Onchocerciasis control programme socio-economic development in the Volta River Basin: annuel report, 1977

Ë-s oNciiocB.clÂsls c01Tm0l ?RoGRA}Bm SOCTO-trCOITOUIC J)E\':EIOPI,E}TT IN îT]E VOITA RTV: BAS].I[ Ar{lIUAr RgPORr" 1977 O;,C;lOCïLtiC rriS IS CUiiTl?Ol ?RoGiiÀ,rrn SOC]O..ECOI,IOii]C }EJIEIOP},E1TT I1[ IITD VOITA RIlI]Ii1 BASI.\T 41-rIllr*r rIl.Qn!,_}sTZ TABI,E OF COlTtEl'iTS I}trP.ODUCîIO}T SDCTIOIT I IIIE ECOI'TOJ.IIC DEVEIO?]-EITT U']]T - i\fultl-d lsciplinary Orientation : fü::Ï""s ena visits in the Progra;ume Area - Contacts v,ritle Regional Organlzations - Iïeetirgs attended - Visitors to the Unit SECIIOIT IT ]I,TSTTTUTTOIIAI ÀRRAI(G,TTTEIIIS FOR PLAIINI}TG A]TD 1)E.\rEI,OPT,@}[T OF IHE 0I'TCFioCIIiC LIS IS 201'IE SECîTOT{ TIT SIATUS OF SOC]O-ECOI'IOTVTIC À}TD OT}ItrR SflIDTES FUNDID BY TIM UNITED 1{,\[IO1'iS DÈ\TE],OPTæTüT PROGR/J,,r1\M A]TD 1T{E INV]TXD SIATES AGENCY FOR IlifEll'Il [ï 0 i:] AL ]Xtr.EI,O -)],IJif T SECTIOJ.I TV DEYEIOPI,TEI.IT ?ROJECTS A1ID ACITVITTES ]I[ IIIE ONCI]OCURCTÀSIS ZONE : ilffiil :i"i":T"i:,ff*3"l1;;-*u SECÏIOI{ Y SOCIO-]]CO}trOIIIC Al(D Ofl_iEJT ÀSPECIS OF DEiTEIOP}-MI'Tî OF [T{E ONCHOCm'CÏASÏS ZO}IE SECI]OTI VI SEI,ECTED TOPICS FOR ]1[VES[TG]!TTO][ SECTÏONVII DOCUI,MI,ITARYÀ}IIIEX SECTIOIi VIII C/,RTOC.BA]'IIIC ÂM]H l1 -1- Oilci-iocEiic rAS rs coidtRo], PROGiü"\i,r E SOCIO-]]COIïO}IIC l)LIfEIOPLELif Iii TiD VOITA tsItr'trR 3ÂSI]T rii,EïODUC'rr01'ï 1yris is the fi-rst report on socio-economle development 1n the Onchocerclasis Conf,rol Prograntme -!rea produced. b;. the Programmgts Ilconorrls Developuent Unitr .' followlng the decislon annolurced b;, lir i"îiehel Doo tsrûrgué, UITDP ;\ssistant Aclm:inis- trator and negional }irector for -{frlca, at the tl,,j.rd Session of the Joint Coordi- nating Coumittee (t-l lu"unber 1976) to transfeï responsibility for the preparatlon of the report to the hogramme. In preparation for this task letters v/ere sent, startir4g ln Decembet 19761 to representattves of all bilateral antl nultinational ald clonors connected vrlth the Programne, includi-ng T-r'llDP and ths Vorld Bankr to all- regionaL orgairi-zations active in the Programme Âreal recluesting them to transmit al1 available irr:formotlon on d.evelopment proJeets undertaken or envisaged. by them withj-n f,fue limif,s of the ho- glrâînme Area. "l.t the same ti-nne, retu.rns ïvere expeeted. and received from the benefl- clary Governnents ln response to the quarterly questior:nalre prepared by ffus Programre and previously eirculated to them. fhe present report is prepared on the basis of the lirformation received. from tÀese sor-lrces to all of whom thanks are clue for whatever contribution they have mad.e ln this respect. It ls rrecessary to reea11 that the basie firneti-ons of the llconornic Development tinlt, which is chargecL r,vith the srxvelllance of develol:ments in the oneho zone of the Programme and, tlrerefore, vrith the responslbility for preparing thls reportt rnay be srmroarized as follovlsr nanely to : - nonitor the development activi-ties taking plece in the oncho zone - collect and d.1ssemj.::ate basic socio-econonic d.ata vrhich may be useful for planiri:1q and development actions by both bencficiary and donor countries - on the basis of the socio-econorric data colleotec1, assist j-n the establlshment of a soci6-s69nqmic data banlc for the }'rogrnmme area - study and atlvise on developnent projects beiirg executed or planned for the oncho zone, articu1ating all relevant soclo-eeonomic espeets and eonsequences - maintain contacts with a1l. parties to the Programrne and interested a6encies(benefieiaries, donors, sponsoring a6encics, bilateral and multinatlorral aid and financing agencies). In short, the Unit at the present tine carries out liaison, coordination, infor- matLon anrl advisory functions. Toe presentation adopted in this report conforms to the follorving order. Firstr the orientation and. staffing of the Unit are discussed., fo1lowed. by an aceount of its activities. Second, the lnstitutional- arrangements for irlanni:cg and development of the oneho zone in the countries of the Programr:rs -flrea are briefl-y descrlbed.. [hlrd, 1s outllned the status of the socio-economic and other stuclies firnded by the tJLiDP ancl the USAD for the collection of base-Ii.ne data for planrriqg ttre development of tlre oncho zorle, Fourthr details of tire various develcpment projects and activitles in the oncho zone are presented on a courltry basls, the vrhole prefaced by a sumary list of the projects arranged by country, type of proJect and. other classlfioations- -) Fifth, the socio-eeonomic and other aspects of development of the onchobriefly set forth. sixth, and fi.:ealIyr a preview is given of a selectionyhi-ch the unit proposes for investigàtion-by itself in the course of j-tsby others, in the ensuing years. Documentary and cartographic annexes complefu the report. zone are of topics work, and r1 -1- sricÏIo;i i th-E llCOl.Olltc DrtVir,Op-.[]tTî l[{ff [he i{ead of the ]rcononlc Developr:rent unit assuned his duties in !1ebru any :..976and' operated on a very restrietecl bàsis for lack of sr-rp_.orting staff. ft vias envi-sc6ed, horvever, that for effective operatioii the unit irô*re r:.ot or:ly have to _bo qpa11-deci but also give* a nul-t1-dlseiplinartr, àrientation in accord*r""-uiiiiir;-;rr;-sidednature of the rieyelopment process. ,'Lt the Tnlrd Session of the Joint Coordinatlng Comm-ittee or" flie erchocerciasiscontrol ?rogramrc which luas rterd in ouaogaclougou on I-j Deceraber 1976? rm:ch emphasiswas placed on the developnent aspect" oi tt,u'Progra:rue as the maj:r focus of itsfuü.tre activities. Il:.is provided the needeci opportui;.it,rr to tacLile serlousl.lr the tminissues of orientation anC staffiqq of the Unit. fn 1lne with the ner,r, emphasis the progrenrme Director i:eld a meetllg with thechlefs of units and théir personnel lrith a viev,r to coordi-nating the vector control,epldein'iological sr:rveiIlance, health, soeiologicar arrd econoriic aspects of develoll*ment, to t'vork out a pattern of eollaboration ancl a joint aîJiiroach to developmer:.tictivities, ancj to attempt to estab.t ish for tfr" m"i"rr" frË;"foprcent Unit the broa.doutllnes of a nork prografir''te enphasizing these nulti-disciplinary aspects. One of the by-proilucts of this developnent r,vas the preparation of a projecthlstory sheet r'virich would scï'v'e as a g'-'irle to tirc cotteèt:-àn and analysis of datare'le.ting to developmei:t projects l;ith str.ong socio-ss6iisrnis conponents. Staffirrg of the Ltnlt Reeruitnont of staff for the unit was effected by the transfer of the progre,rrrneDocunentalist, iJine II. Sorghor to fl:e Unit dr.rring Decâmber l-976 and, v.rlth effect froml January 1977, the transler'or a socioior,ji;;, I,,r ii.c. sawadogo, fron tire Epiderrlo-logical sr,nrcillance L'nit ad the recrultüent of an ..J,ro-econonist, Lfue I,i. Randric_mF!,mOnjy. Responsibillty for keerling track of developments i:r the various eountries of theÏrograrnrre was assigne,l to individual ner:bers fàr s1:eclfie countries except uppervolta' rn the case of upper volta a joint =""por."üi1i,.y r.ras naintaj-ned. visits rvere made by Hembers of the unit to the -rarious countries of the prograulerespeetively assi-gned to them for the purpose of up-datiqg irrforroation on c'l.evelopncntactivities, for fierd triips to the o*"ào Lonu, irritiarir*tior, tours of developr,rentprojects at various.locations, and for discusâions riflr nerabers ài:ir."-n";i;;;i'Onchocerclasis comi-eittces, iEnisters and officials connected. with the development ofthe oneho zone. Ïn the course of these vlsits various issues vrere raised and discussed, probleinsnoted', and advice sought arrcl given as requeslud, ;\n inportant part of these visitsv'rere the contacts estsbrished r,Tith bilateral "nd ,*-üt1;ti",,ïr'-"id a4;encies havirigùn tnterest and'/ot supnorting d.evelopieei:t projects in the oncho zore. -4: 5qua11y irnportant vias vitlos anô projects ln the ProéIramll.e. - Serrlnar & rlqul:61r.bLe for llatiopal Cormittees, the occcsioi:al shari^g of irrfornation relatirg to actl- onclro zoyÆ of other participatirlg countrles of the close vrorking reletionships rvere established wlüt varioris reg].or:a1 organizationsestablished j-n the lrogrsmrne Ârea, nost of then havirp r*l:elr hea.dquarters in opaga-dot'16çou' 'treese contacts lvere rnacLe il}roug,h incividual visits oz. attende.nce at period.icmeetir':gs of these organizations coi:vened by the i[IDp Ïiesid-ent ]lepresentative inc\ragadougou. fr:e purpose of these contacts l-ras to learn abo;.:i -bheir progranues ofacti-vities wi-th a vlcrv to coordliiating the'nork of fl:e -Lill'.t r.rltLr theirs, as vre11 asto obtain lnforraation on developnent actlor,s proceeding in th- o;:rcho zone und.er thei:ea"usplces, whether suir,;orted by goverlunentalr inter_State, bilateral or multinationalai-d a8encies. fl:e principal orgairlzations j::vol-ved. were : (,,r) t iptalro-Gourna f:rtegrated Developnent rluthority (_ffG)(l) rnter-state connittee for the campaign against Drought in the sahel (crr,ss)(c ) rnter-rtfrican ce,tre for l{ydraulic studies (crrir)(a) I'rest .Âfrican Eeononic Corciiuni-ty (cmo) (u) p"ononic Com:aunity for Catt1e and L{eat (C0l.rr)(r) rnter-State Sohool .for' Rr:.râl Engiaeers . (pEn)(g) orga'nlzation for coorrlinq'bion a:rcl cooper:ition in ti:e cer"rpaign against ttreI,lajor End.errlc .Disease (OCCG,n) ïieeî-inss attended ::embers of the Unit attended, participated. or rellrêserrted the ?rogranme atvarious ueetings, incl-r:c11ir.g those of the - i;cological Pencl_ of the progra.m:e, Ouagadougou - Scieirtific and îeci:nlcal Advisory Conrri f,f,ssof the Prograr.rire, Ouagadou6lou - Health iconolri sts at the i/or]d Bankr riiashingtonr - Dconomic Deyglgrnent ;\dvisory panel of flre progrnr.rlrg, Ouogadorulour B-1O ]iarch lg77Rone, Septenber, tgTT - Se*irrrr for .;?epresentatives of Ruu,a1 Radio hogranmes, Ouagedougou, 4-6 i"Iay, 1)TT ) ) i " 1++1.îhrô\, lg77 )}.D.r 2-3 L:hxcn, lgTT Onchocerciasis -t\bid janp 15-1T June, 1977 - Scientific and ,Iecir:rlcal ÀdvisorJ: pci:el of the prog::..lmnç,C1ene.\ra1 g_1I jtrovenberr lgTT Yarious Bapers were pïep:red ancL presented. at these ueetin8s by ner:bers of theUnit. -5- Vlsitors to the Uni,t Vlsitors to the Unit d-r-rring tire course of the yea.r l:rc1ud.ed the follovring : - 1r l,I. S. Belo-Givya of the $hane. Iiationcl Onchocerciasis Secretariat - ls Sidnej. .i. i.,Till-er, Vcterii:rr;. S,.rgeon, "ld l,b .joirn Cox, project ,ien:.qer, bo-bhof the proposed iiorthern Region cattle .r-revelo::uent prô3ect, caI1ed io âi""r"" and. obtaii: informntion about the Onchocercicsis Controi progra:a:re ar:d aboutpossible oneho-free Êreas j-n .,,orthern.'Ghana.suitcble for'ttràiAevêIopucnt,of cattl_e ran:ches. - ,ir R. f:]taxe of the fiorestry Departnent of I+/LO, 1?.o:le1 gnC 1.lr Charles Vanpraet,F:\0 -1'61.ss1ry Erpert in Îegs hscl discussions with neinbers of the Unit on arî tz-t ./r.l arlt-".-:/ -r';rc^1:i1ot project for nonitoring of forcst coller i:r Beninr logor ilige-ria and Cluieroutr. - Dr Joh:r lluater erad j'Ir ,lochctter consiiltants to flre club ces Arrls du Sahel ;and jtr -h,uador-r Dia o.f the rcononic pla;:r.ing'onci r?oIic;. uiyision or.l_no,Roiney Secretary of the Coilrlssion on l?einfàa ,1g=i",rlture of the Clu.b d-esÂnis Cu Sa.irel . - IIr Ouraninl lonpo, )irector of the lastern OILi,. of F:rdc.fltgour*,+r.pppcr Voltecr"lled to obt,:,in in-for;:,ation oi'L the Progrrr",;rds cle"rolopnent;activitles. - ik ÂIIan E. Dea::r,?rojcct Offieer for tiro üSTIIT) Regional Oncirocerciasls ÂreaPlanirin6; (R0:1P) r-roject at the usArl Regional iiàoi:oHic Dever_opnent scrvlcesOffice in *'-bidjen, had discussiorr" rn"o;"idiq; possible projects for fundingunder the ]]O,rr? ?rojeet" - ilr sc,porér chief of the autritlon unitz ilinistry of xural r-)evelopnent, lTpperVolta. - rrr Robin J. Grimble, ilead of the onchocerciisis sr:rve;r unit est:"bl-i-shed forp1aru:ii:g the itevelopnent of the oncho zone of Ghar:â und.er the United I{i.n."-don I6s1l.ilcal_ Co-oper:ticn progra.-::e. - ÏvTessrs G. iieversr F. Jenny :;::d lI. Stroobants of the consultilg figr of BEI-IGÎm chargccl vrith prer;arrtion of the flve-year pran (rgide?)-i""-d;- second ii:ase of activity of the Upper Volta "\uthôlity for the Volta Va11e;,g(:iw). -6- SECT]O§ TI IiTSTITTJÏI0IL\I LF+*icl:rj"rfltÎS,,0R p_tÂIlitil{G AtD DrijI-lIOpjEi,IT Ofl lEL- 0t,Cji,jOC.jIRCIÂSIS ZC lID rn each of the seven countrles of the oncrrocerciasis control connected i,vith the cortrol and cleveloparent of the oncho zone arellational 0nci:.ccerciasi-s cornnittce which has beei: estr.blished forcomrif,lss is backed by an executive or:-;an for -i;he i_nplementationto planning and execution of derrelop'rent lrrojects in the control arrané{ements var;- fron one colurtry to another. Progzamle natters coordinated by ti:e eacl: country. lre of decisj-ons relatirq z,one. fhe exeeutive Senin fn Benin the iij:rlstry of itr:ral Development takes fuI1 reslconsibil_ltJr for rr.rald'evelopmcnt in ti:e si:r ]tegions of the country througir the internediary of tlie sixc'r*LDERs (centre dtÂction Légior:at pour re loverori#"";R;;i)*wirich have been esta-blished as regional devclopnent orgçanizations, onc for eech Region. Each C;iRDl-x1 isthe adnlnistr:tlvc olga;rlzation for the prrnning ana execution of d-eveloparent in itsrcspective P'egion. ]r-stablislled by presidential âecree j.t seelrs to promote developmentvritli-n thc raeens avallable. In this connexion the :iinistry of p.qre-l- Developnentr und-cr rvhose ausplces u-ie ciriDtr ls opercte, collaborates very cIosel;.' l,rith tire ilinistryof '$ealth and uses the co-operatives and corl-runes es e6encies for thc cxecutiop ofdevelopnent projects. fhe oncho zone falls vrithin the Reglons of _:Ltactora ancL tsorgou and thereforeplanning and devel-opnent natters for the zone cone urrc]cr tite;urisdiction of theClGDI"is of tlre two itegions. - fl:ere is, therefore, no special- :uthorlty che"rged ',,vith the plarrnfurg rnd deve-lopment of the oncho zofie, a.s sucll, this activity falling rziihln the purview ofclread'y estalclished instltutior:.s opereting in the oncho zone. i./ith the cxception ofu!pg] votta rnd, possibly ib,1i in the near friturre, this is the situation'existilgsit"rileEly in the other coi;ntries of the Onchocerciesis Control pro6lrnrrms. Gharra Development and planning matters cone under the jurisdiction of the llrj-nistry of '0conomic Planning whlch is ed.riivristratlvely articuleted into regioi-Lal branches,according to the regional set-up of the couniryts artrninistratioà, lee oncho zoirelyir:g lvithin ti:c llorthern and upper Regions of the country, planni::g and developnentn'rttcrs are effectively under the iuridiction of the itrortherà and Upper l?egion -branches of the liinistry. Beeause of the-paralrourrtcy of tlte Legional Adninistration i-n each Region, Sowevcr,the Office of tlte Regior.al- conu:.issioner hos a d.ecislve say in matters relating toplannirig and development in the ?egion as a r,ihoIe, iirclucling such ruattcrs rclatingto the oncho zoyle. I.ientlon nny l3s ru:de of trfu6 . icgioi:al- Developner:.t Corporations r,-ihich play an activeport as executing anqencies for d.evel-opncnt prcJects in fl:elr respective lteglons. 4+ fvory Coast Plannlng and development natters in the IÿorJr Coast fall- under the supervisionof the iiinlsf,ry or Ptanàing and for rvLrich a specior section of flre Ilinistry, lmo'inas ])A:L1ÂR, is responsible. i;it,r^iR (ro= rirnctioÀ de 1r;\nénpgejnent du Territoire etrles :ictions Ré8j-onales) is respoisibreÀr the preparotio, of the naster plans forthe coml:rehensive physic:.1__ pfaining ot ii:e fvorj,r Côast ln g coriponent Itegions, oneof rvhicr, the Région dr,i r.Tora contàins tire oncho zoi.r.e. 'Tre nraster plan for the riortLrern Regionr whose capitar is Korogho, envisages u:erepopulation of the vi:.ILcys 'rhich have Ëeen sparsely popure.ted. or sJ:andor:ed oneccount of the scourge of onchocerci-asis" :\1so of interest in this eonne»ciorr, because onerating ir: the oncho zone, is the\^dt{' - Àutorité de Band'arra charqec rrith trre aâveiàp,î""*"ii'îrlË"a,ruci-:r" val1e;r, one of theprincipal rlvers irarÏrouring breeding "it"" of the sirru-lliru f1;r. y*.10us studies forthe oncho zone cre contractecl o'iit tà "onsuttirr*-ir."*"*îürr"r.o drétudes) chief ofthese being the B*reau l''Iationar dtllù-rdes leclmiqu-es de'iléveroppement (rlJlïD) adthe )evelopment lesou-rce.corporati"" (llc)';;î;;";rii..'r" ac.ci_tioir, there are variousstate development compenies, nostl;.- aitrLehea to the -,,inistry of ,{gricu1f.ue, forproduction snd p=o"u"*ir1.; oi speciîic agricultlual and anirnal products. iiali l"'i411 iras establlshed c cellule de Planificitlon, under the general supervislonof t':e Dlrector-(iei:era.1 of Plarrni::.g anrl-statistics,'r""pà,."ibIe for planning theclevelopnent of the onch.o 1?no, to ïiris plannilrg ""it uoài.. of the irîlnistrlese by ge-neral agreeiaent of the ]i'atioi:al one-rocerciasis con-iittee, has seconded a nember ona more or less pe::ranent basis. The Goyerrurent seer.ls to have given favourable considera.tion to :(") mu creation of s,n authority to develop the oncho zone ,the este"blj-sh'inent of an oncl:o zonq devcl-oilment fund- jointly adruinistered. b;.tl:e ltinlstries of Flii"-1nce a.nd tiurat Devefojnent ;thc establisiarent of plani'.ed settl-eaents in flre oncho aone lvith the achleve-ment of effective eontrol tirror-rgh üie anti-vectorial operations. (o) (") liieer Planniqg tire developroo;:t of the gncho zone, lrhich lies exclusively witirin theÂffondissement de scyr is the worlc of the ;Jcrvice Départeuer.tai Réglonal dr,inénagenentc1u 'rerritoi're (s:nl'l)i recentty-rena.,cd. service DépJtene,.t.i-à, rtan (sm). fhlsor*an, wirlch is a 1;art of ,re ltintstry or irlanning, is assisted by the united lietioi:sDevelopnent Progreu':e ancl the rrrench hechnical co-o1rer:rtlon i-lissioii. |üre sD? ls advised' by a co.rité. ?-eclinique Départemental- (cormæ) or technic:r]cs,Tlîrif,1ss of the rrcrj'ous clepartnentil gervlcesr'-and tiris, ii1 turn, is co-ordlnated:rt the Arrondissu3"i1l l-evcl i:y the conité tÀ"rri.i.q,ru dr:',rrondissernent under ü:echairnanslilp of flre prefect. " -€- logo fhe oncho zone of rogo is located in the Iiam and savane Regions, tr,,ro of thefive odninistrative regioirs of the country (tn" ott *r three beii:g itaritime, plateau,centrale). flre ](ara orù sorr*r.e neg:-ons togeilrur with the Réglon centrare constitute]9s9 u-ora; the plannirg for rvhich cones ,ria"= flre Jur.isdiction of the Di-recteur-Génére'l du Plan for Togo i:Tordl riithi:: the iiinistry of planning. Erus rran,:lng of theoncho zone taJces place ln tl:e contort of the pla,n:ring of rogo iv-ord. liati'onal responsibilitS' for the oncl:o con,,rïol- poïgrlrlrre and. the installation ofhearth structt're in the onàho-controlled area devolyeÀ on the .i].nistry of rïealthln the oontext of the gene*I rlevelop,crt prog:,ar--e for rogo liord. Ut:per Yolta Qre plarutlng ar:d Cevelopment of the oncho zone of Upi,er trol_ta is eltrusted bypresldential decree to the,'lutorité drAnénager"rrt o-"" yattées a." v"rl""?î*);;speei-al authority created for thls Pr-rrposer",-*ràu= the general supervision of theLilnlstry of h;ral Developraent. the AV-/ derives riost of its fundir:g fron llrench rechnical co-operation withsupplementar;' gg.istance fro::t o-r,irer bliateral aid agencies such as the ltretherlands *"9. tl"--USAm, and fron ur_r.ltinati_ona1 agencles such es the i7orId tsairjr and theUnlted Natloirs Develcpucnt ?rogrlr^oms. ./F 6,--l^»'t4 \^rrrO AiJa -( brs* ttu,E[cuo/c Qttcrt! v'r( l-a, I';(( '; "' " /','". i"] ,',1'l 'l''o"ni""f -9- S..rl-CTICiT -Lll §'LïïUS 0F SCCr0-l-'CO:iO_l;fai .\iI O!ùl.i,I? STT,DII]S Xüt]DIf! BT tIE -UllI{D ll.\TIOi;S .rtrJ"',Uirl?iErtil ]nOC,tLt_r, Lr E JI,ID t:Ii ùliMn Sf/rfriS 4§jlitCY .l'0.11 niTÎItl,-AilliOi'l;\t DEI,EtCpj îiIf E:e arnount of US {) 500 OOO originall;r proviüecl b;r flre Unlted jTations Developnent Pro6rnm:-;re for each of the sevon countries of the oncl.ocerciasis Control progra-ume was intend'ed to assist ther,r in -bhe plannirrg and progra-maing of the developuént oftheir respective oncho zol1es. In all cases the frmd-s ",vcre destined for studies andinvestigations in the soclo-eeonornic field, for strergtirenir:g. of their d.evelopnentplai'-ning meôhanlsns a.:rd for tLre preparation of Io-year d.evelàpiaent plc"ns for the oncho zones. ir'hile a detailed acco'-'.ntir6 of the use of the funds to date is avaiiable fror:tl:e UITDP it n:y sufflce for tl:.e purllose of this re_:ort to say t-nat the original s'cttdies ha.ve been conpleterl for 1'ogor encl nearly so for U,rper Vo1ta and for ii,1ger.Lbout half tLre funds or üore have bcàn usetl up in -9énin "rrà tno rvory coaste ,.À1uthe bullr of their al-locrtions are stilI avallr-ble for use by Ghana cnd i;a1i. Pendiag the resol-ution of the fine.ncial crj-sis whlcl: overtook flre üiDI in t9T5-76the funrls for Ghalia and Ïiali were frozen u.nti-I 1977. rn the neantine, stop-gapfinencing for tl:e ]Iall oncho zone studies v,ras provideù by the Yorl-d sanrr Ëy-tLe inclu-sion of ti:.e sulr of us:,]. r.r,eiIlion for this prrrposu rvith flre firnds for the flnancii:6of the :jaIi Sud agricultr.ral deyelopnient projàct. Under its l?egionc.l onehocerciasls A.roc, Ilannir:g (lfO,.,l) project thc Unlted Statesïnternatlonal_ l)eveloi,nent ,r.gency conf,ributed, additicrially, for studies by landsgtellite of the o:rcho arelr.s lflng in Ghr.na, Iipler Voltc âna lcnin. fhese str-rdies,contracted to the ;Lfrican nevelopnent Bank, arc soon to -tegin and ivll-l- rnqke availabl-evarious types of inforr:r-tion usefnl- for plant:ii.:g, na:_iely : (a) geological structure of the are&, icle::rtifieation of e.rees of petroletun ar:d. other nùner:l de;:osits ;(b) vug"tation cnd solls, with reference to lanc use pleru-rirg and cl-assj-fication system of land suitabillty ;(e) surface aird 6;rotrnd water featr;z,es i(a) forcèt'covor, rDit]e'Iurfl, roscrvôirs nnd rivcrs for fishciios.dcvêlopneilt ;(o) aata for transport planning ;(t) a."t* for eval-uation e1' slirrrflc chaiqSes. 'nriJ.L '1he stud;' resultfn.l:raps of scale I : 250 OOO for Ghana and I z ZOO OOO for UpperVolta and Benin, proîiding general lnformatlon. l\iore detailed ir:fornation rrylIl beprovid'ed b3'ru:,ps of scale 1 : 50 ooo for a"reas. of priority for developnent projectsin the field of egri-citlture, ani.riral prod.uc'bi-orr as well as otirer fiel-ds. fl:e US.IID h::s also r.rade availalcle under its RO:t? rboject about US:ii Z5O OOO fo3s;:eci-al stuclies or:tside the range of -bhose financeci by tÀe iI'Dp conf,rlbution. Suchspecial studies arc irrtended to be problen-reIatcd. as lvell as ler.ding to lnnovativesolutions to problens coi:r,ton to lrost coloni.zation and settlcr:ent i:rojects in the3rea. -10- he kj:rds of to1:lcs originally proïlose« for the special studles are the foll-ovii:g ; - the prcvalence c:rd distribution of tr;rpanosoniasis in onchocerciasis-free areas - transport o;rtions for develoirruent of onchccerciasis-fï.ee zones - attitudes tolva:r'ds nigrction to settleiaer:t zones - the control of bilharzi-a i:r onch.ocerciasls settl-enent zones - probleus a,ssoci-::ted rnitl: transferral of 1ocal lcc.clership to colonization area,s - cost-effective hec"ifr delivery systems for corolization '.reas - the nced' for urban support flcili-bies irr r',rraI rler,'elopnent project areas - non-for,rrl educatlon optlons for oncrrocerciasls-free zones - rehabilitation of the hIind, llltirin the last )'ear or so ti:e Govern:lent of rogo hr."s requested assistc:rce fronthe united states Governnent for flnanci:lg, uncler tiie itor-p pioject, of the follorvin4;stud.y proposr.ls : (a) proposal for topogreph1car and hyclrorogicar- stuciies for 1' riandorlri r)lain (a part of the oti Va]I-ey), coverlng over !o ooO 1a 2. :ri.r-dle otl va,ley, coverlng over ro ooo llecta.res 5' Binah ancl Patalou ln il.,c Lara Region, covcring lo ooo hectares{. '\l"o p1ain, covering 75 OOO hectares. - --(u) lroposal.f9r irærol{ing hes^lth services g.nd. noir-trccîitlonat eiiucrtion in thela I''ara }ilot Settlenc::t .=o*Ë. -11- SECTI';]i fV il,lV-.$t OP:loIiT ?RoJ.rlCîS ,i:j_r .lüïIyIIjItS Ij,I rf]tl Or IC-.]OC.j-::-:C I..S IS Z C: JL- r-n tiiis seetion are treated all tire';rlncipal ongoi-4g prc:jccts and. activities inthe oncho zone es li'eIl as all activities c.nd piojects plar:"red or proposed for theonci:o zonet for nhich iriforaation of *rry i.ira-i" "*u*tl;. avail:ble. riiea11y, t,:issectiot: shourcl be'both exi:a.ustlve a:rcL rr[*to-à.i". 1]:is cai: ci:ly be the case if a_r_Iexlsting j-nforl:e.tioti l'ras aade avai1ieble, llut fltis de1_.cnc.is ci: tle r).egree of co_or.era_ti on in the sup;:Iy of infornatic:: exten,lec'r- b;' ihe v:,rlous "g"rr"io" operctinE ir., tireoncho zone. l]ee clegree of co-operrtion ach.ievedL iras beeir corslJerable but less tiian conplcte.Pris is reflectecL in ttre uneven quality of the rlata presented. For exanpl-e lt proveclinpossible to receive fro:;r Ghana coiaptàtee copies of t.:e qu-estion:aire op developrientprojects v'iheii:er for thc private or icr tirc c'àverirneirt se"t"r. su-ei: ir:fori,ntio, as is1:resentecl for the Goverui:rent sector has been cull-ed fro;r official buclget csti,:rr.tess"lppliecl to the -lrogra;:::e arcl rel-ote to capita-1 exirenditr-ire estir:ates. Dven so tircreis no 1:retence to colpleteness of the r-fori-iatiol: since dete-lr-s of projects sro nctusrn,I;r conta.i:recl in the estir-,ates, nor is there c,ny h{oJ,c"r anci fest rristi:rction bet-lieencapital and' cu-rrent e:ipencliture sli-ce current expe;rdif,,,re frequentl;r ssnlrins calritalelenents' iror this reaÀou there ls,ro ciuesti:n of sr-rrnri;:g up tire inaLividu*l tota.l-sof capital exirendi-ture estine"tes in the orpecte.tion that fl:is vroulcl trury representthc fulI extent of Goverruient capltal expeàclitries scLiedul-ed. for t-;re oncho zonet fn other câses ir-fomatlon obtairiec whcther b;. questionnaire or by o-r,her ilernshas been sclrap.iJy ancl inconpl-ete for sone or thc projects. rris is not entirelyunexpected ln an enteririse such as tL:1s7r,,bich irryol-ves an a-btenpt to buirc1 up awirle m'nge of rel-iabIe iiforlx)tion oÿer a ncricd. of tine and to r,ra]:e it cvaileble. l:io clo"tbt, rritl: tjre passage of tine a;:d as tire neei for coi:plete infon::ltion ascn aicl to effective pllrning ai:c} furtirer investne:ii becoues furr;, reeognized, thez.ewill cone a ;oror'rpt arrc" fu]làï response to requests for relevant ciate. on all develop-Ient actions occ.-lr'ri|5ç ir:, o, *r',ri"u.gea rorr'iÀ" o,-.,"rro zoi.re. or:-ly so the presentuneÿei1 que.lity of tlie ilata be iu;lrovecl rn,1, correspondi_ug1;,, the rL_anner of itspresentatio;,:. J,o,' [:e area coÿered ü$t Yabout 7O0rO0 sq. 1c:. Country Senin Ghana Ivory Coast iibli i'Ii6er [ogo Upper Volta Prograrure Ârea -L2- of the Onchocerciasis Conf,rcl .,_,rc.gra.iu:e isthe scven pe,rtielr;ati::g couutrics as fol1ols by the operr.tio;.Ls clistributeci amo::4; îotal ei:'ea(ooo sq.lol. ) t!2 238 )20 7 240 t 267 56 274 ,7 502 Oi:cho Zone(ooo çe.h. ) 56 98 1l_B l,25 Oncho Zonc as fr ofîotsI area 5O 42 38 ?-7O zoo. rn this aree-of-7oo ooo sq. Ifi., lyins clnost entirely lvit-:-ii: th.e savanna belt,live an estiaatecl 10 rrillion people-of-ivhàn 1rlilIion o= iO 1:er cent are affected byonchocerciasls, arul of this ni,nbàr ebout iO ocô are estir:e.ted to be blinrl fron theclisease. Ït is also estiamted that about 2o :rilIion peo;:le tbroughout the world areo'ffeeted' by onchocerciasis, the largest eniLenlc a.ïecs being locer.teci i:r tropicalAfrlca where they extend across ttre continent frou senegal- to xthiopia ln ti:e nortjrand fron 'lngola to îai:zania in the sor-rth, the volta ]river Basin beirq; one of thoworst affected areas in the world. For treatment purposes -bhe Prcgrau::re Ârea. vras dlviced into three pkrases, fl:elast of which eirterecl intc treatr:eàt begi-ni:ir4' effeetively in tire rai::y season of1977 ' î:us the entire Progre.nne *'re: ls no* "'àr"r"d and protectocl by a network oftreatuent :"nd entonolo.gica.l ar:cl ericler:lcIo511ca] sr]rveill-ance oi;erctioirs. f?eatr:ei:ts6rmsnssfl in lrhase r in 1975, in Èhasc rr în igzo "-rra i-n ?hase frr in tgl1, r""àr-rgti:e c'lefinition of vclid criiâria for declaring-*, area cori.iiletely controllecl ancl safefor hu,an settlencn! *d cevelop;,re;it activityltir" Ë"irl"Tt'iJJ=il""r, ro apply urepragr:atic test of 18 nonths of iuII treatrcni'""0 s.or.eilrance (ttrat is, treatiaei:textenrlin* over tnvo rain;r seasons) "" " uoio-g,,îà". ,rhus, by flre end of 1926 ?hase rarea \Yas clear for settlenent, by the end of 19TT tine lrhasl Iï area wil1 be clear,enrl b5r tlie end of 1978 rh'sc itr. flrus Phasu"-i'anr] ïr cr:ecs ore now practicallyclear for settle*ci:t ::.nc-l clevelopient acti,ities. he joint Fr'rO/BRn uetl:odology for the developnent of the hogram'rre Lrea sf,resses (n') tno eollection of basic pla.n:ring rlata relatirig to the oncho zone in eachcourrtry (n) tr'" preparatioir of 5-Io-year developnent plans for eacir oncho zone(o) trr" preparation ancl eventual ir:rp1e:lentr.ti_on of specific i-nvestnent pIans. 15 1B 10 1 32 -æ 20. :lz- 1'hi1e the besic viei'r unCerlying tjris netiroilolog;, is fl:e cievelcpnent of ench courntry,so:rcho zone as tr- separ':r-te olercise revents ii:. t;:à countries flierrÀeIves are evolvingalong e course whicl.i teircls tc naké flie =.tion'r-e unc1er1.,ir.r"o- fl.c ieüro*i"*r"îin"*nrr.ct ti:e metl:odology itseJ_f ) incr":singh, o,.it of cle.te. rn tire tlr-ree ''iehel eountries - i'r:rIi, upirer Yolte rnci iiiger - c.evelopnent of theoncho zoae is reg:rc1ec1 1n t]:e context oi *- Àhort-tcrn soI:-rtlon -bo the clrougl.rt-inciucedproblens of tl:c Saliel, ::ot es a serei'a'bc exercise in itself. -[:: Gh+na, t]:e oncl:c zo::cis regardecl cs a.n iti;-631f,ent contrilrutor r,'o the nc:tj-onel c:."ni:e.ign to grovl nore fooc.ianci lnd'r'tstricl- raw ir,teri.rls. rn tlle rvorJ. cor"st ti:e onchc zone is vievrec'l in tj:eoverall context of redu-ci;1,, the i'iorth-South regiorral ir:bal-r.i:ce in favor-rr of norecLevelo»nerit' o'f thc -'iorthern Reglon. in logo thà reductio-: of liorth-south rllsparitiesis agaln par;;rourit lir tjre cievelo r;:ent of 'che northeqp;:art of ti:e country, vshile innenin a sirlilar ratior:ere anc1. cpproacr: are d.iscernibr-e. these c'!.eÿelolll'Lents ii::.;' r'rell call for e- review of il:e orie;.rt:tio:: of the nefl.rodo1ogr.-for tl:e d'eve1o.:nent of tire oneho zone and its relationshiir to overall- natj-onr"Iplanning s"nc1 clevel_oplrent goals. t}re total cost of the nethoclological stu-cii-es urrs orlginally estinp.teC. ctus ,,i 6.7 ni1lion, contribu-ted b;,- variou.s sources ." rorii";:"-L/ IDÂ ü-]ilDP US:i]} Governnents of ?rograni:e Courrtries arê: /-uù r) jrLlJlon -:- 3.O 2.4 1.0 v. ) §- 56.O 5+.O 84.0 26,0 73,O the five cor-intries flrat ufi 1) o0o 796.OI 354.0 1 OB4.O 826.o 2 629.0 6 695.0 for reliote sensirqS LTS iD has subsequ.entl;,, contribu.ted an acldlticnc.l US l1.47 n:i1lion for si:ecia1problen-oriented..str"iclies lcaclirqJ to ln::rovativc sol-r-rtions ca;:c.b1e of generrl applicatior.Ïts original us l:: 1 nrllli-on coniribr.rtion vras to coyer thc cost of lanclsat stu.dies inijeni-n, Ghane r.nd Upner \io1ta. I:ese funis have beei- rou6i-1;- allocetecl by eacr:. source to accepted thc iretiroclology arr - fcllows t ÿ. - Co'.rntr.v' Benin Çha-najb"11 Togo Upper Volta ilnallocaied m-\ 600.0 500.0 300. O 1 495.0 24O.Oîr 200. oe 560. o: 1 470.00 UI\DI 500.0 5O0.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 LISÂn) Gq.vrerr.rnent ' - Total 3,. U. Iir ,) J i.r_IJ_j-oi:. 1:rcvid ed .Burer, Status Re ort on Econonic levelo ent of OnchocercT/r s. Ï. 1l6f,inaf,s( ellocetion of the stud les. Ânount 1:rovid.ed for special ;.eearl;; Ug stud ies. trolleCL/ Regional Office ti:ra1 jects epart-rent, Ilfestern Âfrica 44: Pro.'ielts in tl.;e ?roxrs,r:ne ;'u'ea :\ nirnber of pro;ectg at tire i-clea stage, et the stucly stage (stu.dy in progressor clrcady eonlIetec), in execution or conpleted ircrre been ii..entified for the varicuscou'ntries of tl:e Prclire.:::e. l]eese projects are l-ocatec'L or intended for l_ocation i:rthe Prograrr,le €!r,ea. rcealJ-;', a distincti-on siroul-tL be rncle ar:ong i:rojccts according as tirey p,1Jr be :(a") projects oiJ-y rt the idea stage(b/ projects ct trre str-icly st:ge(c) projects for vr.:ich str-lcLles irave l:een co:-l'.1eteil r.lu-t vrh.iel: âLwait Ceeislon cstc their ltrospects for project fcrHnl"i:_.r,(cl) pro;ects iu exeàutiot: o.t various sts.ges tcvrmcls colçletion (6re stag.esbeing definecl acccrdiing to proportion of totel- e:lpàl:ditr:re a1reacl.;, engailecl / \ 01' ;Iccor-ling to proportlon of construction irerioc e1a]:scci)\e/ projects al_reacl;. corrp1etec1. au unlerstaa_*ir.g of tire ::ature ai:C, scope tlre reservoir of potcirtial 1-;rojects i:r flre the m.ngc of potential prcjects whlch îhese various categcrles ere neccssar], toof d.eyel-opnent actlvities ta.lrirtrg pIr.câ. Category (e) prolects give e.r-r 1c1ec of oncho zcne of bhe ltarticu-Iar countr3,.Categor.lr (l) proSects give :Ln i-cLea of nerit careful exa::iira.tion. category (c) proiects cone vritlfn the ra-nge aird scopc of projccts wlth potenti:-lfor formulation ancl develoDnent. - ce'tego=y (a) p=oiccts livc r.n idea of ti:e range.:nc voI,.rne of i-nvestuent clgei:t-1J' taking itlace. Category (e)-proiects givs an i.de:r of the existir:g project coirtext ir:to whichprojects curret:tly in cxecution a.nc fu:ture projects heve to be fitted, as lve11 asthe existing lin}-'age potentia1 for such curreni :.nd fr-rturc pz,ojects. , rdeally-, alsc, categor;. (.-) :.nc, cate;ory, (b) proiects r.rerely ncec to be rreptur:cier revieyr. Projects in Categ,_rri_..s (c), (.1) ."a- (e) rrouta "orioffy constj_tute fl:einput for the Prop;ra$rers socio-ccononic cLs-ta banlr. l\rrfl:ernoïe, the l-ist of ,rrojectsshould lnchrde i:rot oi:-l;' Goverrilent sector irrojects ancl ;oint l"i.""nrt";;:;"i;";;'sector irrojects but:Iso 1-.;rivate sector p:'o;eàts. conspier-rousiy- lacking ircu ti:ovarious lists of projects iiiscr:ssec-l in t.ris Seetion of thc replrt are prlvcte seetorlrro j ec tS. t-Infortunately, ltoweYer, cven witi: the lists restric.'ecr. to goveriurent and jointgÛver'flllent-private sectcr '-'rojects there have been s. ni,flber'of llrcjccts for vlhicji ithas been irpossible tc si:ccify, witl: airy cegree of ccrt"i"iy;ti"'c*togo=y into whichtl:ey faI1 iii eacl': case. Tllis lüs becn c.ue ic the ii:conplcteness of the infon::aticn - t-l --provldedi tlot only i-ie crtegorl. of project evoluticn trut also firiancial deùai-l_s areoften laclriip;' 1lor tLresc reasonsr ancl Àince on1;. projects vrith sufficient cletails,lnclucling ccst estiuates, cculdl usefull;r for,:r tLe bàsis of airy interlil;ent i.iscu.ssi.;n,the projects presentecl in tabulr fom cc;.istiiute on1;r s portiori or sa;:p]e of thetotcl n'ulber cf nrojects w-licir r,rouicl have bec.rr inc}:cle.f harl flre inforr:a.tion beencor:pIete, or rcsscnl,bly sc. concli:sior]s basec'L on t;:e to"bles rn:.st therc-fore bc. incc.l1;lete anil sui:ject torli-n;r i1'rortan't reservetioirs. 'Xte cor,nents r,virieh follor,v are therefore lntencled toexi:lrrin the i':forna.ti-on l-.reseirted. T:is i-s ,carticularly i::1;orta.nt si:rce it is notpcssible to say ln ever;' case in lrhigh citegor;r a project pro;:erIy belongs. Tne prii:_c1pa1 faet to trceep i-n nincl i-s thet the nunbàr ôr pro;ects for eaeh country has nosig;nificance be;rond reflecting biie clegree of cou;rletei:ess of tire j-nfornetion avail-ebl-efor each country. -1 6- ror a1l 1ts inconpleteness the infornaticn avail-abrc inc"licates lvhat viouldnctrnafly be expecterL, ncu:ely, that ir: the ?rop;rc,ir,e :lrea ss a ivhole flre bufk of fl:eprojects Ii-e in tlre clorrin of l6ricu.1tr.:.re anil relatecl actlvitics - crop cultiyi-tioi:anc li'vestock - with roetl constructiorr, trr.irs;.rôrt ancl cor:::unicaticr:s i:rojects, a*ro-industrial i:rojectsr -l:c:lth projects and educltion irrojects fol-lolring lii that orc-ler.fr:e greater nurber of 'bhe itàns appecring in flre "oileii-""t"à"ry cc:r.sisis of st.:.ciicsof various kincls and in vrricus sta,3es tàward-s conl:Ietio*. fhe princip:I externcl financiirg scu.rces ir: tcrns of thc nu-nber of ,crojects anclsti-idies und.ertaken vi-th tlreir assistance qre the United ]iations Developnent ?ro5;r:rue,the Eæopean DevelcpHei:t f,b.ncl and- the trberTel: r\id eac. Cooper,_-_-bior-r f,Urrd _ in ttlst orcler. tD*:ySJ-olqSi't Proi ect§-:I- ]h.:--ErylgIggg êg_ee_g].-elÿj]r: _§s_qr-or_ er /,ctivi /l = 1çq31per of ?rofectsB = Cos,ü in Mil1ion of Na,uional Currency Unit âr Including J studies for 28160 l[il1ion b. Studies I H Or I Sector ofÀctivity 3enir, Cô'i:c ,l I Iv:ire Ghana lIaute-VoIta Mali lïiger fogo l. B B l! 3 .l! B I B 3 B l'_.§Bt"ï (e) 3tzz1 (ro) (rzaol.e) (r0.4) (25) ( rroee 1 2 l-2. (a) Âgricu-'ture & ïrrigatiorr (t) livesi,c,' l.: (c) risrreiy (a) rorest-y (e) oa;ne iarlc 7 L2t6 5 ]-5B1+ 4.1 10 5918.5 9 4t946 g' 57 458,5 l-872 5.4 4 5 l-426 0.9 7 41e4 11 75t4 2 2207 1 221) 1 32O.8 ---l 2 tzg4 E t6281 75 2. Mining I 65 5. Ind.ustry (z) ( ooooo) G-) -Oe6tù (a) Àrtisan (u) /r.gro-indus- try & O'birer 1 190 1 1i0 2 60000 2 tB55 6 7962.4 I 725.8 4. Education Trainlng a I 2..6 7 117. 