PROPOSED RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROGRAMME FOR CENTRAL PROVINCE PAPUA NEW GUINEA (1985 - 1990) MARCH 1985
'·
CONTENTS Page
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Table A l.
l. 11
lNTRODUCT ION 1. l Background .....•••.•...... ....•... . .....••....••..... PROJECT AREA 2.1 Topography 2.2 Rainfall POPULATION 3.1 General Population within project area 3.2 ~XISTING
1 l l 1
'l. .
3.
2 2
2 3 3 3 3
4.
4. l L~.
4.2 3
SITUATION General Organization •...•• Existing facilities
_1.
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PROJECT AREA SURVEY 5.1 General ..... . 5.2 Objectives of the survey .).3 Data collection ••.•••••••. FINDINGS 6.1 General 6.2 Village water supplies 6.3 Village sanitation 6.4 Community schools RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT 7.1 General ............ . 7.2 Village water supply Priority villages 7.3 7.4 Village sanitation Community schools 7.5 SUMMARY OF PROPOSED PROGRAMME RECOMMENDATIONS Genera 1 .....•... , .•. , ..•.... 8.2 Viilage water. supply systems 8.3 Sanitation •.••..•............ 8.4 Community school water supplies Community school - sanitation 8.5 8.6 Programme implementation/support prograrmne 8.7 Re-organization of Environmental Health Department 8.8 Training needs ....•.....•...•••....•..•..•........ Cl. 1
4 4 4 4 5 5 5 9
6.
10 ll
7.
11 12 14 14 15 1.6
8.
16
16 17 18
19 19 21 23
9.
WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE 9.1 Background ...•..•••••••••••• 9.2 Method of analysis 9.3 Proposed monitoring and surveillance plan for Central Province 9.4 New water sources .•••••.
24 24 24 24 25 25
9.5 10.
Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SUMMARY
25
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Page
11.
ANNEXES ANNEX 1 ANNEX 2 ANNEX 3 ANNEX 4 ANNEX 5 ANNEX 6 ANNEX 7 ANNEX ANNEX
Master List of Villages •.........•...• . .•.•. l Sanitation Excreta Disposal •••.••.••••.•.••• 6 Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Installed Systems ••••••••.•••.••••••••.••••• 16 Villages Using Natural Water •••.......•.•••• 17 Wells ............................................. 18 Villages Where Present Water Supply 1s Adequate ....
eo................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H 9
ANNEX 10-A 10-B ANNEX 11 ANNEX lL ANNEX 13 ANNgX 14 ANNEX 15 ANNEX 16 ANNEX 17 ANNEX 18 12. TABLES Table I Table II Table III Table IV Table V
Priority List •.•••.........•.......•......•. Proposed Improvements - Villages which require protected wells and handpumps •...... Motorized Systems •.•......••.....•........•. Solar Systems ••••..•..•..••.••..•.•••......• Repair of Existing Systems ••.•.•••.••.•.•... Boreholes •••••••••••.•...•••..•.•••..••.••.• Other Systems ••••.••••.•..••.•••••.•••..•••• Villages Requiring Further Investigation •.•. Guidelines to Proper Location of Pit Latrines .••••••••••••..••••• Community Letter ••••••.•.•••.•••••...••••••• Construction and Maintenance Unit ...•..•.•.. Community Schools ••••.•....•.•••••.•.•..••••
19 20 22
18 29 30 31 32
J3
35 40 41 43
Table V1 Table VII
Table Table Table Table Table
VLII IX X
XI XII
Table XIII Table Table Table Table XIV XV XVI XVII
Table XVIII Table XIX Table XX Table XXl
District Towns Excluded from Survey •••..•.•• (1980) Population ~ithin Survey Area ····••o• Village Water Supplies ....•......•.•.• .. •••. Installed Water Systems . . . . . • • • • • • . . . . . • • . . . ~ater Sources • • • • • • . . . . . . • • . . • . • • • . . • . . • • . • • Existing adequate water system by type •••••• Maintenance Responsibility(as Identified by the Village) •••.•.•....•....•.. • ....... o . Existing Village Sanitation Facilities ...•.. Community Schools water Supplies ••.••••••••• Community Schools ~ater Sources •••.••••••.•. Sanitary Facilities in Community Schools ••o• Proposed Improvements for Village Water Supplies •••••••••••••••••••.•• Recommendation for Improvement - Community Schools water Supply System ••••.••••.•••••. Village Water Supply Systems .••••••••••••••• Excreta Disposal Facilities- Latrines •.•.•• Community Schools Water Supply System ....•.• Community School - Sanitation (Excreta disposal facilities) •••••..•.•...•. Existing Organization- Environmental Health Proposed OrS~.anizati.on ·- Environmental Health Training Programme ·········••o••o••••······· Summary ot Project Costs •.••••••• o 0 •••••••••
2 3 6 6 7 8
9
9 10
10 11 12
15 16 18 18 19 21 22
23 26
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF
RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROGRAMME CENTRAL PROVINCE PAPUA NEW GUINEA
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme is based on information collected during a survey conducted in November 1983 which used questionnaires to interview village leaders and Headmasters of community schools in Central Province. An alarming number of villages and schools were found to be without safe or adequate water supplies and excreta disposal facilities within the survey area. Water Supplies unsafe/inadequate Villages Community Schools 81% 75% Exreta Disposal Facilities non-existent/inadequate
63% 85%
Furthermore, the information obtained indicates that misunderstandings are common as to who is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the existing installed facilities. There is very little effective community participation in the water and sanitation sectors. After analysis of data, discussions of issues, problems and constraints with various agencies, Government officials and individuals within the province, this proposed programme was formulated. Essentially, the aim of the Central Province 5-Year Plan is to provide safe, adequate water and excreta disposal facilities to the 160 villages and 68 Community Schools within the survey area by 1990. Villages outside of the area will be surveyed in 1986 and the progratnme extended to include them when the information becomes available. The plan is based on direct community involvement, the introduction of improved simple handpump technology and development of support systems to reinforce the Central Province rural water supply and sanitation section. Financially, the 5-Year plan detailed in Table A requires approximately Kina 1.5 million which represents an average yearly expenditure of about K300,000 over the 5-Year period.
- ii TABLE A SUMMARY OF PROJECT COSTS CENTRAL PROVINCE RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROGRAMME FIVE-Y£AR PLAN
~stimated
Expenditure
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
TOTAL
- - - -- ·-·
Water Supplies Villages Schools Maintenance/Construct ion Unit Water Quality Monitoring/ Surveillance ~ealth
70,000 66,000 110,000 1,000 8,000 8,850 2,205 4,000 12,000
140,000 21,307 60,000 2,000 10,000 17,700 706 6,000 10,000 12 'ouo
175,000 2,288 60,000 2,000 10,000 23,600 73 7,000 3,000
175,000 2,332 60,000 2,500 6,000 24,898 74 7,000 3,000
187,250 2,387 60,000 2,500 6,000 25,075 75 6,000 2,000
747,250 94' 314 350,000
10 '000 40,000
Education
Sanitation Villages Schools Monitor/Evaluation Manpower Training Survey (Stage II) Total Estimated t:xpenditure Contingencies
100' 123 3,133 30,000 30,000 12,000
282 ,05.) 28,206 310,261
279,713 27,971 307,684
282,961 28,296 311,257
280,804 28,080 308,884
291,287 29,129 320,416
1,416,820 141,682 1,558,502
tly 1990, safe, adequate water and sanitation facilities will be provided for 51,340 people within the survey area and 42,700 people will have received new facilities as a result of the implementation of this 5-year plan.
1. 1.1 Background
INTRODUCTION
The Central Province Government intends to improve the living conditions and health standards of its rural population. The Provincial Government clearly recognizes the need to help the people in the rural areas to obtain a clean, safe, adequate water supply and to have access to proper sanitary excreta disposal facilities. In order to identify the water and sanitation needs of Central Province, the Provincial Medical authorities agreed to participate with the UNDP-funded WHO executed IDWSSD Advisory Services Project. The project area selected was the coastal plain along the West coast of the province. This area was given priority because of the acute need for water and sanitation facilities. In addition, the area was easily accessible by road. The scope of the programme was also . limited by the amount of funds available. The project area is within the hatched lines on the map in figure 1. Since the survey was aimed at the rural _ areas the following main district towns not included in the project are: Bereina Sogeri Kwikila Kupiano (Mekeo District) ( Hiri District) (Rigo District) and (Marshall Lagoon District)
A master list of all the villages in the project area is included as Annex I. 2. 2 .l
PROJECT AREA
Topography The long narrow coastal plain of Central Province extends the length of the province and gives way to a typically rugged mountain chain which forms the backbone of the interior of the Province.
2. 2
Rainfall The rainfall patterns are affected by the Northwest and the Southeast monsoons. Precipitation rates therefore, vary throughout the Province but generally, the mountainous area experiences abundant rainfall all year round while the coastal plain is dry and subject to drought. Rainfall varies from a low of 200mnifyear to a high of 2,245 mm/year. For example, some yearly averages along the coastal plain are as follows: Bereina 1182 mm./ year Kwikila 114 7 rom/ year Aroma Coast 2245 mm/year Marshall Lagoon 1545 mm/year
r1GU~....
t::'
, ::
,j_ .
. n e. , u1 (1 ·· SCALE
r : tooooo o ruihs 50
60
. 70
I
j· ···-··"V
L
It"'> 1
I 4;: I .., ~t-
NOR THE RN PRO VINC E
I ·!· 1
~A
~~.
~-t-
I r·.
1!180
I
.,
.. .·
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Dry seasons also vary both in time of occurence and duration. From the Aroma Coast south toward Amazon Bay two dry seasons occur; one during January, February and March and the other in November and December. From Kwikila to Bereina, one long dry season occurs from April to 6ctober (7 months). 3. POPULATION
3.1
General Central Province had a population of 117,242 in the 1980 National Population Census. The majority of the population live along the coastal plain in the Sogeri Valley, and in the large villages in the fringe area of the National Capital District where Port Moresby is located - the largest city and the capital of Papua New Guinea.
