END HIV/AIDS BY 2030 HIV/AIDS: FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION IN THE WHO AFRICAN REGION, 2016 - 2020
ii HIV/AIDS: FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION IN THE WHO AFRICAN REGION, 2016 - 2020
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© World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, 2017 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. HIV/AIDS: Framework for action in the WHO African Region, 2016-2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing. Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Printed in South Africa
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Contents
FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION IN THE WHO AFRICAN REGION 2016 - 2020
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Executive Summary Introduction Current Situation Issues and Challenges Vision, Goal and Objectives Regional Targets: 2016 - 2020 Guiding Principles Priority Interventions and Actions
vi 1 3 4 7 8 9 10 15
Annex
Key indicators for monitoring the regional HIV response across the continuum of HIV services and including the HIV care cascade
Executive Summary
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Introduction
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HIV/AIDS continues to be a major public health concern in the African Region with almost 26 million people living with HIV and accounting for 70% of all AIDS-related deaths in the world. While there has been a decline in the number of new HIV infections, prevalence in the Region remains unacceptably high, estimated at 4.8% in 2014 but much higher in Eastern and Southern Africa ranging from 5.3% in Kenya to 27.7% in Swaziland. Considerable progress has been made in the fight against HIV/AIDS with the African Region having achieved the HIV targets of Millennium Development Goal 6. New HIV infections have declined by 41% since 2000 and more than 11 million people living with HIV are receiving HIV treatment which has contributed to a reduction of up to 48% in deaths due to HIV since 2005.
increasing morbidity and mortality associated with co-infections, such as tuberculosis and viral hepatitis. Stigmatization and discrimination continue to hinder access to health services, particularly for children, adolescents, young women and key populations such as sex workers. In addition, many countries will need to transition to domestic funding of their HIV programmes in view of the changing donor priorities.
In recognition of the persistent challenges, a new WHO Global Health Sector Strategy on HIV/AIDS was adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2016. The proposed framework aims at guiding the Member States in the African Region to implement the Global Health Sector Strategy on HIV, 2016 - 2021. It describes actions to accelerate HIV prevention and treatment interventions in the African Region towards ending the AIDS epidemic. The actions proposed include prioritizing HIV prevention, expanding HIV Despite major progress, the response is heavily funded by external testing services using diversified approaches and scaling up antiretroviral resources with inadequate domestic financing, the current coverage of therapy by adopting innovative service delivery models. services is inadequate and the rate of expansion is too slow to achieve regional targets. The HIV incidence continues to increase in some The Regional Committee examined and adopted this framework. countries especially among adolescent girls and young women. The declines in HIV-related deaths due to treatment are being challenged by
HIV/AIDS continues to be a major public health concern and cause of towards the goal of eliminating HIV and AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis in death in the African Region. Although sub-Saharan Africa is home to Africa by 2030.4 about 13.4% of the world's population,1 it accounted for an estimated 69% of all people living with HIV (PLHIV) and 70% of all AIDS deaths in 2014.2 The adoption of the regional HIV/AIDS strategy at the Sixty-second session of the Regional Committee;5 the adoption of the African Union catalytic Political commitment towards the HIV/AIDS response remains high and framework6 and the increasing allocation of domestic resources have continues to grow. This is exemplified at the global level by the adoption provided further impetus to efforts aimed at scaling up intervention against of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with a target of ending the HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS epidemic by 2030.3 There has also been a rapid expansion in domestic HIV/AIDS financing from Member States, and external funding A new WHO Global Health Sector Strategy on HIV/AIDS was adopted by particularly from the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS the World Health Assembly in May 2016. The global strategy positions the Relief (PEPFAR), the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria health sector response to HIV/AIDS as being critical to the achievement of (GFATM), and other bilateral and multilateral sources. universal health coverage. This document provides a framework for action to accelerate HIV prevention and treatment interventions in the WHO African At the regional level, the engagement of African Heads of State and Region, taking into account the regional context. Government through the Abuja +12 declaration united Member States
3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2.
The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2016; The World Bank Group, April 2016. UNAIDS, How AIDS changed everything, MDG Report 2014 (http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/MDG6Report_ en.pdf) last accessed 16 February 2016. Resolution A/RES/70/1: Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development; New York; September 2015. African Union, Abuja: Actions towards the Elimination of HIV and AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis in Africa by 2030, July 2013. Resolution AFR/RC62/R2; HIV/AIDS: Strategy for the African Region; November 2012. African Union: Catalytic framework to end AIDS, TB and eliminate malaria in Africa by 2030; May 2016.
