No.40
/ http://www.who.int/wer
:(
)
. . . ( . ) / : . .
http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/positionpapers/en/index.html.
.
. )
( ( . . ) . .
)
(
.
1
.
((
)
(
)
( .
<) ) .
.
. < )
.
(
.
)
( .
. .
.
. . . . .
.
.
:
. . ( . . . ) .
2
. . . ‚ . ‚ . . . . . . .( . ) ( ) . . ‚
:
,
‚
‚ .
.
.
.
:
. . . . " "
.
.
3
. B
. .( ) ( ) . .
.
.
.
. . ‚ . [
.
(
]
)
[ ‚
‚
(
[ ‚
)
‚
‚ .[ ‚
[ ‚ ) ]
‚ (
]
‚
] ( ‚
‚
)
]
≤ ≤]
.[ :
. .
.
.
4
: .
.
.
≤
.
.
. . ( ) . . ( ) .
(
)
(
B
)
) ‚ ) ‚ .
:
( ‚
‚
.( ‚ ‚
) ‚ ‚ ( ‚ ) ‚ ) ‚
( ( ( ‚ ) ‚
( ) ‚
.( ‚ ) . (
)
(
)
)
.(
(
)
. 5
.(
): (
≤ )
) (
. . .( ) : ) ( .( ) ) (
/ /
. . ( ) . / / / ( / ( ) ) /
"polyribosylribitol
/(
)
phosphate"
.
. .
)
.
(
>) .( . . 6
( >)
. . .
.
. . . . . .
.
.
.
, >
. .
:
. . .
.
( 7
)
. . . . . . . / . , / / / .
.(
/
)
>
<
.
. . . . .
(
)
.
8
. ((cocooning) . (cocooning) > . . . )
.
.
. . . .
. < . . . > . . .
. 9
.
. . ≤
.
. . . .
.
.
.
. . ( . . . ≤ 10
)
. .
(
≤
)
. .
. . . < .
( . .
.
) .
.
. .
.
.
.
11
.
.
. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Black RE et al, for the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group of WHO and UNICEF. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis. Lancet, 2010, 375:1969–1987. Wendelboe AM et al. Duration of immunity against pertussis after natural infection or vaccination. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2005, 24(Suppl. 5):S58–S61. Wright SW et al. Pertussis infection in adults with persistent cough. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1995, 273:1044– 1046. Wendelboe AM et al. Estimating the role of casual contact from the community in transmission of Bordetella pertussis to young infants. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology, 2007, 4:15. Baptista PN et al. Source of infection in household transmission of culture-confirmed pertussis in Brazil. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2005, 24:1027–1028. Jardine A et al. Who gives pertussis to infants? Source of infection for laboratory confirmed cases less than 12 months of age during an epidemic, Sydney, 2009. Communicable Diseases Intelligence, 2010, 34:116–121. Njamkepo E et al. Thirty-five years’ experience with the whole-cell pertussis vaccine in France: vaccine strains analysis and immunogenicity. Vaccine, 2002, 20:1290–1294. Heininger U et al. Clinical findings in Bordetella pertussis infections: results of a prospective multicenter surveillance study. Pediatrics, 1997, 100(6):E10. Edwards KM et al. Pertussis vaccines. In: Plotkin S, Orenstein W, Offit P, eds. Vaccines, 5th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 2008:467–517. Pertussis–United States, 1997-2000. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2002, 51:73–76. Crowcroft NS et al. Recent developments in pertussis. Lancet, 2006, 367:1926–1936. Préziosi MP et al. Epidemiology of pertussis in a West African community before and after introduction of a widespread vaccination program. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2002, 155:891–896. The immunological basis for immunization series: Module 4: Pertussis – update 2009. Genève, Organisation mondiale de la santé, 2010. (Également disponible sur http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599337_eng.pdf.) Tiwari T et al. Recommended antimicrobial agents for the treatment and postexposure prophylaxis of pertussis: 2005 CDC guidelines. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports 2005, 54(RR-14):1–16. Laboratory manual for the diagnosis of whooping cough caused by Bordetella pertussis/Bordetella parapertussis. Genève, Organisation mondiale de la santé, 2007 (WHO/IPV/04.14). Également disponible sur http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/WHO_IVB_04.14/en/index.html. Riffelmann M et al. Acid amplification tests for diagnosis of Bordetella infections. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2005, 43:4925– 4929. WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Fifty-sixth report. Genève, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2007 (Série de rapports techniques de l’OMS, No. 941, annexe 6, Recommendations for whole cell pertussis vaccine, pp. 301–333. (Également disponible sur http://www.who.int/biologicals/publications/trs/Full%20Text%20TRS941.pdf.) Jefferson T et al. Systematic review of the effects of pertussis vaccines in children. Vaccine, 2003, 21:2003–2014. WHO-recommended standards for surveillance of selected vaccine-preventable diseases. Genève, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2003 (WHO/V&B/03.01). (Également disponible sur http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DocsPDF06/843.pdf.) Torvaldsen S et al. Effectiveness of pertussis vaccination in New South Wales, Australia, 1996-1998. European Journal of Epidemiology, 2003, 18:63–69. Simondon F et al. A randomized double-blind trial comparing a two-component acellular to a whole-cell pertussis vaccine in Senegal. Vaccine, 1997, 15:1606–1612. Onorato IM et al. Efficacy of whole-cell pertussis vaccine in preschool children in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1992, 267:2745–2749. Hviid A et al. Impact of routine vaccination with a pertussis toxoid vaccine in Denmark. Vaccine, 2004, 22:3530–3534. Baron S et al. Epidemiology of pertussis in French hospitals in 1993 and 1994: thirty years after a routine use of vaccination. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 1998, 5:412–418. Zieli´nski A et al. The effectiveness of vaccination with whole-cell pertussis vaccine by age group in Poland 1996–2001. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2004, 36:114–118. WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Forty-seventh report. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1998 (WHO Technical Report Series No. 878). See Annex 2, Guidelines for the production and control of the acellular pertussis component of monovalent or combined vaccines, pp. 57–76. (Also available from http://www.who.int/biologicals/publications/trs/areas/vaccines/acellular_pertussis/WHO_TRS_878_A2.pdf.) Mooi FR et al. Phylogeny, evolution and epidemiology of Bordetellae. In: Locht C, ed. Bordetella: molecular microbiology. Norfolk, England, Horizon Biosciences, 2007: 17–46. Olin P et al. Randomised controlled trial of two-component, three-component, and five-component acellular pertussis vaccines compared with whole-cell pertussis vaccine. Ad Hoc Group for the Study of Pertussis Vaccines. Lancet, 1997, 350:1569–1577. Stehr K et al. A comparative efficacy trial in Germany in infants who received either the Lederle/Takeda acellular pertussis component DTP (DTaP) vaccine, the Lederle whole-cell component DTP vaccine, or DT vaccine. Pediatrics, 1998, 101:1–11.
