Subject Index.

Index Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Volume 79, 2001 Subject index acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, see AIDS acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in Australia 1169–1170 in southern China 103–110 adolescents alcohol and drugs use 380 flowchart for STD management 301–305 homicide 2–7, 172 see also children; young people Afghanistan polio eradication campaign 1088 refugee camps, hazards of winter 1000–1001 WHO-led efforts to restore health system 1174 Africa AIDS in, retrospective view 1156–1167 cataract blindness 257–258 cervical cancer diagnosis and treatment 127–132 Health InterNetwork initiative 81 HIV infection of schoolteachers 999 long-lasting insecticide-treated mosquito nets 998 southern, globalization and occupational health 863–868 sub-Saharan cervical cancer screening 954–962 control of AIDS/HIV 1113–1120 factors in HIV transmission 1168 modelling HIV/AIDS epidemics 596–607 noncommunicable diseases 947–953 targeted interventions against genital ulcers 569–577 West, see West Africa ageing cataract blindness and 249–256 hip fractures in Belgium and 942–946 population 484 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS agreement) 381 impact on pharmaceutical industry in Thailand 461–470 AIDS in Africa, retrospective view 1156–1167 blindness and 181, 208–213 cheaper drugs 377–378 control strategies 375 crisis in Asia and Pacific 1000 effects of globalization 827–833 epidemics, modelling in sub-Saharan Africa 596–607 global response 1095, 1106–1112 need for global control initiatives 869–874 successful control in Uganda 1113–1120 surge in ex-Soviet Union 78 transmission in sub-Saharan Africa 1168 vaccine development, see HIV, vaccine development see also HIV air travel, deep vein thrombosis and 380 aircraft disinsection 900–901 albendazole, school-based therapy against anaemia 695–703 alcohol globalization of control measures 842–849 intake, European adolescents 380 Algeria, coeliac disease in refugee children 541–545 Alzheimer disease, lifestyle and 378 Amblyommaamericanum (Lone Star tick), Lymedisease transmission916–925 amblyopia, refractive error-related 237–243 American cutaneous leishmaniasis, skin test 1169 Americas, homicide in children and adolescents 2–7, 172 anaemia inherited haemoglobin disorders 704–712 prevalence estimation 506–511 school-based anthelmintic therapy 695–703 antenatal clinics malaria treatment 1014–1023 preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 641–647 seroprevalence data for modelling HIV/AIDS epidemics 596–607 anthelmintics, school-based therapy against anaemia 695–703 anthrax bioterror attack 1089 antibiotics discovery of penicillin 778–790 for febrile children in Bangladesh 1096–1105 improving prescribing, in Viet Nam 313–320 see also azithromycin antibody response measles vaccine 1038–1046 yellow fever vaccine 1056 see also serological surveys anticonvulsants, availability in developing countries 344–351 antimalarial drugs development, public–private partnerships 728–734 home treatment of children 1014–1023 intermittent therapy 688 new combination 380 prepackaged 394–399 antiretroviral therapy directly observed therapy with highly active (DOT-HAART), in advanced HIV disease 1145–1151, 1152–1155 drug price reductions 377–378 increasing HIV resistance 688–689 to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV 1138–1144 antitubercular drugs development, public–private partnerships 728–734 fixed-dose combination tablets 61–68 price reductions for poor countries 904–905 Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India 270–271 arsenic levels, in water 581 Asia AIDS crisis 1000 Central, Health InterNetwork initiative 81 asthma, in developing countries 971–979 Australia acute flaccid paralysis surveillance 1169–1170 burden of disease and injury 1076–1084 measles control campaign, 1998 882–888 autism, MMR vaccine and 272, 581 autopsy data in Mozambique 546–552 verbal, maternal deaths 805–810 azithromycin, for trachoma control distribution by volunteers in Ghana 8–14 targeted household treatment versus mass treatment of children 201–207 two distribution strategies in Nepal 194–200 versus topical tetracycline 632–640 bacterial infections, diagnosis and management in Bangladeshi children 1096–1105 Balkans war zone, health risks 274 Bangladesh chemical pollution from tanneries 78–79 client satisfaction and quality of health care 512–517 fever module in WHO/UNICEF guidelines for IMCI 1096–1105 hypertension in elderly 490–500 immunization coverage 501–505 malaria case definitions 648–656 maternal and child health and family planning services 142–149 neonatal mortality of low-birth-weight infants 608–614 BCG vaccine, safety in neonates 337–343 bednets, see nets behaviour change, hygiene promotion and 518–527 Belgium, hip fracture incidence from 1984 to 1996 942–946 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 175, 273, 488 Biomarkers in cancer chemoprevention (Miller, Bartsch, Boffeta, Dragsted & Vainio) 578–579 biotechnology 693 bioterrorism proposed European Centre for Infectious Diseases 1094 WHO guidelines 1089 blindness 180 cataract 249–261 corneal 214–221 HIV/AIDS and 181, 208–213 night, awareness in southern India 96–102 prevention 222–226, 227–232, 244–248 refractive error 237–243 see also cataract; eye; trachoma; xerophthalmia blood pressure high, see hypertension low salt intake and 175 Bolivia, maternal and congenital syphilis in 1996 33–42 books and electronic media Biomarkers in cancer chemoprevention (Miller, Bartsch, Boffeta, Dragsted & Vainio) 578–579 Cultural psychiatry: Euro-international perspectives (Yilmaz, Weiss & Riecher-Ro¨ssler) 791–792 Human frontiers, environments and disease: past patterns, uncertain futures (McMichael) 899 Interdisciplinary perspectives on health policy and practice – competing interests or complementary interpretations? (Robinson, Avis, Latimer & Traynor) 76 1178 # World Health