Socioeconomic development aspects: Republic of Mali

JOINT COORDINATING COMMITTEE Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River Basin Area COMITE, CONJOINT DE COORDINATION Programme de Lutte Contre I'Onchocercose J.C.C.-C.C.C. ians la R6gion du Bassin de la Volta Bureau du Prisident IndlPendant c/o Organisation Mondiale de la Sant€ ' l2ll Gendve 27, Suisse Tcl 34@61 r6lcx EBE 2782L Ofice of the Independent Chatrman c/o World Health Organization l2l I Geneva 27, Switzerland rcl. 3,1@61 Tclcx llilI 27821 Sixth session Geneva, 3-5 December 1979 JCC6. 5 Part 4 12 November 1979 SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ASPECTS : REPUBLIC OF MALI I. ACTIVITIES UNDER PROJECT UNDER RAF 74-043 The ptanning methodology for the economic development of the oncho zone provided, at the outset, for a combination of external aid from three sources: 1) Establishment of the Planning Unit - UNDP - $ 5OO OOO' 2) Collection of basic data by satellite - USAID + FAC - $ 3 OOO OOO' 3) Planning of specific projects - IBRD - $ 5OO OOO' Since its establishment the planning unit has endeavoured to get the other two projects started, as they are indispensable for the preparation of a development plan for the oncho zone. concurrently, Project RAF 74-O43 has set out to collect and consolidate the available base-line data on the zone and create the physical basis for the Planning Unit (construction of offices' ordering of essentiat equipment, recruitment of staff)' The collection and consolidation of the ava]. Iable base-1ine data is under way and the LANDSAT project plus the studies financed by IBRD are expected to produce progress in basic knowledge, which is very behindhand in the zorre' As the Berg report showed, there is far from sufficient basic knowledge for drawing up a rational development plan. However, the signing of the L'ANDSAT Project took place only at the end of 1978 because of uncertainties between sources of financing. The lag of one year in the implementation of the LANDSAT project makes it all the more difficult to collect and consolidate the base-line data on: - pedology (al1 asPecEs) - topography (physical planning aspect) - surface water (need for a study on the overall development of the Bani Basin ) - ground warer (a big effort by IINDP will partly fill in the gaPS) - exploration of technologies adapted to the conditions and problems of Ehe zone . - the overall approach to development. JCC6.5 , Page 2 Part 4 Ttre project is assigned to the Ministry of Planning and thus forms part of the national effort directed to the preparation of Ehe Fourth National Development Plan. Accordingly the project is responsible for the basic surveys in the Sikasso region, while also participating in the efforts over the zone as a whole, with an eye specifically to synchronizing the PreParation of the Fourth National Plan with the preparation of the specific plan for the Oncho Zone. Concurrently with the mustering of the available base-line data, which is no easy task, the project is endeavouring to identify fundament.al 4eficiencies at the level of the basic economy (vi11-ages) in the lighL of contemporary technological possibilities. Accordingly, under Project RAF74-043 pilot operations are being taunched such as: - the operation to reduce food waste in rural areas, which is to involve 30 pllot villages and will concern improvement of the traditional silos and the developmenL and distribution of economical millet huskers; the financing for this project - $ 3O5 0OO - is provided by the FAO Special Fund; - a pilot project on new sources of energy, the purpose of which is to introduce a smal1 electric power station for rural areas, using the savanna straw as fuel. Ihe financing of such a project is possible in a regional context. Project RAF74-043has accordingly established some contacts with the authorities in Upper Volta, as that country is at present conducting some experiments in the use of biogas. Ttrus the Erials and adaptation would be conducted concurrently in Upper Volta (biogas) and Mali (gas generation from straw) until finally tangible results are achieved and both techniques can be popularized. Gas generation from straw is of basic interest from three points of view: (1) 1ocal production of electrical energy; leading to diminution and arrest of ecological(2) production of straw charcoal, degradation; (3) partial electrification of villages leading to a transformation of rural living conditions. Ttris and the biogas technology may fundamentally influence the approach to the development of the areas freed from onchocerciasis in MaLi: continuaEion of rain-waEer cultivation on the highlands in the wet season, develop- ment of irrigated crops in the dry season in the lowlands, resulting in a double croP . - a pilot project on the production of sugar from starch (maize, millet or other starchy grains), the prelirninary feasibility study for which has been carried out. A pilot project on karite, in application of a policy of developing existing traditional production. The idea is to raise the extraction rate of karite butter from 15% (traditional method) to 46% (modern meEhod). Ttre financing of this activity will be done by subconEract under Project RAF 74-043. In addition, the project staff have participated in many working sessions, meetings, field missions, etc., both in Mali and abroad. thus the project is represented at the departmental meetings of the Ministry of Planning and is responsible for carrying out the preparaEory survey for the Fourth National Development Plan. the project has organized various field missions of foreign experts (Berg, OCP, extension of vector control- to western Mali), and participated in the various meetings on onchocerciasis (Malian National Committee, Cotonou, Lom6, Ouagadougou, Paris), in the seminar on the I'New Landsrr organized by the CILSS in Ouagadougou, and in the public health seminar in Mali. Project RAF 74-043 maintains such contacts as are necessary rilith the Ministries of Rural Development, Industrial Development and Public Health. JCC6 , Patt 4 ltre documents prePared by the project are: - documenE on Project RAF 74-043; - note on the economic potent.ial of the Malian Oncho Zoael - economic justifications for the extension of vector control Eo western l"Ia1i; - synopsis of the demographic and agriculEural daEa on the Oncho Zooel - synopsis of the data on roads in the oncho and western zones; - documentation on invitation to tender for the construction of offices ; - data for the evaluation report of the Economic Development Unit of OCP; - document on the food waste project; - documents submitting the agricultural and pedological study to the World Bank(in cooperation with the IER) and study on the Bago6-Baou16 junction zone; - documentation on new sources of energy in rural areas: gas generation from sLrard; - documentation on development of traditional production; karite. II. OUTLOOK FOR TTIE ETJTIJRE With the preparation of a rational development plan in view, no effort will be spared under Project RAF 74-043 to find Ehe necessary financial resources for the economic development of the Oncho Zone, in order to provide for the key basic activities. 1. Aerial coverage Survey by satellite will provide overall informaEion, but iE must not be expecEed to provide maps on an adequate scale for concreEe development projects. Financial aid must therefore be sought for all the zones Ehat offer good prospects, notably the river valleys. It was with Ehis idea in mind that the project got into touch with KLM Aerocarto of the Netherlands, which in 1978 had jusE completed aerial photographic mapping on a scale of t/So OOo covering 75 OOO h2, i.e. 60% of the Oncho Zone. Ttris resulted in the purchase of a set of photos. Ttre project has also made approaches to the NeEherlands GovernmenE for the financing of a multidisciplinary t.eam (agropedology, surface water, hydrogeology) in the zone where the photographs were taken, to an amount of about $ 2 OOO OOO. To this must be added the $ 5OO OOO allocated by the World Bank for the purpose of photoresEitution in contour lines every fi-ve metres and photoinEerpretation of plant forms. 2. Integrated development of 3O pilot villages The idea is to prepare and impLement 30 integrated development microplans for these villages which will previously have benefited from the initial pilot activities: large-scale topography, pedology, studies on physical planning, hydrology and ground $Iater, housing, energy, road infrastructure, handicrafts and smal1 lndustries, afforestation, etc. The pilot villages, divided into three groups of 10, will benefit from the activiEies of the food waste project (construction of modern silos - husking milIs - wel1s equipped with pumps) Ttrey will also be provided, on an experimentaL basis, with sEraw-fired power stations for irrigation in the cold season and production of straw charcoal, biogas units for fuel-Iing gas engines, cooking and supplementary irrigation in the rainy season, irrigation units making very economical use of water (drop by drop) and equipped with solar pumps and presses for extraction of karite. the basic experiment of preparing and implementing integrated microplans for the 30 pilot villages demands in itself resources exceeding those available for the project. Eventual exEension to all the villages (numbering over 3OOO) of the Oncho Zone will require gigantic resources. 5 3gePa t JCC6 .5 PaBe 4 Part 4 3. Straw-fuelled power station Taking ,into account Ehe potenEiality for production of elephant grass in the savanna(up to 40 T/ha) gas generaEion from straw constitutes one of Ehe most promising approaches to solving the energy problem in the rural areas. the advanEages of this type of power station, alluded to above, should prompt the savanna countries to ask the designers to develop srnaIl units so as to promote their general adoption. With this in view, contacts have been established between Mali and Upper Volta to request the financing of a regional project uTiEh two components (biogas and gas generation) at a cost of $ 1 OOO OOO. 4. Karite In its progranme for developing existing traditional production, Ehe project is to lay stress, during an initial phase, on karite, the traditional method of extracting which results in losses of 2OO% compared to the use of a press. Contacts have accordingly been established with European firms that manufacture presses with a view t.o the development of a smal1 press, simple to operaEe and giving quite a high yie1d. Itre invitation to tender for these trials is to be put out through FAO. The financing will be done on subcontract under Project RAF 74-043. ftre objective of this operation is to equip each group of 10 villages with a karite press. If the experiment proves a success, efforts will have to be made to find the necessary financial resources for extending the operaEion to all the villages of the Oncho Zone. 5. Biogas Ttris technology, which has been operational for decades and is widely applied in countries such as India, is taking its first halting steps in our region with the experiments conducted at the Saria agricultural centre in Upper Vo1ta. lf small units can be developed for farnily use (cooking and domestic lighting) and larger units for conrnunal use, it will be possible t.o solve in part the problem of energy at the level of the village, which remains the basic ce1l of the nation. 6. Social advancement of the blind Ttre Oncho Zone is characteri-zed by the presence of many blind persons in the rural areas. Unfortunately, many persons who can nord see are inevitably going to swe1I the ranks of the blind in the years ahead owing to the methods of health action applied by the regional progrErmme (OCP), namely treaEing the blackflies and not the si-ck, and to the lack of resources of the naEional health services. These blind people are integrated into the traditional structures. It is therefore time Eo consider seriously their place in our rapidly changing societies and in so doing tackle the problem of their social and professional integration into the development Process. It was therefore int.ended to earmark part of the funds allocated to the project by the