Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in the WHO European Region adapting to changes in diet and lifestyle Web annex C. Dietary data for the WHO European Region Document number: WHO/EURO:2024-10159-49931-75046 © World Health Organization 2024 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition: Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in the WHO European Region: adapting to changes in diet and lifestyle. Web annex C. Dietary data for the WHO European Region. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2024”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/). Suggested citation. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in the WHO European Region: adapting to changes in diet and lifestyle. Web annex C. Dietary data for the WHO European Region. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2024. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see https://www.who.int/about/policies/ publishing/copyright Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party- owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Cover photo: ©WHO Designed by: PELLEGRINI Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in the WHO European Region adapting to changes in diet and lifestyle Web annex C. Dietary data for the WHO European Region
Table A3.1. Availability of iodine intake data (from dietary assessment) in the 53 Member States of the WHO European Region, and Kosovo1 Country or/and area National nutrition survey Nutrient survey with iodine (children and/or adults) Data on contribution of food to iodine Survey Age if applicable Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Children and adults Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Children and adults Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Children and adults Estonia Children and adults Finland Adults only France Children and adults Georgia Germany Children and adults Greece Hungary Iceland Adults only Ireland Children and adults (Adults) Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Children and adults Lithuania Adults only Luxembourg Malta 1 Country or/and area National nutrition survey Nutrient survey with iodine (children and/or adults) Data on contribution of food to iodine Survey Age if applicable Monaco Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) Children and adults North Macedonia Norway Children and adults Poland Portugal Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Children only Spain Children and adults (Adults) Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Turkey Children and adults Turkmenistan United Kingdom Children and adults Ukraine Uzbekistan Kosovo[1] 1 All references to Kosovo in this document should be understood to be in the context of the United Nations Security Council resolution 1244 (1999). Source: Data from Bath et al. (2022) (1). Table A3.1 contd 2 C ou nt ry A ge C on tr ib ut io n to to ta l i od in e in ta ke ( % ) D at a so ur ce M ilk /d ai ry Fi sh Eg gs M ea t C er ea ls Fr ui t/ ve ge ta bl es / po ta to es Be ve ra ge s M is c. a To ta l an im al pr od uc e Be lg iu m 3– 17 y ea rs b 20 5 3 6 49 6 2 8 3 4 B el gi um n at io na l f oo d co ns um pt io n su rv ey 20 14 –2 01 5 (2 ) Ad ul ts 18 –6 4 ye ar sc 14 7 2 7 50 7 5 8 30 D en m ar k C hi ld re n an d ad ul ts d 30 7 2 1 12 1 11 33 40 D an is h na tio na l s ur ve y of d ie t a nd p hy si ca l ac tiv ity (D A N SD A ) ( 3) Fi nl an d Ad ul ts 37 10 4 12 23 9 3 4 64 Th e N at io na l F IN D IE T 20 12 s ur ve y (4 ) Fr an ce 1– 17 y ea rs e 29 8 4 4 17 6 12 20 4 5 In di vi du al n at io na l fo od c on su m pt io n su rv ey IN C A 3: 2 01 4– 20 15 (5 ) Ad ul ts 21 13 4 5 16 7 10 24 43 Ic el an d Ad ul ts 30 47 2 3 4 1 8 5 82 Th e di et o f I ce la nd er s – a na tio na l d ie ta ry su rv ey (6 ) Ir el an d Ad ul ts 53 6 6 4 9 4 6 11 58 N at io na l S ur ve y – N AN S (7 ) N et he rl an ds (K in gd om of th e) 7– 18 y ea rs 15 2 2 3 57 4 6 9 2 2 D ut ch N at io na l F oo d C on su m pt io n Su rv ey (D N FC S) 20 07 –2 01 0 (8 ) Ad ul ts 15 4 2 3 53 5 9 6 24 Ta bl e A 3. 2. C on tr ib ut io n of fo od g ro up s to io di ne in ta ke in c ou nt rie s of th e Eu ro pe an R eg io n w ith a va ila bl e na tio na l d ie ta ry d at a 3 C ou nt ry A ge C on tr ib ut io n to to ta l i od in e in ta ke ( % ) D at a so ur ce M ilk /d ai ry Fi sh Eg gs M ea t C er ea ls Fr ui t/ ve ge ta bl es / po ta to es Be ve ra ge s M is c. a To ta l an im al pr od uc e N or w ay 4– 13 y ea rs 56 18 4 4 6 3 0 6 82 U ng ko st 3 20 15 –2 01 6 (9 ) Ad ul ts 36 21 5 3 6 5 14 5 65 N O RK O ST 3 (1 0) Sp ai n Ad ul ts 12 32 13 5 2 7 4 25 62 EN ID E st ud y (S ob re da to s de la E nc ue st a N ac io na ld In ge st a D ie té tic a) (1 1) U ni te d K in gd om 1. 