are often aslied to help : provision of labour for certairr lgres of work. Thc l-irill.t'-t1 p:lrticilta'b.ioi, o{' tho popula'i;iorrs in th.e realizatiott of tirese inir:"struct-,rt',-::; is lrircause -bhe lattci: i:ecluire -;ire i:obil-iza'ciort of sigrii'i-cant rnate::ia1 r(;sourccs r^,'hicli the .rii-l-ager:l callilot rairrc. (loirse?uerrtly, 'bhe 1,r're1 sf '3r111iplrr.nt j-rr bhe villagcs i,i tLe fielcis lnention.--cl is Cue l-ess +"o the dluam-ism of t}-rc pc"ralal j-o-rl; -birairi Lo 'blt,: a;.s,tl'Ls of 6ove::n-nc.rrtal pla.nning ( or decisior). 'Ii:e vcry l-:L,r:-tc.,cL fila,nci,.,1 ;reans of Li,c Si;a'L(,-sj I on the one irand, ana tl.Lc irig'ir nunbcr of vi11.:.3cs, cu'l;r< c>-bher h:t1,1 , p::,.:vent the s,:t.-[isfactlorr of all the pop ulir.'u icns . (: ) 1i .riller.r;c fuurrilecl in 1951, which vcry quichly becanc a ]ryperen<1emic focr-r.s of or:chcc--::ciasis. I:r l.971, tnc rrill-agc d.is,:uppeare c1 : its inhabitants hacl lr.ft or i'l,:;c clcail.. Iii 1995, i'c a,gain has B! inlrabitants and. no case bf orlcl.rccoI.Cia.sis has bct-.n d.ec]ared.. (Z) Sec Annex no.fI.J (A) for the justific,zl;ion for this a.Ltitircie. G) See i\nnc:r no.If.J (l), Poir:t 2.4. 15- 2.6.,\?:r-e_ar ]rgcjrno *Sl,; ]?pr,rent €-ney__Eojlgg _-o-f 1a.4-+ qc_gHfL]lqf ( U ifl ,g r;ys'bct;rs of lanr1 occup.lncr, llii'rc chile.loir everJnvi-rere tn tlie p:,:tectcci 'ze.^tJ:e ;1ti.ough at vali'.ru.s clegreel: Cepcnding on thc regiols l-ai.fr.ge h:rl;u,s: . (i!, tlr,, oir': l:'-:.nclr tiie cuiiil-a'bcd. alrcl uLilizeC areas i;-icrcasci lrrrcl-r o:r -bl-.ie c-birsr 'irtt,1J.e ti.c tccl,nj-c,':.1 :lr;'l:hoC.s arid agtarian :rirve er;ol-v:r-112 c11i)&t j.n3 rr,:'r,i cor:L j- Lic,trs of lnan/1unr1. rc.l-:rtion. onchoc.,rc iasis and, the ha-,'e s;7s tcms 'i'h:se evoii:,ticns, favcrlt:ccl by tlre rlisap_t)carance of the vcctor of' oncli-,c,.;rci.r.:,is ai:.c] ti'.e openiirg up of vas'tj u-noccupiccl zoi,cs fo:: agriculturc, arc a" lite s;;r,tc tjr-ine c.-.rusrrS &r1d c.rnse luences of 'b::iirrsiorma-i;ions of tjr'; s].stems of 1a[cL ,,]anager,'-cu+" a.ilJ. acces;: to it. 2.6.1. Laird. managen.Jnc and access to it - Aut]:oriti.-'s (a) Tr.LJLitional1l,, access of i')cw fanlers - rlatives or !ilniSrants - to fresh l-:,.n,I-s is governec[ b;r -l,wo authclities : t]re public autirority' - village ciricf * - who au-Lhorizes the scttlcment by the applicant on the village lal-;;i; 'Lire -,-'c1i2;ious au-b,rorl-'ty of i.,he l-tur.l chief x who ailrninisters the access to 'bllc ]-an.L, -j.ts us:c ia.-lLl tilc reLte of ag::icuJ-t'.r".:a1 vtork. (l) Ufre ac',opti,:n of ;t 1,',Lnu riilht b1'bire various States has theoretically irsuspend.e.,l.'r'blris s-rr';-Lcia since every'vrirer:e if the l:rncl i: the property of the lj'tatc usr-rfruct belongs tc tne one who rlc.velops i'b, and vrj-thout referertce to the br:rJ,i l; lo:t,zI autlrorit ir..,; . (c) fi: certain cases a th-i.r.L le:vel- cf lan,L aut,'rr:rity has been create'i: It is ''r,har of jevciolr,ncnL bo,''"ies which h-:,ve tl,eoretical comple''6e respoirsibitityjor l;ire.cccuparlcri an,l develr-rBrneflt of tire ],anC a1locatcc1 to them (u.g. tirc larrc1 entrusit,,r,-l to A\r/ts rra,nagcr-enti ij,.lSUO0 in i:li.rrj<ina; S(JII]IJUC'1i] in thc Ivor;r Coast arLei. al1 th' iryi1::o-algpicu,-l-turtlf llevcJ-cprrrcni;s ). i'iat j-onal 1r.-- 4is1a'uions ir.ni. brarlitional autlr,rrit ics(") IIa'cicnal land leg,'isl-:rtior-ls, ,1:',rei.opr:ient of a feeling of nationa.l- pr:op(j1'.1r1/. [rrr,] r+1:ro a;ccc,ltrliltii-r,r of the c-.volu-bl:u'o1'moncL,ary strrrctures foll a ccrtain irr,ij.vit--Lralizabioit of pro..ir-rc1,ion irir.ve, in ::ecent 'l-ccaJes, consirl.erably r-juc.,i-.'blr,; pow.rll Or'thc trar1j_.1;i,rnal_ au'lliori-i;ics cl tLre l-an:1 arrcl thei:: Control anaL rirt,"1)..iilc,,iirrt of viilage o:: e'L].rnic iarrrC.s. '.].-ire cons,-,Qrr.r..rrcrls of thir: s j-tua,tion :-rre obvj-r-rrrs eve::y'vrhere i (I) Arrrrex II.6 : fhe iyua'ios of lanii occupancy * 'Lhr,se t1,ro arl bi-iori-ti..:s call b(i conibi-nec[. Ifl"="gl,!4rr_J5;t,een- thc f]-L-&r1nt ev .ry r-{glEgc-, s o n -L,:* 3stri:S_jg _'ji9:_+39.1 gAi. L "_ t].1:ffile,Ij:. -r7 - 1. possibility for a h..rman group to settl-e outsiile its ethnic area, ojtcn vrith tiic cctrrplicity of trariitional chiefs wh.o, fot a tinre, fou:r'-r. in it a r,ra,y of enhancing the ir status an1 incones; Z. applraranc:r, evetf wi'uirin etlutic ariasl , of inobservance of rrcus-bomste con:e rnj-it;l i-r cc:r:s; to -i;he lanc-l arral- 3n.Ier'gencc of serious conflicts in case of lani sii';r-.,ieiticn, an erample of rlirich ilas been I:a.J on the \iirite Volla. Up to t1:e p.l;t I;',r yc.:.r:r, tir:-s situiaticn i,raE by far ihc nos-b frequent. It ofter-t f.i,-iour,b: to a icvoluti,;n of tb; tra,Litional- 1;rn'1 rights of the natives to the ner,rly ;lci,-illri rn::'i;ra::ts ,'-rn'.] r:c.ffects thc' -brat-Litionaf. :ituaticrts in the ,a:cpartur.. ucno of the nlgrants. (r) litiuric risht .?rrd 4cveLcpment bo'lies Thc esta.bl-isir,le:ri'b of devel-opr:rent ho'lies in tLiese r:rrexploite'1 rrigl-ons ]ra.s an cbvious jtpact on tlie reacl,ions of the populations who consicler themselves ltclCers of a lan,L right ovcr thc larrd.s appropria-bed. in thj-s wayt as far asr'fhc settlenenb of tire lanii by them is conceme'1. Irr oriLc,r bo a,iifirm teeir righl;s to the 1a."nJ, the locaf populations ver;, cluickly star:t clearing an1 exploitii-rg areas uttil thcn uncul-'tivatecl. This lar-Lc', occ,-rp-;llcy Cyrranioe iocs not reflect an increase in the neecl for cultivabl-e lancls by tiie nativc popul;-rtions but reLther a. r+ill to affiru their lana rights and pr:eservc tlieir future usufmct, accord.ing to the neitional land codes. This pirerromenon is par'ticr-,,1ar1y ma.nifest near the-. l-ands of the Vol-ta 1?Ileys Developncll{ Atrt},or:"t;r (W) it: BuririrLa r,'rhere, oftcrt, spontaneous exploit;"'i;i"r1 sfarts as soorl as the