املجلد الثاين و العرشون العدد الثالث
املجلة الصحية لرشق املتوسط
Short communication
Environmental carcinogen exposure and lifestyle factors affecting cancer risk in Qatar: findings from a qualitative review R. Denholm,1 J. Schüz,1 K. Straif,2 F.M.H. Ali,3 F. Bonas,3 O. Gjebrea,3 C. Sifton 3 and A.C. Olsson 1
ُ نتائج استعراض كيفي:وعوامل نمط احلياة التي تؤثر عىل خماطر اإلصابة بالرسطان يف قطر التعرض البيئي للمرسطنات ـان يف ـة بالرسطـ ـر اإلصابـ ـل خطـ ـرض لعوامـ ـي للتعـ ـتعراض كيفـ ـري اسـ أجـ2016-2011 ـوام ـاد لألعـ ـة يف البـ ـداف الصحيـ ـق األهـ لتحقيـ:ـة اخلالصـ ،)ـان ـف الرسطـ ـة بتصنيـ ـوث املتعلقـ ـة للبحـ ـة الدوليـ ـر (الوكالـ ـة للبـ ـة املرسطنـ ـل البيئيـ ـرض للعوامـ ـتعراض التعـ ـمل االسـ وشـ.2013 ـام ـر يف عـ قطـ وتــم جتميــع املعلومــات مــن مجيــع املصــادر املتاحــة.إضافــة إىل عوامــل نمــط احليــاة املعــروف أهنــا تؤثــر عــى خماطــر اإلصابــة بالرسطــان ،ـدويل ـد الـ ـى الصعيـ ـرت عـ ـي ذكـ ـط التـ ـواء املحيـ ـات اهلـ ـى مللوثـ ـد األعـ ـر يف احلـ ـيامت يف قطـ ـورة للجسـ ـتويات املذكـ ـت املسـ فكانـ.ـتعراضها واسـ ُ ً ـتقب ـه ـي تواجـ ـر التـ ـر املخاطـ ـي إىل أن أكـ ـرض املهنـ ـن التعـ ـدودة عـ ـات املحـ ـر البيانـ وتشـ.ـاد ـة يف البـ ـان الرئـ ـبء رسطـ ـى عـ ال عـ ـر مسـ ـا تؤثـ وربـ ـة ـر اإلصابـ ـر خماطـ وأكـ.ـواء ـات اهلـ ـن ملوثـ ـه مـ ـل بـ ـا يتصـ ـي ومـ ـار البيئـ ـن الغبـ ـة عـ ـون نامجـ ـح أن تكـ ـييد يرجـ ـاء والتشـ ـة البنـ ـن يف صناعـ العاملـ ـراء ـوىص بإجـ يـ.ـغ ـي التبـ ـدين وتعاطـ ـول البـ ـمنة واخلمـ يام السـ ـط احليـ ـل نمـ ـون عوامـ ـد تكـ ـن قـ ـن القطريـ ـبة للمواطنـ ـان بالنسـ بالرسطـ ّ س ـ ال،ـاة .ـا ـر هلـ ـرض البـ ـواء ولتعـ ـات اهلـ ـب ملوثـ ـعة لرتكيـ ـة موسـ مراقبـ
آن أولسون، كليوي سيفتون، أورسيدا جربيا، فيونا بوناس، فالح حممد حسني عيل، كريت سرتيف، جوشيم شوتز،راشيل دهنومل
ABSTRACT To meet the country’s health goals for 2011–2016, a qualitative review of exposure to risk factors for cancer in Qatar was conducted in 2013. The review included exposure to environmental agents carcinogenic to humans (International Agency for Research on Cancer classification), as well as lifestyle factors known to affect cancer risk. Information from all available sources was assembled and reviewed. The levels of particulate matter reported in Qatar were in the upper range of ambient air pollutants reported internationally, and may influence the country’s future lung cancer burden. The limited data on occupational exposure suggests that the greatest risks for workers in the construction industry are likely to be from environmental dust and related air pollutants. The greatest cancer risks for Qatari nationals may be lifestyle factors, particularly obesity, physical inactivity and tobacco use. Extended monitoring of the composition of and human exposure to air pollutants is recommended.
Exposition aux carcinogènes environnementaux et facteurs associés aux modes de vie augmentant le risque de cancer au Qatar : résultats d’une analyse qualitative RÉSUMÉ Afin d’atteindre les objectifs de santé fixés par le pays pour 2011-2016, une analyse qualitative de l’exposition aux facteurs de risque de cancer au Qatar a été conduite en 2013. L’analyse incluait l'exposition aux agents environnementaux cancérogènes pour l’homme (classification du Centre international de recherche sur le cancer) ainsi que les facteurs liés au mode de vie connus pour augmenter le risque de cancer. Des informations ont été rassemblées à partir de toutes les sources disponibles et ont fait l'objet d'un examen. Les niveaux de particules rapportés au Qatar se situaient dans la fourchette haute des polluants atmosphériques ambiants au niveau mondial, ce qui pourrait influencer la charge future du cancer du poumon dans le pays. Le nombre limité de données sur l’exposition professionnelle suggère que les risques les plus importants pour les professionnels de l’industrie du bâtiment seraient liés à la poussière environnementale et aux polluants atmosphériques qu’elle contient. Les risques de cancer les plus élevés pour les Qatariens proviendraient de facteurs associés aux modes de vie, en particulier l’obésité, la sédentarité et le tabagisme. Un suivi accru de la composition des polluants atmosphériques et de l’exposition de l’homme à ces derniers est recommandé. Environment and Radiation Section; 2IARC Monographs Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (Correspondence to A.C. Olsson: olssona@iarc.fr). 3Supreme Council of Health, Doha, Qatar. 1
Received: 02/09/15; accepted: 22/02/16
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Introduction Globally, overall cancer incidence and mortality rates are increasing (1). Environmental factors that are potentially preventable make an important contribution to the burden of cancer worldwide (2). These include factors such as exposure to environmental air pollution, occupational exposure to carcinogenic compounds, and lifestyle factors such as dietary choices and exposure to tobacco smoke. In Qatar, malignant neoplasms were the leading cause of death in women and the sixth most frequent cause of death in men in 2009 ( 3). A key recommendation of the Qatar national cancer strategy for the years 2011–16 was to carry out a review of environmental carcinogens in the country (4). The country’s national health strategy for the same period had the explicit aim of developing national occupational health standards, policies and regulations and a monitoring system (5). To inform and develop these important goals, the Supreme Council
of Health of Qatar together with the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) conducted a qualitative review in 2013 of environmental risk factors for cancer in Qatar. The initial scope of the review covered exposure to chemicals and pollutants classified by IARC as carcinogenic to humans. It was later decided to include a review of lifestyle factors that are known to influence cancer risk. The findings were compared with similar data from other regions of the world. This paper presents the main findings and discusses the challenges of determining cancer risk attributable to environmental exposures in the Qatari population.
Methods Table 1 details the types of data collected and the sources of data for the overall review. Data were collected in the following categories: food quality (e.g. carcinogens found in food samples and bottled water); air quality (e.g.
