Report of the twenty-second session of the ecological group: Accra, 07 - 09 March, 2001

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL PROGRAMME IN WEST AFRICA PROGRAMME DE LUTTE CONTRE L'ONCHOCERCOSE EN AFzuQUE DE L'OUEST REPORT OF THE TWENTY-SECOND SESSION OF THE ECOLOGICAL GROUP Accra. 07 - 09 March. 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS .,....,.....,.2 A. INTRODUCTION .........3 B. ADOPTTON OF THE AGENDA........... ...........8 C. FOLLOW UP OF RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE 21ST SESSION OF THE ECOLOGTCAL GROUP ............ .......................8 D. VECTOR CONTROL UNIT ACTIVITIES IN 2000......... ...................9 E. AQUATTC ENVTRONMENTAL MONTTORING ACTIVrrrES........ ................12 F. ECOLOGICAL MONITORING AS PART OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF ONCHO-FREED ZONES.... .........20 G. WORK PROGRAMME FOR 200y2002. .......2r H. ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE NEXT MEETING ,.,...,.,.21 I. READING OF MEETING REPORT FOR APPROVAL......... ..........21 J. CLOSURE OF THE SESSTON .......................21 ANNEX 1 _ LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ,...,.,.. 22 2 _ LIST OF DOCUMENTS ,.........24 3 - WORK PROGRAMME FOR 2001 . .... ...... 2s 2SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS Summary of recommendations made by the Ecological Group during the session are presented below. Monitoring of land-use changes as part of environmental studies in oncho-freed zones 1. Members of the Ecological Group and OCP should inquire about availability of remote sensing information on study sites and related areas (Para 80). Recording and valorisation of achievements during the fifth financial phase 2. Appropriate actions should be taken by OCP to publish the manuscript of the brochure presented to the session, highlighting environmental activities of the Programme (Para 81). 3. A steering committee should be set up to draw a detailed plan for the preparation and publication of synopsis of scientific results of environmental monitoring and related activities (Para 82). 4. OCP should through a member of the Ecological Group organise a one-day workshop on the organisation of manuscripts for national hydrobiological teams. (Para 83). Aquatic monitoring -Work Pro gramme 5. Monitoring activities during 200I-2002 should be on the same watercourses and at the same frequencies as in 2000 (Para 83). Ecological monitoring as part of the socio-economic development of oncho-freed zones 6. OCP should closely cooperate with the WAFEM project in fulfilment of its objectives. (Para 16). aJ A. INTRODUCTION 1. The twenty-second session of the Ecological Group was held from 7th to the 9th March, 2001 in Accra, Ghana, under the chairmanship of Professor V.H. Resh, Chair of the Ecological Group. Present at the session were four members of the five-member Ecological Group, the Director of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP), Dr Boakye A. Boatin, the Chief of the Vector Control Unit (VCU) of the Programme, Dr L. Yameogo, invited Experts and the FAO. The FAO as focal point of the OCP Sponsoring Agencies for Socio-economic development of the Oncho freed zones was represented by Mr M. Sonou. (See annexes I and 2 for lists of participants and documents respectively). Opening Session Z. The opening ceremony was presided over by the Chairman of the Ecological Group, Prof. V.H. Resh. Hi opened the session by welcoming all members of the Ecological Group and invited persons to the meeting. He especially welcomed Dr C.A. Biney as the Director of Water Research institute (WRI) which was providing facilities for the meeting. He then gave the floor to the Chief of VCU for his opening remarks. 3. The Chief of VCU, Dr L. Yam6ogo, expressed his pleasure in welcoming participants to the session. He indicated that for VCU, the session was as important as previous ones. This is because VCU expects to learn from it, especially as the Programme approaches its end in less than two years. The Chief of VCU was pleased to announce that Mr M.E. Diop, member of the national ilydrobiological team of Guinea, had recently earned his Doctorate degree from the University of Mali. He indicated that Dr Diop's success was pleasing to VCU and OCP because the Programme supported his efforts towards that end. Finally, he wished to put on record that the meeting was the second in less than five years to be held at the Water Research Institute (WRI). He therefore thanked WR[ on behalf of the Programme Director and the Chief VCU's Office for WR['s available support. 4. Prof Resh, as Chairman of the Ecological Group made his opening remarks. He briefly indicated that the Ecological Group had over the years contributed significantly to the resolution of problematic issues of the OCP. As examples, he cited the documentation of criteria for monitoring, ielection of monitoring stations, approaches for the avoidance of resistance of target organisms to insecticides operationally used by OCP, provision of monitoring strategies to assess long-term impacts of insicticides on non-target fauna and issues related to human settlements in oncho-freed ,or.r. He indicated that the current issue at stake was to provide an overview evaluation of the status of non-target aquatic fauna in the various countries and river systems after the many years of larviciding. He thereiore called on members, to put their minds to the issue, especially, the experiences of two former chairmen of the Ecological Group still serving. Then he said the hydrobiologists had worked out an approach of presenting the overall status of fauna during their meeting two days earlier, but this could be refined. The Chair concluded his opening remarks by ."q..".ting *.-b.rr to also talk on possible collaborations hydrobiologists could engage in after OCp. Having made the above remarks, Prof. Resh then called on the Director of the Programme for his opening remarks. 5. On taking the floor, the Director of the Programme echoed the welcome of previous speakers to participants of the 22"d session of the Ecological Group and thanked the WRI for its support to the -..ting. He then commented briefly on various issues raised for consideration by the Chief of VCU and the Chairman of the Ecological Group. 46- On the significance of the session, the Director said for those in OCP, the Ecological Group has been a very important body for various reasons. These included the Group's independent advice to the Programme, the Group being the link between OCP and the rest of the world and being part of the Expert Advisory Committee (EAC) to the Programme. Therefore, he said, the session was as important to the OCP as previous ones. 7. With respect to hydrobiologists and the imminent end of the OCP, the Director briefly indicated that, the Programme had provided several training opportunities to hydrobiologists to be able to function in relation to the environment at the end of OCP in December, 2002. He cited for example, that the EAC had already suggested that an evaluation be carried out about three years after the cessation of OCP operations, to assess the extent to which the achievements of the Programme had been maintained, suggesting that the activity could use some of the hydrobiologists. 8. With hindsight of the value of various recommendations of the Ecological Group to the OCP, the Director called for advice from the Group on ground-larviciding and the implementation of the project aimed at monitoring aquatic and related ecosystems associated with oncho-freed zones, the West African Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management (WAFEM) project. 9. On the issue of collaboration among those who have been linked by OCP after the Programme, the Director said all must find ways and modalities to continue collaborations wherever possible. The OCP Director concluded his remarks by thanking participants for their anticipated involvement in the heavy agenda set for the meeting and wished all fi:uitful deliberations with expectation that, we shall all learn from the outcome of the session. Joint Hydrobiologists/Ecological Group meeting 10. This session received and commented on brief presentations and reports on : i) Issues related to OCP's ending and the future from the Programme Director and Chief of VCU; ii) Summary results of hydrobiological monitoring from national teams (see Section E); and iii) Special subjects from members of the Ecological Group (EG), invited experts or participants. Prior to the presentations however, the chairman announced that a member of the hydrobiological team Mr M.E. Diop had earned his Doctrate degree, Dr C. Lev6que (member of the EG) had been awarded the Naumann Thienemann medal of the International Society of Limnology, and Prof. D. Calamari (member of the EG), had received the Environmental Education Award attributed by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. All three accreditations had occurred during 2000. The Chair considered those of Ecological Group members as evidence of the quality of the Group. a) General information on OCP and APOC I 1. The OCP Director summarised the status of the Programme with reference to its imminent end, in December 2002. He indicated that towards the Programme's end, various actions which 5would facilitate decommissioning activities, human and material resources of OCP have been planned and a meeting scheduled for about the end of March 2001, would initiate actions on the plans. Among the plans to implement, the Director said that the African Regional Office (AFRO) of WHO is to set up a multi-disease surveillance centre at the OCP's main building in Ouagadougou. 12. With reference to staff, the Director indicated that efforts to assist individuals to manage the change have been planned. For example, staff who would require reasonable training to be gainfully engaged elsewhere would be offered the training. Also, appropriate recommendations would be provided on behalf of staff seeking engagements in various agencies, while personnel would be encouraged to seek available positions in WHO at large. The Director also indicated that, plans made to assist staff manage the change included psychological counselling for those who may need it. 13. In relation to onchocerciasis control which has been the central agenda over the past 27 years, the Director said the Programme was on course. The subject, he said, puts OCP close to the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) which is also involved in the control of onchocerciasis by a different approach from that of OCP. Thus APOC could be considered to be continuing the control of the disease after OCP. However, APOC's first phase ends in December 2001, after which a phase of winding down, to end in2007 will have to start. 14. The Director then referred to the Ecological Group's input to the successes of OCP. He said the JPC has appreciated the contributions of the Ecological Group to the OCP to resolve very crucial issues of the Programme and wanted the Group to know it. 15. To end his brief the Programme Director announced that the JPC meeting for 2002 will take place in Ouagadougou to end the Programme where it started. b) General Information on the WAFEM project 16. The Chairman, in introducing the subject for the Chief of VCU, announced that the WAFEM project proposal had been submitted and was going through approval processes. Also, he explained that OCP's assistance and the involvement of the Ecological Group to bring WAFEM proposal to its present status was not a coincidence. This was because the mandate of the Ecological Panel, the precursor of the Ecological Group, included aspects of human settlements in oncho-freed zones. Therefore OCP should closely cooperate with the WAFEM project for the achievement of its objectives. 17. The VCU Chief Dr L. Yam6ogo, then took the floor and informed the meeting of the following : first, the WAFEM project had received the support of JPC. Second, a draft protocol for the project had been piepared and would be circulated in due course for comments which must be communicated to his office in Ouagadougou. Third, if and when the project becomes approved, it may have to be launched and information on the issue would be communicated. Finally, the meeting was informed that overall supervision of WAFEM could be provided by the multi-disease centre after OCP. 18. The including : Chief VCU then reminded the meeting of some central features of WAFEM as The partnership spirit of the project, The community centred approach, and D ii) 6The need to encourage early community ownership of the project to ensure sustainability. The reminders were perhaps, directed mainly at the hydrobiologists as they have been expected to maintain contact with project community representatives after the project finalisation workshop until the anticipated approval of the project for implementation. c) Evaluation of the impact of ivermectin on the environment in the OCP area 19. A presentation on the above subject was made by Prof. Davide Calamar| member of Ecological Group. The data he showed were collected through an extensive review of the literature on physico-chemical properties, environmental distribution and degradation of the drug. 20. Ecotoxicological data were also reviewed and a preliminary evaluation of the risk for the environment made in relation to the type of immissions of ivermectin in relation to its use in the programme area. 21. It was stated that as emissions are concentrated in time and space because ivermectin is eliminated by humans mainly on soil where the molecule is strongly bounded, it was also considered that degradation occurs rapidly (photo and biodegradation) in tropical conditions. Under these conditions, the substance has a very low potential to contaminate the aquatic environment. Therefore the risk is almost non-existent despite the high toxicity for aquatic environment. For terrestrial organisms, the risk is limited due to the fact that emissions occur during a short period of two-to-three days after the treatment and in limited areas around the village. d) Influence of hydraulic conditions of river on impacts of lartticides 22. Dr Berhnard Statzner made a presentation on how hydraulic conditions in a river stretch may modiff the impact of insecticides on the vector and non-target invertebrate fauna. He related discharge stages to river morphology to demonstrate how these two factors influence the velocity close to river bottom. It was indicated that for most insecticides and given concentrations, their impact on insects increases with increasing bottom velocity and the phenomenon could be scaled in the field using the Froude Number (: velocity/ [depth x 9]0's). 23. In discussions after the presentation, hydrobiologists confirmed the general view and statement of Dr Statzner from their field observations. It was therefore considered that including a better assessment of hydraulics could contribute to explaining unusual observations of insecticide effect (on both target and non-target invertebrates). Also, an appreciation of the hydraulics and its consideration could reduce quantities of insecticides needed for ground treatment. e) Potential impact of Permethrin impregnated bed nets on environment 24. Prof. Calamari made the meeting aware that the above subject was being investigated and indicated that the results should be of interest to members of the Ecological Group since the product is one of the insecticides the Group has had to deal with in relation to its use by the OCP. 0 The economic benefits of managing ecological impacts of larviciding. 