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Current Situation By the end of 2015, there was an estimated 36.7 million people living with HIV/AIDS globally. In sub-Saharan Africa there were 25.6 million PLHIV, 2.3 million of whom were children aged below 15 years, representing almost 90% of the global burden of HIV/AIDS among children. Of the 2.1 million new infections worldwide in 2015, 1.37 million (65%) occurred in sub-Saharan Africa. The overall estimate of HIV/AIDS prevalence in the Region is 4.8% but there is wide intercountry variation ranging from <0.1% in Algeria to 27.7% in Swaziland. An estimated 1.1 million adults and children died from AIDS worldwide in 2015 with 800 000 (73%) of the deaths occur-ring in sub-Saharan Africa. 7
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In 2015, 51% of PLHIV in the African Region knew their HIV status and more than 12 million of them were receiving HIV treatment representing a coverage of 43%, up from less than 1% in 2000. More than 10 million voluntary medical male circumcisions had been performed in the 14 priority countries10 and 75% of pregnant women living with HIV in the region received medicines for preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT).11
The need to expand the response to achieve the goal of eliminating HIV/ AIDS as a public health threat will need rapid implementation of HIV prevention and treatment interventions in the next five years. The regional Considerable progress has been made in the fight against HIV/AIDS framework builds on the extraordinary achievements made over the last with the African Region having achieved the HIV targets of Millennium 30 years. Taking into consideration the regional context, the framework Development Goal 6: “Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread exploits the emerging and more effective approaches which have led to of HIV/AIDS”.8 New HIV infections have declined by 41% since 2000 and the the development of the new global health sector strategy on HIV/AIDS. number of deaths due to HIV was cut by 48% from the peak estimate of 1.5 million deaths in 2005.9
9. 10. 11. 7. 8.
UNAIDS, How AIDS changed everything, MDG Report 2014 (http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/MDG6Report_en.pdf) last accessed 16 February 2016. United Nations, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015; New York, United Nations 2015. WHO, Global health sector response to HIV 2000–2015; Focus on innovations in Africa: Progress report 2015; Geneva World Health Organisation, December 2015. Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. WHO, Global health sector response to HIV 2000–2015; Focus on innovations in Africa: Prog-ress report 2015; Geneva World Health Organisation, December 2015.
©WHO/J.Pudlowski
Issues and Challenges Despite major progress in the response, HIV epidemics continue to pose serious public health threats in all regions. Current coverage of services is fragmented, inadequate and the rate of expansion is too slow to achieve regional targets. There continues to be a multiplicity of partner-led vertical projects, the response is heavily dependent on external resources with inadequate domestic financing, and there is inadequate balance and linkages between health sector actions and the wider multisectoral response. The full benefits of effective HIV interventions and services are not being realized. In the African Region, 13 million of the 26 million people living with HIV at the end of 2014 did not know their HIV status and 15 million were not accessing antiretroviral therapy.12 While HIV incidence is declining overall, it is increasing in some countries and evolving in other countries, concentrating in sub-population groups. Adolescent girls and young women in the African Region are being infected at twice the rate as that of boys and men of the same age. The HIV services are not reaching many of the populations most at risk for HIV infection. In addition, there are substantial disparities in access to treatment and care, with boys and men lagging behind in many countries.6
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Issues and Challenges AIDS deaths are declining with expanding access to antiretroviral therapy. However, investments in treatment are being challenged by increasing morbidity and mortality associated with coinfections. The common comorbidities among PLHIV include malaria, hepatitis B and hepatitis C, cancers, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mental health and substance use disorders. Despite a scale-up in antiretroviral therapy, and improvements in the prevention and management of HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, tuberculosis is still the leading cause of hospitalization of adults and children living with HIV, and remains the leading cause of HIVrelated deaths.
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Discrimination, stigmatization along with widespread gender-based violence, continue to hinder access to health services, particularly for children, adolescents, young women and key populations that are most at risk of HIV infection. Conflict, natural disasters, emerging disease outbreaks, economic crises and climate change have triggered humanitarian emergencies in the African Region. These emergencies destroy local health systems, displace communities and force increasing numbers of people into migration with interrupted or poor access to HIV services. Rapid expansion of HIV programmes without ensuring the quality of services risks undermining programme effectiveness, wasting precious resources and contributing to negative health outcomes in the Regional HIV response. This may lead to the emergence of HIV drug resistant strains which are more expensive to manage and treat with more toxic medicines. Assuring the quality of HIV prevention, diagnostic and treatment commodities is essential as demand and use increase in the African Region.
facing a human resource for health crisis. Laboratory capacity, access to HIV diagnosis and patient monitoring such as early infant diagnosis, viral load and CD4 monitoring, remain inadequate. There is very limited local production, while procurement and supply management systems for HIV medicines and commodities remain weak, quite often leading to stockouts.
Heavy reliance on donors and international financing threatens the sustainability of HIV interventions. With changing donor priorities, expanding equitable and sustainable health financing systems is particularly critical for both low- and middle-income countries in the The human resource crisis facing several countries in the Region has Region. At the same time, low-income countries will continue to rely on impacted negatively on the delivery of services. Thirty-six out of the 47 external development assistance to ensure that essential HIV services are countries in the African Region are among the 57 countries in the world funded adequately. Thirty-six out of the 47 countries in the African Region are among the 57 countries in the world facing a human resource for health crisis.
12.
WHO, Global health sector response to HIV, 2000–2015; Focus on innovations in Africa: Progress report 2015; Geneva World Health Organization, December 2015.
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Vision, Goal and Objectives
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VISION
GOAL
• • •
Zero new HIV infections, Zero HIV-related deaths and Zero HIV-related discrimination in a region where people living with HIV are able to live long and healthy lives.
OBJECTIVES
•
To end the HIV/AIDS epidemic as a public health threat by 2030, within the context of ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages.
• •
To guide the Member States in the African Region to implement the Global Health Sector Strategy on HIV, 2016 - 2021 as a contribution to achieving the 2030 agenda for sustainable development by ensuring universal health coverage To articulate the priority actions required to achieve the global HIV/AIDS strategy targets.
©WHO/AFRO
Regional Targets: 2016 - 2020
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Guiding Principles The guiding principles of the Regional Framework are:
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The targets of the HIV/AIDS: Framework for action in the WHO African Region 2016 – 2020 are:
HIV-RELATED DEATHS
DISCRIMINATION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Country ownership to ensure that the national HIV/AIDS response is led, coordinated and owned by the Member States. Effective partnerships for multi-sectoral programming involving all sectors of society and to ensure that partners align their support to the national HIV/AIDS response as set out by governments. Universal health coverage as the overarching framework to ensure that all people obtain the HIV/AIDS services they need without suffering financial hardship when paying for them. Integration of HIV/AIDS services into health systems and strategies, and strengthening of the interface between the health sector and other sectors. A public health approach based on simplified and standardized interventions and services that can readily be taken to scale and bringing them nearer to the population in need. A people-centred approach to care that consciously adopts the perspectives of individuals, families and communities, and sees them as participants as well as beneficiaries of trusted health systems that respond to their needs and preferences in human and holistic ways.
1. HIV-related deaths reduced to below 287 000 from a 2014 baseline of 790 000. 2. Tuberculosis deaths among people living with HIV reduced by 75%. 3. Hepatitis B and C deaths among people coinfected with HIV reduced by 10%. TESTING AND TREATMENT
90% of people living with HIV including key populations, as defined according to national policies, report no discrimination in the health sector. FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
1. 90% of people living with HIV know their HIV status. 2. 90% of people diagnosed with HIV receive antiretroviral therapy. 3. 90% of people living with HIV, and who are on treatment, achieve viral load suppression. PREVENTION
1. 90% of all people living with HIV covered by public, social or private health insurance for antiretroviral therapy. 2. All countries have integrated essential HIV/AIDS services into national health financing arrangements.
1. New HIV infections reduced to 420 000 from the 2014 baseline of 1.4 million new infections. 2. Less than 5% new HIV infections in infants. 3. 90% of sexually active individuals have access to HIV combination prevention services.
Priority Interventions and Actions Countries should undertake the following actions: Information for focused action Strengthen national strategic information systems to provide quality, accurate and timely data. The data should be appropriately disgregated to the district, community and facility levels by age, sex and location to better understand subnational epidemics, assess performance along the continuum of HIV/AIDS services and guide more focused investments and services. Countries should link and integrate HIV strategic information systems with broader health information systems and identify opportunities for integrated strategic information platforms.
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Priority Interventions and Actions Accelerate the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy for all children and adults living with HIV according to WHO guidelines and improve their retention in care to achieve the targets of the regional framework. This will require improvements in treatment adherence, use of robust and well-tolerated antiretroviral therapy regimens, effective HIV drug-resistance surveillance, toxicity monitoring systems and viral load testing to assess treatment effectiveness. To ensure the uninterrupted provision of HIV/AIDS services, local production of HIV medicines and commodities should be promoted taking into account the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Plan for Africa (PMPA) endorsed by Member States of the African Union13. In addition, the procurement and supply management of HIV/AIDS medicines, diagnostics and other commodities should be integrated into the broader national procurement and supply management system. Review and update national HIV treatment and care guidelines and protocols, including guidance on the prevention and management of common comorbidities. There should be updated treatment plans to ensure continuity of treatment, differentiated care, and a timely transition from old to new treatment regimens and approaches. Countries should provide general and chronic care services, make available the WHO
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therapy coverage, implementing pre-and post-exposure prophylaxis, and providing a comprehensive package of harm reduction services to people who use drugs. Eliminate HIV in infants by providing lifelong antiretroviral therapy for pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV, expanding early infant diagnosis and providing immediate antiretroviral therapy for all infants diagnosed with HIV. HIV prevention for adolescents, girls and young women should be a priority using interventions that aim to reduce both vulnerability and risk behaviours, including gender-based and sexual violence.
Package of essential noncommunicable disease interventions for primary care, and provide community and home-based care. Ensure prevention, early detection and treatment of common coinfections such as viral hepatitis, and opportunistic infections such as cryptococcus, to reduce mortality and morbidity among PLHIV. Countries should provide person-centred chronic care for PLHIV including, adequate nutrition, managing co-morbidities including cancer, mental health conditions, cardiovascular disease and provide end-of-life palliative care. Strengthen joint TB and HIV programming to optimize use of resources for greater impact. The ‘one-stop shop’ integrated TB/HIV service model is to be promoted for universal access to TB/HIV interventions such as HIV testing and counselling to all presumptive and diagnosed TB patients; systematic screening for people living with HIV; ART and preventative therapies. In addition, provide prophylactic TB treatment for PLHIV and scale up the implementation of measures for TB infection control in health care facilities.
Expand national HIV testing services. It is important to diversify testing Review and update the national HIV/AIDS strategies and guidelines to approaches and services by combining provider-initiated and communityreflect the new national HIV/AIDS targets and priorities. based testing, promoting decentralization of services and utilizing HIV testing services to detect other infections and health conditions. HIV Interventions for impact testing services need to be focused on reaching populations and settings Prioritize high-impact prevention interventions, including condom where the HIV/AIDS burden is greatest in order to achieve greater impact. programming, injection and blood safety, behaviour change All countries should ensure that HIV testing services meet ethical and communication and male circumcision. The prevention benefits of quality standards. antiretroviral drugs should be maximized by accelerating antiretroviral
13.
African Union, Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Plan for Africa, Addis Ababa, African Union 2012
Priority Interventions and Actions Delivering for equity
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Priority Interventions and Actions Financing for sustainability Develop a comprehensive HIV/AIDS investment case to advocate for adequate allocation of domestic resources and to mobilize external funding support. Countries should estimate the resource needs for fasttracking the HIV/AIDS response in order to achieve the targets in the regional framework.
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genuine commitment and realize meaningful integration, the HIV/AIDS programmes should plan jointly with other programmes and implement Countries should strike a balance between focusing their HIV/AIDS activities collaboratively using proven integrated service delivery responses for maximum impact and ensuring that no one is left models. behind, particularly children and adolescents, girls and women, key populations that are most at risk of HIV infection, and people living in Integrate HIV into national emergency plans to ensure the continuity remote areas. Priority should be given to reaching populations and of essential HIV services during emergencies and in settings of locations in greatest need and overcoming major inequities. Countries humanitarian concern, with a particular focus on preventing treatment should decentralize HIV/AIDS services and provide differentiated care interruptions. All relief workers should receive basic training in HIV/ with strong community engagement. Services should be accessible, AIDS, as well as sexual violence, gender issues, and non-discrimination acceptable and appropriate to realize impact. The differentiated care towards HIV/AIDS patients and their caregivers. approach will provide tailored intervention packages to individuals at Expand and train the health work-force, including community-based different stages of HIV disease and with different treatment needs. workers to perform different roles across the full continuum of HIV/ Promote greater integration, linking and coordination of HIV/ AIDS services with other relevant health areas including: sexuallytransmitted infections, broader sexual and reproductive health, emergency settings, drug dependence, blood safety, noncommunicable diseases and gender-based violence. This has the potential to reduce costs, improve efficiencies and lead to better outcomes. To demonstrate
Innovation for acceleration
AIDS services. Task-shifting should be used as part of broader human resources reforms to improve service accessibility and efficiency. To ensure quality of services, supportive mechanisms need to be put in place, including mentoring, supervision of all health workers and appropriate compensation for their work.
Develop innovative combination prevention packages to tackle the high HIV incidence especially among adolescent girls, young women and key populations. The potential of HIV self-testing should be explored. Innovation is required along the continuum of HIV/AIDS services to develop new medicines, implement new models of service delivery, use existing tools more efficiently and adapt them for different populations, Develop a plan for filling any resource gap through raising new funds settings or purposes. that should eliminate financial barriers for accessing HIV/AIDS and other health services. Countries should provide universal protection Participate in the development of reliable point-of-care diagnostics and against health-related financial risk. This will include removing direct, integrated diagnostic platforms for the combined diagnosis of HIV and out-of-pocket payments for accessing HIV and financial cover for all coinfections, such as tuberculosis, viral hepatitis and syphilis. Countries populations, especially those at high risk of HIV infection. should strengthen the collaboration between policy-makers and research institutions to generate the evidence for decision-making and Monitor health expenditures and costs and cost-effectiveness of HIV accelerate the translation of research findings into policy. Member States services through the national monitoring and evaluation system in should document best practices, promote the development, transfer, order to identify opportunities for cost reduction and saving. In addition, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies and strengthen coordination with other health programmes and identify conduct study tours for south-south learning and to share knowledge opportunities to consolidate underlying health systems, such as those for the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS. for strategic information, human resources, and procurement and supply management. The Regional Committee examined and adopted this framework.
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Annex
Key indicators for monitoring the Regional HIV Response across the continuum of HIV services and including the HIV care cascade
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AREA OF WORK 1. Know your Epidemic
INDICATOR Number and % of people living with HIV
DATA SOURCES Facility/outreach reporting systems – patient monitoring data, case reporting data, outreach data. Population-based surveys – Demographic and health surveys (DHS), AIDS indicator surveys (AIS), integrated bio and behavioural surveys (IBBS)
2. 3.
Financing Prevention
% of HIV response financed domestically % of condom use among sexually active individuals or needles per person who injects drugs % of HIV negative infants born to HIV-infected women, confirmed by a virological test % of people living with HIV who have been diagnosed Number and % in HIV care (including ART)
Evaluation and modelling Financial and health systems data – budgets, financial records, national health accounts (NHA), National AIDS spending assessment (NASA) Facility/outreach reporting systems – health facility data, outreach data Population-based surveys
4. 5.
Testing Linkage to care
Facility/outreach reporting systems Population based surveys Facility/outreach reporting systems – patient monitoring data, case reporting data, outreach data
Annex
Key indicators for monitoring the Regional HIV Response across the continuum of HIV services and including the HIV care cascade
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AREA OF WORK 6. Currently on ART
INDICATOR % on ART
DATA SOURCES Facility/outreach reporting systems – health facility data, patient monitoring data, case reporting, outreach data Evaluation and modelling Facility/outreach reporting systems Evaluation and modelling Facility/outreach reporting systems Population based surveys Evaluation and modelling
7. 8.
ART retention Viral suppression
% retained and surviving on ART % on ART virally suppressed
9.
HIV deaths
Number and ratio of HIV-related deaths
Facility/outreach reporting systems Population-based surveys Facility Assessments Vital registration, Evaluation and modelling
10.
New infections
Number and % of new HIV infections
Facility/outreach reporting systems Population-based surveys Facility assessments Vital registration, Evaluation and modelling