Organization 2001 Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2001, 79 (12) The Lugano Report: on preserving capitalism in the 21st century (George) 898 The medical profession and human rights: handbook for a changing agenda (British Medical Association) 997 Official health statistics – an unofficial guide (Kerrison &Macfarlane) 578 Poverty, inequality and health (Leon & Walt) 685 The professor and the madman – a tale of murder, insanity and the making of the Oxford English Dictionary (Winchester) 579 Safe management of wastes from health care activities (Pru¨ss, Giroult & Rushbrook) 171 Women’s health: contemporary international perspectives (Ussher) 791 The world health report 2001 1085 Brazil Chagas disease control programme 409–414 falling rates of malaria in Amazon region 1171 homicide in children and adolescents 2–7, 172 training strategies for essential newborn care 1024–1031 breastfeeding mother-to-child transmission of HIV and 1138–1144 WHO policy 274–275 Bristol-Myers-Squibb Secure the Future initiative 795–796 Bulletin of the World Health Organization evolution 1 peer reviewers 1, 83–84 burden of disease and injury in Australia 1076–1084 in Mozambique in 1994 546–552 perceived, reproductive ill-health and 1065–1069 Burkina Faso behaviour change and hygiene promotion 518–527 mass measles vaccination 296–300 caesarean section increasing rates 1173 mother-to-child transmission of HIV and 1138–1144 cancer risks Balkans and Gulf war zones 274 electromagnetic fields in homes 905 cardiovascular disease burden in Australia 1076–1084 community-based interventions 963–970 prevention in developing countries 980–987 risk factors, national intervention programme in Singapore 908–915 cataract awareness in southern India 96–102 blindness 249–261 genetics 250, 258–259 prevention 250, 260–261 treatment 251–254, 257–258, 259–260 cattle, sponging with insecticide, to control malaria 797 causes of death in Banjul, the Gambia 133–141 maternal, in Mexico 805–810 in Mozambique in 1994 546–552 transition, see epidemiological transition cellular immunity, after measles vaccination 1038–1046 census, maternal mortality measurement 657–664 Central America, cervical cancer screening 954–962 cerebrovascular accident, using family history to control 321–328 cervical cancer diagnosis and treatment in Africa 127–132 screening in developing countries 954–962 Chagas disease, control programme 409–414 chancroid, eradication 818–826 child health clinical training unit, in Mexico 434–441 services, in Dhaka, Bangladesh 142–149 child mortality malaria endemicity and 375–376 tomato consumption and 80 children 1998 Australian measles control campaign 882–888 blindness prevention 227–232 blood lead levels in Karachi 173 coeliac disease in refugee 541–545 corneal blindness 214–221 cost-effectiveness of trachoma control 201–207 depleted uranium risk 690 diarrhoea food hygiene and 423–433 hygiene promotion and 518–527 diethylene glycol (DEG) poisoning in India 88–95, 686 group A streptococcal sore throat 528–533 homicide 2–7, 172 immune response to measles vaccine 1038–1046 immunization coverage in Bangladesh 501–505 inherited haemoglobin disorders 704–712 integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI), in Bangladesh 1096–1105 leukaemia risk from electromagnetic fields 905 malaria-infected, home care 28–32, 1014–1023 malaria vaccine development 379 mass measles vaccination in Burkina Faso 296–300 measles antibody profiles and immunization policies 615–624 new nutrition strategy 176 obesity 82 passive smoking risk 273 punishment, attitudes of young people 382–387 school-based anthelmintic therapy 695–703 UNICEF report on 1990 summit goals 1171 vitamin A deficiency in Ethiopia 415–422 see also adolescents; infants; neonates; young people China AIDS/HIV surge 1001 leprosy epidemiology 306–312 poliomyelitis surveillance 103–110 projected deaths from tobacco use 999 Vi polysaccharide vaccine against typhoid fever 625–631 chlamydial infections management flowchart 301–305 syndromic treatment 1070–1075 see also trachoma chloroquine, home treatment of febrile children 1014–1023 cholera, oral rehydration therapy 471–479 chronic diseases, see noncommunicable diseases chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in developing countries 971–979 international guidelines 581 climate change 1090–1092 clinical research Declaration of Helsinki 279, 366, 373–374 ethical principles 279, 365–374 maintaining integrity 1093 clinical trials in developing countries 894–895 HIV vaccines 1133–1137 coeliac disease, in Saharawi refugee children 541–545 commercial sex workers chancroid eradication 818–826 modelling condom use 442–454 role in AIDS crisis in Asia and Pacific 1000 communicable diseases, see infectious diseases communication technology, in developing countries 850–855 community -based cost sharing scheme, in Uganda 1032–1037 -based interventions, noncommunicable diseases 963–970 -based therapy of advanced HIV disease 1145–1151, 1152–1155 risk pooling, reinsurance 672–678 compliance, prepackaged antimalarial drug therapy 394–399 condom use modelling strategies of 442–454 scale for measuring barriers to 926–932 conjunctivitis, neonatal, see ophthalmia neonatorum contraception Norplant implant 690 see also condom use corneal blindness 214–221 coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), cost-effectiveness analysis 679–684 cost-effectiveness analysis coronary artery bypass grafting 679–684 trachoma control 201–207 costs drug, for HIV therapy 1145–1151, 1152–1155 future spending on AIDS/HIV 1106–1112 prepackaged antimalarial drugs 394–399 quality-adjusted life year (QALY) 679–684 Coˆte d’Ivoire, preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 641–647 Crede´’s prophylaxis, ophthalmia neonatorum 262–266 critical control points (CCPs), complementary food preparation and handling 423–433 Cultural psychiatry: Euro-international perspectives (Yilmaz, Weiss & Riecher-Ro¨ssler) 791–792 