5– 18 y ea rs f 51 10 4 8 14 5 2 7 7 3 N at io na l D ie t a nd N ut rit io n Su rv ey (N D N S) 20 14 –2 01 6 (1 2) Ad ul ts 34 10 7 10 12 6 13 8 61 a In cl ud es io di ze d sa lt in D en m ar k an d Sp ai n. b Av er ag e of c hi ld re n 3– 5 ye ar s, 6 –9 y ea rs , 1 0– 13 y ea rs a nd 1 4– 17 y ea rs . c A ve ra ge v al ue s fo r ad ul ts 1 8– 39 a nd 4 0– 64 y ea rs . d In D en m ar k th e da ta a re fo r al l p ar tic ip an ts o f t he s ur ve y (in cl ud in g ch ild re n) ; a du lts c om pr is ed 7 6% o f t he s am pl e. e A ve ra ge o f c hi ld re n 1– 10 y ea rs a nd 1 1– 17 y ea rs . f A ve ra ge o f c hi ld re n 1. 5– 3 ye ar s, 4 –1 0 ye ar s an d 11 –1 8 ye ar s. So ur ce : d at a fr om B at h et a l. (2 02 2) ( 1) . Ta bl e A 3. 2. C on tr ib ut io n of fo od g ro up s to io di ne in ta ke in c ou nt rie s of th e Eu ro pe an R eg io n w ith a va ila bl e na tio na l d ie ta ry d at a 4 Country n Season Milk-iodine concentration (µg/kg) Comments Reference Austria – Summer – Sager (2018) (13) – Winter – – 10 Average 407 Belgium – Summer – Guyot et al. (2009) (14) 12 Winter 149 – – Average – Bosnia and Herzegovina – Summer – – – Crnkić et al. (2015) (15) – Winter – 139 Average 61 Croatia – Summer – Dold et al. (2018) (16) – Winter – – 200 Average 270 Czechia – Summer – Organic average: 169 µg/kg Hanuš et al. (2008) (17) – Winter – 36 Average 449 Denmark 20 Summer 120 Organic summer/ winter/average: 80/130/110 µg/kg Rasmussen et al. (2014) (18) 22 Winter 130 42 Average 120 Estonia – Summer – National Institute for Health Development (2019) (19) – Winter – – – Average – U Unknown 160 Finland – Summer – Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (2013) (20) – Winter – – – Average – U Unknown 138 France – Summer – Arrizabalaga et al. (2020) (21) – Winter – – 11 Average 183 Germany – Summer – Kohler et al. (2012) (22) – Winter – – 135 Average 120 Iceland – Summer – Matís (2009) (23) – Winter – – – Average – 2 Unknown 112 Table A3.3. Data on milk-iodine concentration in 25 countries from the European Region 5 Country n Season Milk-iodine concentration (µg/kg) Comments Reference Ireland – Summer 137 Seasonal average calculated from summer and winter values Paludetti (2019) (24) – Winter 434 4 Average 286 Italy 5 Summer 359 Niero et al. (2019) (25) – Winter – – – Average – Latvia – Summer 454 Seasonal average calculated from summer and winter values Neimane et al. (2017) (26) – Winter 545 22 Average 499 Netherlands (Kingdom of the) – Summer – Organic average: 159 µg/kg van de Kamp, Saridakis & Verkaik- Kloosterman (2019) (27) – Winter – 32 Average 162 Norway 3 Summer 130 Seasonal average calculated from summer and winter values Organic summer/ winter/average: 150/200/175 µg/kg Nerhus et al. (2018) (28) 3 Winter 160 6 Average 145 Poland 96 Summer 143 Seasonal average calculated from summer and winter values Śliwiński et al. (2015) (29) 77 Winter 183 173 Average 161 Portugal – Summer – Delgado et al. (2019) (30) – Winter – – – Average – 3 Uknown 195 Serbia – Summer – Institute for Medical Research – Department of Nutritional Research (2022) (31) – Winter – – – Average – U Unknown 140 Slovakia 288 Summer 55 Paulíková et al. (2008) (32) 169 Winter 55 – 457 Average 55 Slovenia – Summer – JSI & Biotechnical Faculty Ljubljana (2006) (33) – Winter – – – Average – U Unknown 33 Spain – Summer – Rey-Crespo, Miranda & López-Alonso (2013) (34) 10 Winter 152 – – Average – Table A3.3 contd 6 Country n Season Milk-iodine concentration (µg/kg) Comments Reference Sweden – Summer – Livsmedelsverket (2022) (35) – Winter – – – Average – U Unknown 120 Switzerland – Summer – Walther et al. (2018) (36) – Winter – Organic average: 69 µg/kg 55 Average 108 United Kingdom 16 Summer 370 Organic summer/ winter/average: 160/347/233 µg/kg Summer: mean of data from July and August Winter: data from December Average: data from all months in the study (July through December). Stevenson, Drake & Givens (2018) (37) 8 Winter 471 48 Average 413 U: unknown. Source: authors, with data from Tattersall et al. 2023 (38). 7 Table A3.3 contd
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The WHO Regional Office for Europe is one of six regional offices throughout the world, each with its own programme geared to the particular health conditions of the countries it serves. Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Monaco Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Türkiye Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan