Surveillance standards for vaccine-preventable diseases

Surveillance Standards for Vaccine- Preventable Diseases Surveillance Standards for Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, Second Edition ISBN 978-92-4-151392-0 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. 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WHO Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Surveillance Standards 3 Available Standards Overview of VPD Surveillance Principles Cholera Congenital Rubella Syndrome Diphtheria Haemophilus influenzae Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Human Papillomavirus Influenza Japanese Encephalitis Measles Meningococcus Mumps Neonatal Tetanus Non-neonatal Tetanus Pertussis Pneumococcus Polio Rotavirus Rubella Typhoid Varicella Yellow Fever (to be available soon) Annex 1: Tools for a surveillance review Annex 2: Tetanus Serosurveys All chapters can be downloaded individually at http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/ vpd/standards/en/ Overview 4 Acknowledgements The development of this document was coordinated by Minal K. Patel and Adam L. Cohen of the World Health Organization, Geneva (WHO HQ), and Daniel Feiken (Consultant). We’re grateful to the technical and financial support from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC), and as well as financial support from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. Thanks especially to Benjamin A. Dahl, Christopher Murrill, and Heather M. Scobie of US CDC, and Jollee Fung of the University of British Columbia. We are grateful to the >175 colleagues from 47 organizations who developed VPD-specific chapters and/or contributed to the preparation of this document by reviewing drafts and providing constructive comments, including the following (in alphabetical order): Anna Acosta, US CDC Nedghie Adrien, US CDC Hinda Ahmed, Consultant Jamal Ahmed, WHO HQ Cui Aili, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Negar Aliabadi, US CDC Andreas Alois Reis, WHO HQ Peter Henrik Andersen, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark Jason Andrews, Stanford University, United States of America Diavolana Andrianarimanana, Faculte de Medecine Mahajanga, Madagascar Narendra Arora, The Inclen Trust International, India Sabrina Bacci, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Kaushik Banarjee, WHO HQ Nyambat Batmunkh, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific Julien Beaute, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Adwoa Bentsi-Enchill, WHO HQ Terry Besselaar, WHO HQ Pankaj Bhatnagar, WHO India Paul Bloem, WHO HQ Ray Borrow, Public Health England United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Michael Bowen, US CDC Nathalie Broutet, WHO HQ Megan Carey, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, United States of America Pam Cassiday, US CDC Maricel Castro, WHO Philippines Ma Chao, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Ana Chevez, WHO Regional Office for the Americas Doris Chou, WHO HQ Alexandria Chung, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Laurence Cibrelus Yamamoto, WHO HQ Natasha Crowcroft, Public Health Ontario and University of Toronto, Canada Carine Cruz, WHO HQ Tine Dalby, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark Danni Daniels, WHO Regional Office for Europe Yin Dapeng, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Thomas Darton, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Kashmira Date, US CDC Siddhartha Datta, WHO Regional Office for Europe Monica De Cola, WHO HQ David Durrheim, University of Newcastle, Australia Androulla Efstratiou, Public Health England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Sergey Eremin, WHO HQ Kamal Fahmy, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Jennifer Farrar, US CDC Katya Fernandez, WHO HQ Daniella Figueroa-Downing, Gavi the Vaccine Alliance, Switzerland LeAnne Fox, US CDC Marta Gacic-Dobo, WHO HQ Julie Warner Gargano, US CDC Julie Garon, US CDC Denise Garrett, Sabin Vaccine Institute, United States of America Francois Gasse, Consultant Tracey Goodman, WHO HQ Varja Grabovac, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific Rebecca Grais, Epicentre Christopher Gregory, US CDC Nicole Guiso, Institut Pasteur, France Santosh Gurung, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific Rana Hajjeh, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Pradeep Haldar, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India Scott Halperin, Dalhousie University, Canada Lee Hampton, US CDC Susan Hariri, US CDC Quamrul Hasan, WHO Pakistan James Heffelfinger, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific Carl Heinz Wirsing von Konig, Consultant Rolano Herrero, International Agency for Research on Cancer Carole Hickman, US CDC Susan Hills, US CDC Stephane Hugonnet, WHO HQ Yvan Hutin, WHO HQ Masaaki Iwaki, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan Ilesh Jani, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Mozambique Jalila Jawad, Ministry of Health, Bahrain Mark Jit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Jacob John, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India Barbara Johnson, Consultant Hajime Kamiya, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan Ieva