25. Prof D. Colman, member of the EG presented the following on the above subject. The key task of the Ecological Group has been to control the larviciding process of OCP to ensure that : iii) The vector control activities should not reduce the number of invertebrate species; or cause a marked shift in the relative abundance of species ; temporary and seasonal variations in non- target invertebrate populations were acceptable ; The pesticides applied should have neither a direct impact on fish, nor effect on the life cycle of fish species ; Bio-accumulation of insecticides and bio-magnification through food webs should be avoided; o Human activities in the control area should not be impaired. 26. Many reports indicate that these objectives have been handsomely met, but would not have been so without the timely intervention and planned research based on recommendations of the Ecological Group (EG). In consequence the EG can claim to have delivered substantial benefits. Many of these benefits are non-market ones, that is, benefits not connected with things which are traded and have a price on the market. These benefits arise from the fact that bio-diversity in the aquatic fauna has been maintained throughout the OCP area, whereas it would almost certainly have been diminished had improvements to the dosage rate not been made or additional insecticides not been identified, tested and selected for application with appropriate protocols. 27. Indeed the preceding sections of the report have not chosen to speculate on what might have happened had key recommendations of the EG not been made, and implemented. These recommendations and the resulting actions prevented widespread resistance to insecticides developing in the blackfly populations, something which would have resulted in considerable cost (in the form of reduction in health benefits and smaller increases in agricultural output). It can also be confidently asserted that, had the EG's recommendations about larviciding not been implemented, the production and saleable value of fish would have been reduced. On the most conservative assumptions about the value of fish which would have been lost, and the costs attributable to the decisions of the EG, it can be shown that the economic returns to the EG's recommendations have been high. 28. Following extensive review by regional experts, the percentage of marketed fish in the OCP area which would have been lost has been estimated for every year from 1980 to 1997. Conservatively at its maximum this is assumed to be only 10% of the total catch (FAO data) in the OCP area, or 3,8 % of the total fish catch of the OCP countries in 1988. This fish has been valued at the river-side price of Tilapia paid to producers around Mopti in Mali; there is a continuous published price series for this and evidence for later years that fish prices are similar across West Africa. Valuing in this way is an underestimate, since additional value is generated in marketing fish. 29. The costs which have been attributed to the EG in the economic analysis are (i) all the costs of the monitoring programme plus the costs of convening the EG, and (ii) a high proportion of the costs of the larvicides, since the additional insecticides introduced have been more costly. (The whole point of the larviciding programme has been effectiveness with environmental protection, rather that cost minimisation). 30. Even with what is seen as the conservative estimates of the additional fish marketings attributable to the EG, and a high assessment of the costs to be charged, the returns to the EG are estimated at an internal rate of return of 3loh. This is high, and almost certainly an under-estimate. 8It therefore seems entirely reasonable to conclude that the environmental protection component of the OCP has had large positive economic benefits of a tangible market nature. In addition there are very important non-marked benefits, which in themselves would justifu any additional costs incurred. g) Major issues raised by the thesis of M. E. Diop 31. Dr. M.E. Diop presented the major subject discussed by his thesis as temporal and spacial factors or characteristics of river systems and fish that influence the reproduction of some West Africa river fishes. Among other things the thesis concluded that reproduction and recruitment periods of fishes studied were close in time and space. With reference to OCP activities, the thesis indicated that the period of recruitment apparently coincided with the period during which OCP uses "stronger" anti-Simulium larvicides in the river systems to control populations of Simulium. Dr. Diop indicated that the effect of the larvicides on fish recruits may be noticed and was an issue that called for attention. 32. The discussion which took place after the presentation suggested that lethal impacts of anti- Simulium larvicides on small fish could occur rarely as accidents but not as a routine. However, the issue was recognised and would further be discussed in the future. h) Freshwater Fish Biodiversity Gradients in West Africa 33. Mr. George Ganda, formerly a member of the national hydrobiological monitoring team of Sierra Leone and now a doctorate student in the United Kingdom, presented the above as the subject of investigations of his study. The goal of his study, he said, was to develop a Rapid Fish Biodiversity Assessment formula based on status of various environmental parameters and known fish fauna of freshwater systems. The aim of the presentation was to expose the subject and ask for assistance in the form of ideas and sources of possibly useful information for the work. Thus he indicated the approaches already being adopted. 34. The discussions which followed the presentation mainly called on the presenter to be aware of existing approaches to fish biodiversity estimations. B. ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA 35. The agenda as presented in the table of contents was proposed to participants and was adopted. C. FOLLOW UP OF RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE 21ST SNSSION OF THE ECOLOGICAL GROUP 36. Six of the eight recommendations made by the Ecological Group during its 21't session were implemented. Those related to land-use changes monitoring and preparation of synopsis of scientific results from monitoring activities needed further discussions (see section E). 9D. VECTOR CONTROL UNIT ACTIVITIES IN 2OOO General overview of VCU activities 37. The Chief of VCU indicated that vector control activities had a few problems in C6te d'Ivoire and Guinea. However, all the components of the Unit (aerial operations, entomological evaluation, operational research, hydrology, hydrobiology) have continued to be operational. a. Larviciding coverage (both from the air and from the ground) remained close to 11 700 km of rivers treated in 2000. b. Blackfly susceptibility to the operational insecticides being a critical factor for the success of vector control operations, particular emphasis was placed on evaluating the situation with respect to such susceptibility in order to better adjust insecticide rotation strategy. 