culture media for Streptococcus pneumoniae, in tropics 43–47 DALYs, see disability-adjusted life years DDT resistance of sandflies, in India 793 use for control of malaria 79 death causes, see causes of death certificates, maternal deaths in Mexico 805–810 Declaration of Helsinki 279, 366, 373–374 deep vein thrombosis, air travel and 380 dementia, lifestyle and 378 developed countries community-based noncommunicable disease interventions 963–970 population projections 484, 798 recruitment of nurses from poorer countries 1171–1172 developing countries anti-AIDS drug price reductions 377–378 anti-TB drug price reductions 904–905 availability of drugs 176 cardiovascular disease prevention 980–987 cervical cancer screening 954–962 chronic respiratory diseases 971–979 community-based noncommunicable disease interventions 963–970 1179Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2001, 79 (12) Index directly observed therapy with highly active antiretroviral therapy (DOT-HAART) 1145–1151, 1152–1155 drug studies 894–895 epilepsy treatment 344—351 etiology of maternal mortality 805–810 free online access to medical journals 799 health effects of globalization 827–833, 834–841 HIV prevention and epidemiological context 1121–1132, Annex (www.who.int/bulletin) impact of tobacco control 480, 1086 information and communication technologies 850–855 maternal mortality measurement from census data 657–664 modelling condom use strategies 442–454 Norplant contraceptive 690 population growth estimates 484 recruitment of nurses by richer countries 1171–1172 reinsurance of health insurance 672–678 role of public–private partnerships 771–777 tobacco research funding 799 diabetes mellitus national intervention programme in Singapore 908–915 obesity and 273 stem cell therapy 800–801 using family history to control 321–328 diabetic retinopathy, awareness in southern India 96–102 Diarra, Dr Amadou 795–796 diarrhoea childhood, hygiene promotion and 518–527 infantile, food hygiene and 423–433 oral rehydration therapy 471–479 prevention, refugees in Malawi 280–287 diet, globalization and 856–862 diethylene glycol (DEG) poisoning, in Gurgaon, India 87, 88–95, 686 directly observed therapy with highly active antiretroviral therapy (DOT-HAART), in advanced HIV disease 1145–1151, 1152–1155 disability, prevalence rates 1047–1055 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) applied to infectious diseases 267–268 Australian Burden of Disease Study 1076–1084 disease burden, see burden of disease economic and social determinants 988–996 management 755–763 displaced persons, see refugees doctors (physicians) Declaration of Helsinki 279 training strategies for essential newborn care 1024–1031 drug abuse European adolescents 380 globalization of control measures 842–849 role in AIDS crisis in Asia and Pacific 1000 drug development in developing countries 894–895 public–private partnerships 713–720, 728–734, 742–747 drugs availability in developing countries 176 costs, for HIV therapy 1145–1151, 1152–1155 effects of globalization 827–833 essential, for chronic respiratory diseases 971–979 intellectual property rights 381, 461–470 price reductions 377–378 safety issues 87, 88–95, 686 see also generic drugs; specific types of drugs dysentery, diagnosis and management in Bangladeshi children 1096–1105 earthquake, Indian (January 2001) 272 Ebola haemorrhagic fever, outbreak in Uganda 267 Ebola virus, experimental vaccine 79 economic determinants, disease 988–996 economic development globalization and 827–833, 834–841, 875–881 sustainability 896–897 economic integration, see globalization economics 587 reinsurance of health insurance 672–678 research and development for neglected infectious diseases 735–741 see also cost-effectiveness analysis; costs education, see training elderly, hypertension 490–500 electromagnetic fields in homes, leukaemia risks 905 embryonic stem cells 800–801 employment, globalization and 863–868 environmental pollution Balkans and Gulf war zones 274 chemicals from tanneries, in Bangladesh 78–79 convention banning organic chemicals 79 depleted uranium 274, 379 drinking-water for refugees in Malawi 280–287 globalization of control measures 842–849 pesticide, in Honduras after hurricane Mitch 288–295 epidemics HIV/AIDS, modelling in sub-Saharan Africa 596–607 proposed European Centre for Infectious Diseases 1094 epidemiological context, interventions to prevent HIV 1121–1132, Annex (www.who.int/bulletin) epidemiological transition 907 Abdel Omran’s 1971 paper 159–160, 161–170 in Banjul, the Gambia 133–141 epilepsy, treatment in developing countries 344–351 Estonia, attitudes of young people to violence 382–387 ethical principles, clinical research 279, 365–374 Ethiopia oral fluid samples for evaluating population immunity 588–595 vitamin A deficiency in children 415–422 Europe alcohol and drug use by adolescents 380 attitudes of young people to violence 382–387 Eastern, Health InterNetwork initiative 81 proposed Centre for Infectious Diseases 1094 European Union cooperation with WHO 176 health coordination plan 580–581 tobacco legislation 689 euthanasia, legalization in the Netherlands 580 evidence base, maintaining integrity of clinical 1093 exercise, national intervention programme in Singapore 908–915 eye care Aravind Eye Hospital model 270–271 refractive errors 237–243 diseases awareness in southern India 96–102 see also blindness; cataract; trachoma; xerophthalmia medicines, traditional 214–221 trauma 214–221 family history, in hypertension, obesity and diabetes 321–328 family planning services, in Bangladesh 142–149 febrile children diagnosis and management in Bangladesh 1096–1105 home treatment 1014–1023 females flowchart for STD management 301–305 see also maternal mortality; mothers; pregnancy; women fever, children with, see febrile children films, tobacco brand appearances in US-made 174–175 financing, health global initiatives 869–874 reinsurance of health insurance 