3.2
Population within Project Area The 1980 population of the villages included in the project area was 46,500 or 40% of the total population of the province. The annual growth rate is estimated at 2 percent by the National Statistics Office. The villages within the area range in size from less than 10 to over 2,000 people. The average village population is 205. However, a number of urban areas, government and private institutions were not included in the project. They were not considered because all are provided with water supplies by the Department of Works and Supply. Table I District Towns Excluded from Survey District Towns District Mekeo Hiri Rigo Marshall Lagoon Total Population Pop ( 1980) 585 1,188
(l) ( 2)
Bereina Sogeri Kwikila Kupiano
( 3)
1,019 945 3,737
(4)
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Table II (1980) Population within Project Area 1980 Population 46,500 3, 7 37 % of Total Pop.
Category 1.
of Province 40% 3% 13%
Surveyed Yes No No
Rural villages District towns
2.
3.
Gov/private stations/ 15,438 plantations, highschools, health centres and settlements Total Pop. within Survey 65,675 Area 4. EXISTING SITUATION
56%
40%
4 .1
General A number of rural water supplies have been constructed in Central Province; but, a large proportion of them have broken down due to lack of maintenance. On the other hand, little has been achieved in the development of excreta disposal facilities (See Annex 2). Very few records exist showing the type, condition and distribution of water supply and sanitation facilities in the province.
4.2
Organization Water supply and sanitation facilities serving district towns and government institutions are the responsibility of the Department of Works and Supply, whereas, plantations are responsible for their own systems. The provision of these services to rural villages and community schools are the responsibility of the rural water supply unit of the Provincial Department of Health.
4.3
Existing facilities Water Supply: Only 24 (19% of the survey population) of the 184 villages in the project area have a a safe, adequate water supply. The remaining 160 villages (81% of the survey population) have unsafe and inadequate water supplies. Approximately 37% (17,400) of the people use different forms of sanitary excreta disposal facilities. The remainder defecate in the bush.
Sanitation:
- 4 5. 5.1 General In November 1983, a team consisting of; 20 members of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force (Preventive Medicine Platoon); one Health [nspector from the Central Province; two trainees from the Madang College of Allied Health Services; one Health Inspector from the Department of Health; and one WHO staff member in Port Moresby started a survey of the project area. 5.2 Objectives of the Survey The objectives of the rural water supply and sanitation survey were to: (a) collect information on the general environmental conditions in the rural villages and community schools; (b) obtain information on and evaluate the condition of the existing rural water supply and sanitation facilities in the villages and community schools; (c) identify the attitudes of villages in respect to, and collect information on present and expected village part~c~pation in developing, maintaining and operating water supply and sanitation projects; "(d) recommend improvements to the present systems or the construction and installation of new systems; (e) identify project priorities. 5.3 Data collection A questionnaire (see Annex 3) was developed to guide team members in collecting baseline information through interviews with the village leaders and school teachers and by direct observation of physical, environmental and socio-economic conditions in the community. Other general data on the villages and schools included names, locations (districts), number of houses, population, etc. Infonnation gathered on water supply and sanitation included: (a) Water supply (1) (2) (3) The main water source: type, condition, functionability and collection time Alternative water source: collection time if applicable and PROJECT AREA SURVEY
Utilization by community: percentage using main source. Reason for exclusion of certain groups, if applicable
- 5 (4) Protection and safety of supply Maintenance and operation procedures Village attitudes concerning future community participation Recommendations for providing water supplies Types of excreta disposal systems in villages or schools Estimate of percent of community using the facilities General environmental sanitation Recommendations for improvements
(5) (6)
(7)
Sanitation
( 1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
6. 6.1 General
FINDINGS
The survey identified the water supply and sanitation facilities and needs in 184 villages with a total population of 46,500. The data show that a definite maintenance/operation problem exists probably due to misunderstandings between the communities and the government or agency which installed the systems. The assi)l;nment of responsibility for maintenance and repair was not always clearly defined. Only 12 villages claimed to have a maintenance fund while 29 did not. No information was available on maintenance and operation in 51 villages either due to their having open wells or the interviewers did not complete the questionnaires. The remaining 92 villages obtained their supplies from natural sources. The survey indicates that basically, the villages expect the Government to provide free water systems, with government labour followed by free maintenance and repair of the installed facilities. 6.2 Village Water Supplies 6. 2. 1 Existing Coverage Only 19% of the survey population (24 villages) have a safe and adequate water systems. 81% of the people (160 villages) had unsafe and inadequate water supplies.
- 6 Table II I CENTRAL PROVINCE VILLAGE WATER SUPPLIES
Nov 1983
Water Supplies Province Survey Area (Stage I ) Safe, Adequate Water Supply Unsafe, Inadequate water Supply T 0 T A L
Total No. of Villages
Population ( 1 9 8 0 )
Percent of Population in Survey
184 24 160
117,242 46,500 8,640 37,860
40% 19%
81% 100%
184
46,500
Of the lH4 communities surveyed, only 56 had installed systems and of these, only 24 were functioning, as shown in Table IV. Table IV Installed ~ater Systems
water Supply Systems Installed systems Functioning systems Non-functioning systems Non-functioning water systems
No.
56 24 32
100 43 57
More than half (S5%) of the installed svstems did not And of the systems (32) which did not function, 81% function. (15) were broken down due to lack of maintenance. when the village leaders were asked why their systems did not fuction, their replies were recorded as follows: No Maintenance Vandalism No Funds for Fuel No reply/information recorded
25 1 1
4
(81%) ( 3%) ( 3%) ( 13%)
when the village leaders were asked who was responsible for maintaining the system, they indicated that the villages assumed that whoever installed the systems was responsible for (Refer to Annex 4). its maintenance. b . L .)
Water sources The data show that most of the communities used either Some communities .had piped supplies surface water or wells. while others used rainwater tanks as the main water source. The distribution is shown in Table V.
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Table V Water Sources
Type Natural (Surface) Water No of Wet Ls Piped Supply Other Systems
No. of villages
Percentage in Survey
84 74 18
(46%) (40%) ( 10%)
( 4%) ( 100%)
6.2.4
Surface Water 84 villages used surface water. All of these sources were considered by the interviewers/observers, unsafe for human consumption due to the present of bacteriological contamination. 53 villages obtained their water from streams, 17 from creeks, 11 from springs and 2 from swamps and 1 from a pool(Refer to Annex 5). Although 47 (56%) of these villages were ahle to collect water and return to their houses within 15 minutes, 12 villages (14%) took over 1 hour for water collection (Refer to Annex 5).
6. 7.. 5
Wells
74 villages used wells. Only 1~ villages however, had a protected well and of these, over one-half were found to he bacteriologically contaminated (when tested by the H2S method) (Refer to Annex 6). In all, only 29 wells with pumps were identified of which 11 pumps were functioning. The ~emainder of the wells are open hand dug holes-in-the-ground without a pump or protection from surface contamination. Water collection is by bucket or similar container. 48 villages (65%) collected water within 15 minutes while 8 villages took over 1 hour for collection (See Annex 6). 7 villages c laim<.~d to have an ope rat ion/maintenance fund, whi 1 e No information on maintenance was available for 21 did not. the remaining 46 villages either because they used open wells or the interviewers did not fill in the questionnaires. Again the responsibility for operation and maintenance is not well dE!fined. The general assumption is that the government <)r whoever inst.:1llerl the system is responsiblP for its maintenance. Table VII refers.
6.:?.6
Piped water supplies 18 piped water supplies exist in the survey area. 15 of the systems are functioning. Only 4 villages have assumed responsibility for maintenance and operation. Some of these are large villages which are fairly close to Port Moresby. Ho\vever, while they are functioning, many of them do not provide safe or adequate water.
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6.2.7
Other water supplies Only 8 systems are listed under other water supplies and most of these are rainwater tanks which range from 44 gal (200 litre) drums to 1,000 or 2,000 gal tanks. In most cases, storage capacity is insufficient and poor quality water from nearby rivers or streams is used to fill the tanks during drought periods. Some tanks need to be repaired and others should be replaced.
6.2.8
Safe, adequate and functioning water systems (Refer to Annex 7) Only 24 villages, representating 19% of the survey population in Central Provinces were found to have safe and adequate water supplies. The types of systems in these 24 villages are listed in Table VI: Table VI Existing adequate water systems by type
PNG modified hand pump Solar Motorized Windmill Fuji h.andpump Well piped
3 3 10 1
1 3
Port Moresby City Water Supply Total
3
====
24
Table VII details the agencies responsible for operating and maintaining these systems.
- 9 Table VII Maintenance Responsibility (as identified by the villages) Works and supply Village Committee Provincial Government Department of Minerals and Energy Private Contractor No one 7 6
3
2
1 5
24
=== The majority of these functioning system are relatively new installations which is probably why they are still functioning. None of the agencies have a preventive maintenance programme in progress. 6.3 Village sanitation Excreta disposal facilities and defecation habits were also investigated during the survey. The results indicate that 37% (91 villages) of the survey population use various forms of acceptable sanitary excreta disposal facilities. 63% (93 villages) of the people however, defecate outdoors in the "bush" surrounding the village. See Table VIII below. Table VITI Central Province Existing Village Sanitation Facilities
Sanitary Facility l.
Total No. of Villages
Pop (1980)
Percentage of Pop. in Survey
Acceptable facilities (latrines/pit, overhang) septic tanks, etc. Not acceptable No facilities Outdoor defecation Total
91
17,400
37%
2.
93
184
29,100 46,500
63% 100%
- 10 6.4 Community schools Community schools, for children from 8 years to 13 years old, were also included in the survey. Information was collected on 68 schools which had a total enrollment of 10,003 students. 6.4.1 Water supplies The results show that only 25% of the school population (13 schools) have safe, adequate water supplies while 75% (55 schools) require attention as their water supply is considered unsafe and inadequate. Table IX Central Province Community Schools Water Supplies
\lister Supplies Survey area Safe, adequate Unsafe, inadequate Total
No. of Schools 68
Enrolment 10,003 2,470 7,533 10 003
Percent 100% 25% 75% 100%
13 55 68
The following table details the type of water supplies found at the schools. Table X Community Schools \oiater Sources
Source of Water 1. 2.