38. Due to the presence of resistant populations or populations showing an intermediate susceptibility to the organophosphorous compounds, the use of these insecticides was reduced in 1999 and 2000, giving greater preference to B.t. H-L4, a biological insecticide (see paru. 48 to 52 below). This was intended to provide better control over resistance and a lower impact on the aquatic environment. All this was achieved due to the good performance of the present formulations of ^8.r. H-14 whose effective carry is now competitive with that of the chemical insecticides even if its dosage still remains at least 3 times that of the organophosphorous compounds. The results were on the whole satisfactory in the areas under larviciding if we take into account the savanna form of onchocerciasis which is considered to be the most blinding type. Indeed, for the first time, the annual transmission potential (ATP) of savanna species of Simulium damnosum was below 100 at all catching points in the Oti basin. It was also below 100 in most of the basins with trouble spots. Only two points out of 107 regularly visited had an ATP above 100 (Vialadougou and Djabata). The Unit also put special emphasis on the transferable entomological activities. Thus, the national entomologists trained by the Programme conducted a number of studies in 2000 aimed at : i) the early detection of any possible recrudescence, ii) assessing the impact of ivermectin on transmission, iii) the control of blackfly nuisance. Regarding the last point, it should be noted that some initiatives were taken in the socio- economic development areas by the companies involved to assume responsibility of the nuisance control activities in collaboration with the national teams of C6te d'Ivoire and Mali. Generally, activities were centred around attempts to solve the problems encountered in the special intervention areas or black spots as well as preparing for the post-OCP period. 10 Aerial Operations and Larviciding a) Introduction 39. The year 2000 was the second and thus 2001 is the third of the last four year contract with "Evergreen". Area covered in operations during 2000 was the same as in 1999. However, in the western zone, treatments were suspended in the upper Mongo-Kaba and Kolente basins due to activities of rebels. 40. The overall hydrological situation during 2000 showed a slight deficit compared to that of 1999. In the western zone a 25Yo and Llo/o deficits were recorded in the Tinkisso and Kolente basins respectively. However, other basins in the zone showed slight increases. In the eastern zone, increased discharges were recorded on the Pru and Mono basins due to higher precipitations. Yet all other rivers in the zone recorded deficits in precipitations. 41. Intensification of ground larviciding, exhaustive prospections in problematic basins helped in optimising treatments and to reduce supplementary flight hours. During the year, more biological, compared to chemical larvicides was used. 42. Combined action of VCU teams and local populations helped to reduce product loss during 2000. For types of larvicides, materials in store and procurements were managed to result in minimum residual stock by December 2002 when the programme comes to an end. b) Utilisation of larvicides in the East Zone 43. Treatment was maximum during week 31 (ie 31" July to 6th August), minimum during weeks !1,12 and 13 (ie from 13 to 31't of March) and treatment was suspended during weeks 14 to 17 (ie 4 weeks of April). On the Oti, six cycles of experimental treatments were effected during January and February 2000. 44. To ensure effectiveness of the larviciding activity, actions taken included rotation of larvicides used, confirmation of susceptibility of target organism to product and have good knowledge of river discharge. Also, the advice of Ecological Group on larvicides usage was strictly adhered to. For example, temephos was used at a maximum of three consecutive cycles while Permethrin and Carbosulfan were used at a maximum of six cycles per year. 45. Entomological evaluation results were good. Out of 51 points evaluated, only one, at Dajabata, on the Okpara river near the Benin border with Nigeria, had an ATP above 100 (244). Actions are being taken to improve the situation. c) Utilization of larvicides in the Western zone 46. The western zone of the Programme covers C6te d'Ivoire from the river Sassandra to Mali on river Niger and its tributaries including Sankarani, Milo, Niandan, the Upper Niger, the Mafou, and the Tinkisso in Guinea, Kolente and the Kaba-Mongo also in Guinea. In this zone, the longes,t circuit of treatment(4507 km) occured during the 8th week and the shortest(436 km) in the 35'n week. Treatment was suspended during the 36th week. 47. Larvicides used were rotated. Temephos was not used on the Sassandra and its effluents for fear of enhancing resistance of vector to the product. Temephos was also utilised with precaution 11 on the Tinkisso and the Kaba but without restriction on the Kolente and the Mongo because susceptibility of vector larvae is good. Entomological research and insecticides a) Monitoring of the susceptibility of blackfly larvae to the operational insecticides 48. During 1999 and 2000, susceptibility tests carried out especially during the low water period (November to March) and spate period (June, July and August) made it possible to closely monitor the evolution of susceptibility of blackfly larval populations to the organophosphorous compounds in river basins under larviciding. 49. During the low water period of 1999, the tests revealed the presence of some blackfly populations resistant to temephos in certain river basins of the Western Zones (Niandan, main Sankarani, Dion and upper Niger) and Eastern Zone (Sio and Ani6). The phenomenon of resistance detected was effectively managed through adequate implementation of the insecticide rotation strategy recommended to limit the impact of the treatments on non-target aquatic fauna. It should be noted that on the upper Sassandra, where temephos has for many years been excluded from larvicides used for treatments because of resistance, a clear improvement in the susceptibility of larval populations to the product was observed during the high water period (July) of 2000. 50. In the two operational Zones of the Programme, the susceptibility of the larvae to pyraclofos was norrnal or intermediate on all the sites visited. The blackfly populations least susceptible to this product were encountered in the Western Zone on the Milo, Niandan and Niger, and in the Eastern Zone on the Oti and Sio. 51. With reference to phoxim, the susceptibility of larvae to the product was generally satisfactory. Indeed, in the basins under larviciding treatments, blackfly populations resistant or not very susceptible to this product were observed only on the upper Kaba and certain stretches of the Milo in Guinea. 52. Considering the trends shown by the results presented above, it has been considered advisable to continue the implementation of all actions initiated to improve the efficiency of the larviciding treatments. These include, closer supervision of aerial treatments, the monitoring of specific composition of blackfly populations, and the adequate use of pyrethrinoids and Teknar to accelerate the decline in the resistance to temephos of some black-fly populations. b) Btaclcfly population movements and possible threats to the achievements of the Programme 53. The movement of blackflies from Siena Leone towards Guinea and Mali had led the Programme to extend its vector control activities to Sierra Leone. These activities have been suspended since 1994. Since then, increases in densities of Simulium sirbanum have been observed in the north of Sierra Leone. It is still impossible to undertake any studies in the north of Sierra Leone. Therefore some samples of larvae and adult blackflies were collected at the beginning of the rainy season in some catching points located within the corridor of re-invasion in Guinea (starting from the border with Sierra Leone) and in Mali to assess the possible impact of the apparent invasion of Mali by flies from north of Sierra Leone. 54. Part of the samples were subjected to cytotaxonomic and microsatellites approaches of population studies. The preliminary results indicated that one of the two cytotypes of S. sirbanum t2 living on the border of Sierra Leone and Guinea is also present in Mali. It could thus be that this cytotype moved from the border of Sierra Leone into Mali borne by the monsoon winds. However, currently available entomological results do not show any obvious impact of these possible movements on the transmission in Guinea. 55. S. sirbanum being a poor vector in the north of Sierra Leone, studies of experimental transmission (xenodiagnosis) which will be carried out soon should make it possible to ascertain whether the cytotype in Guinea is also a poor vector when put in contact with patients from various origins. Discussion 56. The ecological Group congratulated the Programme on the excellent results recorded and the excellent presentations made of it. It was recognised that the excellent results were achieved in part, due to an efficient management of the resistance through the continuation of an increased use of B.t H-14 to replace the less selective chemical insecticides. This increased use of B.r. H-14 was made possible following the improvement of current formulations which allow their use att/a of the normal amount and at discharges above 70 m3ls. More generally, the other actions taken to achieve the current satisfactory entomological results (reinforcement of both the larviciding treatments and ivermectin distribution) were also the subject of exchanges with members of the ecological Group. 57. The availability and significant amount of data on the status of blackfly susceptibility to the organophosphorous compounds caught the attention of the Group which expressed its interest in similar data being collected on the larvae of the non-target benthic invertebrates. Finally, the Group noted with satisfaction the efficient management of the logistics and congratulated the Programme for the expertise it has developed in this matter. E. AQUATICENVIRONMENTALMONITORINGACTIVITIES Introduction 58. The principal activities of aquatic monitoring teams during 2000 were the monitoring of impacts of larviciding on invertebrates and fish fauna of treated rivers, evaluation of recolonisation trends where treatment has stopped, assessment of river and land environments at monitoring stations and various involvements to contribute to finalizing a proposal for a project to manage ecosystems in order to conserve biodiversity in oncho-freed zones (ie the WAFEM project). Comprehensive reports on the issues have been submitted and only summaries of essentials are presented here. 59. In addition to the summaries of fish and invertebrate results, a format which attempts to cristalize overall observations on fauna in relation to larviciding at stations is also presented. Fish monitoring 60. Fish teams in all countries involved continued to monitor four characteristics of fish communities and populations at their stations in relation to OCP larviciding. These were : Continuous occurrence of fish species known at a station, Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) of fishing trends, Species richness ofcatch, and Coefficient of condition of principal species per station. i) iD iiD iv) 13 a) C6te d'Ivoire 61. Three stations (Pont frontidre on river Leraba ; Ganse on the Como6 and Niaka on White Bandama) were monitored during 2000. Treatments on all the rivers were terminated at least seven years ago. - Species occurrence : The number of fish species encountered at the stations during 2000 were 36, 34 and 32 for Pont frontidre, Ganse and Niaka respectively. The number and kinds of species encountered at the respective stations during the year were comparable to the range and species known for the individual stations. At Pont frontidre on Leraba, a specimen of Heterotis niloticus (fm. Osteoglossidae) was encountered in a monitoring net for the first time. No indication of a species being persistently absent can be reported. - Species richness of catch : Species richness at all stations in C6te d'Ivoire during 2000 was more comparable to records of 1997 which were slightly higher compared to other years. - CPUE : CPUEs recorded on Leraba and Como6 during 2000 were slightly higher compared to records of recent years. On the Bandama however, a decline in CPUE was recorded during 2000 compared to recent catches. - Coefficient of condition : Average "condition" values of principal species per station remained stable and comparable to previous years. b) Ghana 62. One station, Asubende on the River Pru was monitored during 2000. The river is still under treatment. - Species occurrence : Number of species encountered at the Asubende station during 2000 were 52. All the species have been previously encountered and there was no species persistently absent taking previous records into account. - Species richness of catch : Fifty two species per year as recorded in 2000 was the second highest species-rich year in 23 years of monitoring the station. Species richness observed during 2000 was comparable to that obtained in 1988 and only lower than the record high richness of 1989 for any year since 1978. - CPUE : The CPUE recorded for 2000 was comparable to records of l99ll92 and .ligher compared to records of 1992 till present. Steady decrease observed since 1987 seem to have stopped during 1998199 and a definite increasing trend recorded in 2000. - Coefficient of condition : Mean "condition" factor of species monitored at Asubende remained stable and comparable to estimates of previous years. c) Guinea 63. Three stations (Mandiana on Sankarani, Boussoul6 on Milo and Baranama on the Dion) were monitored during 2000. All three rivers are still under treatment. l4 - Species occurrence : Species occurring at all stations have been encountered before at the stations and no durable absence ofany species could be reported as at the end of2000. - Species richness of catch : Species richness recorded in 2000 was comparable to the relatively higher levels obtained since 1997 in relation to earlier years. - CPUE : In Guinea, CPUE recorded during 2000 was higher compared to previous years. Thus an increasing trend of catch apparently continue at all stations in Guinea. - Coefficient of condition : Mean "condition"of principal species at all stations were stable and comparable to estimates of all previous years. d) Conclusions 64. The following conclusions on characteristics of fish communities and populations monitored at all station could be made. - Species occulrence : With the exception of a specimen of Heterotis niloticus encountered on the Leraba river in C6te d'Ivoire, species occurring at all stations have been recorded there before. There was also no indication of a species being persistently absent at any station to be attributed to larviciding. - Species richness of catch : Annual species richness of catch continue to increase slightly since 1994/95 at all stations. The situation is attributed first, to relatively persistent conducive hydrological situation in the sub region. This factor has also generally increased catch per sampling event and annually and the increased CPUE has contributed to increased species richness of catch. However, as indicated above, the species being recorded have previously been known for the individual stations. - CPUE : Considering all station, the major change in trend of recorded CPUEs was the change of study decreasing catches on the Pru river at Asubende. Evidence of "recovery" was recorded during 2000. In C6te d'Ivoire the slight decline in CPUE on the Bandama was within acceptable range. All other stations continue to record higher CPUEs since 1994/95. Considering that all rivers in C6te d'Ivoire have not been treated for more than five years each, the decline on the Bandama, where treatment was terminated in 1993 could not be attributed to larviciding. The situation is confirmed by the obvious increase in CPUE on the Pru which is still under treatment. - Coefficient of condition : No detectable change in mean condition of principal species has been observed at any of the stations monitored since the beginning of larviciding in the prograrnme area. Thus larviciding could not be influencing the well being of fishes (which is expressed by the "condition"). Entomological monitoring 65. As initiated in 1998199, the emphasis of entomological monitoring since then has been on the study of recolonisation of water courses where larviciding has stopped. However, impact assessment of treatments on fauna continued where treatment is being maintained. l5 a) Results of recolonisation studies Marahoud 66. River Marahou6 monitored at two stations, Danangoro and Entomokro, has not been treated for three and a halfyears (ie since June 1997). - At Danangoro re-occurrence of Tricorythidae, Leptophleiidae and Neoperla spp. during post-treatment years indicate re-colonisation of river by invertebrate fauna. Also, observed increased frequency of occurrence of Ephemeroptera, Tricorythidae and Leptophleiidae may support the considered re-colonisation. - At Entomokro only Neoperlahas reoccurred in samples to suggest re-colonisation. Nazinon, Ldraba and White Bandama 67. A station each on the Nazion,Leraba and White Bandama have been under study for indications of re-colonisation by invertebrate fauna. - The Nazion river at Pont de Pd has not been treated for more than nine years. During the post-treatment period, Neoperla spp, Sericostomatidae and Pyralidae have reoccurred in samples and at higher frequencies indicating re-colonisation of river by invertebrate fauna. - The Leraba has not been treated for more than nine years. During the period after treatment, 33 out of 35 taxa known for the station have been encountered with Pyralidae being encountered for the first time in 2000. The re-occurrence of Pyralidae especially, has been considered as indication of re-colonisation. Also, increasing frequency of occurrence of majority of taxa (currently 23) during post treatment period has been considered as indication of re-colonisation. - The White Bandama has not been treated for eight years. During the period, Neoperla spp have re-occurred together with a general stability in occurrence of majority of taxa. The situation is considered as indication of re-colonisation by invertebrate fauna. Red Volta at Nangodi 68. The Red Volta has not been treated for seven years (since 1994). During the period the taxonomic richness of the river has increased by the reoccurrence of four of five "sensitive" taxa. These include Heptageniidae, Oligoneuriidae, Tricorythidae and Neoperla spp. Tricoythidae were encountered only during 2000. The other "sensitive" taxa of the station awaited is Caridina. The situation indicates very fair re-colonisation of river by invertebrate fauna. Conclusions on re-colonisation study data 69. Indications of re-colonisation of rivers by invertebrate taxa after river treatment continue to improve. "Sensitive" taxa eg. Neoperla spp, Pyralidae, Tricorythidae and Oligoneuriidae which were affected during treatment years, in the same or different rivers have re-occurred. Also, reports of stability of the majority of taxa and increased frequency of occurrence of identified ones also support the re-colonisation indications. t6 Discussion 70. Discussion following the reports on re-colonisation studies among the Ecological Group members indicated that the Group was satisfied with the widespread re-colonisation indications. The Ecological Group also considered that continued absence of a total of six taxa, considering individual stations in the monitored area, had been anticipated and thus acceptable. b) Results of entomological monitoring at treated stations Rivers Pru at Asubende and Oti at Sabari 71. During 2000, drift indices on the Pru which had been considered to have shown minimum impact of larviciding since 1992 further improved. However, increased densities was not accompanied by taxonomic richness. Among sensitive taxa at the station Neoperla spp. and oligoneuriidae have not been encountered since 1993 and 1997 respectively. 72. At Sabari on the Oti, which has been subjected only to a few cycles of experimental treatment per year since 1998, densities of entomological fauna increased in 2000 compared to 1998 and 1999 data. Taxanomic richness was also recorded by the re-occurrence of Tricorythidae and Heptageniidae which had not been encountered for several years. Rivers Milo at Boussoul,!, Niandan at Sansambaya and Dion at Tdre 73. At Boussoul6 improvements in taxa composition and densities were recorded in 2000. The improvements were attributed to better epifaunal substrate during the year. - At Sansambaya, taxanomic richness increased by five taxa during 2000 compared to result of 1998 and 1999. However densities of samples reduced, due to lower representation of Hydropsychidae and Orthocladiinae. - At Tdre, taxanomic richness increased to 24 from 19 in 1998 and 22 in 1999. Also, although night drift samples recorded taxonomic richness of 27, this was still lower and the taxa less stable compared to the 33 and 36 taxarichness of pretreatment years. Summary conclusion on observations at treated stations 74. At majority of treated stations increased taxonomic richness and densities were recorded. The situation was attributed to improve ecological factors (e.g. increased epifaunal substrates) and reduced impact of treatment on fauna due to the rotation strategy. Summarising status of aquatic fauna after OCP 75. In anticipation of summarising the status of monitored fauna after OCP, the following formats were presented for comments of the Ecological Group. a) For summary offish status 76. Basically, a number of tables, each dealing with a parameter monitored is proposed. Each table would have columns indicating the relative trend of the parameter with reference to before- treatment, during-treatment and after-treatment periods of monitoring (see example below). 17 The subjects for the tables would include eg : a) Trend of total CPUE, b) Trend of CPUE of Principal species, c) General trend of species richness of catch, d) General trend of coefficient of condition of species. Etc. . b) For Summary of Invertebrates status . 77. Again, a number of tables each presenting the trend of a characteristic of invertebrates monitored with reference to before-treatment, during-treatment and after-treatment periods of a station. (See example below). Subjects for the tables will include : a) Taxonomic richness (Drift and Surber samples), b) Response of sensitive taxa in Drift, c) Response of sensitive taxa in Surber. Discussions 78. The discussions which went on among the Ecological Group members after the presentation of the summary tables indicated that the format was acceptable. They however, suggested that wherever figures could be put to indicate level of decrease or increase, it should be done. For example, decreasing trend up to 30o/o. Their comment on the contents of tables was that, they were pleased with the indications of recovery of sensitive taxa which had been a real worry about ten years ago. Also, because the data showed that reduction of number of taxa per station was maximum six, the results were acceptable because that level ofeffect had been anticipated. Example of Fish table Table - General trend of total CPUE River station Before-treatment (BT) Durine-treatment (DT) After-treatment (AT) Leraba/Pont frontidre 19xx to 19xx No data 1975 to 1989 Decreasing trend to about s0% 1989 to 2002 Decreasing trend continue for 4 year then increasing Pru/Asubende 1978 to 1987 fluctuating 1987 to 2002 present decreasing trend for 1 1 years then increasing about 1992 level in 2000 Not available Milo/Boussoul6 Not available 1988 2000 presently stable, initially increasing since 1994 Not available 18 Example of Invertebrate table Table - Taxonomic Richness of Surber and Drift Habitat Assessment parameters extension to accommodate WAFEM 79. Habitat assessment study reports of various monitoring stations, incorporating amendments made on the study format at the 2000 meeting, were submitted. It was encouraging to observe use of habitat status in the interpretations of aquatic fauna monitoring results. No more amendments on the study format was proposed. However, in anticipation of the WAFEM project, which would cover aquatic habitat, gallery areas and beyond galleries, parameters to assess the gallery and area beyond were necessary. Therefore, the following points were considered by the meeting for addition to the present habitat assessment protocol : First, it was considered that an estimation of the length, mean width and depth of river stretch should be included in the aquatic habitat assessment. Second, status of gallery and the area beyond should be assessed as optimum, suboptimum, marginal or poor on the following criteria. For the gallery zorLe: For the area beyond gallery : Discussion on land-use changes as part of environmental monitoring in Oncho-freed zones. 80. The subject continued to be discussed by the Ecological Group to identiff limited approaches that would ensure sound basis for the monitoring. Several suggestions were made by members. Finally the Group decided to follow two lines of action; first to search for historical perspective of occupational and ecological state of oncho-freed zones; second to find the possibility of having the ecological state of oncho-freed zones recorded at the end of the zuVER STATION PRE-TREATMENTPEzuOD TREATMENT PERIOD POST TREATMENT Marahou6/Danangoro Surber 27 Drift 38 Richness decrease to 23 Decrease to 35 Increase to 27 Continue to decrease to 33 Optimum Suboptimum Marsinal Poor Gallery forest width > 25oA of river mean width. Gallery has old trees on sallerv floor. Gallery forest width < I0oA of river mean width. Numerous old trees, shrubs and grass near river bank. Few old trees close to river bank. Shrubs and grass present in area. Some gtass and open soil. Ontimum Subontimum Marsinal Poor Natural vegetation of area (to be stated) Degraded natural vegetation through deforestation, burning and/or cattle srazins. Subsistence farm land with annual crops. Area covered by large industrial type plantation. 19 Programme. Members of the EG and OCP were therefore requested to inquire about availability of remote sensing information on study sites and related areas. Valorisation activities during the fifth financial phase 81. Dr. Leveque presented to the meeting, a manuscript of a brochure prepared by a team. The intended brochure highlighted environmental activities of the Programme as previously recommended. With a few finishing items to be added, the meeting accepted the manuscript and . recommended to OCP to take necessary steps to have the manuscript published in English and French. 82. Refening to preparation and publication of synopsis of scientific results from monitoring activities, Dr. Leveque said the subject had only been discussed briefly during the last meeting. However, he presented a preliminary consideration of unit parts as shown below for further deliberation by members as the recommendation to publish a synopsis was retained. Unit parts considered were : - The strategy of Vector Control - Former C.VCUs - Concerns for the Environment - Ex. Chairs of E.G. - The EG: history, mandate & objectives - L6v6que & Calamari - History of Aquatic Monitoring - L. Yam6ogo - Economic importance of EG recommendations - D. Colman - Larvicide screening on the vector- J.M. Hougard & Y. Bissan - Screening of larvicides & non-target fauna - B. Statzner &L. Yam6ogo - Long term impact assessment on invertebrates - V. Resh I Statzner / National hydrobiologists - Long term impact assessment on fish - Paugy / National hydrobiologists - Sustainable development in oncho-freed zones - Sonou & OCP The discussion which took place after Dr. Leveque's brief centred on the approach to the organisation of work. Generally it was thought that a steering committee which should do some detail planning of the work should first be established. The first meeting of the committee should be held in Ouagadougou in 200I at a date to be agreed on by the members. For the purpose of continuing with the eventual publication of the two documents, the Chief of VCU indicated that there was some resources available for the purpose during 2001. Response of the Ecological Group to recommendations of the hydrobiologists 83. Work done by groups of hydrobiologists taking into account the results of the monitoring during 2000 lead to the following recommendations : o Monitoring activities during 2001-2002 for both invertebrate and fish teams, should be at the same stations and frequencies as they were during 2000. However, monitoring teams would take necessary extra samples during their usual visits to obtain any other crucial information. . Habitat assessment reports should be accompanied by photographic documentation. o Common approaches to data handling and presentation in reporting shall be adopted or adhered to by the fish and invertebrate monitoring teams. 20 o National teams should endeavour to prepare, preferable joint manuscripts based on monitoring data aimed at publishing them and submit to VCU. Meanwhile OCP shall, through a member of the Ecological Group organise a one-day workshop on the organisation of manuscripts for national hydrobiological monitoring teams. o OCP to assist national teams to train younger hydrobiologists by augmenting mission cost of regular monitoring. 84. The Ecological Group appreciated and endorsed recommendations made by the hydrobiologist and recommended to the Programme to respond positively by supporting the hydrobiologists to achieve them. The Group also appreciated the current level of reporting by the hydrobiologists. F. ECOLOGICAL MONITORING AS PART OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF ONCHO-FREED ZONES The chief of VCU had earlier briefed the meeting on the status of the WAFEM project and reminded participants of some central characteristics of the project. On collaboration, and the Ecological Group's call on FAO to support WAFEM, Mr Sonou of FAO briefed the meeting as below. Recent develooments in Socio-Economic Development activities of FAO for Oncho-freed zones and possible relationships with the WAFEM project 85. FAO's focal point person for OCP's Committee of Sponsoring Agencies (CSA), Mr. M. Sonou briefed the meeting on FAO's activities towards sustainable socio-economic development of oncho-freed zones. He said, FAO has since 1998 focused on mobilizing resources for the said development through the designing of national pilot investment projects in almost all countries participating in OCP. This activity is expected to be completed by end of March 2001. As a follow- up, FAO initiated the development of a concept and proposal for a regional socio-economic development programme for oncho-freed zones in 2000. 86. The Programme's goal is to ensure that rural services, food security and household income in oncho-freed areas equal or exceed that of other areas in West Africa, while ensuring that the oncho-freed areas contributed to the food fibre and feeding requirement in the region. An objective of the programme is to achieve more rational management of nafural resources. In the process, the prograrnme will maximize complementarity with ongoing projects and encourage involvement of communities and non-governmental organisations. Thus FAO's progralnme for the oncho-freed zones will build synergy with WAFEM in many respects such as ; participatory community Planning, management of shared river basins, establishment of local fora for resource access and use rights together with environmental monitoring and its assessment. In the latter field FAO intends to use GIS and Satellite Imagery Interpretation (SII). 81. As presently envisaged, the prograrnme would start with a two-year launching phase, followed by a seven-to-nine year operational stage, and then, a two-to-three year consolidation and devolution period. 2l Discussion 88. Mr Sonou's brief was followed by discussion which centered on FAO's considered role in orderly settlement in oncho-freed areas, encouragement of communities in ecosystems management and conservation of biodiversity. Mr Sonou explained that while FAO does not get directly involved with who or how many people immigrate into an area, it functions through district and traditional administrative structures to organise distribution of immigrants and supports their socio-economic development. G. WORK PROGRAMME FOR 2001/2002 89. Aquatic monitoring activities during 2O0l - 2002 were recommended by the Ecological Group to continue on the same watercourses and frequencies as in 2000. - OCP would, through a member of the Ecological Group organise a one-day workshop on organisation of manuscript for national hydrobiological teams. - Finalisation of the economic importance of Ecological Group decisions would be completed during the year. - If and when WAFEM is approved the project may have to launched with the involvement of several of members present. - At the appropriate time a draft of a protocol for WAFEM would be circulated for the comments by participants. - OCP is to closely cooperate with WAFEM in fulfilling its objectives. H. ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE NEXT MEETING 90. The twentythird session of the Ecological Group is planned to be held in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, tentatively, on the 7th and 8th of March2002. The meeting would be preceded by the joint Hydrobiologists - Ecological Group meeting on the 6th March and the Hydrobiologists meeting on the 4th and 5th of March2OO2. I. READING OF MEETING REPORT FOR APPROVAL 91. The main points of the Ecological Group meeting as recorded during the meeting were presented for correction and approval. The discussion after the presentation concluded that parts of the report had to be restructured and'presented for preliminary approval prior to the finalisation of the report. Minutes of the meeting to be written after the preliminary approval will be submitted to the chairman of the Ecological Group for approval before presentation to the Expert Advisory Committee in June. J. CLOSURE OF THE SESSION 92. The meeting was closed on the 9th of March 2001 by the Chairman of the Ecological Group. As closing remarks the chair thanked his colleagues, Director of the Programme, the chief of VCU, invited experts and participants for attending the meeting and for their contributions. He also thanked the WRI and its personnel for the facilities and organisational support given to the meeting. He invited members of the Ecological Group who could make it, to a field trip to Asubende on the Pru river the next day. The session was then closed with an invitation to members for the 2002 meeting. 22 ANNEX 1 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Ecological Group Members Professor Davide Calamari, Environmental Research Group, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3,21100 Varese VA, Italy Tel: 00 39-0332-421546 - Fax: 00 39-0332-421554, E-Mail: davide.calamari@uninsubria.it Professor David Colman, School of Economic Studies, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom Fax: 0161 275 4929 - Tel. 0161 275 4804, E-mail: david.colman@man.ac.uk Dr Christian L6v0que, Programme Environnement, Centre national de la Recherche scientifique, Vie et Soci6t6s, 1 Place Aristide Briand, 92195 Meudon cedex , France Tel. 01 45 07 5045 - Fax 01 45 07 5124 - E-mail: Christian.Leveque@cnrs-be1levue.fr Professor Vincent H. Resh, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of Californra,2}l Wellman Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, USA Tel. (5 I0) 642-3327 - Fax (510) 642-7428 - E-mail: vresh(Dnature.berkeley.edu Invited Expert Dr Bernhard Statzner, CNRS, Ecologie des Eaux douces et des grands Fleuves, Universit6 Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France - Fax: +33 472 43 ll41 - Tel: +33 472 44 80 34 E-mail: statzner@biomserv.univ-lyon 1 .fr Other participant Mr Moise Sonou, Senior Water development Officer, FAO Regional Office for Africa, P.O. Box 1628, Accra, Ghana -Tel:233 21 675000 or 7010930 - Fax: 233 21 668427 or 7010943 - E-mail: Moise. Sonou@fao.org OCP Secretariat Dr B.A. Boatin, Directeur du Programme, 01 B.P. 549,Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso E-mail : boatinb@oncho.oms.bf Dr L. Yam6ogo, VCU/OCP, 01 B.P. 549 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso E-mail: vameogol@oncho.oms.bf Dr H. Agoua, VCU/OCP, B.P. 36 Kara, Togo E-mail: catzonest@hotmail.com M. A. Ak6, VCUIOCP, B.P. 504 Odienn6, C6te d'Ivoire E-mail: ocp.zo@aviso.ci M. M. Sarr, VCU/OCP, B.P. 504 Odienn6, C6te d'Ivoire E-mail : ocp.zo@aviso.ci M. J.M. Tapsoba, VCUiOCP, 01 B.P. 549 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso M. L. Bakon6, VCU/OCP, 01 B.P. 549 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso 23 M. P.R. B6lemgoabga, COM/O, 01 B.P. 549 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso Dr E. K. Abban, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Water Research Institute (CSIR/WRI), P.O.Box AH.38, Achimota, Ghana - Fax: (233) 21 77 7l 70 - Tel.: (233) 21 76 83 10 - E-mail: wri@,ghana.com a 24 ANNEX 2 LIST OF DOCUMENTS OCP/VCU/HYBIO/01.01 - Monitoring of the aquatic environment in Guinea - Ichtyofauna Moussa Elimane Diop OCP/VCU/HYBIO/01.02 - Fish monitoring in relation to OCP larviciding in Ghana E.K. Abban & K. Kwarfo-Apegyah OCPA/CU/I{YBIO/01.03 - Monitoring of the non target aquatic entomofauna in Guinea K6l6tigui Nab6 OCPA/CU/HYBIO/01.04 - Summary of the annual report of C6te d'Ivoire - Ichtyofauna Kouassi N'Gouan Cyrille OCP/VCU/HYBIO/01.05 - Ghana invertebrate monitoring report - 2000 J. Samman & A. Ampofo-Yeboah OCP/VCU/HYBIO/01.06 - Aquatic monitoring and progress report of the OCP team in 2000 L. Robert Bakon6 & Joseph-Marie Tapsoba OCPA/CU/HYBIO/01.07 - Annual report of C6te d'Ivoire - Entomology (2000) Bihoum Moussa, Ayekoue Patrice & Kouassi N'Gouan Cyrille a a 25 ANNEX 3 WORI( PROGRAMME FOR 2()O1 I ? , U COUNTRY/RIVER/SITE PERIOD OF SAMPLING iFREQUENCY INVERTEBRATE F'ISH January to April, November and December January to December COTE D'IVOIRE Marahou6/Danangoro Marahou6/Entomokro L6raba/Pont Frontidre BandamaA{iaka Como6/Gans6 GHANA Oti/Sabari Pru/Asubende Red VoltaArlangodi BURIilNA FASO Nanzinon/Pont Po GUINEE Niandan/Sassambaya Dion/Baranama Dion/T6r6 MilolBoussoul6 Sankarani/Mandiana Once a month (1 day) Once a month (l day) Jan., Feb., Nov. & (recolonisation) Jan., Feb. And Oct. to (recolonisation) Sept. to Dec. (recolonisation) Dec Dec. Jan., Feb. , Nov. And Dec. Once a month (1 day) Aug. To Oct. (recolonisation) July to Nov. (recolonisation) Once a month (1 day) Once a month (1 day) Once a month (1 day) Once every 2 months (2 nights) Once every 2 months (2 nights) Once every 2 months (2 nights) Once every 2 months (2 nights) Once every 2 months (2 nights) Once every 2 months (2 nights) Once every 2 months (2 nights) NB: The drift samples are taken only tofollow taxonomic richness of rivers