Lack of toilets and safe water in health-care facilities

Bull World Health Organ 2015;93:210 | doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.15.154609 Editorials 210 In March 2015, the World Health Orga- nization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) released a re- port1 on the status of water and sanitation in health-care facilities from 54 low- and middle-income countries. Data represent- ing 66 000 health facilities show that water was not readily available in about 40%.1 Over a third of facilities lacked soap for hand washing and a fifth lacked toilets. In many countries, in facilities where water is available, there is no guarantee that it is safe for consumption.2 This is a major embarrassment for the health sector: health facilities serve as foci for infection and patients seeking treatment fall ill and may die, for the lack of the most basic requirements for good hygiene – safe, reliable water supplies and adequate sanitation. Preg- nant mothers rely on a birthing environment that, at a minimum, does not place them or their baby at risk. Infections cause nearly half of late neonatal deaths (430 000)3 – many of which are attributable to inadequate hygiene. The same conditions contribute to major dis- ease outbreaks, such as cholera, as well as the spread of antimicrobial resistance – another major public health threat.4 Safe water and adequate sanitation are fundamental to a healthy and digni- fied life. The benefits of water and sanita- tion include diarrhoeal diseases averted, other infections prevented, better nutri- tion, financial and economic savings, and improved education, especially for girls.5 Proposals for the Sustainable Develop- ment Goals include a target to achieve universal access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene for households, schools and health-care facilities, by 2030. Improved hygiene in health-care facilities is an urgent need and a strategic investment for health objectives, includ- ing maternal and child health, infection prevention, outbreak response and health systems strengthening.6 First, policies and standards should be established and progress tracked on delivering appropriate services. Countries with national plans and targets have better water and sanitation in health-care facili- ties.1 This suggests that national planning can drive service expansion. Guidelines, such as WHO’s Essential environmental health standards in health care, can assist in policy-making, including standards appropriate for different circumstances.7 Existing monitoring initiatives, such as health management information sys- tems could readily incorporate water, sanitation and hygiene indicators. Service availability and readiness assessments,1 enable comparison between facilities (for benchmarking); between countries and facility types (for resource allocation and standard setting); and over time (to monitor progress). Second, sufficient human and fi- nancial resources, along with systems to support service delivery, are required. Service improvements would benefit from comprehensive, facility-based risk assessments and associated risk management plans.8 Such plans, and the inputs required to manage them, need to be embedded in infection prevention and control efforts and in health system funding mechanisms. The Clean and Safe Health Facility Campaign in Ethiopia is a successful example.9 This campaign aims to reduce infections in health-care settings, through staff training, improved water, sanitation, clinical waste manage- ment and facility auditing. Third, better leadership and coordina- tion are needed for closely related health and development initiatives such as uni- versal health coverage,10 maternal and child health, infection control and energy access. Leveraging the obligation of states to pro- gressively realize the human right to water and sanitation provides another means to accelerate and recognize action.11 However, leadership within the health sector alone is insufficient. While some aspects, such as hand washing by health-care providers, fall within the remit of the health system; others, such as safe, reliable water supplies and functional sanitation systems, extend beyond it. Progress demands inter-sectoral action, using the expertise of health pro- fessionals and engaging local and central governments as well as civil society. The WHO/UNICEF report portrays a hidden, but remediable, health crisis. With international leadership from WHO and commitments from govern- ments and development partners, rather than serving as foci for harm, health facilities should and can become models of clean, safe and dignified care. ■ 1. Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: status in low and middle income countries and way forward. Geneva: World Health Organization and UNICEF; 2015. 2. Bain R, Cronk R, Wright J, Yang H, Slaymaker T, Bartram J. Fecal contamination of drinking- water in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2014 May;11(5):e1001644. 3. Oza S, Lawn JE, Hogan DR, Mathers C, Cousens SN. Neonatal cause-of-death estimates for the early and late neonatal periods for 194 countries: 2000–2013. Bull World Health Organ. 2015 Jan 1;93(1):19–28. 4. Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. 5. Bartram J, Cairncross S. Hygiene, sanitation, and water: forgotten foundations of health. PLoS Med. 2010;7(11):e1000367. 6. Velleman Y, Mason E, Graham W, Benova L, Chopra M, Campbell OM, et al. From joint thinking to joint action: a call to action on improving water, sanitation, and hygiene for maternal and newborn health. PLoS Med. 2014 Dec;11(12):e1001771. 7. Essential environmental health standards in health care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. 8. Water safety in buildings. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. 9. Clean and safe health facility campaign CASH initiative. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Health; 2014. 10. Etienne C, Asamoa-Baah A, Evans DB. Health systems financing: the path to universal coverage. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. 11. Resolution A/RES/64/292. The human right to water and sanitation. In: Sixty-fourth United Nations General Assembly, New York, 28 July 2010. New York: United Nations; 2010. Lack of toilets and safe water in health-care facilities Jamie Bartram,a Ryan Cronk,a Maggie Montgomery,b Bruce Gordon,b Maria Neira,b Edward Kelleyc & Yael Vellemand References a Water Institute and Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America. b Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. c Department of Service Delivery and Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. d WaterAid, London, England. Correspondence to Jamie Bartram (jbartram@unc.edu). E itorials