672–678 see also public–private partnerships; user fees Finland, attitudes of young people to violence 382–387 fixed-dose combinations antimalarial drugs 394–399 antitubercular agents 61–68 Fleming, Alexander 778–790 food Helicobacter pylori transmission 455–460 preferences, globalization and 856–862 preparation and handling, and infantile diarrhoea 423–433 France, new WHO office 275 Gambia, the azithromycin versus tetracycline for trachoma 632–640 changing causes of death 133–141 Gates, Bill 175, 273 Gates, William H. (‘‘Bill Senior’’) 488 gender differences, hip fractures in Belgium 942–946 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) 352–364 generic drugs safety issues 87 for visceral leishmaniasis 388–393 genetic diseases 1005 national register for surveillance 1007–1013 genetics 1005 cataract 250, 258–259 hypertension, obesity and diabetes 321–328 genital discharge syndrome, decision-making algorithm 1070–1075 genital ulcers chancroid 818–826 targeted interventions in Africa 569–577 Ghana antibody response to yellow fever vaccine 1056–1059 azithromycin for trachoma control 8–14 maternal mortality estimates 400–408 prepackaged antimalarial drugs 394–399 glaucoma, awareness in southern India 96–102 Global Health Council 175 Global Partnership to Stop TB 1172–1173 global public goods, and health 869–874 global warming 1090–1092 globalization 803, 804, 902–903 diet and health effects 856–862 health effects 827–833, 834–841, 875–881, 889–893 occupational health and 863–868 public health 842–849 sustainable development and 896–897 gluten-sensitive enteropathy, in Saharawi refugee children 541–545 gonococcal infection, syndromic treatment 1070–1075 gonorrhoea, management flowchart 301–305 greenhouse gases 1090–1092 Guinea, home care of malaria-infected children 28–32 Gulf war zone, health risks 274 1180 Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2001, 79 (12) Index haemoglobin concentrations, three methods of measuring 506–511 haemoglobinopathies global health problem 704–712 national register for surveillance 1007–1013 Haemophilus ducreyi 818–826 Haiti, community-based therapy of advanced HIV disease 1145–1151, 1152–1155 handicap, prevalence rates 1047–1055 handwashing, childhood diarrhoea and 518–527 Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach 423–433 health coordination plan, European Union 580–581 diet and globalization 856–862 global public goods and 869–874 global warming and 1090–1092 globalization and 827–833, 834–841, 875–881, 889–893 inequalities economic and social determinants 988–996 measuring 553–560 information and communication technologies and 850–855 priorities, setting 679–684 summary measures of population 267–268 transition, see epidemiological transition health care primary, user fees and attendance 665–671 quality, client satisfaction and 512–517 reform disease management 755–763 for HIV/AIDS control in Uganda 1113–1120 resources AIDS/HIV epidemic 1106–1112 allocation in decentralized systems 686 tuberculosis control 329–336 workers effects of incentive payments 1032–1037 see also doctors; nurses health insurance 587 reinsurance 672–678 Health InterNetwork 81 health services impact of user fees on utilization 1032–1037 international trade 352–364 public–private partnerships 713–720 health systems 587 performance assessment 489 resource allocation in decentralized 686 United States, problems with 378–379 WHO ranking 274–275 World health report 2000 489, 274–275 heart disease ischaemic, prevention in developing countries 980–987 laughter and 80 Helicobacter pylori, transmission 455–460 hepatitis B immunity, oral fluid samples for evaluating 588–595 vaccine, multiple sclerosis and 379 herbal medicines, safety 691–692 hip fractures, incidence in Belgium from 1984 to 1996 942–946 HIV behaviour and knowledge about, in Viet Nam 15–21 blindness and 181, 208–213 chancroid and 818–826 cheaper drugs 377–378 control strategies 375 directly observed therapy with highly active antiretroviral therapy (DOT-HAART) 1145–1151, 1152–1155 drug resistance 688–689 epidemic modelling in sub-Saharan Africa 596–607 global response 1095, 1106–1112 interventions against genital ulcers and 569–577 modelling condom use strategies and 442–454 mother-to-child transmission, prevention 641–647, 1138–1144 in oral polio vaccine 581 prevention, effectiveness and epidemiological context 1121–1132, Annex (www.who.int/bulletin) in schoolteachers in Africa 999 STD treatment and 48–60, 482–483, 793–794 successful control in Uganda 1113–1120 surge in China 1001 synthetic protein blocking 273 transmission in sub-Saharan Africa 1168 vaccine development 269, 273, 484–485 current progress and future prospects 1133–1137 public–private partnerships 721–727, 728–734 see also AIDS home care, malaria-infected children 28–32, 1014–1023 leukaemia risk from electromagnetic fields 905 treatment for malaria in Kenya 1014–1023 homicide, in children and adolescents 2–7, 172 Honduras, pesticide pollution after hurricane Mitch 288–295 hookworms, school-based drug therapy 695–703 hospitals clinical training unit for child health 434–441 eye, Aravind model 270–271 nurses, surveillance of disease outbreaks 22–27 house spraying, for malaria control 77, 687 Human frontiers, environments and disease: past patterns, uncertain futures (McMichael) 899 human genome 583–584, 1005 human immunodeficiency virus, see HIV hurricane Mitch, pesticide pollution after, in Honduras 288–295 hygiene food, and infantile diarrhoea 423–433 promotion, behaviour change and 518–527 hypertension in elderly 490–500 national intervention programme in Singapore 908–915 using family history to control 321–328 hysteria, mass, after tetanus-diphtheria toxoid vaccination 764–770 immune response measles vaccine 1038–1046 yellow fever vaccine 1056 immunity, oral fluid compared to serum for testing 588–595 immunization 1998 Australian measles control campaign 882–888 coverage in Bangladesh 501–505 nurses, peer training in Indonesia 150–158 policies, measles antibody profiles and 615–624 polio, in Afghanistan 1088 see also vaccination immunochromatographic tests (ICT), for malaria diagnosis 933–941 impairments, prevalence rates 1047–1055 India Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai 270–271 awareness of eye diseases in southern 96–102 cataract blindness 259–260 cervical cancer screening 954–962 DDT resistance of sandflies 793 diethylene glycol (DEG) poisoning 87, 88–95, 686 earthquake (January 2001) 272 group A streptococcal sore throat 528–533 health effects of globalization 892–893 hypertension in elderly 490–500 information and communication technologies 850–855 local research and development 742–747 reproductive ill-health and perceived illness in women 1065–1069 resource allocation in Kerala 686 Indonesia estimation of anaemia prevalence 506–511 peer training of immunization nurses 150–158 industrialized countries, see developed countries infants antibody response to yellow fever vaccine 1056–1059 complementary food preparation and handling 423–433 low-birth-weight, neonatal mortality in Bangladesh 608–614 see also children; neonates infectious diseases applying DALYs to 267–268 globalization of control measures 842–849, 869–874 local research and development in India 742–747 mortality in Banjul, the Gambia 133–141 proposed European centre 1094 public–private partnerships 735–741 see also epidemiological transition inflammatory bowel disease, MMR vaccine and 272 informatics, medical, in developing countries 850–855 information and communication technologies 693 and health in developing countries 850–855 inherited disorders, see genetic diseases injury burden in Australia 1076–1084 ocular 214–221 insect vectors vaccines based on 80 see also mosquitoes; sandflies; tsetse flies insecticide aircraft disinsection 900–901 house spraying compared to treated nets 77, 687 long-lasting treated mosquito nets 998 resistance mosquitoes in Sri Lanka 1060–1064 sandflies in India 793 sponging of cattle, to control malaria 797 insurance, health, see health insurance integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI), fever module in Bangladesh 1096–1105 intellectual property rights 381, 461–470 Interdisciplinary perspectives on health policy and practice – competing interests or complementary interpretations? (Robinson, Avis, Latimer & Traynor) 76 international health diplomacy 842–849 Internet free access to medical journals for poor countries 799 Health InterNetwork initiative 81 malaria parasite genome 581 intersectoral collaboration AIDS/HIV epidemic 1106–1112 1181Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2001, 79 (12) Index see also public–private partnerships iodine, in household salt, in South Africa 534–540 Jordan, mass psychogenic illness after vaccination 764–770 journals, free online access for poor countries 799 kala-azar comparison of two treatments 388–393 endemic areas, DDT resistance of sandflies 793 Kenya home treatment for malaria control 1014–1023 visceral leishmaniasis treatments 388–393 Kerala, India health effects of globalization 892–893 resource allocation 686 killing, attitudes of young people 382–387 Last, John 896–897 laughter, heart disease and 80 lead, blood levels in children in Karachi 173 leishmaniasis cutaneous, skin test 1169 new research grant 175 visceral, comparison of two treatments 388–393 leprosy blindness in 214–221 in China 306–312 leukaemia risks Balkans and Gulf war zones 274 electromagnetic fields in homes 905 lifestyle Alzheimer disease and 378 globalization and 856–862 national intervention programme in Singapore 908–915 livestock, sponging with insecticide, to control malaria 797 lot quality assurance, immunization coverage assessment 501–505 low-birth-weight infants, neonatal mortality in Bangladesh 608–614 The Lugano Report: on preserving capitalism in the 21st century (George) 898 Lyme disease, Lone Star ticks and 916–925 lymphoproliferative response, after measles vaccination 1038–1046 malaria case definitions in Bangladesh 648–656 diagnosis in remote areas 933–941 drugs, see antimalarial drugs endemicity, child mortality and 375–376 falling rates in Amazon region of Brazil 1171 home care of children with 28–32, 1014–1023 house-spraying and insecticide-treated nets 77, 687 long-lasting insecticide-treated mosquito nets 998 lowprevalencearea, diagnosis/management of febrile children1096–1105 need for global control initiatives 869–874 parasite genome 581 parasite life cycle 174 research funding 581 sponging livestock with insecticide to control 797 use of DDT to control 79 vaccine development 379, 1002–1004 malathion carboxylesterase mechanism, in mosquitoes 1060–1064 resistance, in mosquitoes 1060–1064 Malawi impact of tobacco control 480, 1086 provision of clean drinking-water to refugees 280–287 tuberculosis control 111–117, 329–336 Malaysia, Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccine 811–817 managed care 755–763 maternal and child health services, in Bangladesh 142–149 maternal mortality estimates for 1995 179, 182–193 estimates in Ghana 400–408 etiology in developing countries 805–810 measurement using census data 657–664 trends in 1990s 561–568 usefulness of estimating 179, 900 measles 1998 Australian control campaign 882–888 antibody profiles, and immunization policies 615–624 eradication prospects 584–585 immunity, oral fluid samples for evaluating 588–595 mass vaccination in Burkina Faso 296–300 vaccine, immune response 1038–1046 measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine 1998 Australian measles control campaign 882–888 safety scare 272, 581 medical informatics, in developing countries 850–855 medical journals, free online access for poor countries 799 The medical profession and human rights: handbook for a changing agenda (British Medical Association) 997 medicines, see drugs; herbal medicines meningitis, diagnosis and management in Bangladesh 1096–1105 mental disorders