5 1 187500 5, ilealth L l+48.2 1.6 + 1150 1 t545 5. Tie11s, Bore- hc1es, Larra5e 4 1560 1 1000 7. Roadsrtransp. & Comr,'. ) 1982 )o ( 2 11tO ÊU 15986 I, Other 3 794 1 60 0.5 1ô 72A276.5 t_ 26000 110 161_1.3 1 2]-200 fotal 17 60 49 L4 791L4 18.B 56 740l-l.4.1 7B 101056.4 14 l.89L27.3 t7 84].34.3 iDevelopuent Pr .iects l^n the ?rogranme Âre.a classifi"ed. by Sourc: of Tnvestrnent ^-À- B= Nrmber of ?rogects Cost ln ulIIlon of national currency usit §ource of fnvestment CÛte dllvoire Haute Yolta 1. BeJ,gium 3, EC (ml) {. tr'ed,eraJ- Bep. of Ge, ia' (a) r'ac J. Neticnal. Sudget 8. Netlrer1ands 9. U:rited Kj.:rgdon 10. LI,IDP & IIN Special Àgencies IL. Uuited. States (am) re l-2r Others & UnspeclflecL g6+t+.4b to]-376.4 I H -l I TOTA], 84174;' a. Includ.ing some contributlon from the National" Br,rdget b. Inch.rdiag Sud Project-fjnanced by IBRD the FEO -14- SiirIi,r ftrere are no special 1:rojects, s.s such, for the o::rcho zone vilt::ch is situated inthe tvro northern i'rovinces of ,^'tacor:l ancl :orgo.re the planiriilg for whlch is effectecl XI- lh,"*:-respective c,'ütrrn. onchocerciasis lruàto= control- operatloirs whicl: startecl j:r 't.Jme L9'17 will iuprove the cevelopuent prospects of the onchc zone aê lvell- as th.ecountry as s" v','hol_e. Soc io-eloi:onic s ù.;.rlies outsicle of the sfudies envisagecl for flnancirrg uncier the rrr'rO/BIü neu:odology,there are ongoing str-rdies vrhlch have lceen u-nclertaken for tl:e province of litacora bythe lhench consulting firn of i,!erco::rer, and. a re1.r61.1 publishecl in Ootobe î t9T5 ontl:e Province of BorE;ou pre»ared. by IR/r;I ai:d entitl_ed-, Dq.veloi:ment of i\qficqlture. j::theBorEouProvince.TIrestur1iesfor:tr.tacoraProvin""ffiuc1erronographs,a8ri- eultura1 inquiries aircl i:ubIic opinion suï.v.eys. Other Pro.iects % Projects focated in tir.e P::ovj-nces of :ltacora ancl Borgou for which cost detailsare ayailable incl\!. ,? agricultr.iral projects for rice anc cotton production totallir:g1 200 r:rillion francs (r in Sorgou Provlnàe ancl 2 ir:. ,\tacora provi-nX;)-;";-i;""lio"nprojects tota1llng 1 Boo nillio, francs, ln operation or plar:ned fo* ]-:gTT onvrer<).s ;wirile 1n the category of agro-lndustry ôo*u* à toinato liasîn f"-"iory at t-{atitingouinvolving .n i-nvest,ent of at rec.st 150 üiI]ion framcs. lletitlngou ancl Lla1anvllle alreacl;r ap;lear i"s potential cLevefoppent poles, theeffectivc energellcc of whicl: will d.epcrrl-l- orr, ,lf,ong other things, the creation of a.neffecti'ye road ancl conirunications network. The European Developnent tr\rndr tllet'[idi-P.r,iif t--rê lbc.nc]:;iirl:a:rc. goopcrltton rfu:dlionstitute liarortoEt'-cxternal sourêqèi-of')rojebf fus.rttr6-, as.*hetforlouinG figurcs-. -in*icate, tckinS j-;:tg accbunt'"toüal-..ciiountô ^Àcntrjbutoû b;";côo&lporirccr;:[,nc.i]rüc.iqq cc'ntrâb'-rti-ons to projects jointly financecl v,rith other so,rràns g Sources pf ?ro,iect ffuncliraq l'tilIj.gn cFÂ rbpp".s. 1 3 842 200 52 904.2 394.9 53.5 64a.4 6 O4g.O CID:i ültropee.n Developnent trhnd trbenci: ,\1d anci Cooperation I\mct (rrc) IBRD Netioïra1 Bu.clget 8..: otirer Iocgl sources United i{ations llevel-onrrent PrograrrineUS.iTD 0ther Total- *n-À ) ^TTt 1T 1J r SjllJlri Xcononic planniirg ancl clevelopnent cctivities in the oncho zone of Ghana are not rlelY, for they l:e"ve bccn proceeding as far back e,s couid be rer,rer:rbered, in tanden v'rith si:ri-l-ar activities in otller parts of the count;ry, i,rhat is neir!' is that vritii the crec.tion of the Onc-rocercigsis Control Prop,rani:re (OCP) a special errphasis has been put on the econorric coiiseQllencegof tl.-c ôisease, on the necessity of its control anü ultinr"te eradico.tlon arrd, consequentl-J., on the ;rotential for iiicreased developnent of the areas wirere the Cisease is brouglrt uncler contrcl . tlus the effective j-::pact of the CCP is'1ike1y to be sn a.cceleration of tl:e rrece of c1evelopnent 1n tire onclio zone of Gi:.ana. D:at part of t"re oncho zcne of Ghana corrpriseü in the alea of the OCP covers entirely, ancl is co-extensive wi-th, tl.:e countryts liorthern ancl U.oper Regions. In Ghana there have been, anil are, clevelopnent projects in r.nd for the iTorthern and Upper Regions but not clevelopuent prcjects speclflcally dosignecl for its oncho zone, as such. Tne rlevelopnent efforts of the Governnent beve bcen sup::lenented in nan1, ways b;r private, bilatera.l r"nC international effort. In the bil-a"teral fie1cl tL:e chief a4çencies have been the aid agerrcies of the Fed-eral Xei:ub1i-c of Gen:any (i'trorthern and Upper Region) ?nc1 Canccr,a (Upper Regi-on). In the i::terrrational arena, the \i/orld-lantr (llpper negicn)aid the Unitecl ii:tions DevelopHent ?rograulre (;,rorthern antL Upoer Regions) have been rrost proninent. fhe Ierleral H.spçf1i c of Gernallÿr in partnership with the Goverturent introducec'l a fertillzer project ln f97O vuiiich expanclecl into otirer a.gric,.r1tum1 operations and becane lceoi'vn as the Ghanaian-Germe.n .lgricultr-rrr,-1 Devel-onnent Project. [:e Canar]j-an fnternationa.l .tJevelopr.ient -'5;ency (CmA) 1s iîrplenenting a;rroject for the suiri:ly of clrinlcing vvater frou boreholcs cirilled at locations throu5Lroi-tt the Upper Regi 611. Ghana., lilre Senin ancl Upper Volta, will benefit fron a land.sat studlr to be financed by the USÂID under arrei'€enents rvltir tl-.e -\fricarr Developr:ent !ank. l:e najor project of the tTorki Sani: is the Llpper Region lgricult;trral Developnent ?roject, originall-y plannec1 to start Ln 1976 but only norv getting lnto gear (:rgll), Tne Unitecl ilaticns Developr:ent Prograxne has three on:oirr,g projects in the oncho zone vrhich €lre concerneci, resi:ectively, r,vi-th agricultural infcrr:stion, fruit ;,"::C vegetable 1:rocluction, ancL a6riclrltr-rm,1 nechanization. I'teanwhile, epproval fron llilnP/idevr Torkis pencr"ing for tire start of the socio-ecop6riis str.ld:ies wirich vrill provide blsic infornntion for better fltu-re planni:lg of developircnt i-n tne turo Re65ions. the bulk of the investnent inforuation obteiiied for Ghana relates to the annual buCget expenditures of the Governrent for the i'Iorthern and Upper Regions for thc fiscal year 1976 fi7. Consequrei:t1;r, tl:e infornrticn for Ghana rests on a separiate basis fron that for the da.ta relati::6 to tl:.e o,{her six countries lvirich have not been pro-ratecl on arr annual basis in th.e absence of suffi-cient infornation to enab1e tiris to be done. la*rthernore, given the nature of tire Governr:eirtrs br-rilget expend.itures which are made on t"re bs.sj-s of expenc'iiture heads, rather than on a projcct basis, it is not possible to relate such expenditures to projects. If:erefore, nothing can be said about the nunber of projects involved. -€;2- - fl:e only project that ca;--r be discussecl as sucir is -bhe iTorlit Bank-Ghana upperEegion I'gricultr-rral Developnent Project r,vhich ls plannecl to operate over a perloclof 25 years. In ord'er to na"ke tlie figr.rres uniforn aïtc'r conparable, tire total- invest_lentfor the Upper neg.lgir irgrl:u1l:,ral- Devel-opnent.?roject v,inich is.contributed by 6iesantr (us i;r 2t ni+1:.o1)1 the {ir:ana ggr;;'*;ï-fri.:r1.2 "iiii.i), *,.." r.rnitecl Kingrlor:(us,:, 11 nirlion) aricl l-ocat ba:rrs (us,, 8.9 rittip")'rr."-ü;;;-;i"_"ated on an annualbasls in cecli equivaJ-errt (us $ l equats cedi r.15);";i"ià-ïi,Ë*rolo*i::.g cont-ribu-tions in r:illion ccc'lis : ii orlcl ,Bairlr 1. O Ghena- Governnent O.6 United Iii-ngclora 0. 5 local_ barrlrs 0. 4 Orus the j-nvestnent infcrnation availa.ble on tire basis of the flscel year L9T6/TTcan be presentecl bi, sector and by sources of finance as follovrs : Sector ,§riculture Agrlculture livestock Irrigation Roads, tz'anst_,ort, comr,.rnica.tions FIeal-th lducation & lbaini.ng Otirer (str-rd ies ) Total (it.tt:.on Ced-is ) l-o,+ 0.5 18. B trinanci-ng Sourcc ]3ND ]-. O 4"1 o.g ^À Ghana Goverirnent 7n)t I 1.6 UtiDP 2.6 I-lnitccl r=(ingclol Other (locat be.ntcs) Total l-6.4 0.5 o15 9é 18. B Althougir tire necessaï;r illLostment figure is not cyailabl-e except for the \iior1c1Bank-Ghana Governnent upper Region -'gri-cùrtural- Developnent project it nay be saictvritir a falr a:rount of certainty tllat the tl:.ree mal-n projects vrhicir are 1ike1y toaffect favourably anr-i. signiflcantly the future pa.ee of c'Levelopirent in tle oncho zoneof Ghana are I (r) nr" Giranaian-Gcnrar.L Jgrj.cultrrr;l Dsvs]6pnent project (ltrorthern anrl L.ppertcgions )(u) t u Upper Region (cflr',) ,.Iater Develop*e,t ,.roject(.) mu Upper Region Âgriculture.l Develoi;l_ent projcct. title of .....- Prô-iect#. Government : troe Agricut-lture Aninal husbandrY Irrigatlon Roacls, Trans- port and. Conrmunlca- tion Health Eclucation and tEai.Éing; . EstirnatedJJocar1on æ GHÀNA Source of Finance Ghana Goverrunent do, do. clo. IBB} US$ 21. rrillion UK Gov. US{l iI mtttion Ghâna US$ 15.7 û7l... locai banks us$8.9 n]l-I. UNDVGhana Gov. Ececutir:.e ÂEency ,i{inlstry of âgrlculü:re Mi:listry of Ii[orks & Housing Renarks Annual Yote Annual ÿote Northern & tïpper Regi-ons Northern & Upper Regions Northern & Upper Regi-ons l{orthern & Upper Reglons 1.6 Or9 5.4 1.7 1.6 2.6 us{} 54.6 n:iIIi-on Drratlon 25 years Ministry of Health Mj-nlstry lof Education & Culture Ànnua1 Vote Annual Vote Ghana Government Ghana ?endlng Goverr':nent aPProval- 'JtP '1 rlgrtcultural Socio-eco, stud.ies llort*rern & Upper Regtons I[orthern & Upper Regions its{} 4oo 000 LhrltinatT--onq] UppêFheglon A€ri. Dev. Project *16fia/o63 -24- C. TVORY COÀST - of 25 prcjects known to be located. in the oncho zone of the TyosyCoast only 14 furnish sufficient infozroation to permit their i-nclusi-on inthe table which has been prepared. The renain:ing 9 consist. of D agricul-tur3J- projects, 1 agro-industrial project (a sugar conplex) and J lives-toc]r pro jects. fhe L4 projects for which sufficient j-nfoznation j-s g]-ven eomprise10 agricultural projeets involving a total sgfimaf,sfl inyestment of nearly18 000 ml11ion francs, 2 agro-industrial projects totalling 60 OOO nl11ionfrancs, I health project for 1 500 francs and. 1 electricitÿ project costing60 nj.]-lion francs. fhe financing of the j-nvestment in these projects, which totals around 79 OO0 n11lion francs is contributed by varj-ous sor.lrces as follows: Belgium canad.a (crla) Fed.eral,Republic of GsmanJ" trbairce (FÂC) ïBm ltiational Bud.get INÏDP USAID 0ther Ihe llOtherrt category is mnde up investments of 25 000 million francs of 5O 000 mj.l_1ion francs contributed Mi]-lion CFÀ trbancs 1 7 978.2 a65 19 7 5t6 6 410 75 159 60 g7o.B 79 3l4 mostl-y of 2 sugar complexes inlrclwing and.75 000 elllion francs for a total_jointly by vari-ous sources. ïvory Coast ls unique anor€ the countries of the ?rogramne for lts extenslve use of State enterprises (mostly r.md.er the auspices of the L.[in-is-try of Agriculture) and. itmiïs6ti enterprises i_nvolving joint state andprivate capital. Ihe devel-opment of the oncho zone of the lvory Coast j-s set i-:n the context of redressing regional dis;parities in favour of the lrlorther:: Region(containj-ng the oncnà ,oi") "ra-it is fair to say that the process ofdevelopment of the oncho zone is liJrely to proceed faster and- farther inthe rvory coast than j-n any of the other countries of the progra:me, -ZTF D. LtAtL Infomation, includ.ing cost, is avallable for a relatively large runber of projects in the L[ali oncho zone. fhese projects are d.istributed among the various sectors as fcl-lovrs 3 Lljl_Iion l,,,lalian tr"rancs 4L 7 1 7 a5 9 11 6 6 6 1 agri-cuJ-tural- prc j eets livestock projects (including 4 studies) forestry projects agro-industrial proj ects road. and. transportatinn projects hydro-electric project in the Upper ldiger Va11ey 9+6 5t4 628 962.4 986 26 000 These proiects involve a total investment af 1Ol- O51 mj-llion l,flalian francs (o" àppioximately 50 518 million CFA frsnss). The sôurces of finance are for the most part externaf and largely rrnspecified because the sot:-rces havc not ],et been id.entified or confi::roed.. lrTention may be made of the l/Ia1i Sud Agricul-tura1 Project being financed by the \Tor1d Bank to the tune of US$15 nitlion and by the European Development tr\-rnd in the amount of 4 600 nillion l,[alian francs, and of the USAID-FAC project for an overall resource inventory the cost of which is to be borne to the amount of US$!Z.I mill-lon by USÀID and. US$1.1 million by the trbench Aid a.nd Cooperation tr\rnd (r'AC).a/ E. ]i-IGER Orr1y a eonpa.--bi*,'e1y srnalI part of lliger, the Arrond.issement de Saÿr which borders the right bank of thc Niger River and contains many of its tributaries, is a,ffected by the scor-rrge of onchocerciasls. Oncho Vector Control. Operations started in the rainy season of 1977. Activities connected with the development of this area are-, still at the stud.y and p1anning stage, except for the Islpmi c Universitÿ of \iest Âfri- c:] f,\.-,; Say. The essential stud.ies aud. the master plan for the develcpment of the Àrrondissement de Say should. be r.inally completed by the nld.dle of t917 and all consequential- amangements nade to initiate developrirent actions by the end of J1977 or the begin:ring of 1978 at the earliest. l,Ieanwhilee the various I\[irristries most elose1.y concerned are in the process r.,f oi.ltlining and fo:mulating specific d.evel-opment prtjects which would' be suitable for the oncho zone and also capable of attracting exterrnal financing. Tkre e^'rount which fo]_lorvs therefore sets out the current situation rc3ard.ing the studj.es and. planning activities which have been undertaken to date, -32- The sr.:n' of US$5OO 0OO provid.ed by the UIIDP for basic socio'-eccnooic studies and. surveys was uti.lizecl on the following projects . (") (r) (") (a) (") Fnotogranmetry stud.ies, i-ncluding soil- llappir€r executed by the ïnstitut Géograph:ique National Soclo-economic stud.ies - population dynauics, includ.ing ethn:Lc composi-tion of tlee potrn:lation, agricultural settlements, t::ans-portation, ete. - êxêcüted. und.er national auspices L[j-nera1.ogical. research Pe d ological/hyd.ro]-cgical studie s Preparation of a master plan for the development of the Arrondis- sement de Say by a tean of Netherland.s consultants. fhe prepaza-* tion of the master p1-an is a part of a UI'DP RegionaL Planni.ng prcject for all seven regions of Ifiger, and is supported. by ancillary plarur:ing activities in the Serry-ice DéBartemental Re§tona1 et drAménagement_du lerritoire (SDILA[) now reraned Serv:ice Départemental du Plan (SDP). lotal ccst of these stud.les was estimated. at US$700 OOO of wh:ich US$500 0O0 representetl the U]'ïDP oontributionl the remain:ing US$20O OOO to be eontributed by USAID/Niamey. ûuher projects of interest to the oncho zone are : (i) À united Nations Development Advisory Team (urmar) fo= 1y1s v/est African Region based, in Niamey which gives p].ar:ruir:g and d.eve].op- ment advice to the Goverzrment of I[iger, a.lrong others, profiting from the experiences of neighbouring countries - Upper Vo1ta, logo2 Bénin, (ii) A UNDPÆAO project for the establishment of a tural statistics.. (fi-i) A UI{DPÆÀO animal trJrpanosoiuiasis eradication in the oncho zone, to be coord.inated. vi:ith the control cperations. system of agricul- project (tgleht) onehocerciasis tr'urther details of the foregoi-r:g and. other activites focussed cn the oncho zone and. the progress achieved are given in what follows. fhe d.etailed plarrning of the Arrond.issement d.e Say has identification of two tytrres of projects : (") those covering the whole arrondissement (nost]-y projects and. resou="" sr=ruy") (f) those covering parts of the amondissementz the d.Iactj-ons concentrées (zl'c) involved. the infrastructure so-called zones ='7 Projects (studies and, surveys) covering the entire amondissement the following : 1, Photo-interpretation (aheady completed at a cost of US$1JO OOO) ; 2. Sociological studies (conducted by the Institut de Recherche en Sciences Humaines at a cost of US{}?I OOO) ; J. Hydro-geological studies and, associated pedological studies ln Goroubifapoa and [crodi/S:-rba zones (to tu exàcuted by USAID at a eost of US$600 O0O - estimated. startirg d.ate vras beginni-ng ot t97T) ; 4. Prorrision of ,an estimated 100 vrel1s by USAID due to start about Fj-sca]. 1978 (Ogtober L977,/September l-978 - rough esti-mate of cost: us$5.5 rui11ion) ; §. Provision of volunteers by nTetherl-ands Government 1s implementpilot agricultural projects ; 6. Belgian aid estirnated at around CI'A 6 urilIlon for hydro-agricul- tural developarent of the Say Arrondissement ï 7. triest Ge:man Governaent aid. estinated. at arounC. CFA 6 m:iIIlon for hydro-pastoral- manegement of the headwaters area of the Tiaguiriré B. fsla.nic aid for establishment of an f slami c university of lÏestAfrica at say. [his project is being financed. by the arab coun- tries. fhe first i-nstalment of cost cones to about US$l-50 mi]lion estircated to be about 20% of the total project cost. ILre univer- sityT a]-read-y under construction, is scheduled to coumence opera- tions in ltrovember l-977 and, will incorporate several schools andfaculties including an Institute of languages(nr:gtisi:, French,Ârabic) and a Poly{cchaic ri:stitute ("r"f,irràoring, hydraulics, economics, etc./. The university is the Eest African counterpart r,f a projected Islasric University of East Africa. ÿ. Other projects involve : (a) nesear'ch a-nd development of phosphate d.eposlts in the Amond"j-s- sement d.e Say Experimental operations Ànimation and e:rbension worlr In Koulbou and Toroti For projeets covering parts of the amondissement, the latter has been dirricled. up j-nto about 60 micro-regions, the so-called. unités d tAnalyse et d.e Progra^mmation (UA"l) UÀ"a on existing governmental ad- ministrative sub-d.iv-isions, the Regroupements de ÿi1]ages An55s (nva) which are groups of villagcs around a central vill_age or pole used as a basic un:it for prorrision of serrrlces on an economic sea1e. lhree types of ZLC have been esiabJ-ished. ! (f) suttrement zones for establishlng new populations; '.1,1 l.:nelaves vrith great agricultriral potential to be d.e',.,e1oped and / \ lntegrated vrlth the rest of the econolc.y i(l) Areas virlth special resource endoumrents --€rgre agri-culturaIIowlands, areas srritabl-e for sugar plantations. (r) (o) -34- A ga.me park is also planried to the south of colonisation Zone I and should enhance the tourism potential- of the country. Suppler.:n$ary UNDP .oncho area stud.ies lTith the USAID stepping in financial.ly for the exccution of the hydro-geological and. associated. pedological studies, the lIl[DP fi,rnds thcreby saved vrere rescheduled for supplenentary stud.ies related to the fo:mulation of the naster plan for the Arrondissement de Saÿr as foffows g US$ 000 500 000 50 OOO 7 000 168 500 l. Additional- photo-interpretation stud.y 2. Iopographical surveys 1. Sociological studies (fnSU) 4. Assistance to d.evelopment of master plan(a) Resettlement (cotonisation) of 60 O0O population ovcr 10 yecrrs ' : -(U) r,ocaf participation in plan execution(UimAt offering ad.rrice on approprlate model-sJ(c) r,ivestock survey(a) Survey of peasant attitudes towards Goverrrment action in the deve3-opment field 44 zc 20 7 0oo B 000 -37- tr'. IOGO ?rojects j.nvolrrjrig a total investment of 84 OOO rriJ.lior francs are id.entified for the oncho zone of rogo. They fal1 jnto two categories,: (a) mrosu already completed o:r in execution - nrmberi:tg ÿ projects for a total jrvestmen'r of some 27 OOO rai.llion francs, and Taken all together, the bu-1k of the jnvestment i-s'd.irected. to agricuJ.tural-projects (9 projects tolallllg some 57 il]-ion frarâcs), errl to J-ir.osioekprojects (2 projects totalli.ng some 12 OOO francs), I targe nrra]. electrifica-tion project to be basecl on poll/er from the Kara (estimated to cost 21 2OO nr-lllio: francs), an ind.ustrial,estate project (ZZ+ rfffion francs)r a project for cons-truction of 4oo wel-ls (1'000 miltj.on francs) and J health projects lL 545 nill-i-o-.francs) matce up thre rest" (l) tno"" to be implem.ented, lmd.er covering the period, 1975-1980 61 000 million francs. For the second. category of projects atfor urrder the P1an, that j.s, at least ' Togol s cr.rrrent îhird Development Plan - that j-s, B projects tota1-I.ing some least 15 OOO ur:i11ion frar:.cs'is budgetecl 6% of total Pl.an expenditure. , ha) - here 1 O1O fe.rrners are faruing 15 OOO ha will be available for I 000 Financi:rg of the projects to be implemented. r:nder the Plan i.s pred.icated heavily on external assistrncê the greater part of which, about 51 OOO m:i11i-onfrancs, has yet to be engagedo Srnall-er cormaltments totalling about 4 000 n:il-lionfrancs seem assured fron ihe Ei:ropeaur Devel-opment ft::ed., the French À1cl and coo-peration Fr;nd and the UI{DPI It ls hoped. to contribute some l-6 OOÔ francs frorn the national buclgei, or nea:.'ly one que.rter of totaL projectr cost. (r) @cur!Ueql_-Px9-l_ect§. (a) f'n importart- agricultural project concerns the three nrral development settlements of ldortherrr Togo: (t) ataloté-ossac{s (:s ooo 9 000 ha a^nd, a ful.ther inni-gra::t farmers. (ti) go"faté (einah Va-r-Iey) (7 4OO tra): 565 farmers have developed 3 +OO ha and. i.t i.s pl-annôcl to settle a further 4OO settlers to develop a.nother 2 OO0 ha. (iii) landa-Pnzenda (r+ +oo tr*)r lJo farmers are eultivating 5 ooo ha, with the possibility of a further 4 5OO ha to be developed. by another ÿ00 immlgrant faru.ers. 20 Tlrese settlements are integrated agricultural projects giv:hg àn al-l-rorard. emphasis on a"gri-cu1ture, livestocir, fcrestry and iisfring aetivities. ,'. total Jnvestraent of 540 million francs v,liI]. be jnvolved. (u) ryre ti.evelopnent sum of 750 mJ]lion francs lnsta]- 800 farm fanüles (c) Cu-ftivation of cotton is to be extencled,Reglons, Àn javestment of Z 500 nilllon francs of the Kara Valley continues, vrith a plan to spend. ajn the periocl 1977-BL. ïn thls period. it ls hôped to in the valiey for the cultirration of food crops. fut the Csntial, Kara and. Savanes is envisaged.. (a) nxt"nsion of requlre an investment cu-ltivation of food. cropô i:r these sarrre three Regions vri'rl of 1O 516 million francs. (e) fn the same three Regions fruit cul-tivation wjjll bé extended and willlnvolve an estimated irvestment of about 343 llji].].:ion francs. rn the centralRegLon a total of 2 l.B5 hectares will be plantec. to cashew nuts, nangoes, citrusf1ultê, plneapples, bananas and. other fnrlts - using the system-of 1àrge planta.-tions. Ïn the Kara Reglon l-arge plantations totalling 1 5ÔO ha wl-11 r1"o-caïry cashevr nuts, citrrs fruuits, ma:ngoes, etc.1 whiIe, in ttre Savanes Regi.oâ' 1610ha of plantations wi].]. be planted. to mangoes, citrus and divers fzrrits. It j.siatended eventually to establish a cashew nui proc"ssing factory. (t) tU" fhird ?Ian envisa€es the d.evelopment of the niddle Oti Va1ley (food arrd' cash crops for 9 522 rla].LLon franes), the va].leys of the Bi::ah and patalou(rice for an investnent of T 000 mi.'lIion francs), the LIB plajn (tooa ai:d cash -crops f:r l-1 B5o mil.Iion fra.ncs) ,rra the agro-ind,ustri-a1 complex of Mandor:ri-Plajn (i:evolving an i:rvestment of 9 57O uiffioh franos) - al-i after the effectj-.ive control'of onchocerciasis has been achieved in these areas, that isr'from about 1979, All of these activities will be basecL on large pi-antatlons. (z) livestock ?rojects TL:.e erea.tion of two ram.ches at Borgou (U Ooo head of cattle a year oïL 90 ooo ha of ]and) and Dsko (f ooo head. of cattle per year on To-oôo"rr"-oi-rrrra)respectively jn 19ZB and. 1929 is intendecl to al-Leviate the insufficiency of meat, currently imported on the hoof from üpper Vo1ta, Benjn and Nlger, 3) Rr:ra1 E].ectrifj._catlon hssociated vrith the d.evelopnent of the Kara Valloy 1s a rural el-ectrifica-tion project rvhich wiLL cost some 21 2OO mil|ion fra^recs, 6 Elllion of which rvil-Ibe for a dam to z'etain 480 cubic metresof water in the Ka,ra Yal].ey and for theproduction artd transportation of electric polver, fhe project wili ôupp1y poweïto the principal tovrrs and. vill_ages Ln the Kara aitd. Csnlsal Regions. (+) Heal,th Projects Basic health services have beei: assisted bv TII{0 in the Kara ReEion with fi.rnds provided by tire UIIDP (US $ 440 ooo), Â 550-bed hospital at sokodé (f eOo million francs) is envisaged urrder the [trird. ?1ane i,rhile urban.water supplies wil-I'be extended at Sokodé (fel ,iffion francs) ana at Dspaon (:-tOrntrt:-àn francs). Nevr vrater supplies will be provided. for I',langor Irasa-Kara and its environsl and at Niamtor.rgou, Pagouda, Kend.e and. Kétao - al-l in the Central Region. -59- Areg, Red. and. r,[}rite Volta Valleys Black ÿolta Va11ey i\rea to be irrigated. by the Bagré Iarrena Karankassn Nrm.bers to be settled. G. TIPPER VOITÂ Upper Yo1ta, the most afflj-cteil- of the cour:tries of the Programme, seems to ha"lre attracted, the most erær:naJ- assistance for the d.evel-opment of its oncho areas. Together with fvory Coast lt was the scene of v-igorous antivectorial actiuities aLlred. to curb the simuliuu fly anC pursued. u:ed.er a French-assisted. programme for several yeers before the present Onchocercia.sis Control Programe vlas'inar.lgr-lrated.Alsoz like Ivory Coast, Upper Yolta has benefited, from this head. start, Perhaps tJ:e most important factor in attracting investment jnto the oncho zone of Upper Vo1ta was the establishment of the Voli;a Va11ey Authorlty (aW) :nSeptember L974 as the sole Authority responsible for the d.evelopment of a1.l oncho- controlled. areas, A good d,eal of the success it has achieved has been d.ue to the strong support it has received. and conti-nues to receive from the Government ofFrance throtrgh its Fonô.s d.tÂj-d.e et de Coopératlon and. j-ts Caisse Csntrale de Coopéra tion Econoulque. TLie AW has been mostl-y engaged, in promotiag the establishment of smal-l fazrn settlements of pea.sant prorlueers r.md.er regulated condi-tions jn the controlled areas of the Red and. \7hj-te Yolta basins, and hopes to initiate and,/or suppcrt such activities in the Black Vo1ta. Basj:r as soon as the necessary preparatory work'has been completed. and. the basic infrastructura-l facilities have been established. It has been esti--.te.L that about 7OO ooO people coul-d be settled in the Yol-trYaILeys icl Upper Vol-ta alone. The AWt s plans cal-l- for the settl-ement of nearlytlrls ntmber of persons (olo ooo) i, u" t> - zo year peri-od, as fot-l-ows: l-75 115 200 +o L20 260 260 700 60 l-20 oo0 ooo 000 o00 ooo villages rrillages v:tl1ages rrlJ-Iages rrillages 0n the wirole this means a total of 650 ooo peaple il looo vi1lages, for an arrera€fe of 650 persons per vilIage. ft also lmplies an ar,:eua]. sétttemeàt rate of 4j OoOpersoTts on a" I5-yea:r basis, or 32 0OO on a 2o-year basis. Ihe acti;al- pace of scttl-enent prcceed.s s1ow1y, however, in Uae A\ff..