carcinogens in outdoor air and engine exhausts); behavioural factors (e.g. exposure to tobacco smoke; levels of obesity and physical activity); occupational measures (e.g. exposures to asbestos and crystalline silica); and medical diagnostics (e.g. exposure to X-rays and selected diseases). The definitions of carcinogens were based on the January 2013 list of agents classified carcinogenic to humans (group 1) in the IARC monographs programme (Table 2) (6). Selected lifestyle factors that affect cancer risk were based on the IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention, which provide evaluations of the cancer-preventive potential of agents and interventions; this series is intended to complement the IARC monographs programme ( 6 ) and the European Code against Cancer, 4th edition (7,8). The information was assembled and reviewed from all available resources about the occurrence, monitoring and legislation of carcinogenic exposures in air, water and food sources and about lifestyle choices in Qatar. Collaborators and stakeholders from relevant
Table 1 Sources of data for the qualitative review of environmental exposures to carcinogens in Qatar Type of data Source Data Carcinogens (IARC group 1 carcinogens)/lifestyle factors influencing cancer risk Aflatoxins; nitrate or nitrite; lead compounds; cadmium and cadmium compounds; arsenic and inorganic compounds
Food quality
Central Food Laboratories, Supreme Council for Health
Air quality
Behavioural factors
Air Quality Department, Qatar Ministry of Environment; WHO. ambient (outdoor) air pollution database, 2014 Global Health Observatory Traffic Department, Ministry of Interior Public Health Department, Supreme Council for Health Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs Hamad Medical Corporation
Routine data collection (random sampling of imported food items and bottled water from all ports of entry by the Qatar Port Authority section) 1999–2000, January to March 2013 Routine data collection from three permanent air monitoring stations since 2007; and one mobile station since 2008 Routine data collection from 2002 and 2012 World Health Organization STEPwise report 2012, global adult tobacco survey 2013 Labour force sample survey 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2011 Annual report 2011
Outdoor air pollution (sulfur dioxide; nitrogen dioxide; ozone; carbon monoxide); PM10 and PM2.5 Diesel engine exhaust Tobacco smoke, and secondhand tobacco smoke, weight control, physical activity Selected exposures (asbestos, crystalline silica) in the main industries according to CAREX) Hepatitis B; hepatitis C; parasitic diseases; HIV/AIDS|; X-radiation
Occupational measures Medical diagnostics
IARC = International Agency for Research on Cancer; CAREX = European carcinogen exposure database; PM10 = particulate matter 10 µm or less in diameter; PM2.5 = particulate matter 2.5 µm or less in diameter.
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Table 2 Agents classified carcinogenic to humans (group 1). Source: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) monographs, volumes 1–105 (6) Agent 1,3-butadiene 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin 2-naphthylamine 3,4,5,3,4-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126) 4,4-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) 4-aminobiphenyl Clonorchis sinensis (infection with) Helicobacter pylori (infection with) N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)1-butanone (NNK) Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with) ortho-toluidine Schistosoma haematobium (infection with) Acetaldehyde associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages Acid mists, strong inorganic Aflatoxins Alcoholic beverages Aluminium production Areca nut Aristolochic acid Aristolochic acid, plants containing Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds Asbestos (all forms, including actinolite, amosite, anthophyllite, chrysotile, crocidolite, tremolite) Auramine production Azathioprine Benzene Benzidine Benzidine, dyes metabolized to Benzo[a]pyrene Beryllium and beryllium compounds Betel quid with tobacco Betel quid without tobacco Bis(chloromethyl)ether; chloromethyl methyl ether (technical-grade) Busulfan Cadmium and cadmium compounds Group 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IARC volume Sup 7, 54, 71, 97, 100F 100F Sup 7, 69, 100F 4, Sup 7, 99, 100F 100F Sup 7, 57, 99, 100F 1, Sup 7, 99, 100F 61, 100B 61, 100B Sup 7, 89, 100E 61, 100B Sup 7, 77, 99, 100F 61, 100B 100E 54, 100F 56, 82, 100F, Sup 7 44, 96, 100E 34, Sup 7, 92, 100F 85, 100E 82, 100A 82, 100A 23, Sup 7, 100C 14, Sup 7, 100C Sup 7, 99, 100F 26, Sup 7, 100A 29, Sup 7. 100F 29, Sup 7, 99, 100F 99, 100F Sup 7, 92, 100F Sup 7, 58, 100C Sup 7, 85, 100E Sup 7, 85, 100E 4, Sup 7, 100F 4, Sup 7, 100A 58, 100C Year 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012