firsr; r.let'bl-eincn-bs are effectetl b)' this bocly. Tlis is true of'the ,lcv,.fopnent units (OUs) of lvlan-karga d:rd.Ouayalgri, cn the',/1:ite folta. It i,ras.btrer sarrir: in t]..:.e D.U. of ]jipo]ogo, orr the Solgouriba. Fiil:rl-I:r', i'b 1s oirvious tlra''c these phcnornena cannot occur wherr tite Jr:veloprnent coli,"s hervc ttrc teclrrrical- anrl. 1r:Eisl:itive Inc'rrls to enforce the right -bo tire rnana.Tepent of the l.rn,l ',ritich ha.e been 6lrarrtcd. to thcrn, as is the case f or ;lgro- inr.l r-rs t' :li:;.l or hyd.ro-agTli cul,tural ie ue f opriei-i ts . .J1oba1}y, reoont evcli;.tions "Lnt1 barlances betvrccn tbe Cifferent types of 1;Lrrr1 te.ri-r,::c favor.r rite access of inlivi.:irrizls to ti,e land and are lc:rrlirtg 'rJo an e,fJfcctive ai:pr:opriir,tion of'avail-able l'miis by bhe;i:'rb:-ves as v'reII as the im.mii.pants, c-le spite of ten oonstlra.inirlg legisl-z'bicns, origirrating from cerrtra.li,z::rl- su-rucj,Lues alr.i wi'chorrt rcal enlo::cems:nt povi..rrs in the field-. rlhis situatici" is r,:cent anrl is c-Levelopiirg ilarl"icularly in the Zrlil3s aflocatc,J. to ccvclopracrtt boCies, such zs l\Wr ou tttc Vol-ba, It is too earl;,'to bc l-;ble l;o rlrav l-essons f'rom it" (") Natives an.L 'Ihr:ee nain t;,rpes tf i1rliSrii;.t settlem:tr-bs are discernible". rr'brar---itional-tr agricr.Llture wil;ir tlre agreen:cnt of the tratliticnal arrtiiorit ir-rs ; ?o rt::acr-itionalrt as;r:icul ture vrithout the pcrrrrissicn of tile traditional- arr.t'rLoli'tics ; r? mo t t, riz ecI irt,-Lus t ria1ll tra.clit icnal iir-rtro i'it ic s Iiorth-East, ctc. ). ag:ricultu::e u'ithout bhe permission of 'l:he (Gr,,,.r,r, Sissrli, Iftrlrpawn; Ivory Coast z Thir; :iuvelopncnt oi inotorized cuftivation very oi'tcn rc:irilts frcrm nati,r-r,.f p:J-ii:ics arr,l aslistanoe gir,ren b-v Lh.: State tc a3;llcuLtural- entrep'ri-neursc r^rJLc a::c glnerall-.,'abserL'tees. The laclc of p:rrticipabion ol'thc 1atter irL local il!,c-oc.cupa. l;i:ns vcry oftc4 lea.cls bo coril'lic'cs with the nll'bive popufations at]d :ionetirncl. i;o r,i,.e .r,:structiolr of crops. I'inal1.i,, surne ctlmic grou-ps protect -:het,rsel-rr.-'s f::otrr sel,t,Ienent by i,a;ni.gr,-Litts ancl'Lri-ng-. tlreir lane1s into cultivation by'blicmselves. This is true of tire Scpoi-rl ,: "u.,1.,.ir1- both in thc Ivory Coast an'J in 3urr,cina. The samc appl-ied to ilic Bissa c.r-J-ntr.y up to l-9B1 , r.ihen the ltossis pene-.rateri the rare zo:nes still availablc. Al-thougit the;e chang:s ri-re at var.icus '1egrees, they have brought about conr:j iaLer..tble incrcases j:r cr"llt ivatecl art:as . 2.6 .2. rrLlxplos -ionrr o-f utilizeC. IanJs Obscrvation Comparir;on of r;]ie xlaps sirol{iitg land. occupancy at the start of the or-rchocerciasis conlr:,1 i)rog;ran.ne r,iti,:i aft<,.rten years of vector control makes rreoessaly an obv,lor-rs ol:servl;.tion s eithcr tlie zones void of humarl utilization have coitsirlir:abli, reluccl or they lla're corrpletcly clisappeare'J Jespite titcir pa,.st sig:rifir:&ncg. ll,o sc]rei,alizcr lati.b*t1e 11ol'l seenrs to be a significant limit (1). tire llorth of it, th,,rrc .r-ce tfo tncrc lan,is rrirutilized- by Inai-i, \'/hetircr this i-e-re lopncnb conce-::ns farnring or anina] irusl':anciry, in spi'be of tjL':ir fo:rler si-iinificance. Everyvhr:rl:, ih,, actirre pletrellce of nan is vely appreciable cnisr.lol.abli' ilorlifi''s the }ainr-iscapes' To tlre South of this t'frcntier?' the .j1:eai:rics arL, .rtcriJ slor,r itn,-^ thr- l:et'l;lencnl; cf tl rc: avail-a.bfc l-aniLs is clone cl i.if :r< Lrt rartcs anr'L ;'lccrtri,ir.,t to various ltod.es of l-and' occupancy' jJioi.cs i[,iucc. tlrpes of ]:ctr-rmi-nants irrflrroncc tire tnod-r:s of 'livelopmcrt of the orLc toccrrc i.:"s is-pi'ctectci l-an'1s . -r,:gional- uo,-l.e of' larl-l occuparrcy ptriJvalcnt llt'iorc tlre control; es bilbiisi::ircnt or no'b of a ,:1;t',:lopncnt bocl;,r an,-l- cxtt'rLsion scrviccs fort'le Popul-el,ions ; the contrit,ution or not of irnrnigrant agriculi,ura]. popu}ations. These obscr:vatiol-S c.rnc.rn ()tlly thc zoncs wh':L'C it iuas possii:le tc cal::::y cr1t rii.l.cirrgr:ic s'Luir-i:s t Yiz ; 'Burkirra, :'roty Coast and Bcnin' Sce i\nncxes II.6(A ) ai:,t (B). m^ anci at (i) 1) Tra,li tionsl- r,rciles of occupancy an.1 'volutions 11 tii: e&:-c crf popu.laiions forTnerly )rarving a prcper rot,r of settl-enents .rnii farrns fa,oing; til.: ,l:erertccL zones, the d.errelopme-nt oi thc availablc l-anis has been ca,rrir:ci out ''o:,. a rearlar pa,tch-by-patch aiivance from tlic row of fatms an'l/ or sei;tleinents tot.lari,s Lhc titalrvcgs ani obvious-i y, the agrarian ancr fancl clevclopm,-n1; systcr,lir lla.ve be en pe::pctuated,, rLespite the consiil-erabl.' extension of bhc lanr utrlise,-"'.. 'Ir:: r-':rnr; ,-'Locri not apply to o1- cul t:'-va-bcci arcas ccntrctl arcund villages wjroso lan, iS w;.1:C Sjpiirat,;,-1 fr,'c,:r eaCh o'bhcl'D]/ VaBt arca5 Of unCultivated. bush. In thcsc caJesr , the,ltifizeai- aitrl initabitecl a:-'ca has'rcxploJed.il in the whole of thc availal:lc l-airfs .;vcn if the arcas rcall-y c,llti'rated have not increase'] ccnsii-erabr;". Thcse cvol-utiorls llavc verlr eff,En fead to the d'isappeeLrancc or at lcast con;:L.lcral:lc rec]-uetion of enpty l-an.ls situatec-L near the thali+e61s, as is thc case on the Lc:rabz, errcn if tlie la.nd occupancy titorc is d.iscontinuous. thbLc II.6 Ierrd oceupt,cy td lts dynenlca rlnco the srfft o1' t," i:.,rr-'.rnnir itudy a:'ea He I Y.-1..a, ClBna ir , r-'rt Lar:i. :out.h of 11\ :ir,.l toI '1, L]rarla 1.., t hnruv. rcutir of l1ol, Ile,l Vol ta, lurxlna :IortL cf i) "!t, lli61.1 56r',.L ksd Volta, Left lsnk.. Iturkirn, north of IIUN ihite Vol'.:a, rlght baflkr ijurkrra, l]1eoa Uhiie volta, Ieft iEnk llorth of ilosej. cou:1try, rrr.lu'lrn,; AW L'Lrte Volta, Yerrln, h:rklns '..){te Vol la. ri, l:}" bo.nk rncludrry; /.'if 1 E t) I 1( I 1 I I I I I .-,] I l+ + + 1r.1 t1.46 If.61 26"rdt Percenta8e of utllized land/Ar+t svallrblc b.fcE t!. atart of tlo Ilogrrn:r,e 1:r,., iercentage of utllizcil bra,/Area eratlabl. la 1984 ln 16 GJobcl. lncrease tn utlllzad l*nd tn X Armr:aL lncrease ln utlllzGd land 111e'id tow "Lrx" rov !lscontinu u3 lard ocouDancy rlthort rd, tn vllLpr idcn' uith lmiEratlor of non-natlws Id,rn vith intcrposed BettloEont of rl.tlrr}s r'u itlmtL'd Eca C\r I trsrtr.i arcil 19 6u-r984 I! 78 -1'liJ.1 19 7',r -Iiiri ':,)11'-1.,0d -<-1'tq-1,\1, '!)',L-19t,i .1(j:,.. - ll {, I l! r:_I/'t,j (") r.s (o) z.t (o) o.l Sr I(}/o l) 7|l la a L L e i1 2 5 \d) zG;(bl frl '* (+) tn, (")r:.lx 12.4 ?L.d( ,7 24.* n4 Tl 20. 8. fr( 1!), 15?h 178 7to 9.r 9,'l 0.816 r.,6 4.e + + + + ( )c Jr (") ero (a) u96 o {.) ta" 2.6 0.5 2t r9rb 45.eF6 zfr 48. 26 r71, ur{ 216{ 0 21},6 7r4,4 ,4% 8.4?16 ro.l9(' 12.1 21.19, ,a.fr. + + + + 'l'ot: I ,ru t,, '.'olte ,t.ei ,0.1 29tu 72.?" (c) 1.9. 66 Lt.o" 1r. r! 12.9 to.lN 75.#a t2.4% 1fl 7#, lfl,., 1.gh 6., 6.61 L.Yr O.g,| + + + I ilq r./,lr1ird/iilack V,,1ta - Ii,:,.ilrr :..t rr,ri; nr (narti of l l",l) !.arara i.tl::ck Volta, Saaerndlnl. liertlicr,,t-Pjerre Iorttr of llul; Lo oi Xrr ifor Lmm - I|'rrriru .' ' ji-i oi llol; G) z.m G) t.v (r',) o.r w 16.1 2fr ,a#, ,79, 50q',' 6.qb 5.9 & 2tst 2r&, 120q( ',y'es tern irrrai:a Sorrtlr of 1tli - hu-tina k.ratE, RiAlrt barLk i vorl .!mst goutt: of l]"N l+r-'ata, Ivory Coet, crntral 1 '*'l I --_I I I + t Inpact of -bhe pres.Jnc(, of suppo rtc,d clcvi:]opment 'Ic thc areas b::ougirt intc, cuftiv:'bj-on by thr: Jevelopm:nt bod.y are ah,,al-s sup-.racl-d.e,l nevr -r.an,i.s cu-1t:-vateii either by immigrants or b), natives. T}:e rate o-e I:rnr)- oocupanc../ is in sucl: cascs coilsi icrabl: and ve ry often blocks the possir-,ili-t_:, of cxte-lC.in,g the pfots urrocr sr.1llliir'?ii6n' Ihe co,riribution of ap,r icul1;ural Dopulations ;rn,f tl:e lmpact ^aU-L I:)L tions Tlr':se iri.E:r'Ltj-ons irave i.recn .:ffc':cteii particula.rly tovrarCs two typcs of arcis 3 (f ) tnosc lrhi-re ,1ev:lopmcr:'u bot1ics op\jl:3te j-n r'.esertecL valleys, andthis rcfcrs to ti:c prec':c'iing case; (Z) ttiose v,,here l-anci occupancy by the native vllIages llas aiiscontinuous anci there were available unclajmed lanis betwecn them. Thusr rcsulting iri ti:,: establislment of an trintcrpose'lrr habitat between tile cIC. villages. Land. occuparlc:,/ then nee ts two strategies ; that of inr,iigrants anC that of nati\rcs v,rho are rapid.ly block:d. by thc cxter,sion of tne arcas brouglrt into cultivation by the iir,Tli6ll:r.n'[s. Helc agairr, fr:e lands ilave quick]y become re,lucecl or non-cl(istent. 2.6 .1 . Spatial c].yrramicE anri nociificat ion of na,n/environment re l-ations . liabi ta b tjot onl:rthe,:*ltivated arcas have cxpanCe'j. In the r'rhoie of the zoncs s'tuCrccl, no-l-cs crf l-ariri occupanc). ancl tl're trabitat areas have changed vastly. To r,he ;li villagcs-frave be;n ati,Lcd nerr ones, inhabi'bed by immigrant popul-ations r^il,cthcr the;. }ra,1 bccn ins l,alled b;.' t[cvcloplncnt bodies or had cone spontancously; anr1 j-n aj-l- tir,: cascs, an isolabcclItintr)rposid.rr habitat has bci:n estab.lisirr:cl . Because of tlreir watcr supply needs, most of thcse populations h.:r'e scttletL near the tbphregs whicir wcrG sites cr ar,- l-east tr.rvelling routes of tfie blackfli-es. t'or examp]e, the ban]rs of the Vftrite Volta anrl a]l its tril:utaries arc inlrabitcd. toclay wlrr:ther b)' farmers or stock-brcecers ' This istruc of th: L,,.r:aba i^rhi-cir was lesert;o or not milch utilizcd. l{oiie of d-eve}opr:rcnt l',,r1:rile nluicuous f.e-rners set'.:l-ei on ncw l-Labitat sites have naintaiiled thcrr ciJ e5,parian sr''stens, the new settlcrn:nts have of't,cn made possibLe Ll:e clcvclopnrcr:t of serii-:intensive agricultulc iri which feL:r:ring is associa'beci r+i'bh ani:nal- husb'-lntiry. This applies'to the big Senqulto farms near tire Leraba and its tributarics. 'llh.ci:c, iiscontinuous cultivation pIo];s lrave bcen cstabl-is]-rec1 on which thc habi:a-hions h.eve been built. Shea butLer ancl \'/est African locust bean trces halv,e bocn sclectcJ and are bsing graclually repletc'::c1 by Faidhc-:rbia albida whose gc::nila-bion is narle possible by the per:-n.znent presence of livestocl: kep-i; by ti:u fai:l1cr. 4g Under these cond.itioi:s, an attempt to cornpare the areas cultivated.per inhabitant, in the vrhole of the zone or per cli-natic area, wouIcl be extremely reductionistic and. woul-cl not account for the d.iversities of the agrarian systems establishcd. and the d.ifferent rle5eees of intensification, and thereby their prod.uction. Errer;rwhere, the popula'lions have ad.vancecl towards the thalwegs, formerblackfly breed.ing sites, often even up to the folCs of the banks (Leraba, !trhite l/olta, B,lack Volta, sectj.ons of the Red Volta, etc.) The areas under cultivation have consid.c:rabty increascd eve4n,rhere. Thus, it can be affi:med.that on tite White Vo1ta, in l3urkina, the increase in cultivated. areas since the star'c of the blackfly control has been 229 5OO hectares, representing 36% of the land areas available in 1975, at which timc only g1o of the Ia,:rls had. been 'Jevefoped,. This clynamioa is not an isolated. case : tirere are no more lands completery void of }:ui:an settlement on the Leraba, where in l)81, jrr theIvory Coast, E/o of the land was cultivated. as agrin"t % Ln lg1?; on Bgrkinarsbank, this percentage rosc, d.uringthe same period, from J,fi6 to 1j.ry6. 2.5.4. Boblems osed. the deve t of new mocLes of occupancy Defolestation and erosi_on One of the nost manifest and. acute problems is of an ecological nature. In l)lJ, to go from Kaibo to liliaogho, on the lJ]:ite Vo1ta, 15 lsn of d.ry forest, whiclt was dense for the Sudanian North zone, had to be traversed.. Tod.ay, nothing is left of it, as a result of the combined ir.rpact of the work of the Volta Valleys Development Authority and the spontaneous lancI clearingsby the natives. Erosi-on is evid.ent and in acklition to the aru:ual ablation of a consicerable portion of the arable lends by wind and. water erosion, there is a general over-d.eepening of the 'vflrite Volta and the thalwegs of its iributaries. irinaIly, thls erosion poses the problem of the conservation of the ag:conomic value of the land.s r^rhich, so far, have not been subjected. to ovexcropping, while the d.isappearance of forests rcnders Brobleraatlc wood supply fcr tlle-household.s of farners, since woocl is stilI the first source of energ)'used (t). Entomoloqical- ancl ep iclemio l"oEical- problems In case of stoppage of onchocerciasj-s control, nowr the whole of the Programne area vrorrld be reinvaC.ed. by blackflies. The clevel-oprnents rade possible by the control of the blackfly have Ieclto a linear ovcr-d.eepening of the thalwegs because of thc high solid loacl carri.ed from the ner+1y opened fields by the f1ooC. waters. These overdeepenings lead. to the exposure of rocky si1ls, accentuate the rapid.ity of the water, and. thereby its q(ygenation just as downstreana from the ford.s. These situations create new potential bl-ackfly breecling sites on the main rivers d.uring the me,lium-watcr periorLs ancl- on 'bheir tributaries cluring the high-i,rater periods.This new erosive situation coufd therefore crcate arrrrual transmission potentials highcr than what -they r.rcre at the start of the treatments in case of stoppage of blackfly cont::oI ancL rcinvasion by the vector j.nsect. (r) A stud.y of the ecological lmpact of the resettlement of the onchocerciasi.sprotected. zorres is in progress (OCe/OlStOM agreement). 4, lhis is all the more serious since the 1and occupancy systems estab-Lishe,:.'l- either spontanecusly or in an organizecl way are not, or rarely,j-n accoriance with thc recommend.ations of the epidemiologists. It should. be rccall-ecl that, in the Suclanian zone and. wlien the conclitions for transmj-ssion h::,ve becn met, a society is doomed-, in the long mn, when the population dcnsities for the utilised. aTea are lcwer than )J inhabitantsper }rn2 and. that this society remains very fragile when these densities range between )) and. l0 inhabitants per 1on2. In 4,11 thc settlement zones, tirese figures are very rarely attainecl. The dcnsi-ties of the populatj.ons settled by the development boclies are alvrays aronnd. 15 irnlnabitants pcr 1un2. Hovrever, tir-is pessimism nust be tempcrecL forbhree reasons a (") The irterposed settlement of spontaneous migrants increases human presenoe consiCcrably during the fa:rning season, ie. the period. of potential transmissj-on. This settlement effort can increase the population clensities beyoncl the lr:lit of l0 inhabitants per 1or2, from which it is considered. that the disease becomes socially ancl economically r:::apparent. (t) lhe practice of numLlrous collective undertakj:rgs by certain commrinities red.uces the inclividual rate of infestation and. thereby the ratc-s of blindness, /\(") Finally, the establisl",n,ent by more and more numerous populations of serili-intensive agrarian systems, associating farming with animal husbanCry anct. regenerating or establ:-shing Fbiclherbia albida parks, can in the long rr.:n increase the population d.ensity in the utilise.i aTCa. However, th.;re should not be too great optimism in regarcl to the health future of the recl-ajned zortes. fn fact, the new habitat and cultivation si-Les, especj-ir111r fhss. near the ;{a]lery forests, bring the populations that have settl-ed. tlil:re into contact with the vectors of other major tropical end.emi.c rLi-seases. Thcse vec-bors in the gallery forests, such as tse'bse flies, carriers of sleeping siclceess - glosuina palpal-is and tachinoid.es - and mosqu:Ltoes of the ae,ies genrls, car::'iers of forest yellow fcvcr, are all the more in contact vrith man since the rvildlife has been cleci-.rrrateC or elininateci., which increases the risks of epidernics. IanC saturation ancl rislc of conflicts It has been seen t\rat a dcnsificatron of the lancl oceupancy appears to be possibJ-e. llut in the absence of policies and. ii-rcreased means for intensive farning in al-l- bhe holdings, tLre onchocerciasis-protected zones ;nay, in tlie long run, be confrontcd. rqith the same problems of land saturation as the overr popul-atedL platcaux which i$rere surrounding the empty va1leys. The situation is howevcr Cifferent there since native groups and other immigrants cohabit toclay in the vall-eys protected from river blincl:ess. The risks of violent conflicts would, then become evident, just as t}e risks of erosion alreacly are today. MRespcctive places of farming anc1 animal- husbandry fhe consiclerablc extension of culbivated. areas in the onchocerciaOds- protected. zolres cleprives, proportionai;ely, the ffuIani stock-breerlers of land. for transhumant or seni-sedentary animal hustr.ndry. This anthropic action, on top of the d:-sas'brous effects of the d.rought, has very often Criven the stock- brec.Cers toviarils the South. The available pastures.are beconing rare at the rate of l-anr1 clearjngsr whil-e the potential settleinent zones for the North Sudanian lives';ock are infested rr,ith tsetse flies, vectors of animal trypanoso- miasis. If -bhis problcrn of co-existc;lce of farrning-animal husbancr.ry is not taken into accoun';, it may, inthe long run, Ceprive the States conceryred of a consid.erable part of their j-ncornes. An obvious fact should therefo.re be stated. : it appears essential for the rural lanc1 development policies to take into account all the problems of rnanagement of tiris l-and. as wefl a,s the constraints posed. by: the ntajor vector-bcrne endemic d-iseases, particularly onehocerciasis the foreseeable l-and saturation; the co-existence of famin gf anirrra1 husband.ryg the ecological and erosive problems created. by the new mocles of land occuparicy which have been mad.e possible by the control of the vector of rirrer bfinoness. Effective extcnsi-on serrrices and. intervention structures are therefore necessary; tiiis efficacy can only bc attained. by a very cfose contact with the human, ecologicaL an<l economic realities of the nr.ra1 areas and. an appropriate legis lation. IiIr.L Pl l'j ril.