æponsored. settlements aJ-ready establishec - an estimated 756 farrilies'(sone 4-I ooo pe=sons)settled in the period- 1975 - 1976c as compared. to a fi.gr:re estiæated jn exèéss ot Boo - ÿoo fanl1j-es a year lclgrating spontaneousl-y to the Black Volta ya11ey. -43- lkre experimental phase of the AW is now over (fgZO), Yfhile j-t conti.:rues to operate on interim financilg from the flrench Aid. and. Cooperation Furd j-n the cur- rent year (tgll) a team of consultants, BEI-AGRXR, fiaanced by the European Development tr\.ard of the European Econonic Conmr.ari-ty and vrith the assistance of speciaJ-ists provid"ed. by the USÀïD, is preparing a flve-year development prograrme of activities'e.:ed stud.les to be und.ertaken d.rrring the second. phase of the AVY(fgZe - ]982). t{És plan wi]I contai-n proposals for the orientation of the acti- rnities of the Aÿÿ. Settlcnent actirrrlties and. crop production by smaII peasants are orüy'a part(a;tfrougll2 so far, the most impoi:iant part) of tfre operatlons of the ÀV1/. fhe Autü:.ority also has j.ts slghts on ottrer types of activities of an agro-industrial and agro-pastoral- rrature. Tlrese j:rc1.ud.e a project for the developnent of traC.i- tional-styLe cattle ranches for s'na1I livestock farmers j:n the i[hl.te ÿo1ta Ya11ey1 afforestation projects at lÏayen (a1so j-n the Yü:ite Volta Va11ey) finenced by the Freneh Caisse Centrale de Coopération Econon:lque ; a Vl_L]-age }eveJ-opment Fimd of US $r I million (fjnancea by the USATD) for makj-ne 75/, grants to settlers jn some135 Yillages (the settlers putting up the remai:r i5% ot-copital) to promote the establishment of some 200 income-gencratlng enter;orises decid.ed. upon by the set- tlers themselves and includ.i:ig the follovring categories: motorized grain rni'l Is and peanut decorticators breed.ing of porùtry and small- livestock village consumer stores artisan operati-ons' (blacksuitilirig, Eason work, carpentry, etc. ) rri3.lage pharmacies. There is also a pioject for a factory to marrufactrme anilnaI dralvn lsrn imFlemento a compost factory, a salt lick factory to supply sal.t l-icks for cattle, and for plantatlons of cashew nuts and. other frult trees. Althor.:gh the AW is the sole sta;utory authoiity for executjng the d.cvelop- ment of the oncho-controlled. areas of Upper To1ta, there are other actirritj-es carried. nut un4er the techni-caJ- ]\Iinistrj.és and. d.epartrnents in the oncho zoîe? with both d.omesti.c and. foreign fjnarrcing. ?rojects i.d.entified in the oncho zone in generaJ.'(inefuA::rg the projects beinE executed by the ÀW) cover a wid,e râlge of actlvities. In a list of lO projects totaJ.ling up to 340 xullliard, francs (f niffieurcl = l- OOO m-i11ion) 2 large prôJects costing 515 mtlliard, franc= (Uottr to'be fi-narrced. by Canada) account for the bulk of tlr.e actuaL and. planned j:rvestment, They are a nrral. radio irroject ( t ZSO ra1-l,IJ.on'Canad,j-an d.o1-lars) and an aeriaL prospection project (f.g ntJ-lj.on Cana.dian d.ollerrs. Of the remaining 54 projects agricultura-1 projects constitute the 1ar-gest groug (to proSects totalljng 6 miIIlard. francs) foilowea by }lvestock pioJects (? p=oj""ip totalli-ng 4 ltll1j.ard francs), water pro3ecïs (+ totâffirrs 1-1! rnil-lflsrd francs) and healtJ: projects (+ totrrii:r.g l uiffiarA francs), -44- Excluding the ùryo CanarLian finumcecl projects, the bulk of investment suppo:", coljres from the European Dcvelopaent Furd, F'iance, the ltretherlands, the Federàl-Republic of Ge:many, the Yforl.d Banlc anü USA.' Deye_1c?m_q4-! ?Ao.je-cjs j:r Onqho Zo4e_plE llæer Volta Sectors ido. of Proiects 10 7 2 2 1 Z 3 4 4 ôL 19 5_5- 3 o 5 t4 a 2 B ? E _1 56 Cost (]iiltions CIA rhanc§-) Ccst (Lttttion CFÂ IbanEg_)- 5 9l8.5 4 te4 1 2e,4 65 190 1 855 117,5 1 150 I 560 3 5tO 320 276,5 34U-tO12 3t4 200 9 277 3 520 2 656 t 798 2 514 4 270j11 I 744.1 34O t].},3 -hgriculturc livestock Forestry lii-ni-i?g Ind.ustr" (artisan) Inclu-str;r (agro-industry, etc. ) Education & IrainintC Health lVellsi boreholes, bamages Roacls, transport & Conr.runications 0ther Source Canada EEC (EDF) Ferleral Republic trbance : IrAC ^^^1U U U.TI BRD Netherlands UNDP USA (:iID, etc. ) Of Ge:nrAny Total [otoI Sources of Investnent for O qc Eo_-& n e__P!qj-e qlq. _rnjpgeë.Jorta mq.--qÉ-Bc.1sç-LL -+9' SECT]O]ü V SOCIO-]]CCIJOTTIfC :\i'ID OTTIER :ISPECIS OF DE\TEIO?}.M]']T CF LIiE OllCr-It)CriRCL\SIS ZOlfil The Onchocerciasis Conf,rol Progra-irr:e is a pilot project d.j:rected to the conquest of one of the six najor tropical diseases to which the VIorId l{ealth Organization, with financial su;oport fron the United. l'lations Development Progranne, has decided to d.evote a signiflcânt share of its resources for research and trainlng leading, hope- fuI1y, to their control through intercuption of the disease transuission nechanlsn, f:e other five are nalaria, leprosy, schistosoiaiasis, trypanosoniosis and leishng- niasis. T]re onchocerclasis progra.:uie i-s control'snd' dbvclbpr:ont of tlie i'"rca tively intercupted. distinguished by its twin aspects of disease '- in .r.rhi-ch the disease transnission ho.s been effec- 1. I{ealth irrjpedi:rents, othsr than Onchocerciês.is, to oncho zone- d nonÇeconoa-lc aspects of d.eYeloprûent trbon the d.isease control point of view it is the hope thet success in the oncho- eerclasis control progïorrne rvil1 open the way to a sjsilar attack on the other tropical diseases. trbon the developnent angIe, however, the original assrmrptions rmy have been somewhat si-nrplistic. First of all, the drift of the discussion of the di- sease control aspect left the clear irlpression thot onchocerciasis was the principal healtir obstacle to the developiient of the oncho zone and thatronce conquered rthe road. rr,rould lie vride open to im'rediate (:-f not instant) developnent of the aréas con- cerned. tris, of course, is far from bei-ng the case for there are, already, other diseases in the so-called' oncho zone wilich are equall3r effectlve barriers to the developrrent of the sane areas, primarily trypanosoïiietsis, both aninal and. hurlan, but also to a less extent schistosoniasi-s, nnlarie and leprosy. hazard ls înus, once one passes frou oncho control to d.evelopnent thc healt\lseen to nulti- p1y. lhe developnent planner is faced not onJ-y rvith the necessity for continued conùrol and surweillance of onchocerciasis, but al-so witl: the need. to eonbat and control a range of other diseases. ilopefu1ly, of course, sir,rilar control ca;ipaigns could be mounted for these other d.iseases. But the j-lrportant titing to note is that effective control of onchocerciasis leads to an increased, not a decreased, need. for further health control- measures. this is particularly the case \4'11en one eonsiders that the very act of inplenenting development, e.g. by the construction of da.ras and bara4çes, the incidence of not only onchocerciasis (througir breecling sitcs created bJ, spill-woys) but also of schistoso- niasis, guinea-worn arrd hookrvorn coi-r1d. bc increased. frrus development is apt to create new, or intensify existing, health hazards' Another sirnplistlc approach in the origlnal d.iscussion was to think of developnent prinarily in terrrs of econoii:-ic d.evelopnent rather the,n in terris of the cntire ga:rut of developrrent facets - econonic as vrel1 as lfon-econor:-1c. flte very idea of coloniza- tion or resettlenent ivhich has been considered. as one possible approach to the d.evelopnent of the oncho-controlled areas ls replete with as LBny, if not nore, non- econorrlc as econo"ric aspects ; e.g., investrpnt in health and other social infra- strrrcture (clinics, r:aternity and child health cenf,res, schools, coru-unity centres, etc. ), provislon of water, roads, and so on;.-besides production of food and cash crops. In faet there is Iike1y to be a prior d.enand for food. even before the settlers could begin to produce it. -50- Apart fron the tendency to over-rate the Jrnportance of onihocerciasis as anobstacle to the developnent of the oncho zone - albeit an effective obstacle andnore di-fficult to cope with than the other health hazards - and ths sirrplisticapproach to the concept of development, there are several other problens which coneto the fore as f'.rrflrer thought is given to the inplications ancl rprnifications of tiredevelopment of the oncho zoÀu. 2. Return of tion fron the plateaux to t vaIle fhere has been, fron tire start of the onchocerciasls conf,rol progranne, aninplieit assr:nptlon that control of -ü-herbfaii.fi;,-rrouIcl enebl-c t:_e populsttn thct escopedfrom the affected valleys to the sr:rrounding pràt"rr* t"^="Là. rndeed, it has beenargued at the same tj-rie that the oncho blinà ànd those serlousl.y weakened. by thedisease nay be counted out as incapable or unaeitffi; à"i-i,ïâer agrlcultural pr.rr-sui-ts, sc that the control-Ied .r"3 1s rea11y for the ùen"r:-t of those vrho are nottainted bv the diseage, or only sIlghtIy ;;: itü"=e oa.y be an exception here to theextent that instltutions for the oncho ilina and those b]lnd fron. other causes Ëaybe able to traln these disabled persons for a*ricul-turar pr"".riiî): *'"' uokÈsÈ ! Ânother implicit assuuption F" been thatrwith- the tainted population removedl thefoci of infection lvhich *oùta otherwise threaien the settl-""" "àriog fro, nor:-o,cho-end.enie aJleas yrould also bc rernoved. rt is inportant to brlng these assurrptions out into the open as there is ahlstoric para11e1 here to tàe case of slu, clearance for lovr-àost housir:g projects.rn theory, sluns are cleared to nuke way for low-cost r:ousing for the (tenporarily)displaced persons. rn practice tire beneficiaries erre often alr but thoso who wereintended to benefit fron the sl-ur: cleerance and. new housing project. so is it 11keLyto be lvith resettlenent projects in the oncho zone. consequently, ln so far as the oncho affected popuration is concerned., the presentprogra'mae can only becone relevant to their needs when it becones possible to treatthem by the discovery and use of a drug suitable for rri^ss chenotherapy. 5. Overall 4esource pl_annj::g the facile el3rurgtion thatrwith-the interruption of disease tra-nslission in çreoncho aÏeas, all the land not fôrnerly utilized t""oou" eutor:atically available ford'evelopnent i-s not entirely comect ùecause it l-osses sight of the conseryationaspects of developnent. rt ls true that resource inventory and surveys have beenbuilt into the conception and overall design of the developnent of the oncho zone.3ut until the resultÀ of the surveJrs are i:r - and even befôre then - it is necessaryto keep in nlnd that, in the i-nterest of resource conservation, a good part of theland available shoul-d not be used and e consi-derable part jrl watershed areas woul-dhave to be im:,obilized for water conservation purposes, for afforestation ancl reforest-ation in order to prouote soir as well as watei conservation. Even the requirelrents of certajrr types of developnent, such as toqrisn dictatethat a good and suitable anor-u:t of lcnâ be irrr:robilizàd as'national parks rather,ransacrlficed to agricultural- or industrial exploitation. flrese are sone of the i-uportant eonsiderations of overall- resource planning anduse vrhich rray niake necessary, sooner or later, an urgent review and re-assessnentof existi-ng and proposed developnent plans for the oncho zone. -51 - {. Developpent of the onsbeeerciasis zone and its ilmlications for areas adjacen! to, but lyine outsid.e, the linits of the ?rograrcre Area For vector control purposes, technical considerations affecting the biology and ecology of the siuu,.I1un f1y nust enter largely into the clefinltion of the lin:its of the control area. flee requirerients of development, hol,rever, mÿ ô:r1'f;r'liffcr..Ët geographical boundafies. I:is is the old problem of the definition of the îrregion'r, vrhich must differ, for different pujrposes. 1'J:e rrregion" for antivectorial iclannirrg and vectorial control pr:-rposes does not necessarily conforrr to, or coinctde with, the trregion'r lor develoiruent planning and execution of developnent projects. fhis sirrple, and i.nevitabl.e, clivergence has been at the heart of soi:re of the current perceived clifficul-ties beln5; encounterecl in the plannin6; ancl execution of clevelopnent projects for the oncho zone in, for exanple, Bsnin and the Ivory Coc"st and is a basic factor in the reciuests b;r these countries for an extension of the current linits of the lzogrciurne .\rea southvrards vrithin tirese countries. îo assert that the trregioni? for developnent purposes cuts across and to the soutir of the rrreglonit for onchocerciasis control purposes does not, hol.lever, constitute any kind of valid arguuent for a southward. extension of the control reregionrr to coi-ncide v'rith the dcvelbpuent rrregionrr. There is no intrinsic or other reason ï/hy the two should coinci-de. 0n the contrary, it can be argued that such an extenslon for the purpose of satisfyir:g the devclopnent planners woulcl be contrary to the spirit and intentions of the Prog;rarue. !'or the original anci r?rope1 objective v'ras, and stiI1 is, the clevel-opnent of the currently defined oncho zone (or Prograruie Àrea) and of projects ancl settlenents githinr not outslde it. Ancl so loras: cs unutilized lanâ vritir procluction potentiaf Gttrer than what rlay need to be reserwerl for conser- vation progrâflries of various ]rincLs) exists within the Progr:.mte Ârea, no rea1l;, valid cese can be uad.e out for an extension of the cr:rrent lini ts to facilitate the developraent of areas cumently outside such lj::its. The Onclr.ocerciasis Control ?rograruree as the nar,re il,:rlies, is a (pi1ot) progro.,t:c for the control of the vector of onchoeerciasis, the si;ruliur: fIy, and tirereby the interruption of f,rcnsrrission of the d-isease. As a pilot progrilni:le it, necessarily, does not coirer the entire belt of onchocerciasis i-nfectton in lfest .Africa. lhe clefi- nition of the pilot zone, that is the geographicel firlrifs of the ?ro63ramre Ârea, nust thereforer b), ii,rplication, be governecl by technical factors terrding to enhcnce the effectlveness of the control to be echieved within the pilot zonc, such as the biology of the various species of the vector, their habitc.t ancl clistribution, thejr rrigratory habits, etc. Glven the rationp-le that ihe uJ.tina.te justification of the Progra:iri:e Ârea is tire econonic developnent of the territory within it, as clefined b;. 16u technical control factors alrearly nentioned, i-t seens inadnissible that the ultir:ate objective of the control activities shoulcl also be used as a criterion for the clefinition of the area within which they are carried out. Since there is no necessa:.y comespondence between the geog:raphical space for eeononlc developnent purposes, on the one henr1., and the geographical space for tecl:nical control purposes, on the other, cn attenpt to haruo- nize the ttso types of space could prove c1iffi-cult, if not ilirossible, unless by sone rare and. fortr-rnate clrclmstance the one type of spaee een be entirely accoi::.od.ated within the other. Si-nce the feasibility of vector confuoI within the Progrcnrns Area, bowever clefinerl, must be the prirnary operrtional criterion lt is obvlous that, for all practical and operc.tionr"l purposes, if harr,rorry is at all possible, or j-s to be actrieverl, between the econon-tc spece and the technical control space it is the eoo- nonlc space that rrust be capable of being accont:roclated within the technj-cal control space. Consequently, in the final analysis, considerations rel:tir:g to the econorric clevelopnent space are irrelevant to the Creflnition of the geo6çraphicl.l space of the Progra.mne for vector control purposes. -q2- In short, econonic arguments relati:tg1 to the extension of the cr]rrent linits of the hograrrrâ Area are tenable only so long as they do not run counter to the technical requirenents of the vector control ca,npa.ign. !. Built-in social- conponents in clelelopnent ploiects L very effective aid to the clevisiirg of clevelopnent proiects responsive to cotrrlu- nity needl consists in an assessnent of the projectt s environnental inpact. flrus the health hazards frol barrcges cou1cl be nininizerl where possible by ihe construction of pon6s exclusivel;r for watering anina1s ancl cgricul-turc.l uses, and. d'ams exclusively for lvater for drinlcing r.nd other donestic uses. fhus it r:ay be necessary to construct several- instead of a sii:gle barra6e to ninimize the hazarcls, or one big Cam with overflow feecling into an uriûerground. reservoir fron which water could be pru.iped for donestic uses while thc surface îeseïî'oir nay provicie water for fish fcrning ancl for generating elec tricity. Sir:i1ar1y, hydro-efectrlc projects shoul-cl include in their planning the necessary investigations and plans for the settler:ent of popul-ations displaced by floocling. Such advancecl social ptanning is seldon cncountered in this type of project. flae cost of the investigrtions snd the settlement properly cor-tnt as a part of the cost of construction of the project and nakes it possible to avoid hasty, iIl-conceived and- eventuaLly nore eostly settleuent projects vrhich are lilrely to encl in clisaster end waste of public funds, Cases exist in the Pro6iral-:.e irrea'where large agro-industrial corrplexes have been createcl without e thought for the social- anenities - housing, schools, tlispensaries, clinics, etc - required. for the ]abour force vrhich vvoulc1 be recruited. \{itht the passage of ti-me the absence of tl:ese arenities, unless provlrlecl by the State, is lilce- 1y to generate ad.verse repercussions oi the projectrs operatlons : disaffection c13ong ih" l*bolo force, tàUour clisputes and strilces regardirlq working conclitions. The s.ctuàt and poterrtial loss of production coulci be sufficiently large to havc t'rarranted a sociaL ippact str-rdy of the project from the outset, ancl consequent inclusion of the needed social conponents in its r-'resi5;n. §. Fornal ,and nondornal eclucation opti-ons for oncho zone developf,Ient TLre issue of educâtion options is not confined to the oncho zone. It has also arisen in connexion with the Sahelian zone r,vhere the way of ]ife of the nomnd popu- lation nakes ipelev:nt the conventional concept of ttre fixed-location school-house. Its relevance to tlie oncho zone cones from the cleuancls nade u1:on the tirie of the rural population by agricultr.rral activities and s11irrrlll husband.ry. fhese activities involvè Àot only the nen but also the wonen and children, accorcling to the der:ands of the season, the crops and the anirlcIs. In eclCition, the women ancl girls have aclded responsibilities looking after tJ:e domestic vrelfare of the faldly - fetching vrooC and lvater and pre;:aring neaIs. Â11 these activities are apt to feave litt1e ti-ne for the eclucation of girls and wo6en and, d-epending on the season, tlaJ/ pre-enpt tirae which woulcl norr]all;' be spent in school. therefore it is considered by some scholars that the requirecl solution is to arlapt the methocL, content ancl systen of ed,ucation to the life anC- activities of the peàple, rather ihan tlie people to the requirenents of the conventional type of eaucàtiàn. fhis is one possiUitity, but there is another relatecl to the techr:ological aspect of devefoPuent. -53- 7. Appropri.ate [echnology As is so often the case, the effective solution to a given i:roblen is not theobvious one, nor is it achiàvcrl by a frontrl attack but by j-nclirection. The education-a1 problen, for.exalni:. Â! botton it is seen to be a queltion of avairability (ornon-availability) of tlne in wli.ich to prrsue an eciucatlon in a. rur:l envlroirment, rtlvoul-cl seeu, therefore, in the case of the educatlon of vÿoirren and gir1s, that ]ig;hteniiqthe domestic world-oad of lÂronerr ancl girls in rege-rd. to feiching v,rood ancL r,rater e.nclpreparing neals would leave tl:en nore ti-ne in which to take cLe or the chilcl::en andengage in other social pursuits, inclucli-ng obtaining literac;, and an ecLucation. sjnilssly, irrprove6 5imp1e agricr.rltural technorogy - bulrock-c.,ravrn ploughs, co-operative use of.nechanized i-npIer:ents for lancl preparation, etc, - could. lesæn t5eden:ands on the tine of the chiiaren leaving then sor,le to devote to schooling. All tht':sgoes to shovr that t|grerTÿ.b" not one solution to a given probten (inthis case, the problein of cclucation) tüt a scries of solutions ÿery often startingat the nargln of the proble* rather than with the probren: itserf. There are üany other areas in lvhich application of appropriate technology coulCpronote the developnent of the oncho zone i siuple hana-àieràtua o= mechs.nized grainmills ; donestic water storage systens ; sinprei cheap but effective granaries whichcut rlown on loss fron insectÀ anà roclenis ; =irpru crop d-rying- and. foocl prese:srationd'evices ; unglazecl eartL:envrare water filters ; àt,.ple ana lan:-tary latrine ancl garbagedisposal systens - the list is extensive. Tireàe are all nretters to be considered inthe establishraent of oi:cho zone settlements. B. l4!-el-State tion benefi.ciary countries of the Are TIee devel-opnent aspeets of the oncl.rocerciasis eontrol prograxt:re often unclerlinethe necessity for close collaboration and co-operat:-on araong ierÈers of the.r,rogra*:e.tkris is essentially tire case in at leost turo iiportant areas : (i) inter-country r':ovenent of population in response to developnent opportunities(u'g'e as between uali à"à urrp., volta, àn the one hand, and ryoay coast,on the other); (u-; cattl-e d-everop,e*t projects ancl trarle i, catfl_e. 11:e first case calls for co-operation in the supply and reception of nj-grantlabour ancl in assurlng then proper and adequate econortj-c and social condi-tions ofrivork' this shows that ilevelopneàt or the oncho zone cannot be regarcled as strictly r.national problen for each country. The sarne conclusion arises in the case of deveropüent and tracle in cattle in sofar as this invol-'yes novenents of the âniriral5 across frontiers for both breeding andpLrrposes of trade..Here, ?l:o, co-operction is requ-irec1 among the veterinary servicesof the countries côncerned i-n orcler to effectively control tËe incidence and. spread.of cattle d.j-seases. 