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Table 2 Agents classified carcinogenic to humans (group 1). Source: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) monographs, volumes 1–105 (6) (continued) Agent Chlorambucil Chlornaphazine Chromium (VI) compounds Coal gasification Coal, indoor emissions from household combustion of Coal-tar distillation Coal-tar pitch Coke production Cyclophosphamide Cyclosporine Diethylstilboestrol Engine exhaust, diesel Epstein-Barr virus Erionite Oestrogen therapy, postmenopausal Oestrogen–progestogen menopausal therapy (combined) Oestrogen–progestogen oral contraceptives (combined) Ethanol in alcoholic beverages Ethylene oxide Etoposide Etoposide in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin Fission products, including strontium-90 Formaldehyde Haematite mining (underground) Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with) Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with) Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I Ionizing radiation (all types) Iron and steel founding (occupational exposure during) Isopropyl alcohol manufacture using strong acids Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus Leather dust Magenta production Melphalan Group 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IARC volume 26, Sup 7, 100A 4, Sup 7, 100A Sup 7, 49, 100C Sup 7, 92, 100F 95, 100E 92, 100F 35, Sup 7, 100F Sup 7, 92, 100F 26, Sup 7, 100A 50, 100A 21, Sup 7, 100A 46, 105 70, 100B 42, Sup 7, 100C 72, 100A 72, 91, 100A 72, 91, 100A 96, 100E Sup 7, 60, 97, 100F 76, 100A 76, 100A 100D Sup 7, 62, 88, 100F 1, Sup 7, 100D 59, 100B 59, 100B 67, 100B 64, 90, 100B 67, 100B 100D 34, Sup 7, 100F Sup 7, 100F 70, 100B 100C Sup 7, 57, 99, 100F 9, Sup 7, 100A Year 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2013 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012
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Table 2 Agents classified carcinogenic to humans (group 1). Source: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) monographs, volumes 1–105 (6) (continued) Agent Methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) plus ultraviolet A radiation Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents Neutron radiation Nickel compounds Painter (occupational exposure as a) Phenacetin Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing Phosphorus-32, as phosphate Plutonium Radioiodines, including iodine-131 Radionuclides, alpha-particle-emitting, internally deposited Radionuclides, beta-particle-emitting, internally deposited Radium-224 and its decay products Radium-226 and its decay products Radium-228 and its decay products Radon-222 and its decay products Rubber manufacturing industry Salted fish, Chinese-style Semustine [1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, Methyl-CCNU] Shale oils Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite Solar radiation Soot (as found in occupational exposure of chimney sweeps) Sulfur mustard Tamoxifen Thiotepa Thorium-232 and its decay products Tobacco smoke, second-hand Tobacco smoking Tobacco, smokeless Treosulfan Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100–400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC) Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices Vinyl chloride Group 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IARC volume 24, Sup 7, 100A 33, Sup 7, 100F Sup 7, 100A 75, 100D Sup 7, 49, 100C 47, 98, 100F 24, Sup 7, 100A Sup 7, 100A 78, 100D 78, 100D 78, 100D 78, 100D 78, 100D 78, 100D 78, 100D 78, 100D 43, 78, 100D 28, Sup 7, 100F 56, 100E Sup 7, 100A 35, Sup 7, 100F Sup 7, 68, 100C 55, 100D 35, Sup 7, 92, 100F 9, Sup 7, 100F 66, 100A Sup 7, 50, 100A 78, 100D 83, 100E 83, 100E Sup 7, 89, 100E 26, Sup 7, 100A 55, 100D 100D Sup 7, 97, 100F Year 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012
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Table 2 Agents classified carcinogenic to humans (group 1). Source: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) monographs, volumes 1–105 (6) (concluded) Agent Wood dust X-radiation and gamma-radiation MOPP = mechlorethamine, oncovin, procarbazine, and prednisone.
Group 1 1
IARC volume 62, 100C 75, 100D
Year 2012 2012
government institutions and organizations were contacted for face-to-face meetings, and data from routine surveillance and other unpublished information were collected when possible. Data about air, water and food sources were obtained from the Government of Qatar’s Central Food Laboratories, Air Quality Department and Traffic Department. An indication of X-ray exposure and disease prevalences were obtained from Hamad Medical Corporation, a non-profit national health organization. Data on the prevalence of tobacco smoking, obesity and physical inactivity were obtained from the World Health Organization’s STEPwise report 2012 (9) and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2013 (10). No specific data on occupational exposures were available to us, although we used the Labour Force Statistics Bulletin of the Qatar Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics and attributed
exposures to the main industries based on the European CAREX [carcinogen exposure] database (11,12). We also discuss the likelihood of the most important exposures based on a review of published reports, including information from Qatar. For comparison with other countries and regions we collected data from comparable sources, including the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise approach to Surveillance national reports (13) and WHO air pollution reports (14).
Results Air pollution
Reported levels of air pollution in Qatar are higher than those for other countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) and some industrialized countries elsewhere in the world. In 2012,
the annual mean levels of particulate matter 10 µm or less in diameter (PM10) in the capital city, Doha, were 168 µg/ m3, and for particulate matter 2.5 µm or less in diameter (PM2.5) were 93 µg/m3 (14). Levels reported in Doha exceeded those from other large cities in the region such as Abu Dhabi and internationally including Beijing (Figure 1). Few studies have investigated air pollution composition in the region. The United States of America (USA) enhanced particulate matter surveillance programme conducted chemical and physical analysis of air pollution in USA army bases across the Middle East, including Al Udied, south-west of Doha (15,16). The programme showed a PM10:PM2.5 mass ratio of 0.41, indicating a high fraction of PM10 was composed of coarse dust in the air. High concentrations of sulphate in PM2.5 were also found, most likely from sulfur
Annual mean PM2.5 µg/m3 London, UK Paris, France Mexico city, Mexico Johannesburg, South Africa Beijing, China Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Doha, Qatar Karachi, Pakistan Delhi, India 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Figure 1 Levels of particulate matter 2.5 µm or less in diameter (PM2.5) in selected cities for the last available year over the period 2008–2013. Source: World Health Organization ambient (outdoor) air pollution in cities database 2014 (14)
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dioxide emissions from petrochemical and other industries. Overall, the report concluded that there was little difference in the dust composition in Middle Eastern countries compared with Djibouti, China and the USA. Occupational exposures
Building construction is currently the dominant industry in Qatar, employing more than 568 000 workers in 2013 (17). The majority (99.7%) of construction workers are non-Qatari nationals, while most Qatari nationals are employed in the public administration and defence sector (53.7%) (17). The main type of aggregates used for concrete constructions have changed from local limestone to imported gabbro, a mafic igneous rock, containing less silica and more iron and magnesium compared with quartz ( 18 , 19 ). The USA geological survey show that countries of the Middle East have consumed relatively low levels of asbestos compared with other countries, and only small quantities have been imported to Qatar: 1390 metric tons in 2005, decreasing to 23 metric tons in 2007 (20). Qatar has banned the import of chrysotile asbestos (21). Oil and gas activities represent the main source of revenue for the Government of Qatar and include exploration, production and refining. Technologies used for the extraction of natural gas are to a large extent automated and therefore do not need a large workforce (17). In addition, most processes are in closed systems, with little potential for exposure of humans to hazardous agents. Lifestyle factors
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, while more women compared with men were physically inactive (54.2% and 37.4% respectively) (9). The overall prevalence of tobacco smoking in 2013 was 20.2% in men and 3.1% in women aged 15+ years, with the proportion increasing to about 25% in Qatari men aged 25+ years. Waterpipe tobacco was smoked by 3.4% of the population, a higher proportion of men compared with women (4.9% and 1.6% respectively) (10).
Discussion The original aim of this project was to provide a qualitative and quantitative review of the burden of cancer in Qatar attributable to different environmental and occupational carcinogens. The review was limited, however, to a qualitative assessment of cancer risk because quantitative data on exposures were scarce or unavailable. For example, international companies working in Qatar apply their own international standards for surveillance of occupational exposures. Information from individual companies was not made available to us and therefore we were unable to estimate the number of workers exposed to different occupational carcinogens. The levels of air pollution reported in Qatar exceed those reported by European and North American countries, and thus may influence the country’s future lung cancer burden (22). PM10 and PM2.5 measurements from Qatar substantially (23) (PM2.5 annual mean = 10 µg/m3) and were in the upper range of ambient air pollutants reported internationally. Particulate matter from outdoor air pollution is classified as carcinogenic to humans by the IARC monographs programme (22). However, the evidence for the association between PM10 and cancer risk is based largely on epidemiological studies from Europe and North America (24,25). There are no large-scale studies that
A 2012 survey of Qatari nationals found that 70.1% of participants were classified as either overweight [body mass index (BMI) 25–29 kg/m2] or obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and nearly half (45.0%) reported a low level of physical activity. Obesity levels were comparable in both sexes, with 40.0% of men and 43.0% of women aged 18–64 years having a
have investigated cancer risk associated with exposure to particulate matter in arid settings, where a large proportion of the atmospheric particulate matter is expected to be sand particles from the land. Evidence from the enhanced particulate matter surveillance programme indicate that the composition of particulate matter in the Middle East is comparable to that of other arid regions ( 15 , 16 ). However, human exposure to environmental air pollution is influenced by meteorological factors and individual behaviour, such as the time spent outdoors and individual levels of activity, which are likely to be different in Qatar compared with countries of Europe and North America due to the hot climate and social customs. Extended monitoring, including assessing concentrations of air pollutants and, in particular, personal exposure monitoring, is needed to better understand the extent to which lung cancer risk estimates from Europe and North America are valid for the population of Qatar. Little is known about occupational exposure to carcinogens in Qatar. The exposure to occupational carcinogens in different industries have been assessed in studies from other countries, for example the European CAREX [carcinogen exposure] database (11,12). The relevance of such databases are likely to be limited to Qatar and other EMR countries, due to the use of different materials, processes and technologies. For example, in Europe and North America the sand used for concrete is rich in quartz, which contains crystalline silica, a group 1 carcinogen. The frequent exposure to crystalline silica has contributed to the construction industry being classified as a high-risk activity. In Qatar, the predominant materials used in construction are limestone and gabbro, which have lower levels of silica compared with quartz. Thus, the risk of exposure to silica in the construction industry in Qatar is likely to be lower compared with Europe and North America, with a correspondingly lower lung cancer risk. Qatari nationals 225
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are mostly employed in office-based activities with low potential for exposure to known occupational carcinogens (17), while for the mostly expatriate workers in the construction industry, our review suggests that greatest problems related to carcinogen exposure are likely to be environmental dust and related air pollutants. A weakness of our review was lack of access to information on occupational exposures, including what agents were used and at what levels. A further challenge in assessing the cancer risk is that many workers in the potentially highrisk occupations are non-Qatari nationals who tend to stay in the country for a relatively short time (26). Cancer most often occurs several years after the exposure; the follow-up required to assess cancer risk associated with occupational exposures may therefore be challenging in this dynamic population. Data compiled by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington shows that Qatar has the sixth highest prevalence of overweight and obesity (body-mass index of over 25 kg/m2) among people aged 20 years and older in the world, after Tonga, Samoa, Kiribati, Kuwait
and the Marshall Islands (27). Having a healthy body weight protects against cancers of the oesophagus (adenocarcinoma), colorectum, gall bladder, pancreas, breast (postmenopausal), endometrium, ovary, kidney (renal cell) and prostate cancer (advanced), while regular physical activity protects against cancers of the colon, breast and endometrium (7,8). A healthy body weight and regular physical activity is, after tobacco control, the second most important way to prevent cancer (28). Given the relatively high proportion of overweight and obesity and that almost half of the population report low physical activity suggests that, for Qatari nationals, lifestyle factors, in particular obesity, physical inactivity and tobacco use, could pose the greatest risk of cancer. Preventive action here is likely to have the greatest influence on future cancer trends in Qatar. Tobacco use increases the risk of many different cancers and therefore represents a large component of the cancer risk in Qatar, although the prevalence of tobacco use is comparatively low compared with other countries worldwide (29). The current cancer burden in Qatar is relatively small compared with Europe
and North America (30). However, as life expectancy in Qatar increases it is expected that the incidence of cancer will increase in the future (31). Lifestyle factors are likely to play the greatest role in cancer trends. National strategies have been developed to target obesity and physical inactivity in the population and Qatar is part of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Continued surveillance of different age groups and evaluation of preventive measures are warranted. Relatively high levels of ambient air pollution have been reported in Qatar, and are expected to contribute to the population’s future lung cancer burden. There were few data on occupational exposures available to us, and therefore the influence of carcinogens in industrial settings on the cancer burden remains unknown. Future research is needed to obtain more extensive data on the composition of environmental air pollutants and in particular personal monitoring, as well occupational exposures associated with new industries in the country, to fully understand their potential influence on the cancer burden in the population. Funding: None. Competing interests: None declared.
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