-:i.iTi .r': -::l0l::.r1)',f r.llls -* -r _j+ _-x.;rJ -J6Jr_x _* _rA_*.E + _.,+ -x -45- 5,L. Tor,'ard.s a ncvr developnlent s t,ralegy_ The Gove=r:rnents, ilist as Lhe financial- bacl<ers, are more anrl more aware of the challenge '.,rhlcir the zone ::epresents. liitiiout exagg'eratirgr it can be said. tllat it is there i;hat lJest lifricars future is being contrj-ved. as re5iard.s food prcriuctior-, e-r:i.lal husba.ndrXr and an essentiil.l lndusr,rial crop: cotton. But this zone is at the s;ametimc -fragile : it islhe scene of considerable popula,ti,:]l novcmenr,s, most of ti:e tirnc r-rrrcontrollec, ancl is experiencing vast chlrn.qgg in it;; proJrictiorl a.r'lrl land occupar).cy systeins. Fol. tliis :ilcason2 ecologicaf anci hi:nan risks are appearing. The fcrtility of thc soils may be comprornise,l, cleforests.tion is increasing, land. confiicts are becoming v:idospreatl, epi,leriics and epizootics arc reappearing. That shows the importance of the pol-icies and opera-rtions carried out in 'i;hr: zone : adaptecl, thcy will acconpany and. strengthen the dlzlaroC,sm observed at present by preserving tiie natural heritage, an3 even by,leveloping it; nalacJ.justecl, they uril1 acct-.ntuate the inbalalnces perceived at present in the forn of risks anc-L compromise thr: fu-bure. That also shows tite usefufness of a mi:rimal co-ordination of all the activities carried. out in the zorie. Land. of hunan and, economic e:lchanges, the 0i'{C}I0 zone cannot be fragr,rentcd. and. it would be vain -i;o try to confine the effects of a devcloprncrrt proj.-.ct of some importance to a well deterrnined geographic zone. Inclirectl-y, the stud.y carried. out by OCP/ECO rnakr:s it possible to d.iscovor what seenrs to be alr. appreciable evolution of the strategies implemented. in the zonc by 'bhe Gove:rlnenis anrl financial backers. The era of prrgly voluntarist C.evc'lcpncnt seems now to be in the past. The l-east that can be said is that tire g::eat -tnvestmenls, whether concerrring agro-in.J.ustria1 conple,xcsl ircairy dcvclopnrerrt operations or cul'bivatiou of rrast irri6".uted. areas, have not mr:t the hopes set on them. 'Iiie costs have been hii4her tharr I'orcrrGGifr thc. 5;a,rin:; of proiuctiviby lovrer, tlte entrainment effectIi-rriter]. By :a.refying anrl raising the price of financial resources ancl limiting export outlets, the internaticnal crisis has playecl the role of enlightener: it is no lengca por-:s:Lb1e to co;rtinue as before. Ifur-bhermole, the alrnost general fa1I in ralnfei.Ll 'bas focused the a-btention of all on the problems of foocl self-sujficiency and. prescrvatron of bhe na"tural po-bentialitic's. Food crop is no 16nger neglco-bed in the progrardrnes. It ha,s become one of the forenost preoccupations, 1j-ke ecolog1r. Facecl wit;h t}:is couble obscnration, d.isiliusion and discouragement a::e out of pJ.ace, since new dynapisrns are appearing inthe zone. Mon and. women are movi-ng, zonos are bei-ng repopula.tcd, others qualified as rrclense?r are seeing their populaticn load. bacome lighter ancl second.ary r:rban centres are devcloping. There is an ulexpectccl rapid rleveloprnent of crops - cotton, yams, ctc. Livesbock is increasing, animal traction j-s bccom.ing wiclesprcacl. 46 \&rrt cLo a,11. these ci.lmaiaisms klave in corutoll 3 Simply, the peasant '.rho, it is beirrg c1i-scoverei. ol redrscovereC, is capable of initiaiive, atiapta.ticrr:. anC e?onoi:ric rati.onality. It is no longer obvious that he should bc t::anl:f():flired. into:r.,,Jcrijc-sarnelt or seni-wage-carner iir order torrl-eadrririn to rnoie:rr;t;r. The CeycLopnr:nt of cottori culbivation Ltas l:cen accomplished- by rel-.inp; on'btie ia,.:rcrs; tire prc'irrcers of yails arerrtradi-biona}rr sponLancous rni-gr;Ltiorls are ncr,t signilican-b than organizcC migra-ticrrs. Th,.rglr a new c.rnrrictiorr gradua,Ily sp::ingli up 3 d.evelopment cannot be "boirrr?cz;rihiloi', from onl.y bl..e v;ifI of el .ier,r pcople arrC tne resollTces they mor,-r:i-lizc. I'b presupposes tire cxistcnce oI' clyrramism.s, anrl tli;i1, thesc Cyrramj.sns arc rtaccompanied,'? in regar',1 to thcir positlve as1:ects, arrrl. rtcha,.nellerJ.rr as ::egards their negative aspects. T[e role of the authorj.ties, fror,l this vicwpoint, takes on a new si;yrificance. The S'tate must become a firrder, in the le,gal- sense of the term (1), ana a con,Luctor, 1.2. I'or a d.ecr:ntralized, l-arr.L manageriient Alrearly, the observations which it has been possible to make on the r,uhole oi ttre zonet an,1 r,.rirose account has beetr gi''ren in part two of tiris report, inluce tlie fosnriiation vr-Ltit vigcur of a reconmenr.Lation : the m"in problen of thc r.)ii01i0 z,one is bhaL of txaner.gelxent of ';hc f:-r.nd. and new solutions rnust bc found qu:-cirly. Tlvo pauhs have be:en follorrccl so far vrithout much success. The 'bechrrical all,'Jroect] ('rlr.eavy?i rlr,:ve fopirtent bouies) t+hicir cannot be applied gerreraily, if onJ-;r becaluse of its exorbita.nt cost. The lcoisl:itive :.r.pproacil (lal'"s on the nfltiolli]l-izeiion of the lands), for i'ts p:l::t, rloes not touch tlLe tnain prcblem',titich is the concrete ancl daily exerciic of au'bho::it;.r on the l-and.. liJhcther i;i-r': ij'iate ,lccl-ares itsel-f or not orync,r of Li:e f,:.1,-r,s Coes not cirange at all th,, fact-5[aLt; loca]ly, an authority irrust il'i'cervel-Ie to or.,Sanlzethe access'uo'i;i.c l:tnd. ancl arbitrate possible ccn il-ic'Ls . I-L is fou.rci clifl.ticur-l-t to "un;ie rstand. -i;ire llirect exellcise of this lu'biiority }:y thc r,lpresontatives of the Sta.