Experimental and operational evaluation of chlorphoxim (OMS-1197) in the Bandama Basin, Ivory Coast

,f . ITORI,D EEÀI.,TE MGA}IISAîIONI Onof,oo"=oiaaiE Control hogra$ne (OCe) EXTERIME}ITAL Ar\rD OPER.ATIONAL Eÿ/TLTTATION OF CE]JORPHOXU{ (OUS - 119?) IN [m BÀNDÀI4/\ BASrItr, rvoRr CoASÎ L. Lacey - J. Henderiolx - P. Pangalet - J. Pouth-Pouth. frc, æ-- 2, .{ ^ 1. TNIRODIICIION Ear1y |n 1t80, res.istanoe of slEgligg aa,nnps:g s.l. to tenephos was etrspectecl in the Danda.ma basin due to elevatetl bitin6 rates and the findlng of Larvae and Urpae in reguJ.arly treatetl rivexs. It was later oonfirned. by Gulllet et a1 (fgeO) on the Louer Brnêa.ma River near llJ.assaI'é antl by Gui].let et E! at the Danangoro Complex on the I'laratroué River (rrnplublis[ed. ôata) utilizing' the ltouchet suscepltlbillty ter,t (Mouchet et g|, L97T), { I[he onJ.y alternative larvioicle whioh was available f,or inmed.iate use ln the srrppression of the reeistant populatlons was Chlorphoxim, 2 - Chloro - (aiettroxy phosphinothioyl) -oxy) inino)benzeneaoetonitrile, (OuS - 119?). Long tem control, however, uas Linited. by the relatively sroall qrrantity of Chlorphoxim on ha^nd. FulI operational use of the compound uas ha^upered. further by its ooTros,Lve activity on some parts in the holcling tank of the dellvery appa"ratus. In late October, 2000 Ltters of a new lot of Chlorphoxtn 2Q6 enuLsifiable oonoentraterero received.. Additionally the delivery apparatus had been nodified to nake it raore resistant to the corrosive action o.f the fornulation. llhLs report presents the results of experinental anô operati.onaL evaluation of Chlorphoxfun 2@/o EC in the BanÀama basin of fvory Coae,t oonducted between 21 and 2), October 1980. 2. stlrDT slltss ExperLrnental treatments were raade on the Upper NtZi River -startirlg approxinately 57 lh above the [inbé bridge anê eniling north of MtBayakro (ftg. 1). Oisoharge ÿarLed betueen L9 and 2! nJ/sec above the [imbé brldge ancl. 48 arrô. JJ.aJ/sec at the Fétékro rater qfuf". Routine treatnent with temephos at O.O5 AI hatt [een a;uspendecl slnceÿseptember 1980 after the detec- tlon of resistant lanrae. Areas prospected after operatlonal treatraent lnclucled the Lower Bandama at the ftChutes'Gauthierrr rapid.s, the rapitl.s near [lassa].é (ôisoharge flàO n$/s'ec) and the white Band.a^ma north of Ma.rabaêiassa to the oonfLuenoe of the Naramou River (discharg:e z 2:2o n1/aeo) (r.s.e). ./.. ,tr') T. MEIIHODS ÀITD TJU\IEI{IÀIS ÈocpeotLon of the IIpIer NrZi wae made by the authore. ln e Eugbee 5O0G helicopter on 21 Ootober 1980 and. a,otive braeùlrrg sites, uelê narlceè with brtghtly oolorrred etripe of, rnaterial. À qualitative eEt'fuaate of the lanra"l ûbns.ity was naôe at eaoh eite (+ = verÿ fer lanryae ; ++t+ = d.enae breecllng). Due to the sma13. qua.ntitLes of Ctrlæphoxln utlllzed, the eru.Isiflable concentrate wag: mixed rith approxinate1ÿ 10 - L5 1 of rater l.u a 20 I. plasu.c gas oontalner before eaoh treatment. ttith the exoeption of the Fétékro treatrnent polnt, aLl lanrioiêaÎ, deliverles lrere rnade fron tho heLioopter. Ehe Chlorphoxlm-rrator ni-trrre uas porrBeô through.a tube in ttre rear of the helicopter nàioh erited neaJr the Lef,t-rear et:mt- lti tras cleliveretl in 2 transveree bantls at eaoh treatnent point in a perlod of app,3oxlnately J0 seeonds 1to 5 Km above ttre first ûownsttea.m breeôlng aite. Ât the Fété}eo treatnent point, the nixture nas, porrecl ln a eingle tra.nsverse band' fron. üre Féüétcro b:ddgp Ln Leea than 50 seeonûa. llhe varLous. experimenta,l treatnrents veie nacle from.2l gotober to 24 Ootober. Prospection uaE made 2d hrs after eaoh treatment. Operational treatment og the White Ba^nd.a,na and Louer Banda.rna uae made at the pointe. inôloatetl in FLg. 2 at a oonoentration of 0.025 pprn on 21 Oct. I9eO. Eaoh larvloide drop on the l'Ihite Banda.lua wae.16.5 L of ChLorphoxim EC. llhe single drop mad.e on tJre Lower Banda,ma was 54 1. fre treatrnente refe made from a Hrrghes 50OC helioopter utlllzing a preoeurLzetl ôelivery systen. The la.rvioide rragr laict ctovn ln sing;le transverse lines on the l'lhite Banèa.roa. SLnoe the p:eeçsurized ôeLivery systern n"If: only 2J Lltere, it traE necess'ar1r to uait 2 - , minutes for refi[ine of-tlelivery eryrstem fron the hoLding tark between eaatr 2J I ilrop on the'Lower Banda$a. . Èospeotion of the tæeatetl areas lndioatecl in tr'19.2 raa made 2J Ootober 1980. Â. RESTILIS ÂND DISCUSSIOIT hl.or to the ooûtrencement of the 0nchooerol,asis Control Programne (OCf) it uas demonstrated that Chlorphoxim offeretl potential ae a^n effioaoiouE aLternatlnæ to tenephos (rc Berre, 9t 31,, L976 ; PhtLipponr g! ù L976 ; QullIévérér 9t gJ, L976 arb; IJEO, 1980). Sucoesgful treatnent of Chutes. Gauthier in rnid-1980 indlcatet that 10% nortality anê euffloient oaxry couLê be provitLed at a oonoentæatlon of 0.025 PPm A.I. In an effort to mlninize the enrLronmental hazards lnherent ulth routine usag:e of (tÏr].orphoxtn (Statzner, L979t Gibon and lBroubat, 1ÿ80) ttre O.OL25 cLoeage $ae atternptect. UnfortunateLyl no ohange Ln larval clens,ity was notecl exoept ln yorrng ].arrae at the breeding eities tmmecH.ately below the treatnent pointe (natte t). ,/, a ô 4 u 1[he 0.02§ ûosage on the NrZl gave promising rearrlts at the breed.ing sltes sithln z - 9 Ih of the treatrnent point but provided littre o:c no oarsry beyond. that d.tsta,noe (fatle 2). nUe effect of exoess cLilutlon on the insec- tioltl'e when sna1l quantities a.re utilised is. apparent both in the erperinental. and. operational treatments (naULes. 2 and ,). [rtr" carry of the fnsectlcid.e on the ÏJhtte Ba.ndhmar althorrgh better than that obserned on the NtZir was stilI insufficient for LOq6 oontrol betnreen treatnent points. llhe presence of unrneLanized pupae 10 Kllometere d.own strea^n from the t[eatment point ind.ioated that some olcler instars were unaffected, by the Chlorphoxirn. 1ltrese results. are sinLlar to some of the trials matte by philippon gs ù (L976) utltizing Chlor- phoxLm 8C200 on Eeveral rLverE tn th Ba"nd.ana basLn. For the nost part, horever, the different fomtrletions of chJ.orphoxln 2oo EC evaluated by Phillppon g! gI (fgZe) g"*=.narkec[1y lnferior results at 0.0J ppm to those presented. here at 0.02S ppn. llhe experiments of Le Berre g! aI (tgl6) intl.loated that in stiLl water settling of preoipates oocr:rred. with Chlorphoxim (formuLatLon not given). In atld'itlon to dilution effeots, the d.eorease in aotivlty 9 - ZO lçrn below the treatment polnt nay aLso be d.ue Ln part to eettling. lrlith larg:e clrops, such as on the lotrer Band.ama eren though the ooncentration of Chlorphoxim was the same, Lt apperreê that oaraïf nas enhanoeô somewhat. 