The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex B: World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines for Children: 9th list (2023)

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The recommendations contained in this publication are based on the advice of independent experts, who have considered the best available evidence, a risk–benefit analysis and other factors, as appropriate. This publication may include recommendations on the use of medicinal products for an indication, in a dosage form, dose regimen, population or other use parameters that are not included in the approved labelling. Relevant stakeholders should familiarize themselves with applicable national legal and ethical requirements. WHO does not accept any liability for the procurement, distribution and/or administration of any product for any use. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) Explanatory notes This Model List is intended for use for children up to and including 12 years of age. The core list presents a list of minimum medicine needs for a basic health-care system, listing the most efficacious, safe and cost-effective medicines for priority conditions. Priority conditions are selected on the basis of current and estimated future public health relevance, and potential for safe and cost-effective treatment. The complementary list presents essential medicines for priority diseases, for which specialized diagnostic or monitoring facilities, and/or specialist medical care, and/or specialist training are needed. In case of doubt medicines may also be listed as complementary on the basis of consistent higher costs or less attractive cost–effectiveness in a variety of settings. The square box symbol () is intended to indicate therapeutic alternatives to the listed medicine that may be considered for selection in national essential medicines lists. Alternatives may be individual medicines, or multiple medicines within a pharmacological class or chemical subgroup, defined at the 4th level of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification, which have similar clinical effectiveness and safety. The listed medicine should be the example of the class or subgroup for which there is the best evidence for effectiveness and safety. In some cases, this may be the first medicine that is licensed for marketing; in other instances, subsequently licensed compounds may be safer or more effective. Where there is no difference in terms of efficacy and safety data, the listed medicine should be the one that is generally available at the lowest price, based on international drug price information sources. A square box is not used to indicate alternative generic brands of the same small molecule medicines, nor alternative biosimilars of biological medicines. However, the selection and use of quality-assured generics and biosimilars of essential medicines at country level is recommended. National lists should not use a similar symbol and should be specific in their final selection, which would depend on local availability and price. The format and numbering of the 22nd WHO Model List of Essential Medicines is used for the 8th WHO Model Essential List for Children. Some sections have been deleted because they contain medicines that are not relevant for children. The a symbol indicates that there is an age or weight restriction on use of the medicine; details for each medicine are in Table 1.1 of Annex 1. The presence of an entry on the Essential Medicines List for Children carries no assurance as to pharmaceutical quality. It is the responsibility of the relevant national or regional drug regulatory authority to ensure that each product is of appropriate pharmaceutical quality (including stability) and that when relevant, different products are interchangeable. For recommendations and advice concerning all aspects of the quality assurance of medicines see the WHO Medicines website https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/standards-and-specifications/norms-and- standards-for-pharmaceuticals/guidelines/quality-assurance. Medicines and dosage forms are listed in alphabetical order within each section and the order of listing does not imply preference for one form over another. Standard treatment guidelines should be consulted for information on appropriate dosage forms. The main terms used for dosage forms in the Essential Medicines List can be found in Table 1.2 of Annex 1. Definitions of many of these terms and pharmaceutical quality requirements applicable to the different categories are published in the current edition of The International Pharmacopoeia https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy- standards/standards-and-specifications/norms-and-standards-for-pharmaceuticals/pharmacopoeia. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 1 1. ANAESTHETICS, PREOPERATIVE MEDICINES AND MEDICAL GASES 1.1 General anaesthetics and oxygen 1.1.1 Inhalational medicines halothane Inhalation. isoflurane Inhalation. nitrous oxide Inhalation. oxygen Inhalation (medical gas). sevoflurane Inhalation. 1.1.2 Injectable medicines ketamine Injection: 50 mg/mL (as hydrochloride) in 10 mL vial.  propofol * Therapeutic alternatives: - thiopental Injection: 10 mg/mL; 20 mg/mL. 1.2 Local anaesthetics  bupivacaine Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed Injection: 0.25%; 0.5% (hydrochloride) in vial. Injection for spinal anaesthesia: 0.5% (hydrochloride) in 4 mL ampoule to be mixed with 7.5% glucose solution.  lidocaine Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed Injection: 1%; 2% (hydrochloride) in vial. Injection for spinal anaesthesia: 5% (hydrochloride) in 2 mL ampoule to be mixed with 7.5% glucose solution. Topical forms: 2% to 4% (hydrochloride). lidocaine + epinephrine (adrenaline) Dental cartridge: 2% (hydrochloride) + epinephrine 1:80 000. Injection: 1%; 2% (hydrochloride or sulfate) + epinephrine 1:200 000 in vial. 1.3 Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures atropine Injection: 1 mg (sulfate) in 1mL ampoule.  midazolam Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed Injection: 1 mg/mL. Oral liquid: 2 mg/mL. Tablet: 7.5 mg; 15 mg. morphine Injection: 10 mg (sulfate or hydrochloride) in 1mL ampoule. 1.4 Medical gases oxygen* Inhalation For use in the management of hypoxaemia. *No more than 30% oxygen should be used to initiate resuscitation of neonates less than or equal to 32 weeks of gestation. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 2 2. MEDICINES FOR PAIN AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2.1 Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs) ibuprofen a Oral liquid: 100 mg/5 mL; 200 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 200 mg; 400 mg; 600 mg. a Not in children less than 3 months. paracetamol (acetaminophen) * Oral liquid: 120 mg/5 mL or 125 mg/5 mL**; 250 mg/5 mL. **The presence of both 120 mg/5 mL and 125 mg/5 mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided. Suppository: 100 mg; 250 mg. Tablet: 250 mg; 325 mg; 500 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg; 250 mg *Not recommended for anti-inflammatory use due to lack of proven benefit to that effect. 2.2 Opioid analgesics  morphine Therapeutic alternatives: - hydromorphone - oxycodone Granules (slow release; to mix with water): 20 mg to 200 mg (morphine sulfate). Injection: 10 mg (morphine hydrochloride or morphine sulfate) in 1 mL ampoule. Oral liquid: 10 mg/5 mL (morphine hydrochloride or morphine sulfate). Tablet (slow release): 10 mg to 200mg (morphine hydrochloride or morphine sulfate). Tablet (immediate release): 10 mg (morphine sulfate). Complementary list methadone* Tablet: 5 mg; 10 mg (hydrochloride). Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 mL; 10 mg/5 mL (hydrochloride). Concentrate for oral liquid: 5 mg/mL; 10 mg/mL (hydrochloride) *For the management of cancer pain. 2.3 Medicines for other symptoms common in palliative care amitriptyline Tablet: 10 mg; 25 mg. cyclizine Injection: 50 mg/mL. Tablet: 50 mg. dexamethasone Injection: 4 mg/mL (as disodium phosphate salt) in 1 mL ampoule. Oral liquid: 2 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 2 mg. diazepam Injection: 5 mg/mL. Oral liquid: 2 mg/5 mL. Rectal gel: 5 mg/mL in 0.5 mL, 2 mL, 4 mL rectal delivery system. Rectal solution: 2 mg/mL in 1.25 mL, 2.5 mL rectal tubes; 4 mg/mL in 2.5 mL rectal tube. Tablet: 5 mg; 10 mg. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 3 docusate sodium Capsule: 100 mg. Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL. hyoscine hydrobromide Injection: 400 micrograms/mL; 600 micrograms/mL. Transdermal patches: 1 mg/72 hours. lactulose Oral liquid: 3.1 to 3.7 g/5 mL. midazolam Injection: 1 mg/mL; 5 mg/mL. Oral liquid: 2mg/mL. Solid oral dosage form: 7.5 mg; 15 mg.  ondansetron a Therapeutic alternatives - dolasetron - granisetron - palonosetron - tropisetron Injection: 2 mg base/mL in 2 mL ampoule (as hydrochloride). Oral liquid: 4 mg base/5 mL. Solid oral dosage form: Eq 4 mg base; Eq 8 mg base. a > 1 month. senna Oral liquid: 7.5 mg/5 mL. 3. ANTIALLERGICS AND MEDICINES USED IN ANAPHYLAXIS dexamethasone Injection: 4 mg/mL (as disodium phosphate salt) in 1 mL ampoule. epinephrine (adrenaline) Injection: 1 mg/mL (as hydrochloride or hydrogen tartrate) in 1 mL ampoule. hydrocortisone Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium succinate) in vial.  loratadine* Therapeutic alternatives: - cetirizine - fexofenadine Oral liquid: 1 mg/mL. Tablet: 10 mg. *There may be a role for sedating antihistamines for limited indications.  prednisolone Therapeutic alternatives: - prednisone Oral liquid: 5 mg/mL. Tablet: 5 mg; 25 mg. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 4 4. ANTIDOTES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES USED IN POISONINGS 4.1 Non-specific charcoal, activated Powder. 4.2 Specific acetylcysteine Injection: 200 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule. Oral liquid: 10%; 20%. atropine Injection: 1 mg (sulfate) in 1 mL ampoule. calcium gluconate Injection: 100 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule. naloxone Injection: 400 micrograms (hydrochloride) in 1 mL ampoule. Complementary List deferoxamine Powder for injection: 500 mg (mesilate) in vial. dimercaprol Injection in oil: 50 mg/mL in 2 mL ampoule. fomepizole Injection: 5 mg/mL (sulfate) in 20 mL ampoule or 1 g/mL (base) in 1.5 mL ampoule. sodium calcium edetate Injection: 200 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoule. succimer Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg. 5. MEDICINES FOR DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 5.1 Antiseizure medicines carbamazepine Oral liquid: 100 mg/5 mL. Tablet (chewable): 100 mg; 200 mg. Tablet (scored): 100 mg; 200 mg; 400 mg. diazepam Rectal gel: 5 mg/mL in 0.5 mL, 2 mL, 4 mL rectal delivery system. Rectal solution: 2 mg/mL in 1.25 mL, 2.5 mL rectal tubes; 4 mg/mL in 2.5 mL rectal tube. lamotrigine* Tablet: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg; 200 mg. Tablet (chewable, dispersible): 2 mg; 5 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg; 200 mg. *For use as adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant partial or generalized seizures. levetiracetam Oral solution: 100 mg/mL. Tablet: 250 mg; 500 mg; 750 mg; 1000 mg.  lorazepam Therapeutic alternatives: - diazepam (injection) - midazolam (injection) Injection: 2 mg/mL in 1 mL ampoule; 4 mg/mL in 1 mL ampoule. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 5 midazolam Solution for oromucosal administration: 5 mg/mL in 0.5 mL, 1 mL, 1.5 mL, 2 mL pre-filled syringe; 10 mg/mL in 0.25 mL, 0.5 mL, 0.75 mL, 1 mL pre-filled syringe. Injection*: 1 mg/mL in 5 mL vial; 5 mg/mL in 1 mL or 3 mL vial. *For buccal administration when solution for oromucosal administration is not available. phenobarbital Injection: 30 mg/mL or 60 mg/mL; 200 mg/mL (sodium). Oral liquid: 15 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 15 mg to 100 mg. phenytoin Injection: 50 mg/mL (phenytoin sodium). Oral liquid: 30 mg/5 mL (phenytoin). Solid oral dosage form: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg (phenytoin sodium). Tablet (chewable): 50 mg (phenytoin). valproic acid (sodium valproate)* *avoid use in pregnancy and in women and girls of child-bearing potential, unless alternative treatments are ineffective or not tolerated because of the high risk of birth defects and developmental disorders in children exposed to valproate in the womb. Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 mL. Tablet (crushable): 100 mg. Tablet (enteric-coated): 200 mg; 500 mg. Complementary List ethosuximide Capsule: 250 mg. Oral liquid: 250 mg/5 mL. levetiracetam Concentrate solution for infusion: 500 mg/5mL in 5 mL vial. Solution for infusion: 5 mg/mL; 10 mg/mL; 15 mg/mL in 100 mL bag. valproic acid (sodium valproate)* *avoid use in pregnancy and in women and girls of child-bearing potential, unless alternative treatments are ineffective or not tolerated because of the high risk of birth defects and developmental disorders in children exposed to valproate in the womb. Injection: 100 mg/mL in 3 mL, 4 mL, 10 mL ampoule. 5.2 Medicines for multiple sclerosis 5.3 Medicines for parkinsonism WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 6 6. ANTI-INFECTIVE MEDICINES 6.1 Anthelminthics 6.1.1 Intestinal anthelminthics albendazole Tablet (chewable, scored): 400 mg. ivermectin Tablet: 3 mg. levamisole Tablet: 50 mg (as hydrochloride). mebendazole Tablet (chewable): 100 mg; 500 mg. niclosamide Tablet (chewable): 500 mg. praziquantel Tablet: 150 mg; 500 mg. Tablet (scored): 600 mg. pyrantel Tablet (chewable): 250 mg (as embonate or pamoate). 6.1.2 Antifilarials albendazole Tablet (chewable, scored): 400 mg. diethylcarbamazine Tablet: 50 mg; 100 mg (dihydrogen citrate). ivermectin Tablet: 3 mg. 6.1.3 Antischistosomals and other antitrematode medicines praziquantel Tablet: 150 mg; 500 mg. Tablet (scored): 600 mg. triclabendazole Tablet (scored): 250 mg. Complementary List oxamniquine* Capsule: 250 mg. Oral liquid: 250 mg/5 mL. *For use when praziquantel treatment fails. 6.1.4 Cysticidal medicines Complementary List albendazole Tablet (chewable): 200 mg. Tablet (chewable, scored): 400 mg. mebendazole Tablet (chewable): 100 mg; 500 mg. praziquantel Tablet: 150 mg; 500 mg. Tablet (scored): 600 mg WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 7 6.2 Antibacterials To assist in the development of tools for antibiotic stewardship at local, national and global levels and to reduce antimicrobial resistance, the Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) classification of antibiotics has been developed by WHO – where antibiotics are classified into different groups to emphasize the importance of their appropriate use. ACCESS GROUP ANTIBIOTICS This group includes antibiotics that have activity against a wide range of commonly encountered susceptible pathogens while also showing lower resistance potential than antibiotics in the other groups. Selected Access group antibiotics are recommended as essential first or second choice empiric treatment options for infectious syndromes reviewed by the EML Expert Committee and are listed as individual medicines on the Model Lists to improve access and promote appropriate use. They are essential antibiotics that should be widely available, affordable and quality assured. WATCH GROUP ANTIBIOTICS This group includes antibiotic classes that have higher resistance potential and includes most of the highest priority agents among the Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine and/or antibiotics that are at relatively high risk of selection of bacterial resistance. These medicines should be prioritized as key targets of stewardship programs and monitoring. Selected Watch group antibiotics are recommended as essential first or second choice empiric treatment options for a limited number of specific infectious syndromes and are listed as individual medicines on the Model Lists. RESERVE GROUP ANTIBIOTICS This group includes antibiotics and antibiotic classes that should be reserved for treatment of confirmed or suspected infections due to multi-drug-resistant organisms. Reserve group antibiotics should be treated as “last resort” options. Selected Reserve group antibiotics are listed as individual medicines on the Model Lists when they have a favourable risk- benefit profile and proven activity against “Critical Priority” or “High Priority” pathogens identified by the WHO Priority Pathogens List, notably carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae. These antibiotics should be accessible, but their use should be tailored to highly specific patients and settings, when all alternatives have failed or are not suitable. These medicines could be protected and prioritized as key targets of national and international stewardship programs involving monitoring and utilization reporting, to preserve their effectiveness. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 8 6.2.1 Access group antibiotics amikacin Injection: 50 mg/mL (as sulfate); 250 mg/mL (as sulfate) in 2 mL vial. FIRST CHOICE − High-risk febrile neutropenia- pyelonephritis (severe) SECOND CHOICE − Sepsis in neonates and children amoxicillin Powder for injection: 250 mg; 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium) in vial. Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg/5 mL; 250 mg/5 mL (as trihydrate). Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg; 500 mg (as trihydrate). Tablet (dispersible, scored): 250 mg; 500 mg (as trihydrate). FIRST CHOICE − Community acquired pneumonia (mild to moderate) − Community acquired pneumonia (severe) − Complicated severe acute malnutrition − Otitis media − Pharyngitis − Progressive apical dental abscess − Sepsis in neonates and children − Sinusitis − Uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition SECOND CHOICE − Acute bacterial meningitis amoxicillin + clavulanic acid Powder for injection: 500 mg (as sodium) + 100 mg (as potassium salt); 1000 mg (as sodium) + 200 mg (as potassium salt) in vial. Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg (as trihydrate)+ 31.25 mg (as potassium salt)/5 mL; 250 mg (as trihydrate) + 62.5 mg (as potassium salt)/5mL. Tablet: 500 mg (as trihydrate) + 125 mg (as potassium salt). Tablet (dispersible): 200 mg (as trihydrate) + 28.5 mg (as potassium salt); 250 mg (as trihydrate) + 62.5 mg (as potassium salt). FIRST CHOICE − Community acquired pneumonia (severe) − Complicated intraabdominal infections (mild to moderate) − Hospital acquired pneumonia − Low-risk febrile neutropenia − Lower urinary tract infections − Sinusitis − Skin and soft tissue infections SECOND CHOICE − Bone and joint infections − Community acquired pneumonia (mild to moderate) − Community acquired pneumonia (severe) − Otitis media − Surgical prophylaxis WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 9 ampicillin Powder for injection: 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium) in vial. FIRST CHOICE − Community acquired pneumonia (severe) − Complicated intraabdominal infections − Complicated severe acute malnutrition − Sepsis in neonates and children SECOND CHOICE − Acute bacterial meningitis benzathine benzylpenicillin Powder for injection: 1.2 million IU (≈ 900 mg) in vial; 2.4 million IU (≈ 1.8 g) in vial. FIRST CHOICE − Syphilis (congenital) SECOND CHOICE benzylpenicillin Powder for injection: 600 mg (= 1 million IU); 3 g (= 5 million IU) (sodium or potassium salt) in vial. FIRST CHOICE − Community acquired pneumonia (severe) − Complicated severe acute malnutrition − Sepsis in neonates and children − Syphilis (congenital) SECOND CHOICE − Acute bacterial meningitis cefalexin Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg/5 mL; 250 mg/5 mL (anhydrous). Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg (as monohydrate). Tablet (dispersible): 125 mg; 250 mg. FIRST CHOICE − Skin and soft tissue infections SECOND CHOICE − Pharyngitis cefazolin a Powder for injection: 1 g (as sodium salt) in vial. a > 1 month. FIRST CHOICE − Surgical prophylaxis SECOND CHOICE − Bone and joint infections chloramphenicol Oily suspension for injection*: 0.5 g/mL (as sodium succinate) in 2 mL ampoule. *Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic meningitis in children older than 2 years. Powder for injection: 1 g (sodium succinate) in vial. FIRST CHOICE SECOND CHOICE − Acute bacterial meningitis WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 10 clindamycin Capsule: 150 mg (as hydrochloride). Injection: 150 mg/mL (as phosphate). Powder for oral liquid: 75 mg/5 mL (as palmitate hydrochloride). FIRST CHOICE − Necrotizing fasciitis SECOND CHOICE − Bone and joint infections  cloxacillin* Therapeutic alternatives: - 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (J01CF Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins) Capsule: 250 mg; 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium). Powder for injection: 250 mg; 500 mg (as sodium) in vial. Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg/5 mL; 250 mg/5 mL (as sodium). *cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin are preferred for oral administration due to better bioavailability. FIRST CHOICE − Bone and joint infections − Skin and soft tissue infections SECOND CHOICE − Sepsis in neonates and children doxycycline a Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL (calcium). Powder for oral liquid: 25 mg/5 mL (monohydrate). Powder for injection: 100 mg in vial. Solid oral dosage form: 50 mg; 100 mg (as hyclate). Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg (as monohydrate). a Use in children <8 years only for life-threatening infections when no alternative exists. FIRST CHOICE SECOND CHOICE − Cholera − Community acquired pneumonia (mild to moderate) gentamicin Injection: 10 mg/mL (as sulfate); 40 mg/mL (as sulfate) in 2 mL vial. FIRST CHOICE − Acute bacterial meningitis in neonates − Community acquired pneumonia (severe) − Complicated intraabdominal infections − Complicated severe acute malnutrition − Sepsis in neonates and children SECOND CHOICE − Surgical prophylaxis WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 11 metronidazole Injection: 500 mg in 100 mL vial. Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 mL (as benzoate). Tablet: 200 mg; 250 mg; 400 mg; 500 mg. FIRST CHOICE − C. difficile infection − Complicated intra-abdominal infections (mild to moderate) − Complicated intra-abdominal infections (severe) − Necrotizing fasciitis − Surgical prophylaxis SECOND CHOICE − Complicated intra-abdominal infections (mild to moderate) nitrofurantoin Oral liquid: 25 mg/5 mL. Solid oral dosage form: 50 mg; 100 mg. FIRST CHOICE − Lower urinary tract infections SECOND CHOICE phenoxymethylpenicillin Powder for oral liquid: 250 mg/5 mL (as potassium). Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg (as potassium). FIRST CHOICE − Community acquired pneumonia (mild to moderate) − Pharyngitis − Progressive apical dental abscess SECOND CHOICE procaine benzylpenicillin* Powder for injection: 1 g (=1 million IU); 3 g (=3 million IU) in vial. *Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as first-line treatment for neonatal sepsis / sepsis except in settings with high neonatal mortality, when given by trained health workers in cases where hospital care is not achievable. FIRST CHOICE − Syphilis (congenital) SECOND CHOICE sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim Injection: 80 mg + 16 mg/ mL in 5 mL ampoule; 80 mg + 16 mg/ mL in 10 mL ampoule. Oral liquid: 200 mg + 40 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 100 mg + 20 mg; 400 mg + 80 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg + 20 mg. FIRST CHOICE − Lower urinary tract infections SECOND CHOICE − Acute invasive bacterial diarrhoea / dysentery trimethoprim Tablet: 100 mg; 200 mg. Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL. FIRST CHOICE − Lower urinary tract infections SECOND CHOICE WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 12 6.2.2 Watch group antibiotics azithromycin Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg; 500 mg (anhydrous). Powder for oral liquid: 200 mg/5 mL (anhydrous). FIRST CHOICE − Cholera − Enteric fever − Trachoma − Yaws SECOND CHOICE − Acute invasive bacterial diarrhoea / dysentery cefixime Powder for oral liquid: 100 mg/5 mL. Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg; 400 mg (as trihydrate). FIRST CHOICE SECOND CHOICE − Acute invasive bacterial diarrhoea / dysentery cefotaxime* Powder for injection: 250 mg; 500 mg; 1 g; 2 g (as sodium) in vial. *3rd generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates. FIRST CHOICE − Acute bacterial meningitis − Community acquired pneumonia (severe) − Complicated intraabdominal infections (mild to moderate) − Complicated intraabdominal infections (severe) − Hospital acquired pneumonia − Pyelonephritis (severe) SECOND CHOICE − Bone and joint infections − Pyelonephritis (mild to moderate) − Sepsis in neonates and children ceftriaxone*a Powder for injection: 250 mg; 500 mg; 1 g (as sodium) in vial. *Do not administer with calcium and avoid in infants with hyperbilirubinaemia. a > 41 weeks corrected gestational age. FIRST CHOICE − Acute bacterial meningitis − Community acquired pneumonia (severe) − Complicated intraabdominal infections (mild to moderate) − Complicated intraabdominal infections (severe) − Endophthalmitis − Enteric fever − Hospital acquired pneumonia − Necrotizing fasciitis − Pyelonephritis (severe) SECOND CHOICE − Acute invasive bacterial diarrhoea / dysentery − Bone and joint infections − Pyelonephritis (mild to moderate) − Sepsis in neonates and children cefuroxime Powder for injection: 250 mg; 750 mg; 1.5 g (as sodium) in vial. FIRST CHOICE SECOND CHOICE − Surgical prophylaxis WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 13 ciprofloxacin Oral liquid: 250 mg/5 mL (anhydrous) . Solution for IV infusion: 2 mg/ mL (as hyclate) . Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg; 250 mg (as hydrochloride). FIRST CHOICE − Acute invasive bacterial diarrhoea / dysentery − Enteric fever − Low-risk febrile neutropenia − Pyelonephritis (mild to moderate) SECOND CHOICE − Cholera − Complicated intraabdominal infections (mild to moderate)  clarithromycin Therapeutic alternatives: - erythromycin Powder for oral liquid: 125 mg/5 mL; 250 mg/5 mL. Powder for injection: 500 mg in vial. Solid oral dosage form: 250 mg. FIRST CHOICE SECOND CHOICE − Pharyngitis piperacillin + tazobactam Powder for injection: 2 g (as sodium) + 250 mg (as sodium); 4 g (as sodium) + 500 mg (as sodium) in vial. FIRST CHOICE − Complicated intraabdominal infections (severe) − High-risk febrile neutropenia − Hospital acquired pneumonia − Necrotizing fasciitis SECOND CHOICE vancomycin* Capsule: 125 mg; 250 mg (as hydrochloride). *vancomycin powder for injection may also be used for oral administration. FIRST CHOICE SECOND CHOICE − C. difficile infection Complementary List ceftazidime Powder for injection: 250 mg; 1 g (as pentahydrate) in vial. FIRST CHOICE − Endophthalmitis SECOND CHOICE  meropenem* a Therapeutic alternatives*: - imipenem + cilastatin *complicated intraabdominal infections and high-risk febrile neutropenia only. Meropenem is the preferred choice for acute bacterial meningitis in neonates. Powder for injection: 500 mg (as trihydrate); 1 g (as trihydrate) in vial a > 3 months. FIRST CHOICE SECOND CHOICE − Acute bacterial meningitis in neonates − Complicated intraabdominal infections (severe) − High-risk febrile neutropenia vancomycin Powder for injection: 250 mg; 500 mg; 1 g (as hydrochloride) in vial. FIRST CHOICE − Endophthalmitis − Necrotizing fasciitis SECOND CHOICE − High-risk febrile neutropenia WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 14 6.2.3 Reserve group antibiotics Complementary List ceftazidime + avibactam Powder for injection: 2 g + 0.5 g in vial ceftolozane + tazobactam Powder for injection: 1 g + 0.5 g in vial. colistin Powder for injection: 1 million IU (as colistemethate sodium) (equivalent to 34 mg colistin base activity) in vial fosfomycin Powder for injection: 2 g; 4 g (as sodium) in vial linezolid Injection for intravenous administration: 2 mg/mL in 300 mL bag. Powder for oral liquid: 100 mg/5 mL. Tablet (dispersible): 150 mg. polymyxin B Powder for injection: 500,000 IU (equivalent to 50 mg polymyxin B base) in vial. 6.2.4 Antileprosy medicines Medicines used in the treatment of leprosy should never be used except in combination. Combination therapy is essential to prevent the emergence of drug resistance. Colour-coded blister packs (MDT blister packs) containing standard two-medicine (paucibacillary leprosy) or three-medicine (multibacillary leprosy) combinations for adult and childhood leprosy should be used. MDT blister packs can be supplied free of charge through WHO. clofazimine Solid oral dosage form: 50 mg; 100 mg. dapsone Tablet: 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. rifampicin Oral liquid: 20 mg/mL. Solid oral dosage form: 150 mg; 300 mg. 6.2.5 Antituberculosis medicines WHO recommends and endorses the use of fixed-dose combinations and the development of appropriate new fixed-dose combinations, including modified dosage forms, non-refrigerated products and paediatric dosage forms of assured pharmaceutical quality. ethambutol Tablet: 100 mg; 400 mg (hydrochloride). Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg. ethionamide Tablet: 250 mg Tablet (dispersible): 125 mg. isoniazid Tablet: 100 mg; 300 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg. isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin Tablet (dispersible): 50 mg + 150 mg + 75 mg. isoniazid + rifampicin Tablet (dispersible): 50 mg + 75 mg. isoniazid + rifapentine Tablet (scored): 300 mg + 300 mg. pyrazinamide Tablet: 400 mg; 500 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 150 mg. rifampicin Oral liquid: 20 mg/mL. Solid oral dosage form: 150 mg; 300 mg. rifapentine Tablet: 150 mg; 300 mg. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 15 Complementary List Medicines for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) should be used in specialized centres adhering to WHO standards for TB control. amikacin Injection: 250 mg/mL (as sulfate) in 2 mL vial. amoxicillin + clavulanic acid* Powder for oral liquid: 250 mg (as trihydrate) + 62.5 mg (as potassium salt)/5mL. Tablet: 500 mg (as trihydrate) + 125 mg (as potassium salt). *For use only in combination with meropenem. bedaquiline Tablet: 20 mg; 100 mg. clofazimine Solid oral dosage form: 50 mg; 100 mg. cycloserine Solid oral dosage form: 125 mg; 250 mg. delamanid Tablet (dispersible): 25 mg. Tablet: 50 mg.  ethionamide Therapeutic alternatives: - protionamide Tablet: 250 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 125 mg. levofloxacin Tablet: 250 mg; 500 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg. linezolid Tablet: 600 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 150 mg. meropenem Powder for injection: 500 mg (as trihydrate); 1 g (as trihydrate) in vial. moxifloxacin Tablet: 400 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg. p-aminosalicylate sodium Powder for oral solution: 5.52 g in sachet (equivalent to 4 g p-aminosalicylic acid. streptomycin Powder for injection: 1 g (as sulfate) in vial. 6.3 Antifungal medicines amphotericin B* Powder for injection: 50 mg (liposomal complex) in vial. Powder for injection: 50 mg (as sodium deoxycholate) in vial. *Liposomal amphotericin B has a better safety profile than the sodium deoxycholate formulation and should be prioritized for selection and use depending on local availability and cost. fluconazole Capsule: 50 mg. Injection: 2 mg/mL in vial. Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL. Powder for oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL. flucytosine Capsule: 250 mg. Infusion: 2.5 g in 250 mL. griseofulvin Oral liquid: 125 mg/5 mL. Solid oral dosage form: 125 mg; 250 mg. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 16 itraconazole* Capsule: 100 mg. Oral liquid: 10 mg/mL. *For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, acute invasive aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, paracoccidiodomycosis, mycoses caused by T. marneffei and chromoblastomycosis; and prophylaxis of histoplasmosis and infections caused by T. marneffei in AIDS patients. nystatin Lozenge: 100 000 IU. Oral liquid: 100 000 IU/mL. Solid oral dosage form: 500 000 IU. voriconazole* Tablet: 50 mg; 200 mg. Powder for injection: 200 mg in vial. Powder for oral liquid: 40 mg/mL. *For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and acute invasive aspergillosis. Complementary List  micafungin Therapeutic alternatives: - anidulafungin - caspofungin Powder for injection: 50 mg (as sodium); 100 mg (as sodium) in vial. potassium iodide Saturated solution. 6.4 Antiviral medicines 6.4.1 Antiherpes medicines aciclovir Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 mL. Powder for injection: 250 mg (as sodium salt) in vial. Tablet: 200 mg. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 17 6.4.2 Antiretrovirals Based on current evidence and experience of use, medicines in the following classes of antiretrovirals are included as essential medicines for treatment and prevention of HIV (prevention of mother-to-child transmission and post-exposure prophylaxis). WHO emphasizes the importance of using these products in accordance with global and national guidelines. WHO recommends and endorses the use of fixed-dose combinations and the development of appropriate new fixed-dose combinations, including modified dosage forms, non-refrigerated products and paediatric dosage forms of assured pharmaceutical quality. Scored tablets can be used in children and therefore can be considered for inclusion in the listing of tablets, provided that adequate quality products are available. 6.4.2.1 Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors lamivudine Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL. zidovudine Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL. 6.4.2.2 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors nevirapine a Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL. Tablet (dispersible): 50 mg. a > 6 weeks 6.4.2.3 Protease inhibitors Selection of protease inhibitor(s) from the Model List will need to be determined by each country after consideration of international and national treatment guidelines and experience. Ritonavir is recommended for use in combination as a pharmacological booster, and not as an antiretroviral in its own right. All other protease inhibitors should be used in boosted forms (e.g. with ritonavir). darunavir a Tablet: 75 mg. a > 3 years lopinavir + ritonavir Solid oral dosage form: 40 mg + 10 mg. Tablet (heat stable): 100 mg + 25 mg. ritonavir Tablet (heat stable): 25 mg; 100 mg. 6.4.2.4 Integrase inhibitors dolutegravir a Tablet (dispersible, scored): 10 mg. a ≥4 weeks and ≥3 kg Tablet: 50 mg. a ≥ 25 kg raltegravir* Granules for oral suspension: 100 mg in sachet. Tablet (chewable): 25 mg. *For use in second-line regimens in accordance with WHO treatment guidelines 6.4.2.5 Fixed-dose combinations of antiretroviral medicines abacavir + lamivudine Tablet (dispersible, scored): 120 mg (as sulfate) + 60 mg. lamivudine + zidovudine Tablet: 30 mg + 60 mg. 6.4.2.6 Medicines for prevention of HIV-related opportunistic infections isoniazid + pyridoxine + sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim Tablet (scored): 300 mg + 25 mg + 800 mg + 160 mg WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 18 6.4.3 Other antivirals ribavirin* Injection for intravenous administration: 800 mg and 1 g in 10 mL phosphate buffer solution. Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg; 400 mg; 600 mg. *For the treatment of viral haemorrhagic fevers only. Complementary List oseltamivir* Capsule: 30 mg; 45 mg; 75 mg (as phosphate). *Severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in critically ill hospitalized patients valganciclovir* Powder for oral solution: 50 mg/mL Tablet: 450 mg. *For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr). 6.4.4 Antihepatitis medicines 6.4.4.1 Medicines for hepatitis B 6.4.4.1.1 Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors entecavir Oral liquid: 0.05 mg/ mL Tablet: 0.5 mg; 1 mg 6.4.4.2 Medicines for hepatitis C Pangenotypic direct-acting antivirals should be considered as therapeutically equivalent for the purposes of selection and procurement at national level. 6.4.4.2.1 □ Pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations daclatasvir* Tablet: 30 mg; 60 mg (as hydrochloride). *Pangenotypic when used in combination with sofosbuvir daclatasvir + sofosbuvir Tablet: 60 mg + 400 mg. glecaprevir + pibrentasvir Granules: 50 mg + 20 mg in sachet. Tablet: 100 mg + 40 mg. sofosbuvir* Tablet: 200 mg; 400 mg. *Pangenotypic when used in combination with daclatasvir sofosbuvir + velpatasvir Tablet: 200 mg + 50 mg; 400 mg + 100 mg 6.4.4.2.2 Non-pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations 6.4.4.2.3 Other antivirals for hepatitis C WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 19 6.5 Antiprotozoal medicines 6.5.1 Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines diloxanide a Tablet: 500 mg (furoate). a > 25 kg.  metronidazole Therapeutic alternatives: - tinidazole Injection: 500 mg in 100 mL vial. Oral liquid: 200 mg/5 mL (as benzoate). Tablet: 200 mg; 250 mg; 400 mg; 500 mg 6.5.2 Antileishmaniasis medicines amphotericin B* Powder for injection: 50 mg (liposomal complex) in vial. Powder for injection: 50 mg (as sodium deoxycholate) in vial. *Liposomal amphotericin B has a better safety profile than the sodium deoxycholate formulation and should be prioritized for selection and use depending on local availability and cost. meglumine antimoniate Injection: 1.5 g/5 mL in 5 mL ampoule. miltefosine Solid oral dosage form: 10 mg; 50 mg. paromomycin Solution for intramuscular injection: 750 mg of paromomycin base (as sulfate). sodium stibogluconate Injection: 100 mg/mL in 30 mL vial. 6.5.3 Antimalarial medicines 6.5.3.1 For curative treatment Medicines for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria cases should be used in combination. The list currently recommends combinations according to treatment guidelines. WHO recognizes that not all of the fixed dose combinations (FDCs in the WHO treatment guidelines exist, and encourages their development and rigorous testing. WHO also encourages development and testing of rectal dosage formulations. amodiaquine* Tablet: 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride). *To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg. artemether* Oily injection: 80 mg/mL in 1 mL ampoule. *For use in the management of severe malaria. artemether + lumefantrine* Tablet: 20 mg + 120 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 20 mg + 120 mg. *Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy or in children below 5 kg. artesunate* Injection: ampoules, containing 60 mg anhydrous artesunic acid with a separate ampoule of 5% sodium bicarbonate solution. For use in the management of severe malaria. Rectal dosage form: 50 mg; 100 mg; 200 mg capsules For pre-referral treatment of severe malaria only; patients should be taken to an appropriate health facility for follow-up care. Tablet: 50 mg. *To be used in combination with either amodiaquine, mefloquine or sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 20 artesunate + amodiaquine * Tablet: 25 mg + 67.5 mg; 50 mg + 135 mg; 100 mg + 270 mg. *Other combinations that deliver the target doses required such as 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride) with 50 mg artesunate can be alternatives. artesunate + mefloquine Tablet: 25 mg + 55 mg; 100 mg + 220 mg. artesunate + pyronaridine tetraphosphate a Granules: 20 mg + 60 mg. Tablet: 60 mg + 180 mg. a > 5 kg chloroquine* Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL (as phosphate or sulfate). Tablet: 100 mg; 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate). *For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection. dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine phosphate a Tablet: 20 mg + 160 mg; 40 mg + 320 mg. a > 5 kg doxycycline* Capsule: 100 mg (as hydrochloride or hyclate). Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg (as monohydrate). *For use only in combination with quinine. mefloquine* Tablet: 250 mg (as hydrochloride). *To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg. primaquine* Tablet: 7.5 mg; 15 mg (as diphosphate). *Only for use to achieve radical cure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections, given for 14 days. quinine* Injection: 300 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 2 mL ampoule. Tablet: 300 mg (sulfate) or 300 mg (bisulfate). *For use only in the management of severe malaria and should be used in combination with doxycycline. sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine* Tablet: 500 mg + 25 mg. *Only in combination with artesunate 50 mg. 6.5.3.2 For chemoprevention amodiaquine – sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine Co-packaged dispersible tablets: amodiaquine 76.5 mg (as hydrochloride) [3] and sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine 250 mg + 12.5 mg [1]; amodiaquine 153 mg (as hydrochloride) [3] and sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine 500 mg + 25 mg [1]. chloroquine* Oral liquid: 50 mg/5 mL (as phosphate or sulfate). Tablet: 150 mg (as phosphate or sulfate). *For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection. doxycycline a Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg (as hydrochloride or hyclate). a > 8 years. mefloquine a Tablet: 250 mg (as hydrochloride). a > 5 kg or > 3 months. proguanil* Tablet: 100 mg (as hydrochloride). *For use only in combination with chloroquine. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 21 sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine Tablet: 250 mg + 12.5 mg. 6.5.4 Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines pyrimethamine Tablet: 25 mg. sulfadiazine Tablet: 500 mg. sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim Injection: 80 mg + 16 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoule; 80 mg + 16 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule. Oral liquid: 200 mg + 40 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 100 mg + 20 mg; 400 mg + 80 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg + 20 mg. 6.5.5 Antitrypanosomal medicines 6.5.5.1 African trypanosomiasis fexinidazole* Tablet: 600 mg *For the treatment of 1st and 2nd stage of human African trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection. Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis. pentamidine* Powder for injection: 300 mg (as isetionate) in vial. *To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection. suramin sodium* Powder for injection: 1 g in vial. *To be used for the treatment of the initial phase of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection. Medicines for the treatment of 2nd stage African trypanosomiasis eflornithine* Injection: 200 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 50 mL bottle. *To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection. nifurtimox* Tablet (scored): 30 mg; 120 mg. *Only to be used in combination with eflornithine, for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection. Complementary List melarsoprol Injection: 180 mg/5 mL in 5 mL ampoule (3.6% solution). 6.5.5.2 American trypanosomiasis benznidazole Tablet: 12.5 mg. Tablet (scored): 50 mg; 100 mg. nifurtimox Tablet (scored): 30 mg; 120 mg. 6.6 Medicines for ectoparasitic infections ivermectin Tablet: 3 mg. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 22 6.7 Medicines for Ebola virus disease ansuvimab Powder for injection: 400 mg. atoltivimab + maftivimab + odesivimab Injection: 241.7 mg + 241.7 mg + 241.7 mg in 14.5 mL vial. 6.8 Medicines for COVID-19 WHO recommends that effective and safe therapeutics for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 should be considered as essential medicines in the context of the public health emergency. WHO recommendations are revised and updated regularly in WHO living guidelines for therapeutics for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Selection of essential therapeutics for COVID-19 at the national level should be informed by recommendations in these guidelines, and consideration of the latest evidence, epidemiology and national priorities. The latest WHO Therapeutics and COVID-19: living guideline is available online at: https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/nBkO1E The latest WHO Drugs to prevent COVID-19: living guideline is available online at: https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/L6RxYL 7. ANTIMIGRAINE MEDICINES 7.1 For treatment of acute attack ibuprofen Oral liquid: 100 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 200 mg; 400 mg. paracetamol (acetaminophen) Oral liquid: 120 mg/5 mL or 125 mg/5 mL*; 250 mg/5 mL. *The presence of both 120 mg/5 mL and 125 mg/5mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided. Suppository: 250 mg. Tablet: 250 mg; 325 mg; 500 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg; 250 mg. 7.2 For prophylaxis propranolol Tablet: 20 mg; 40 mg (hydrochloride). WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 23 8. IMMUNOMODULATORS AND ANTINEOPLASTICS 8.1 Immunomodulators for non-malignant disease Complementary List  adalimumab* Therapeutic alternatives*: - etanercept - infliximab *including quality-assured biosimilars Injection: 10 mg/0.2 mL; 20 mg/0.4 mL; 40 mg/0.8 mL; 40 mg/0.4 mL. azathioprine Oral lliquid: 10 mg/mL. Powder for injection: 50 mg; 100 mg (as sodium salt) in vial. Tablet: 25 mg. Tablet (scored): 50 mg. ciclosporin Capsule: 25 mg. Concentrate for injection: 50 mg/mL in 1 mL ampoule. Oral liquid: 100 mg/mL. tacrolimus Capsule (immediate-release): 0.5 mg; 0.75 mg; 1 mg; 2 mg; 5 mg. Granules for oral supsension: 0.2 mg; 1 mg. Injection: 5 mg/mL in 1 mL vial. 8.2 Antineoplastic and supportive medicines Medicines listed below should be used according to protocols for treatment of the diseases. 8.2.1 Cytotoxic medicines Complementary List arsenic trioxide Concentrate for solution for infusion: 1 mg/mL; 2 mg/mL. − Acute promyelocytic leukaemia asparaginase* *including quality-assured biosimilars Powder for injection: 10 000 IU in vial. − Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia bleomycin Powder for injection: 15 000 IU (as sulfate) in vial. − Hodgkin lymphoma − Kaposi sarcoma − Testicular germ cell tumours − Ovarian germ cell tumours calcium folinate (leucovorin calcium) Injection: 3 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule; 7.5 mg/mL in 2 mL ampoule; 10 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoule. Tablet: 5 mg; 15 mg; 25 mg. − Burkitt lymphoma − Osteosarcoma WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 24 carboplatin Injection: 50 mg/5 mL; 150 mg/15 mL; 450 mg/45 mL; 600 mg/60 mL. − Low-grade glioma − Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) − Osteosarcoma − Ovarian germ cell tumours − Retinoblastoma − Testicular germ cell tumours cisplatin Injection: 10 mg/10 mL; 20 mg/20 mL; 50 mg/50 mL; 100 mg/100mL. − Low-grade glioma − Nasopharyngeal cancer − Osteosarcoma − Ovarian germ cell tumours − Testicular germ cell tumours cyclophosphamide Powder for injection: 500 mg; 1 g; 2 g in vial. Solid oral dosage form: 25 mg; 50 mg. − Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Anaplastic large cell lymphoma − Burkitt lymphoma − Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma − Ewing sarcoma − Hodgkin lymphoma − Low-grade glioma − Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) − Rhabdomyosarcoma cytarabine Injection: 100 mg/mL in vial. Powder for injection: 100 mg in vial. − Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Acute myeloid leukaemia − Acute promyelocytic leukaemia − Anaplastic large cell lymphoma − Burkitt lymphoma − Langerhans cell histiocytosis dacarbazine Powder for injection: 100 mg; 200 mg in vial. − Hodgkin lymphoma dactinomycin Powder for injection: 500 micrograms in vial. − Ewing sarcoma − Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) − Rhabdomyosarcoma daunorubicin Injection: 2 mg/mL; 5 mg/mL (as hydrochloride) in vial. Powder for injection: 20 mg; 50 mg (as hydrochloride) in vial. − Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Acute promyelocytic leukaemia WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 25 doxorubicin Injection: 2 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 5 mL, 25 mL vial. Powder for injection: 10 mg; 50 mg (hydrochloride) in vial. − Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Anaplastic large cell lymphoma − Burkitt lymphoma − Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma − Ewing sarcoma − Hodgkin lymphoma − Kaposi sarcoma − Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) − Osteosarcoma doxorubicin (as pegylated liposomal) Injection: 2 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 10 mL, 25 mL vial. − Kaposi sarcoma etoposide Capsule: 50 mg; 100 mg. Injection: 20 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoule. Powder for injection: 100 mg (as phosphate) in vial. − Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Acute myeloid leukaemia − Anaplastic large cell lymphoma − Burkitt lymphoma − Ewing sarcoma − Hodgkin lymphoma − Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) − Osteosarcoma − Ovarian germ cell tumours − Retinoblastoma − Testicular germ cell tumours fluorouracil Injection: 50 mg/mL in vial. − Early stage colon cancer − Early stage rectal cancer − Nasopharyngeal cancer − Metastatic colorectal cancer hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea) Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg; 200 mg; 300 mg; 400 mg; 500 mg; 1 g. − Chronic myeloid leukaemia ifosfamide Powder for injection: 500 mg; 1 g; 2 g in vial. − Anaplastic large cell lymphoma − Burkitt lymphoma − Ewing sarcoma − Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) − Osteosarcoma − Ovarian germ cell tumours − Rhabdomyosarcoma − Testicular germ cell tumours irinotecan Injection: 40 mg/2 mL in 2 mL vial; 100 mg/5 mL in 5 mL vial; 500 mg/25 mL in 25 mL vial. − Metastatic colorectal cancer − Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) − Rhabdomyosarcoma WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 26 mercaptopurine Tablet: 50 mg. Oral liquid: 20 mg/mL. − Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Acute promyelocytic leukaemia − Langerhans cell histocytosis methotrexate Concentrated injection: 1000 mg/10 mL. Injection: 50 mg/2 mL. Powder for injection: 50 mg (as sodium) in vial. Tablet: 2.5 mg (as sodium). − Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Acute promyelocytic leukaemia − Anaplastic large cell lymphoma − Burkitt lymphoma − Langerhans cell histocytosis − Osteosarcoma oxaliplatin Injection: 50 mg/10 mL in 10 mL vial; 100 mg/20 mL in 20 mL vial; 200 mg/40 mL in 40 mL vial. Powder for injection: 50 mg; 100 mg in vial. − Early stage colon cancer − Metastatic colorectal cancer paclitaxel Injection: 6 mg/mL in vial. − Ovarian germ cell tumours pegaspargase* *including quality-assured biosimilars Injection: 3750 units/5 mL in vial Powder for injection: 3750 units in vial. − Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. procarbazine Capsule: 50 mg (as hydrochloride). − Hodgkin lymphoma realgar-Indigo naturalis formulation Tablet: 270 mg (containing tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfide 30 mg) − Acute promyelocytic leukaemia tioguanine Solid oral dosage form: 40 mg. − Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. vinblastine Injection: 10 mg/10 mL (sulfate) in vial. Powder for injection: 10 mg (sulfate) in vial. − Anaplastic large cell lymphoma − Hodgkin lymphoma − Langerhans cell histiocytosis − Low-grade glioma − Ovarian germ cell tumours − Testicular germ cell tumours WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 27 vincristine Injection: 1 mg/mL (sulfate); 2 mg/2 mL (sulfate) in vial. Powder for injection: 1 mg; 5 mg (sulfate) in vial. − Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Burkitt lymphoma. − Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma − Ewing sarcoma − Hodgkin lymphoma − Kaposi sarcoma − Langerhans cell histiocytosis − Low-grade glioma − Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) − Retinoblastoma − Rhabdomyosarcoma vinorelbine Capsule: 20 mg; 30 mg. Injection: 10 mg/mL in 1 mL, 5 mL vial. − Rhabdomyosarcoma 8.2.2 Targeted therapies Complementary List all-trans retinoid acid (ATRA) Capsule: 10 mg. − Acute promyelocytic leukaemia dasatinib Tablet: 20 mg; 50 mg; 70 mg; 80 mg. − Imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukaemia everolimus Tablet: 2.5 mg; 5 mg; 7.5 mg; 10 mg. Tablet (dispersible): 2 mg; 3 mg; 5 mg. − Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma imatinib Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg; 400 mg. − Chronic myeloid leukaemia − Gastrointestinal stromal tumour − Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia nilotinib Capsule: 150 mg; 200 mg. − Imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukaemia rituximab* *including quality-assured biosimilars Injection (intravenous): 100 mg/10 mL in 10 mL vial; 500 mg/50 mL in 50 mL vial. − Burkitt lymphoma − Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 28 8.2.3 Immunomodulators Complementary List filgrastim* *including quality-assured biosimilars Injection: 120 micrograms/0.2 mL; 300 micrograms/0.5 mL; 480 micrograms/0.8 mL in pre-filled syringe. Injection: 300 micrograms/mL in 1 mL vial; 480 micrograms/1.6 mL in 1.6 mL vial. − Primary prophylaxis in patients at high risk for developing febrile neutropenia associated with myelotoxic chemotherapy. − Secondary prophylaxis for patients who have experienced neutropenia following prior myelotoxic chemotherapy − To facilitate administration of dose dense chemotherapy regimens pegfilgrastim* *including quality-assured biosimilars Injection: 6 mg/0.6 mL in pre-filled syringe. − Primary prophylaxis in patients at high risk for developing febrile neutropenia associated with myelotoxic chemotherapy − Secondary prophylaxis for patients who have experienced neutropenia following prior myelotoxic chemotherapy − To facilitate administration of dose dense chemotherapy regimens 8.2.4 Hormones and antihormones Complementary List dexamethasone Injection: 4 mg/mL (as disodium phosphate salt) in 1 mL ampoule. Oral liquid: 2 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 2 mg; 4 mg. − Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Anaplastic large cell lymphoma − Burkitt lymphoma hydrocortisone Powder for injection: 100 mg (as sodium succinate) in vial. − Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Burkitt lymphoma methylprednisolone Injection: 40 mg/mL (as sodium succinate) in 1 mL single-dose vial and 5 mL multi-dose vials; 80 mg/mL (as sodium succinate) in 1 mL single-dose vial. − Acute lymphoblastic leukamia − Burkitt lymphoma  prednisolone Therapeutic alternatives: - prednisone Oral liquid: 5 mg/mL. Tablet: 5 mg; 25 mg. − Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia − Anaplastic large cell lymphoma − Burkitt lymphoma − Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma − Hodgkin lymphoma − Langerhans cell histiocytosis WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 29 8.2.5 Supportive medicines Complementary List allopurinol Tablet: 100 mg; 300 mg. − Tumour lysis syndrome mesna Injection: 100 mg/mL in 4 mL and 10 mL ampoules. Tablet: 400 mg; 600 mg. − Burkitt lymphoma − Ewing sarcoma − Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour) − Osteosarcoma − Ovarian germ cell tumours − Rhabdomyosarcoma − Testicular germ cell tumours rasburicase Powder and solvent for solution for infusion: 1.5 mg; 7.5 mg in vial − Tumour lysis syndrome 9. THERAPEUTIC FOODS ready-to-use therapeutic food Biscuit or paste*. *of nutritional composition as determined by the UN joint statement on the community-based management of severe acute malnutrition and Codex alimentarius guidelines. 