World Bank for a study of the present position of the blind in Malian society, their current social and professional ro1e, together with the possibilities of creating agricultural or industrial jobs through development programnes, and the establishment of concrete pilot activities to create gainful occupations for them. To this end, Project RAF 74-043 has established links with the Malian Association for the Social Advancement of the B1ind, which was fo meet with the American foundation Helen Ke]ler International with a view to preparing a project for the social rehabilitation of the blind. A document on the project, the implementation of which is to be entrusted to the Young Blind Persons' Institute and the financial resources for which are to be sought through the World Bank, has thus been drawn up. t JCC6.5, Part 4 page 5 III. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT With some 50 development projects under way or planned, to a total cost of over 180 billion Mali francs, the Oncho Zone has evidently been accorded a favoured place inMali's development policy. Among the mosE important projects, mention should be made of the Selingu6 dam, representing an investment of 65 billion Mali francs, on which work is proceeding accordingto plan. Production of energy will begin in 1981, together with the effects on navigation and irrigation downstream from the dam. Plans have already started to be made for resettling the populations when the dam isfilled. Ttre Southern Mali Project (33 billion Mali francs), which essentially comprisesthe CMDT operation, covers Ewo-thirds of the oncho Zone. In its area of action, Ehe MalianTextile Development ComPany is continuing its campaign of rural development by educating thepublic in the appropriate techniques for the major crops and sensitlzirrg farmers and stock- raisers to the improvement of breeding methods, especially with regard to nutrition. Ttrus 3OO OOO bovines, including 115 oOo draught oxen, are covered by this prograrme. The results obtained in recent years with regard to cotton show a substantial rise bothin the area under cultivation and in yield: in 1975-76,87 ooo ha under cultivation for an outPut of 103 ooo T; in 1976-77, Lo7 ooo ha for 119 ooo T; fin LT77-7BJ 1oo ooo ha for114 ooo r; in 1978-79, 114 ooo ha for an estimared ourpur of 130 ooo r. The reversal of the trend in L977-78 is due to inadequate and unevenly distributed rainfall. Ttris led both to a reduction in areas sown and to a fa1I in yields. Food cropproduction, though no figures are available (the CMDT playing no part in their marketing)has shown a similar progression, the areas under cultivation rising from 42o OOo ha in1976-77 to 450 ooO ha ia L977-78. Ttre continuous rise in production of food and industrial crops since the years of thegreat drought, L972'74, loarrants optimism with regard to the integrated development of the area of acEl-on of CMDT, all the agricultural potentialities of which have not yet been e:glored. Cereal production in the zone, thanks t.o the efforts made in regard to mai.ze and rice(Sikasso Rice ProJect - S6gou Rice Project, the southern part of which is located in the oncho zone - MoPti Mi11et Project) has shown an average increase gince lg73-74 of 70 oooTfyear.It must, however, be reported that recovery is proving rather slow in the rice paddies owingto the paucity and irregularlty of the floods (especially Ln L977-78) and the inadequacy ofthe internal dispositions (levelling and drainage), the combined effects of which makeproduction unreliable and lead Eo extensive cultivation with low yields and encroachment ofwild rice on the plains. Despite these dark sPots, the onchocerciasis zones in Mali at present under treatment remain the most productive in the country and also possess an unutilized potential forproduction, in the spheres of energy and mining as well as agriculture, which must bedeveloped . JCC6.5, Part 4 PaSe 6 LIST OF SOCIOECONOI4IC PROJECTS LOCATED 1N THN ONCHOCERCIASIS PROGRAMME AREA OF MALI RXPUBLIC OF I1ALI Description of project Cost in millions ofCFA francs Executing agency ReMrks 1. Soulhern Mali projecl Integrated development of coEton-growing zones and food crops. S tock- ra is ing. Improvement of standard of living of farning comunities. Expansion of health programe. Area of operaEions: 4th Region. Duration: L974-1979. The management is enErusted to the l'lalian Company for Textile Development (CMDT) , a Iimited company in the mixed economy' 22 703 ABEDA, FAC, ADF (ABD), IDA (IBRD) and CCCE Mi.nistry of Rura1 Development Effective Iaunching 1977 a 2. Sikasso rice exlension proiecE Operati.on for developmenE of rain-water and swamp rice cultivaEion on the souEhern side of Ehe Bougouni-Sikasso road. Duration of project: 1972-1981. 2779 EDF (-1716 from 3rd EDF comp 1 e ted) (-1063 from 4th EDF rn progress) Ministry of Rural Development 3 Sugar-cane project Located aE Katioroniba (south of Sikasso). Duration of project: 1977-1980. The studies have been financed by the FAC. 17 30 Ministry of Rural Development DoubEs have been raised about the introduclion of sugar-cane into thls region. 4, Seno-Dogon ProJect Cereals and market gardening operation in the Seno plain and on the Dogon PlaEeau. Duration: 1974-1980 9255 USAID Ministry of Rural Development 5. Southern Mali Proj ect - Stock-raising DuraEion of project: L976-1990. The project really got sEarted in 1979. The delay is due Eo the fact thaE the loan agreement (ABEDA) was only signed on 12 June 1978. EDF to finance Ehe component rrdeveloPment of sEock-raising in southern Malirr. DuraEion: 1 Janu8ry 1979 - December 1982. EDF funding: I o28 O00 ooo Mali francs. 89 19 MinisEry of Rural DevelopmenE 6. EstablishmenE of a N'dama cattle breeding s Eation of Sikar in the district of Yanfolila south sso. Madina-Diassa Ranch. DuraEion of project: 1974-L986. T'he staEion has an area of 21 5oO ha and is planned for 45 OOO tryPanosomiasis-resistant cattle. L37 3 Ministry of Rural Deve lopmen E Sikasso fattening sEation - Stock-raisang Export infrastructure. Duration: L976-1978. 300 l.hnistry of Rural Deve lopment 8 Mopti-Sevar6 faEtening station - SEock-raising ExporE lnfrastructure. DuraEion: L97 6-1978. 300 Ministry of Rural Development 9. Upper VaIley milk oPeraEion Stock-raising. DuraEion: 4 years 50 Minrst.ry of Rural Development Deferred to next plan I Jcc6.5, Part 4 Page 7 REPUBLIC 0F I,ALI (continued) Description of project Cost in EilIlons ofCFA francs Executing agency ReM rks I0. Baguineda milk operation Stock-raising - Upper Valley Zone Duration: 3 years. 230 Ministry of Rural Deve lopment Deferred to nex! plan I1. Sotuba nilk operation Stock-raising - Bamako District.. DuraEion: 1974-I978 92 FAC Ministry of Rural Development L2 Forest Mnagemenc, BaMko (Faya, Monts Mandingue and Tienfala) Plantations of wood for fuel and const.ruction. Duration: 4 years - End of 1979 to end of I982 or nid- 198 3 . As from I98O,.1ornt FAC, CCCE and IBRD operation. IBRD fuoding totals 188 millron Malr francs over 5 years. FAC and CCCE contrlbutlons are not yet determined. T'he project is to scarE in 1980. 13. Forest ma!!€gqmtr Sikasso and Rica 330 Deferred to next plan L4, Forest managenent, SEgou (Middte VaILey) 160 Deferred to next plan I5. ClassificatIon of forests, Sikasso 30 Deferred Eo next plan 16. classification of forest.s, MopEi 10 IBRD Deferred to next plan L7 . Tobacco research - Upper Valley Region 5659 Deferred to next plan 18. Forest research - Southern Zone of Mali 197 0 19 Research - Stock-raising Sotuba arti-ficial inseminaEron centre. Research - Zebu breeding sEatron, Peulh, Toronk6. Animal nutriEioo research. Stratification research. 