Pathogens of Stomoxys calcitrans (stable flies).

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I :E CY) 0 z '0 -'4 .,H 4-4 .-0 Cu Cu 0 -r4 -'4 -'4 .04p4 -4 Cu Cu 44 -'4 Cu 0, -4 '-' 0 -'4 Cd '4 4i 44 Cu 0 s~~~~ ~~~~ 4) 133 , I~~ ~~~IIICu'C 0 I.'4 -'4 4 cn 4C co Cu 0 C) .,, Cu Cu oI0 .0 Cu co Cu8 0 Cu Cu 00$4 .0 Cu c0 ,4 cl > 4 0'- 4- 03 '0 Cu'10 ' 14 co Cu Z0 .-'- c C Cu cuc C 0V 0 4)-A 0 44 0 0 .m V a) 00 4U4-, 4- ..C -Cu .,, 4 0 -4 .0 'l Cu4 CuS r4 -4 co C reu-4 4 0fi,. -'4 @ 11 Co 4JC- -4 vaCau0Cu 0 -A 4 Cu 0 o 0' 4- I 0 -4 0 0) VC) 261 '0 0) -4 C) 0 0 ¢ 41-4 U) z 8 -4 C-4 rza C/3 44 :0 C) 0 Cu C: Cu va) 44 4-0 04- Cu -a o-4 H 4-4 -'4 c u C) 0 o I Cu '.a) 0 0 Cu r. 4-4 Cu 04 '0 10 -4) 4-4 Cu 000 262 ABSTRACTS Bernard Greenberg & Mary Ann Strand Bull, L. B. (1919). A contribution to the study of habronemiasis: A clinical, pathological, and experimental investigation of a granulomatous condition of the horse - habronemic granuloma. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust., 43: 85-141. No mention of nematode killing fly. It is probable that heavily infected flies sicken and die sooner as noted in Musca fergusoni (Johnston and Bancroft, 1920) and Musca domestica (Patton and Cragg, 1913). Gingrich, R. E. (1965). Bacillus thuringiensis as a feed additive to control dipterous pests of cattle. J. Econ. Entomol., 58: 363-364. Each of three comercial preparations of B. thuringiensis was mixed with bovine faeces and also was fed directly to cattle: Haematobia irritans most susceptible; S. calcitrans most resistant; and Musca domestica, intermediate. Hague, N. G. M. (1963). The influence of Rhabditis (Rabditella) axei (Rabditinae) on the development of Stomoxys calcitrans. Nematologica, 9: 181-184. Nematode found in large numbers in routine cultures of the fly. Rate of emergence and number of flies emerging were decreased, thought due to competition for available food source between nematode and fly larvae, rather than pathogenicity. Hill, G. F. (1919). Relationship of insects to parasitic diseases in stock. 1. The life history of Habronema muscae, Habronema microstoma, and Habronema megastoma. Proc. R. Soc. Victoria, n.s., 31: 11-107. No mention of nematode killing fly. Johnston, T. H. (1913). Notes on some Entozoa. Proc. R. Soc. Queensl., 24: 63-91. First known isolation of larval nematode in Australia. Effect on flies not noted. Johnston, T. H. (1920). Flies as transmitters of certain worm parasites of horses. Sci. Ind. (Melbourne), 2: 369-372. No mention of nematode killing fly. Johnston, T. H. & Bancroft, M. J. (1920). The life history of Habronema in relation to Musca domestica and native flies in Queensland. Proc. R. Soc. Queensl., 32: 61-88. No mention of nematode killing fly. Kennedy, J. C. (1906). Experimentsonmosquitoes and flies. Rep. Comm. Medit. Fever. R. Soc. (London), 4: 83-84. In a search for a vector of B. melitensis among goats, dissections of S. calcitrans which had been exposed to the pathogen and subsequent culturing of the organs revealed no Brucella. 263 Mitzmain, M. B. (1914). An experiment with Stomoxys calcitrans in an attempt to transmit a filaria of horses in the Philippines. Amer. J. trop. Med., 2: 759-763. Parasitized flies suffered increased mortality during first 10 days of infection. Nod, G. (1903). Studi sul ciclo evolutivo della Filaria labiato papillosa Alessandrini. Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Ser. 5, 12: 387-393. S. calcitrans appears refractory to infection; flies feeding on infected bovines never had more than 3 larvae in their gut. Patton, W. S. & Cragg, F. W. (1913). A textbook of medical entomology. Christian Litera- ture Society for India, London, 345 p. Roubaud, E. (1911). Etudes sur les Stomoxydes du Dahomey. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot., 4: 122-132. In a limited trial, 1/5 S. calcitrans died 24 hours after ingesting Entomophthora spores. Roubaud, E. & Descazeaux, J. (1922). Evolution de l'Habronema muscae Carter chez la mouche domestique et de 1'H. microstoma Schneider chez le Stomoxe. (Note prelim.). Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot., 15: 572-574. No mention of nematode killing fly. Roubaud, E. & Descazeaux, J. (1923). Sur un agent bacterien pathogene pour les mouches comunes: Bacterium delendae-muscae n. sp. C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 177: 716-717. Infection appeared spontaneously in laboratory rearings of the stable fly and in stable flies naturally breeding in rabbit droppings. All specimens died between 2 and 30 days after eclosion when the larvae were infected; inoculated, the organism kills flies in 18 to 24 hours. No deaths occurred in adults fed the organism, although adult house flies did die. Surcouf, J. M. R. (1923). Deuxieme note sur les conditions biologiques du Stomoxys calcitrans L. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, 29: 168-172. A water solution of M. domestica which had been killed by E. muscae was sprayed on Stomoxys larvae at 23°C and high humidity. Infection established in 9 days as 230C and high humidity; one quarter of the larvae died between the ninth and the eleventh days. Von Linstow (1875) (See G. F. Hill) First record in stable fly.