burden in Australia 1076–1084 smoking links 79–80 mental health WHO 2001 campaign events 176 WHO contest for children 487 World health report 2001 1085, 1089 Mexico clinical training unit for child health 434–441 etiology of maternal mortality 805–810 micro-insurance units 672–678 microscopy, for malaria diagnosis 933–941 Middle East, effects of violence on health 176 military personnel, Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccine 811–817 MMR vaccine, see measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine morbidity, prevalence rates 1047–1055 mosquitoes malathion resistance/carboxylesterase mechanism 1060–1064 nets, see nets mothers hygiene promotion programme 518–527 preventing HIV transmission to child 641–647, 1138–1144 see also maternal mortality Mozambique, burden of disease in 1994 546–552 multiple sclerosis, hepatitis B vaccine and 379 Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania, HIV infection and STD treatment 48–58, 482–483, 793–794 Mycoplasma genitalium, in West Africa 118–126 neonatal mortality, low-birth-weight infants in Bangladesh 608–614 neonates BCG vaccine safety 337–343 conjunctivitis, see ophthalmia neonatorum training for essential care in Brazil 1024–1031 Nepal, azithromycin for trachoma control 194–200, 201–207 Netherlands, legalization of euthanasia 580 nets insecticide-treated, for malaria control 77, 687 long-lasting insecticide-treated 998 survey of use in Kenya 1014–1023 nevirapine, to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV 1138–1144 Nigeria complementary food preparation and handling 423–433 flowchart for STD management 301–305 measuring barriers to condom use 926–932 night blindness awareness in southern India 96–102 see also vitamin A deficiency; xerophthalmia noncommunicable diseases 907 burden in Australia 1076–1084 community-based interventions 963–970 globalization and 856–862 mortality in Banjul, the Gambia 133–141 national intervention programme in Singapore 908–915 in sub-Saharan Africa 947–953 using family history to control 321–328 see also cardiovascular disease; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; diabetes mellitus; hypertension Norplant contraceptive 690 nurses immunization, peer training in Indonesia 150–158 recruitment by richer countries 1171–1172 surveillance of disease outbreaks 22–27 training strategies for essential newborn care 1024–1031 nutrition, child, new strategy 176 obesity in children 82 diabetes and 273 national intervention programme in Singapore 908–915 using family history to control 321–328 obituary, Milton I Roemer (1916–2001) 481 occupational health, globalization and 863–868 ocular trauma 214–221 Official health statistics – an unofficial guide (Kerrison & Macfarlane) 578 onchocerciasis, global epidemiology 214–221 ophthalmia neonatorum Crede´’s prophylaxis 262–266 global epidemiology 214–221 oral fluid samples, for evaluation of population immunity 588–595 oral rehydration therapy 471–479 otitis media, diagnosis and management in Bangladesh 1096–1105 outbreaks, disease Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Uganda 267 poliomyelitis 81 surveillance using nurses 22–27 WHO surveillance and response 275 Pakistan, blood lead levels in children 173 Palestine, effects of violence on health 176 paralysis, acute flaccid, see acute flaccid paralysis partnerships, public–private, see public–private partnerships penicillin, discovery 778–790 Peru, immune response to measles vaccine 1038–1046 pesticide exposure, in Honduras after hurricane Mitch 288–295 pharmaceutical industry AIDS vaccine development 721–727 impact of TRIPS agreement, in Thailand 461–470 public–private partnerships 713–720, 728–734, 742–747 pharyngitis, group A streptococcal 528–533 phenobarbitone, availability in developing countries 344–351 Philippines, diagnosis of malaria in remote areas 933–941 1182 Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2001, 79 (12) Index physicians, see doctors pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae), preservation methods in tropics 43–47 pneumonia, diagnosis and management in Bangladeshi children 1096–1105 polio(myelitis) eradication in Afghanistan 1088 current progress 582 final stages in China 103–110 outbreaks 81 surveillance in Australia 1169–1170 in southern China 103–110 vaccine, HIV contamination 581 pollution, see environmental pollution population ageing 484 determinants of disease 988–996 growth estimates 484, 798 immunity, oral fluid samples for evaluating 588–595 Poverty, inequality and health (Leon & Walt) 685 praziquantel, school-based therapy against anaemia 695–703 pregnancy avoiding unsafe 81–82 preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV 641–647, 1138–1144 seroprevalence data for modelling HIV/AIDS epidemics 596–607 see also antenatal clinics prenatal diagnosis, thalassaemia 1007–1013 primary health care services, effect of removing user fees on attendance 665–671 private sector WHO collaboration 748–754 see also public–private partnerships The professor and the madman – a tale of murder, insanity and the making of the Oxford English Dictionary (Winchester) 579 prostitutes, see commercial sex workers psychogenic illness, mass, after tetanus-diphtheria toxoid vaccination 764–770 public goods, global, and health 869–874 public health, globalization 842–849 public–private partnerships (PPPs) 694 AIDS vaccine development 721–727 Bristol-Myers-Squibb Secure the Future initiative 795–796 initial lessons 728–734 local research and development in India 742–747 main targets, diversity and future directions 713–720 neglected infectious diseases 735–741 role in controlling neglected diseases 771–777 strategy for WHO 748–754 punishment of children, attitudes of young people 382–387 quality control, immunization coverage assessment 501–505 of health care, client satisfaction and 512–517 of life, prevalence rates 1047–1055 quality-adjusted life year (QALY), costs per 679–684 radiation exposure, Balkans and Gulf war zones 274 Rakai, Uganda, HIV infection and STD treatment 48–58, 482–483, 793–794 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), interventions to prevent HIV 1121–1132 Red Cross, role in Uganda’s Ebola outbreak 267 refractive error blindness 237–243 refugees in Afghanistan, hazards of winter 1000–1001 coeliac disease in children 541–545 provision of clean drinking-water 280–287 registries death, in Mozambique 546–552 maternal mortality 561–568 for surveillance of thalassaemia 1007–1013 reproductive ill-health, perceived illness by women and 1065–1069 research (and development) clinical, see clinical research in developing countries 894–895 international cooperation 869–874 noncommunicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa 947–953 public–private partnerships, see public–private partnerships tobacco, in developing countries 799 ‘‘resistin’’, new hormone 273 resources, health care, see health care, resources respiratory diseases, chronic, in developing countries 971–979 reviewers, peer 1, 83–84 risk factors Australian Burden of Disease Study 1076–1084 interventions in developing countries 980–987 national intervention programme in Singapore 908–915 risk pooling 587 see also health insurance Roemer, Milton I (1916–2001), obituary 481 Romania, attitudes of young people to violence 382–387 rubella immunity, oral fluid samples for evaluating 588–595 rural areas diagnosis of malaria 933–941 home care of malaria-infected children 28–32 oral fluid samples for evaluating population immunity 588–595 quality of health care and client satisfaction 512–517 user fees and attendance for primary health care services 665–671 Russian Federation attitudes of young people to violence 382–387 surge in AIDS 78 Safe management of wastes from health care activities (Pru¨ss, Giroult & Rushbrook) 171 SAFE strategy, for trachoma elimination 233–236 Saharawi children, coeliac disease in 541–545 saliva samples, for evaluation of population immunity 588–595 salt intake, blood pressure effects 175 iodine concentration, in South Africa 534–540 sandflies, DDT resistance in India 793 sanitation, global assessment 82 satisfaction, client, quality of health care and 512–517 schistosomiasis, school-based drug therapy 695–703 school health services 1998 Australian measles control campaign 882–888 anthelmintic therapy 695–703 schoolteachers, HIV infection in Africa 999 screening, cervical cancer, in developing countries 954–962 serological surveys Chagas disease in Brazil 409–414 oral fluid samples as alternative to 588 see also antibody response sex workers, commercial, see commercial sex workers sexually transmitted diseases (STD, STI) chancroid 818–826 management flowchart 301–305 syndromic treatment 1070–1075 targeted interventions in Africa 569–577 treatment, HIV infection and 48–60, 482–483, 793–794 in West Africa 118–126 sickle-cell disease 704–712 Singapore, cardiovascular disease risk factors after intervention 908–915 skin infections, diagnosis andmanagement inBangladeshi children 1096–1105 test, American cutaneous leishmaniasis 1169 sleeping sickness, see trypanosomiasis, African smoking art exhibition 82 chronic respiratory diseases and 971–979 group A streptococcal sore throat and 528–533 mental illness links 79–80 national intervention programme in Singapore 908–915 new European Union legislation 689 passive, risk to children 273 related deaths in China 999 see also tobacco social determinants, disease 988–996 sodium chloride, see salt sodium stibogluconate, for visceral leishmaniasis 388–393 sore throat, group A streptococcal 528–533 South Africa cheaper anti-AIDS drugs 377–378 iodine concentration in household salt 534–540 safety of BCG vaccine in neonates 337–343 user fees and attendance for primary health care services 665–671 South America, cervical cancer screening 954–962 South-east Asia AIDS crisis 1000 cervical cancer screening 954–962 Soviet Union, former, surge in AIDS 78 spectacles, provision of 237–243 Sri Lanka, malathion resistance/carboxylesterase mechanism in mosquitoes 1060–1064 STD, see sexually transmitted diseases stem cells 800–801 STI, see sexually transmitted diseases streptococcus, group A, sore throat 528–533 Streptococcus pneumoniae, preservation methods in tropics 43–47 stroke, using family history to control 321–328 suicide, trends in young people 1175–1177 summary measures, population health 267–268 surgery cataract 251–253, 257–258, 259–260 eye, Aravind model 270–271 surveillance Chagas disease in Brazil 409–414 disease outbreaks by nurses 22–27 HIV/AIDS in Uganda 1113–1120 inherited disorders 1006–1013 malaria, using three case definitions 648–656 poliomyelitis 103–110, 1169–1170 by WHO 275 sustainable development 896–897 syphilis, maternal and congenital, in Bolivia, 1996 33–42 Taiwan, China, measles antibody profiles and immunization policies 615–624 tanneries, chemical pollution in Bangladesh 78–79 TB, see tuberculosis temperature, storage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in tropics 43–47 tetanus-diphtheria toxoid vaccination,mass psychogenic illness after 764–770 tetracycline, topical, versus oral azithromycin for trachoma 632–640 Thailand health effects of globalization 889–890 1183Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2001, 79 (12) Index impact of TRIPS agreement on pharmaceutical industry 461–470 thalassaemia global health problem 704–712 national register for surveillance 1007–1013 Third World countries, see developing countries thrombosis, deep vein, air travel and 380 ticks, Lone Star, Lyme disease transmission 916–925 tobacco brand appearances in US-made films 174–175 control global treaty 690 impact on Third World countries 480, 1086 new European Union legislation 689 genetically modified 273 related deaths in China 999 research funding in developing countries 799 see also smoking toilet facilities, childhood diarrhoea and 518–527 tomato consumption, child mortality and 80 Tonga, globalization, diet and health 856–862 trachoma azithromycin distribution strategies 8–14, 194–200 cost-effectiveness of control measures 201–207 elimination, SAFE strategy 233–236 global epidemiology 214–221 oral azithromycin versus topical tetracycline 632–640 trade health services 352–364 intellectual property rights 381 see also globalization traditional eye medicines 214–221 training immunization nurses in Indonesia 150–158 strategies for essential newborn care 1024–1031 unit for child health in Mexico 434–441 trauma, see injury Trichomonas vaginalis management flowchart 301–305 in West Africa 118–126 TRIPS agreement 381 impact on pharmaceutical industry in Thailand 461–470 tropical diseases, local research and development in India 742–747 tropics, Streptococcus pneumoniae preservation methods 43–47 trypanosomiasis, African (sleeping sickness) continent-wide campaign 1087 new research grant 175 tsetse flies, eradication campaign 1087 tuberculosis (TB) control in Malawi 111–117 drugs, see antitubercular drugs fixed-dose combination tablets 61–68 Global Partnership to Stop TB 1172–1173 lessons for HIV therapy 1145–1151, 1152–1155 need for global control initiatives 869–874 prevention in neonates 337–343 resources for control, in Malawi 329–336 WHO strategy 69–70, 71–75, 486–487 World TB Day 2001 486–487 typhoid fever, Vi polysaccharide vaccine 625–631, 811–817 Uganda Ebola haemorrhagic fever 267 HIV infection and STD treatment 48–58, 482–483, 793–794 impact of user fees 1032–1037 successful AIDS/HIV control 1113–1120 UNAIDS 1095 UNICEF guidelines for IMCI, fever module 1096–1105 report on 1990 child summit goals 1171 United Kingdom (UK) disease management and managed care 755–763 health effects of globalization 890–891 register for surveillance of thalassaemia 1007–1013 United Nations (UN) General Assembly Special Session on AIDS (2001) 1106–1112 population growth estimates 484 programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 1095 United Republic of Tanzania HIV infection and STD treatment 48–58, 482–483, 793–794 intermittent antimalarial drug therapy 688 school-based anthelmintic therapy 695–703 United States (USA) anthrax bioterror attack 1089 arsenic levels in water 581 attitudes of young people to violence 382–387 disease management programmes 755–763 health care system 378–379 Lone Star ticks and Lyme disease 916–925 National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID) 1094 tobacco brand appearances in films 174–175 uranium, depleted (DU) 274, 379, 690 urban areas, awareness of eye diseases 96–102 urethral discharge, etiology in West Africa 118–126 urinary tract infections, diagnosis and management in Bangladeshi children 1096–1105 user fees attendance for primary health care services and 665–671 impact in Uganda 1032–1037 vaccination mass measles, in Burkina Faso 296–300 mass psychogenic illness after 764–770 see also immunization vaccines BCG, safety in neonates 337–343 Ebola virus 79 hepatitis B, multiple sclerosis and 379 HIV/AIDS, see HIV, vaccine development insect vector-based 80 malaria, development 379, 1002–1004 measles, immune response 1038–1046 measles-mumps-rubella, see measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine polio, HIV contamination 581 Vi polysaccharide typhoid 625–631, 811–817 yellow fever, antibody response 1056 Venkataswamy, Govindappa 270–271 Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccine 625–631, 811–817 Viet Nam behaviour and knowledge about HIV 15–21 improving antibiotic prescribing 313–320 violence attitudes of young people 382–387 Middle East, effects on health 176 see also war visceral leishmaniasis, comparison of two treatments 388–393 Vision 2020 – The Right to Sight programme 222–226, 227–232 visual impairment, see blindness vitamin A deficiency awareness in southern India 96–102 in children in Ethiopia 415–422 see also xerophthalmia volunteers, for trachoma control 8–14 war attitudes of young people 382–387 zones, health risks 274 see also violence water cleanliness, in Malawi refugee camp 280–287 permissible arsenic levels 581 pesticide pollution, after hurricane Mitch 288–295 supply, global 82 World Water Day 2001 275, 486 West Africa aetiology of urethral discharge 118–126 changing causes of death 133–141 Western Pacific, AIDS crisis 1000 WHO, see World Health Organization winter, hazards for Afghan refugees 1000–1001 women reproductive ill-health and perceived burden of illness 1065–1069 syndromic treatment of gonococcal and chlamydial infections 1070–1075 see also females; maternal mortality; mothers; pregnancy Women’s health: contemporary international perspectives (Ussher) 791 World Health Day, 2001 487 World Health Organization (WHO) bioterrorism guidelines 1089 blindness prevention programmes 222–226, 227–232 cooperation with European Union 176 efforts to restore Afghanistan’s health system 1174 Executive Board decisions 274–275 fever module in IMCI guidelines 1096–1105 Health InterNetwork 81 mental health campaign 176 new office in France 275 strategy for public–private partnerships 748–754 trachoma elimination programme 233–236 tuberculosis control 69–70, 71–75, 486–487 World health report 2000 489 World health report 2001 1085, 1089 World Medical Association, Declaration of Helsinki 279, 366, 373–374 World TB Day 2001 486–487 World Trade Organization (WTO) General Agreement on Trade in Services 352–364 TRIPS agreement 381, 461–470 World Water Day 2001 275, 486 xerophthalmia in children in Ethiopia 415–422 global epidemiology 214–221 see also vitamin A deficiency yellow fever vaccine, antibody response 1056 young people attitudes to war and killing 382–387 growing suicide epidemic 1175–1177 mass psychogenic illness after vaccination 764–770 measuring barriers to condom use 926–932 see also adolescents; children zidovudine, prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV 641–647, 1138–1144 1184 Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2001, 79 (12) Index