Public health round-up

161Bull World Health Organ 2013;91:161–162 | doi:10.2471/BLT.13.010313 News New treaty on mercury A new treaty to reduce the harmful ef- fects of mercury for human health and the environment was approved by more than 140 countries in January. The Minamata Convention on Mercury – named after the Japanese city that suffered a human health and environmental disaster as a result of mercury pollution half a century ago – provides controls across a range of products, processes and industries where mercury is used, released or emitted. Mercury, a heavy metal, is of par- ticular concern because it travels long distances in the atmosphere and persists in the environment. It also accumulates in ecosystems, including in fish. In humans, mercury exposure can have serious health consequences, including permanent damage to the developing nervous system in children. It can also pass from mothers to their unborn children. The treaty will be open for signature at a ceremony in Japan in October and will come into force once it has been ratified by 50 countries. Most mercury emissions are from coal-fired power plants, small-scale gold mining and some other industry processes. Within three years of the treaty entering into force, countries should draw up plans to reduce and, if possible, eliminate the use of mercury in small-scale gold mining operations. Governments agreed to set thresh- olds for the size of plants and level of mercury emissions to be controlled at the first meeting of the parties to the treaty, after it comes into force. An important exception was the use of thiomersal (ethyl-mercury) as a preservative in human and animal vac- cines, given the conclusion of WHO’s Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety that there is no evidence that the amount of thiomersal used in vaccines poses a health risk. The treaty calls for a reduction in the use of dental amalgam (a compound of mercury and silver-based alloys) and sets a 2020 deadline for phasing out the manufacture of thermometers and blood pressure measuring devices with mercury. “This adds support to WHO’s programmme assisting countries to replace these mercury devices with non- mercury alternatives,” said Maria Neira, Director of the Department of Public Health and Environment at WHO. What happens after the MDGs? Recommendations on the future direc- tion of global health after the Millen- nium Development Goals (MDGs) expire in 2015 are due to be finalized at a meeting in Botswana this month. About 50 senior officials and ex- perts are due to attend the meeting in Gaborone on 5–6 March, hosted by Public health round-up Lethal exposure A miner in Burkina Faso covers his nose in an attempt to protect himself from mercury vapours, while evaporating mercury from a ball of amalgam to produce the gold. Mercury exposure can have serious health consequences for humans. Ar tis an al G ol d Co un ci l/K ev in Te lm er New Bull World Health Organ 2013;91:161–162 | doi:10.2471/BLT.13.010313162 News the Government of Botswana, includ- ing WHO Director-General Margaret Chan and Executive Director of the United Nations Children’s Fund Tony Lake, ministers of health from sev- eral countries, and representatives from global health partnerships, the private sector, civil society organizations and academia. The meeting aims to come up with clear recommendations on the future direction of health in the post-2015 development agenda to be included in a report for the United Nations Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons, which includes senior officials, development experts and civil society activists from more than 20 countries. These health recommendations will be discussed at the UN General As- sembly during the week of 23 Septem- ber. www.worldwewant2015.org/health Health aid stagnates Global development assistance for health has remained roughly steady over the last three years despite the global financial crisis, according to a report by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). The report entitled Financing global health 2012: the end of the golden age? found that the level of health aid disbursed by donor governments and the entities they fund had declined slightly from an historic high of US$ 28.2 billion in 2010 to US$ 27.4 billion in 2011. In 2012, this spending edged up again to US$ 28.1 billion, just below the 2010 level. The report noted that most Organ- isation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries had made cuts to aid budgets since 2011 and that OECD members, Canada, Japan, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain, were projected to cut development aid during the 2011–2013 period. Given these circumstances, “very few countries will be able to meet the 0.7% gross domestic product aid spend- ing target, although a few remain com- mitted to that goal,” the report noted. The IHME, an independent global health research centre at the University of Washington, based its findings on information gathered from entities that contributed to development assistance for health between 1990 and 2012. It identified three phases: the first, of moderate aid growth from US$ 5.7 bil- lion in 1990 to US$ 10.7 billion in 2000; the second, of rapid aid growth from US$ 10.8 billion in 2001 to US$ 28.2 bil- lion in 2010, and the third – and current phase – of aid stagnation. Tracking noncommunicable diseases The World Health Organization has de- veloped a global monitoring framework to enable global tracking of progress in the prevention and control of major noncommunicable diseases – cardio- vascular disease, cancer, chronic lung diseases and diabetes – and their key risk factors. The framework comprises nine global targets and 25 indicators and will be submitted to the World Health Assembly in May for approval. Once adopted, Member States will be encour- aged to develop national noncommu- nicable disease targets and indicators drawing on the global framework. The nine voluntary global targets are aimed at combating global mortality from the four main noncommunicable diseases, accelerating action against the leading risk factors for noncom- municable diseases and strengthening national health system responses. The mortality target – a 25% reduction in premature mortality from noncommu- nicable diseases by 2025 – has already been adopted by the World Health As- sembly in May 2012. Medical technology and innovation report Many governments are struggling to make effective treatments more widely available while, at the same, containing costs. A new book, produced jointly by WHO, the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Or- ganization, released last month may provide some solutions. Promoting access to medical tech- nologies and innovation is a study of poli- cies and approaches that governments and others – particularly in developing countries – can adopt to make medical and health technologies more accessible. This report “demystifies an intricate and extremely complex landscape of laws and policies and makes them acces- sible to the non-specialist,” said WHO Director-General Margaret Chan. “In so doing, it sets out a comprehensive and coherent inventory of legal instruments and policy options that can be drawn on to craft measures that meet national public health objectives.” http://www. who.int/phi ■ Intimate partner violence Between 17 and 53% of women in 12 Latin American and Caribbean countries said they had suffered physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner, according to a new report. In eight of those countries – Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Peru – such violence was reported by one in every four women surveyed. The 156-page report, Violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean: a comparative analysis of population-based data from 12 countries, represents the first time that nationally representative data in this region have been analysed and presented. This report is published by the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (WHO) in collaboration with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. www.paho.org/violence Pa n Am er ic an H ea lth O rg an iz at io n/ W or ld H ea lth O rg an iz at io n Looking ahead 22 March: World Water Day 24 March: World TB Day 7 April: World Health Day: hypertension 24–30 April: World Immunization Week 20–28 May: 66th World Health Assembly 31 May: World No Tobacco Day. “Ban tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship”