I I ~DDDDD~ ·-~~DD~~ i [J~DDDDi D~DD~Di DDDDD~l o~gooo: 16 I I I I I I I ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~ I (Q);R ~NET ~ESTRO~ANETA ~TRE~NETE ~sso [F£ANETA (Qj;R [}=11ALTH ~ESTRA~LUD [flpTRE ~NTE ~SSA ~UDE WORLD HEALTH, J anua ry - February 1990 W ORLD HEALTH. January-Feb ruary 1990 Requests for permission to reproduce this game should he addressed to: Soliciten la autorizaci6n para reproducir este juego a: Permiss.to para reprod~ deste jogo de.e ser aolicitada a: L'autorisstion de reproduire ce jeu doit ~re demand6o ! : Division de I'Infonnation et des Relations publiques Organisation mondiale de la Sant~ CH - 1211 Genae '1:1 Suisse A deluxe edition of Our Planet, Our Heallb, printed on hard board will he available at a later date from: Posteriormente, podm obtener la edici6n de lujo de Nuestro Planeta, Nuestra Salud, dirigtndose a: ...... Podera ser obtida pooteriormente una edi~ de luso de Nosao Planeta, Noaa Sa--, encardemada atrav& de: . . Une <!dition de luxe canonnte de Notn: PlaKic, Nolle Sanli! sera d1spomble A une date ullmeure• auprb de: Distribution et Vente Organisation mondiale de la Sant~ CH- 1211 Genae '1:1 Suisse C> World Health Organi2ation, l990 creation: G. Padey ( OMS Geneve) 1/Justrations: DiDM V. Hart ( OMS Geneve) RADIATION Questions Series A 1. Living at high altitudes increases the dose of radiation from cosmic rays. True or false? 2. Which of the following diseases are often treated with radiation? (a) Cancer; (b) Malaria; (c) Overactive thyroid; (d) Pneumonia 3. Unlike fossil-fuel generating stations, nuclear power stations do not contribute significantly to the "green- house effect" by emitting carbon dioxide. True or false? 4. Television sets and visual display terminals emit dangerous x-rays. True or false? 5. One of the dangers of depletion of the ozone layer is the increase in ultraviolet radiation which can result in skin cancers, especially for fair-skinned people. True or false? 6. What is radon? Why is it dangerous? Questions Series B I. (a) The greatest average contribution to the radiation exposure of people in developed countries is from indoor radon gas. True or false? (b) The annual radiation dose from nuclear power production is greater than that from nuclear test explosions in the atmosphere. True or false? (c) What is a becquerel? A name? A tool? A unit of measurement? 2. What sources of energy generation emit radioactive elements? (a) Nuclear power stations (b) Coal-frred power stations (c) Hydro-electric power stations 3. Natural radioactive elements are everywhere, they are even incorporated into our bodies. True or false? 4. What are the two most important sources of radon? Questions Series C 1. The largest expQsure to the world's population from man-made radiation is from: (a) Nuclear power production (b) Medical diagnostic procedures (c) The Chemobyl accident 2. A transatlantic commercial jet flight gives a higher dose of radiation than living close to a normally operating nuclear power station for a year. True or false? RADIATION Answers to Questions Series A 1. True 2. (a) and (c) 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. Radon is a radioactive gas which can cause cancer Answers to Questions Series B I. (a) True (b) False (c) A name and a unit of measurement 2. (a) and (b) 3. True 4. Building materials, soil under the houses Answers to Questions Series C I. (b) 2. True AIR Questions Series A I. What is the main cause of the "greenhouse effect"? 2. Name at ieast two of the hazardous pollutants emitted by a typical petrol-driven motor car 3. Whicb is one of the most common air pollutants from steel smelters? 4. Which are the major groups of chemicals, discharged from mines or refineries, responsible for polluting water supplies? 5. What are the major sources of air pollution? 6. What are the major diseases caused by air pollution? Questions Series B I. Which chemicals have been most blamed for destroying the Earth's ozone layer? 2. What would be the most likely health effect of the diS<~ppearance of the Earth's ozone layer? 3. What are the main consequences of the "greenhouse effect"? 4. What household device exposes about 400 million people, mainly women, to hazardous levels of indoor air pollution in developing countries? Questions Series C 1. In which city and when did the frrst widely publicized air pollution catastrophe take place, causing the deaths of about 4000 people? 2. Which source of polluted air kills about two million people each year, among them more men than women? AIR Answers to Questions Series A I. Burning fossil fuels such as petroleum or coal 2. Two of the following: Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarborv;, lead 3. Sulphur dioxide. 4. Metals such as cadmium, mercury, arsenic 5. Heating of homes Generating industrial and domestic power Motor traffic 6. Head cold Bronchitis Conjunctivitis Emphysema Lung cancer Answers to Questions Series B I. Chlorofluorocarbons - CFCs 2. Increased risk of skin cancers due to more of the Sun's ultraviolet rays reaching the Earth 3. Temperature increase Melting of polar ice resulting in a rise of sea-level Desertification Shortage of food 4. The cooking stove Answers to Questions Series C I. London, 1952 2. Tobacco smoking SHEL TEA AND HOUSING Questions Series A I. Name two materials used in construction which may be hazardous to health 2. Name three sources of urban noise pollution 3. Name the most important health problems linked to insanitary disposal of excreta 4. Can high-rise buildings present any special hazards to physical and mental health? 5. Which groups of people among the urban poor are considered to be at special risk? 6. Mention two safe ways to dispose of garbage Questions Series B I. Name 10 cities in developing countries whose populations are expected to grow into the 20-30 million range? 2. Mention thre,e respiratory diseases associated with bad housing 3. Mention three health hazards associated with mishandling of domestic garbage 4. Name three characteristics which would make sites unsuitable for urban housing Questions Series C I . Name eight pollutants of indoor air that can be dispersed by ventilation 2. How can empty cans encourage the spread of yellow fever and dengue fever? SHELTER AND HOUSING Answers to Questions Series A I. Asbestos Lead-based paints 2. Traffic Industry Radios, televisions, record players 3. Infant diarrhoea Gastroenteric infections Cholera Parasitic diseases 4. Yes. Apart from structural hazards- shoddy construction and faulty design- upper storey residents may be at special risk in case of fire . Psychosocial problems may derive from excessive noise, limited privacy, fear of crime 5. Children. The elderly. Women. Migrants. Refugees. The disabled 6. Incineration Controlled landfill dumping Composting Recycling and recuperation Feeding animals (cooked garbage) Answers to Questions Series B I. Mexico City, Sao Paolo, Lagos, Cairo, Karachi, Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Dhaka, Shanghai, Jakarta 2. Common cold, Bronchitis, Lung cancer, Tuberculosis, Emphysema, Cancer of nose and throat 3. Increase in flies which transmit diarrhoea organisms Increase in rats whose fleas can transmit plague Increased incidence of frres 4. Steep hillsides, areas subject to flooding, land adjacent to rubbish sites and hazardous industries Answers to Questions Series C I. Nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, tobacco smoke, radon gas, formaldehyde, ozone, mineral fibres , sulphur dioxide, combustion products from cooking or heating stoves 2. When filled with rain water, mosquitoes which transmit these diseases breed in the water CHEMICAL SAFETY Questions Series A I. Natural chemicals are safe but synthetic chemicals are highly dangerous. True or false? 2. Oxygen is absolutely essential for life so it cannot be poisonous. True or false? 3. Although we use, or arc exposed to, all sorts of chemicals in our daily life, we don't really need to know anything about their dangers. True or false? 4. What are the main routes of chemical penetration into the human body? 5. What arc the main pros and cons about applying pesticides? 6. DDT is effective in killing insects but has also been blamed for a decline in popuhltion of one of the following groups of living organisms: - orchids, birds of prey, ouers. Which one? Questions Series B I. Common substances such as salt and water cannot harm you. True or false? 2. Wet cement bums skin tissue. True or false? 3. Give five instances of the proper handling of chemicals at home 4. Name three ways in which lead pollutes our environment Questions Series C I. Which chemicals are most often implicated in cases of accidental poisoning among children? 2. How many people are poisoned each year from contact with pesticides, and how many die as a result? CHEMICAL SAFETY Answers to Questions Series A I. False. Natural chemicals may be just as dangerous; some of the most poisonous substances include botulins, and snake venoms 2. Oxygen at high concentration and under pressure causes severe poisoning. This is one occupational hazard for deep-sea divers 3. False. Just as all road users need to know about the rules of the road and of road safety in order to survive, so we should all know what to do and what not to do with chemicals 4. Eating, drinking, breathing, through skin contact 5. Pros: to control vector-borne diseases to control insect pests and improve crop yield Cons: possible adverse effects on living organisms and human health if pesticides are abused or misused 6. Birds of prey Answers to Questions Series B I. False. Common salt (sodium chloride) is toxic. Many people have died as a result of first aid treatment of poisoning when too much salt was given to them to cause vomiting. The cure proved worse than the disease. In exceptional cases water can be harmful as well, but to be fatal it would mean drinking 12 litres of water in a short space of time 2. True. Wet cement is caustic because it contains lime. Construction workers can suffer from severe bums if their boots or clothing contaminated with wet cement come in contact with their skin 3. Keep them in the original containers Store them out of reach of children Keep chemicals separately from foodstuffs Keep both tops tightly closed and containers safely locked Don't re-use chemicals containers for other purposes 4. Automobile exhausts Lead piping in municipal waterworks can contaminate the water Industrial smelting and refining of lead can damage the lungs and the nervous system Answers to Questions Series C I. Medicinal drugs, pesticides, detergents 2. About one million are poisoned, mostly in developing countries Between 5,000 and 20,000 die WASTE AND WASTE DISPOSAL Questions Series A 1. What are the benefits of composting? 2. What should be the minimum distance between the boundary of the nearest residential area and a garbage dump? 3. What industrially useful but ecologically harmful gas can be recovered from treating industrial and domestic wastes? 4. What are the dangers of indiscriminate waste dumping or discharge? 5. What types of waste should be incinerated rather than disposed of on land? (a) Radioactive (b) Combustible chemical wastes (c) Surgical wastes 6. Using too much natural and artificial fertilizers can cause ch"emical contamination of ground water sources. True or false? Questions Series B I. Name five categories of toxic waste 2. Which are the appropriate technologies for disposing of urban waste? (a) recovering useful materials and recycling municipal solid wastes (b) composting of garbage (c) constructing community biogas plants (d) recovering useful gas from urban dumps (e) re-using waste water for irrigation 3. What is the average percentage of the municipal budget allocated to collecting, transporting and disposing of solid waste in developing countries - I%, 15% or 30%? 4. What environmentally harmful gases are produced as a result of solid waste decomposing in a garbage dump? Questions Series C 1. High-level radioactive wastes are buried in dry geological forrnations at about600 metres beneath the surface. (a) Why are the formations dry? (b) Why 600 metres deep? 2. How much hazardous industrial wastes are produced in the world everyyear- 50 million, 250 million, 450 million tons? WASTE AND WASTE DISPOSAL Answers to Questions Series A I. Compost heaps are environmentally friendly because they substantially reduce the cost of waste disposal and the volume of waste, while significantly contributing to the fertility of the land 2. 200 meters 3. Methane 4. Major water and soil pollution problems Significant harm to public health 5. (b) and (c) 6. True Answers to Questions Series B I. Inorganic acids Organic acids and related compounds Alkalis Tannery waste Paint waste 2. All of them 3. 30% 4. Carbon dioxide and methane Answers to Questions Series C I. (a) In order to avoid water corroding the containers (b) To provide shielding from gamma radiation 2. 450 million tons WATER Questions Series A I. What proportion/percentage of the rural population in Africa have no safe and adequate water supply? 2. What is the main group of diseases which can be prevented through safe water supply and sanitation? 3. What is the chemical most commonly used to disinfect piped water supply? 4. Intensive farming methods requiring the use of artificial and organic fertilizers pose a threat to the quality of ground water by increasing the concentration of nitrates. True or false? 5. Is it true to say that "clean" drinking water contains myriads of chemicals? 6. What chemical contained in water can effectively prevent dental caries? Questions Series B I . What disabling disease affecting many countries of Africa and Asia could be eradicated by laying on a safe water supply? · 2. Water covers about 3/4 of our Earth's surface but only 15% of it is fresh water. True or false? 3. What percentage of the human body is made up of water (25%, 65%, 85%)? 4. What chemical compounds contribute to the conversion of water into acid rain? Questions Series C I. What proportion/percentage of the population of the world's developing countries do not have access to good sanitation? 2. How many children under 5 years of age in the world's developing countries die every hour from diarrhoea! diseases caused by a lack of safe water? WATER Answers to Questions Series A 1. 75% 2. Diarrhoea) disease 3. Gaseous chlorine 4. True 5. True 6. Fluoride Answers to Questions Series B I . Guinea wonn disease 2. False. The correct answer is 3% 3. 65% 4. Sulphur dioxide (S02), Nitrogen dioxides (N02) Answers to Questions series C 1. 60% 2. 1000-2,500
Answers to Questions Series A I. 6,000,000,000 2. 31,000,000 3. Felling of tropical-rain forests Overgrazing Overcrowding in slums Destruction of water sources Production of waste that is not removed Producing smoke. Producing noise 4. By creating deserts By producing landslides By industry poisoning water and soil By raising the level of the sea 5. (c) POPULATION 6. We are all together in a limited space with limited natural resources, and what each one does to nature influ- ences the environment of everyone else Answers to Questions Series B I. 20 times 2. 80% 3. Overcrowding. Lack of water. Polluted water No drains. No garbage disposal. No toilets 4. Destruction of the ozone layer. Acid rain. Greenhouse effect. Mining. Oil spills. Ocean pollution. Felling of the forests. Changes in land use. Pollution Answers to Questions Series C I. 220,000 2. Half a million ~----- FOOD SAFETY Questions Series A I. Between what temperatures do bacteria generally multiply fastest? 2. Why are refrigerators useful in preserving perishable foods? 3. Mention three raw foods ">Yhich rapidly go "off" if they are not properly stored 4. Which common insect is most likely to transmit microbes to uncovered food? 5. Salmonella bacteria can often be found in raw poultry. If the poultry is not properly cooked (for instance, if the meat is pink), it can cause foodbome disease. True or false? 6. How many children aged under five die each year from diarrhoea? 500,000, 2,000,000, 4,000,000? Questions Series B I. Does the process of food irradiation make food radioactive? 2. Washing one's hands is a basic clement of personal hygiene. Suggest five occasions for doing so in the context of food safety 3. Name the five most common factors responsible for food borne illness 4. Give three reasons why cooked foods should be eaten as soon as possible after preparation? Questions Series C I. One single bacteria cell can produce 7,000 million cells in 12 hours given the right conditions. What arc these conditions? 2. A recent food safety technology is used to eliminate disease-causing bacteria from solid food and also extends its shelf-life. What is the name of that process? FOOD SAFETY Answers to Questions Series A I. Between IO'C and 60' C, i.e. the "danger zone'' 2. Because foods are kept cool, below the danger zone 3. High protein foods, such as meat and poultry, milk, fish and seafood 4. The fly 5. True 6. 4 million Answers to Questions Series B I. Absolutely not. It protects and preserves food and thus safeguards health. 2. Before handling food After using the toilet or changing an infant's nappies After handling raw meat, poultry, or eggs After touching rubbish bins After coming into contact with pets 3. Preparation of food too far ahead of consumption Prepared food left too long at a temperature permitting bacterial proliferation Inadequate heating Cross-contamination Infected or "colonised" person handling the food 4. If cooked food is not eaten soon after preparation: It may be recontaminated Foodborne pathogens may multiply So it may cause foodborne disease Answers to Questions Series C I. Warmth, moisture, and time 2. Food irradiation