9. Inter-organiz_a-tionel co-operation rhe Onchocerciasis control Prog:tanrre is not the only organization working lvithinthe confines of its ovun peri-meter: To9 often, its contro] acti-vities have iriplicationsfor the prograr*res of other organizations (".g. the clevelopr:ent of ranches in onchocontrol-led areas by the conr,runauté -Oconomique"du Bétail et de r"-vi-liâl)."tiàiiar, t.t -54- its d,evelopment functlons nay overl-ap lvitil the devc1opnent objectives of the Coruité Inter-Dtats de lutte contre la Sécheresse dans l-e Seàe1. This overlappin5l of interests ancl functions rakes desircbfe anc" necessery the closest possible co-operation beüveen the Progranme ancl other regional or[ianizations working in the sane or ac]jacent areas. fho very inportant cases of interest to the Progrsrr'te Tvhere such co-operaticn is inperative I:lay be citecl. (a ) lligrgtioq gng geü+g1gnt in-the-ogcho-zgry as-a-r-el-ief lo3cpg1gt1og &rgs§u3e !n_t!e_dgoggg[sÿ!c!eg gfgag gf-t!e-sgpe.1* Tn those countrles of the Programre vrhich fall partly or nainly in the Sahelian zone - Lrtâli, Upaer Volta and iliger - the âreas to be renderecl safe fron onchocerciasis are l-ikely to be regard-ecl, in the short and nediun tern, as an importe.::t part of the solution of the sahelian drought problen since the oncho zone is usually well watereri ancl can therefore provicle both foocl anci habitation for tlee sufferlng population 'vic- f,inlsgd by the drou.qht. ttre likelihood tirerefore arises that clevelopnent of the oncho zone may be viewed not as a sectional solution to the problens of the oncho-affected population or of those bordering on tire oncho aïeas, but as a soluticn r.rithin a national context to the problens of population fron disadvantaged, parts of the country. fl:is situation merely underlj-nes the need for cfose ancl effective co-operation beüryeen the Progra.nne enci the fnter-State Cor:nittee for the Canpaign against Drought in the Sahel (Cff,SS). fnis co-operatlon nay take the forn of pcriorlic consultation end exchalge of in-fornatlon, br-rt it ce-n also be institurtionalized in the forn of nutual representation on iheir respective consultative organs' (t ) gar€g-scgle clag gonstrgc;[ign_anc1_its :inpact on-onchocegciagig gogtgof gn§ Àegelopngnt_ gpgrgt lons_ A similar situation arlses, in another connexion, vrith the l[iger River Conrni sslon which J-s engaged in studies that r:sy lead to the consf,ruction of cla^ns along the river fsr irnpounding vrater for the generation of electrlcity ancl for agricultural and inclustrial clevelopnent. To the extent that the construction of d.:r,rs uay drown sorae existing sj-lrul-llm sites along the ltriger River, ancl the alterecl vrater level and florv nay give rise to sirmliun breecllng sites at other points along 1t, close ccflaboration is also necessary between the Progra.nne and the I{iger liiver Corruission b5, 16u "rrr"üeans already suggested in the case of the CIISS. f-l -55- SECTION VI SEI,DCIDD 1-OPICS FOR INYESTIGÀTION In the light of the e:periences acquirecl to date anc'l of observations mad.e:rt the cou.rse of visits i:: the Programme Area certain topics sr.rggest themselvesas priority candidates for investigative studles. 1. ClaË:lfjj:ation of appropriate alter!€Ltiwe strategles for de_rreloBment of the oncho zone There i-s continuing discussion of the approprlate strategy for the develop- ment of the oncho controlLed zone, a di-scussion i:ej-tiated by tf,e l[isslon cn?reparatory Assistance to Governments and subsequently Iatrrôhect wj.th the publica-tj-on of its report. Differences of opinion stiI1 seem to perslst J-:e regard to the approprlatestrategy to be ad.optedrd.iffercncos which experlence shrws to be prtnarify due to'a lack of clarification of the nature and inpli-cati-ons of alternatj-ve strategj.es. 2. AvailaEilitv -o.f I?bo.irr for deyelgpngnt- ogerations: I-qbour rri-sra-tj.onl"tweencountries of the Onchoce.rcià Glven that the incidence of onchocerciasi-s in the Volta River basi:l resr.r-1tsin a movement of popr':.1ation from the infested valleys to the sumorrrdi-ng luighplateaux, it seems natural to e:çect that once the valleys are made safe forhabitation the population woul-d. retuïn. However, thj.s d.ôes not mean that thelabour supply would necessaiily be adeqi;ate :-n "'i.l- cases for the development needsof the areas made avaj-Iable. ftris is particularly true in the case of tt u t1.oryCoast where there is a shortage of labor.rr requireà to develop the agricultr:ral- operations in the North (the oncho zone) ana lahour i-s therefore i-mported from thesurromdiflg cowrtries, ilcluding l,r1alj- and Upper Vo1ta1 also members of the pro-grarme. \rhi1e interrral labor.r migrations aïe a nornal phenomenon in any couetry an6pose no particular problemsp except where such movements are dlctated by "m"rg"n"ysituations such as floods, droughts, earthquakes, etc., extezna!. mJgration corrldcreate problems for both_ the errporting cor-rirtry (ioss oi a vah.raure ana active partof its populatlon) and the recipient àorart"y (social problems of absorption offur,m'igrant Labour). Th-is serves to underh::e the fact that d.evelopnent of the oncho zone is notalways entirely a mâ.1f,s3 completely vrithin the national juriscllctlon, and in thecase of emjgrant labor.rr calIs for jnter-State co_operatj_on between the sending andreceirnilg couetries i-n orcler to ensrrre orderly movements of labour, and protectionof the economi c and. soclal ri6hts of the nr:igr;nt worker, ail -66- 1. A comtrrgr.ratilre study of settl-ement 'oroiects in the ?rograme Area Inevitably, one of the consequences of effective oncho controL measures j.:: areas which had previously been aban<loned because of the d.isease is the estabiislr'- ment or re-establishment of hr:uan settlenents, whether plar:ned. or sponta.neous. Such settlements alread.y exist in the oncho'zones or oncho controlled. zones of some of the countries of the ?rogramme Area. In Upper Volta there are the AW settlements ; r Ghana the Damongo Settlement Project, the Tono Settlement Proiectr the Navrongo Scttlement Projectr arrd. otJrers which aay yet develop under the cou:- tryl s National Reconstruction Corps programme ; i-:: [ogo there is the ]-a Kara Settleaent Projêctr md in Niger a proposal to establish settlements j:r the oncho controllecl zone. fhe ntmber of such settlements ls ].iJcely to increase jn the futr:re. Thera are also what have been called.rrreservoi-r settlementsrr7 that i-s, for- eed. d.isplacement and. resettlement of population in new areas as a result of large scale hyd.ro-electric projects involving extensive flooding oî-' previously inhabiteê areas for the purpose of creating thejr reservoirs or ::anElad.e lakes. fhus the Yolta reserwoir settlement jsr Ghana resr:Ited from the creation of the ÿo1ta lake, the largest man-mad.e 1-ake in the world and lts accompanying hydro-electric pro-ject. Similar reservoir settlements are liJrely to be created jn the Programme. Àr.ea and. may.be envisaged for the Ûlono Rive" (hogo and. Benin)r,tfr" Black Vo].ta' at i[or-mbi-el-(Upper VofIa) ana at lui (Giran"), d Nlger Rlver'(miger and iuali); Sueh man-Eâd.e }akes, whether on the scale of the Volta trake or 1ess, have bJ.ologj-c and social effects apart from the enforced resettlement of the pr pulation whose land.s are flood.ed.. À]-soe the cost of the reservoir settlements - both the cost of investigation and establishment of the sc1'''j' '1-,1ât - should figtu:, 1d.ca115 i-n th.e cost of the hydro-electric projects to be constructed., Tliis, however, is seldom the cascr md reserrroir settlerirents have tendcd, as a rul-ee to be hastily conceived and. bad.1y executed projects, The mmber of such settlements, both reservoir and other, i.s 1iJ<e1y to increase and play a significant ro1-e j:l the futr.lre development of the oncho controlled zone. Yet littl-e i-s larown, so far, of the e:çeriences i-::volved in their creation, their relative costs and mode of establishment, thelr respective aclvanta.ges and d,isad.vantages, their usefulness and limitations as mod.els for replication. ftre time seems, therefore, appropriate for an attempt at a compara- tive study of settlenent projects in the oncho zone with a view to d.ocûmenting, and profiting from, past e:periences of fallure and, if at all, sucess. 4, Viable alternative approaches to low-cost settlement pro.iects for the ' oncho zoæ llhiJ.e much has been wr^itten about the d.esirabitity of establishing settle- ments in the otrcho zone, not much is laeovrn and documented. about the costs of such settlements except that they j:rvariably turn out to be mcre costl-y than was atflrst estima-ted.. fttese ure4pectecLly high costs impose a seve?e liutt on the a-l tr)a -57- extent to whlch they can be vrrlde)-y adopted. In order that the settlement conceptbe widely adopted, especi-aIIy in cases where popuS-ation pressure has to be relie- ved' at the same time by taking on the orrerfl-ory irom areâ-s outside the oncho zone.a wld'e range of 1ow-cost alternatives must be avallabIe. fhe preced.i.ng studyshoul-d contrlbute much to this investigatiofr but i.t wj.ll not nàcessarlly beoriented to the low-cost alternative aÀpect. Closely related to the problem of effective low-cost seltleuents is that ofeost-effective health d.e1lvery sSnstems for the oncho zolêt For nany reasons, ln-cluding low-density use of healtir facjl-ities in rr.ra1 as compared to urban areas2health as vrelJ- âs other sociar infrastrrrcture for rural u,*erË .æri rathi$ ldi:gi:-i:rvest-ment operat:Lons. rt is doubtftÉ whgther, Jsr the clrcumstances, such infrastnrc-ü;re can ever be cheapl-y constructed. what ls therefore more to the polnt Ls thatit should be cost-effective, whaterer the system ,i.evised. 6. Sjmple teehnologies for prorrldqng cl-ean potable waterlÈ.oÊ surfac,E.$r:rtên.sources An lmportant health factor i:r oncho zone settlements is the availability ofsafe potable water. [his is less of a problem where grouu:d water resources existbut becoures a graYe one where on].y u:piied sr.rface wai"r is availabre j.:: ponds a:rdbarrages constrr-rcted for watering rotrr ien and cattle as werl as for a6ricrrlturaluse' E:qgeri-ence shows that such water reserwoirs are easily errposed f,s sgnf,emins-ti-on and. the r5.sk of water-borne d.iseaseq Jt it ,,r. .. _-1 .t-*.r;fqr,e ;..-"t r; .;-s and neansbe researched' to provlde crean, lare ana potâtrà water for oncho zone popqlatlonswh-ich ha,e to d'epend. on urpiped. surface water supplles. 7. their contribution todevelopment The presslng problems ôonnected with the d.evelopment process are often bothcompllcatéd ana intemelated' The d.eveiop*u"i problems of the oncho zone are noexceptlon. woments ed'ucation fur:rrraI ,"àr" is a case in p'oint. ït j-s wotlhronn that the range and' quallty of the eclucational opportr:nitles available torural n'onen leaves much to be desired. and thus restricts the scope of the contii--butlon which they are potentially capable of malrlng to the development process.rlre grarnlty of the problem 1s easily recogn:iged. when it is consid.ered. ttrat, ingenerall wonen constitute at least pnu-rr"if ("o*ït";;;;")";f the üota1 popr:Ia-tion ia most cornmmities. fhus the problem à"".*u" presslng sign:ificance, espe-cla]*ly fui cases where new comxlunitieÀ have to be establi-shed ln the oncho controf-!-ed zone. Y-et, as is welL lorown, a frontaL attack on the problem of womenrs educatlonis Iike1y to result in trusiratlon ancl failure to .imfiove thelr ed.ucatlonal status.Thls 1s because the basic intÉbj-ting factors with whieh the probrem is Jnterrela-ted' and compucated are less those of avaiJ.abllity of educatlon for women than of \-l -58- aYail-abillty of time in wh:ich to pursue it. Tjru"l Xt is well larovrrn that 1n mostrural comnunities v/omen spend up to perhaps half ihe d.ay in exhaustisg toiJ-fectching wood. and watérr_preparlng grain for the famIly mea1, besideé time spentin season on the fa:ms' f?::j-s leaves very llttle time i.n which to pursue aneducation' It folIows, therefore, that all important approach to the release oftime for womenls educatlon as well as other womenls u."ti-r=ities i-s the ratherlndirect and. roundabout one of lightenir:g their douestic clâores by appropriatetechnology, thereby releasing more ti-me for other pursults. 8.4 sofe orat to on the cs selecteclfor s rxrd.er the USAID ocerciasis ect Ihe roundabout or serend.ipitous approàchheart of all hr.man and. social_ problensr-às wellproblem. ?rogress cou.es about through rnarginal ted. problems and variabl_es, not through drastlc majn amd obvious problem. to progress 1s seen to be at the as at the heart of the ecological shanges or di-splacements in rela- changes or frontal attack on the It followst_thelefore, from this central fact that the big problem in pro-blem-solving is ldentifying correctly the ancllIary problems or-vàriables whichshould be dealt with in achieving solutions to the ualn and. pressing problem.Experience also teaches that, lgr the process of avoidj.:ag the obvious in orcler tosearch for the non-obrnlous strategic solution to the obvious problem, d.lscussj-onsenlnars and' rotxtdtable sessions aie effecti-ve methods of i-aeàtitying correctlythe lssues on which to concentrate. fhe seminar approach is therefore recounend.ed. as a means of identifying thoseproblem-related studies capable of learting to lru:ovati.ve solutiôas to conmonproblems and. suitable for general applicaiion in the onchc zorte. Such seni-nard'lscussions involvi:ag exchange of viéwpoj:lts ancl experiences by those most closely con:eected' wlth the problems shorrld help determine whetl:.er the topics seLected. forthe special studies cou-ld usefully be retained in their original fozn, roodifiedor replaced by more relerrant fo:mulations capable of lead.lng to effective soluttons.The same approach is appllcable to the other topi-cs itemiseà j.n this Seetion.