Kantsone, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Latvia Karen Keddy, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa Aalisha Sahu Khan, Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services Sudhir Khanal, WHO HQ Muhamed Kheir Taha, Institut Pasteur, France WHO Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Surveillance Standards 5 Maria Knoll, Johns Hopkins University, United States of America Sophie Lavincente, Consultant Dominique Legros, WHO HQ Fernanda Lessa, US CDC Anagha Loharikar, US CDC Adriana Lopez, US CDC Octavie Lunguya, Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Democratic Republic of the Congo Kristine Macartney, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Australia Mirta Magarinos, WHO Agentina Mona Marin, US CDC Lauri Markowitz, US CDC Florian Marks, International Vaccine Institute, Republic of Korea Mariel Marlow, US CDC Domenico Martinelli, University of Foggia, Italy Balcha Masresha, WHO Regional Office for Africa Peter McIntyre, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Australia Lucy McNamara, US CDC James Meiring, University of Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Elissa Meites, US CDC Matthew Mikoleit, US CDC Angela Montesanti, US CDC Michelle Morales, US CDC Allisyn Moran, WHO HQ Oliver Morgan, WHO HQ William Moss, Johns Hopkins University, United States of America Mick Mulders, WHO HQ Mark Muscat, WHO Regional Office for Europe Jason Mwenda Mathiu, WHO Regional Office for Africa Tomoka Nakamura, WHO HQ Ryan Novak, US CDC Katherine O’Brien, Johns Hopkins University, United States of America Lucia Oliveira, WHO Regional Office for the Americas David Olson, WHO HQ Walter Orenstein, Emory University, United States of America Mahamoudou Ouattara, US CDC Umesh Parashar, US CDC Desiree Pastor, WHO Regional Office for the Americas Roberta Pastore, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific Sirima Pattamadilok, WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia Lucia Pawloski, US CDC William Perea, WHO HQ Carmem Pessoa Da Silva, WHO HQ Meagan E. Peterson, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Dina Pfeifer, WHO Regional Office for Europe Andrew Pollard, University of Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Farah Naz Qamar, Aga Khan University, Pakistan Ajantha Ranajeewa, WHO HQ Azhar Abid Raza, UNICEF Susan Reef, US CDC Helen Rees, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa Gloria Rey, WHO Regional Office for the Americas Sigrun Roesel, WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia Olivier Ronveaux, WHO HQ Jennifer Rota, Consultant Paul Rota, US CDC Samir Saha, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Bangladesh Magdi Samaan, WHO HQ Abha Saxena, WHO HQ Scott Schmid, US CDC Stephanie Schwartz, US CDC Anthony Scott, University of Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Fatima Serhan, WHO HQ Jane Seward, Consultant Anette Siedler, Robert Koch Institute, Germany Tami Skoff, US CDC Mary Slack, Mary Slack Microbiology Consulting Hilde Sleurs, Consultant Lori Sloate, United Nations Foundation Cynthia Snider, US CDC Heidi Soeters, US CDC Gianfranco Spiteri, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Nandini Sreenivasan, US CDC Robert Steinglass, John Snow, Inc., United States of America James Stuart, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Jacqueline Tate, US CDC Piyanit Tharmaphornpilas, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand Tejpratap Tiwari, US CDC Maria Tondella, US CDC Nikki Turner, University of Auckland, New Zealand Chris Van Beneden, US CDC Katelijn Vandemaele, WHO HQ Valsan Philip Verghese, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India Anne von Gottberg, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa Steven Wassilak, US CDC Goitom Weldgebriel, WHO Regional Office for Africa Joanne White, Public Health England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Cynthia Whitney, US CDC Robert Whittaker, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Yonas Woldemichael, WHO Ethiopia Chris Wolff, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, United States of America Nicole Wolter, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa Tracie Wright, US CDC Ahmadu Yakubu, WHO HQ Wenging Zhang, WHO HQ Yin Zundong, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention The findings and conclusions in this document do not necessarily represent the views of each individual nor the official positions of their agencies. Overview 6 Acronyms and Abbreviations AES Acute encephalitis syndrome AFP Acute flaccid paralysis ALT Alanine aminotransferase (test of liver function) AMR Antimicrobial resistance AMRO World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas ANC Antenatal care ARFO World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa ATS Antitoxin tetanus serum aVDPV Ambiguous vaccine-derived poliovirus BAP Blood agar plates BMI Body mass index (obesity measure) bOPV Bivalent oral polio vaccine CAP Chocolate agar plates CBS Community-based surveillance CFR Case fatality ratio CLIA Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments CRI Congenital rubella infection CRS Congenital rubella syndrome CSF Cerebrospinal fluid CSTE U.S. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists cVDPV Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus CVS Congenital varicella syndrome CVV Candidate vaccine viruses DAE Double-antigen ELISA DAT Diphtheria antitoxin DBS Dried blood spot DENV Dengue virus DFA Direct fluorescent antibody staining DHS Demographic Health Survey DTaP Diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine DTP3 Third dose of diphtheria-tetanus- pertussis vaccine EBS Event-based surveillance EIA Enzyme immunoassay ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay EMRO World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean EPI Expanded Programme on Immunizations EQA External quality assurance EWARN Early Warning and Response Network GISRS Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System GLASS Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System GMRLN Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network GPEI Global Polio Eradication Initiative GPLN Global Polio Laboratory Network GSL Global specialized laboratory HA Haemagglutination assay HAV Hepatitis A virus HBIG Hepatitis B immunoglobulin HBV Hepatitis B virus Hib Haemophilus influenzae type b HIS Health information system HIV Human immunodeficiency virus HMIS Health Management Information System HPV Human papillomavirus HZ Herpes zoster virus IBD Invasive bacterial disease IB-VPD Invasive bacterial vaccine-preventable disease ICU Intensive care unit IDSR Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response IFA Immunofluorescence assay IgA Immunoglobulin A IgG Immunoglobulin G IgM Immunoglobulin M IHR International Health Regulations IIV Inactivated influenza vaccine ILI Influenza-like illness IMCI Integrated Management of Childhood Illness IMD Invasive meningococcal disease iNTS Invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis IPD Invasive pneumococcal disease IPV Inactivated polio vaccine ISO International Organization for Standardization iVDPV Immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived poliovirus IVIG Intravenous immune globulin JE Japanese encephalitis JRF Joint Reporting Form LAIV Live attenuated influenza vaccine LAMP Loop-mediated isothermal amplification LAT Latex agglutination testing M & E Monitoring and Evaluation WHO Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Surveillance Standards 7 MCV Measles antigen-containing vaccine MCV4 Meningococcal conjugate vaccine (quadravalent) MDSR Maternal death surveillance and response ME Meningoencephalitis MenB Serogroup B meningococcal vaccine MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey MMR Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine MMRV Measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine MNT Maternal and neonatal tetanus MNTE Maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination MOH Ministry of Health mOPV Monovalent oral polio vaccine MR Measles and rubella vaccine MSM Men who have sex with men NCC National Certification Committee (for polio eradication) NGO Non-governmental organization NIC National Influenza Centres NL National laboratory Nm Neisseria meningiditis NP Nasopharyngeal NT Neonatal tetanus Non-NT Non-neonatal tetanus NPAFP Non-polio acute flaccid paralysis NPEV Non-polio enterovirus NVC National verification committee (for measles and rubella elimination) OF Oral fluid OPV Oral polio vaccine ORS Oral rehydration solutions ORT Oral rehydration therapy PAB Protected at birth PBS Phosphate buffer saline PCR Polymerase chain reaction PCV Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PEP Post-exposure prophylaxis PHEIC Public health emergency of international concern PID Primary immunodeficiency PRNT Plaque reduction neutralization test PT Pertussis toxin QC Quality control RCV Rubella-containing vaccine RDT Rapid diagnostic test RRL Regional reference laboratory RSV Respiratory syncytial virus RT-PCR Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction RV1 Monovalent rotavirus vaccine RV5 Pentavalent rotavirus vaccine SAGE Strategic Advisory Group of Experts SARI Severe acute respiratory illness SBA Skilled birth attendant SEARO World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia SIA Supplemental immunization activity Sp Streptococcus pneumoniae SSPE Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis TCBS Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts agar TCV Typhoid conjugate vaccine Td Tetanus-diphtheria vaccine Tdap Tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis vaccine TE-3 Tetanus international reference serum TIG Tetanus immune globulin ToBI Toxin-binding inhibition TT Tetanus toxoid TT2+ Second or subsequent dose of tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine TTCV Tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine VAPP Vaccine-associated paralytic poliovirus VDPV Vaccine-derived poliovirus ViPS Typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccine VLP Virus-like particle VPD Vaccine-preventable disease VTM Viral transport media VZV Varicella-zoster virus WASH Water, sanitation and hygiene practices WGS Whole genome sequencing WHO World Health Organization WHO- UNICEF World Health Organization- United Children’s Fund WPRO World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific WPV Wild poliovirus WRA Women of reproductive age YF Yellow fever