+,e. 0n the othcr haircl, it is thou;;['u that it riou]-d. be bettcr for it to ei-rantlbe froll the vi]l-age comnurity r^ihich wouj-ri regain, rutcler new fo.rms to be sp.:cificd., the rlanagemenb of iis rrsoi]rl . At thc s:r.::ie tiirre, 1n ordcr to pre,vent the system frorl becoming atomi-zed. anci :rigiC., a gerleral- clevel-opment policlr must be implemc'nted. I'lume.-ous clloices renrain to be rra.cle z a zon.r, s1;i11 lmcterpop'.rlerbeC'boday, mil.)r be opened., or not, to irruaigration, by the cons+"ruction of a road. It nay be decicled to favor:r the grcupirrg cf villages iu orcler to achieve econoxnies of scale as regarcis sociail intlrastn-rcturcs, lir:it the risir of cnchocerciasis and enable the rlevelopnent of non-agricu-Lturaf rara.l- erxpfoyments. In li:.e l-e5la1 rleii.se, a finCer is 'bhc: onc rvho discovers a hid-d-en thing(flrrder of' a treasure).(i) -47- i'inall;,', steps havc bc be 'Lakeri fo:r 'tire intensifica.tiori of farning i'retho'ls to becomr: a reality. Tire aurholiti,:s a.r'e t.ot co;itpl-ete1;r witirout r'3:ioul:ces for the a]"'Lainri,:ri't, of' bf ic.se ob jec'l j',,'r:s. 'i-'Ir.cy h,.l',',. cifcc'iiv. rramsrr, par:ticr-rlar1y tltosu- l,rhose ef'fect is irriir;c'L;, vrl,ici; r,,,rlul-t in tiri. ll'jrnoval- ot' cc::tai].L constraints or on the c,-l.,trary-, but lirii'.oubtedly rrrr,'r-'c :;larei;r, in tlie vc;lunt;:ry cll..'ation of ncw ones. Sorae ai.e corr,titrrte.,J fcrLhe realizil-bio;r cf infrast:tuc'cures (roa.d., weils, ::ispcnsary, scirrrols) ,rlhosc programning nust conply tvii;h an overaff p<.l1icy anC plan. Othc:rs c{lnc(.]:r} e:rterrsion servi-ces rrlricn it }ras bcen ::a-rLd. coufd be eff:ctive t,rhilc being on a sliial-f scal-e. I'rnal}y, some aue gor,eral ]rrcasures, but whose impact may be considerabLc Lus i;garri.s I.rnd. d.evcl-oprn,jnt? if necessary by an appropriate.morlulatj-on. This corrcc,t?rs pi-rr'';icularly price policies (pro1ucticn and irtputs) and crerlit(agric'Lrlbural but al-so as rctar,is handj.crafts). l,,rat is ho',i a l-ocal m.--,I13gclnr)nt cf larrd and. a national, ancl wl:y.not t.ransrra-uicnal, co-oLdin;Ltion/incitauic-,n coulcl be effectively tlntea (t). One c:ore word. : worileL,. clo irot seem so farbo have succecd.ed in playing an inportant rolc irr rcgarC to l:.rrC occupancy; thc sel-ectir:n of lanCs, is a nasculino aifair. Brrt it is: 6Svious 'bhat any policy concerning intensificeition oritruraf pl-arrllni:t" sirould'i;ake thei,'necrls an,,i preoccupil.tions into account. This is al} bjte mo,-rc so bcci-ruse the recent evoful;ion hei-s soixehow contributed to thei.r eccnonic il1.--Lr'git)alitJr (espccial-fv &nilral 'i;raction). ;\n aggravation of 'bltese !'rltalances shortl-d uo i; l-eail orle d-lLy or the other to uncontro]labl-e r:actions l-i,<e the sud.cien accclc.ration o.[ tt-re rlrift of v;onen froin rural areas. 77. I'or a peui,'iar:icn'b socj-o-ecoiLonic observatorv A necesji!/ In spils of thc r,;orl< r1o;:rt in tlic zone botir by the Govemments anC by the bolies eili,;aLicd ir, ticvr:lopr:rent activities (su::veys anrL censusest feasibj l-i-b1. s'buiiies, ei;c. ), tLre }c-rolv1-et1i:e of thc cnvilror-rrr,-'n't is stillj-nperfect. O1c of thc cli j'f icu.l ties cncormtr,reri, as shor.trn irr the f irst tt+o pa::ts of this reiro-rt, is Lne si,artitjtic ctra,-ractcrizalion ol' the QI{JIIO zone in conparisolr i,ritir tl.re wirol,:, o.t \dcst llfrici:. (lieterogencij;y of the contcn-b and. clates :i thc su.nieys, 'bire gcoglaphic divisi-x-rs &nd 'l,ire concepts utilised.). (f) Annc;: III.J contains a supplementa:cy li:t of intcrpretation themes arrsirrg ciirectly from the obse:rvoiions mai.e under this sbud-y. -48- liut it has been tried tra.rd. t,,-r show that the 0I{C-10 zone \iras a ::e:ii-it;r, beyon'1 the national borders. Its urrit.y is based. on geographic(srritabili'Li' of' tlre soil-s, rairtfa)l ) ano- al-so hi-rnan anrl econo,nic consileratiorrs. All th:-s jlrplies that a corrnon frur,-l- of socio-economic informa'bion shoulc bc crg.-i,r,iz-crl 1'or 1;Lc -,rholc oi the ztrnc in ord.r:r 'bo group togother the m;r,c-roriiJ !i.a],a r:r4ularJ-y prociuccC vitiLin eacii ParticipaLi:rg Cor..urtry, an{'t .i.ri,tw frr.n ther,r slmbirescs uscful- fc.r all. liut it is p::oposr:d. 'bo p;rl fq;.11,116:r by er-riablishing aI peflnat.r.cnt socio- cconoi i-ic ,rbscttritli-orf, s:,rsr.ei.r. fn this casc, iL worrld mearr f ollowing c1o.;el-y thc socio-e:ottc:,ic evoLuti,fn oJ- thc zonc, t!rc nain t::cnOs of which have been ',rutlin-',,1 fu par-r'b t',ro of this repor-L . kr pia.rtlcular, i'b seens to be essential[o knovJ l,lie tl;nrar;rrisrn of t]re populations-r an.l its conseqLuences on the envi::oruirent. The co::responding iriform.rIion shoula be z quicrly provicl-eC to enabfe it uo be 'baken inbo account - /^effc,.-ti-vel;' (for example, the s'Lorage of fooclstuffs at the l-cvoI cf tr.e fa::ns and vill-ages); llonogeneous in :jpace and trne , in ord.er to distinguish the phenomona r:'i limi b'.d. rnagrriturle an,j -bhcse having a more general i:nPac+"; d-ivcrsificd., in order to offer a vision as complete as possible of' the rural rvorl-d. and. enabl-c thc formula.tion of nruterous iq,poth..ses.j o:t tlio in'ceractj-ons which ale bo".:nd. to take place 1-'ir n:.c, " sufficiently re iincd, in o:rcier to consr''citu'be an effective tool t'or concre-;r: r1eve1<;pr,rent op.,rations. Ilriilerous possible ti protlirr: -b s tr Ior: caliglr'berurien-1 , a fc,w cxa,ri)lcs of tite trprotluctsrr r.lhich the o}:ser*'ratory co,;.]d prcvi;e r,lj-lf be gj-v,:n hcrc. 3ut beiolc tiren, rt il n.c?ssar\r to ei:rpha,size that the prepared clara wil-l.-lre no';-l,l-,r qurlit:Ltive, r:ien if tirey takc the fo::,-r or figuros. They wil-l conoern t-i'end inC.icl'l.to-'s, of'thc type prociuccc-l frorn-ihc OCP/.ECO survey ca:rriecl out in l-985. Cons.irlc:rini; the obs.-..,vation nethod. ,,rhrch will be utilizc,L (sai'npJ-c vi1Ia.1res.an,i farlilics), it r,.'ouii. be:risky to try to cz-,rry out e::'brapol:'Ltions i+hicil rvouLci reeult, forbhe r,rtrole zo;ree in quantified resr-rI-bs as ::e5;'r,.:_'c'-s i:rorir-..c'l; j-,:ns, yit:1,1s e rrrii_,r.t.'iio,rs;, c-tc. l.Loiicvcr, 'Llte extt:ilL of tire geographic fiel-d. coverccl by the systern will rri-ukc i-b poss:i.irlc lor bhc sei-r'-r1r:.';o reflect a prreat diversity of situaL';ions. Thus, a pLren.tnen,)n i,'evcaled. :.;ignificantly tlroue,'h the observation system will havc everT' cl-iance oi ru.flecting a rcality. Tiris iinpor-Uant ,:ta-rni:tg iraving bcen macie, it is possible to ir,ragine, for inforrn.-r.];ion onl;yr, l'that cculd be'b],r-,nain certe8orics of inl'orru.tion proviricd. by tir: obs.:rva'r;orlr. -49- I Ann.ral bl ications Situui;ion of stoclcs oi foods'Luffs, eqr::ipr::ent, 'l,rcn:1s of proJ.ucl;iorrr n,i6;ra-bil;n, land occr4ancy. 2. }1iery1ial or- t:ciennial publication Tiiis rtc>ultl. bc a rcpor-l lepeatinE tlic infolmati-on pul.rlished. e\rery yeaT, hi.5hliqir1'itr,';, tlic'trlrs;1v',.it trelrils; observed. in.;he zone, and. rlonnulating sone explan.r'c,- -y ir1'potit(-is js. 3. In-lo::r,,ttion _-pr!v_+4-q-{ cn neque st Thc st"cragr: i>f inforrni:.'uion on micro-conputcrs shoul-,1 make it possi-b1e l,o proviric v3ry quickly arly or a,l-I thr ccll.:cterJ.,fai:a to boiies l+hich would- t,take a r:e,1',rii:t for.. tiren. 4. 3l;uCies carrieC out on r'rquest Tlie er:istence of at pctflnanclnt s;rsf,sp wilL rnake it possible, on request, to carry out snall-scale srullveys. 'flrus, slicilld a drug ag.--rinst onchocerci;isis be dcvelopr;d, icr e::anpl:, oc?,,,rou11 be intercsbed to know to what extent the rrJral civrelle::s vroul d. be r.,ady to buy it regu.1.-Lr1y. A quick su'vcy o-f bire obsert':r-tor,.r r^ril} then m.,lki. it possibl-e to have e-n rnitialf :'-clca er'ccut 1,itis sub;.:g1, e.ren if il neans launching & more in-depth stirrly accorcling to tirr, r,esuLts oh'rained.. This type r.lf survc;rs ccr.lt ile applie.J. in manv wa-ys. i\n tunrt to be seizec-l /in oppo-r:tr-mit;- j-s 1;o be seizef, toril.y. The dcpa-::ture ba.se is c;xc,-.pticnaf . ov:l 'bhe 1lt?,3.TS, nartional- sur:veys, s-bucli'-'s ancl. ev.a-Lui,ii,rirs of ilevr,, lopnerrt boulies, lnono,graphs of research uro::kers, J'r;l,ps ao,-i :rc,rial photogr.;uphs i,avc accq.;1u1:-rterl-. lJ-though they are hctcro;uneous, as pcinte& cuL, thcse clccu:lcnts s',;il-l cons'i,itute a base providin5; 15er1r:3t1.1 iniLj-catois and. p.-.rrli'it,:-ng cer-tain vr:::i-iica'Lions on peurticular poitits. !-inally, tihe CCr'fiiCO survcy ca::rierl out in 1!B! pro.res that a siinplc f iel-cl obl;e:.v: t j cn s;.st,: nl Ca.rn prov:1,-1c valn-irble infc:rnatiori, illrfi constitutcs a pilot sur-T/cl. 'ii,:.ch rak.rj il possible to inplioye tirc sanrple and questionnaircs. llesi4e tltis nass of cxistlir,g rrifo::raation appears cleaLrly toda;,, thept-tssibilit;'of ui,ilizing,-:.:;roLe sensing to fcllow re.gul-a-Lr1y atrcl with precision(qua.nti-tativc.i1, this tine) tne -rates and motles of laircl occupa,ncy, especially cultivate<1 a,r'as, fallor.r i..Lncr-s, d.efores tation, ]lab:Ltat. Privil-cscd positi tx of OCP (),lf is particularly well placed to play a spcci.r.I role in flre estabtisllm:nt ani rr-urning o-[ this system. fnt,:rcsted greatly in what is irappenin,; in ti'ro zcrte, i-bs ac-Livitics ar,e of a t::e-i::snatie,nal patrrre. -lo- Its stalf , well motivat:tl ancr hi5rirl.v qualificci, is lieographi-ca}1y cLis';ributed in tjre r,;iol-e of th:-' zone. I';s infrastntctr-::c, especia]ly that which makeri quici< l-i*isons possiole, -|; u;c11 leveloped. Furtire-r:rnore, it has a',ivantages 1-rr r-rrr.ny otirer fic1,.,s, for: e:tnnple r,icr:o da.'t.'l proc':)sJ,irr6j. CC.'is t'r.'r;-fo:re irL a posiLic,n to worl: cffec'bively with all'those v,rho sitou-1r.i- c"-.',:'ibu'ue Lo tiie ostablisj-r-",rent of this sys-Lem : Pa,r'.icipating Corui'Lri..s ''"ni. bi ; dr:v:lcpne ir'b borlies. A si:,tp.le alir-l lot,i-col]'b system Io s'r.rjr ep, thc obscrvatj-,--n s-y'sten arjvocat,:d- is be',se,-L on permancnt ccn-fT.ri,;it-Lon of micro and iiracro socio-econ,tnic da1,a. Ib voulri havc four niain souces c'rf irrf.:r-rr-rtion : - llatic,nal survcys, orle oi ti'rc ains of unich is'bo prorride inforroation on 'l;h: geir,:raI sjtuation 1n tire r)iiCilO zolle; iiepol'ts &iii- e1rsl1?.+uiolis of .J-cvclopirent borLies operat.ing in the zor,.c (tler),lral Cati-r, on exten::ion ser-v'lce8, eQuipment, certain p::o,iuctic)rrr,, formr-rlation ,:f irypotireses r'rltich ;lurit bcing -Leste cl in blrc whole zone)e, Itci.ro'i;,: sensing (r1ata on l.and- occupancy'); i)-.1i,'rr,rjre-t'u su,uv..y in tlte sanlpf"r villages,l.nd. far"ns (any type of nicro-econoirlic Ca'ba -:nd iiifcrrm+tiotl on 'che bchaviour o-f nrral r-1.ic 11ers ) . f1.lisrrquadrupie yoketrslrows thc :x'r.cnt of the irlez,ils to be brc",ught into play an.i 1;rrt, cofiabor.-,-:-i ons 'Lo be obtaincC. ?itc- inir;r,-il estiiriates are $15r000 for 'uiie inver-;tmcnts ancl J250r000 for tt,,.r anriual- ,rp:jrlation (r;ce /tnncx III.2). iio h1'po11 .t.sis lias bcen fo;::rr;-Ia'bu,,L on thc possible broakdovar of thcse :<;;'i,s bet,'l?:r ti',., ii;licr,rnt p.i'..rtr,-r-'s. Hovi,;v.':, afi;i-r.oug,h thc alnour:Ls in riuc,:tion.r.rc:ir'.,13r.tlvc-t-y s,na.1l, i-t r.,rcuk]- l:e ncccSS:'ia1' fo:"tl:et:'r to be given as e s-rr-ti)lrlcinc.-rt tc 0Ci) I s pLesent bud5et. J.1p.}gf_l "tg:rig[!-,""i"s "f lhg_Fq-!