No. of Schools 40 13
Adequate 5 8
Inadequate
Water tanks Piped supply (various sources) Open wells River Unprotected spring Swamp No supply
35 5 9
3. 4.
9 9 2 2
9 2 2 2
5. 6. 7.
1
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The preceding list of sources does not tally to 68 schools because some of them are served from more than one source. While most of the schools rely on rainwater catchment systems, they are frequently dry during extended drought periods. Many of the piped supplies are not functioning and the remainder of the sources are subject to contamination. Generally, the schools do not have adequate quantities of water. 6.4.2 Sanitation Of the community schools surveyed, only 11% (5 schools) had adequate excreta disposal facilities. 85% (59 schools) will require an estimated 340 new latrines (teacher's latrines included) to bring them up to Papua New Guinea's design standard of 20 students per latrine. No information was available on the facilities at 4 schools (4%). See Table XI below. Table XI Central Province Sanitary Facilities in Community Schools
Excreta Disposal Facility Adequate Inadequate No information Total
No. of Schools 5 59 4 68
Enrolment 1,092 8, 521
Percent
11% 85% 4% 100%
390 10,003
7. 7.1 General
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT
In order to avoid the typical maintenance and operating problems which have been outlined, both the National and the Provincial Governments have developed policy statements which require that communities must participate in the construction, maintenance and operation of water and sanitation facilities. In effect, the policy is - no participation, no facilities. The recommendations of this programme are therefore based on these policies and provide for full community participation. However, in addition to the physical aspects of scheme construction, the communities must be better informed on the needs for such facilities. The findings, for example, indicate that there is a definite lack of awareness at the village level, of the importance of safe water supply and sanitation facilities for the general health of the community. A need then exists to improve health education programmes by initiating innovative approaches into intensive campaigns in the In addition, a technical communi~ies and schools of the province. assistance programme is required to assist the communities in identifying and correcting a wide range of environmental problems.
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7.2
Village W$ter supply Basically, the field observers/i nterviewer s recommended simple and inexpensive systems to serve the 160 villages which had unsafe, inadequate water supplies. Simple systems however, were not always appropriate due to the topography, the location of the source and the distance from the village to the waterpoint. Some complex systems were recommended by the rural water supply section officials in collaborati on with a private contractor and engineer. Table XII details the proposed water supply improvemen ts for the rural villages. Table XII Proposed Improvement s for Village Water Supplies
No. of Villages
Population ( 1980) ·'
Percentage of Pop. l.n Survey 52%
1. 2. 3. 4.
Protected well with hand pump Solar systems Motorized systems Repairs Boreholes Other Further investigati on required TOTAL 7. 2. l
102 9
24,158 4,987 7,229 3,553 1,764 1,558 3,251 46,500
11% 15%
12 7
8% 4% 3% 7% 81%
s. b.
3
6
7.
21
160
Protected well with handpump It is estimated that 164 wells with handpumps will be required to serve 102 villages with a population of 24,158. This is an inexpensive option which will provide safe, adequate water to the majority of the people in the province. Each handpump is expected to serve between 150•200 people and the total estimated coat is K33,000. See Annex 9. It is proposed to use the PNG handpump (a modified version of the pl~p developed by the Blair Institute in Zimbabwe, Africa). · This pump has been modified for use in Papua New Guinea and has been field tested for 1 1/2 years by the Government in close collaborati on with World Bank and UNITECH at Lae with very good results. The p~p is simple to
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fabricate, install, operate and maintain and it is relatively inexpensive, (approximately Kina 85.00 per unit). Spare parts also are available locally. Health inspectors easily grasp the principles of operation of the pump and have proven through various workshops that they can easily assemble, install and repair it. It is because of its performance record, low cost, simplicity and ease of operation and maintenance, that this pump is recommended for use. in this programme. 7.2.2 Complex systems (solar and motorized) There are approximately 40 complex systems in Central Province. An additional 21 solar and motorized units have also been recommended for installation within the survey area. These systenas are expensive ~nd the mechanical systems are, in particular, difficult to maintain. The cost of these systems, are estimated at Kina 626,000*. As they would provide water to only 12,216 people (or 26% of the survey population)(Refer to Annex 10), it is recommended that an indepth technical review of the conditions and the requirements of the villages, be carried out by the Department of Works and Supply to identify the most efficient and economical systems. In addition, indepth consultations should be held with all the members of the communities to ensure that the systems selected are affordable to the villa.g ers and are appropriate to their social, cultural and economic circumstances. 7.2.3 Repair of existing systems 7 village water systems require repairs. It should be noted that while some systems have broken down to lack of maintenance others were damaged by individuals of different clans in disputes over land and water rights. The estimated costs of repairs are K/75,000. See Annex 11. 7.2.4 Deepwell systems Deep well systems are required to serve the three villages listed in Annex 12. Estimated costs are Kll 000. 7.2.5 Other Systems The villages which are listed in Annex 13 will be provided with handpumps and 1 protected spring. The estimated costs are K740.
1 Kina
= $1.07
US Dolla~
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7.2.6
Further investigation The investigators were unable to identify suitable systems for the villages listed in Annex 14 because of the complex geology of the area. Salt water intrusion is a problem and the Department of Works and Supply in consultation with hydrogeologists should assess the existing water resources in order to develop appropriate recommen4ation,s.
7.3
Priority villages Project priorities have been established on the basis of those villages which: (1) require 60 minutes (1 hour) or more to collect their drinking water and return to their home; (2) must buy/truck drinking water and do not have a source in the village; and, (3) supply water to schools. The 25 villages listed in Annex 8 were selected on the basis of the foreKoing criteria. The implementation programmes are detailed in Table XIV. When implementation begins, the villages on the priority list will be given the first opportunity to participate in the programme.
7.4
Village sanitation Only 37% of the population in the survey area have and use excreta disposal facilities. A programme to provide 100% coverage is presented in Table XV. The plan proposes to provide limited financial support and technical assistance in the provision of ferrocement latrine slabs. Total costs for the 5-year period is Kl00,123. A health education programme will also be instituted to encourage the villagers to use the facilities. The campaiRn in the rural areas will focus on the relationship between safe drinking water and sanitary excreta disposal facilities in community schools, and in the villages. Health inspectors will be in charge of these programmes and they will be supported by the health education specialists, aid post orderlies and village health workers. Guidelines for the proper location of pit latrines also have been drawn (Annex 15) and will be distributed to the villages and schools.
- 15 7.5 Community schools 7.5.1 Water supplies 68 community schools were surveyed. Only 13 (25%) were considered to have a safe and adequate water supply. 55 (75~) have unsafe, inadequate water. Table XIII below lists the proposed improvements for the 55 schools. Table XIII Community Schools Water Sueply Systems
Systems l.
No. of Schools 30* 4 2 13 6
Enrolment 3,918 459 130 2,279 747 7,533
Percent of Students 39% 5%
Protected well with hand pump Repair of existing systems Action deferred Asso. with proposed village improvement scheme Require further investigation
2.
3. 4.
1% 23%
5.
7%
T 0 T A L:
55
75%
30 schools require 32 wells and handpumps. * 32 protected wells with handpumps can provide safe, adequate water for 30 schools or 3,918 students which constitute 39% of the school enrolment. While 4 school systems require repairs, and 13 are dependent upon improvements to the village water supplies, 6 others require investigation by the Department of WorKs and Supply; action is being deferred on 2 other schools as they are either closed or relocating (see Annex 18). The provision of water supplies to community schools will receive top priority in this programme. 32 protected wells with handpumps are scheduled to be constructed and installed during 1985 - the first year of the programme. Repairs to the existing systems will be made by the maintenance/ construction unit. Efforts will also be made to expedite the village projects on which the 13 schools depend for water. The total estimated costs are K94,314. 7.5.2 Sanitation Of the 68 community schools, only 5 had adequate sanitary disposal facilities. 5,9 schools require 340 new latrines (teaching staff included) to provide them with adequate facilties.
- 16 7.5.3 Latrine slab programme Concrete slabs will .be distributed to the schools on the basis of one slab for every 20 students. Installation of the slabs and construction of the buildings will be implemented by the parents. Supervision will be provided by the provincial health inspectors. Guidelines for latrine location will be distributed to the headmasters of the schools (Annex 15). 8. 8.1 General This programme intends to supply all the population within the survey area with safe, adequate water and sanitation facilities within the 5 year period 1985-1989. 8.2 Village water supply systems Table XIV indicates the water supply coverage by population. It also details the costs and the expected population coverage rate, for each year of the five year period. Table XIV Village Water Supply Systems SUMMARY OF PROPOSED PROGRAMME RECOMMENDATONS
Year 19CS4 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Population Survey Area (2) 46,500 4 7,430 48,379 49,347 50,334 51,340
Population to be Servedl (3)
Pop. Served Percent3 Total (4) (5) 8,640 12,640 20,640 30,640 40,640 51,340 19.2 26.6 42.6 62.1 80.7 100.0 TOTAL
Estimatedl Cost (Kina) ( 6) 70,000 140,000 175,000 175,000 187,250
4,000 8,000 10,000 10,000 10,700
747,250
=================~==
""§.!
J/
2/
1/
Based on 2 percent annual growth rate Estimated cost per capita expenditure of K/17.5 No of people to receive a safe, adequate water supply each year 1 Kina== approximately USD$1.07 TI1e table also provides the following details: (1)
20(2)
Year 1984 (Column l) rural population (Colunm. 2 - based on 2% annual growth rate) of 46,500 people (1984) will increase to 51,300 by 1990). Th~
- 17 The following calculations are · necessary to determine the total population to be served by the end of 1990 (5 years). 51,340 population base -8,640 population served 1984 (end of survey) 42,700 population to be served 1989-90. (3) Column 3 "Proposed Implementation" shows the population which will be served each year with safe, ad·e quate water. FQT e~le, in 1985, 4,000 people (Column 3) will be served, in 198~, 8.ooo people, in 1987, 10,000 people, etc. Columns 4 and 5 shows the cumulative population served and the % coverage attained for each year. Column 6 shows the cumulative expenditure for each year of the programme. Based on the total estimated cost of the proposed improvements detailed in Table XIV, the cost per capita is Kl7.5. Therefore, in 1985, the estimated cost to provide water to 4,000 people will be Kl7.5 x 4,000 z K70,000. Similarly, in 1986, Kl7.5 x 8,000 pop. a Kl40,000 and so forth.
(4) (5)
The complete 5-year plan will cost approximately K747,250 (See Annexes 5,6,10,11,12,13). 8.3 Sanitation Table XV provides information on the prov1s1on of village excreta disposal facilities (Latrine slabs construction) for the same 5-year period. The table indicates that 17,400 (Column 4) or 37.4% (Column 5) of the people have access to some type of sanitary excreta disposal facility. The population to be served is 62.6% (51,340- 17,400) or 33,940 people. Based on an estimated per capita cost of K/2.95, the cost to serve 3,000 in 1984 will be K2.95 x 3,000 or K8,850. The total cost of the 5-year programme will be K2.95 x 33,940 or Kl00,123.
- 18 -
Table XV Excreta Disposal Facilities - Latrines (1) Rural Population* Population to be Served (Proposed Implementation ) (3)
Year 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Total in Survey Area (~) 46,500 47,430 48,379 49,347 50,334 51,340
Pop. Served Total Percent (4) (5) 17,400 37.4 43.0 54.6 70. 85. 100.0
Eetimated* Cost (Kina)(6)
3,000 6,000 8,000 8,440 8,500
20,400 26,400 34,400 42,840 51,340 TOTAL
8,850 17,700 23,600 24,898 25,075 K 100,123
(1) (2) 8.4
Based on 2 percent annual growth rate Cost per capita K/2.95 Community school water supplies All the community schools within the survey area will also be served by the end of 1986. Table XVI outlines the proposed rate of implementation . Table XVI Community Schools Water Supply Systems
Year 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Enrolment 10,003 10,203 10,407 10,615 10,827 11,044
Population to be Served (Proposed Imp lemen t ation}
Pop. Served To t al Percent 2,470 25 83 100 100 100 100
Estimated* Cost (Kina )(6)
6,000 1,937 208 212 217
8,470 10,407 10,615 10,827 11,044
66,000 21,307 2,288 2,332 2,387
Total Estimated Cost K 94, 314 (1)
(2)
Based on 2 percent annual growth Estimated cost per capita K/11.00
- 19 In 1985 and 1986, 7,937 students in 40 schools will be provided with clean adequate drinking water. Thereafter, su~plies - will be au~ented as required to meet the population increase. 8.5 Community school - sanitation Table XVII provides similar information on excreta disposal facilities for the schools. Table XVU Community Schools Sanitation
Year
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Enrolment
10,003
Population to be Served Proposed Implementa tion 6,300 2,015 208 212 217
10,203 10,407 10,615 10,827 11,044
Pop. Served Total Percent 2,0 92 21 8,392 76 10,407 100 10,615 10 J 82 7 11,044 Total Estimated Cost
Estimated* Cost (Kina) (6) 2,205 706 73 74 75 K 3,133
*Estimated cost K/0.35 toea/capita
The table indicates that 6,300 students will be served in 1985 and 2,015 in 1986. The programme will give 100% coverage for community school latrines within the survey area by 1990. The remaining programme provides for the population increase of 2% per annum. The total estimated cost based on a per capita cost of 0.35 toea and 20 students/la trine slab is K/3, 133. 8.6 Programme implementa tion/suppor t progamme 8.6.1 General In order to implement the recommended water and sanitation programme, a number of related activities will also have to be instituted. These include: involving the rural communities in the programme; developing a constructio n and maintenance unit in the province; strengtheni ng the environmen tal health department; and implementin g a manpower training programme. These activities will have to be implemented before the constructio n programme can begin on l April 1985.
- 20 8.6.2 Comuni~y par~icipa~io~
Past experience has indicated that systems have failed becauae coamunities have not been involved in the ~na-geaent ~ consthction and operation of the installed facilities. As a result, the national and provincial governments have drafted policy statements which require the rural co~ities to participate in the implementation of water and/or sanitation progr811111les. The conditions are that the c~Uity m\.lat: {1) provide cash; (2),
contribute free labour for construction o~ the proposed water supply and/or sanitation facilities;
(3) provide manpower for operation and maintenance; (4) organize a village health or water committee; and, (5) establish adequate tariff rates to support a maiJltenance operation fund. The first condition is flexible as the degree of contribution will depend on the ability of the respective villages to contribute. The remainder are mandatory. In effect, the communities will own the systems and the reliability of operation will depend upon them and not on the Government. Initial contacts with the villages will be by letter (a copy of a proposed sample is included in Annex 16). Basically, it sets out the conditions for the installation of the facility and the interested communities will be contacted by the Government authorities so that indepth discussions can be carried out. Details such as community needs, site locations for systems and information concerning rural and cultural habits will be collected. Furthermore, community inputs such as construction labour and the provision of local materials, land rights, etc., will be identified. In addition, government inputs into finance, training and technical support for operation and maintenance will be identified. In effect, the Government officials and the community will conclude a contractual agreement which identifies the responsibilities of each party.
- 21 -
After these formal activities have been completed, agreements will be reached on 1) the type of training to be carried out and 2) the project implementation schedule. These periods will consider the working and religious habits of the community so that planting and harvest times sud holidays do not conflict with the schedules. 8.7 Re-organization of Environmental Health Department 8.7.1 Existing organization The existing organization of the Environmental Health Department in Central Province is shown in Table XVIII. Basically, the staffing at the districts were intended to serve environmental health requirements such as food safety and environmental pollution. The personnel at Gordons depot are involved in the construction of limited and simple ruTal water systems. They also construct latrine slabs for the province. The Project Manager is responsible for the implementation of the more complex installations such as solar installations and pumped and gravity systems. Both programmes, however, are severely hampered by a lack of trained technicians to carry out basic operation and maintenance tasks. 8.7.2 Proposed organization So that the water and sanitation projects can be incorporated into the work assignments of the Districts, the organization chart at Table XIX is recommended. The basic units or structure has been maintained but sufficient manpower resources have been allocated to ensure that the programme can be implemented. The HI in each district will still be required to carry out his existing environmental duties but the proposed structure will also enable each district to implement a latrine slab programme and simple rural water systems in the area of responsibility. Latrine slabs will continue to be constructed at Gordons. Table XVIII EXISTING ORGANIZATION CHART ENVIRONMENTAL DEPARTMENT CENTRAL PROVINCE
Project Manager
I
MEKEO
District
Goraons Depot Hl:-2
Rigo District
Po .it
mr
HI
Ht -
Moresb H:C
Labourers - 8
- 22 Table XIX PROPOSED ORGANIZATION CHART EIOIRONMENTAL HEALTH CENTRAL PROVINCE
Volunteer
t - - -- - - - - - t
HIA - 1 Plumber - 1 Electrician Mechanic 1 Labourers - 2
1
ABAU HI
RIOO HI
Port Moresb
MEKE
HI RIA
HI RI A
HI
L -2 The Project Manager has also been g1ven sufficient technical staff to initiate a Construction and Maintenance Unit (Annex 17) which will be mainly concerned with training community workers and supervising the construction, servicing and repair of these complex systems which the community cannot look after themselves. Basically, 40 motorized systems are operating and 12 more are being planned. In addition, 9 more solar systems are being proposed in addition to the 6 existing installations. A volunteer will assist both the Project Manager and the HI, with the management of their respective programmes. Approximately K85,000 will be needed to provide support facilities including a workshop, 2 vehicles, materials, supplies and tools. In addition, annual costs of K60,000 are required for salaries, utilities and travelling allowances. The salaries of the pennanent health staff have not been irtc luded in these recurrent expenditures. It should be noted that the cons~tction and maintenance unit is intended to provide te.chnica 1 support to the communities. The initial installation cost of water and sanitation facilities will be shared by the provincial government and the contmunity. After installation, however, all operation and ma\ntervce costs including labour - if technical assistance is prov~d~ . by the maintenan~e team ":" wip . b e the sole . respons1.b1.hty of t he commun1ty. Wr1ttea agreements prev1.ously ment ioned will be drawn up which clearly state gove:rrunent and community responsibilities to avoid subsequent confusion and disagreements.
- 23 Based on a well construction capacity of 3 unite/team/month, the total number of shallow wells of 196 (164 for villages and 32 for schools) can be installed in leas than 1 1/2 years. The remaining projects, (complex systems and those requiring further investigation) will be phased into the construction programme. Latrines As the total number of latrine slabs is approximately 5,860, (5,500 for villages and 360 for schools) the implementation period is approximately 5 years based on an average annual production capacity of 280 slabs for each of the five teams. The schools will be given first priority.
8.8
Training needs After the required staff have been recruited, the training programme which is detailed in Table XX will be implemented. Because low technolo~y systems are being constructed and communities will be involved in the programme, priority will be given to training the provincial health staff on facilitating community meetings. The remaining courses which are shown are basically intended to review technology and monitor progress to effect any necessary programme changes. Table XX Training Programme
Dat e 1985 February
Pr ogr amme Work shop/Discussions 1) Hand Augering Techniques 2) Community Participation/ Motivation Health Education/ Organization/Planning
Duration 2 weeks
Partic i pants All Volunteer Artisans Health inspectors Health inspectors assts All Central Province Water Pro.gramme employees Artisans All (as above)
1-2 weeks 1 week
March
Workshop/Discussion Appropriate technology and Zimbabwe/Blair pump Ferro-cement technology Workshop/Technical Briefing Workshop/Group Discussio~
March July
3 days
3-5 days
Review objectives, discuss field problem, implementation procedures, community participation
- 24 -
Date November
Programme Workshop/tiiscussions Re-evaluate programme Discuss problems and propose solutions, Re-define objectives Present 1986 Programme
Duratipn 3-5 days
Part1c1pants Works coordinator Volunteer Health inspectors Health insp. assts Representative of labourer
1986-87 Quarterly
Workshop/Discussion/Training Content to be determined as required 3-5 days 3-5 days To be determined To be determined
1988-89 Workshop/Discussion/Training Bi-annually
9. 9.1
WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE
Background At present, there is no organized drinking water quality surveillance programme. Sampling and testing is carried out on an ad hoc basis. This is largely due to the difficulty of transporting, storing and testing the samples for microbiological contamination at the Port Moresby Public Health Central Laboratory and for chemical testing at the University of Technology in Lae, Morobe Province. However, because of the need to identify both fecal and chemically contaminated water supplies, a limited drinking water quality surveillance programme will be developed and implemented during 1985-90.
9.2
Method of analysis Due to the difficulty associated with transporting water samples to the laboratories. it is planned that the field testing method which uses the generation of hydrogen sulfide as an indicator of pollution will be utilized. It is a simple and cheap method and the health inspectors are aware of its limitations. It is a qualitative test subject to a degree of error and should, where possible, be followed up by standard laboratory procedures.
9.3
Proposed monitoring and surveillance plan for Central Province The monitoring and surveillance programme will conform to the WHO latest guidelines regarding frequency of sampling and analysis. Standards will be imposed for: District towns Rural villages and Newly developed water sources -
- 25 9.3.1 District towns(Bereina , Kwikila, Kupiano) Representative samples will be taken at various designated points in the distribution system and microbiologica lly analyzed for evidence of contamination according to the frequency specified and quality standards set forth in the latest World Health Organization Guidelines Manual for Water quality monitoring and surveillance. Analysis will be carried out at the Central Laboratory in Port Moresby using Standards Methods in addition to routine testing by use of the HzS field method. 9.3.2 Rural Villages Water quality analysis will be conducted in rural villages under the following conditions: (1) When developing or improving a new water source; (2) After system repairs; (3) When unusual environmental circumstances dictate and
contamination is suspected; (4) When an outbreak of a water-borne disease, including diarrhoea, occurs in the villages or nearby villages in the area; (5) When the water is thought or suspected to be hac teriologi.cally , chemically, or physically contaminated. 9.4 New water sources All new water sources will be tested for microbiologica l and chemical contaminants before declaring the water safe to drink. After initial tests and satisfactory microbiologica l results, the source should be monitored as per conditions outlined under rural village procedures for water quality analysis. 9. 5
Costs The estimated cost of the programme over the 5-year period, including the development of 300 new water sources and for the continuing monitoring and surveillance programme of existing installations is K/10,000. 10. SUMMARY
For convenience and ease of reference, the year by year costs of the activities concerned with the implementation of a water supply and sanitation programme for Central Province during the period 1985-90, are detailed in Table XXI. A 10% contingency brings the total costs of the water and sanitation programme to K1,487,819 or approximately Kl.5 million.
- 26 TABLE XXI
SUMMARY OF PROJECT COSTS CENTRAL PROVINCE RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROGRAMME FIVE-YEAR PLAN
Estima ted Expend iture \llater Supplie s Village s School s Mainte nance/C onstruc tion Unit Water Quality Monito ring/ Survei llance Health Educat ion Sanita tion Village s School s Monito r/Evalu ation Manpower Trainin g Survey (Stage II) Total Estima ted Expend iture Contin gencies 10%
1985
1986
1987 {Kina) 175,000 2,288 60,000 2,000 10,000 23,600 73 7,000 3,000
1988
1989
TOTAL
70,000 66,000 110,000 1,000 8,000 8,850 2,205 4,000 12,000
140,000 21,307 60,000 2,000 10,000 17 t 700 706 6,000 10,000 12,000 279,713 27 '971 307,684
175,000 2,332 60,000 2,500 6,000 24,898 74 7,000 3,000
187,250 2,387 60,000 2,500 6,000 25,075 15 6,000 2,000
747,250 94,314 350,000 10,000 40,000 100,123 3' 133 30,000 30,000 12,000 1,416,8 20 141,682 1,558,5 02
282,055 28,206 310,261
282,961 28,296 311,257
280,804 28,080 308,884
291,287 29' 129 320,416
ANNEXES
ANNEX 1 CENTRAL PROVINCE Water Supply and Sanitation Survey NOV 1983 MASTER-LIST OF VILLAGES IN SURVEY DISTRICT MEKEO~
VILLAGE
POP. 1980 CENSUS
Census Unit 17 waima Kivori 1.
2. 3. 4.
s.
6. 7. 19 Mekeo
a.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 16 Roro
Kivori-Poe Kivori-Kui Hereparu Aviara-Oreke Hauramiri Roro-Aiara Ere-Ere Inawae Inawi Aipeana Beipa Amoamoa Rarai Inawauni Fele1 Bebeo Inawaia Eboa Jesubaibua Oriroptana lnawabui Angaifu Poemana Pone pone (s) Bereina Babiko Mou Rap a Biotou Nikura Poukama De1ena Keabada Irobo (s) lara
450 367 84
141 231 474 421 205 928 797 978 19 473 200 32 169 790 611 440
298 6l~ 7
23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
178 127 374 376 333 403
193 174 215 204 25
- 1 -
Annex l
DISTRICT MEKEO; Census Unit 15 Nara 36. 3 7. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 4 7. 48. 49.
VILLAGE
POP. 1980 CENSUS
Oroi Ala'Ala Diumana Kaiau Tubu Foio Adio Tamala Hisiu Pinu M.agabaira Uka'ukana Keveona Koupuana Aroana (p) M.alati (s) Mariboi (p) Kunimaipa (s) Miri (s) Veimauri (s) Vasagabira Douramoku Kanobada Keakuaku Kerea Berere Veikabu Besea Kuriva Blocks (p) Motumotu (s) Rubu1ogo (s) Dasiama (s) Sabusa Sawmill Siraka (s) lomare Haima Boteka La1oki Kereava La loki DPI Stn Goldie (Osabewi) 1 Mile Settlement Age fa
164 124 103 69 69 41 38 102 577 396 219 328 177 240 17 24 220 008 49 65 51 79 96 25 122 20 37 327 275 78 48 189 443 31
20 Kuni
14 Kabadi
so.
51. 52. 53. 54. 11 Vanapa 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 6 7. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76.
34 lOS 65 127 124
77.
._ 3 -
Annex 1
DISTRICT HIRI: census Unit 13 \tlest Hiri 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83.
VILLAGE
POP. 1980 CENSUS
84. 12 East Hiri 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92.
Manumanu Lea Lea Papa Boer a Porebada Kouderika Roku Vaivai Dadoga Gaire Seme Barakau Dabunari Rabuka (1) Rabuka (2) Tubusereia Kerekadi Mesime Gwarume-mase Sebore Variate
249 919 298 539 2109 178 404 86 83 1125 91
496 61 1161 53 70
93. 94. 95. 96.
97 98. SOGERI: Census Unit 10 Sogeri Valley 99.
100. 101. 102. 103.
104. 105. 106.
107. 108.
109. 110.
111. 112.
Pulimuti Mamurinumu Kalakadabu Beredabu/Fakonama Ruburue Ogotana Boredabu Berebei Wahonaeada Mageri (p) Bisiahumu (p) Finschhafen (s) & Kailaki Village Nino a Eilogo
52 36 81 91 70 101 48 44 62 34 110 86 66 L~6
- 4 Annex l
DlSTRICT lUGO census Unit Rigo LGC 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 13 7. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 14 7. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152.
VILLAGE
POP. 1980 CENSUS
Senunu Sabuia Manugoro Gabagaba Tagana Gomore Kemaea Kwalimurubu Babaga Gidobada Saroakeina Ginigo1o Gunugau Magautou Gab one Tauruba Gamoga Kemabo1o Bonanamo ~alai
62 68 210 547 120 102 56 168 1+5
157 173 194 246 302 439 93 323 195 86 264 166 328 305 292 214 406 344 200 133 1079 259 760 83 119 184 43 206 488 217
A1omarupu Babagarupu Riwalirupu Imaugora Kaparoka Gemo Kamali 8abaga (Hula) Irupara A1ewai Hula Makirupu Kalo Bigairuka Bore Matairuka Sivigo1o (p) Karava Keapara Alukuni -·- -
--- - - - -
- 5 -
Annex 1
DISTRICT RIGO census Unit 3 Ormond 153. 154. 155. 156. 15 7. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 17 7. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198.
VILLAGE
POP. 1980 CENSUS
Po tuna Imairu Kore M.ama1o M.o1egoro Babegoro .Alepa No. 1 A1epa No. 3 Gerega~a
Dubanateboa Konako Po1igo1o Lepamagana Lebago1o Goad a Loka Obaha Bubuku Ka1apa ~aiori
127 164 120 172 60 84 260 22 137 151 58 27 71
4 Maria
78 77
2 Marshall Lagoon
Maiagolo ~anigela
87 144 53 1033 79 1894 1289 171 306 254 92 171 730 388 181 946 240 114 198 140 79 71
!mila Gavuone Kelerakwa Wairavanua Ke1ekapana Madana (p) Keago1o M.aopa No. 1 Pe1agai Par amana Kapari/Virio1o La1aura lab a Dom Tutubu Baramata (p) Kauru (p) Baia (p) Lahar a Domara Bomguina Me rani Mori Ianu Blocks (p)
82 37 528 76 141 83
353
- 6 -
ANNEX 2 WArER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SURVEY CENTRAL PROVINCE VILLAGE EXCRETA DISPOSAL SYSTEMS Nov 1983
TOTAL NOS OF VILLAGES Province Survey area 184
POPULATION (1980 CENSUS) 117,242 46,500
PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION IN SURVEY (%) 100% 40%
VILLAGE EACRETA DISPOSAL SYSTEMS 1.
184 *91 93 17,400 2 7' 100 37% Estimate 63% Estimate
Latrines (pit, overhang) Outdoor defecation (No sanitary excreta disposal methods, mainly bush defecation)
2.
*Villages where part of the population has some type of latrine, or other kind of sanitary excreta disposal system.
- 7 -
ANNEX 3 PAPUA NEW GUINEA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH DIVISION
Date:
Province:
District:
Village:
Interviewer:
Total Population of Village: _____________________ ______________
Total Number of Houses:
- 8 -
Annex 3
(1)
Is the income of this village:
Low Average lligh
I I I
I
7 I
( 2)
The main source of drinking water for the village is: Rain water tanks Water Tank Truck Piped Supply Wells Natural Sources
I I I I I
I I
I I
7
(3)
Fill in details of main source of drinking supply on relevant data sheet. (3a) Rain Water Tanks No. of tanks in use Average volume of a tank (3b) Water Tanks Truck Approximate number of days/year water is delivered: Volume of water delivered per day (3c) Piped Supply 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ Name and type of source Quality of source, subject to pollution, protected spring and uninhabited catchment area. Number of stand pipes Number of house connections Supply pump~d
or gravity
- 9 -
. Annex 3 (3d) Wells ll Type of supply: Borehole Dug well Open Private: Public: (machine drilled) (Hand dug or by anger)
21
Approx. depth to water
31 Type and make of pump 41 51 If not in working order, give reasons Is well properly protected from pollution Yes i.e., Sealed apron. Drainage Fenced Adequate distance from possible surface or groundwater pollution by toilets, etc. I / Any seawater intrusion (4) -'---..:..1_ _ /
No
I I ....___
I
I
Aproximately, what percentage of the village use the main water source Less than 25 25 - 50 50 - 75 85 - 100
I I -'----.._1_ _ 1 .;._1_ _ 1
I
(5)
What are the reasons why groups of the village are not using the installed supply? Tradition source more convenient Water supply too expensive Water from the supply does not taste good Children cannot reach or turn the tap Children cannot operate ·the handpump
I
I I I
I I I I
7 I
- 10 -
Annex 3 -
The supply is unrealiable Would like to use the supply but cannot because: not a member of the water group have not paid ~he
I
I
I I
fees
7 7
Others (specify)
Excluded from use of water supply because of social, cultural or religious reasons
I (6) Who maintains the water system? Not applicable Village Committee Village Volunteers Department of Works and Supply Department of Health Others: .:...1_ _ 1
I
~1
___1 _ _ _1
~1
~~-------
.... 1 _ _ _1
Explain: __________________________________________ ________
(7)
About how long does it take to go and get water and return? Approximate Distance Less than 15 minutes
I 15 - 30 minutes
I
I
- 11 -
Ann~x
3
30 - 60 minutes over one hour (8) Describe any special conditions:
.._1_ _ _ 1
..:...1_ _ _ 1
(9)
How often is water usually available from the main source? Continuousl y Intermitten t Co men t :
I I
(10)
What is the alternative water source when the main source is unavailable ?
(11)
How long does it take to go and get water and return from the alternative source? 15 minutes 15 - 30 minutes 30 - 60 minutes over one hour .._/
___
,/
..:._1_ _ _ /
.___ _ I
{12)
How often do breakdowns in tbe system occur? Very occassiona lly Weekly .:...1_ _ _ 1
.:...1_ _ _ 1
- 12 -
Annex 3
Monthly
.:.-1_ _ _ 1
Dry Season Other (13)
I .___ _I
What is usually the reason for the breakdown ?
(14)
How long does a breakdown usually last? Few hours Few days Several weeks
I I Yes
( 15) (16)
Are spare parts easily available ?
I
I
No
I
I
Have the village any maintenan ce fund available ?
(17)
Water supply proposed - Present system adequate Repair present system Additiona l rainwater tanks Gravity piped supply Protected wells
I I I I
I I I I
I
I
/
• - 1.3 -
Protected spring Pumped piped supply Specify name and location of source:
_,_1_ _ _ 1 .:...1_ _ _ 1
Comments: _____________________ _____________________ ________________ (18) Village recommendation for improvement of water supply
( 19)
Will the village supply free labour to carry out the work? Yes
I
I
No
I
I
(2 O)
Will the village operate and maintain the system with technical assistance? Yes
I
No Yes
I ~1_____ 1
( 21)
Any problem with water on land rights?
No
..._. I
__ I
SANITATION (22) How do most of the people dispose of excreta? Outdoor Pit Latrine Bucket Overhang latrines Septic Tank Other: Explain
I I I I I I I
I I
(23)
How many latrines in the village?
- 14 (24) What percentag e of the people use latrines? 0 - 10% 10% - 25%
I I I I
I I I I I
25% - 50% 50% - 75% More than 75% (25)
What is the condition of the village latrines? Poor Fair Good
I I I
7 I I
(26)
Co111nents on general environme nt a 1 condition s of the village:
(27)
Is there a community school in the village? Name of School:
(28) (29) {30)
How many children are enrolled? Does the school have latrines? Yes _1_____1 No .-.1_ _ /
What is the condition of the school latrines? Poor Fair Good
I -..1 _ _ _1 ,:-1_ _ _ 1
(31)
How many concrete slobs does the school require?
(32)
What is the water supply at the school? Piped scheme Rainwater tanks Wells .._!_ _ _ /
.... 1___1 ._/
___
Total Volume:
./
- 15 ... Other:
(33)
Is the school water supply taken from the village scheme? Yes
I
No
I
(34)
Is the school scheme adequate?
(35)
What improvements are necessary? Construct wells Protected spring Explain in detail: .:...1_ _ _ 1 .:...1_ _ _ 1
Total Volume:
(36) Bacteriologica l Teat: Results
Yes
7
I
No
I
I
I I
7 I I
+++• ++ +
I (37) Salinity Test:
I mg/1
I
No reaction
- 16 -
ANNEX 4 CENTRAL PROVINCE RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SURVEY WATER SUPPLIES
INSTALLED SYSTEMS Nov 1983 Total No. installed eyatem functioning not functioning 56
25 31
(45%) (55%)
Reasons for non-functionig& - as given by the Village No maintenance vandalhm No funds for fuel No information
25 1
1 4
3%) 3%) (13%) ( (
<anD
31
100%
Maintenance Responsibility (identified by Village) Functioning Systems Village Committee Dept of Works & Supply Government (Prov/Loca1) Port Moresby City No one No information 6 2 2 1
Non-functioning Systems Village volunteers Dept of W/Supply Government (Prov/ Local) Dept of Health Dept of Minerals & Energy Individuals Private Contractor No one No information 4 6
1 1 1 1
5
....2 25
31
1 1 9
- 17 -
ANNEX 5 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SURVEY CENTRAL PROVINCE Total Population in Survey To~al
: :
fqpt•lation of Prov
Percentage of Pop. in Survey:
46,500 117,242 40%
Nov 1983
'l!Qtal Nos. of Villages in Survey: Total Nos. of Villages Using Natural Water S stems 84 Percentage of Villages in Survey
Villages Using Natural Water Sources 184
Sources of Water Supply 1. River 53
Water Collection Time Minutes 1.
Nos. of Villages 47
Percent ( 56%)
Proposed Improvement 1. Protected
Nos. of
_ Vill.ljges
46%
15
well with hand pumps 2. Creek
61 2
17 11 2
2. 3.
15-30 3Q-60 60+
15 10
( 18%) ( 12%)
2. Handpump only 3. Solar System
3. Spring
3
4. Swamp 5. Pool
4.
12
( 14%)
4. Motorized system 5. Spring
7 1
-
1 84
84
(100%)
6. Repair
7. No action/ hand/water rights dispute 8. Require further investigatio n
1
8
TOTAL NOS. .OF SYSTEMS
8_4
- 18 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SURVEY CENTRAL PROVINCE W E L L S
ANNEX 6 Nov 1983
Total Mo. of Villages in 184 survey; TOTAL 110.
OF VILLAGES USIMG WELL&
PERCENT OF VILLAGES
PROTECTED WELLS
TESTED FOR F. COLIFORM CH2S METHOD) 11 26
CONTAMINATED YES
WATER COLLECTION TIME MINUTES OF VILLAGES NO.
NO 5 1
IN SUllVEY Yes 15 (20%) 74 6
PERCENT
PROPER WELLS
15 15-30 Jo-6o 60+
48 13 2
65% 17%
40%
No
59 (80%)
25
BOREHOLES: 12
The remainder are
3% 11% 4% 100%
hand dug, generally, open wells.
8
No informat ion Reason System Was not functioning -Broken pumps: Rroken pipes: Well requires deepening Well dry 13
3 74
Wells with pumps (functioning) (Handpumps 9) 4) (Motor Functioning Non-functioning 11
Village oper/maint fund 7 Yes 21 No No info 46
the remainder of the wells are hand dug, open pit wells without a pump and collection is by is by bucket or other similar container. -A few of the hand dug wells are or were protected. -usually a single pub 1 ic handdug well serves the entire village but in many villages there are numerous private hand-dug pit wells (too numerous to accurately count in this survey) which serve individuals, clans or households.
18
i'9
3
74
1 1 18
Provision for operation and maintenance is confused. Generally villagers assume that the group who install the system is responsible for its operation and maintenance. 2 villages stated that if a new system was installed they would not operate or maintain it.
- 19 -
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SURVEY ANNEX 7 CENTRAL PROVINCE NOV 1983
VILLAGES WHERE PRESENT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IS ADEQUAlE Total System; District l. 2. 3.
24 Master List No. 10 19 25 26 27
Village Aipeana Jesubalbua Bereina Bab1.ko Mou Rap a Nikura Keabada Hisiu Berere Sabusa S.a wmill
Pop ( 1980) 797 440 127
Comments
M.ekeo
4. 5. 6.
374 376
28 30 33
7. 8. 9.
10. 11.
44 61 68 Hiri 79 80
333 193 204 597 20
189
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
83 84 Rigo
81
90 91 116 117 120 157
24.
21. 22. 23.