10. MEDICINES AFFECTING THE BLOOD 10.1 Antianaemia medicines ferrous salt Oral liquid: equivalent to 25 mg iron (as sulfate)/mL. Tablet: equivalent to 60 mg iron. folic acid Tablet: 1 mg; 5 mg. hydroxocobalamin Injection: 1 mg (as acetate, as hydrochloride or as sulfate) in 1 mL ampoule. Complementary List  erythropoiesis-stimulating agents Therapeutic alternatives: - epoetin alfa, beta and theta - darbepoetin alfa *including quality-assured biosimilars Injection: pre-filled syringe 1000 IU/0.5 mL; 2000 IU/0.5 mL; 3000 IU/0.3 mL; 4000 IU/0.4 mL; 5000 IU/0.5 mL; 6000 IU/0.6 mL; 8000 IU/0.8mL; 10 000 IU/1 mL; 20 000 IU/0.5 mL; 40 000 IU/1 mL. 10.2 Medicines affecting coagulation  enoxaparin Therapeutic alternatives: - dalteparin - nadroparin *including quality-assured biosimilars Injection: ampoule or pre-filled syringe 20 mg/0.2 mL; 40 mg/0.4 mL; 60 mg/0.6 mL; 80 mg/0.8 mL; 100 mg/1 mL; 120 mg/0.8 mL; 150 mg/1 mL. phytomenadione Injection: 1 mg/mL; 10 mg/mL in ampoule. Tablet: 10 mg. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 30 Complementary List desmopressin Injection: 4 micrograms/mL (as acetate) in 1 mL ampoule. Nasal spray: 10 micrograms (as acetate) per dose. heparin sodium Injection: 1000 IU/mL; 5000 IU/mL in 1 mL ampoule. protamine sulfate Injection: 10 mg/mL in 5 mL ampoule.  warfarin Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed Tablet: 0.5 mg; 1 mg; 2 mg; 5 mg (sodium). 10.3 Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies  deferasirox Therapeutic alternatives: - deferiprone Tablet (dispersible): 100 mg; 125 mg; 250 mg; 400 mg; 500 mg. Tablet (film-coated): 90 mg; 180 mg; 360 mg. Complementary list deferoxamine Powder for injection: 500 mg (mesilate) in vial. hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea) Solid oral dosage form: 100 mg; 200 mg; 500 mg; 1 g. 11. BLOOD PRODUCTS OF HUMAN ORIGIN AND PLASMA SUBSTITUTES 11.1 Blood and blood components In accordance with the World Health Assembly resolution WHA63.12, WHO recognizes that achieving self-sufficiency, unless special circumstances preclude it, in the supply of safe blood components based on voluntary, non-remunerated blood donation, and the security of that supply are important national goals to prevent blood shortages and meet the transfusion requirements of the patient population. All preparations should comply with the WHO requirements.  cryoprecipitate, pathogen-reduced Therapeutic alternatives: - cryoprecipitate (not pathogen-reduced) Injection: frozen liquid in bag or lyophilized powder in vial containing: - > 50 IU Factor VIII - > 100 IU vWF - > 140 mg clottable fibrinogen per unit fresh-frozen plasma platelets red blood cells whole blood 11.2 Plasma-derived medicines All human plasma-derived medicines should comply with the WHO requirements. 11.2.1 Human immunoglobulins anti-rabies immunoglobulin Injection: 150 IU/mL in vial. anti-tetanus immunoglobulin Injection: 500 IU in vial. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 31 Complementary List normal immunoglobulin Intramuscular administration: 16% protein solution. Subcutaneous administration: 15%; 16% protein solution. − Primary immune deficiency. Intravenous administration: 5%; 10% protein solution. − Primary immune deficiency − Kawasaki disease − Langerhans cell histiocytosis 11.2.2 Blood coagulation factors Complementary List coagulation factor VIII Powder for injection: 250 IU; 500 IU; 1000 IU in vial.  coagulation factor IX Therapeutic alternatives: - coagulation factor IX complex Powder for injection: 500 IU; 1000 IU in vial. 11.3 Plasma substitutes  dextran 70 Therapeutic alternatives: - Polygeline injectable solution 3.5% Injectable solution: 6%. 12. CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINES 12.1 Antianginal medicines 12.2 Antiarrhythmic medicines 12.3 Antihypertensive medicines  enalapril Therapeutic alternatives: - 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) Oral liquid: 1 mg/mL (as hydrogen maleate). Tablet: 2.5 mg; 5 mg; 10 mg (as hydrogen maleate). 12.4 Medicines used in heart failure furosemide Injection: 10 mg/mL in 2 mL, 5 mL ampoule. Oral liquid: 20 mg/5 mL; 50 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 20 mg; 40 mg. Complementary List digoxin Injection: 100 micrograms/mL in 1 mL ampoule; 250 micrograms/mL in 2 mL ampoule. Oral liquid: 50 micrograms/mL. Tablet: 62.5 micrograms; 125 micrograms; 250 mg micrograms. dopamine Injection: 40 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 5 mL vial. 12.5 Antithrombotic medicines 12.6 Lipid-lowering agents WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 32 12.7 Fixed-dose combinations for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease 13. DERMATOLOGICAL MEDICINES 13.1 Antifungal medicines  miconazole Therapeutic alternatives: - 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D01AC Imidazole and triazole derivatives) excluding combinations Cream or ointment: 2% (nitrate). selenium sulfide Detergent-based suspension: 2%. terbinafine Cream or ointment: 1% (hydrochloride). 13.2 Anti-infective medicines mupirocin Cream: 2% (as calcium). Ointment: 2%. potassium permanganate Aqueous solution: 1:10 000. silver sulfadiazine a Cream: 1%. a > 2 months. 13.3 Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines  betamethasone a Therapeutic alternatives: - 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AC Corticosteroids, potent (group III)) Cream or ointment: 0.1% (as valerate). a Hydrocortisone preferred in neonates. calamine Lotion. hydrocortisone Cream or ointment: 1% (acetate). 13.4 Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation benzoyl peroxide Cream or lotion: 5%.  calcipotriol Therapeutic alternatives: - calcitriol - tacalcitol Cream or ointment: 50 micrograms/mL (0.005%). Lotion: 50 micrograms/mL (0.005%). coal tar Solution: 5%.  podophyllum resin Therapeutic alternatives: - podophyllotoxin Solution: 10% to 25%. salicylic acid Solution: 5%. urea Cream or ointment: 5%; 10%. Complementary List methotrexate Tablet: 2.5 mg; 10 mg (as sodium). WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 33 13.5 Scabicides and pediculicides  benzyl benzoate a Therapeutic alternatives: - precipitated sulfur topical ointment Lotion: 25%. a > 2 years. permethrin Cream: 5%. Lotion: 1%. 14. DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS 14.1 Ophthalmic medicines fluorescein Eye drops: 1% (sodium salt).  tropicamide Therapeutic alternatives: - atropine - cyclopentolate Eye drops: 0.5%. 14.2 Radiocontrast media Complementary List barium sulfate Aqueous suspension. 15. ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS 15.1 Antiseptics  chlorhexidine Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed Solution: 5% (digluconate).  ethanol Therapeutic alternatives: - propanol Solution: 70% (denatured).  povidone iodine Therapeutic alternatives: - iodine Solution: 10% (equivalent to 1% available iodine). 15.2 Disinfectants alcohol based hand rub Solution containing ethanol 80% volume /volume. Solution containing isopropyl alcohol 75% volume/volume. chlorine base compound Liquid: (0.1% available chlorine) for solution. Powder: (0.1% available chlorine) for solution. Solid: (0.1% available chlorine) for solution.  chloroxylenol Therapeutic alternatives: - 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D08AE Phenol and derivatives) Solution: 4.8%. glutaral Solution: 2%. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 34 16. DIURETICS furosemide Injection: 10 mg/mL in 2 mL, 5 mL ampoule. Oral liquid: 20 mg/5 mL; 50 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 20 mg; 40 mg. Complementary List  hydrochlorothiazide Therapeutic alternatives: - chlorothiazide - chlortalidone Tablet (scored): 25 mg. mannitol Injectable solution: 10%; 20%. spironolactone Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 mL; 10 mg/5 mL; 25 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 25 mg. 17. GASTROINTESTINAL MEDICINES Complementary List pancreatic enzymes Age-appropriate formulations and doses including lipase, protease and amylase. 17.1 Antiulcer medicines  omeprazole Therapeutic alternatives: - 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BC Proton pump inhibitors) excluding combinations Powder for oral liquid: 20 mg; 40 mg sachets. Solid oral dosage form: 10 mg; 20 mg; 40 mg.  ranitidine Therapeutic alternatives: - 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BA H2-receptor antagonists) excluding combinations Injection: 25 mg/mL (as hydrochloride) in 2 mL ampoule. Oral liquid: 75 mg/5 mL (as hydrochloride). Tablet: 150 mg (as hydrochloride). 17.2 Antiemetic medicines dexamethasone Injection: 4 mg/mL in 1 mL ampoule (as disodium phosphate salt). Oral liquid: 0.5 mg/5 mL; 2 mg/5 mL. Solid oral dosage form: 0.5 mg; 0.75 mg; 1.5 mg; 4 mg. metoclopramide a Injection: 5 mg/mL (hydrochloride) in 2 mL ampoule. Oral liquid: 5 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 10 mg (hydrochloride). a Not in neonates.  ondansetron a Therapeutic alternatives: - dolasetron - granisetron - palonosetron - tropisetron Injection: 2 mg base/mL in 2 mL ampoule (as hydrochloride). Oral liquid: 4 mg base/5 mL. Solid oral dosage form: Eq 4 mg base; Eq 8 mg base. a > 1 month. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 35 Complementary list aprepitant Capsule: 80 mg; 125 mg; 165 mg Powder for oral susupension: 125 mg in sachet 17.3 Anti-inflammatory medicines 17.4 Laxatives 17.5 Medicines used in diarrhoea oral rehydration salts – zinc sulfate Co-package containing: ORS powder for dilution (see Section 17.5.1) – zinc sulfate solid oral dosage form 20 mg (see Section 17.5.2) 17.5.1 Oral rehydration oral rehydration salts Powder for dilution in 200 mL; 500 mL; 1 L. glucose: 75 mEq sodium: 75 mEq or mmol/L chloride: 65 mEq or mmol/L potassium: 20 mEq or mmol/L citrate: 10 mmol/L osmolarity: 245 mOsm/L glucose: 13.5 g/L sodium chloride: 2.6 g/L potassium chloride: 1.5 g/L trisodium citrate dihydrate*: 2.9 g/L *trisodium citrate dihydrate may be replaced by sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate) 2.5 g/L. However, as the stability of this latter formulation is very poor under tropical conditions, it is recommended only when manufactured for immediate use. 17.5.2 Medicines for diarrhoea zinc sulfate* Solid oral dosage form: 20 mg. *In acute diarrhoea, zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts. 18. MEDICINES FOR ENDOCRINE DISORDERS 18.1 Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes fludrocortisone Tablet: 100 micrograms (acetate). hydrocortisone Tablet: 5 mg; 10 mg; 20 mg. 18.2 Androgens 18.3 Estrogens 18.4 Progestogens WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 36 18.5 Medicines for diabetes 18.5.1 Insulins insulin injection (soluble)* *including quality-assured biosimilars Injection: 100 IU/mL in 10 mL vial; 100 IU/mL in 3 mL cartridge or pre-filled pen. intermediate-acting insulin* *including quality-assured biosimilars Injection: 100 IU/mL in 10 mL vial; 100 IU/mL in 3 mL cartridge or pre-filled pen (as compound insulin zinc suspension or isophane insulin).  long-acting insulin analogues* Therapeutic alternatives: - insulin detemir - insulin degludec - insulin glargine *including quality-assured biosimilars Injection: 100 IU/mL in 3 mL cartridge or pre-filled pen. 18.5.2 Oral hypoglycaemic agents Complementary List metformin Tablet: 500 mg (hydrochloride). 18.6 Medicines for hypoglycaemia glucagon Injection: 1 mg/mL. Complementary List diazoxide Oral liquid: 50 mg/mL Tablet: 50 mg 18.7 Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines levothyroxine Tablet: 25 micrograms; 50 micrograms; 100 micrograms (sodium salt). Complementary List Lugol's solution Oral liquid: about 130 mg total iodine/mL.  methimazole Therapeutic alternatives: - carbimazole (depending on local availability) Tablet: 5mg, 10mg, 20mg. potassium iodide Tablet: 60 mg. propylthiouracil* Tablet: 50 mg. *For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available 18.8 Medicines for disorders of the pituitary hormone system WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 37 19. IMMUNOLOGICALS 19.1 Diagnostic agents All tuberculins should comply with the WHO requirements for tuberculins. tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD) Injection. 19.2 Sera, immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies All plasma fractions should comply with the WHO requirements. anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies* *including quality-assured biosimilars Injection: 40 IU/mL in 1.25 mL, 2.5 mL vial; 100 IU/mL in 2.5 mL vial (human). Injection: 300 IU/mL in 10 mL vial; 600 IU/mL in 1 mL, 2.5 mL and 5 mL vial (murine). antivenom immunoglobulin* Injection. *Exact type to be defined locally. diphtheria antitoxin Injection: 10 000 IU; 20 000 IU in vial. equine rabies immunoglobulin Injection: 150 IU/mL; 200 IU/mL; 300 IU/mL; 400 IU/mL in vial 19.3 Vaccines WHO immunization policy recommendations are published in vaccine position papers on the basis of recommendations made by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE). WHO vaccine position papers are updated three to four times per year. The list below details the vaccines for which there is a recommendation from SAGE and a corresponding WHO position paper as at March 2023. The most recent versions of the WHO position papers, reflecting the current evidence related to a specific vaccine and the related recommendations, can be accessed at any time on the WHO website at: https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/policies/position-papers Vaccine recommendations may be universal or conditional (e.g., in certain regions, in some high-risk populations or as part of immunization programmes with certain characteristics). Details are available in the relevant position papers, and in the Summary Tables of WHO Routine Immunization Recommendations available on the WHO website at: https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/policies/who-recommendations-for-routine-immunization--- summary-tables Selection of vaccines from the Model List will need to be determined by each country after consideration of international recommendations, epidemiology and national priorities. All vaccines should comply with the WHO requirements for biological substances. WHO noted the need for vaccines used in children to be polyvalent. Recommendations for all BCG vaccine diphtheria vaccine Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine hepatitis B vaccine human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine measles vaccine pertussis vaccine pneumococcal vaccine poliomyelitis vaccine WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 38 rotavirus vaccine rubella vaccine tetanus vaccine Recommendations for certain regions Japanese encephalitis vaccine tick-borne encephalitis vaccine yellow fever vaccine Recommendations for some high-risk populations cholera vaccine dengue vaccine hepatitis A vaccine meningococcal meningitis vaccine rabies vaccine typhoid vaccine Recommendations for immunization programmes with certain characteristics influenza vaccine (seasonal) mumps vaccine varicella vaccine WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 39 20. MUSCLE RELAXANTS (PERIPHERALLY-ACTING) AND CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS neostigmine Injection: 500 micrograms/mL (methylsulfate) in 1 mL ampoule; 2.5 mg/mL (methylsulfate) in 1 mL ampoule. Tablet: 15 mg (bromide). suxamethonium Injection: 50 mg/mL (chloride) in 2 mL ampoule. Powder for injection: (chloride), in vial.  vecuronium Therapeutic alternatives: - atracurium Powder for injection: 10 mg (bromide) in vial. Complementary List pyridostigmine Injection: 1 mg in 1 mL ampoule. Tablet: 60 mg (bromide). 21. OPHTHALMOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 21.1 Anti-infective agents aciclovir Ointment: 3% w/w. azithromycin Solution (eye drops): 1.5% − Trachoma erythromycin Ointment: 0.5% − Infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.  gentamicin Therapeutic alternatives: - amikacin - kanamycin - netilmicin - tobramycin Solution (eye drops): 0.3% (sulfate). − Bacterial blepharitis − Bacterial conjunctivitis natamycin Suspension (eye drops): 5% − Fungal keratitis  ofloxacin Therapeutic alternatives: - 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01AE Fluoroquinolones) Solution (eye drops): 0.3%. − Bacterial conjunctivitis − Bacterial keratitis  tetracycline Therapeutic alternatives: - chlortetracycline - oxytetracycline Eye ointment: 1% (hydrochloride). − Bacterial blepharitis − Bacterial conjunctivitis − Bacterial keratitis − Trachoma 21.2 Anti-inflammatory agents  prednisolone Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed Solution (eye drops): 0.5% (sodium phosphate). WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 40 21.3 Local anaesthetics  tetracaine a Therapeutic alternatives: - 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01HA Local anaesthetics) excluding cocaine and combinations Solution (eye drops): 0.5% (hydrochloride). a Not in preterm neonates. 21.4 Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines 21.5 Mydriatics  atropine a Therapeutic alternatives: - homatropine hydrobromide - cyclopentolate hydrochloride Solution (eye drops): 0.1%; 0.5%; 1% (sulfate). a > 3 months. Complementary List epinephrine (adrenaline) Solution (eye drops): 2% (as hydrochloride). 21.6 Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) preparations 22. MEDICINES FOR REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND PERINATAL CARE 22.1 Contraceptives 22.2 Ovulation inducers 22.3 Uterotonics 22.4 Antioxytocics (tocolytics) 22.5 Other medicines administered to the mother 22.6 Medicines administered to the neonate caffeine citrate Injection: 20 mg/mL (equivalent to 10 mg caffeine base/mL). Oral liquid: 20 mg/mL (equivalent to 10 mg caffeine base/mL). chlorhexidine Solution or gel: 7.1% (digluconate) delivering 4% chlorhexidine (for umbilical cord care). Complementary List  ibuprofen Therapeutic alternatives: - indometacin Solution for injection: 5 mg/mL.  prostaglandin E1 Therapeutic alternatives: - prostaglandin E2 Solution for injection: 0.5 mg/mL in alcohol. surfactant Suspension for intratracheal instillation: 25 mg/mL or 80 mg/mL 23. PERITONEAL DIALYSIS SOLUTION Complementary List intraperitoneal dialysis solution Parenteral solution: of appropriate composition WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 41 24. MEDICINES FOR MENTAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS 24.1 Medicines for psychotic disorders 24.2 Medicines for mood disorders 24.2.1 Medicines for depressive disorders 24.2.2 Medicines for bipolar disorders 24.3 Medicines for anxiety disorders 24.4 Medicines for obsessive compulsive disorders 24.5 Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use 24.5.1 Medicines for alcohol use disorders 24.5.2 Medicines for nicotine use disorders 24.5.3 Medicines for opioid use disorders 25. MEDICINES ACTING ON THE RESPIRATORY TRACT 25.1 Antiasthmatic medicines  budesonide Therapeutic alternatives: - beclometasone - ciclesonide - flunisolide - fluticasone - mometasone Inhalation (aerosol): 100 micrograms per dose; 200 micrograms per dose. epinephrine (adrenaline) Injection: 1 mg/mL (as hydrochloride or hydrogen tartrate) in 1 mL ampoule.  salbutamol Therapeutic alternatives: - terbutaline Injection: 50 micrograms/mL (as sulfate) in 5 mL ampoule. Metered dose inhaler (aerosol): 100 micrograms (as sulfate) per dose. Respirator solution for use in nebulizers: 5 mg/mL (as sulfate). 26. SOLUTIONS CORRECTING WATER, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID–BASE DISTURBANCES 26.1 Oral oral rehydration salts See section 17.5.1. potassium chloride Powder for solution. 26.2 Parenteral glucose Injectable solution: 5% (isotonic); 10% (hypertonic); 50% (hypertonic). glucose with sodium chloride Injectable solution: 5% glucose, 0.9% sodium chloride (equivalent to Na+ 150 mmol/L and Cl- 150 mmol/L); 5% glucose, 0.45% sodium chloride (equivalent to Na+ 75 mmol/L and Cl- 75 mmol/L). potassium chloride Solution for dilution: 7.5% (equivalent to K+ 1 mmol/mL and Cl- 1 mmol/mL); 15% (equivalent to K+ 2 mmol/mL and Cl- 2 mmol/mL). sodium chloride Injectable solution: 0.9% isotonic (equivalent to Na+ 154 mmol/L, Cl- 154 mmol/L). sodium hydrogen carbonate Injectable solution: 1.4% isotonic (equivalent to Na+167 mmol/L, HCO3- 167 mmol/L). Solution: 8.4% in 10 mL ampoule (equivalent to Na+ 1000 mmol/L, HCO3-1000 mmol/L). WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 42 sodium lactate, compound solution Injectable solution. 26.3 Miscellaneous water for injection 2 mL; 5 mL; 10 mL ampoules. 27. VITAMINS AND MINERALS ascorbic acid Tablet: 50 mg.  colecalciferol Therapeutic alternatives: - ergocalciferol Oral liquid: 400 IU/mL. Solid oral dosage form: 400 IU; 1000 IU. iodine Capsule: 190 mg. Iodized oil: 1 mL (480 mg iodine); 0.5 mL (240 mg iodine) in ampoule (oral or injectable); 0.57 mL (308 mg iodine) in dispenser bottle. multiple micronutrient powder Sachets containing: - iron (elemental) 12.5 mg (as coated ferrous fumarate) - zinc (elemental) 5 mg - vitamin A 300 micrograms - with or without other micronutrients at recommended daily values pyridoxine Tablet: 25 mg (hydrochloride). retinol Capsule: 100 000 IU; 200 000 IU (as palmitate). Oral oily solution: 100 000 IU/mL (as palmitate) in multidose dispenser. Tablet (sugar-coated): 10 000 IU (as palmitate). Water-miscible injection: 100 000 IU (as palmitate) in 2 mL ampoule. riboflavin Tablet: 5 mg. thiamine Tablet: 50 mg (hydrochloride). Complementary List calcium gluconate Injection: 100 mg/mL in 10 mL ampoule. 28. EAR, NOSE AND THROAT MEDICINES acetic acid Topical: 2%, in alcohol.  budesonide Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed Nasal spray: 100 micrograms per dose.  ciprofloxacin Therapeutic alternatives: - ofloxacin Solution (ear drops): 0.3% (as hydrochloride).  xylometazoline a Therapeutic alternatives to be reviewed Nasal spray: 0.05%. a Not in children less than 3 months. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 43 29. MEDICINES FOR DISEASES OF JOINTS 29.1 Medicines used to treat gout 29.2 Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) Complementary List hydroxychloroquine Solid oral dosage form: 200 mg (as sulfate). methotrexate Tablet: 2.5 mg (as sodium). 29.3 Medicines for juvenile joint diseases Complementary List acetylsalicylic acid*(acute or chronic use) Suppository: 50 mg to 150 mg. Tablet: 100 mg to 500 mg. *For use for rheumatic fever, juvenile arthritis, Kawasaki disease.  adalimumab* Therapeutic alternatives*: - etanercept - infliximab *including quality-assured biosimilars Injection: 10 mg/0.2 mL; 20 mg/0.4 mL; 40 mg/0.8 mL; 40 mg/0.4 mL. methotrexate Tablet: 2.5 mg (as sodium).  triamcinolone hexacetonide Therapeutic alternatives: - triamcinolone acetonide Injection: 20 mg/mL in vial. 30. DENTAL MEDICINES AND PREPARATIONS fluoride Gel: containing 2500 to 12 500 ppm fluoride (any type). Mouthrinse: containing 230 to 900 ppm fluoride (any type). Toothpaste: cream or gel: containing 1000 to 1500 ppm fluoride (any type). Varnish: containing 22 500 ppm fluoride (any type). glass ionomer cement Single-use capsules: 0.4 g powder + 0.09 mL liquid Multi-use bottle: powder + liquid Powder (fluoro-alumino-silicate glass) contains: 25-50% silicate, 20- 40% aluminium oxide, 1-20% fluoride, 15-40% metal oxide, 0-15% phosphate, remainder are polyacrylic acid powder and metals in minimal quantities. Liquid (aqueous) contains: 7-25% polybasic carboxylic acid, 45-60% polyacrylic acid. resin-based composite (low-viscosity)* Single-use applicator or multi-use bottle *of any type for use as dental sealant resin-based composite (high-viscosity)* Single-use capsule or multi-use syringe *of any type for use as dental filling material silver diamine fluoride Solution: 38% w/v WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 44 Index abacavir + lamivudine .......................................................... 17 acetic acid ........................................................................... 42 acetylcysteine ........................................................................ 4 acetylsalicylic acid ............................................................... 43 aciclovir ......................................................................... 16, 39 adalimumab................................................................... 23, 43 albendazole ........................................................................... 6 alcohol based hand rub ....................................................... 33 allopurinol ............................................................................ 29 all-trans retinoid acid (ATRA) ............................................... 27 amikacin .......................................................................... 8, 15 amitriptyline ........................................................................... 2 amodiaquine ........................................................................ 19 amodiaquine – sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine ........................ 20 amoxicillin.............................................................................. 8 amoxicillin + clavulanic acid ............................................. 8, 15 amphotericin B .............................................................. 15, 19 ampicillin ............................................................................... 9 ansuvimab ........................................................................... 22 anti-rabies immunoglobulin .................................................. 30 anti-rabies monoclonal antibodies ........................................ 37 anti-tetanus immunoglobulin ................................................ 30 antivenom immunoglobulin .................................................. 37 aprepitant ............................................................................ 35 arsenic trioxide .................................................................... 23 artemether .......................................................................... 19 artemether + lumefantrine .................................................... 19 artesunate ........................................................................... 19 artesunate + amodiaquine ................................................... 20 artesunate + mefloquine ...................................................... 20 artesunate + pyronaridine tetraphosphate ............................ 20 ascorbic acid ....................................................................... 42 asparaginase ....................................................................... 23 atoltivimab + maftivimab + odesivimab ................................. 22 atropine ....................................................................... 1, 4, 40 azathioprine ......................................................................... 23 azithromycin .................................................................. 12, 39 barium sulfate ...................................................................... 33 BCG vaccine ....................................................................... 37 bedaquiline .......................................................................... 15 benzathine benzylpenicillin ..................................................... 9 benznidazole ....................................................................... 21 benzoyl peroxide ................................................................. 32 benzyl benzoate .................................................................. 33 benzylpenicillin ...................................................................... 9 betamethasone ................................................................... 32 bleomycin ............................................................................ 23 budesonide ................................................................... 41, 42 bupivacaine ........................................................................... 1 caffeine citrate ..................................................................... 40 calamine.............................................................................. 32 calcipotriol ........................................................................... 32 calcium folinate (leucovorin calcium) .................................... 23 calcium gluconate ........................................................... 4, 42 carbamazepine ...................................................................... 4 carboplatin .......................................................................... 24 cefalexin ................................................................................ 9 cefazolin ................................................................................ 9 cefixime ............................................................................... 12 cefotaxime ........................................................................... 12 ceftazidime .......................................................................... 13 ceftazidime + avibactam ...................................................... 14 ceftolozane + tazobactam .................................................... 14 ceftriaxone .......................................................................... 12 cefuroxime .......................................................................... 12 charcoal, activated ................................................................ 4 chloramphenicol .................................................................... 9 chlorhexidine ................................................................. 33, 40 chlorine base compound...................................................... 33 chloroquine ......................................................................... 20 chloroxylenol ....................................................................... 33 cholera vaccine ................................................................... 38 ciclosporin ........................................................................... 23 ciprofloxacin .................................................................. 13, 42 cisplatin ............................................................................... 24 clarithromycin ...................................................................... 13 clindamycin ......................................................................... 10 clofazimine .................................................................... 14, 15 cloxacillin ............................................................................. 10 coagulation factor IX ............................................................ 31 coagulation factor VIII .......................................................... 31 coal tar ................................................................................ 32 colecalciferol ....................................................................... 42 colistin ................................................................................. 14 cryoprecipitate, pathogen-reduced ...................................... 30 cyclizine ................................................................................ 2 cyclophosphamide ............................................................... 24 cycloserine .......................................................................... 15 cytarabine ........................................................................... 24 dacarbazine ........................................................................ 24 daclatasvir ........................................................................... 18 daclatasvir + sofosbuvir ....................................................... 18 dactinomycin ....................................................................... 24 dapsone .............................................................................. 14 darunavir ............................................................................. 17 dasatinib.............................................................................. 27 daunorubicin ....................................................................... 24 deferasirox .......................................................................... 30 deferoxamine................................................................... 4, 30 delamanid ........................................................................... 15 dengue vaccine ................................................................... 38 desmopressin ...................................................................... 30 dexamethasone ......................................................2, 3, 28, 34 dextran 70 ........................................................................... 31 diazepam .......................................................................... 2, 4 diazoxide ............................................................................. 36 diethylcarbamazine ................................................................ 6 digoxin ................................................................................ 31 dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine phosphate ........................ 20 diloxanide ............................................................................ 19 dimercaprol ........................................................................... 4 diphtheria antitoxin .............................................................. 37 diphtheria vaccine ............................................................... 37 docusate sodium ................................................................... 3 dolutegravir ......................................................................... 17 dopamine ............................................................................ 31 doxorubicin.......................................................................... 25 doxorubicin (as pegylated liposomal) ................................... 25 doxycycline ................................................................... 10, 20 eflornithine ........................................................................... 21 enalapril .............................................................................. 31 enoxaparin .......................................................................... 29 entecavir ............................................................................. 18 epinephrine (adrenaline) ............................................ 3, 40, 41 equine rabies immunoglobulin .............................................. 37 erythromycin ....................................................................... 39 erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ......................................... 29 ethambutol .......................................................................... 14 WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 45 ethanol ................................................................................ 33 ethionamide................................................................... 14, 15 ethosuximide ......................................................................... 5 etoposide ............................................................................ 25 everolimus ........................................................................... 27 ferrous salt .......................................................................... 29 fexinidazole ......................................................................... 21 filgrastim.............................................................................. 28 fluconazole .......................................................................... 15 flucytosine ........................................................................... 15 fludrocortisone .................................................................... 35 fluorescein ........................................................................... 33 fluoride ................................................................................ 43 fluorouracil .......................................................................... 25 folic acid .............................................................................. 29 fomepizole ............................................................................. 4 fosfomycin ........................................................................... 14 fresh–frozen plasma ............................................................ 30 furosemide .................................................................... 31, 34 gentamicin .................................................................... 10, 39 glass ionomer cement .......................................................... 43 glecaprevir + pibrentasvir..................................................... 18 glucagon ............................................................................. 36 glucose ............................................................................... 41 glucose with sodium chloride ............................................... 41 glutaral ................................................................................ 33 griseofulvin .......................................................................... 15 Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine ................................ 37 halothane .............................................................................. 1 heparin sodium .................................................................... 30 hepatitis A vaccine .............................................................. 38 hepatitis B vaccine .............................................................. 37 human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine .................................. 37 hydrochlorothiazide ............................................................. 34 hydrocortisone ..................................................... 3, 28, 32, 35 hydroxocobalamin ............................................................... 29 hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea) ................................... 25, 30 hydroxychloroquine ............................................................. 43 hyoscine hydrobromide.......................................................... 3 ibuprofen ................................................................... 2, 22, 40 ifosfamide ............................................................................ 25 imatinib ............................................................................... 27 influenza vaccine ................................................................. 38 insulin injection (soluble) ...................................................... 36 intermediate-acting insulin ................................................... 36 intraperitoneal dialysis solution ............................................. 40 iodine .................................................................................. 42 irinotecan ............................................................................ 25 isoflurane............................................................................... 1 isoniazid .............................................................................. 14 isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin ................................... 14 isoniazid + pyridoxine + sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim ..... 17 isoniazid + rifampicin ........................................................... 14 isoniazid + rifapentine .......................................................... 14 itraconazole ......................................................................... 16 ivermectin ....................................................................... 6, 21 Japanese encephalitis vaccine ............................................. 38 ketamine ............................................................................... 1 lactulose ................................................................................ 3 lamivudine ........................................................................... 17 lamivudine + zidovudine ....................................................... 17 lamotrigine ............................................................................ 4 levamisole ............................................................................. 6 levetiracetam ..................................................................... 4, 5 levofloxacin ......................................................................... 15 levothyroxine ....................................................................... 36 lidocaine ................................................................................ 1 lidocaine + epinephrine (adrenaline) ....................................... 1 linezolid ......................................................................... 14, 15 long-acting insulin analogues ............................................... 36 lopinavir + ritonavir .............................................................. 17 loratadine .............................................................................. 3 lorazepam ............................................................................. 4 Lugol's solution .................................................................... 