&"stnrc i,ur,:sI ca' fo:: acticn Sincc tlie sta::t cf til,. .r'ro,i1i','r.r,uirc, srructu-rcs rcsponsible .ior -[he plaini-ng of devcl-o,Jr-rtn-b prc,'1Tanrnes lravc bcoii establisheC in scveral counl,::ies. Io,,re;c::, f or va,r'ic,'rls r:'.j,-t.sons, cspcciall-y ltctlioCological , r.,hcse st:l;.cr;ures have 'nc-i; bL.cir able -tc accoiriplislr cor-r'ec'ily l:hc ni"lsi(,n cn'urusted to then. This stui'y 1il,s i,ralc -,-t possible l;o cr-,r:.fi-":nr th- n:eC lor concerterl i1,rv,:lcrpr:,:ni plelr.s in eonforr,riby witir tir,.::ta.tione-1- policiel; which should be .bair:r-l r-.,r'l tire ra'bi,.:,nafisn arnd pr(roccuprntiont, etf 1;hc rultal worl-d. Expcricnce sirorr's tha-b most of thc developmenb progranunes and plojects irr ttre 0il0H0 zcne have been cL':sigtlr:rJ ani irnplemen'tcd. with no 1<,row1e,-igc of the erivironi,'tent ,znd. vrithout a follow-up and. sustaine,l evaluaticn actirri'L:r so rnu-ch so tr:Lat, .Lotlay, thcrc is'uire bitb:r observation of fack cf d.t,'cz not on1;7 for anal;rrsing pas't, ac'r,iv'ities but a.1so, above all for fui,urc prograrrming. '.he ircrnancnt obscrvatr)ry r,.,.hose c.stablislllent ha-r: bu-en prcposed., wi:ich ,.,'i -l I t-,c a 'Loo'l f ot tht ccrml,ri,:s ancl ai.:. integral part of the national s;r;r.rc'burcs, shoulci mect tilis aouble objcctivc. Co:isidcring l,he linited. neans of thc Irarticjpatiag Co,.in'bries, ib is r.rcoilnrenllecl tha-b thc sponsoring agencies :rn,1 blrc dcncrs shcul-ci pay par[icu]ar att,cnbion'Lo the srlrengthening of bhe riational str.:.ctu;:cs responsjible -lor thc co]l-ec,tion ancl analysls of d.ata in 'bhe Prcgrarmle arca. P,\RT TOUR CCNCLUSICI{ -)t _l(-J+ _)e _* _+e _J( _)F _x _ -q2 - 3O}ICILrJ i01l -hs s+r,z-tr;ci in the preamblce this rcport consti'uutes a d.ocumen'b for ::ef'lecticn on thr-'socio-ecorlolJic ch3.r1ges v;hich ha:rc takerr placer during the il-ecarLe 1974 - 1984, in the countri-es cov':r":il b]. the Olichocerciasis Control Prclirair:rc-,. Trre socio-eoorromic rllma.rnios obserrred. in this study show that the 6llgtlo zone )-e lnclr::going grrcet socio-cultural- (inter-mixing of etirrric groups) a;rrC ecotloln.'c (lor; and nore cousi-derable ccntribution-bo thc Gross National Prori..rct ) transf ol-na ijions . 'fi're econo;.ric ciLallcng,i l.rilich the 0fiCliO zonc cons'titutes for e'ach of -Lhe count,rics, btre si.geii'icance of 1,1,s rtii,;r'tri,ory ilovelteni:s and the weah:iess of tfre national s;ruc'i;urcs as rega::d.s control ancl co-orCination of the explcitatio:-r of thr. resources, enpliasiz-e -,he urgent need, to establ-ish an adeipted. strategy (or strategics) for tl:o devefcpnent of rtr.ral areas if it is wiskrecl'r,c avoi.l tire spcctre of ieserr,ir'icatj-on in the Oi{C}IO zone. Th;::o1,: of -iire spccialize,l agenci:s of thc Unitecl llations system and- all the otkrcr partn.:rs of thc coun'uries as regard.s devclopmcnt is of prinr". i:nportance in bh:-s; fight elreaay taken up by thc coun'tries. Despite its irnpcrfec'uions, this sLr-rdy constitutes an enriching exp(rlriuncc for thc counl,ri.'s and tire Prograrnr'ne 'vritkrin tlrc' framework of the follorr-r:p of the rrocio-econonic deve lopnent activities. fn this respect, i'; d.csGrvcs to be intctrsified in tLie prr:s':nt Programme area and spread, to the ex-bcnsion zon.rs. iljnaI11r, :-rnci gencrally, the grcat expcriencc aoquirccl by the Prog::arrme lcacls to the prcdiction tirat tl:e opera'[ions forthe controf of the ri.iseasc i-n ti:c extcnsion zones will bc carried out'.:rr<1er good. conditions and e,1'fcctivcly'. I'u slloufd be possiblc tc talce a''d'vantage of this experi:nce for bhle ccnLrcf o-i o'bhcr cn,icri,ic riiseases fc.,:: the i,rell--bcing o-f thc populatir:ns in tlie Sub-iiegion. _lt_)t _)(_t(_l+:t+_ C7 Thc 'bca.n 'bh.rL ,rrrote Lkris p-cclirninary sJ/-ni,iresis r:eport l+as composed of ; - Ju.lcs lekrin TraoL::, Actilrp; Chicf of t1re trcoricnic fevelopment Unit of ,JriO/OCP, Consul-tairt/1lcono,rist, Team Leader. itgro-cconolnis i;, l-ltaff mernl.::r, V/HO/OCP. Socio-eccnonist, t^lgO/OCp, Consultaut rlgrononir ;t r'vftlOf OCP Consultant Statistic ian-clemographer, Ienpora,r;J Ad.viser, t,tLta /a.,t-t;ilV/ JUr. llliiDP Consultant Econoi.,ist, World. Sank Consultant - Jean-Baptiste Zon;;c, - Yapl Simplicc rlii-our - Iiarccl Tatieta, - Sekou- Tor-:.::e, - Lauren-b It. Assogba, - liiche] Gaud., _J( -{--JC -r( -* -i--X--*-*_ aPART FI/E /TNNEXES _J+-)e-* --X -)t -i( - ?-54^ -r\iudExxs A crrbain n.LLmb,:r of arurexes Ltave bccn prcparcd from the rcsr"rl-ts of OCI./,.1COIs fiel,l surveys ancl reports fi:or.r t-,rre corm'',ries. Each annex treats nuch flore j-rt clclall- tirr: rnain fields r:ovcl:eC b"r hhe report' irc,r th,tsc r,rho uou-Id 1j-kc to have furthcr ii-ri'on'na1;ion, 1'/e woufd- lilcc -bher., t..-t ::cfer fcr thesc lnncxcs. i\]lii-['l I I,laps of isohy.:-cs ancl -luit3.bility of larld.s fcr farrling. - Fi.;ur:"c I : Is oh,;ret }IaPs Figure 2.a.2 l4ap of agronomic val-ue of the soils - f igrre 2.b : Pcoolo;3,'ica1 MaP Fi,pr::e 2.c : Grouping of th-' -cypcs of soil l"igur; 1 z -irg::o-climat,ic suitability for naize cultivation Iigure { , A{ro-cl-irna'Lic suita.bil-ily fcr sorghr,t cr;l-tivation Ii,,3]re J z Agro-clinatic suitability for milfet cr-r.l-tivaticn rlig;re 5 z AEro-clinaiic sui-r;*.bil-ity for svreet potatocs c"ritir,'ation Fj-rrure I z 1-,3'rc-cli:natic suj.'batri-ti't:r for cassava cu1''Livz-tion f ig..r-;3e B : ligro-clirnatlc suitabilitir for cotton cultivation A},iI'TEX II. 1 r.1" II.2. aaz -LL. ) aa LT.3.b Iropul.rt j-on i!'lovtjln'-,r'-L b s l)rop a.nl ii.re,;tock prociuc-cioil froblen c-fl thc llle-i.surcncn-i; of tile caD?cit)' for work Socio-ccorcrL,i-c el cm.rnts d-rawn iron the OCP/trCO surl/cy of i)B). f+li..Iqjx_ i.l--t-. . II.5 - ]-r.L.a -- 1 t - I_LrOr t) - IIr.l - TI-T ' rr!a L - IIT-.5 trtr lyiiainics ()f' lanci occupancy Spa;ia1 srucly zorres irr tite Ivory Ooast. Iynat;,ics of lancl occupancy in the Volta ba'sins after 10 ycare o-f onclit.,ccrciil,sis control. Soc io-economic observatorY Evaluaticn of the cost of the socio-economic obscrvatory. List of possible into:senticas 1rr th€ ONCHO rzoneo -t+ -{- -)t -J(. -t+ -i+ -l+ -l( -x -x -{- -t( -J( -)e - a