5. CoNCLUSIoNS -- For effeotlve trectnent of §4!ryggE e.1. larvae uhLch are resLstant to temephos, espeoLally utrere t[e quantity of Chlorphoxim utilized. is' 1ow, it is apparent that treatment at: 0.025 pprn nust be ma,cle at polnts, oloser than those utilizeê on the lolhite Band.ama on 21 october. Drrring. the dry season, treatment of eaoh breeding eite wirl probably be required.. An alternative to Chlorphoxim and organophosphate lnsectioide in generaL should' be eought to lnevent or fors:taLL future deveLopment of resistonce. Before the OCP inclucled the Lower Band,ama in l,ts regular treatment pfograrnme, the untteated. area provided. a s,ouroe of rei.nva.ôLng adult Ê,1}gEçruE'.1. (Garns, 9! 4, L979). 1lhe Band.a^na basin may now proritLe c source of reeletant flies whioh nay invacle atlJacent areas of the.progra.mme. 1he need to oontain and soLve the resistance probJ.en is obvlous. [b d.o Lt.effectively, quickly ancl with ninùaaI effecte on the environment is para,nount. ./. ( t.' REIFENENCE Garns, R.r J.F. l,tra1sh and J.B. Davies. 19?9. Stldies on the relnrrasion of. ' ltre Onohooerolesrls'Conünol Progr+nme in the Voltia-RLver Baein by Slnulirr.n d.a,ranoarlq §.L. uith enphasiE on the Sou{i}r-tfesterî areas.@ü. ,o 2145 -162. Gibon, F.M. and J.J. 1lroubat. ].9e0 Effets tttr:n üc.r,ltement au'Chlorphoxfun sur Ia clerive cleg invertebres bentÀriques. Rapport O.R.S.1[.0.M. No57. Guilleü, P. g! q1 L980. Note'ptéIlminaire'eur une résistanoe à LtAbate chez ' LigftE-aa+nàs'un s.i. en Côte-ôtfvoire (Zone è1 nloSra.rune de Lutte oontre ltonohooerooae d.ane La région du bassln êe 1a Volta).1'IH0 MLmeo. tloo. IIEO /WC/ Le Berre, R. .g! ù. L976. Control of E!B}!gg §ryr_veotor of hurnanOnchôîeiliasis ln Uest nfrtca. II. Converltional treatment trials of nev'insecticiclee and nsrr fcrrmulations. I/,IHO lttineo, iLoc. !IHO/ wc/I 6.6L5 . Mouchet, J. 9!; ù,. 1977. Méthoèologie pour tcster la aensibiLité ar»c insec-' ticfôeltles larves de §imjllius -{a,nnoeqq. Cah. ORSTOM; sér. Ent.ùeà.-P;àritoi., 15 tBK philipporr B. gg gf. L976. Control of gÂErf.i*g aamn5,:fg, vecton of humanÔnotroËrqiasis ln l'Iest Àfrical VÎ. Spraying of neu insecticiôe trornuLations by helicopter in the'rainy Eeason in the Guinea- type.savanna zône. tfliO Mirne6. ôoc. 1'IH0/VBC/76. 6L9. Qutllévéré, D. É gL. L976 a) - Control of 919E!!gE aap+ry, vector of- hrr-nan Gcffierciasls in West Âfrica. III. Applloation by aeropla^ne drrring the vet season, nethoils of application, new fortulations.IIf À. Suramary table ofl tests by classic anô aeriaL applioatLon of new'insectioiàes and ner,r formuLatlons. l{IiO Mimeo. d.oc. WlOffBC/76. 6L6. . Q,uiLlévéré, D. gS 4. 19?6 b) - contror or âfgg-qllqg sgqryr_ vector of . hu.nan Onchooerciasis in West Àfrica. fV. EvaluatLon by hellcopter of new forrnulations and. si-ûulation of an insecticlêe operation. I.IIIO Mirneo. iloc. \îH}/VBC/76. 6L7. Statzner, B. L979. The effects of a large scale fielô appJ.toation of 'Chlorphoxim on the benthic invertebrates of the NtZi Rlver (Ivory Coagt). unpub. report to !J80. \û1.8.0. L980. Surnrnary of laboratory and fieLtl evalüatlon of larvioid.es. for -§igg{!gg càntroL. IIHO Mineo. d.oc. vBC/8O.r. FIG. I EXPERIM ENTAL TREATM ENT & EVALUATION OF CH LORFOXIM 2OO EC. ON THE UPPER NZI ou9ou A' Timbe ,t/ KAI IU o BOUAK B o Fétékro c &c' o' M boyok - Drop point 0.012 - Drop point 0 02S - Surveyed breeding LEGENO to - Woter gouge @) H sites S.domnosum s.t. PP|4/lO' = A-B-C PPM / 10' = A' - C'- D' Scole 1 / 500 000 e J. HENDERICKX /J. SANOU ?r FIG. 2 OPERATIONAL TREATMENT AND EVALUATION OF CH LORFOX IM 2OO EC IN THE BANDAMA BASI N vo N AQ/ 16,5 16,5 16,51 i6,sl ? t8t .?181 ? 2l 28t 281 +-?El 24 211 + 241 241 541 -Drop points of chtorfoxim & quontity: 18t -+ -surveyed breeding sites: @ LEGEND Scote l/1000000 J. HENDERICKX / J. SANOU ô-a lable L. henlnental evalrn,tlor of Chlorphor'ün M" W on the Upper l[rZ1 Rlver (O.OIZ5 pgfO fn. ) llreatnent Polnt A Breedin!Slte No. lorstanoe fror[ hreetnent, ttrro:at (rm) i It I Dlechaæge'-Quantfty ot(q5lsec) .bnrozpnc:m ;æ ; farrraf Darslty of, S. danno$n Before [beafuent After llreafuent r Ïourg r --6I[ t ïoun6 r 0llô t t F--__3 t t I t t ! t , I I t t t t t t t t a I t t , t t a t 3 t I , 10 2A 42 5e LI ,8 4I L7 35 1 2 9 4 5 19 + + s + + + # + # + # 1.e o.? 0.8 ++$ ++ # + + + {+ # {+{#+ ffi {:'H H + + # # ffi # ffi H # + B 6 7I 22 48 +? +{+ +? + # H 9 10 11 72 c #+ , I , a t t t t t t t t a I t t t t a a t t I I t t t , t a a t t t t t , a t I t a a t a t t t t t t t a a a , t t I t t t 3 t t a , t t t , I t t , t t t I t t t a t I a t a t t , t I t t t , I t I , t a , , t I t' t t t t , , t t a , , § 6" Oo ry. E-perlnental enraltstlon of chLorphcla zefr w o the Upper !rZ1 Rlver (o.æ5 pnmr/ro nln. ) t I t t t t t I I It ptrtaer'mf 'llrælnent 'lrrornt (rn) : I r\r --Lr--- lOrar,trty ori:iHq' lcrroaepui,ri,\qrl.êc ) 2 EC 2 a Iârral Darslty of g. damoslm ,a lretncat Polnt Àt cr Dr grGêôinÉ t Before Îreatment After [reatmsrtIrSltc No. I , ïourg a a 0ld ïotnag a 0Id, I t I I , , t , t t I , t t I 2 1 4 5 2 9 27 42 57 4I 17 55 ?A ,, 56 1.8 Irltere 1 +.2 + + # + + o + # {-l4.t .H +++ s+ + + + # # ffi ffi 0 o #{-H 0 o o + + + o 9 10 11 L2 )2 +H # +++ + + o + H ffi *I 0 * un t.ttty 9# 5 Lnr"rqe (Ztn urtu) fouea t t t t t a t a t t t I t t I , at a a a a a , t a , a t t t t t I , t t , t t t a a a t t a t a a I a t a a t a t , a I , ! t t a t a , I t t a t a t t a t t t of fe t lrblc 3. e8 te and Post , a I a I t t t DAIE tt tbeofuent R1væ Brced{.éSltr No. I Dlstanceftona t Lannl Denalty of §. dasrogtltr t 3 llrotaat t ncoapcottoa !otng'ïanaa Id, Irrsrac 3 Rrlee. + *+ *++ *++ + + tuptÿ c f,h1tc Brndrnr 1 2 , 4 5 6 L/t 25/Ii o o 0 0 0 o 0 0 {+ +r a o lt ll lt ll ll It tl ll il r {+ + # # # # , 1c 20 2C 1I 5 1 t5 # o 0 t t t a + + o o o o 0 o o 2r/î ll ll 2L/t ll ll 7I 9 ï.oræ Blnâânrl I t t t t + Torrg putrnâ prucrt (urml.ufæa) E t I I I , t t t a t I I l t , , t , a , I I t t , , , , t a a t t I t t t t , t t t t t t t a t t a a t t t t t t I I t , t , t t t a t t t t , a a , t I , , t t t t a t t l t t t t t I I t I i ! 3 I t t I t t t t t t a t , , a