36 mannitol .............................................................................. 34 measles vaccine .................................................................. 37 mebendazole ......................................................................... 6 mefloquine ........................................................................... 20 meglumine antimoniate ........................................................ 19 melarsoprol ......................................................................... 21 meningococcal meningitis vaccine ....................................... 38 mercaptopurine ................................................................... 26 meropenem ................................................................... 13, 15 mesna ................................................................................. 29 metformin ............................................................................ 36 methadone ............................................................................ 2 methimazole ........................................................................ 36 methotrexate ........................................................... 26, 32, 43 methylprednisolone.............................................................. 28 metoclopramide ................................................................... 34 metronidazole ................................................................ 11, 19 micafungin ........................................................................... 16 miconazole .......................................................................... 32 midazolam ..................................................................... 1, 3, 5 miltefosine ........................................................................... 19 morphine ........................................................................... 1, 2 moxifloxacin ........................................................................ 15 multiple micronutrient powder .............................................. 42 mumps vaccine ................................................................... 38 mupirocin ............................................................................ 32 naloxone ............................................................................... 4 natamycin............................................................................ 39 neostigmine ......................................................................... 39 nevirapine............................................................................ 17 niclosamide ........................................................................... 6 nifurtimox ............................................................................ 21 nilotinib ................................................................................ 27 nitrofurantoin ....................................................................... 11 nitrous oxide .......................................................................... 1 normal immunoglobulin ........................................................ 31 nystatin ............................................................................... 16 ofloxacin .............................................................................. 39 omeprazole ......................................................................... 34 ondansetron .................................................................... 3, 34 oral rehydration salts ..................................................... 35, 41 oral rehydration salts – zinc sulfate ....................................... 35 oseltamivir ........................................................................... 18 oxaliplatin ............................................................................ 26 oxamniquine .......................................................................... 6 oxygen .................................................................................. 1 paclitaxel ............................................................................. 26 p-aminosalicylate sodium ..................................................... 15 pancreatic enzymes ............................................................. 34 paracetamol (acetaminophen) ......................................... 2, 22 paromomycin ...................................................................... 19 pegaspargase ..................................................................... 26 pegfilgrastim ........................................................................ 28 pentamidine......................................................................... 21 permethrin ........................................................................... 33 pertussis vaccine ................................................................. 37 phenobarbital ........................................................................ 5 phenoxymethylpenicillin ....................................................... 11 phenytoin .............................................................................. 5 phytomenadione .................................................................. 29 WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children – 9th List (2023) page 46 piperacillin + tazobactam ..................................................... 13 platelets .............................................................................. 30 pneumococcal vaccine ........................................................ 37 podophyllum resin ............................................................... 32 poliomyelitis vaccine ............................................................ 37 polymyxin B ......................................................................... 14 potassium chloride .............................................................. 41 potassium iodide ........................................................... 16, 36 potassium permanganate .................................................... 32 povidone iodine ................................................................... 33 praziquantel........................................................................... 6 prednisolone .............................................................. 3, 28, 39 primaquine .......................................................................... 20 procaine benzylpenicillin ...................................................... 11 procarbazine ....................................................................... 26 proguanil ............................................................................. 20 propofol ................................................................................. 1 propranolol .......................................................................... 22 propylthiouracil .................................................................... 36 prostaglandin E1 ................................................................. 40 protamine sulfate ................................................................. 30 pyrantel ................................................................................. 6 pyrazinamide ....................................................................... 14 pyridostigmine ..................................................................... 39 pyridoxine ............................................................................ 42 pyrimethamine ..................................................................... 21 quinine ................................................................................ 20 rabies vaccine ..................................................................... 38 raltegravir ............................................................................ 17 ranitidine ............................................................................. 34 rasburicase ......................................................................... 29 ready-to-use therapeutic food .............................................. 29 realgar-Indigo naturalis formulation ...................................... 26 red blood cells ..................................................................... 30 resin-based composite (high-viscosity)................................. 43 resin-based composite (low-viscosity) .................................. 43 retinol .................................................................................. 42 ribavirin ............................................................................... 18 riboflavin .............................................................................. 42 rifampicin ............................................................................ 14 rifapentine ........................................................................... 14 ritonavir ............................................................................... 17 rituximab ............................................................................. 27 rotavirus vaccine ................................................................. 38 rubella vaccine .................................................................... 38 salbutamol ........................................................................... 41 salicylic acid ........................................................................ 32 selenium sulfide ................................................................... 32 senna .................................................................................... 3 sevoflurane ............................................................................ 1 silver diamine fluoride .......................................................... 43 silver sulfadiazine ................................................................. 32 sodium calcium edetate ......................................................... 4 sodium chloride ................................................................... 41 sodium hydrogen carbonate ................................................ 41 sodium lactate, compound solution ...................................... 42 sodium stibogluconate ......................................................... 19 sofosbuvir ............................................................................ 18 sofosbuvir + velpatasvir ....................................................... 18 spironolactone ..................................................................... 34 streptomycin........................................................................ 15 succimer ............................................................................... 4 sulfadiazine ......................................................................... 21 sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine .......................................... 20, 21 sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim .................................... 11, 21 suramin sodium ................................................................... 21 surfactant ............................................................................ 40 suxamethonium ................................................................... 39 tacrolimus ........................................................................... 23 terbinafine ........................................................................... 32 tetanus vaccine ................................................................... 38 tetracaine ............................................................................ 40 tetracycline .......................................................................... 39 thiamine .............................................................................. 42 tick-borne encephalitis vaccine ............................................ 38 tioguanine ........................................................................... 26 triamcinolone hexacetonide ................................................. 43 triclabendazole ...................................................................... 6 trimethoprim ........................................................................ 11 tropicamide ......................................................................... 33 tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD) .......................... 37 typhoid vaccine ................................................................... 38 urea .................................................................................... 32 valganciclovir ....................................................................... 18 valproic acid (sodium valproate) ............................................ 5 vancomycin ......................................................................... 13 varicella vaccine .................................................................. 38 vecuronium ......................................................................... 39 vinblastine ........................................................................... 26 vincristine ............................................................................ 27 vinorelbine ........................................................................... 27 voriconazole ........................................................................ 16 warfarin ............................................................................... 30 water for injection ................................................................ 42 whole blood ......................................................................... 30 xylometazoline ..................................................................... 42 yellow fever vaccine ............................................................. 38 zidovudine ........................................................................... 17 zinc sulfate .......................................................................... 35