27 28 29
12
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Greco D et al. A controlled trial of two acellular vaccines and one whole-cell vaccine against pertussis. Progetto Pertosse Working Group. New England Journal of Medicine, 1996, 334:341–348. Schmitt HJ et al. Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a booster dose of a combined diphtheria, tetanus, and tricomponent acellular pertussis vaccine at fourteen to twenty-eight months of age. Journal of Pediatrics, 1997, 130:616–623. Zhang L et al. Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2008, (2):CD001478. Carlsson RM et al. Control of pertussis–lessons learnt from a 10-year surveillance programme in Sweden. Vaccine, 2009, 27:5709–5718. Okada K et al. Effectiveness of an acellular pertussis vaccine in Japanese children during a non-epidemic period: a matched casecontrol study. Epidemiology and Infection, 2009, 137:124–130. Gustafsson L et al. Long-term follow-up of Swedish children vaccinated with acellular pertussis vaccines at 3, 5, and 12 months of age indicates the need for a booster dose at 5 to 7 years of age. Pediatrics, 2006, 118:978–984. McVernon J et al. Risk of vaccine failure after Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) combination vaccines with acellular pertussis. Lancet, 2003, 361:1521–1523. Gustafsson L et al. A controlled trial of a two-component acellular, a five-component acellular and a whole-cell pertussis vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine, 1996, 334:349–355. Rennels MB. Extensive swelling reactions occurring after booster doses of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccines. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 2003, 14:196–198. Miller DC et al. Pertussis vaccine and severe acute neurological illnesses. Response to a recent review by members of the NCES team. Vaccine, 1989, 7:487–489. Miller D et al. Pertussis immunisation and serious acute neurological illnesses in children. BMJ, 1993, 307:1171–1176. Ray P et al. Encephalopathy after whole-cell pertussis or measles vaccination: lack of evidence for a causal association in a retrospective case-control study. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2006, 25:768–773. Brown NJ et al. Vaccination, seizures and “vaccine damage”. Current Opinion in Neurology, 2007, 20:181–187. Bar-On ES et al. Combined DTP-HBV-HIB vaccine versus separately administered DTP-HBV and HIB vaccines for primary prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2009 (3):CD005530. Salmaso S et al. Sustained efficacy during the first 6 years of life of 3-component acellular pertussis vaccines administered in infancy: the Italian experience. Pediatrics, 2001,108:E81. Jenkinson D. Duration of effectiveness of pertussis vaccine: evidence from a 10 year community study. BMJ, 1988; 296:612–614. Quinn HE et al. Pertussis epidemiology in Australia over the decade 1995-2005 – trends by region and age group. Communicable Diseases Intelligence, 2007, 31:205–215. Number of Cases of Pertussis in California: Pertussis Summary Report (8-31-2010 California Department of Public Health. (Egalement disponible sur http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis%20report%208-31-2010%20%20For%20Release.pdf). Prevention of pertussis, tetanus and diphtheria among pregnant and postpartum women and their infants. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports, 2008, 57(RR 4):1–51. Cohen P et al. The effects of active immunization of the mother upon the offspring. Journal of Pediatrics, 1946, 29:609–619. Bisgard KM et al. Infant pertussis: who was the source? Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2004, 11:985–989. Bryant KA et al. Measures to control an outbreak of pertussis in a neonatal intermediate care nursery after exposure to a healthcare worker. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2006, 27:541–545. Calugar A et al. Nosocomial pertussis: costs of an outbreak and benefits of vaccinating health care workers. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2006, 42:981–988. Beutels P et al. An economic evaluation of universal pertussis vaccination in Italy. Vaccine, 1999, 17:2400–2409. Edmunds WJ et al. The potential cost-effectiveness of acellular pertussis booster vaccination in England and Wales. Vaccine, 2002, 20:1316–1330. Grading of scientific evidence: Table I efficacy and effectiveness, with key references; http://www.who.int/entity/immunization/pertussis_grad_efficacy.pdf. Grading of scientific evidence: Table II safety, with key references; http://www.who.int/entity/immunization/pertussis_grad_safety.pdf. Wood N et al. Acellular pertussis vaccine at birth and one month induces antibody responses by two months of age. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2010, 29:209–215. Grading of scientific evidence: Table III duration of protection, with key references; http://www.who.int/entity/immunization/pertussis_grad_duration.pdf.
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
13