176 186
Lea Lea 919 Papa 298 Boer a. 539 Kouderika 178 Roku 404 Dabunari 61 Rabuka No. 1 70 Gabagaba 547 Tagana 120 Kwa1imurupu 168 Gidobada 157 Gavuone 1289 La laura 240 8,640 19% of population in surve
- 20 ANNEX 8
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SURVEY CENTRAL PllOVINCE No. of Sx:stem: 25 PRIORITY LIST District 1. 2. 3. 4. Mekeo Master List No. 1
Nov 1983 Pop (1980) 450 403 174 25 8 70 249 70 36
Village Kivori-pui Biotou Poukama lrobo Kunimaipa B.esea Manumanu Gwarume-mase Manurinumu Ginigo1o Gunugau Gabone Tauruba Kemabo1o Babagarupu Riwalirupu Imaugora Gemo Po tuna Mama1o
*Priority Condition A A A
Est. Cost Of System WHP K/ K/40,000 K/25,000 lWHP
Est. Cost /Capita
Comments
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Hiri So&eri Rigo
29 31 34 53 63 78 96
K/144
B A&B
A A
10. 11. 12. 13. 14-. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
100 124 125 127 128 130 134 135 136 138
194 246 302 439 323 166 328 305
A B B B A
A A A
A A
153 156
214 127 172
A A A&B
1WHP K/35,000 K/141 1WHP Further investigation K/25,000 K/129 2WHP 2WHP K/25,000 K/57 1WHP Further investigation Further investigation 3WBP 2WHP 1 WHP 1 WHP
- 21 Annex 8
Nov 1983
District 21. 22. 23.
Kaster List No. 159 161 162 183 194
Pop Village Alepa No. 1 Geregaga Dubanateboa Pelagai Domara (1980)
*Priority Condition A A A B A
Est. Cost Of System
Est. Cost /Capita
Connnents
Rigo (cont'd)
24. 25.
260 137 151 388 528
WHP Further investigation WHP Further investigation K/66 K/35,000
*
A B
= 60
minute or more to collect water and return not available in village. Must buy/truck water
= Water
- 22 ANNEX9 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SURVEY CENTRAL PROVINCE PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS Protected wells with Handpumps Villages: *102 No. of Wells/ Pumps 3 3 1 2 6
Nov 1983
No. 1.
District MEKEO -
Master List No. 1 2
Village Kivori-pui Kivori-kui Hereparu Inawae Inawi Amoamoa Rarai Inwauni Bebeo Inawaia Oriroptana Angaifu Poemana Ponepone Irobo lara Ala'ala Duimana Kaiau Tubu
Pop (1980) 450 367 84 205 928 19 473 200 169 797 298 100 178 25 124 103 69 69
Est. Cost
Est. Cost/
Capita
Comments
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
3 8
7. 8.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
9 12 13 14 16 17 20 22 23 24 34 35 37 38 39 40
1 3 2 1 6
2 1 1 1 1
1 1.
1 1 1
- 23 Annex 9 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SURVEY CENTRAL PROVINCE PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS Protected wells with Handpumps Villages: * 102 Nov 1983
No. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.
District
Master List No. 41 43 45 46 47 48 49 51 54 55 56
Village Foio Tamala Pinu Magabaira Uka'ukana Keveona Koupuana Malati Miri Veimauri Vasagabira Douramoku Kanobada Keakuaku Kerea Veikabu Be sea Kuriva Motumotu Rubu1ogu
Pop (1980) 41 102 396 219 328
No. of Wells/ Pumps 1 1 2 2
Est. Cost
Est. Cost/ Capita
Conunents
177 240 24 49 65 51 79
2 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
57 58 59 60 62 63 64 65 66
96
1 1
34. 35. 36. 3 7.
25 122 37 327 275 78
1 1
38. 39.
3 3 1
40.
- 24 Annex 9 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SURVEY CENTRAL PROVINCE PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS Protected wells with Handpumps Villages: *102 Nov 1983
No.
District
Master List No. 67 70 71
Village Dasiama Iomare Haima Boteka/Laloki Kereava Goldi(Osabewi) Vaivai Dagoda Rabuka No. 2 Gwarume-mase Mageri Finschhafen Manugoro Sarokewa Gunugau Magautuo Gabone Gamoga
Pop (1980) 48 31 34 105 65 124 86 83 70 34 86 210 173 246 302
No. of Wells/ Pumps 1 1 1
Est. Cost
Est. Cost/ Capita
Couments
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. S4. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59.
72
HIRI
73 75 85 86
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
SOGERi Rigo
92 96 108 110 115 123 125 126 127 129
2 1 2 1
93
2 2
- 25Annex 9
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SURVEY CENTRAL PROVINCE PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS Protected wells with Handpumps Villages: * 102 Nov 1983
No. *60. 61.
District
Master List No. 130 132 136 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 146 147 148 150 153 154 155 156 157 158
Village Kemabolo Walai Imaugora Gemo Kama1i Babaga Irupara Alewai Hula Makerupu Bigairuka Bore Matairuka Karawa Po tuna Imairu Kore Mama1o Mologoro Babegoro
Pop (1980) 323 86 305 214 406 344 200 133 1079 259 83 119
No. of Wells/ Pumps 1 3 3 2
Est. Cost
Est. Cost/ Capita
Comnents
62. 63. 64.
65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76.
184 206 127 164 120
3 3 2 2 10 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1
77. 78.
172 60 84
1 1
- 26 Annex 9 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SURVEY CENTRAL PROVINCE PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS Protected wells with Handpumps Villages; *102 Nov 1983
No. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98.
District
Master List No • . G
Village Alepa No. 1&2 A1epa No. 3 Dubanateboa Konaka Poligo1o Lepamagana Lebagoro Goad a Loka Bukuku Kalapa Maiago1o Imi1a Wairavanua Mad ana Keabo1o Dom Tutubu Baramata Kauru
Pop (1980) 260 22 151 58 27 71
No. of Wells/ Pumps 1 1
Est. Cost
Est. Cost/ Capita
Co1JIIlents
159 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 170 171 173 175 178 180 181
1 1 1 1 1
78 77
1 1 2
144 53 79 306 92 171 198 140 79 71
1
1 1
3 1 2
188 189 190 191
3 2 2
1
- 27 Annex 9 ~ATE&
SUPPLY AND SANITATION SURVEY CENTRAL PROVINCE PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS Nov 1983
Protected wells with Handpumps . Villages: *102 No. of Wells/ Pumps 1 l
No. 100. 101. 102. *61.
District
Master List No. 193 195 197 131
Village Lahar a Bomuguina Mori Bonanamo
Pop (1980) 37 76 83
Est. Cost
Est. Cost/ Capita
Comments
1
195
1
(is listed under solar systems because it will use a solar panel and bilge pump in addition to a well and handpump. It should be subtracted from th~ total 103 so it is not counted twice. Therefore 103 - 1 102 villages
*One village No. 61 Master List No. 131 Bonanamo is also listed under Solar Systems but is included as it will take a well and handpump. This village should be subtracted from the final total of 103 so as not to be counted twice.
- 28 ANNEX lOA WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SURVEY CENTRAL PROVINCE PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS Motorized Systems: 12 Master List No. 31 36 76 HIRI 78 82 89 RIGO 128 151 152 174 177 194 Population (1980) 174 164 Est. Cost of System K/25,000 K/15,000 Est. Cost/ Capital K/144 K/91 Nov 1983
District 1. MEKEO
Village Poukama Orio 1 Mile Settlement Manu-manu Porebada Barakau Tauruba Keapara A1ukuni Wanigela Kelerakwa Do mara
CoDDDents
2. 3.
4.
249 2109 496 439 488 217 1894 ) )
K/35,000 K/120,000 K/30,000 K/25,000 K/50,000 K/80,000 K/10,000 K/35,000 K/425,000
K/140 K/57 K/60 K/57 K/71 K/42
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
171 528 7,229
K/58 K/66
- 29 Annex lOB
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SURVEY CENTRAL PROVINCE PROPOSED SOLAR SYSTEMS Total No. Systems: 9 Master List No. 11
Nov 1983 Pop (1980) 978 647) 403) 443 Est. Cost K/10,000 K/40,000 K/30,000 K 1, 500
District 1.
Village Beipa lnawabui Biotou Sir aka Gomore Ginigolo Bonanamo Kaparoka Kalo Kapari/ Virio1o
Est Cost/ Capita K/10 K/37 K768 K/15 K/128 K/8 K/102 K37 K737
Alternative System
Est. Cost
Est. Cost /Capita
Comments
Mekeo
2. 3. 4.
21 29 69
5. 6.
Rigo
118
102 194
124
K/25,0000 K 1, 500
7. 8.
131 137
195 292 760 946
K/30,000 K/28,000 K/35,000 K/201,000
9.
145 185
10.
4,987 = 10.7% of populat ion in survey
4987
- 30 ANNEX 11
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SURVEY CENTRAL PROVINCE
PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS REPAil Total Nos. of Systems: 6 Pop (1980) Est. Cost Est Cost/ Capita Nov 1983
District
Master List No.
Village
Couments
MEKEO 1. 4
Aviara-Oreke Hauramiri Roro-Aiaro Ere-Ere Kunimaipa
141 231 474 421 8
2.
5 6
K/15,000
K/12
3. 4.
7 53
5. HIRI 6.
Repair approximately 24 water tanks
87
Gaire Tubusereia Total
1125 1161
K/15,000 K/45,000 K/75,000
K/13
7.
93
K/39
- 31 -
ANNEX 12 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SURVEY CENTRAL PROVINCE PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS BOREHOLES
Total Nos. of Systems:
3 Est. Cost K/ 5,000 Est Cost/ Capita K/8 K/23 K/18
Nov 1983 Pop
District
Master List No. 18
Village Eboa De lena Kemaea
(1980) 611
Conments
MEKEO
32
215 56 882
K/ 5,000 K/ 1,000 K/11 ,000
Riga
119
- 32 ANNEX 13
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SURVEY CENTRAL PROVINCE PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS OTHER Total Nos. of Systems: (6)
Nov 1983
District 1.
Master List No. 29
Village Biotou
Pop (1980) 403
Est. Cost
Est Cost/ Capita
Couments Shares proposed solar system with Inawabui Install one handpump Install one handpump Protected spring Install two handpumps No action should be taken until village complete move from lagoon to the shore( land).
Mekeo
See proposed improvement s Systems
2.
88 94
Seme Kerekadi Ninoa Sabuia Waiori
91
3.
53 66
4.
Sogeri Rigo
111 114 172
5. 6.
68
1033 1654 K740
- 33 -
ANNEX 14
wATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SURVEY CENTRAL PROVINCE Nov 1983 Villages which require further investigation District ·Mekeo 2.
Master List No. 42
Pop Village Adio Mesime Varirata Fulimuti Mamurinumu Kalabadabu Berebabu Ruburue Ogotana Boredabu Bebebei wahonarada ( 1980) 38 40 26
System Proposed
Est. Cost Of System
Est. Cost /Capita
Alternative System
Est. Cost
Est. Cost/ Capita
Comments
-r:Hiri 3.
95 98
4.
Sogeri
99 100
52
5. 6. 7.
36 81
101 102
91 70 101 48
8.
103 104
9. 10.
105 106 107
11. 12.
44 62
- 34 Annex 14
n:14. 15. 16.
Rigo
133 134 135 161 179 189 183 184 187
A1omaropu Babagarupu Riwalirupu Geregaga Ke1ekapana !taopa
264 166 328 137 254 730
17. 18. 19. 20.
Pelagai Paramana lab a
388 181 114
21.
- 35 ANNEX 15
GUIDELINES
FOR. .•. LOC AT I 0 N PR0 PER ..
THE
OF P l T LATR I NE S,
- 36 -
Annex 15
GUIDELINES FOR THE PROPER LOCATION Of
PIT LATRINES Bf (}) SURE THE PIT LATRINE IS LOCATED;AT LEAST 3~ FROM ANY DRINKING WATER SOURCE: - (A)
THIS INCLUDEs;-
WELLS RIVERS SrREAMs Po.NDS AND
(B)
<c> (D)
POOLs
(2)
DOWN SLOPE FROM ANY WELL AT LEAST 2 TO 3 METRES ABOVE THE GROUND MATER TABLE (SEE DIAGRAM)
{3) (4) (5)
30M
AWAY FROM ANY HOUSE OR SCHOOL
GENERALLY, DOWN WIND FROM THE SCHOOL OR HOUSES,
- 37 -
Ann ex 15
W Hl El Ri E p
Ti O
p U. T
I T
l
A · T' R I N. E S
- 38 -
Annex 15
/
/'
--, \ I
( ( f \
\ I /
\ _~,1
' ,-
\ I
' -
_
_..
I
\ \
,
',
'-._/ -....
J //
/
I
/
-- -.,.,,
\
I /
::-------- - -
-
-
_ ---c::::_
'- I?- --
~.
·--- -
~ ----
- 39 -
Annex .15
Downslope
I -I
I
~i--.")·
I
I I I I l
(Y)
E
N I
----I /
' +
.I I I . ~
~ ·------1 ' l ----'
- 40 -
SAMPLE LETTER TO BE SENT TO COMMMUNITIES REGARDING PARTICIPATION IN THE WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROGRAMME ANNEX 16
Draft/6 Dear Sirs, In November 1983, a water supply and sanitation survey was conducted and one or more of your counc;il members provided information on the water supply and sanitation needs and requirements of your community. Based upon these discussions and the information provided, it was recommended that a protected well with a handpump be installed in your village. The Provincial Department of Health will provide your community with financial support and technical assistance for the construction and installation of this water supply system and/or sanitation facility provided the following conditions are agreed upon: (l) (2) (3) (4) (5) the community provides some financial contribution for the construction of the system; the village must provide free labour, if required, for the construction of the system; the community must provide a volunteer to operate and maintain the system (Training will be provided by the Department of Health representatives); a water or health committee must be established; a maintenance fund of at least K/10.00 must be established.
If your community would like to participate in this programme and agree to the above conditions or alternately, if you would like more information, pleasE> contact regarding this matter. Yours sincerely,
When a village responds positively or requests information regarding the preceding letter than the Inspectors and/or Maintenance and Construction Unit a meeting, at the village, with the councillors and these community representative.
a meeting or more District Health personnel will arrange hold discussions with
- 41 -
ANNEX 17 CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE UNIT In view of the large expenditure required to develop the rural water supply and sanitation programme in Central Province, it would indeed be considered unsound planning to begin the programme without the creation of a construction and maintenance unit. This unit will be necessary to insure proper construction, installation, servicing, training and repair of all water systems in the Province. In addition, personnel in this section will be responsible to initiate, motivate and stimulate community agreement and participation in developing rural v~llage water schemes. 1.1
Background Central Province has approximately 40 motorized diesel wate·r supply systems installed in the villages at the time of this writing and plans are being made to construct at least 12 more similar systems. There are presently, 6 solar units with power pumps already installed and functioning and it is planned to construct and install 9 more within the next 5 years. The preceding complex systems will require regular serv1c1ng, occasional repair and continuous training of village personnel to do the simple routine maintenance. Operation, repair, and the more difficult servicing also will be necessary to insure continuous operation of the systems. In addition, it is estimated that another 300-400 handpumps, mostly shallow well-type but some deep well pumps will be necessary to provide the rural population of the province with adequate safe drinking water. Considering the almost 1.5 million Kina will be required in the next 5 years to provide 40% of the population with an adequate safe water supply it follows that the development of a construction/m aintenance section will be absolutely necessary to insure that the systems are properly cortstructed, installed, operated, serviced and repaired. Villagers also must be trained in operation and maintenance.
L 2
Servicing and Repair Motorized and solar units require regular maintenance and serv1c1ng. Although some of the routine minor servicing can be done by trained village personnel, regular major servicing and repairs must be carried out on a routine basis by qualified experts of the Construction and Maintenance Unit. Each of the approximately 50 motorized and solar units will require attention by the maintenance unit at least once every 6 weeks. This means that one team and truck will be making continuous rounds to service and repair water supply systems. The villages will be expected to pay for this service.
- 42 Annex 17 1.3 Organization and Kanpower Requirements The construction and maintenance unit will be directly responsible to the Provincial Works Coordinator. The volunteer and the health inspector-in-charge of the water supply and sanitation programme will provide supervision of personnel in this unit. The unit will require 1-2 electricians, plumbers and mechanics and 2-4 casual labourers. Casual labour requirements will be kept to 8 minimum as village communities are expected to provide free labour to assist in the construction, installation, maintenance and repair of their systems. MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS Existing Works Coordinator Volunteer Health inspector-in-charge Artisans; Electrician Plumbers Mechanic Casual labourers 0 0 0 0
Required 1 1 1
1 0 1
1-2 1-2 1-2
2-4
To begin the operation, only 1 electrician, plumber and mechanic and 2 labourers will be required. Further personnel can be recruited, if necessary as the programme develops in the 2nd year. K/85,000 will be required to render the uni~ functionable since a building must be constructed, transport, materiais, supplies, tools, etc. must be purchased before the unit will be operational.
1.4
Conclusion A large capital investment will be required to supply adequate, safe drinking wat~r and sanitary facilities to the rural population of Central Province. Past experience has shown that without the support of the maintenance unit, many of the more complex schemes will fall into disrepair as servicing will not be properly carried out and equipment will be abused. Government funda will be needlessly wasted. It is felt that this Section is so important to the development of the Rural Water Sector in Central Province that if funding is not available for the creation of this unit, then an intensive water supply and sanitation development programme using complex systems in Central Province should be deferred until such time as a maintenance unit can be established.
- 43 ANNEX 18
CENTRAL PROVINCE - WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION SURVEY COMMUNITY SCHOOLS SCHOOLS WITH SAFE, ADEQUATE WATER SUPPLY
District Mekeo 10. Roro Kabadi 25. 44. 72. 81.
Name of School Beipa Aipeana Bereina Hisiu Nazareth Boer a Gaire Tubuseria Sogeri Gabagaba
No. Enrolled 401 247
Type of Supply wells-plus tank 1 x 2000 gal. Piped
248 102 252 364 296 150 230 70 243
Piped 3x2,000 Tanks 1xl 000 Pipe Tanks 5xl ,000 Piped Piped t h rough lara Wari Hish School Piped Piped Tanks plus 1 well 5 X 2 000 Pi ped + 8 2 000 gal. tank River (well under construction)
Hiri 87. 93.
Sogeri 100. Rigo 116. 126. 137. Marshall Laioon 176. 189/195.
Kwikila Kaparoka Gavuone Bom~uina
192
- 44 Annex 18 Schools \rJhich Required Protected Well with Handpumps
District M.ekeo Waima/ Kivori M.ekeo 09 13 17 Roro 28 Nara 37 Kun1 41 48 53 Vanapa River E. Hiri 88 65
Name of School Kirovi Poikui Hereparu Inawa School Rarai lnawaia Ipaipana A1a'ala Kubuna Keveone Kuriua St Margaret Brown River Saseva
No. Enrolled 140 185 130 350 187 41 93 198 177 167
Type of System (Existing) well river well well well well well well well well well
No. Wells Required w/Handpumps 1
1 1 2 l 1
1
1 1
70
l
94
well
1
Rigo 118
12 7 130 134
Go more St. Patricks Gab one Kemabo1o Bina Vatuioro Diki Ravueiro1 Kalo Bore Diiuarobu Lebagoro Bore§aina
20 90 98 14 7 96 380 196 58 87
well well well well well well well well well well well
1
1 1 1
136 143 145 147 Ormond 153 154 164
1
2
1 1 l
36 210
l
- 45 Annex 18 Schools Which Required Protected Well with Handpumps
District Maria 165 167 Marshall Lagoon 172 177 179 180 181 187
Name of School Lebagoro Toule ( b .D.A.) Waiori 171/2000 Ke1erakwa Tolopo Madan a Keagolo Dom
No. Enrolled 40 142 142 120 125 80 29
Type of System {Existing) well well well well well well well well
No. Wells Required w/Handpumps 1 1
1 1
1
1 1
60
1
- 46 -
Schools which Required Repairs Type of System (Existing) Tank 1 x 1000 gal Tank in disrepair Tank - or Rocket Pump Non-function Salty well Repair Required Yes Yes Yes Yes
District 32 48
Name of School
No. Enrolled 106 198
De lena Keveona Kuriva Lea lea
Kabadi
53 79
177 260
- 47 -
Annex 18 School with Required Further Investigation
District Mekeo 21. 80. Rigo 151.
Name of School Inawabui Papa Hood Lagoon Gavuone Aroma Pramana
No. Enrolled 12 7 100 301 243
Type of System
Marshall La~oon
176. 182. 184
126