20 2L 22 lo58 23. Testing of agriculEural equipment 238 24. tlindbreak experimenE (agriculture) 40 25. Roads: Bamako-Bougounr 156 km (metalled). Western and southern zones. The feasibili-ty studies have been carried ouE by the BCEOM and are completed. Probsble financing: IBRD. Research: other sources of financing, 26. S6var6-Koro road l8o kn (metalled). Western and southern zones. Survey and design by an IEaIian fim: AIC-Prochetti. ltle studles for S6var6-Bandiagara were financed from the 3rd EDF. They have been completed. The specification6 are being approved. The studies for S6var6-Upper Volta frontier are belng financed from the 4th EDF. Financlng of execution probably from 5th EDF. EDF 280 (studles) 8220 ( amp Iemen Ea t ion) I JCC6.5, Part 4 PaSe 8 REPUBLIC OF MALI (contlnued) Descrlption of project CosE in millions ofCFA francs Executrng agency Remrks 27. Sikasso-Koutiala road I3O kn (metalled). Contract now being allocated. Ttre work is to begin on 1 October 1979 7 600 4th EDF Financing provided for 28 Sikasso-Kigna-Dioila road 255 km - wesEern and southern zones. The design studies are being performed by the Geman fim of Gauff . 2O8 (studies) ABD 8460 (execution) [,,lork deferred 29. The Bougouni-Yanfolrla-Kalana road as part of the Bougouni-Kankan highway Preliminary layout studies. Financing provided from 4ch EDF. 5400 30. Development of Mopti Airport t244 USSR 31. The agrometeorological scaEion at Farako Deferred 32. The S6lingu6 dam Project launched in 1976. The sources of financing: FAC, EDF, Saudi Arabia, FRG, CCCE, IEaly, Kuwait, Canada, ABEDA, ADB, Abu Dhab1, Qatar. FAC financing: 2 billion Mali francs rn three instalments. Financing pledged fron 4th EDF: 10 billion Ma11 francs. Anticipated: a supplemenEary contribuEion (EDF) to establish reception facilities for the populations displaced and a contribution (4OO millron Mali francs) for clearing of land in the zone. 65 000 Undertaking: S6linguE Dam Authority 33. Preparation of plans for transfer of Ehe populaEions affecced by the 56lingu6 dam (w-t/ 77/C06) . DuraEion: End 1978 - end 1979. PossibiliEy of exEension. 223 UNDP 22 MaIi Government 34 Extension of tea processing plant Agro-industry. LocaEed at Farako. 250 De fe rred 35 S trength ening of Ma I i Fogg_ J.=!g5yi"E- lggP.nv (socoMA) Agro-industry. UPPer Va1ley Region. Baguineda. ConEinuation of extension Phase:joint financing FAC, CCCE, broken dom as follows: - 574.5 nillion Mali francs for the FAC - 31O million Mali francs for Ehe CCCE. Io be added: - 250 million Mali francs for consEruction of facEory. lt34. s 35 Sikasso cannery Agro- indus trY . 2000 Deferred 37 Upper Val1ey fruit and vegetable cannery Agro-indus try. 500 Deferred Oil factory Agro-industry. Markala reBion, Middle Va1ley 38 3400 FAc, CCCE, Mali, CMDT Malian Textile DevelopmenE Company (CMDT) In progress JCC5.5, Part 4 PaBe 9 REPUBLIC OF l.lALI (continued) Description of project Cost in millions of CFA francs ExecutinB egency Remrks 39 Anlmal feed f ac Eory pro'i ec t At Koullkoro, MlddIe Va1ley. Agro-induscry. 250 40. Bousounl cot ginnlng plant Agro- lndu8 try Mali cccE ln progress 4L Dioile cotton qinnins DIanE Agro- indus try . 1 Io0 Ma1i, CCCE, FAC In progress 42. Groundwater programe ln 3OO vrLl ages Water supply. We6tern and southern zones 1000 Switzerland ln progress 4J Acoua Vrva Droiect Water supply. Western and eastern zones NC,o 1n Progress 44 Samanko irrrgalion Droiecc (5O0 ha) Agriculrure. Upper Vslley Niger - wesrern zone 1058 Korea In progress 45 DeveLopment of Bankourona-Madina rice-erowins p 1a ins Agriculture - Upper Vatley. Financing provided for. USAID and mrscellaneous Studies in progress 46. Development of 2OdO ha domstream fron Se Iingu6 Flnancing provided for: ABD S€lrngu€ Development Authority, UNDP, FAo, etc. 47, Kalana Elne Western zone lo 000 USSR SONARXM USSR In progress 48 Solar pumps programe Energy and eater supply at Dioila, Konr, etc. 8?o NCf , EDF, FAC In progress 49 Onchocerciasis zone economic develooment unit Planning. 250 UNDP 250 IBRD ln progress 50 Land use - RoAP Satellite. Collection of basic data. Flnancing USAID pledged. the project ls to start durlng 1979. I 500 USAID 51 Food waste reduction Droiect AgricuLture - onchocerclasis zone 250 FAO 52 Klela developoent Agricul ture. 3233 EDF OTER/rural engineering Work in progress 53 Project on utllization for aqriculEure and market Bardenlng Of the flooded areas of the dams in the Bandiagara reglon. ConsEruction of 12 dams for irrlgaEion. Financin8 FRG: frm 1958 ro 1978 - 5.6 billion Mali francs. 400 FRG (1979)