21st Century Challenges for the Media in Central Asia: Dealing with Libel and Freedom of Information (ru)

THE REPRESENTATIVE ON FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA

21ST CENTURY CHALLENGES FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA: Dealing with Libel and Freedom of Information

SIXTH CENTRAL ASIAN MEDIA CONFERENCE DUSHANBE, 23–24 SEPTEMBER 2004

Vienna 2005 The cover is a drawing by the German author and Nobel prize laureate (1999), Günter Grass, Des Schreibers Hand (The Writer’s Hand). He gave his kind permission for its use as the logo of the publications of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media. The drawing was created in the context of his novel Das Treffen in Telgte, dealing with the literary authors of the time of the Thirty Years War.

The views expressed by the authors in this publication are their own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media.

© 2005 Office of the Representative on Freedom of the Media Organization on Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Kärntner Ring 5–7, Top 14, 2. DG, A-1010 Vienna, Austria Tel.: +43-1 512 21 450 Fax: +43-1 512 21 459 E-mail: pm-fom@osce.org http://www.osce.org/fom

2  CONTENTS

Dushanbe Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Yves Bargain Welcoming Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Miklos Haraszti Opening Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Karomatullo Olimov Opening Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

1. Latest Developments for the Media in Central Asia Sergei Duvanov The Situation with Respect to the Media in Kazakhstan . . . . . . 25 Almaz Kalet Regional Media in Kyrgyzstan: Myth or Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Marat Mamadshoyev Media Trends in Present-Day Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Alisher Taksanov Between Scylla and Charybdis: Uzbek Press in Recent Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

2. Libel and Insult Laws as a Challenge to Freedom of the Media Peter Noorlander Libel and Insult – A Thorny Issue For New Democracies . . . . 87 Nadezhda Stepanova Libel Laws in Uzbekistan: Legal Norms and Their Practical Implementation . . . . . . . . . 101 Junaid Ibodov Libel and Defamation Laws: The Case of Tajikistan’s News Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Shamaral Maichiev Unsuccessful Attempts at Humanizing Libel Legislation in Kyrgyzstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

3 Rozlana Taukina On Support for the Initiative to Revoke the Law on Libel, as a Factor in Reprisals Against Journalists in Kazakhstan . . . . . 119

3. Freedom of Information David Banisar Freedom of Information: Global Practices and Implementation in Central Asia . . . . . . 127 Sauytbek Abdrakhmanov Freedom of Information in Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Olga Volkova Access to Information in Kazakhstan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Nuriddin Karshibaev Access to Information: Its Monitoring and Use in Establishing a Dialogue Between the Authorities and the Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Alexander Kulinskyi Access to Information in Kyrgyzstan: Society Expects Transparency from the Authorities. . . . . . . . . 163 Rustam Koshmuratov Problems with the Allocation of Radio Frequencies in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169  DUSHANBE DECLARATION

SIXTH CENTRAL ASIAN MEDIA CONFERENCE DUSHANBE

21ST CENTURY CHALLENGES FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA: DEALING WITH LIBEL AND FREEDOM OF INFORMATION

On 23 and 24 September 2004, the annual Central Asian Media Con- ference was held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. The Conference was organized under the auspices of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, Miklos Haraszti, and the OSCE Centre in Dushanbe. For the sixth time, more than 100 journalists from four Central Asian countries – Tajikistan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, representatives of non-governmental media organizations, as well as experts and foreign guests came together to discuss the latest developments in the media field. As in previous years, the conference provided a unique oppor- tunity for interaction and exchange of views among the participants. This year the conference focused on Libel and Legislation on Freedom of Information as modern challenges for the media in the 21st century. The participants agreed that the obsolete Libel Laws which exist in four Central Asian countries are inadequate, even detrimental, to a democracy where freedom of the press and uninhibited discussion of public issues could be diminished by libel sentences used against journalists because of their work. During the discussion, it was stressed that some Central Asian States have made certain steps towards Freedom of Information, but substantial problems remain. None have laws that meet international standards on access to information. State Secrets’ Acts that undermine the right to access to information are often abused. Significant efforts are required to ensure that the region joins the rest of the OSCE in recognizing the right to access to information for the media and the public. 5  The Conference ended with a declaration on libel and freedom of information, to which all participants subscribed. In addition to this declaration, participants formulated concrete proposals for action which the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media will submit to the respective authorities.

Dushanbe Declaration on Libel and Freedom of Information The debates at the Dushanbe Conference on the Media stressed the following conclusions:

On Libel: • The possibility for governmental officials and politicians (public figures) to sue the media and journalists should be limited. • Defamation should be decriminalised and replaced with appropriate and narrowly defined civil defamation laws, introducing a defence of ‘reasonable publication’ and capping damages. • If full decriminalisation is not possible in the short term, the possi- bility to suspend temporarily the applicability of defamation articles should be considered. Laws envisaging the criminal and civil liability of journalists for insulting the honour and dignity of heads of state on behalf of third persons should be abolished.

On Freedom of Information: • Comprehensive laws on Free Access to Information based on interna- tional standards should be adopted and their proper implementation ensured. • Multilateral oversight over the observation of these laws and standards should be ensured and carried out by parliaments, parliamentary commissions open to the public, commissions of public hearings and independent ombudsmen. • State Secrets’ laws should be amended in order to limit their applica- bility only to that information whose disclosure would significantly threaten the national security or territorial integrity of a nation. • Rules by which information is classified should be made public. 6  DUSHANBE DECLARATION

• Limitations in time should be established for information classified as secret. • Criminal liability for journalists connected with the disclosure of state secrets should be limited in cases of public interest.

Dushanbe, 24 September 2004

7 8  OPENING STATEMENT

WELCOMING REMARKS BY YVES BARGAIN

Dear Mr. Haraszti, I would like to thank you for the initiative to hold a yearly Central Asia Media Conference and for suggesting Tajikistan as this year’s choice. I would also like to thank the Tajik authorities for making it possible for this conference to take place in Dushanbe. First and foremost, I would like to welcome and thank all of the participants of this event, journal- ists and media experts, for coming to Dushanbe today and tomorrow to contribute to the work of the conference. This conference, which takes place every year under the auspices of the OSCE Representative on Free- dom of the Media in a different country, is a major opportunity for all the Central Asian mass media to gather and discuss achievements, problems and possible solutions in their countries and in Central Asia as a whole. Your joint efforts are much needed, and I am sure that your exchange of experiences in these two days will create important working relationships and ideas for cooperation. As regards Tajikistan, the OSCE has welcomed the birth of many new and independent newspapers in the past two years, a fact that had been unprecedented in the history of this country. These new media have opened up the horizon of the Tajik print press accessing diverse sources of information and offering new points of view. Their creation has shaped, for the first time in Tajikistan, a truly pluralistic media environment, which is an indispensable starting point in the way towards democracy. Unfortunately, this year this unprecedented progress has been reigned in. Lately, the independent printing house Jionkhon was closed down and the entire circulation of one of its users was seized on grounds of tax evasion. Although it should be stressed once more that the media must abide by the law and scrupulously carry out all their financial obligations, we regret that the closure of Jionkhon has affected other newspapers, 9 some of which have not been published for the fifth week in a row. At least 5 newspapers, which represent an important part of the Tajik media landscape, have been repeatedly refused publication by both state and non-state printing houses. The Centre in Dushanbe has voiced concern over the situation, as well as over the attack on the editor-in-chief Ruzi Nav Rajabi Mirzo. We hope that the culprits will soon be punished. International commitments of democracy and human rights, as those of the OSCE, implicate a free and pluralistic media environment. Such an environment is possible only in the presence of a wide spectrum of diverse media, with a truly democratic media legislation, including on libel and defamation, and with easy access to information. We will discuss all these subjects in detail during the conference. A free and pluralistic press is even more needed when a country faces a pre-election period. The elections represent the possibility and the will of the people to choose those candidates who represent their interests, hopes and expectations for the future of their country. This is why vot- ers need to be well informed about their representatives from different sources, which only free and diversified media can provide. The authorities should facilitate a climate whereby all newspapers, state and non-state, are given equal possibilities to be published, inde- pendent of the views they express or their political affiliation. Freedom of the media has traditionally been one of the key priorities of the OSCE Centre in Dushanbe. Much has been done on the develop- ment of the media since the mission opened in Tajikistan 10 years ago. This year alone, €300,000 have been allocated on media projects. The most recent of these, still ongoing, include: • training programmes for journalists which focused this year on media coverage of elections • the facilitation of the publication of both independent and state newspapers (Varorud in Khujand, Bomdod in Kurghan-Teppe, and Kulyabskaya Pravda in Kulyab) • the World Press Freedom Day, where discussions on the political, legal and economic problems faced by the Tajik media were discussed. It 10  OPENING STATEMENT

was concluded with awarding 20 journalists and media outlets for their best articles and programmes on freedom of speech, participatory citizenship, democratization and human rights. • the drafting of a new media law, which was completed in 2002. Unfor- tunately the draft has not been submitted to the Parliament, but we hope we will see renewed interest in the bill and the political debate on this matter in Tajikistan. Other projects are being considered for future funding, including in cooperation with other international donors and NGOs. I would also like to announce the opening of a Media Resource Centre for journalists and legal experts on the media, which will take place in the first week of October. The centre will offer Tajik lawyers training opportunities on legal matters related to the media, as well as legal sup- port and free consulting for Tajik journalists. As I mentioned earlier, the OSCE Centre in Dushanbe has traditionally attached great importance to media projects in Tajikistan, and intends to continue supporting this area as a priority. In conclusion, I would like once again to congratulate and thank all of you for your life-long commitment and efforts in such a delicate field of work. I wish you fruitful working sessions and many constructive ideas for future cooperation.

11 12  OPENING STATEMENT

OPENING STATEMENT BY MIKLOS HARASZTI

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Friends,

This is our Sixth Central Asian Media Conference. An initiative started by my predecessor, it has become a major regional event bringing together over 100 journalists from Central Asia. During the next two days we will mostly focus on two themes: libel and access to information. But first, some general comments on the state of media freedom in this region. The Central Asian participating States continue to remain an area of concern in the OSCE. I receive many reports of media violations. I raise these on a regular basis with the authorities, underlining the importance of a government playing a pro-active role in defending media freedom. We are all learning, even in the developed democracies mistakes are made, it take decades and decades to establish a relatively fine-tuned democratic model. That is why my criticism is of a constructive type, I am offering advise, legal support, if need be, training. Central Asia has long been in the focus of the OSCE’s attention. We have invested substantial funds in the region. My Office, for example, has reviewed media legislation in several of the countries. Nevertheless, for the time-being at least, we have not seen much improvement in the general media climate. Still, we will continue working with all the con- stituents - Government, Parliament, media and the NGO community - in trying to help this region develop a free and fair media landscape. Now, to my long-term plans. The two strategic campaigns I am conducting in the nearest future deal with decriminalising, or in the beginning, at least de-incarcerating, libel; and ensuring better access to information for journalists. Let me provide you with some of our thoughts on these two themes. Similar comments I made last week at the OSCE Permanent Council. Five OSCE participating States have abolished libel as a criminal offence, and turned to its civil-law based handling: USA (although 17 13 states within this country still retain their criminal libel provisions), Moldova, Ukraine, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Georgia. Also, on 1 July, President Robert Kocharian signed amendments to the Criminal Code partially decriminalizing libel in Armenia. Unfortunately, in June the Kyrgyz Parliament rejected for the third time in seven years an initiative by President Akayev to decriminalise libel. These ancient libel laws are inadequate, even detrimental, to a modern democracy where freedom of the press and uninhibited discussion of pub- lic issues could be diminished by the effect of a criminal libel sentence used against journalists for their work. In some of our participating States there is wide understanding of the need to provide journalists with a certain privilege when discussing issues of public importance. As with the protection of sources, journalists should also not be open to criminal prosecution or frivolous lawsuits even when the information that they disseminate might be false or derogatory. Weighed against the potential “chilling” effect, this privilege, if often questioned, should not be allowed to erode. In general, I foresee for my Office several possible lobbying strate- gies regarding libel: • Encourage parliamentarians to table proposals to repeal criminal libel legislation; • Encourage government officials through public information cam- paigns to refrain from using existing criminal laws to sue the media and journalists; • Encourage judicial bodies, where criminal libel does exist, to install a moratorium on issuing prison terms, even suspended ones, until the necessary reform; My Office is currently in the process of developing a database matrix on libel legislation in the OSCE region. This matrix will also be accom- panied by a legal analysis that will explain our findings, and help define the best ways to resolve the problem. I hope to present the matrix early next year. On access to information, I plan to take a closer look how the rela- tionship between the governments and the journalists actually works. Just 14  OPENING STATEMENT

last week I presented a report on the media coverage of the tragic events in Beslan. One of my findings concerned access to information, or to be more precise, lack of information. Initially, the government was not able to ensure timely, up-to-date information that had to be provided to reporters covering the horrific event as it unfolded. In the end, the situ- ation was more or less resolved for the better and many media outlets, including those under the control of the government, criticised how the information flow had been handled. Russia, of course, is not the only country where access to information becomes a major issue, especially in a conflict situation. It is not uncom- mon to slap a government document with a “secret” classification when it is being requested by the press. Often, these documents have nothing to do with national security matters, nevertheless, they get classified and, as a result, kept out of the public eye. We will discuss both libel and access to information with you and I very much look forward to your views, thoughts, steps forward.

15 16  OPENING STATEMENT

OPENING STATEMENT BY KAROMATULLO OLIMOV

Please permit me to wish all participants in the Conference successful work and our guests an enjoyable stay in our hospitable capital. I hope the Conference will be constructive and help to promote productive co-operation between the media and governments, achieve greater stability in the region, strengthen the role of the media in sup- porting the efforts made by states in the struggle against violence, extremism and terrorism and consolidation of friendship and mutual understanding May I, please, welcome the esteemed participants and guests, who have gathered in our country’s capital, the city of Dushanbe, to attend the Sixth Central Asian Media Conference. This Conference is taking place at a time when our people have recently celebrated the 13th Anniversary of the Independence of the Republic of Tajikistan and is preparing for another jubilee – the 80th Anniversary of the city of Dushanbe as the capital of Tajikistan. Everyone is aware that, in today’s world, the role and significance of the media in people’s lives has grown tremendously, and they have become an integral part of the civilized world. Life is poor and incomplete without newspapers, magazines, radio, TV and the Internet. Nations and countries are being drawn increasingly into the information field. Human nature is such that it always seeks the truth, wants to see and hear it, and find out more and more about it. How should this truth be presented so that people can not only get knowledge of it, but also become spiritually enriched, more friendly, more responsible towards others, and live without fear and with confidence in tomorrow? Today, this largely depends on what those who form this knowledge and these feelings write and say. I believe that an exchange of views will help in acquiring experience from one another, draw attention to existing flaws and omissions in our 17 work as journalists, as well as shortcomings in relations between govern- ment structures and the media. Our country is still in the initial stages of building a democratic, law- governed and secular state. We need to take account of our traditions and the people’s mentality and to learn the lessons of the recent past, including in understanding democracy and recognizing its fundamental difference from permissiveness and anarchy. The United States Ambassador, Richard E. Hoagland, rightly assess- ing the attitude of the Government towards the media in Tajikistan, noted: “I am not aware of a single case of political pressure being brought on the press by the Tajik Government and, as far as I know, journalists and writers have not been imprisoned for what they have written, as has hap- pened in other countries of Central Asia.” Considerable work has been carried out in Tajikistan to strengthen the legal foundations of the mass media and a number of laws have been passed to ensure the necessary conditions for the functioning of the media. These include the following laws: “On the Press and Other Mass Media”, “On Television and Radio Broadcasting”, “On Publishing”, “On Information”, “On Information Protection”, “On Copyright and Related Rights”, “On Electronic Documents” and so on. In recent years, thanks to the laws that have been passed and to the constant attention focused on this by the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Emomali Rakhmonov, the process of democratization in the country has gained significant impetus, including in the sphere of the media and publishing. There are now 199 state-owned and 154 non-governmental news- papers, magazines and information agencies registered, covering the country, its regions, cities and districts. There has been an increase in publications by political parties, indi- viduals, NGOs and so on. Over 20 newspapers of political parties and public associations, and 21 private newspapers are now being published by 47 publishing houses, over 10 of which are privately owned. Private information agencies compete with government ones, and private and corporate 18  OPENING STATEMENT

TV and radio agencies operate in the capital and regions, cities and districts of Tajikistan. All this testifies that the process of democratization is advancing confidently in our country in all spheres of society. It should, however, be noted and justly appreciated that it is less than five years since the war ended here, yet the country is now living under conditions of fully stabilized security. The country’s President Rakhmonov, the Government and state authorities are working all out to ensure political and social stability. I would like to draw your attention to the somewhat non-objective criticism that has been leveled against the Government of Tajikistan by Mr. Yves Bargain and Mr. Haraszti concerning the failure of certain newspapers to come out. I spoke about this recently to Mr. Bargain. As was announced by the Tax Department of the Ministry for State Revenues and Dues of the Republic of Tajikistan, there was no political agenda behind the suspension of the newspaper. Staff of the given department had discovered certain violations in the operations of the editorial board and the printing office. Instead of the 2,700 copies of the newspaper indicated by the editorial board, the print run was actually 7,500 copies. Considering this to be an overt violation of the financial laws, the tax authorities temporarily sus- pended publication of the newspaper and the operation of the Jionkhon printing plant in order to get to the bottom of the matter. As far as the Government is concerned, it did not and could not issue any instructions on closing down newspapers. For this reason, I request the esteemed OSCE representatives not to give economic issues a political hue. Permit me to express my gratitude to the Conference organizers and OSCE staff for inviting me and for holding such an important discussion. I hope that the Conference will play a positive role in conducting objective analysis of the situation and will promote further stabilization and development of democratic processes, both in the region as a whole and in our country in particular.

19 20  CONTRIBUTORS

CONTRIBUTORS

• Yves Bargain, Head of OSCE Centre in Dushanbe • Miklos Haraszti, OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media • Karomatullo Olimov, Presidential Advisor on Social Development and Relations with the Public, Tajikistan

Part 1: Latest Developments for the Media in Central Asia • Sergei Duvanov, International Bureau for Human Rights and Rule of Law, Kazakhstan • Almaz Kalet, freelance journalist, Kyrgyzstan • Marat Mamadshoev, freelance journalist, Tajikistan • Alisher Taksanov, freelance journalist, Uzbekistan

Part 2: Libel and Insult Laws as a Challenge to Freedom of the Media • Peter Noorlander, Legal Adviser, Article 19, United Kingdom • Nadezhda Stepanova, correspondent of Internet media outlet Zamon. info, Uzbekistan • Junaid Ibodov, lawyer, expert on media legislation, Tajikistan • Shamaral Maichiev, lawyer, Media Commissioner, Kyrgyzstan • Rozlana Taukina, Director of the Journalists in Trouble foundation, Kazakhstan

Part 3: Freedom of Information • David Banisar, Director, FOI Project, Privacy International, United Kingdom • Sautbek Abdrakhmanov, President of Egimen Kazakhstan newspaper, Kazakhstan • Olga Volkova, Centre for Legal Assistance to the Mass Media, Kazakhstan • Nuriddin Karshibaev, Head of NANSMIT, Tajikistan

21 • Alexander Kulinskyi, Editor-in-Chief of the information service of the NTS broadcasting company, Kyrgyzstan • Rustan Koshmuratov, Director of Almaz radio, Kyrgyzstan

22  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I I.

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

Sergei Duvanov THE SITUATION WITH RESPECT TO THE MEDIA IN KAZAKHSTAN

Almaz Kalet REGIONAL MEDIA IN KYRGYZSTAN: MYTH OR REALITY

Marat Mamadshoyev MEDIA TRENDS IN PRESENT-DAY TAJIKISTAN

Alisher Taksanov BETWEEN SCYLLA AND CHARYBDIS: UZBEK PRESS IN RECENT YEARS

23 24  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I Sergei Duvanov

THE SITUATION WITH RESPECT TO THE MEDIA IN KAZAKHSTAN

The split in the ruling elite and the run-up to the elections intensified the political struggle in society. This was reflected in the work of the media. Since the majority of newspapers belong to various industrial and financial groups, political parties and oligarchs, the media journalists found themselves compelled to earn their salaries and royalties in the arena of their owners’ battle for power. The pre-election struggle compelled journalists to show their true colours and those who had only recently boasted of their neutrality were engaged in the political struggle. Today every publication promotes on the sly its own people and puts down the others. There can obviously be no question of an unprejudiced coverage of the political process or of any other events for that matter. It is only a question of how to do this wisely, without giving away one’s political inclinations. Some manage this, others fail. Yet others do not conceal their bias and openly proclaim themselves as a party rostrum. The majority of socio-political publications today have a political bias and this applies equally to the media that support the authorities and to opposition newspapers. There is no independent press in the country today (from the point of view of political leaning). The majority of the media are compelled to work in the interests of one political group or another. Most of the journalist corps predictably ended up in the authorities’ camp. The President’s daughter, Dariga Nazarbaeva, when founding her media holding, was attempting to gain a strangle hold over the informa- tion field. For this purpose, ideological control was initially established over the television channels in general and then a monopoly of national TV broadcasting in particular. 25 Sergei Duvanov

From 1996 onwards, the authorities started “protecting” the TV and radio broadcasts from disloyal journalists. What happened to the indepen- dent press in Russia when President Putin came to power, had happened in Kazakhstan five years earlier. True, in Kazakhstan, it was done on a much larger scale. A nation-wide tender was announced for TV and radio broadcasting frequencies and this was used as an excuse to sift out, once and for all, anyone they did not trust. While leaving the first channel in the hands of government officials, the others that broadcast on a nation-wide scale came under the control of the Family: Khabar and NTK went to the President’s daughter; KTK, to the President’s son-in-law. The other, regional TV channels received licences to broadcast on the condition that they remained loyal and obedi- ent to the authorities. Correspondingly, the journalists of these channels have to subject their work to internal censorship, envisaging this loyalty to the authorities. By the end of the 1990s, the Family and the oligarchs in the President’s retinue started to lay their hands on newspapers. Existing newspapers were bought up and new ones set up. The leader on the information market at the time, the newspaper Karavan, was bought in a voluntary-compulsory manner from the previous owner by the Family’s people and since then this publication has allegedly been the vehicle of the political interests of Rakhat Aliev, the President’s senior son-in-law. A similar thing happened to the newspaper Novoye Pokole- niye and a number of other newspapers. As a result, by the time of the parliamentary elections in 1998-1999, the main media were controlled by the Family. Today the situation remains unchanged: all the national TV stations are under the control of the Family and regional ones exercise self-cen- sorship. Virtually all the major newspapers are also controlled by members of the Family or people close to them. A few that are independent of the Family (Vremya and Nachnyom s Ponedelnika) are left alone by the Fam- ily because they keep to the tacit principles of self-censorship.

26  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I The opposition newspapers Respublika and Soz, as well as a few regional opposition newspapers, are all the Kazakhstan opposition has in the information field. The authorities have wisely decided that, under current conditions, there is no need to force anyone to work for them; it is simpler to create the environment in which journalists will benefit from sticking to the rules offered by the authorities. Economic benefits vs. civil standing, ideological and political atti- tudes, and one’s principles. More simply, the authorities have learned how to buy journalists and the latter how to sell themselves at a profit. On the other hand, conditions have been created under which political disloyalty on the part of a journalist towards the authorities engenders a negative reaction on the part of the administration and employers. This is manifest in journalists who do not want to play by the rules not being hired, losing their jobs and being beaten up by “persons unknown”, as well as administrative and criminal cases being brought against them. If journalists accept the conditions offered by the Nazarbaev regime for working in the sphere of information and journalism, they will find reasonably well paid work and be sure of their own safety. Those who agree to join the direct ideological catering of the regime (or the pro- authority oligarchs and officials) become members of the highly-paid and socially protected elite. In essence, these journalists become government officials, since they receive their salaries for information support of the policies pursued by their masters, be they the state itself (Kazakhstan- skaya Pravda, Yuridicheskaya Gazeta, Kazakhstan 1) or oligarchs who back up the regime (Karavan, Novoye Pokoleniye, Express K, Strana i Mir, NTK, KTK, Khabar, ORT-Kazakhstan). The freedom of the journalists working for these publications is politi- cally tightly restricted: they are only allowed to praise the authorities and criticize the opposition. Sometimes, as an exception, they are told to criticize some or other official in the authorities’ camp, which testifies that he has become undesirable to the powers that be. The journalists from the moderately loyal media enjoy a different level of freedom in their writing (Panorama, Kursiv, Rakhat, Tan, Yuzhnaya 27 Sergei Duvanov

Stolitsa). Alongside negative comments on political opponents of the authorities, they can allow themselves a little licence to criticize, as it were, individual officials and provide information on the opposition that is not necessarily negative in character. There are fewer restrictions on journalists working for the moder- ately oppositional media (Vremya, Nachnyom s Ponedelnika, Epokha, 31 Channel). These newspapers can permit themselves sharper criticism of the authorities, give opposition leaders the chance to speak up and publish opinions that differ from official ones. The only taboo subject is criticism of the President and his Family. In this respect, considering that it is the President who holds the real power in the country, journalism in moderately opposition media is castrated by its very definition. Opposition media (Respublika, Soz) impose no restrictions on criti- cism of the authorities, including the President, but since both newspapers express the interests of the opposition, they restrict journalists in criticiz- ing the opposition itself. Virtually all the existing media thus impose political restrictions in their editorial policy, which are at best manifest in hushing up certain topics, issues and facts and, at worst, in distorting information and biased interpretation of the facts. It is clear that, only by taking the above degrees of freedom into account, can one speak about how fully the media in Kazakhstan cover social and political events. Quite recently, the main journalist corps claimed political indifference by remaining hors de combat. Thus, journalists working for the authori- ties (say, channels Khabar and Kazakhstan 1) positioned themselves as supporting the idea of consolidation and stability of society and, corre- spondingly, as standing above the interests of individual political groups. Those who worked for the media of a moderately opposition-loyalist vein boasted political indifference by claiming not to help ambitious politi- cians in their pursuit of power. Journalists from the opposition media positioned themselves differ- ently, believing that it is the civic duty of journalists to proclaim their political stand. 28  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I One of the methods of fighting the opposition and the democratic part of the public consisted of hounding of the opposition, its leaders and journalists by hatchet-men. For instance, over several years, the newspaper Dozhivyom do Ponedelnika, in one issue after another, poured filth on the heads of the democrats. Neither did the journalists working for this newspaper hesitate to use outright lies and denunciations. This is not surprising, considering that the best friend and, according to rumours, the chief sponsor of this newspaper’s editor-in-chief is Colonel Baktasov, head of the southern capital’s political investigation service. Apparently, realizing that such overt and extreme counter-propaganda against the opposition is of little effect, the authorities changed their tactics and now resort more frequently to falsifications, including in the form of newspapers that print lies in order to disorientate and deliberately misinform their readers. Thus, in the spring of 2000, audio-tapes were anonymously sent to the leading newspapers, supposedly of an interview with one of the opposition leaders, Nurbalat Masanov, by an ITAR-TASS correspon- dent, containing insults against the Kazakh people. A criminal case of fomenting interethnic dissension was initiated. A number of newspapers and Internet-sites published this fabrication in order to discredit the leader of the opposition and represent him as the enemy of the Kazakh people. In 2003, during the election campaign to local councils (maliskhats), in Almaty issues of the newspaper 451° Fahrenheit began appearing, published by anonymous authors. This newspaper had been printed back in 1998-1990, when it was popular in democratic and opposition circles. At that time, while I was behind bars, certain unknown “colleagues” put out five issues of the pseudo-Fahrenheit, smearing the opposition, democrats and me personally. On 2 June 2004, a stop-press issue of the opposition newspaper Assandi Times appeared on the newspaper stands, though it turned out that the editors of this newspaper had nothing to do with it. The newspa- per was produced by the same “anonymous” people. The fake contained “sensational revelations” about the leaders of the opposition and material 29 Sergei Duvanov

called on by its authors to destroy the reputation of the opposition in the readers’ eyes. In all these cases, the attempts to find the producers of the hoax newspapers came to nothing. The law enforcement agencies never found the provocateurs. It is interesting that the journalists of Assandi Times who suggested that the presidential Administration might be behind it all found them- selves in court and had to pay a fine of $350,000 for insulting the presi- dential Administration. Every journalist today faces the choice of either working for the authorities or trying to remain honest. In the first case, he must restrict himself with respect to a number of forbidden topics, as well as criticism, on the regional level of the local authorities and on the national level of the president. Within the framework of these restrictions, one might speak in principle of freedom of speech. Many journalists have come to terms with this and, accepting these restrictions as being inevitable, consider themselves to be quite independent. Many colleagues have told me, by the way, to forget all about the President and his Family, to write on a “lower level” and thus avoid any problems. What real journalism can there be, though, if the President – the very pillar of the entire existing political system, the person who holds all the power in his hands – is excluded from the range of topics discussed? Such a restriction deprives journalism of the main thing: profoundness and objectivity. In the second case, when the journalist does not accept these restric- tions, he finds himself walking through a minefield. He risks at best not finding work, at worst ending up in prison. Between these extremes a whole range of troubles and problems await him. Only the opposition media will print what he writes. By coming out in the opposition newspapers, he runs a serious risk of law suits for insulting officials, troubles with the police and of even being beaten up. His friends and relations might come under the infamous administrative pressure. The only “air vent” is the Internet. Here it is possible to place any material you like, including sharp criticism of the authorities. Today the oppositional and independent Internet newspapers outperform the pro- 30  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I government sites. The popular socio-political sites Navigator, KUB and Eurasia have become one of the main sources of independent information for Kazakh Internet users. True, considering that only 3% of the population have regular access to the Internet, the influence of these sites is very limited. In spite of this, for five years now the Nazarbaev regime has been blocking these sites, making it difficult for Kazakh Internet users to access them. The situation on the Internet is a typical example of the hypocrisy of President Nazarbaev and his retinue: the President constantly declares his support for democracy and freedom of speech, while blocking access to independent and opposition sites. I know the arguments apologists for the regime use to justify sup- pression of freedom of speech in the country. Too much freedom and unbridled criticism of the authorities might, so they say, destabilize the situation and reduce the country to anarchy. Hence it is proposed that, by muzzling the free press and limiting freedom of speech, Nazarbaev’s political regime is promoting the stabil- ity of Kazakh society. Such is the price for this stability. We are asked to decide what is more important for Kazakhstan: stability attained in this way or democracy with the risk of destabilization. In essence, today this is the main question in determining the prospects for our country’s development. The real political orientation of one or another politician and party and the line taken by the country depend on the answer. Nazarbaev’s political line is obviously based on recognizing the pri- ority of stability over democracy. Yet this has nothing in common with democratic principles envisaging stability achieved through observance of human rights and liberties, without any obtuse submission or fear, without suppression of civil activity and initiative. The price the President makes us pay for stability is too much, too high and, most important, contains in itself negation of and, correspondingly, a threat to stability. Stability without democracy is always stability based on compulsion and fear. By taking this road, we risk ultimately agreeing that the con- centration camp is the supreme model of stability. 31 Sergei Duvanov

Yet no one would really praise the heads of the concentration camps for maintaining law and order. So, likewise, how can we call stability based on suppression of dissent and disregard for people’s rights and liberties one of President Nazarbaev’s achievements? Alas, I believe this is precisely the case when the end does not justify the means.

32  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I Almaz Kalet

REGIONAL MEDIA IN KYRGYZSTAN: MYTH OR REALITY

Today, over five hundred print and broadcast media are registered in Kyrgyzstan. The majority of these are regional mass media. Do they, how- ever, have any real influence or authority in the regions? How promising is the market for the regional media in Kyrgyzstan? It should be specified right away that, out of the five hundred media bodies registered with the Kyrgyzstan Ministry of Justice, only a quarter are currently operating. The example of Naiman-TV, a new private TV company in the Batken Region is indicative in this respect. It was reg- istered almost two years ago, but was to start broadcasting only at the end of September 2004. According to its director, Almaz Karimov, this delay was connected with technical problems and difficulties in obtain- ing the licence to a frequency. For this reason, I want to specify that this report will be dealing with the regional media bodies that are actually functioning at present. Regional media largely include periodicals and broadcast networks founded by local authorities, i.e. the local keneshi (parliaments). For example, in the Osh Region, the newspapers Echo Osha in Russian, Osh Zhanyrygy in Kyrgyz and Ush Sadosi in Uzbek; Vesti Issykkulya and oth- ers in the Issyk-Kul Region; of the broadcast networks all the regional subsidiaries of the national TV and radio company. The only study so far of regional media in Kyrgyzstan was made in 2003. The initiator was the Swiss CIMERA. On the basis of the results obtained, the authors of the study, Gulnara Ibrayeva, Candidate of Sci- ences (Sociology), and Svetlana Kulikova, Master of Political Sciences and Journalism, wrote a book entitled The History of the Development and the Current State of the Mass Media in Kyrgyzstan. The aim of the review of the problems of regional journalism was to analyze the changes that had taken place in the media of Kyrgyzstan since 2001. Focus groups 33 Almaz Kalet

were formed for detailed analysis. These included journalists and editors of regional media, lecturers at journalism departments and representatives of the local authorities. The study covered four main areas: sources of information; interrelations between the media and the authorities; the requirements of readers, listeners and viewers, and news worthiness; and images of the regions as reflected in regional media and the demand for a true picture of regional life. As Gulnara Ibrayeva says in an interview with the Kabar information agency, representatives of the media most frequently identify “inadequate financing and instability, which result in the inferior technical facilities, and insufficient material remuneration for the work of journalists not corresponding to its social significance and responsibility” as the main problems of journalism in Kyrgyzstan regions. According to Ibrayeva, representatives of the media in the Issyk-Kul Region also identify the problem of interaction between the media and the authorities: “They spoke of the achievements with respect to freedom of speech over the ten years of independence being very shaky and of the possibility always being there on the regional level of returning to the worst type of diktat on the part of the authorities.” In addition, the researcher speaks of the lack or virtual lack of interest shown by journalists in what is happen- ing in other regions. In Ibrayeva’s opinion, the reason for this lies in the absence of any “elements holding the regions together”, such as common political, financial, cultural and ideological interests. According to Ulugbek Babagulov, an expert of the non-governmental organization the Freedom House: “In Kyrgyzstan, privately-owned and independent media are mainly concentrated in the capital. As a rule, these newspapers describe the capital’s problems and rarely touch on the socio- political situation in the country’s regions. When such articles do come out, they often lack any in-depth analysis of the events or comprehensive coverage of the problems involved.” For this reason, the people obtain most of their information from the government-owned mass media, whose coverage is distinguished by one-sidedness and lacks objectivity. A clear example of this is provided by the events in the Aksy Region, which gave rise to civil disturbances in the south of Kyrgyzstan. The inhabitants 34  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I of the region categorically refused to meet with reporters from the media owned by the government or controlled by the presidential staff, accusing them of lack of objectivity. The only printed publication is the informational, privately-owned newspaper Ferghana, which comes out in Jalal-Abad and is distributed in the Osh and Jalal-Abad regions and partly in Bishkek. Though dozens of print media are actually registered in the southern region, not one of them comes out regularly at least once a week. The most pressing problem is the financial one. The lack of a more or less thought-out long-term plan for the development of a specific media body, the total absence of an advertising policy, a poor personnel policy – all that has a serious impact on the general development of regional media in Kyrgyzstan. Over the thirteen years of independence of the Kyrgyz Republic, a completely new and specific form of print and broadcast media has taken shape in the regions, existing exclusively on grants from international organizations. They successfully sell one and the same project to various grant-extending organizations, moving from one sponsor to another. This has given rise to a firm opinion that if the grants ever dry up, they could not be financially successful under contemporary conditions. This was also a topic of discussion at the conference of editors and publishers of independent mass media in Central Asia, held last year in Bishkek. The organizer of the meeting was the Public Association “Jour- nalists”, with the financial sponsorship of International Media Support, Denmark. In the course of the round table, in which media representatives from Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan took part, the following issues were discussed: • improvement of the quality of journalistic products; • financial independence of the media under the difficult economic conditions; • development of the regional Internet. The meeting concluded with the adoption of general, declarative recommendations for publishers and media bosses.

35 Almaz Kalet

In general, the question as to how financially successful the regional media can be is clearly seen as a dead end. Commercial success and the media are seen as being incompatible. According to the chief editor of the non-governmental newspaper Ferghana, Bakyt Orunbekov, in an interview to the Institute for War and Peace Reporting: “On the periphery, there are virtually no advertisers; all operating companies and firms are located in the capital and place their ads in the metropolitan newspapers, while considerable profits are earned by newspapers precisely from advertising. Alas, on the periphery, this is not possible, so we are sometimes compelled to print ‘commercial’ material, custom-written articles.” This opinion is shared by many media chiefs in the regions. Besides, the term “non-governmental”, rather than “independent” when applied to the mass media, appeared not long ago as a result of the regional media’s desire to have nothing to do with clearly opposition- minded newspapers, radio and TV channels in the capital. In general, this striving not to come into conflict with the authorities is characteristic of all the regional media. Each side observes certain rules of the game and the regional media are inclined to indulge in only “gentle criticism” with respect to some state authority, but never its head. From time to time, though, certain international organizations, such as Internews-Kyrgyzstan, attempt to break this stereotype, calling for a change of strategy and the form of management in the mass media. Moreover, many seminars, training sessions on management, marketing, distribution and advertising are organized. The Soros Foundation – Kyrgyzstan, for instance, this year some- what changed its policy of media support, focusing attention on network participation by all regional media in creating a common Website www. open.kg, into which all information from the entire country is to be channelled. The main objective of the Open Kyrgyzstan project is, in the opinion of its founders, to develop standards for discussing decisions that are in the works, as well as new methods, formats and instruments for raising the efficiency of decision-making by providing public access to information. 36  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I All the media bodies are provided with professional cameras and Internet access for their work. For the first time, no money is provided and payment is not made for news reports unless it is placed on the Website. The main areas of support extended by the Soros Foundation – Kyr- gyzstan in 2004 to the regional media were: 1. Grants and technical support for independent media. 2. Assistance in upgrading the qualifications of journalists and the other mass media staff. 3. Assistance in the design and active operation of Internet newspapers. 4. Assistance in developing media legislation. The most recent media conference, dedicated to World Press Freedom Day, which was held on 30 April – 1 May 2004 in Osh and was orga- nized by the British organization Index on Censorship, also discussed the Internet as an alternative. Central Asian, European and Russian journalists took part in the conference. The most heated debate arose around the Internet’s opportunity to provide alternative information at lower technical costs, also taking into account the specifics of the development of regional mass media in the countries of Central Asia. The coverage of events in Uzbekistan has shown how serious the claims are of the Internet with respect to its development and recognition as a mass medium. “I have managed to obtain information promptly thanks to the use of an ICQ Internet-pager,” the director of news agency www. ferghana.ru, Daniil Kislov, said in an interview with the regional Inter- net news agency www.fergana.org. “I always knew what was going on. Until the explosion happened in Tashkent, our site had, on average, 500 hits a day. Subsequently, this grew to 2,500 and more. The role of the Internet in Central Asia cannot be overestimated. Even if you have no opportunity to work on a computer, you often know someone who has one. The Internet obviates the need to send a correspondent right to the centre of events. This became clear during the coverage of the terrorist attacks in Uzbekistan.” Yet the situation has not changed fundamentally over these years. Among Internet projects, only two projects are worth mentioning, both 37 Almaz Kalet

of them belonging to public organizations and not constituting media proper. These are www.open.kg, belonging to the Soros Foundation – Kyrgyzstan, and www.fergana.org, belonging to the Osh Media Resource Centre. So far only the print and broadcast media lead in the regions, the latter being represented more by TV studios rather than TV companies. Unfortunately, the life span of the regional media is very short. In the Osh Region alone, the following non-governmental newspapers closed down recently: Delovoi Osh, OshPress, OshPress-Vesti, Mezon, Chas Pik, Yuzhnaya Stolitsa and Region. Besides, according to the Ministry of Justice data, over 160 media are officially registered in the south of the country. The content of newspapers and TV and radio programmes in the regions is another matter. The quality of the publications and of informa- tion material leaves a lot to be desired. The practices of reprinting mate- rials from the Internet, plagiarism and the publication of made-to-order reports are very widespread. According to the editor-in-chief of the non-governmental newspaper Darakshi-Osh, Alisher Saipov, a low standard of professionalism among journalists is characteristic of the media in the south of Kyrgyzstan. As Bakyt Ibraimov, an expert on monitoring from the Osh Media Resource Centre, has emphasized: “Non-governmental socio-political publications do not survive under today’s market conditions, since poor management or a complete absence of management afflicts them all. Many media have no such position as manager, whose main function would be to develop and promote a business plan. A manager’s chief goal is to ensure the economic, above all financial, basis for the existence of the media body.” According to him, continuous journalist skills upgrading is also a vital requirement for the development of an independent press. The future of the regional mass media in Kyrgyzstan depends on the creation of an alternative system for distributing printed publications, the appearance of new, private printing houses, development of the local economy and, consequently, development of the advertising market, as well as higher living standards for the population, which will, of course, relate to the purchasing power of the consumers of information. 38  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I Marat Mamadshoyev

MEDIA TRENDS IN PRESENT-DAY TAJIKISTAN

Tajikistan: “Wrong” newspapers are blown away by election winds “The guards are tired!” Shortly before the parliamentary election, Tajik authorities, predictably, ran out of liberalism and launched a large- scale campaign to pacify news media. The authorities aimed their attacks mainly at print shops that print unruly newspapers. “It’s not what they write, but what gets printed”. Following an inspection by the tax police, the Jionkhon print shop was shut down – the one that had the boldness to print the newspapers Ruzi nav and Nerui Sukhan. Quite recently, an audit was launched of another print shop – Karimdjon Kodiri, which also printed several publications seen by the authorities as “not quite appropriate”, such as Adolat, the pub- lication of the Democratic Party, etc. Bottom line: Adolat’s publication was suspended, and the Democratic Party has submitted a request to the President to help resolve the problem, so that publication of the party’s newspaper is resumed. I don’t think there will be any reply. The closing down of Jionkhon print shop was a warning to other print- ers on the part of the authorities. Also, this public whipping of opposition newspapers is a warning to other publications not to over-use freedom of the press. The regime is headed for election and does not want any trouble, especially, from something so trifling as newspapers. Predictably, after what happened to Jionkhon and the tax problems confronting Karimjon Kodiri, just about all the print shops in Dushanbe arrived at a consensus not to publish any “bad” newspapers. The “bad ones” are: Ruzi nav, Nerui Sukhan, Odamu Olam, Adolat, Najot, and Zindagi. None of these papers has been published for more than a month. According to the authorities, these are just accidents, nothing politi- cal. The situation reminds of the joke: “The victim died in an accident, falling on a knife. Seven times”. 39 Marat Mamadshoyev

But how come it is only opposition papers that are rejected by print shops, although the latter are admittedly short of business? A paradox, Tajik style. A more civilized avenue, a judicial one, is also pursued in fighting the media. Examples: Judge N. Amirov’s action against the Vecherny Dushanbe newspaper, Defence Minister Khairullaev’s lawsuit against Odamu Olam, the Tajikistan Rail Company’s lawsuit against the newspa- per Tajikistan, etc. Not a lot, by other CIS countries’ standards. But there were no lawsuits like that in Tajikistan just a while ago. At the same time, the authorities have taken steps to enhance the effectiveness of their own news media. During the past year, government media have been used quite extensively to punish and smear opposition leaders and journalists. In my opinion, however, no government-owned media, except maybe TVT television, have managed to play a role in shaping public opinion, because they are so obviously engaged. And the quality of their publications is very low. This sums up the recent trends in the development of Tajik news media. Otherwise, despite certain cosmetic changes of the past few years, the situation in the media market remains basically unchanged and is still fully controlled by the authorities. The government still holds the commanding heights in the production and distribution of information and is in a position to restore its monopoly at any moment. Just like back in Soviet times. The government owns the Sharki Ozod publications and printing enterprise, which is just about the only facility that can print newspapers with some quality and at affordable prices, and a few other print shops in Dushanbe. The opposition potential of privately-owned media is small, as we have seen. Besides, now that Jionkhon has been shut down, they are quiet and obedient. The government still owns all the nationwide television and radio channels, which draw the largest audiences. Nor have there been any essential changes in licensing electronic news media, whose economic position remains tough. Just about all the 40  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I equipment and materials needed for operations are imported, so produc- tion costs are high. The situation is further aggravated by the population’s low purchasing capacity. The advertising market is relatively small and advertisers are few. All the more so that local business people prefer not to quarrel with the authorities and place no advertisements in the “wrong” publications. Examples? Ruzi nav and Nerui Sukhan have – had, to be exact – the largest circulations in their category of socio- political publications, but were ignored by advertisers. The reason for that is obvious. It is fair to mention that the newspapers’ request to be exempted from VAT was supported by the president. But, as the newspaper Asia-Plus put it, the parliament turned the initiative into a farce. The newspaper companies were only exempted from VAT on delivery operations, which is only a small portion of their costs. I have already described problems with access to the means of produc- tion of printed media, but the present-day situation is plain disaster. There have been no improvements in the field of information distri- bution. Tajikistan has no alternative non-government media distribution networks. There are very few newsstands, even in the capital. Many regions still practice mandatory subscription for government publica- tions Djumhuriyat, Sadoi mardum, and Minbari halk which is the official publication of the governing party. All this was mentioned in a recent interview with Asia-Plus by Vladimir Vorobyov, editor-in-chief of Narod- naya gazeta (another government publication – The author). Revealingly, the interview published over a month ago evoked no response from the publications mentioned. No comment? Access to sources of information is a problem I will not describe in detail. I will just say that the National Association of Independent News Media of Tajikistan issued a statement a month ago describing the prob- lem as very acute. Reality has dispelled the illusions of certain romantics who used to see these problems as temporary difficulties caused by officials’ ignorance or their failure to appreciate the importance of journalists’ work. We are now aware that in fact this is a chronic disease of our society, stemming 41 Marat Mamadshoyev

from corruption and incompetence widely and deeply spread throughout government offices. Here is one example. During the past year, the executive office of the President of Tajikistan disregarded written inquiries from two newspa- pers – Asia-Plus and VID – on two occasions. The inquiries were quite plain and concerned the salaries of officials in the President’s office. One would think that people working at the President’s office should be a model for other civil servants. Indeed, their attitude to news media is a model followed by many officials. All the problems I have mentioned have been repeatedly highlighted by news media. Just like many other topical issues of society’s life that are not directly related to media problems. In most cases, however, this produced no positive results. As the saying goes, the dogs yap, but the caravan moves on (the media being the dogs and the authorities, the caravan). The opinions of the media – actually, public opinion – are still disregarded when decisions are made. So I would agree with many of my colleagues saying that such open disregard on behalf of officials renders our work largely pointless. This may have to do with the fact that the government is not yet fully aware of its accountability to the people. Or, more precisely, the people has not made the government understand the degree of its responsibility. There are certainly some objective factors that hinder the development of news media, such as underfunding, understaffing, power supply inter- ruptions, inadequate printing and other operations facilities, the narrow advertising market, the low buying capacity of the population, and under- developed civil society institutions. But the main problem is the authori- ties’ reluctance to have strong and independent media opposing them and, to a certain degree, monitoring their work. Admitting that the situation is sad is not enough. It’s much more important, in my opinion, to decide on our next steps. Shall we lay down our arms and leave the country? This has been proposed. But, in my opinion, that is no solution. My conclusion is probably unoriginal: the journalist community must work hard to improve its situation in the Republic of Tajikistan. We have no access to the existing print shops – let’s set up print shops 42  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I of our own. The government distribution service is no good – let’s set up distribution networks of our own. In doing so, we should partner with other news media and be more active in attracting international organiza- tions’ resources. As a man in the street, I understand why our colleagues try not to apply to courts. But there is no other way. Obtaining positive court decisions is of vital importance. We must punish officials for denying us access to information and to print shops, denying us licenses, etc. We can and we should take the lead in promoting a real judicial reform – one to be implemented in practice, not just in words. We often refer to other countries, saying that the Russian govern- ment dislikes news media, while the government of the United States… I maintain, however, that all governments are alike. No government is particularly fond of news media. But we would rather look at tools and mechanisms that prevent governments from taking arbitrary actions. The U.S. officials would really love to behave the way our government does, but they cannot – the civil society network would not let them. We, journalists, can and we should make the authorities change their attitudes to us and to news media. The authorities should see us as civil society servants, not as sensation hunters. Officials get elected once in several years, but news media get elected much more often – every week and even every day. In those elections, people vote with their cash, not ballots.

43 44  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I BETWEEN SCYLLA AND CHARYBDIS: UZBEK PRESS IN RECENT YEARS

Alisher Taksanov

Part 1. JOURNALIST ORGANIZATIONS AND MASS MEDIA: NEW TRENDS The Government insists that all necessary conditions for the media to work efficiently have been created in the Republic, and political, economic and legal factors are available that facilitate certain positive results in their activities. Furthermore, the officials refer to the fact that the media in Uzbekistan have significantly grown in number as compared to the Soviet period. For instance, according to official statistics as of 1 June 2004, regis- tered by the Press and Information Agency were 964 mass media, includ- ing 612 newspapers, 165 journals and magazines, 29 cable TV channels and 102 electronic media. Of course, given the population of 25.7 million, the figures are impressive with one mass medium per 26,600 people. Meanwhile, 368 newspapers and 104 journals and magazines are publica- tions of local administrations (khokimiyats), ministries and departments, 145 newspapers and magazines belong to public organizations, 60 and 17, respectively, are published by businesses and 11 and 2, by private persons. Also periodicals founded by religious organizations exist1. What does this actually mean? That the bulk of printed media belong to the government, which is pure nonsense for a country recognized as a democracy. Indeed, there is 1.69 government publications per each non- government periodical issued in the republic, or more than 1.5 times as much. In the case of journals and magazines the ratio is 1:1.86 against the non-government press. Moreover, these government periodicals are economically in a more advantageous situation than public and commer- 1 Zerkalo, No. 26, 24–30 June 2004, pp. 1–2.

45 Alisher Taksanov

cial publications. After all, their staff, as well as logistics, are funded out of the republican budget which guarantees their viability on the market. At the same time, their colleagues in non-government media have to struggle for survival. We as taxpayers provide for the government media’s “maintenance” and get in return unreadable and unrequired information, just garbage. Non-government publishers, apprehensive of harassment, prefer yellow press methods, i.e. avoid political points that may bring them under perse- cution. In fact, the population being fed up with semi-official information prefer to take a dive into the far-away life of western stars, show business, detective stories, jokes and rumours. Under authoritarian government mass media become the regime’s mouthpiece. They are not interested in showing weaknesses of the Gov- ernment or its disability to address serious and urgent problems. Such periodicals are subject to censorship and if they do publish any criticisms then only those that have been approved or commissioned “at the top”. Journalists employed in government media, naturally, do not make their own investigations, nor do they write analytical articles critical of the activities of all echelons of power. Accordingly, the Government encour- ages such journalists who deliberately avoid forbidden ground and are writing only flag-waving articles in a high-flown style. Indeed, has a journalist who opposed the Government been ever given a Day of the Press or Independence Day awards? I have never seen any one of them on prize-winner lists. Incidentally, one can hardly speak of political plu- ralism in a country where opposition media do not exist. They say that there can be no independent press in principle as he who pays the piper calls the tune. But independence is not measured by who and in what way provides funds for a publication or an article (an oligarch, a party or a businessman) but by a possibility to express in the press or on the air ideas that disagree with the official attitudes, to sug- gest, certainly, within the law, an alternative version of events or offer a critical assessment of official policies. Perhaps this is more to the point with respect to the concept of free press. Then it may be said that no such press exists in Uzbekistan. 46  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I There are non-government mass media which are under total control of government agencies. They are exposed to interference by departments in charge of the so-called monitoring which in reality implies supervision and censorship – the Press and Information Agency, the State Commit- tee for TV and Radio Broadcasting – as well as institutions that have nothing to do with this sphere, such as the tax and customs offices, the prosecutor’s office, police, sanitary and epidemiological stations, fire departments, electricity supply services and so on. Higher-level authori- ties interfere in a disguised manner, among them the Presidential Admin- istration (from his press secretary down to petty officers), the Cabinet, ministries and departments whose “rights and freedoms” were infringed upon by the press. It is no secret that a budget-funded censorate UzLIT has been oper- ating in Uzbekistan for 12 years. However, under the Constitution and laws on mass media, on safeguards for journalists’ professional activities and publishing, censorship is prohibited in the country. Amendments and alterations to these statutes brought no significant changes in the sphere of information. Non-government mass media remain in complete dependence and under control of the authorities. The lack of indepen- dent judiciary makes any kind of defence of human rights and freedoms, including in the sphere of information, impractical. Thus, the Uzbekistan present-day authorities prefer to demonstrate the democratic entourage in the number of media rather than in their quality. Onetime newspaper circulation is from 2,000 to 20,000 copies and only a few periodicals reach 80,000 to 100,000 (for the most part, these are entertainment magazines). Meanwhile, principal consumers are concen- trated in the capital and in large regional centres and major cities. Rural areas remain outside the broadcast or press cover. For instance, in some small towns there are no newspapers at all. Communities in mountainous areas are isolated from all media, they are not reached by TV or radio broadcasting, let alone subscription and distribution agency vehicles that simply cannot reach such locations. In terms of nationalities policy it would be unfair to overlook the fact that some 40 per cent of the media are issued in a non-state language: 53 47 Alisher Taksanov

in Russian, 25 in Karakalpak, 4 in Tajik and 1 in Turkmen; 153 newspa- pers and magazines are multilingual editions. Out of the total number of periodicals in Uzbekistan 38 specialize in advertising, 15 are fiction and literary journals, and 15 deal with sport2. Since early 2004 certain shifts occurred in the official presentation of public associations engaged in addressing professional affairs of mass media workers. For instance, a Foundation Conference of the Creative Union of Uzbekistan Journalists (CUUJ) was held on 26 March in Tashkent, and the Union’s basic objectives were defined as protection of journalists’ rights and interests, and organization and consolidation of mass media workers. The 150 delegates from the regions and the capital city attending the conference approved Regulations on the Union of Journalists and elected a board of 23 members. It was headed by Sherzod Gulyamov, a journal- ist with a 40-year record of work and chief of the Tashkent International Radio. The journalists believed that his current status would secure Mr. Gulyamov a certain degree of independence from the regime. According to the new organization head, the CUUJ intends to join the International Association of Journalists; it will provide social protection to journalists, monitor compliance with professional ethics, cooperate with foreign journalist organizations, and even put forward for state awards. Sherzod Gulyamov names as a priority nomination of Union members for the December 2004 parliamentary election. In his opinion, some 10,000 jour- nalists working in the Republic represent a strong force in the process of democratization. At the moment the Creative Union includes the National Press Centre, the Khurriyat daily and Uzbekiston matbuoti (“The Press in Uzbekistan”) magazine. However, this organization has accomplished nothing but a list of top journalists to mark the Day of the Press and Mass Media Workers of Uzbekistan (27 June). None of the opposition journalists appeared on the list. Moreover, the Creative Union acts as a spokesman of all journalists (to which those who did not join it object) although the media do not all 2 Data of the Uzbek Press and Information Agency, 1 June 2004.

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I without exception support the organization encouraged from “the top”. It seems that this entity was established as another controlled mechanism for “the taming of the shrew”. A little later, in April 2004, a National Association of Electronic Mass Media was set up in Uzbekistan uniting 64 units in the country’s televi- sion, cable TV and radio broadcasting. Its Charter declares independence from the government and willingness to develop a civilized media market and to create appropriate economic environment for their work. The head of the public council of the Samarkand STV Broadcasting Company Fir- davs Abdukhalikov was elected chairman of the new Association3. Given some positive changes in the media system, however, there are also trends that are less conducive to democratic processes in the country. For instance, last March the only independent journalists’ organization in the west of Uzbekistan, the Reporter discussion club was suspended in Bukhara4. The Club’s accounts were blocked under the re-registration programme for all foreign NGOs pursuant to a relevant regulation by the Uzbekistan Cabinet of Ministers. The issue has now been settled. At the same time, a Freedom of Speech Committee headed by a free lance, Inera Safargaliyeva, has not been registered yet, as well as the Ozod Ovoz (Free Voice) organization led by a former Ozodlik/Liberty Radio reporter Bobomurod Abdullayev. Moreover, their web-sites are blocked by the Uzbek secret services, and Mr. Abdullayev’s web-portal came under a hacker attack. However, the mass media of Uzbekistan have not yet been recognized by the public as a driving force for reforms and public opinion moulding. This is demonstrated by sociological surveys conducted in Tashkent in January 2004 by Asia-Monitor Centre (this organization specializing in political and economic studies, including mass media development in the region, has no legitimate status because it was founded by journalists and dissident researchers). They show that pompous and praising features having almost nothing to do with real life are not favoured by the popula- 3 Novosti Uzbekistana, 9 April 2004. 4 According to NGO Internews-Uzbekistan monitoring, March 2004.

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tion facing economic difficulties. Russian-speaking readers, viewers and listeners displayed aggressive attitude and lack of respect towards local press which offers no critical items or reports and no analysis of current events, but biased official information.

Table No. 1 Level of trust to mass media among residents of Tashkent5

Mass medium Trust Do not trust Do not know or no answer Uzbek mass media Television and radio broadcasting 34 41 25 (state-owned) Television and radio broadcasting 45 25 30 (non-state-owned) Official press (state-owned) 60 38 2 Private press 39 50 11 Web-sites in the “uz” domain 21 12 67 Foreign mass media Television and radio broadcasting 46 49 5 Press 67 23 10 Web-sites 19 10 71

As shown by Table No. 1, foreign press enjoys more trust than national publications. At the same time, Uzbekistan citizens rely more on state-owned than privately-owned periodicals which may be explained by the fact that the governmental press is more interested in avoiding “yellowness” and unverified facts. The high number of “no answer” in the Web-sites section is indicative of this segment of information being not universally accessible or usable in Uzbekistan. Internet users said that the web is free from censorship and there are no forbidden subjects; 5 Out of the 378 respondents, 290 are ethnic Uzbeks.

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I any article can be discussed there and any views, even dissenting ones, can be expressed.

Table No. 2 Reasons why Uzbekistan citizens rely on foreign mass media6

Reason TV and radio Press Web-sites This is an official position of the 81 73 25 Government and the State This is alternative information that 52 56 71 prompts one to reflexion and trust This is interesting and well 78 79 67 presented news There are no “forbidden” subjects 48 71 90

Moreover, Internet enjoys trust because it offers alternative informa- tion and users are free to form their own opinion about the official version of an event (see Table No. 2). No doubt, this irritates the Uzbek Govern- ment that finds itself unable to offer any serious and sound arguments against the information published on the Internet. Strong reliance on the World Wide Web was expressed by the Russian-speaking population (more than 70 per cent of the respondents), while native people showed a low-key response to Internet information. Is the Internet a medium of mass information? Legally this approach is justifiable. The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Mass Media says in Article 1 that “mass information media include newspapers, magazines … electronic information communication”. This definition is repeated in the Procedure for Registration of Mass Media approved by a Govern- ment Regulation of 30 September 2003. However, no interpretation of the concept of such communication is given. Can the normal mailing via the Internet be treated as a mass com- munication medium, and if so, how should one register it? Is it possible 6 Several options were offered, questioned were those who earlier expressed their trust to foreign mass media.

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in view of the fact that the portal of Yandex alone is used by some three million e-mail address owners? This would imply three million permits (licences)! How many years would the bureaucrats need to issue docu- ments authorizing a mass mailing by a person?! Some people have sev- eral mailboxes, and on different portals and in different countries at that – what is to be done in this case? Is the Uzbek law stipulating that an Uzbekistan citizen should obtain a licence for mailing messages through the Russian Yandex applicable in Russia? This is pure nonsense. In early 2001 classification of web-sites as mass media, with ensu- ing request to their owners to obtain registration with the Ministry of Information, was attempted in Kazakhstan. The registration problem is a matter of great concern to many free-lance journalists working for Internet publications. The fact that web-sites are registered and hosted in a certain domain seems sufficient. But disputes, so far quiet, go on. For instance, Tribuna-Uz web-site is running a survey on “Whether registra- tion of sites/mailings and bulletins as mass media is really necessary?” On 20 September 2004, 75.41 per cent of the respondents answered “no”, 20.66 per cent said “yes”, and 3.93 per cent did not know7. So the question remains open.

Part 2. MASS MEDIA REGULATORY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK STILL IMPERFECT In recent years, the laws and regulations on mass media have under- gone certain changes. Both positive and negative trends have been observed in the process. In particular, those provisions of the Mass Media Law that enabled registrating agencies to close a mass medium at their own discretion rather than under a court ruling were abolished. One of the negative aspects consisted in censorship responsibilities having been indirectly delegated to editors themselves. AMENDMENTS TO THE MASS MEDIA LAW. On 30 August 2002, the Parliament of Uzbekistan introduced amendments and altera- tions to the Law on Mass Media that had been in force from 26 Decem- 7 www.tribune-uz.info

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I ber 1997. These novelties had not been broadly reported in the press and remained a little-known fact for the journalistic community. For instance, almost 67 per cent of journalists questioned had no idea of such amendments8. Five new articles were added to the existing thirty articles. Above all, a reference appeared to prohibit monopoly and unfair competition among the media. No one has the right to own more than 25 per cent of a medium, coming out on the nationwide or local information market. True, many questions arose about calculation of the percentage. If for instance 50 newspapers with circulation of 2,000 each are issued in a region, while one newspaper has a circulation of 100,000 copies, should its 50 per cent share in the regional market be treated as a monopoly? Another example: if the state is a founder of 90 per cent of publications (via departments, local administration or enterprises with state participation), can this be treated as monopoly? What if the private sector owns 70 per cent of all regional newspapers that are loss-making and have a circulation below 20 per cent of the total volume of published or distributed newspapers, how is a monopoly position to be determined in this case? What about a newspaper that is the only one in a region and therefore accounts for 100 per cent of the regional market? The law offers no clear provisions for such cases. Furthermore, the Mass Media Law stipulates what is included into founding documents (Art. 11-1), introduces articles concerning agree- ment between the founder and the editorial board (Art. 11-2), rights and obligations of the founder (Art. 11-3) and terms of termination (Art. 11-4). The previous edition of the law did not contain such provisions. Meanwhile, every law in some way related to mass media contains provisions reproduced from other laws, including the Constitution. For instance, the laws on the media (Art. 4), on safeguards for journalists’ professional activities (Art. 4), on principles and guarantees of freedom of information (Art. 8), on publishing (Art. 3) and the Constitution (Art. 67) refer to prohibition of censorship, although in fact the existence of these 8 Express survey carried out by Asia-Monitor Centre in December 2003.

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provisions for 12 years posed no obstacles to the government agency UzLit to engage in censorship. Such reiterations suggest that these articles are repeated within “minor” laws largely for the sake of image-building since there is no confidence even in the Fundamental Law. Paradoxically, Art. 11-3 of the Mass Media Law stipulates that the founder “shall not be entitled to censorship ... unless otherwise provided by the Articles of Incorporation or the Charter”. In other words, censorship has been pushed down to a lower level, to the founders, where it will not be treated as contrary to law. Article 6 of the Mass Media Law and Article 4 of the Law on Pub- lishing do not allow using the press for calls to illegal acts, in particular, forcible change of the state system, war-mongering, racial intolerance or disclosure of state secrets (this is also referred to in the Criminal Code but in more severe terms as such actions are treated as punishable offences). However, it is the state that is responsible for the protection of state secrets while a journalist having no security clearance cannot know whether given information is a state secret. Thereby the blame for the inability of a person or an agency to keep secrets should not be shifted on the press. Worthy of note is the issue of a journalist’s legal status. The Mass Media Law (Art. 8) contains a regulation on editorial staff, and the Law on Journalists’ Professional Activities (Art. 3) states that “the journalist is a person employed by a mass information medium or working for it on a contractual basis and engaged in gathering, analysing and distributing information”. However, in Uzbekistan there are also free-lance journal- ists who are neither employed nor working on a contractual basis for any editorial office. They work on their own behalf and sell their product to interested publications. But this situation is not referred to in the laws. Article 11 prohibits founding of mass media by legal entities if their charter capital involves more than 30 per cent of foreign capital. The law provides no grounds for this specific limit. Why should it be 30 per cent, why not 20 per cent or 50 per cent, and in what way is foreign investment inferior to domestic investment? What is the essence of such discrimination? To what extent does this treatment conform with the 54  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I laws and with government regulations on foreign investment safeguards in Uzbekistan? There is another apparent contradiction to the Constitution. Corpo- rations and individuals in Uzbekistan have the right to found a mass medium under Art. 11 of the Mass Media Law, but according to Art. 15 registration can be denied on the grounds of a founder being located outside the republic. What is implied here are apparently residents and non-residents but no explicit reference to them is given. At the same time the Constitution in Art. 18 states that all citizens enjoy the same rights and freedoms and are equal before the law without discrimination, in particular irrespective of their location. Members of Parliament seem to have overlooked this stipulation. CHANGES IN THE MASS MEDIA LICENSING SYSTEM. The Uzbekistan Government by its Resolution No. 418 of 30 September 2003 approved a Regulation on the Procedure for Mass Media Registration. The Uzbek Press and Information Agency (former State Committee for the Press and Publishing) was tasked with making by the end of the year an inventory of mass media founding documents, bringing them in line with the current law and re-registering those media whose founding docu- ments were substantially amended. The Cabinet established that supplements to printed publications identifiable as mass media are subject to separate registration in a legally established manner. According to this Regulation, mass information implies printed, audio, audio-visual and other communications and materials intended for an unlimited number of people. Treated as mass media are newspapers, journals, magazines and bulletins and supplements to them, news agen- cies, television (cable and over-the-air-and-cable) and radio broadcasting, documentary films, electronic information communication, as well as government, non-government and other mass periodicals that have a permanent name. However, it is not explained what is implied by electronic informa- tion communication. If it is the Internet, then this would mean mandatory registration of web-sites not only with the Informatization Agency but 55 Alisher Taksanov

also with the Press Agency. Can one’s personal e-mail – visual messages to an unlimited number of people (see the definition of mass information) – now be treated as a mass medium? This question remains unanswered but any Uzbek bureaucrat is able relying on this logic to request personal e-mail box owners to obtain registration with a relevant government agency. This is likely to result in many people having their e-mail on foreign portals that cannot be closed by Uzbek authorities. The same is true in the case of sites hosted outside the .uz domain zone. Incidentally, the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the Mass Media does not mention “electronic information communication” as a mass medium, so this seems to be the Government’s “innovation”. Advertising mass media are defined as publications in which ads account for over 40 per cent of a separate issue and in the case of TV and radio broadcasting, 10 per cent of each broadcast. The Regulation confirms the right of corporations and individuals to engage in producing (publishing) mass media upon official registration and issuance of a pertinent certificate. In addition, registration fees are payable for: • periodicals – 25 legally established minimum monthly wages; • mass media for children, teenagers and disabled persons, and of educational and cultural-educational nature – 5 minimum monthly wages; • news agencies, radio and television broadcasts, and documentary films – 30 minimum monthly wages; • advertising mass media – 50 minimum monthly wages; • other kinds of mass media – 45 minimum monthly wages. Issuance of certificates accounts for 70 per cent of the amount of registration fees. Re-registration is carried out as a result of change of the founder, name, language, address, objectives, target reader (viewer, listener) group, frequency, volume, sources of material supplies and funding. This position makes one wonder: if a newspaper was previously oriented towards business people and entrepreneurs and then decided to become readable by civil servants, housewives and students, is this a 56  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I reason for re-registration? Or if it was a weekly with a circulation of 3,000 copies and then began to come out twice a week with a circulation of 5,000, this may also be a reason for re-registration. Many questions arise in connection with material supplies and funding. If a newspaper obtained a grant from international funds to purchase office and other equipment and decided to earn some income from advertising and public relations activities, now it must hasten to the Press Agency and pay 50 per cent of the proceeds as fees. Here “commercial benefits” to registering agencies is obvious as 50 per cent of revenues from the fees go to their account and the rest to the state budget. And, finally, if within six months from the date of registration cer- tificate issuance the founder or the editorial office failed to publish a single issue (programme) then their certificate turns into just a slip of paper. A newspaper or programme fail for various reasons (poor quality of printing, increase of paper prices, no electricity supply to a TV sta- tion, financial audits conducted by the tax office, etc.) but why is it the grounds for cancelling registration? And can it be treated as closing down of a mass communication medium? Please note that closing down (unless by the founders themselves) can be enforced, according to the Decree of President Islam Karimov of 4 July 2002, by a court ruling only (the Law still contains a provision for closing down by decision of the registering agency). Or is it a way to force the founders to re-register? In this case the “commercial” interest is absolutely obvious. LICENSING OF PUBLISHERS. The Regulation on Licensing of Publishing Activities and members of the Cabinet commission of pub- lishers’ licensing were approved by Uzbekistan Government Resolution No. 275 of 11 June 2004. Licence is not required for government agencies, courts or public prosecutor’s office for publication of official material, collections of stat- utory acts and other documents. Enterprises, organizations, educational establishments and research institutions that publish material required for their activities and not intended for distribution among the public also may do this without a licence.

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Granting or revocation of licenses or their termination are to be submitted for consideration by the commission through its operating body, the Uzbek Press and Information Agency that is known for its conservative approaches and disapproving attitude to independent and free publications (regrettably absent in Uzbekistan). A working group is set up at the agency for consideration, preparation and presentation of material to a commission meeting. The commission consists of nine members, including a Government vice-premier as chair and the director general of the Uzbekistan Press and Information Agency as deputy chair, as well as three deputy minis- ters – of justice, finance and economy and three first deputy chairmen of the anti-trust state committee and tax administration, director of the Shark publishing and printing joint-stock company and a Cabinet officer. In other words, overall representation of bureaucracy and not a single representative of non-government or public organizations related to the media. Surprisingly, the commission includes a representative of the Shark company which, according to some experts, is a monopolist in the sphere and would hardly welcome new rivals on the printing market. Moreover, the commission is headed by Alisher Azizkhojdayev who is responsible for ideological aspects in the Government and is known for his far from tolerant attitude to mass media taking an independent stand. Small wonder that obtaining a licence in such circumstances is a very difficult task, especially for those seeking freedom of action. The regulation stipulates that legal entities can apply for a licence to be issued for a term of five years. The term may be reduced at the applicant’s request. Licence terms and conditions include mandatory compliance with laws, technical standards and other requirements in the sphere of pub- lishing, which is absolutely natural and understandable. Licence hold- ers are prohibited from publishing and distributing products that can be used in propaganda of war, change of regime, undermining security and socio-political stability or legal and cultural foundations of soci- ety. However, war propaganda may use a peaceful technical reference handbook on Kalashnikov design or a nuclear physics textbook, i.e. 58  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I the above, rather amorphous definition can be applied by bureaucrats as they please. At the same time, the provision concerning “dissemination of mislead- ing information about Uzbekistan and misrepresentation of its historical, cultural and spiritual values” seems ridiculous. After all, this allows the bureaucrats to ban any publication that offers interpretation of events in any way different from official reports. More than that, this undermines the principle of political pluralism and freedom of thought. In addition, no science-based approach to the study of history and spiritual values can be applied unless it is in line with the so-called independent statehood ideology. For instance, one may well be persecuted for misrepresentation of spiritual values in a feature telling that in the history of feudal society there existed the institute of bachi (homosexual relations), self-immola- tion of women (this is against the Uzbek tradition), domestic violence (revolting slander of family as a “social unit”) and many other things. Tabooed at the moment is the period when Uzbekistan was within the USSR, as well as the life and work of many communist party and Soviet government figures. Should publication of information provided by an independent non- government entity about the April 2004 events in Tashkent and Bukhara be treated as “undermining civil peace” if it differs from the official perspective? Will a feature reporting corruption in the highest bodies of power and arbitrary behaviour of the punitive agencies be treated as nothing but “undermining security and socio-political stability in the country”? There are many questions which would hardly be addressed by the current government without bias. The Regulation specifies that licence holders must have an appropriate material and technical base, equipment and other tools and work along the lines specified in the licence. They should ensure reliable security of the premises, equipment and expendables and comply with preventive fire-fighting regulations, sanitary and health protection norms and labour safety rules. A legal entity’s staff should include at least one employee having higher or secondary training in the field and no less than three- year expertise in publishing. 59 Alisher Taksanov

In order to obtain a licence the applicant should submit documents, including information on specific lines of activities and source of financ- ing, availability of a proper material and technical base, payment of application fees, and a state registration certificate. The fee is charged in the amount of five minimum monthly wages9 payable to the agency’s bank account. In case of the application being rejected the fee is not returned. The state duty for licence issuance is charged in the amount of 10 minimum monthly wages to be payable to the state budget. Publishers specializing in children’s and scientific and technical literature, regula- tory reference books and products for disabled persons pay 50 per cent of the set amount. A positive or negative decision should be passed within no more than 30 days from the date of application. A working group examines the documents within 15 days, develops its expert opinion and submits a draft resolution to the commission. The latter examines working group proposals within the remaining 15 days and approves the resolution. The applicant is entitled to appeal against dismissal of licence in a legally established manner. A licence should be renewed if the licence holder’s organizational and legal status or name or location is changed. The fee in this case and also for issuance of duplicate documents is charged in the amount of 2.5 minimum monthly wages. An application for licence extension should be filed no less than two months prior to its expiry. The Agency has the right to monitor the licence holder’s activities, conduct inspections, request and obtain any information it may require. It also compiles inspection certificates, takes measures in case of breaches, initiates licence revocation before the commission and transfers “licence infringement cases” to law enforcement bodies. Given the ideological thrust of such inspections all those found “guilty” will not escape punish- ment. A licence may be suspended, terminated or revoked under Articles 22, 23 and 24 of the Law on Licensing of Certain Activities. If in the course of court proceedings such a decision is found to be ungrounded 9 As of 15 June 2004, the minimum monthly wage was set at 5,440 Soms, $1 = 1,016.98 Soms, since 1 August it was raised to 6,530 Soms, $1 = 1,022.35 Soms.

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I then the agency shall be obliged to reimburse damages incurred by the licence holder. Information set out in the licence register is available to the public but with fee-based (2.5 minimum monthly wages) access, however, it is provided free of charge to the authorities. Such information should be made available within no more than three days. The government regulation applies to the publishers’ legal activities. According to official statistics for 20 June 2004, out of 915 printshops registered in Uzbekistan, 120 belong to ministries, departments and local administrations, 50 to research institutes and establishments of higher learning, and the rest to joint ventures, production facilities, editorial offices, computer firms, etc. The bulk of printshops are in the non-state sector. There are 58 publishing houses of which 13 are located in the regions and all the rest in Tashkent10. However, in the absence of legal opposition across the political sys- tem, of free press and of independent judicial power, there cannot be any publishers printing anything differing from the current regime’s policies. Thereby this provision will not facilitate democratization of society and even less so of the information environment. It will set just another bar- rier to independent periodicals and mass media. THE PRESS AGENCY IMPROVING ITS STRUCTURE. The total number of the Uzbek Press and Information Agency (UzAPI) cen- tral staff is to be within the limit of 64 officers, including a 51-strong management staff. This is specified in the Cabinet Resolution on Fur- ther Improvements in the Activities of the Uzbek Press and Information Agency of 11 June 2004. The overall personnel ceiling for the UzAPI regional offices is set at 144, of them 113 are the management staff (including 73 working on a cost-accounting basis and 40 budget financed employees). The Government approved the proposed organizational structure and the UzAPI Regulation, and also accepted proposals from ministries and departments on the establishment of publishing-and-printing creative 10 According to the Uzbek Press and Information Agency.

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houses. The state publishing house of scientific literature, Uzbekiston Millii Entsiklopediyasi, will be joined by the A. Kodirii and the Abu Ali ibn Sino Publishing Houses, and the Agency will also be in charge of the Society for the Blind Printing House. The structure of the Mass Media Monitoring and Licensing Centre with a staff of 18 persons was approved. According to the Regulation, UzAPI is an agency of state administra- tion authorized to address the tasks of formulation and implementation of state policies in the sphere of mass information, information exchange, the press, publishing, printing and distribution of periodicals. While logistics and salaries are provided to the Agency from the deductions by subordinate organizations, the Monitoring Centre is financed out of the state budget. UzAPI is responsible for monitoring the observance of mass media’s constitutional right to independent activities, as well as of relevant laws, and guarantees of freedom of speech and the press. The Agency is to promote the development of mass media, publishing and printing for the maximum satisfaction of the public’s requirements for information, rais- ing the educational, moral and cultural level of the population, above all the young generation, in the spirit of national independence. However, the Constitution of Uzbekistan bans any ideology being adopted as the ideology of the state. But nothing is said about the place of the national independence idea within the Constitution framework. Does the government resolution provide any legal and political definition of this “idea”? Certainly not, but this does not bother the bureaucrats. The tasks include in particular pursuance of the state policy in the press, monitoring of mass media’s compliance with current laws, safeguarding rights and interests of individuals and corporations in the sphere of pro- duction, distribution and use of information. The Government authorized UzAPI to grant licences and to perform registration, standardization and certification of the above activities, to create equal conditions for informa- tion market participants and ensure modernization of the industry. The ability of the Agency to secure citizens’ right of access to infor- mation seems doubtable. In particular, the Internet being beyond control 62  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I of UzAPI, secret services of Uzbekistan find no problem in inhibiting some web-sites. It is well known that restrictions can be imposed on distribution, obtaining and use of information only by a court ruling. But no national court has ever found a portal in the World Wide Web to be in conflict with law which implies that legal grounds for such restrictions do not exist. Meanwhile, the Government forbids the Agency to engage in censor- ship and editing, as well as unjustified interference into the activities of mass media “in any other form”. At the same time it is entitled to issue orders that are binding on corporations and individuals, governmental authorities and economic agents. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between “what can” and “what cannot be done” as the concepts them- selves are vague enough. This will certainly lead to abuses and pressur- izing of disobedient mass media. The UzAPI director general ranks as a minister. A panel is formed within the Agency consisting of 7 members to be approved by the Govern- ment. The Agency thereby retains its ministerial status while the public has no impact on the information environment. THE AUTHORS MAY EXPECT THEIR RIGHTS TO BE PRO- TECTED. The Regulation on the Uzbek Republican Copyright Agency (UzAAP) was approved by the Government Resolution on Improvements in the Activities of the Uzbek Republican Copyright Agency of 16 June 2004. The document was intended to improve the system of government authorities and provide copyright protection. The Agency is a state administration body specially authorized to address tasks in the sphere of copyright and allied rights protection. Its logistics support and salaries are financed out of fees received for collecting funds for creative unions and from other sources. The Agency is in charge of unified state policies in the sphere of copyright and allied rights, implementation and protection of the authors’ property rights, successors and other copyright holders. It also should register works of science, literature and art, as well as authors of these works, and keep records of legal entities and individuals using the objects 63 Alisher Taksanov

of copyright and allied rights within the republic. UzAAP is also respon- sible for representing their lawful interests abroad and for international cooperation in the sphere. For this purpose the Agency examines foreign laws and regulations and develops proposals to the government concerning improvement of copyright and neighbouring rights, works to prevent infringement on and to restore such rights, ensures fulfilment of Uzbekistan’s obligations under international agreements, etc. In performing its duties UzAAP requests and obtains necessary information, documents and material from government agencies, pub- lic associations, enterprises and officials, and work together with law enforcement agencies to prevent copyright infringement. The Agency is entitled to represent copyright holders’ interests in court, to issue expert opinions, act as an intermediary in making of contracts between authors and copyright object users. Statutory acts passed by it are binding on all government authorities and economic agents, whatever their form of ownership, and on individuals. The Government has also approved the organizational structure of UzAAP with a staff of 17 employees, including 10-strong managerial personnel, 4 of operational and 3 of supporting personnel. The director general of the Agency ranks as a first deputy minister. According to government experts’ estimates, the overall volume of infringing video and audio-products in Uzbekistan reaches 5 to 7 billion Soms a year which includes both locally made and imported produce11. Licensed software products account for no more than 10 per cent of the official market turnover. The national mass media, especially yellow press, use in most cases features reproduced from the Internet or other information media without permission of their authors, copyright holders or their successors. THE MINISTRY OF CULTURE RETAINS THE RIGHT OF CENSORING IMPORTED AND EXPORTED PUBLICATIONS. On 9 June 2004, the Uzbekistan Cabinet of Ministers issued a Resolution 11 Unofficial information.

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I on Organization of Activities of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Uzbekistan, according to which the ministry is in charge of “pursuing state policies in the sphere of culture, revival and further development on the basis of national independence ideas of ages-old spiritual values, traditions and customs, and rich cultural heritage of the people”. Nonetheless, there is still no precise definition of the “national inde- pendence idea” except for philosophisms of some politicians and the current regime’s ideologists. Moreover, the Constitution of Uzbekistan prohibits any ideology/idea being proclaimed as the state ideology. But this does not bother the Government as it defines as one of its basic tasks to “conduct cultural education work with the population on the basis of the idea of national independence, cultural, spiritual and moral traditions of the people of Uzbekistan…”. It is an open secret that the late 1990s and early 2000s witnessed a purge of literature “inconsistent” with that idea. As a result books pub- lished prior to 1993 were destroyed which included masterpieces of world literature, such as books by Alexander Pushkin, Nikolai Nosov, Prosper Mérimée, Honoré de Balzac, Alexei Tolstoy, Maxim Gorky, Charles Perrault and many others. How can such national independence idea be described as progressive? Is not it reminiscent of the national-socialist idea entertained in Germany in the early 1930s? They also began with “clearing” people through burning books and propagating the exclusive significance of national independence... The responsibilities of the Ministry of Culture include “creation in museums of displays consonant with national independence ideas and faithfully representing the Uzbek people’s rich heritage”. Indeed, the museums tell nothing about the bloody acts of Emir Timur, his aggressive campaigns. Nor that Uzbekistan was established as a republic exactly 80 years ago thanks to the now hateful Bolsheviks. Nothing is said about the positive influence of Russia on the economy and social sphere in Turkestan because it was an imperial policy. What is most important, the Ministry of Culture retains the right to take decisions on the import and export of cultural values (printed mat- ter included) and their expert evaluation. Such evaluation made by art 65 Alisher Taksanov

critics, rather than political analysts, historians or economists, found the English-and-Russian-language Swedish journal Central Asia and Cauca- sus that is kept in bonded storage as inconsistent with the above national independence idea. In particular, on 17 September a representative of the journal was given Report of the Expert Evaluation Office No. 101 of 14 September 2001 reading: “Pursuant to Article 15 of the Republic of Uzbekistan Law on the Import and Export of Cultural Values, the Journal of Social and Political Studies Central Asia and Caucasus, No. 4 (16), 2001, in Russian and the Journal of Social and Political Studies Central Asia and Caucasus, No. 4 (10), 2001, in English shall not be imported into the Republic of Uzbekistan”. As G.I. Akbarova, head, expert evalu- ation department; D.F. Umarbekov, chief expert; M.Kh. Tajidinov, head, inspection department; F.B. Ruzikulov and N. Rakhimov, chief inspec- tors, stated, “the facts are obviously distorted, are treated by the authors as they deem fit, misrepresenting actual realities, and are not promoting the interethnic and interdenominational concord reached in the Republic of Uzbekistan” (quoted from the document). In conditions of political pluralism such conception as “treated by the authors as they deem fit” simply cannot exist because any researcher has the right to set forth one’s version (hypothesis or opinion) in any form the author deems fit. But art critics lacking relevant training conducted expert evaluation of a political journal and banned it for Uzbekistan. Currently many Russian, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyz publications are banned for import to Uzbekistan. They also fail customs control for ideo- logical reasons. A volume of Vladimir Lenin was withdrawn as “illegal press” from an off-loaded passenger at the Tashkent airport. Customs officers warned that books by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are banned for import, however, the Government has no objections to the books by Nietzsche whose ideas guided Adolf Hitler; at any rate, the customs officer did not find this author on the prohibition list. The Ministry of Culture “shall run the state register of objects of cul- tural heritage, make arrangements for and conduct historical and cultural expert evaluation thereof”, as well as “shall determine classification of cultural values”. According to the register, books and the encyclopedia 66  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I published before 1961 are the property of Uzbekistan whatever their form of ownership. As a result, people going abroad can take with them, say, a book published in 1932 only by permission from the Ministry of Culture and only on the “temporary exportation” terms. Those who are leaving the country for permanent residence abroad cannot take with them any books inherited or bought by them. But the Ministry does not seem to care much about the fact that this is against the property inviolability principle. As a result, people in despair burn or junk the “cultural heritage” of the Uzbek people which, however, hardly troubles the ministry with its dog-in-the-manger attitude. The cultural ministry’s experts determine the “value” of paintings, films, video- and audio-products in terms of the national independence idea. Information media (tape cassettes, CDs and videocassettes) can be taken out of the country if they do not contain any information represent- ing the republic in an unfavourable light as this would be inconsistent with the national independence idea. Reports on corruption and poverty widespread in the country, the drying-up Aral Sea or biological weapons laboratory on the Svobodny Isle – all this falls under “export bans”. To sum up, the Ministry of Culture can be safely described as an agency responsible for political culture and punitive operations against the dissenters.

Part 3. INFORMATION MARKET EXPANDING IN UZBEKISTAN EVENTS. In October 2003 a two-day First Specialized State Exhi- bition, Info-Business 2003, representing information producers and distributors was held in Tashkent. It was organized by the Manufacturers and Entrepreneurs Chamber of Uzbekistan (PTPU), Zakovat, a public foundation for information support to business, and the state commercial and exhibition centre UzExpoCentre. The exhibition was held by decision of the Co-ordinating Council for the Promotion of Small Business and Private Enterprise, an agency under the Uzbek Government responsible for the study and resolution of the private sector problems. As the editor-in-chief of the Tax and Cus- 67 Alisher Taksanov

toms News newspaper Mikhail Perper said at the opening ceremony, its main objective was to let business people have a first-hand impression of the role of information in business capacity building, to help them establish partnership contacts with top professionals operating on the information market, and enhance their competitiveness in the domestic marketplace. “This specialized exhibition is fundamentally different from all exhi- bitions previously held in Uzbekistan as even at the preparatory stage a large-scale advertising campaign was launched aimed at introducing its participants beforehand and thereby to stir up potential partners’ interest”, said Erkin Urinov, first deputy chairman of PTPU. “Within the framework of the exhibition itself every participant will be able to arrange a mini- presentation of his products and services or a special workshop.” More than 60 Uzbek firms distributing information required by busi- ness and representing small and medium businesses, as well as interna- tional sponsors of information projects took part in Info-Business 2003, among them producers of legal-information, reference and address data- bases, accounting programmes, information and advertising catalogues, and telephone directories. Consulting, business advice and legal support firms also displayed their products. In addition, advertising agencies, banks and insurance companies, distributors of software, computers, duplicators and other information processing equipment, and Internet providers took part in the exhibition. Worthy of note are some of them, such as newspapers: Private Prop- erty – Mening mulkim, Uzbekistan Business Partner – Hamkor, Banking Bulletin – Bank akhborotnomasi, and Orient Business Herald, journals and magazines: Market, Money, Credit – Bozor, pul va kredit, Business Courier, and advertising and information directory Golden Pages; press distributors Alexander Market, BTL, and Master-Press; information product companies, including Nuron among others. Within the exhibition framework information and consultation semi- nars were held on taxation policies for 2004, problems and prospects of foreign economic relations liberalization, tax management planning, business plan development, and borrowings. Particular attention was 68  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I given to the transition to a new chart of accounts, exercise of audited economic agent’s rights and responsibilities, protection of entrepreneurs’ rights, and effective promotional campaigns. From 7 to 10 September 2004, four-day exhibitions, O’ZBEKinPRINT (printing, publishing and advertising) and O’ZUPACK-2004 (wrappings, packages and labels) were held at the UzExpoCentre commercial and exhibition centre in Tashkent. These were organized by an Uzbek-Russian joint venture, PolRos, and the SurPress firm with official support provided by the Uzbek agencies for the press and information and for foreign economic relations, and the Rus- sian embassy. More than 30 Uzbek and 20 foreign companies displayed equipment, materials and technology in basic sectors of publishing and printing. Put on display were the latest printing machines, binding and label-making equipment, copiers, office equipment and packing units. Also represented at the exhibitions were a wide range of screen printing, flexographic and offset printing machines, design, text and illustration processing facilities. The participants in the exhibition included the Uzbek state produc- tion association Davlat Belgisi, Russian private companies, Itrako and Vneshmaltigraf, the British Yam International, to name but a few. At the same time, as was noted by an Uzbek publishing house employee attending the exhibitions, with all the equipment displayed the quality of printing products is still inferior to similar western products, Russian in particular. “The books printed there and here differ like chalk from cheese”, he said. Hopefully, such events would help improve the quality of Uzbek printed products . SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEYS. Uzbek businessmen name mass media as the principal source of information on latest changes in Uzbek laws: in 2002 this was indicated by 37 per cent of the respondents, while in 2001 the figure was 38 per cent. This result was obtained by International Financial Corporation experts who conducted a survey among 2,000 private companies in Uzbekistan and issued a report, Business Environment in the Eyes of Small and Medium Business. 69 Alisher Taksanov

It should be noted that this is a good result as only 12 per cent of the respondents named the authorities as a source of information. Profes- sional associations were named by 9 per cent (5 per cent in 2001), law firms by 6 per cent (7 per cent), and the Law electronic system by 3 per cent (6 per cent). At the same time, 33 per cent believe that their friends and colleagues are also a reliable source of information, while according to IFC experts, “in many cases these sources may offer just a general idea of a document’s main point”. As the media in Uzbekistan do not always cover actual legal problems business people, understandably, betray poor legal literacy. In 2003, 76 per cent of entrepreneurs spoke of their fragmentary knowledge of laws regulating their activities. This is a particularly serious problem with small and microbusinesses. The Internet is also a source of necessary information although it is used by a mere 5 per cent of small and medium business respondents. In 2002 World Wide Web users included 35 per cent that were looking for information on local market partners (against 10 per cent in 2001) and 35 per cent using e-mail for business correspondence (7 per cent). At the same time, the search for goods and services offered on the local market grew from 15 per cent to 35 per cent; for information on laws and regulations increased from 10 per cent up to 28 per cent; for market analysis, from 10 per cent to 24 per cent; and for news, from 15 per cent to 21 per cent. As regards Internet search for information on goods and services offered on foreign markets, here an upward trend is also observed: from 10 per cent to 20 per cent; from 9 per cent to 20 per cent in search for partners; and from 7 per cent up to 17 per cent for external market analysis. PRESS ECONOMICS. In 2003, 111 facilities within the Press and Information Agency system were privatized, which accounts for 7.3 per cent of the overall volume of denationalization effected by ministries and departments12. From January to November 2003, the printing industry of Uzbekistan earned a profit of 2,983 billion Soms, or 35.4 per cent of the 2002 level. 12 Socio-Economic Development Results in the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2003, Tashkent, State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan, p. 29.

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I It should be noted that in 2002 the industry’s profit was 139.9 per cent up on 2001. Overdue accounts receivable of the printing industry amounted to 562.5 million Soms, including 561.5 million due from customers and buyers and 1.0 million in advance payments. Overdue accounts payable made 591.3 million Soms, with almost 100 per cent debt payable to suppliers. INVESTMENT. According to the investment programme for 2004 approved by the Uzbekistan Government, capital investment earmarks for mass media monitoring equipment were approved by the Uzbekistan Government in the amount of 500 million Soms. The equipment will be supplied to the Press and Information Agency and used for state manage- ment in the sphere of mass media activities. In addition, government financing will be provided for the reconstruc- tion and fitting out of TV and radio broadcast facilities in the amount of 500 million Soms to improve the coverage and quality of TV and radio broadcasting across the republic. Another 500 million Soms, earmarked for the reconstruction of the Tashkent TV tower, special accident recovery management and Information Technologies Centre, will be provided to the Uzbek Communications and Information Agency. BFE AG, Bayerische Hipo and Vereins Bank (Germany) provided US$122.4 million for technical upgrading of the Uzbekistan TV and Radio Company system. According to experts, the balance of accounts as of 1 January 2004 will be US$45.44 million with US$2.9 million to be used during 2004. The Japanese International Cooperation Bank has earlier provided US$89.3 million for the development of Uzbekistan’s telecom network of which US$46.8 million is planned to be used in 2004. The US corpora- tion Belam Inc. and the Bank of New York provided US$5.2 million for the upgrading and development of the National Data Communications Network, of which US$1.6 million will be used in the next year. This will improve the Internet and e-mail use system. The German KvB Bank provided US$6.3 financing for the delivery of equipment, assembly, setup and putting in operation of a radio-frequency spectrum technical control system. According to experts, this would facilitate regulation of Uzbek 71 Alisher Taksanov

electronic media operation and relay broadcasts from other countries. In the sphere of publishing, loans and investment are also provided by the Government and by international donors. In particular, the Ministry of Public Education received US$19.20 million from the Asian Bank of Development for the improvement of the textbook and educational literature publishing system at the first stage and US$20 million at the second stage. In 2003 German-made Starline-30 four-colour offset machines with a capacity of 20,000 to 30,000 copies of books, newspapers or magazines per hour were installed at the Tashkent printing combine. A KBA Rapida machine printing high-quality maps and atlases for schools, organizations and institutions was put into operation at the Cartography production association. INTERNET. The number of operators and providers in Uzbekistan has grown by 137.8 per cent since 2002 to reach 187. During the same period the number of Internet users almost doubled, or grew by more than 500,000, with growth rates being 219 per cent in the capital city, 290 per cent in Samarkand Region, and 243 per cent in Kashkadarya. The num- ber of licence holders in data transmission network design, construction, operation and rendering of services was reported to increase 2.2 times in 2003, and by 1 January 2004 reached 278, with 183 of them rendering Internet services via multi-access points. The bulk of licence holders are concentrated in Tashkent (76.3 per cent) and major regional centres. Direct access to international information networks is provided by 10 data transmission operators. International channel bandwidth increased 1.8 times at an access speed of 32.8 Mbit/sec. The Republic of Uzbekistan government portal “gov.uz” was launched as the first stage in the establishment of interaction between the authori- ties and citizens through the Internet, i.e. a step towards the creation of the so-called electronic government. Connected to the Internet are 468 government agencies, or 163.8 per cent more than in 2002. The process of national information resources formation was going on; for instance, by 1 January 2004, 2,563 web-sites were registered in the “.uz” domain (as against 576 in 2002). 72  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I On 9 August 2004 a regulation on the procedure for Internet access provision at public Internet access facilities, drawn up by the Uzbek Com- munications and Information Agency (UzASI), came into force. The document regulates relationships between Internet services pro- viders and users, formulates requirements to public access facilities and the procedure for Internet services provision. A World Wide Web access provider should obtain official registration and formalize authorizing documents. Telecommunication equipment should be supplied with a conformity certificate. In provision of such services gathering, collecting, processing and distribution of any information infringing on personal privacy, secrecy of correspondence or other messages from an individual without permis- sion is not allowed, as well as of information distribution of which is prohibited by current legislation. The Regulation establishes the rights and obligations of Internet services providers and users. However, the document says nothing about web-site censorship which has been prac- tised in Uzbekistan for many years.

Part 4. MONITORING OF MALPRACTICES IN THE SPHERE OF MASS COMMUNICATION Freedom of speech monitoring in Uzbekistan, as well as control over the media activities is exercised by several organizations, both govern- ment agencies (the Press and Information Agency and the National Secu- rity Service) and non-government organizations including the Freedom of Speech Committee of Inera Safargaliyeva. The latter’s reports are available on its regularly updated web-site: www.freeuz.org. Surveys are also conducted by Internews, an international organiza- tion, experts with their findings published in the Internet on a monthly basis (see Table No. 3). Some 60 violations are recorded every month on the average.

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Table No. 3 Freedom of speech violation monitoring in Uzbekistan conducted by the Internews NGO for 200413

Month Total Actual Information Conflicts violations situation of on direct and charges mass media violations of brought in the political mass media against mass climate and journalists’ media and context rights journalists March 51 14 34 3 April 74 20 47 7 May 45 10 31 4 July 66 23 37 6

Table No. 4 shows that Uzbek journalists are above all exposed to the media being rejecting information in fear of repressions in business, private life, place of residence, etc. This reason is followed by “unwill- ingness to stir up public opinion”, i.e. it is feared that certain information can be harmful to society, above all, to the authorities which were unable or reluctant to make any transformations. A majority of the respondents also said that sometimes they were simply denied information without explanation of reasons.

13 Based on reports sent by Internews experts by e-mail.

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I Table No. 4 Reasons for denial of information (percentage of the total number of respondents)

Explanation Uzbekistan14 Russia15 2003 2004 1997 This is classified information 20 24 49.3 The chief forbids to disclose 40 52 23.2 information Lack of time, intention or means 60 41 17.4 to search for information Requested information in not 52 39 13.0 available No explanation at all 71 77 12.7 Information is incomplete 56 28 8.5 Likelihood of misrepresentation 40 36 8.5 or misuse of information Reluctance to deal with a given 10 22 8.3 mass medium Unwillingness to stir up public 62 70 5.8 opinion Fear of having personal problems 80 79 4.3 A journalist’s refusal to pay for 8 15 2.9 information

However, a prevalent trend in Russia was denial of information because it is classified or because the chief forbids dealing with journalists. Speaking of censorship, it is self-censorship that is a widespread practice in Uzbekistan which implies that journalists themselves would not publish the facts that may have negative implications for them, their employer, family, political party or any group, society or the state. 14 The respondents – one hundred mass media people – could select more than one answer. 15 A Journalist in Search of Information. Glasnost Protection Foundation/Rights of the Press Protection Centre, Human Rights, Moscow, 1997, p. 7.

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On the other hand, the authorities or a group of persons may apply special methods of encouraging mass media self-censorship. This is, for instance, the carrot-and-stick approach where the “carrots” offered to journalists are as follows: • promotion, higher royalties or salary; • trips abroad, special status; • personal benefits (paid holiday trip, air ticket, service vehicle) and awards (prizes, medals and orders, diplomas, etc.); • accreditation and access to exclusive events. Viewed as “sticks” may be: • denial of accreditation or other barriers in Uzbekistan; • various technical obstacles to mass media operations (higher rates and prices for printing, paper, lease of premises, electricity, difficulties with distribution of publications, etc.); • threatening with inspections intended to reveal even minor violations by the prosecutor’s office, tax inspectorate, sanitary and epidemiologi- cal station, electricity supply and fire control services, and others; • information blockade, intimidation of partners. It should be noted that “sticks” and “carrots” could be cited infinitely each of them working in a certain situation. This implies not just the eco- nomic situation of the publisher but also the mentality of its employees, of the local population, political impact of various groups and position of the authorities. INTERNET remains a sphere where censorship is most graphically manifested. Ever more technically sophisticated methods are applied by secret services in an attempt to get Internet under total control. It is not just some features on web-sites or the sites themselves being cut off. If you try Kazakhstan’s Navigator or Republic retrieval system, then “For- bidden” will appear. In some cases your computer would say it cannot “find” the server you are looking for, in others it would make some odd errors. Then some information retrieval system will appear but it won’t work if you try to reach any Uzbek opposition sites. Some features are cut off in such a way that a home page would appear instead. Some time ago the UzSaiNet provider managed to hide 76  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I certain features on a popular CentreAsia site: they could not be found in the News but would “unexpectedly” appear if you chose Discussion. The programmers were forced to use this kind of tricks. As information hardly can be continuously and completely withheld, secret services opted for simply blocking data, but in a very sophisticated and effective manner: now they are “withholding” time. As I compared CentreAsia information I got through the provider ARS-Inform and from a special, block evading site (www.proxeone. com), I found there was a twelve hour difference in time!!! For instance, whereas the unblocked site on 28 May 2004 showed the following time and information: 14:56 – Kazakhstan’s officials are embarrassed. What should they do about Russians having arrived from Uzbekistan as oralmans. The filtered site showed at that very moment, with a huge time gap: 02:17 – Monarch’s Friend Nursultan. Did Nazarbayev taste Prince Felipe’s wedding-cake? During the time gap secret service censors are able to read and analyse information and give instructions on blocking a certain feature. VIOLATIONS BY PERIODICALS. Some national periodicals based in Tashkent reject notices and advertisements of private persons if they are not citizens of Uzbekistan or do not have a capital-city registra- tion certificate16. For instance, a staff member of the Private Sector supplement to the PressTIZh weekly who is responsible for accepting notices for publica- tion referred to a Regulation on Placement of Advertisements approved by Resolution No. 4 of the State Committee for Anti-Trust Policies and Encouragement of Competition dated 26 March 2001. Article 13 of the document reads: “In case of publication of personal notices by private persons, agreements may be signed with them in various forms (order- form, application, etc.) with mandatory statement of necessary informa- tion about the advertiser (passport details)”. 16 A registration certificate is a given locality residence permit issued by local authorities to a citizen or non-resident. It has been preserved since Soviet times as a powerful disincentive for democratic transformations, a source of discrimination and corruption.

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When it was pointed out to her that the regulation says nothing about accepting advertisements from citizens of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan or other states being prohibited and not a word about a registration certifi- cate, she still insisted that this was implied by Article 13. Therefore she says no to any person having a temporary registration. She seemed to be unaware of being in breach of Article 23 of the Constitution reading: “For- eign citizens and stateless persons on the territory of Uzbekistan enjoy rights and freedoms in accordance with international legal standards”. She also confirmed that a request may be denied if a non-resident does not have an Uzbek registration certificate. In doing this the editorial office violates Article 18 of the Constitution saying: “All citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan enjoy equal rights and freedoms. They are equal before the law without distinction as to gender, race, nationality, lan- guage, religion, social origins, convictions, personal or social status”. One must admit that this is not the case in all periodicals. Interviews with Tasvir, EKO and Biznes-Vestnik Vostoka weeklies showed that what is needed are passport details and availability of a local registration cer- tificate does not matter. According to some journalists, ads are reviewed by punitive and repressive agencies and if an advertiser is not a resident of Tashkent and even Uzbekistan such periodicals are severely punished. However, I could not find any documents regulating punishment for such activities either in current laws or official documents available, or in the Criminal Code or any other code. It is not clear, however, why mass media are treated as a supervising body? What are elements of crime in an advertisement being published by a foreigner? The question is still open: is it periodicals’ initiative or a clumsy encouragement by official censors? Incidentally, a journalist Emilia Li has been for many months hounded by the punitive and repressive agencies for the lack of registration in the capital. They do not let her live and work in Tashkent referring to anti- constitutional by-laws and departmental directives. Other offences committed by periodicals. Under Article 21 of the Republic of Uzbekistan Mass Media Law, every issue of a periodical should carry certain data, including the name and address of the editorial 78  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I office, names of the founders, full name of the editor, a given periodical’s registration number and date of issue, and specially for newspapers, also the time of passing for the press, distribution index, circulation, name and address of the printer. However, this legal requirement is not met by all periodicals. Take, for instance, a newspaper published in Tashkent. A republican Tajik-language Ovozi tochik, governmental Russian-language Pravda Vostoka, depart- mental Chastnaya sobstvennost’ or private EKO do not show the circula- tion, a party paper Golos Uzbekistana or specialized Bankovskie vedo- mosti carry no index. In some issues the time of release is omitted17. Perhaps this is due to the editors’ poor memory, but as such things are regularly observed, independent experts offer a somewhat different explanation. They believe that if advertisers find out that a newspaper’s circulation is 2,500 to 6,000 copies they would no longer place their ads in a periodical because circulation as low as that would bring them no benefit, hence the editors’ “lapses of memory”. However, this may lay a mine that would explode in case of a tax audit, as tax officers may reason- ably suspect that in real fact the circulation is bigger and that unreported copies are sold unofficially to evade taxes. According to experts, the distribution index is not shown because sometimes newspapers are distributed via individuals rather than cor- porate distributors. For instance, on Thursdays and Fridays, a busy wholesale market for freshly printed newspapers can be seen near the Shark printing house, with individual distributors paying in cash. While corporate distributors keep records of volumes purchased and distributed, individual distributors do not keep proper accounts and may have “skim money”. At one time some periodicals tried to hold illegal printing and sale in check. This involved popular Russian newspapers printed and distributed in Uzbekistan and some Uzbek papers. The point is that the demand for a certain printed mass medium has its natural limit and it goes up only together with the public’s purchasing power. Illegal copies are sold first, 17 According to monitoring conducted in January 2004.

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while officially printed ones are returned to the producer as overissue (paradoxically, some editors even had to buy back their own newspa- pers from distributors at a higher price than these had been earlier sold to them). The editorial office suffers losses and the shadow economy is flourishing. The fight against this practice has subsided of late, but it is not known for certain whether the illegal printing mechanism has been actually stopped.

Part 5. FREEDOM OF INFORMATION OR INFORMATION SECURITY? The information product is frequently compared to a blast mine with a strong “undermining capacity” for society. What does this mean? In recent years in Central Asia, especially after terrorist attacks of 11 September, an idea of information security was launched along with all kind of measures to protect information against its discretionary and unauthorized use. This was explained by a number of reasons: harmful extraneous ideological influence, young people’s moral deterioration and departure from traditions and cultural values, as well as espionage and many other things within bureaucratic mental ability. Of course, there is an element of truth, but to my mind the threat is strongly exaggerated, for the information environment both inside the republic and across the region at large is really weak. How can information move freely (in the form of journalistic products, private opinions, news, documents, etc.) if it comes up against many barriers, in particular, all manner of censorship? In Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan which used to be viewed as “islets of democ- racy” today journalists are persecuted and opposition publications closed down, while in Turkmenistan mass media are under total control of one person, and in Tajikistan the press is to be cautious not to cause political friction. In Uzbekistan journalists are either denied accreditation, or put under departmental censorship, or denied free access to information. “In order to write something on an issue of concern to the public I need information”, says a journalist from one of Uzbekistan’s state papers. “It is available to the authorities but they, out of fear that they may disclose 80  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I some state ‘secret’, prefer to ignore journalists. And if they give informa- tion you may be sure to find nothing of interest”. For instance, in Decem- ber 2002 an incident occurred in Ashgabad when Turkmen secret services smashed into the Uzbekistan Embassy allegedly in search of terrorists. This was certainly a flagrant violation of international law. However, Uzbek press reported the incident by publishing Foreign Ministry official note of protest only. No serious discussion or comments followed either from experts and journalists or the authorities which otherwise should have disclosed certain foreign policy problems. Naturally, neither the press nor the TV reported on the Uzbek-Turkmen relations nor did they provide any intelligible explanation of reasons behind such aggravation of relations between the two “fraternal” states. Article 7 of the Law on Freedom of Information Principles and Safeguards reads: “Mass media jointly with the source and author of information shall be responsible for the authenticity of information according to a legally established procedure”. But how can speculation or an assumption be authentic? How can one prove that life exists on Mars? One can only presume that it does. Then the author falls under a pertinent penal clause, and this is the instrument applied by the fighters for information security. In addition to the access to information problem, another critical issue in Uzbekistan is universal information security applied by the authorities allegedly to defend interests (military, political, economic, cultural and other) of the country. As a result most documents circulating within the bureaucratic system have “For Official Use Only” grading, but even the absence of this stamp does not imply that the document is open. Press services established at various ministries and departments sometimes avoid mass media people apparently because they are not sure how much of this or that information they can give. Of course, one can always use a press-release but they provide almost no information apart from high-sounding words of no interest to journalists. However, these press- releases are frequently reproduced without any serious editing. Incompetence in information security matters leads to extremities which, however, are common practice in an authoritarian state. Cen- 81 Alisher Taksanov

sorship, an instrument secretly launched allegedly for the purpose of protecting state secrets, in real fact is a filter for sifting “superfluous” information. And the authorities can label as “superfluous” any informa- tion which they do not like or which would discredit them before the public. Therefore one would rarely find in the Uzbek press features about corruption, shadow economy, poverty or arbitrary rule of the bureaucrats because this implies that the authorities are either unable or unwilling to put an end to such practices. They prefer to keep silent and leave the public in the dark – that’s the point of censorship. Information security is often confused with hostile forces’ opposi- tion to formation of the national ideology for which our authorities care so much. However, the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan expressly states that no ideas can be established as ideology of the state. The national ideology advocates nonetheless suggest that extraneous information impact should be countered through controlled mass media which should be made responsible, among other things, for the forma- tion of such public consciousness and opinion that would satisfy the state. “Globalization is washing out our moral and ethical values. The population feels ever less esteem for the government and is looking for another authority worthy of respect”, they say. “Hence the need to put technical and other barriers to such information onslaught”. It is clear that the struggle against “alien ideology” implies the struggle against dissent, a policy of inculcating “respect” for bureaucracy, for those who repre- sent and symbolize the regime, and to counter opposition as something inconsistent with “national traditions and mentality”. Emir Timur, whose “exploits” are well known in the countries he vanquished, is presented as an example of moral policies, and patriarchal conservative standards as moral criteria. Those who wish to look at these things from another perspective are enemies of “national ideology” and thereby undermine information security and create confusion in people’s minds. Speaking of information security one point is to be emphasized: it exists in an environment which itself is a closed society in terms of infor- mation. On this basis the authorities can treat as dangerous anything that is in fact a person’s natural right to the freedom of speech, of thought, 82  LATEST DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA

I opinion, ideology, of consciousness and religion. Apparently this was the reason why in November 2002 the Uzbekistan foreign minister warned the journalists against “erroneous” description of the state’s foreign policy moves. This is censorship of its kind. Its “noble” aim is to prevent damage to the state’s image and not to further enhance the already exist- ing tensions in Uzbekistan’s relations with “fraternal” countries created by bureaucrats over a long period of “friendship”. In other words, the aim is not to reveal mistakes made by the Government itself because our Government is wise and far-sighted and infallible. True, some people may commit a mistake but these are particular and rare cases. Most serious mistakes are made by journalists disclosing our faults and shortcomings to the enemy and “washing dirty linen in public”. So, as soon as infor- mation security is translated into specific actions, the press is deprived of inherent civil rights. In particular, bans on certain mass media activities are implied here. For instance, the Khoresm TV station LC was closed, as well as Europe- Plus and My City radio stations, the Sesame radio station was silent for quite a long time, the Grand radio station got into difficulties right after a well-known journalist Alo Khodjayev began to work for it (in summer 2004 he was forced to leave the job). This is also done through denial of accreditation to foreign journalists whose writings are inconsistent with the “information security” principles. This also happened to me when the Foreign Ministry denied my accreditation on 3 December 2002. Regrettably, information security is understood by the authorities as mass media cooperation with them in order to avoid publicity concerning negative facts and trends in society. Their attempts to achieve cemeterial stability as the only way of regulating all social processes lead to pres- surizing those who are not willing to live in a “cemetery”. Those who work in collaboration with secret services and squeals on their colleagues are a symbol of information security. Everybody else is the enemy and should be defamed so that they no longer would represent a danger to the authorities…

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II. II LIBEL AND INSULT LAWS AS A CHALLENGE TO FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA

Peter Noorlander LIBEL AND INSULT – A THORNY ISSUE FOR NEW DEMOCRACIES

Nadezhda Stepanova LIBEL LAWS IN UZBEKISTAN: LEGAL NORMS AND THEIR PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION

Junaid Ibodov LIBEL AND DEFAMATION LAWS: THE CASE OF TAJIKISTAN’S NEWS MEDIA

Shamaral Maichiev UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS AT HUMANIZING LIBEL LEGISLATION IN KYRGYZSTAN

Rozlana Taukina ON SUPPORT FOR THE INITIATIVE TO REVOKE THE LAW ON LIBEL, AS A FACTOR IN REPRISALS AGAINST JOURNALISTS IN KAZAKHSTAN

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LIBEL AND INSULT – A THORNY ISSUE FOR NEW DEMOCRACIES II

Peter Noorlander1

Free expression plays a vital role in the democratic process. Without a free flow of information and ideas, the public cannot formulate opinions about its government, elected officials and other matters of public inter- est. The media plays a particularly important role, providing the public with information and acting as a watchdog, exposing corruption and inspiring political debate. As the US Supreme Court has noted, “speech concerning public affairs is more than self-expression; it is the essence of self-government.”2 In many countries, defamation law3 represents one of the most serious threats to the open discussion which underpins democracy. While most people agree defamation laws serve a legitimate purpose, political bod- ies and public figures often abuse these laws to silence their critics. In some cases, governments effectively muzzle debate and critical voices by invoking harsh defamation laws to fine or imprison members of the opposition and journalists. In others, the technicalities of litigation and the cost of defending defamation actions serve to chill free discussion on matters of public interest. ARTICLE 19, the Global Campaign for Free Expression, has been working on reform of defamation laws around the world, including in Central Asia. In our experience, despite continuous lobbying both by NGOs and by international organisations such as the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), defamation continues to be 1 This presentation draws on a paper delivered at a Council of Europe on defamation, which can be found at http://www.coe.int. 2 Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 US 64 (1964) at 74-5 3 I use the generic term of defamation, which covers libel and insult as well as slander.

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a major problem in the region. This is so despite the many international treaties that have been ratified by the Central Asian states that guarantee freedom of expression as fundamental in democratic society. We believe that one of the reasons for this is that there simply is not sufficient aware- ness amongst the media and media lawyers of international law pertaining to freedom of expression. If States were challenged more often before international courts and tribunals, they would be forced to amend their laws and practices to bring them into line with international standards on freedom of expression. This paper will therefore give an overview of the relevant standards developed under international treaties, and ways to enforce these standards before national and international courts. It will end on a practical note, with a brief guide on how to submit a complaint to the UN Human Rights Committee.

The right to freedom of expression and defamation laws The right to freedom of expression is guaranteed under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR),4 the main regional human rights treaties5 as well as a range of OSCE Declarations. Of these, the most important to the Central Asian states are the ICCPR and the OSCE Declarations. All Central Asian states except for Kazakhstan have ratified the ICCPR – Kazakhstan signed it in 2003 and is currently in the process of ratifica- tion – and as OSCE Member States, all Central Asian States have agreed to the relevant body of OSCE law. Because the European Convention on Human Rights is an important tool in elaborating the right to freedom of expression under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, I shall refer to the case law developed under this treaty by the European court of Human Rights as well. A number of key standards relating to defamation law have emerged from the jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights, as well as statements by international bodies 4 UN General Assembly Resolution 2200A(XXI), 16 December 1966, in force 23 March 1976. 5 The European Convention on Human Rights, American Convention on Human Rights and the African charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights.

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such as the OSCE and the comparative jurisprudence of superior national courts. ARTICLE 19 has collected these together within one publica- tion, Defining Defamation,6 which, amongst other things, contains key II principles dealing with criminal defamation, the status of public bodies and public officials, defamation defences and remedies. I will discuss these in turn.

Criminal Defamation One of the most serious problems in the area of defamation is the existence of criminal defamation laws in most Central Asian countries. The key problem with these laws is that a breach may lead to a custodial sentence or another form of harsh sanction, such as a suspension of the right to practise journalism. Even where these are rarely applied, the prob- lem remains, since the severe nature of these sanctions means they cast a long shadow. Suspended sentences also exert a significant chilling effect as subsequent breach within the prescribed period means that the sentence will be imposed. It is now well-established that unduly harsh penalties, of themselves, represent a breach of the right to freedom of expression even if circumstances justify some sanction for abuse of this right. International bodies such as the UN and the OSCE have long recog- nised the threat posed by criminal defamation laws and have recom- mended that they should be abolished. For example, the OSCE Parlia- mentary Assembly has called for the abolition of all laws that provide criminal penalties for the defamation of public figures or which penalize the defamation of the State, State organs, or public officials as such.7 The UN Special Rapporteur together with his OSCE and OAS8 counterparts has gone even further, and said that “[c]riminal defamation is not a justi- 6 London: ARTICLE 19, 2000. These principles have attained significant international endorsement, including by the three official mandates on freedom of expression, the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression: See their Joint Declaration of 30 November 2000. The document can be found at http://www.article19.org. 7 Warsaw Declaration of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, 8 July 1997, par. 140. 8 Organisation of American States.

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fiable restriction on freedom of expression; all criminal defamation laws should be abolished and replaced, where necessary, with appropriate civil defamation laws.”9 The UN Human Rights Committee has several times expressed its concern over the misuse of criminal defamation laws, recommending a thorough reform in countries as wide-ranging as Azerbaijan,10 Norway,11 and Cameroon.12 In a case before it from Sri Lanka, the Committee held that a situation where a newspaper editor had a criminal defamation case pending against him for several years violated the right to freedom of expression. It stated that “to keep pending … the indictments for the criminal offence of defamation for a period of several years after the entry into force of the Optional Protocol for the State party left the author in a situation of uncertainty and intimidation, despite the author’s efforts to have them terminated, and thus had a chilling effect which unduly restricted the author’s exercise of his right to freedom of expression”.13 The European Court of Human Rights, although it has never directly ruled on the legitimacy of criminal defamation laws, has never upheld a prison sentence or other serious sanctions in that context. In Castells v. Spain, the Court reiterated that: [T]he dominant position which the Government occupies makes it necessary for it to display restraint in resorting to criminal proceedings, particularly where other means are available for replying to the unjustified attacks and criticisms of its adversaries or the media.14

In the same case, the Court stated that criminal measures should only be adopted where States act “in their capacity as guarantors of public 9 Joint Declaration by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, 10 December 2002. 10 Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: Azerbaijan, UN Doc. CCPR/ CO/73/AZE, 12 November 2001. 11 Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: Norway, UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/ Add.112, 1 November 1999. 12 Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: Cameroon, UN Doc. CPR/C/79/ Add.116, 4 November 1999. 13 Communication No. 909/2000: Sri Lanka, 26 August 2004, UN Doc. CCPR/C/81/D/909/ 2000, at par. 9.4. 14 Judgment of 23 April 1992, Application No. 11798, at para. 46.

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order” and where such measures are, “[i]ntended to react appropriately and without excess to defamatory accusations devoid of foundation or formulated in bad faith.”15 It is significant that in that case, which involved II a conviction for defamation, the Court referred to the application of crimi- nal measures only as a means of maintaining public order, and not as a means of protecting reputations, the purpose of defamation laws. ARTICLE 19 takes the position that all criminal defamation laws are contrary to the guarantee of freedom of expression. Our Principle 4(a) states: All criminal defamation laws should be abolished and replaced, where necessary, with appropriate civil defamation laws. Steps should be taken, in those States which still have criminal defamation laws in place, to progres- sively implement this Principle.

However, in recognition of the fact that many countries do have criminal defamation laws which are unlikely to be repealed in the very near future, Principle 4(b) states: As a practical matter, in recognition of the fact that in many States criminal defamation laws are the primary means of addressing unwarranted attacks on reputation, immediate steps should be taken to ensure that any criminal defamation laws still in force conform fully to the following conditions: i. no-one should be convicted for criminal defamation unless the party claiming to be defamed proves, beyond a reasonable doubt, the presence of all the elements of the offence, as set out below; ii. the offence of criminal defamation shall not be made out unless it has been proven that the impugned statements are false, that they were made with actual knowledge of falsity, or recklessness as to whether or not they were false, and that they were made with a specific intention to cause harm to the party claiming to be defamed; iii. public authorities, including police and public prosecutors, should take no part in the initiation or prosecution of criminal defamation cases, regard- less of the status of the party claiming to have been defamed, even if he or she is a senior public official; iv. prison sentences, suspended prison sentences, suspension of the right to express oneself through any particular form of media, or to practise journalism or any other profession, excessive fines and other harsh criminal penalties should never be available as a sanction for breach of defamation laws, no matter how egregious or blatant the defamatory statement. 15 Ibid.

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Public bodies and officials It is abundantly recognised in international law that both public bod- ies and public officials should tolerate greater levels of criticism than ordinary individuals. Criticism of government is vital to the success of a democracy and defamation suits inhibit free debate about vital mat- ters of public concern. In consequence, public bodies as such should not be allowed to sue in defamation and governments should tolerate a virtually limitless degree of criticism. The US Supreme Court has stated unequivocally that “no court of last resort in this country has ever held, or even suggested, that prosecution for libel on government have any place in the American system of jurisprudence.”16 The same has been recognised at the international level. The European Court of Human Rights has said that, “[t]he limits of permissible criticism are wider with regard to the Government than in relation to a private citizen, or even a politician.”17 In response to this, the UN Human Rights Committee and the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly have recommended the abolition of laws criminalising defamation of the state.18 International courts have also held that public officials, while they can sue if they are defamed in their private capacity, should tolerate sig- nificantly more criticism than ordinary individuals. This is based on two key factors. First, it is of the greatest importance that public officials, like public bodies, are subjected to open debate and criticism. Second, pub- lic officials have knowingly opened themselves up to criticism by their choice of profession. The leading judgment, recognised internationally, is of the European Court of Human Rights in a case emanating from Aus- tria. Observing that it is detrimental to democracy to allow politicians to sue the media in defamation as a way of suppressing criticism, the Court held that, “[t]he limits of acceptable criticism are accordingly wider as regards a politician as such than as regards a private individual. Unlike 16 New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 11 L. Ed. 2d 686, 84 S. Ct. 710 (1964), quoting Tribune Co., 139 N.E. at 88. 17 See, for example, Incal v. Turkey, 9 June 1998, Application No. 22678/93, at para 54. 18 E.g. Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: Mexico, 27 July 1999, UN Doc. No. CCPR/C/79/Add.109, par. 14; Warsaw Declaration of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, 8 July 1997, par. 140.

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the latter, the former inevitably and knowingly lays himself open to close scrutiny of his every word and deed by both journalists and the public at large, and he must consequently display a greater degree of tolerance.”19 II This reasoning has been recognised by other human rights courts,20 and extended to public officials as well as politicians.21 It is understood that politicians must tolerate not only criticism, but harsh words as well:22 “[The right to freedom of expression extends] not only to “information” or “ideas” that are favourably received or regarded as inoffensive or as a matter of indifference, but also to those that offend, shock or disturb.”23

Defences A strong system of defences is essential if defamation laws are not unreasonably to restrict the free flow of information and ideas. The four defences noted below – drawn from international and comparative juris- prudence – are of particular importance. First, it should be a complete defence to an allegation of defamation that the statements in question were true.24 One cannot protect a reputation one does not deserve and, where the impugned statements are true, there is no legitimate reputation to protect. This does not mean, however, that other causes of action, for example an invasion of privacy, may not be available. Where the statements involve a matter of public interest, the onus should lie on the plaintiff to prove their falsity. Second, no one should be liable for a statement of opinion, defined as a statement which cannot be shown to be true or false or which can- not reasonably be interpreted as stating a fact (for example because it is 19 Lingens v. Austria, 24 June 1986, Application No. 9815/82, para. 42. 20 E.g. Canese v. Paraguay, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 31 August 2004, Series C 111. 21 Thoma v. Luxembourg, 29 March 2001, Application No. 38432/97, European Court of Human Rights, par. 47. 22 E.g. Dichand and others v. Austria, 25 February 2002, Application No. 29271/95 (European Court of Human Rights). 23 Ibid. 24 Castells v. Spain, note 14.

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rhetoric, satire or jest).25 Opinions are by definition subjective in nature and courts should not judge whether or not it is appropriate to articulate them. Furthermore, no one should be required to prove the truth of a statement of opinion or value judgement.26 Third, even where a statement of fact on a matter of public concern has been shown to be false, defamation defendants should benefit from a defence of reasonable publication. This defence is established if it is reasonable in all the circumstances for a person in the position of the defendant to have disseminated the material in the manner and form he or she did. The need for this rule is based on the harsh nature of the traditional rule in some jurisdictions according to which defendants are liable whenever they disseminate false statements, or statements which they cannot prove to be true. This traditional rule is particularly unfair for the media, which are under a duty to satisfy the public’s right to know and often cannot wait until they are sure that every fact alleged is true before they publish or broadcast a story. Even the best journalists make honest mistakes and to leave them open to punishment for every false allegation would be to undermine the public interest in receiving timely information. A more appropriate balance between the right to freedom of expression and reputations is to protect those who have acted reasonably, while allowing plaintiffs to sue those who have not. For the media, act- ing in accordance with accepted professional standards should normally satisfy the reasonableness test.27 Fourth, certain types of statements should never attract liability under defamation law, while other statements should be exempt from liability unless they can be shown to have been made with malice, in the sense of ill-will or spite. The former category should include, for example, state- ments made during judicial proceedings, statements before elected bodies 25 E.g. Oberschlick v. Austria, 23 May 1991, Application No. 11662/85 (European Court of Human Rights), par. 63. 26 Unabhängige Initiative Informationsvielfalt v. Austria, 26 February 2002, Application No. 28525/95 (European Court of Human Rights), par. 39. 27 E.g. Bladet Tromsø and Stensaas v. Norway, 20 May 1999, Application No. 21980/93 (European Court of Human Rights), par. 65.

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and fair reports on such statements.28 The latter category should protect statements which the speaker is under a legal, moral or social duty to make. An example would be reporting of suspected crime to the police. II In each of these cases, the public interest in the statements being made outweighs any private reputation interest in suppressing the statements.

Remedies It has already been noted that the guarantee of freedom of expression prohibits disproportionate sanctions for defamatory statements. This requires the authorities to establish a regime of remedies which, while redressing the harm to reputation from defamatory statements, also exerts a minimal chilling effect on freedom of expression. Traditionally, the dominant remedy for defamation in civil law has been pecuniary in nature but monetary remedies often have a negative effect on the free flow of information. A variety of less intrusive but still effective alterna- tive remedies exist – such as the issuance of an apology or correction, or the publication of a judgement finding the statements to be defamatory – which should be prioritised. Pecuniary awards should be subject to legal limits, as well as process guarantees, to ensure that they do not become excessive. As a general rule, they should never be disproportionate or have a chilling effect on the free- dom of expression of the publication concerned, or other publications.29 As noted above, imprisonment can never be regarded as an appropriate response to defamation. The European Court of Human Rights has never upheld a sentence of actual imprisonment and international bodies have frequently emphasised the illegitimacy of defamation laws providing for imprisonment as a sanction. For example, in its 1994 annual report the Human Rights Committee criticised Iceland for maintaining the possibil- ity of custodial sanctions for defamation, even though these had apparently not been applied. The Committee similarly noted their concerns in this regard in relation to Norway and Jordan.30 In 1995 the Committee criti- 28 E.g. A v. the United Kingdom, 17 December 2002, Application No. 35373/97. 29 Tolstoy Miloslavsky v. the United Kingdom, 13 July 1995, Application No. 18139/91 (European Court of Human Rights).

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cised Tunisia for its penalties in relation to defamation, insult and false information and concern was expressed about the continued imprisonment of journalists in Morocco.31 In relation to Kyrgyzstan, the Committee com- mented, in 2000, that “[j]ournalists and human rights activists subjected to imprisonment in contravention of articles 9 and 19 of the Covenant should be released, rehabilitated and given compensation.”32 The UN Commission on Human Rights adopts an annual resolution on the right to freedom of expression, and it, too, has expressed concern at the possibility of imprisonment as a sanction for defamation. Its 1998 Resolution states that, “[the Commission] expresses its concern at the extensive occurrence of detention, long-term detention...persecution and harassment, including through the abuse of legal provisions on criminal libel…directed at persons who exercise the right to freedom of opinion and expression.”33

Enforcing international standards on freedom of expression Many of the standards outlined above are reasonably well-known amongst defenders of freedom of the media in Central Asia. What is less known is that these standards do not represent a faraway international or western ‘ideal’, but that they are ‘hard’ law and can be enforced before international courts as well as before the national courts of most Central Asian States. Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan have all ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.34 Kazakhstan has signed it and is in the process of ratification. This means that the first four States are bound to guarantee to their citizens the rights provided under 30 Annual General Assembly Report of the Human Rights Committee, 21/9/94, Volume I, No.A/49/40, paras. 78, 91 and 236. 31 Annual General Assembly Report of the Human Rights Committee, 3/10/95, No. A/50/40, paras. 89 and 113. 32 Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: Kyrgyzstan. 24 July 2000, UN Doc. CCPR/CO/69/KGZ. 33 UN Commission on Human Rights, The Right to freedom of opinion and expression, Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/42, 17 April 1998, UN Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1998/42. 34 Kyrgyzstan ratified on 7 January 1994; Tajikistan on 4 April 1999; Turkmenistan on 1 August 1997 and Uzbekistan on 28 December 1995.

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this treaty, while Kazakhstan is under a legal obligation not to take any steps that would be contrary to the purpose and spirit of this international treaty.35 The right to freedom of expression is guaranteed under Article 19 II of the ICCPR and comparative law emanating from such bodies as the European Court of Human Rights may be used to elucidate the substance of this right in the absence of authoritative Human Rights Committee material.36 This brings the standards outlined above clearly within the scope of Article 19 of the ICCPR. These standards can then be argued at both a national and at an international level.

Arguing international human rights law before national courts All Central Asian States have a provision in their constitution to the effect that international treaty norms that are directly enforceable, such as human rights provisions, have the force of law and, in the cases of Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan, have priority over national laws that contradict them.37 Additionally, in certain cases, media-specific laws provide explicitly for the primacy of international law. This is the case in relation to Kazakhstan’s mass media law, for example.38 In theory, this means that individuals in these countries can invoke international law on freedom of expression before national courts when challenging unduly restrictive norms on defamation. To our knowledge, no such claim has been successfully brought in any of the Central Asian republics to date – but this is not to say that it is an avenue that ought not be explored. The Central Asian States have guaranteed to their citizens that they will implement international human rights law in their national jurisdictions, and they ought to be challenged on their failure to do so.

35 Article 18 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties, entry into force: 27 January 1980 36 The Human Rights Committee is the body mandated to supervise the implementation of the Convention and interpret its provisions. 37 Article 4, Constitution of Kazakhstan; Article 12, Constitution of Kyrgyzstan; Article 10, Constitution of Tajikistan; Article 6, Constitution of Turkmenistan. The preamble of the Constitution of Uzbekistan contains a weaker recognition of the principle of primacy of international law, which is not however found in the operative part of the Constitution. 38 E.g. Article 4 of the Kazakhstan Mass Media Law.

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Bringing claims before international courts In addition to signing up to the substantive provisions of the Interna- tional Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan have moreover recognised the competence of the Human Rights Committee under the Optional Protocol to the ICCPR39 to adjudicate on complaints from individuals. This means that individuals within the territory or under the jurisdiction of one of these States40 can submit complaints to the Human Rights Committee arguing that their rights have been breached. Compared with established human rights courts such as the European Court of Human Rights, the UN Human Rights Committee is an under- used avenue of redress, receiving relatively few complaints and allega- tions. This is unfortunate since, although unlike the European Court of Human Rights its findings are not strictly legally enforceable, in practice it has some rate of success in the implementation of its decisions. For example, in June 2001, the government of Cameroon, following a recom- mendation by the Committee,41 agreed to pay a journalist who had been jailed in violation of his right to freedom of expression US$137,000.42 In other cases, the respondent States ultimately changed their domestic laws and practices as a result of Human Rights Committee decisions.43 The procedure for applying to the Human Rights Committee is rela- tively simple. A person who claims that their rights have been breached may write to the Committee lodging a complaint and providing informa- tion to support the complaint. The Committee will first examine whether the complaint is admissible or not. Briefly, the conditions for admissibil- ity are as follows: 39 Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolu- tion 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966, entry into force 23 March 1976. Kyrgyzstan rati- fied on 7 January 1995; Tajikistan on 4 April 1999; Turkmenistan on 1 August 1997 and Uzbekistan on 28 December 1995. 40 This includes non-citizens resident in the country as well as citizens. 41 Mukong v. Cameroon, Communication No. 458/1991, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/51/D/458/1991 (1994). 42 The journalist had been represented by ARTICLE 19. 43 E.g. Toonen v. Australia, Communication No. 488/1992, 31 March 1994, UN Doc. CCPR/ C/50/D/488/1992; Broeks v. the Netherlands, Communication No. 172/1984, 9 April 1987.

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• communications must not be anonymous and should be sent in by the individual who claims that his or her rights have been violated by the State;44 II • the complaint must relate to a violation of one of the provisions of the ICCPR, and not have taken place prior to the relevant country’s ratification of the ICCPR; • the complainant must have gone through all domestic courts before complaining to the Human Rights Committee; and • the complaint cannot be considered if the same problem is being investigated under another international procedure. If the Committee deems a communication admissible, it invites further information from the State concerned, for which it will set a six-month deadline. The complainant may comment on the State’s views, and then the Committee issues its decision on whether a violation has occurred. If necessary, the Committee may request interim measures to be taken by the State pending its consideration of the merits of a case.45 If it concludes that a violation occurred, it generally also offers its view as to what measures the state is obliged to take in order to remedy or redress the violation. Such measures can include payment of compensation,46 amendment of impugned legislation47 or the release of persons.48 A model form for complaints can be found here: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/annex1.pdf The Committee will need a fair amount of supporting documentation that substantiate the complaint, such as original court decisions. In theory, complaints can be issued by fax49 or email,50 but in practice, given the large amount of supporting materials, it is better to post materials. 44 When the alleged victim is unable to submit the communication, the Committee may consider a communication from another person who must prove that he or she is acting on behalf of the alleged victim. A third party with no apparent links with the person whose rights have allegedly been violated cannot submit a communication – note that this limit the extent to which NGOs may submit ‘general’ complaints. 45 Rule 86 of the Committee’s Rules of Procedure, CCPR/C/3/Rev.7 – 4 August 2004. 46 See Mukong v. Cameroon, note 41. 47 E.g. Toonen v. Australia, note 43. 48 E.g. Bolaños v. Ecuador, Communication No. 238/1987, 13 July 1987. 49 00 41 22 917 9022 50 tb-petitions@ohchr.org.

99 Peter Noorlander

ARTICLE 19 encourages individuals from the Central Asian States to avail themselves of this procedure.

100  LIBEL AND INSULT LAWS AS A CHALLENGE TO FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA

Nadezhda Stepanova

II LIBEL LAWS IN UZBEKISTAN: LEGAL NORMS AND THEIR PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION

Defamation is punishable under Uzbek legislation. The specific laws establishing liability are the Administrative Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Articles 40 and 41), the Criminal Code (Articles 139 and 140), and the Civil Code (Articles 99, 100, 1021, and 1022). The Administrative Code provides legal definitions of “libel” and “insult”. “Libel” is spreading defamatory fabrications about a person which are known to be false. Insult is an intentional denigration of a person’s honour and dignity. Libel is punishable by a fine equalling one to three minimum monthly wages. Insult is punishable by a fine equalling one to two minimum monthly wages. The minimum monthly wage in Uzbekistan today is about 6,500 sums, which equals US$6.2, or 5.4 Euros. Article 100 of the Civil Code, entitled “Protection of Honour, Dignity, and Business Reputation”, sets the procedure for protecting the honour, dignity, and business reputation of both individuals and entities. A citizen may demand by court action the defamatory information about him or her be refuted, and after the person’s death the case may be pursued by other interested persons, such as relatives. If such information is published in the media, a refutation shall be published in the same media. This provi- sion is also stipulated in Article 27 of the Law on Mass Media. It says that entities and individuals whose rights and lawful interests have been violated by a publication may request that a refutation be published in the same medium body. If defamatory information is contained in a document issued by an organization, such document shall be replaced or recalled. Besides, the affected citizen may claim compensation of losses or moral damage. The rules protecting the business reputation of an individual are applicable to the business reputation of a legal entity. 101 Nadezhda Stepanova

According to Article 1022 of the same Code, “moral damage shall be compensated in cash. The amount of the moral damage compensa- tion shall be determined by court, depending on the physical and moral suffering inflicted on the injured party and on the degree of the guilt of the trespasser, if guilt is the ground for the compensation. The amount of damage compensation shall be determined with due regard for require- ments of reasonableness and justice”. So compensation amounts are not limited by law and are entirely at the court’s discretion. This makes it possible for plaintiffs to claim exorbitant sums of money. There are specific cases illustrating this. Uzbek civil law has no special provisions for enhanced protection of government, State, or other officials from injury to their honour and dignity, or from libel or insult. Article 158 of the Criminal Code (“Offences against the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan”) stipulates, however, liability for insulting or libelling the President of Uzbekistan. Such offences are punishable by up to three years of corrective labour or up to six months of detention, or up to five years of confinement. All other citizens, including public figures and celebrities, fall under Article 100 of the Civil Code. However, Article 13 in the Law On Principles and Guarantees of Free- dom of Information (“Information Security of the Person”) stipulates that personal information about individuals shall be treated as confidential. So government officials and public figures, relying on this article, often request that journalists must pre-approve any information about them, even biographical data. In Uzbekistan, libel and insult also involve criminal liability. It is stipulated in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as adopted on 22 September 1994 and in effect since 1 April 1995. It is hard to say whether there are any plans to modify criminal law as regards liability for defamation, libel, and insult. As a rule, such plans are not made public. Any changes in legislation become known to the people when published in the press. The date of the publication is the date of putting the law into execution. Draft laws are published in the press, for the purpose of nationwide discussion, according to the authorities, but the results of such discus- 102  LIBEL AND INSULT LAWS AS A CHALLENGE TO FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA

sions have never been disclosed. Even information about differences of opinion among members of parliament in the process of the adoption of a law never makes it to the news media. So plans to change legislation II may exist, but they are not discussed in the media. The maximum term of imprisonment for denigrating a person’s hon- our and dignity, for libel and insult, as stipulated by the Criminal Code, is three years. The maximum punishment for libel is the same. Insult may be punished by up to six months’ detention. The maximum fine that may be imposed for denigrating a person’s honour and dignity, for libel and insult is 150 minimum monthly wages. At present, the minimum monthly wage in Uzbekistan is about US$6.5. The maximum fine for libel is 100 minimum monthly wages and for insult, 150 minimum monthly wages. Desecration of the symbols of State is also punishable under the Criminal Code (Article 215). The symbols of State are the State flag, the State emblem, the State Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan or the Republic of Karakalpakstan. Such acts may be punished by a fine equal- ling up to 25 minimum monthly wages or up to three years of corrective labour or a detention for up to three months. According to information from the Supreme Court of Uzbekistan, 14 proceedings under Article 139 of the Criminal Code (Liability for Libel) were conducted in 2003, and four cases were tried in the first half of 2004. Twelve cases involving charges under Article 140 (Liability for Insult) were tried in 2003, and 10 cases, in the first half of 2004. As for the Civil Code provisions, 338 cases were examined in 2003 and 67 in January to July 2004 under Article 100 (Protection of Honour, Dignity, and Business Reputation). These are general statistics. Regrettably, we have no statistics about cases involving news media. Monitoring conducted in Uzbekistan indicate that cases involving news media account for an insignificant percentage of the total number. In May 2003, a libel suit was filed against the editorial office of the newspaper Zerkalo 21 and its editor-in-chief, Yusuf Kabuldjanov. The plaintiff was Judge D. Saidaliyev of the Shaikhontokhur District Court. The lawsuit was filed after the newspaper published an article by journal- 103 Nadezhda Stepanova

ist Nadezhda Zharkova, titled “The Prosecutor Files a Protest” (Issue No. 12 (168) for the week of 20-26 March 2003). The article was about an impostor, who had conned a large amount of money out of four people in Bukhara. He was arrested and tried by the Shaikhontokhur District Court. The presiding judge, D. Saidaliyev, ruled that the defendant be released from custody, despite the evidence against him, and the case be remanded for additional investigation. The journalist and the editor-in-chief were accused of defaming Judge Saidaliev, because the article published in the newspaper said, “Mind you: this person (Saidaliev) has been authorized by the State to represent the law, to protect the rights of Uzbekistan’s citizens, and to protect them from criminals.” After the first court session, Nadezhda Zharkova relocated outside Uzbekistan, whereupon the lawsuit was filed against the newspaper’s editor-in-chief, but not the editorial office. The plaintiff said he had no complaints against the editorial office. The amount of the claim was 10 million sums (about US$10,000). Later the case was supplemented with a claim of 100 million sums (US$100,000), complaints against the editorial office, and a request that the newspaper’s assets be seized. The plaintiff’s claim of 100 million sums for moral damage was later denied, but the lawsuit, initially brought against the author of the article and the editor-in-chief, is now a lawsuit against the editorial office. The above editor-in-chief is no longer employed by the newspaper. Proceedings in the case are still on to this day. In another interesting case, the Shaikhontonkhur Interdistrict Court of Tashkent defeated a libel and moral damage claim against Abdukayum Yuldashev, formerly the editor-in-chief of the Mokhiyat newspaper, in the amount of 84 million sums (about US$84,000). After months of proceed- ings, in December 2003, the claim was defeated by the court. The claim had been filed after the newspaper published seven satiric poems (in June 2003), one of which mentioned Uzbek poet Alim Buri. Buri saw that mention as insulting and filed a defamation and moral damage suit against Abdukayum Yuldashev, then the editor-in-chief of the Mokhiyat newspaper. Initially, Alim Buriev claimed 27 million sums (US$27,000), one million sums per year of his literary career. At the first court session, 104  LIBEL AND INSULT LAWS AS A CHALLENGE TO FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA

Buri filed an additional lawsuit claiming another 15 million sums (US$15,000), one million sums per book he had written. The publishing of the above-mentioned satiric poem harmed his books, too, he claimed. II By the end of the proceedings, the plaintiff doubled the amount of the claim, to a total of 84 million sums. According to the defendant’s lawyer, Bakhtiyer Shakhnazarov of Internews, experts in the proceedings were well-known and reputable per- sons: Khurshid Dostmuhammad, a member of the Oliy Majlis, Kozokboi Yuldashev, Head of the Chair of Contemporary Uzbek Literature of the National University, Safar Matchanov, Head of the Chair of Contempo- rary Uzbek Literature of the Nizami Teacher Training University, Safo Ochigov, Head of Division at Ukituvchi Publishing House, and others. They helped to demonstrate it to the court that A. Yuldashev was not guilty, and all the plaintiff’s claims were defeated. The presiding judge was Bakhrom Tangabayev. The plaintiff availed himself of the right to contest the decision and filed a complaint with a higher court, which also ruled to dismiss it. There have been other court decisions in favour of mass media. They show that just rulings are possible, that law can prevail, and that it is important to set precedents. Amusingly, Alim Buri had to face a lawsuit in court as a defendant some time later. He wrote a critical article and faced a lawsuit request- ing protection of honour, dignity, and business reputation. He had to apply to the same defence lawyers, who had defended his opponent a while ago. According to one of the lawyers, Buri worried that his request would be denied. But it wasn’t, for he was facing a lawsuit for writing an article. Another case involved the Mokhiyat newspaper. In November 2003, the Mirabad Interdistrict Civil Court of Tashkent rendered a decision on a lawsuit against the newspaper and its journalist Kayum Muminov. The court sustained a defamation claim filed by Gulsara Erbutayeva, chief physician of the Angren children’s hospital, who requested a moral dam- age compensation to the amount of 10 million sums (about US$10,000). However, the court of appeals found all the facts in the article to be true. The court proceedings were suspended, after the Tashkent Region Pros- 105 Nadezhda Stepanova

ecutor’s Office sent a letter to the Angren prosecutor’s office to consider initiating criminal proceedings against Erbutayeva. All these facts indicate that, despite the government’s inclination to place news media under stricter control, journalists do have opportuni- ties to defend their rights in court. Good examples to be followed by journalists are provided by certain court cases won by news media. These cases were won largely thanks to the NGO Internews, an implementing organization for an OSCE project to defend journalists in court, against defamation and other claims. The defence of the Mokhiyat journalists was part of that project. The choice of certain publications as targets for defamation lawsuits is far from accidental. In government-owned news media “phone-call law” has been and still is widely practised. A phone call from an official can ban any publication or broadcast. The newspapers that faced the judicial proceedings are non-government media. They were active in criticizing negative phenomena currently exist- ing in Uzbekistan, especially in the latter half of 2002 and the first half of 2003. After official censorship was abolished in May 2002, newspapers and, to a lesser extent, radio and television companies, became more critical in discussing existing problems. But the situation changed by the end of 2003, when censorship by government officials was replaced by news media owners’ censorship and self-censorship. This has led to ridiculous things. According to journalists, the edi- tors-in-chief of some newspapers (mostly non-government ones) hire (unofficially) former censors as advisors to read their newspaper mate- rials before sending them to print in order to avoid potential trouble. Newspaper owners, who formerly never saw their newspapers until they were published, now read all the articles very thoroughly – to make sure they are trouble-proof! Phone-call law censorship, self-censorship, and indirect censorship by owners have altered the editorial policies of non-government newspapers, which used to lead the effort to build an information environment for discussing various subjects important to society. Today, most newspa- pers prefer not to exacerbate relations with the authorities, and this has 106  LIBEL AND INSULT LAWS AS A CHALLENGE TO FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA

certainly contributed to a reduction of complaints against news media, including defamation complaints. The current situation is similar to that in 2001, when only three II claims were tried by the Mirabad Interdistrict Court of Tashkent (during the whole calendar year). One was a defamation and moral damage suit filed by Fazriddin Saminzhanov under the Civil Code, against the Dara- kchi newspaper owned by STV television company, a limited liability company in Samarkand. The complaint was filed on 30 June 2001. It said that on 24 May 2001 the newspaper carried a story in the “Crime” column (its title: “Beware of Cars”), about two guys out of job, who had committed crimes and were sentenced to 10 years and six months and 11 years and nine months of confinement, respectively. The article was illustrated by the photos of two reputable men, who had nothing to do with the publication or the crimes, – F. Saminzhanov, an administrative law instructor at the Tashkent Law Institute and a student of his. The plaintiff claimed 20 million sums in moral damages (one US dollar then equalled 1,500 sums) and 20,000 sums in legal costs. In 2001, another lawsuit against the Darakchi newspaper was tried by the Mirabad Interdistrict Court (its jurisdiction covers the area where most Tashkent-based press media have their offices), in another wrong- photo case. The newspaper had carried a story about a lady and her love affairs at a health resort, accompanied by the photo of a homemaker, a lady who had government decorations, well-known and esteemed in her home region. The small number of lawsuits against newspapers directly had to do with the fact that there was little or no criticism of national ministries or other government agencies in any of the numerous district, city, or national news media. Newspapers, magazines, and TV and radio broad- casts proudly reported glorious labour accomplishments “on the path of economic transformations and transition to market relationships”, largely ignoring the complex problems confronting society along that path of transformations and reform. Why sue news media that publish nothing but praise? Unless they publish the wrong photo, like Darakchi did… 107 Nadezhda Stepanova

Paradoxically, a large number of civil proceedings in defamation cases is an indicator of society’s openness and freedom of speech. As for criminal liability of journalists for libel and insult, that legal rule is not applied. There are no sensational or investigative stories in Uzbekistan’s news media. No compromising information is published, no battles of publications are fought. All criticism has moved into web publications, which have no legal status and, in fact, are not news media under the law. So no journalists have been jailed for libel or insult. There have been some criminal proceedings against news media people, but, as a rule, over extortion or other non-defamation offences.

108  LIBEL AND INSULT LAWS AS A CHALLENGE TO FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA

Junaid Ibodov

II LIBEL AND DEFAMATION LAWS: THE CASE OF TAJIKISTAN’S NEWS MEDIA

The subject of my report could be defined differently, for example, “honour, dignity, and business reputation as a target for media attacks”. This would probably bring the concept closer to the reality. Yet, we need to get the terminology straight first. First of all, what is defamation? The word is now used as a generic term covering libel, insult, dissemination of defamatory information, impairment of honour and dignity, etc. These are the terms used in the legislation of Tajikistan, rather than “defamation”. So, speaking of legislative regulation of the subject matter of our discus- sion in Tajikistan, one should bear it in mind that there are two forms (or types) of such regulation. One is civil-law protection of honour, dignity, and business reputation, and the other is criminal-law regulation. There is no harm in identifying the characteristic features of each con- cept we are discussing, and we will try to define these concepts (although, admittedly, definitions are many, and some contradict each other). Honour is a positive assessment of a person’s qualities by others, a positive public opinion about the person. Dignity is a positive self-assessment based on a public assessment. A reputation is a public assessment of a person’s significant qualities. In other words, reputation is a narrower concept, it has to do with a person’s professional, moral, and, possibly, business qualities. Legislative protection of honour, dignity, and (business) reputation is based on constitutional norms. Articles 5 and 42 of the Constitution of Tajikistan stipulate that “the life, honour, dignity, and other rights of the individual are sacred” and that “on the territory of Tajikistan, everyone person is obliged to recognize rights, freedoms, dignity of others, and honour”. It is important to note that dissemination of false information about a person is not only a form of the contamination of the information 109 Junaid Ibodov

environment, but may also, under certain circumstances, be a violation of the person’s rights. The Civil Code of the Republic of Tajikistan (Article 174) recognizes a citizen’s right “to demand by court action that information that impairs the citizen’s honour, dignity, or business reputation be refuted, unless the person who has disseminated such information proves that it is true”. If such information is published by news media, the same news media shall publish a refutation free of charge (Article 174, part 2). It ought to be noted that the Article refers to “information” only, and not journal- ists’ personal opinions or judgments, which, in our opinion, may not be verified as true or false. Unlike the similar provision of the Civil Code, say, of the Russian Federation, the above Article of the Civil Code of Tajikistan stipulates that a lawsuit may only be filed if the media body in question refuses to publish a refutation or fails to publish it within one month, or if the media body is dissolved. In other words, a person may file a lawsuit only if the out-of-court settlement procedure does not work for some reason. Speaking of the right to refutation, it should be remembered that this refers to “information that is defamatory to a person’s honour and dignity”. “Defamatory information,” as defined in Decree No. 8 of the Tajikistan’s Supreme Court Plenum (dated 4 June 1992), “is information that impairs a person’s honour and dignity … in public eyes or in the eyes of certain individuals, in terms of compliance with laws and moral principles of society.” However, the legislator has provided (also in Article 174 of the Civil Code) another opportunity for a person injured by a publication (apart from the right to a refutation). A person whose rights or law-protected interests have been injured by a publication in the media has the right to have a response published in the same media free of charge. The out-of- court settlement procedure for demanding refutation applies to response publication as well. We are now discussing civil law protection of honour and dignity. What is civil law protection? Briefly, this means a civil court examining a claim filed by a person who believes that he or she has been injured 110  LIBEL AND INSULT LAWS AS A CHALLENGE TO FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA

by a media publication or broadcast. Please note that only a physical person, an individual, may be a plaintiff or, respectively, target of crime (libel/insult) in civil or criminal proceedings, and not an entity (a legal II person), to which the concept of “honour and dignity” does not apply. It is absurd for an entity (on the strength of being a body of power) to seek protection of its “honour and dignity”. So far we have been discussing protection of honour and dignity in the news media as stipulated by the Civil Code. But what provisions are there in the specific law – the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan on the Press and Other News Media? Article 24 of that law also provides citizens with the right to request publication of a refutation or a response in the same media that has pub- lished defamatory information. The grounds for that right are essentially the same as per Article 174 of the Civil Code. Article 26 of the Law stipulates that a person may move the court within one year after the publication he/she wants to contest. The Civil Code (Article 231) sets no limitations on actions to protect personal non-property rights (which include protection of honour and dignity). Article 231 of the Civil Code does contain a reservation: “except for instances provided for by law”. Maybe this is where the provisions of Article 26 of the Law should be applied. But we don’t know for certain, because so far there are no prec- edents. It should also be remembered that, as per the Civil Code (Article 174), a person’s honour and dignity may be protected even after the person’s death, when requested by interested persons. The term “inter- ested persons” is not defined in the laws. Presumably, this primarily refers to relatives. But, as shown by (other countries’) court practice, this may lead to controversies. For example, many lawyers believe that honour and dignity, as personal non-property rights, are not inheritable. Lawsuits for libel and insult are filed against the editorial office and the author of the publication. If the author uses a pseudonym or is anonymous, the only defendant is the editorial office. The editorial board may disclose the author’s identity – given the author’s consent – and then the author will be a co-defendant. But if the editorial office is not a legal entity, it may not be party to the court proceedings, and then the media body founder should be the defendant in the proceedings. 111 Junaid Ibodov

In certain cases, news media are exempted from liability for publish- ing false information under the Tajik laws (the Media Law). Article 35 of the Media Law stipulates that news media shall be exempted from liability for publishing false information in four cases: 1. if such information has appeared in official publications; 2. if it is obtained from news agencies or the press services of govern- ment or public organizations; 3. if it is a verbal quotation of speeches delivered by members of Coun- cils of Deputies at Council Congresses or sessions, or by delegates of public organization congresses, conferences, and plenums, or of offi- cial statements by officials of government or public organizations; 4. if such information is contained in author’s live broadcasts or in texts that are not subject to editing under this Law, such as a citizen’s response. I have to warn journalists against misinterpreting these exemptions. The point is that, even in the four cases listed in Article 35 of the Law, the medium body that has published or broadcast the information will be the defendant in court. In the course of the court proceedings, however, the editorial office may have the source of the information sued as a co-defendant. Another misconception shared by many media journalists and editors: they tend to believe that publishing a refutation automati- cally exempts them from liability for damages and moral harm caused by publication of defamatory information. That is not so: Article 174 of the Civil Code stipulates that citizens may apply to court to seek damages and harm indemnification, as well as publication of a refutation. A few words about criminal liability. Libel is defined (Article 135 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Tajikistan) as dissemination (in the media) of information known to be false that defames the honour and dignity of another person. Two things are important in this respect. First: only an individual, i.e. a physical person, can be the object of libel, so only an individual may be libelled, but not an organization or a state.

112  LIBEL AND INSULT LAWS AS A CHALLENGE TO FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA

Second: this refers to “information known to be false”. According to the law, the information disseminator (a journalist or an editorial office) should have known (prior to the publication) that it is false. Put even II more simply, for this provision to be applied, the journalist would have to testify in court that he/she had known that the information was false but decided to publish it anyway. As for the term “insult in the media” (Article 136 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Tajikistan), it is defined as “denigration of another person’s honour and dignity expressed in an indecent form”. Two things about this definition should be borne in mind. First, only a “person”, an individual can be insulted. Second, whether the information is true or false is of no relevance here. What matters is the “indecent form”, and that, in turn, depends on many societal factors – social, moral, etc. Investigating authorities and courts often order scientific and other expert examinations to establish whether a certain expression is insulting to a specific person at a given time.

113 114  LIBEL AND INSULT LAWS AS A CHALLENGE TO FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA

Shamaral Maichiev II UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS AT HUMANIZING LIBEL LEGISLATION IN KYRGYZSTAN

To begin with, I would like to give some interesting facts and figures from the protection of honour, dignity and business reputation case-law of courts in the Kyrgyz Republic for 2002 and the six months of 2003 as cited in the Review of Honour, Dignity and Business Reputation Protec- tion Case-Law of 5 December 2003 compiled by the Courts Brief and Judicial Statistics Analysis Office of the Supreme Court of the Kyrgyz Republic. According to judicial statistics, the courts introduced 103 libel and insult cases in 2001; 135 in 2002; and 242 in 2003. Of this total, 103 cases, or 21.5 per cent, were examined, and 282 cases, or 58.7 per cent, dismissed under the law of criminal procedure. Over the same period, from 2001 to 2003, the courts considered one case of insult of a trial participant (a judge) or contempt of court (art. 312 of the Penal Code) and 11 cases of public insult of government officials (art. 342 of the Penal Code). These figures are indicative of the growing number of cases for the protection of honour, dignity and business reputation. Thus, the courts of first instance introduced 131 cases in 2001, 152 in 2002, and 138 in the first six months of 2003, with 70 per cent of the 103 claims heard in 2002 and the first half of 2003 were decided in favour of the plaintiffs. One in every three cases was dismissed and one in every five was closed on the grounds provided for under procedural law. Of the 91 (44 per cent) appeals against court judgements 55 (60 per cent), were lost, and decisions were changed in 18 cases, mainly concern- ing the amount of compensation. Thirteen judgements were re-opened through the exercise of supervi- sory powers, of which 8 (61 per cent), were left standing. 115 Shamaral Maichiev

As the above statistics show, journalists get punished under criminal law, and our country witnessed several sensational cases of journalists groundlessly brought to trial under criminal charges and illegally impris- oned. These proceedings were broadly discussed by the civil society that made repeated demands on the authorities that imprisonment as criminal penalty for libel be abolished. Since 1999, the President of the Kyrgyz Republic has three times initiated before the Jogorku Kenesh of the Kyrgyz Republic a draft law decriminalizing the libel and insult provisions which envisage imprison- ment as punishment for these offences. These three attempts made by the President proved unsuccessful as the Jogorku Kenesh defeated the bill three times. The issue was enthusiastically discussed in the media: some viewed the President’s efforts as democratic and others described them as a kind of image-building trick. Be that as it may, such are the facts. Civilized countries have long since decriminalized libel as archaic and undemocratic. They believe that libel and insult fall within the jurisdiction of civil rather than criminal law. It is fair to say that criminal responsibil- ity for libel and insult still exists not only in post-Soviet states but, for instance, in Germany. In Germany, however, these articles have not been applied in practice for over 40 years now. In the United Kingdom, 90 per cent of claims for the protection of business reputation are not filed with courts but with public organizations engaged in mediatory efforts in the media sphere. For example, a large number of complaints against the media are filed with the Press Complaints Commission which addressed cases of defamation from an objective and unbiased standpoint. This is another evidence of the efficiency of a self-regulatory system to problems arising in connection with the media. International experts (“Defining Defamation”, a series of international standards, Article 19, London, July 2000) define the principles of criminal defamation as follows: 1. All criminal defamation laws should be abolished and replaced, where necessary, with appropriate civil defamation laws. Steps should be taken, in those States which still have criminal defamation laws in place, to progressively implement this Principle. 116  LIBEL AND INSULT LAWS AS A CHALLENGE TO FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA

2. As a practical matter, in recognition of the fact that in many States criminal defamation laws are the primary means of addressing unwar- ranted attacks on reputation, immediate steps should be taken to II ensure that any criminal defamation laws still in force conform fully to the following conditions: (a) no-one should be convicted for criminal defamation unless the party claiming to be defamed proves, beyond a reasonable doubt, the presence of all the elements of the offence, as set out below; (b) the offence of criminal defamation shall not be made out unless it has been proven that the impugned statements are false, that they were made with actual knowledge of falsity, or recklessness as to whether or not they were false, and that they were made with a specific intention to cause harm to the party claiming to be defamed; (c) public authorities, including police and public prosecutors, should take no part in the initiation or prosecution of criminal defamation cases, regardless of the status of the party claiming to have been defamed, even if he or she is a senior public official; (d) prison sentences, suspended prison sentences, suspension of the right to express oneself through any particular form of media, or to practise journalism or any other profession, excessive fines and other harsh criminal penalties should never be available as a sanction for breach of defamation laws, no matter how egregious or blatant the defamatory statement. I do not mean that journalists or the media should not bear any respon- sibility whatsoever. We are against criminal responsibility for libel or insult. We are firmly convinced that criminal responsibility can success- fully be replaced with administrative sanctions, sizable money penalties or responsibility of a journalist or a media body under civil law. Almost in all cases, when a person won a criminal case against a journalist for defamation and insult, that person simultaneously filed a civil complaint to protect his or her honour.

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Rozlana Taukina II ON SUPPORT FOR THE INITIATIVE TO REVOKE THE LAW ON LIBEL, AS A FACTOR IN REPRISALS AGAINST JOURNALISTS IN KAZAKHSTAN

A tendency to exercise control over the media in Central Asia can be observed in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. The difference is just in the degree of pressure brought to bear on the media, but the desire to control the information which is published or broadcast is gaining strength, as is the desire to prevent disloyal, adverse informa- tion coming in from abroad, from the international media. There is only one reason for this: the presidents of all these countries in Central Asia have been in power since 1991 (not counting their term as leaders of the CPSU in these republics, when they were part of the USSR). Under the constitutions of all these Central Asian countries, the presidents had the right to be elected for no more than two terms of 4 years. These terms have long since expired, of course, but the presidents have remained in power for third and fourth terms. Their desire to prevent questioning the legitimacy of the presidents’ authority, to prohibit any discussion of the rotation mechanism, to deprive claimants to power not only of a public rostrum and media coverage, but also to conceal information on their imprisonment or exile from the country, are incentives to regulate all political information in their countries. For this reason, in virtually every Central Asian country, there is a tendency to impose increasingly greater restrictions on freedom of speech, to suppress the independent media and persecute journalists who write the unbiased truth about the situation in the country and cover the activities of politicians who oppose the authoritarian regime in their country. Take Kazakhstan as an example, I can say that our president makes very skilful use of democratic statements in order to conceal the authori- tarian and harsh system of government in the country. This is why, with 119 Rozlana Taukina

each passing year, there is increasingly more evidence in Kazakhstan of pressure brought to bear on the media and individual journalists. A trick frequently used against journalists is to accuse them of libel and initiate lengthy court proceedings. The case against journalist Gen- nady Benditsky who wrote for the national newspaper Vremya (with a circulation of 169,186 copies) is indicative. The journalist wrote an article saying that millions of dollars allocated from the country’s budget to the Ministry of Defence to cover debts to Ukrainian and Russian plants which repaired military equipment had simply vanished. The document on funds allocation was passed by the parliament. The plants in Ukraine and Rus- sia said that they had never received the money and the debts were still outstanding. But the Ministry of Defence refers to the agency company that managed the funds. The agency company is headed in Kazakhstan by ex-deputy Prime Minister Asygat Zhabagin, a high level official. The mention of his company and his name in the article not only provoked his anger but also gave rise to threats addressed to Mr. Benditsky. A libel suit was then brought against the journalist, and the court demanded a 5-year term of imprisonment. Our organization Journalists in Trouble acted as a public defender in court. We gave the fact of the accusation extensive publicity both within the country and abroad, asking for support from Reporters without Frontiers and the Committee for the Protection of Journalists. It is only due to this uproar that the president intervened and demanded to examine the case on its merits. As a result, an investigation began in Kazakhstan into the disappearance of the money from the budget and Mr. Benditsky was found not guilty. This, however, is the only case of a journalist managing to prove himself to be in the right. There have been no cases in Kazakhstan where journalists have been imprisoned for libel, as is often done in Uzbekistan, but there are at least 40 cases a year when a journalist or a newspaper or the editorial board of a TV station is fined and made to pay damages. Here is the most recent example of a typical court ruling on a libel suit against a newspaper. A fake issue was circulated in Kazakhstan of the most popular national newspaper Assandi Times (circulation 36,200), which is in opposition 120  LIBEL AND INSULT LAWS AS A CHALLENGE TO FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA

to the authorities and criticizes top level officials. The fake issue had the same print run, but its articles were overtly extremist in character. The provocative articles were supposedly authored by the writers of the II real Assandi Times and well-known politicians from opposition parties. That same day, the newspaper’s editorial board held an emergency press conference, announcing that the journalists had nothing to do with writ- ing and publishing the fake issue. Moreover, the editorial board made a statement, calling on the law-enforcement agencies and the public prosecutor’s office to find those responsible for producing the fake issue. If the guilty parties were not found, the newspaper declared, it would assume the authorities to have been responsible, in particular the presidential staff. The statement was made at the press conference on Thursday and on Monday a demand was received from the presidential staff to refute the version of this organization’s involvement in produc- ing the fake issue. The most amazing thing is that the staff did not wait for the legally established thirty days, or even for the next issue of the newspaper, which comes out on Fridays, but brought a libel suit against the newspaper that same Wednesday. The hearings proceeded at a great speed, since the aim was to close down this “inconvenient” newspaper as quickly as possible before the parliamentary elections. The judge dismissed all of the lawyers’ requests to perform a linguistic expert analysis, since the editorial board’s statement did not contain libel, only a possible version. As a result, the court assessed a penalty in the amount of 50 million tenge, which is the equivalent of US$700,000, to be paid by the newspaper to the presidential staff for moral damage to the image of a government agency. The authors of the fake issue were never found or punished, but the newspaper went bankrupt, since it did not have so much money. The court also tried to arrest the Assandi Times assets, but it has none. All the newspaper’s property belongs to the Journalists in Trouble Foundation, which provided equipment for its free use. The tax authorities immediately visited the Journalists in Trouble Foundation, however, and fined its president, that is, myself, US$400 for improper execution of the contract on the free use. They could not, however, arrest or confiscate the equipment itself. The same newspaper team is now 121 Rozlana Taukina

publishing a paper entitled Respublika, without changing its style or the subjects it covered. This example of how the presidential staff uses the Criminal Code provisions for accusing the press of libel shows how common such pun- ishment measures have become in the country. I would like to stress a tendency: the provision on libel and insult of honour and dignity is used in Kazakhstan’s judicial practice as a weapon against the press, in order to close down newspapers or bankrupt them. There were quite a few cases when strong pressure was brought to bear on a periodical or a TV channel, binding them by an amicable agreement to avoid sensitive and anti-government topics in exchange for keeping their business. Independent periodicals are thus virtually induced to become loyal and agreeable to the authorities. Let me also underline the tendency to make selective use of the libel provision in Kazakhstan judicial practice. Opponents of the regime can- not use the libel provision in their own defence, as their suits are not accepted by the courts. For example, the newspaper Express-K wrote a vile article on the politician Guljan Yergaliyeva, comparing her to a mangy cat, looking like a young girl from behind and an old witch from the front, and using other similar insults concerning her appearance. At the same time, she was unfoundedly accused of 20-year-old financial vio- lations. The aim of the article was to discredit the authoritative opposition leader. The newspaper Express-K waged a similar defamation campaign targeted against the leaders of the Ak Zhol party and Kazkommerzbank – a business competitor of the newspaper’s founder. Newspapers like this get away with everything and the courts refuse to accept suits against them. One more example of how easy it is to use the libel and insult provisions against the independent press. Moreover, please note how absurd the accusations often sound. In Kazakhstan, there is an Internet newspaper called Navigator, which received a libel and insult suit from parliament deputy Serik Abdrakhmanov. He decided to sue the Internet newspaper for unfavourable comments made about him on the Forum, where information about deputy Abdrakhmanov was discussed anony- 122  LIBEL AND INSULT LAWS AS A CHALLENGE TO FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA

mously. The deputy was not concerned about why the Internet site should be held liable for anonymous comments – he demanded damages and that the newspaper be closed down. II I would like to conclude my speech with these examples and to support the international initiative to eliminate the libel and insult provisions from the Criminal Code, since practice shows that ordinary citizens hardly ever make use of them, while there is a multitude of cases when they are used by officials to punish journalists. I believe that ordinary citizens would be satisfied with the article in the administrative code, which protects them against libel. In the Kazakhstan Administrative Code, there is a separate section dealing with the protection of citizens against libel, with more than 20 articles envisaging imposition of enormous fines on the guilty parties. We know that these articles may also be used to scare off journalists, but a fine is a lesser evil than imprisonment. That is why we demand decriminalization of the relevant legislation of all the countries in Central Asia.

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III.

FREEDOM OF INFORMATION III David Banisar FREEDOM OF INFORMATION: GLOBAL PRACTICES AND IMPLEMENTATION IN CENTRAL ASIA

Sauytbek Abdrakhmanov FREEDOM OF INFORMATION IN KAZAKHSTAN

Olga Volkova ACCESS TO INFORMATION IN KAZAKHSTAN

Nuriddin Karshibaev ACCESS TO INFORMATION: ITS MONITORING AND USE IN ESTABLISHING A DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE AUTHORITIES AND THE MEDIA

Alexander Kulinskyi ACCESS TO INFORMATION IN KYRGYZSTAN: SOCIETY EXPECTS TRANSPARENCY FROM THE AUTHORITIES

Rustam Koshmuratov PROBLEMS WITH THE ALLOCATION OF RADIO FREQUENCIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KYRGYZSTAN

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FREEDOM OF INFORMATION: GLOBAL PRACTICES AND IMPLEMENTATION IN CENTRAL ASIA

David Banisar III Overview It is now widely recognized that transparency in public affairs is posi- tive for both governments and citizens. Over 60 countries have adopted comprehensive freedom of information (FOI) acts to facilitate access to records held by government bodies and over forty more have pending efforts.1 Most countries have also a variety of other laws including media acts, environmental protection and archives laws that allow for access to information. The legal regimes and practices in the Central Asian states are sig- nificantly behind the rest of the OSCE participating States in providing for media and citizen access to information held by government bodies. None have adopted adequate laws providing for a strong right of access to information and what laws the countries have adopted are undermined by broad acts on state secrets that classify information in often seemingly arbitrary ways and uncooperative practices by officials.

The Benefits of Freedom of Information Access to government records and information provides for numerous benefits for both governments and citizens: • Democratic Participation and Understanding. Citizens are better able to participate in the democratic process when they have information about the activities and policies of the government. Public awareness of the reasons behind decisions can improve support and reduce mis- understandings and dissatisfaction. Individual members of Parliament are also better able to conduct oversight. 1 See Appendix A for a list of countries that have adopted comprehensive laws.

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• Improved Government Decision-Making. Decisions that will even- tually be made public are more likely to be based on objective and justifiable reasons and confidence in the government is improved if it is known that the decisions will be predictable. The World Bank has found that “more transparent governments govern better for a wide variety of governance indicators such as government effectiveness, regulatory burden, corruption, voice and accountability, the rule of law, bureaucratic efficiency, contract repudiation, expropriation risk and [a combined transparency corruption index].”2 • Diminished Opportunity for Corrupt Practices. FOI legislation is a key tool in anticorruption measures. Citizen and media use of FOI in many countries have revealed corrupt practices previously unknown or ignored by authorities. The UN Convention on Corruption calls for governments to make procurement information generally available. In Thailand, the Prime Minister recently called for the public to use the Official Information Act to assist the government in reducing cor- ruption. • Redressing Past Harms. In countries that have recently made the transition to democracy, FOI laws allow governments to break with the past and allow society, victims of abuse and their families to better understand what happened. In Central Europe, most countries have adopted laws allowing for access by citizens and others to the files of the former secret police. • Improved Government Efficiency and Recordkeeping. FOI can also improve the internal flow of information within governments. Exces- sive secrecy reduces the ability of government departments to share information, and thus impinges upon efficiency. Many countries have reported that enacting FOI laws actually improved coordination and policy development. In many countries, the adoption of FOI laws has resulted in a measurable improvement in recordkeeping practices as government agencies are prompted to revise their record-keeping to meet the new legal requirements. Moreover, the right of access to 2 Roumeen Islam, Do more transparent governments govern better? (World Bank 2003). http://econ.worldbank.org/files/27369_wps3077.pdf

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government files ensures that records are accurate and that decisions are not based on outdated information.

International Obligations With Regards to Access to Information There is a growing body of agreements, treaties, resolutions, guidelines and model bills adopted by international organizations promoting access to III information as a international human right and as a key part of administra- tive law on issues such as environmental protection and anti-corruption. At its first session in 1946, the General Assembly of the United Nations recognized the importance of freedom of information and expression.3 This was incorporated into Article 19 of the 1948 UN Declaration of Human Rights which states: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regard- less of frontiers. FOI was thus considered an essential part of freedom of expression. Since 1993, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression to the Commission on Human Rights has advised that access to information is a separate human right. In his 1998 report to the Human Rights Committee, he stated: The right to seek and receive information is not simply a converse of the right to freedom of opinion and expression but a freedom on its own… that the right to access to information held by the Government must be the rule rather than the exception. Furthermore, there must be a general right of access to certain types of information related to what may be called “State activity”, for example, meetings and decision-making forums should be open to the public wherever possible.4

This call for access has especially been adopted in the field of envi- ronmental protection. The 1992 Rio Principles adopted by the UN Earth 3 Resolution 59(1), 14 December 1946. 4 Promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Abid Hussain, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1997/26. E/CN.4/1998/40. 28 January 1998;The right to freedom of opinion and expression: Report of the Special Rapporteur, Ambeyi Ligabo. United Nations Economic and Social Council E/CN.4/2004/62, 12 December 2003.

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Summit call for access to information on the environment held by public authorities so as to enhance citizens’ participation in decision-mak- ing about environmental matters.5 This led to the adoption of the 1997 UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (the Aarhus Convention) which requires that governments affirmatively make information available and engage citizens before making decisions on environmental issues.6 It has now been signed by forty countries. In the region, all of the Central Asian countries except for Uzbekistan have signed the Convention. The Council of Europe has also been active in developing the right to information. The COE Ministers first issued a resolution in 1979 call- ing on member countries to adopt FOI laws. Since then, it has reiterated that recommendation several times and has assisted member countries in developing and implementing laws. In 2002, it issued detailed guidelines for member countries on developing access laws and is currently discuss- ing developing the first international treaty on access to information.7 Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) pro- vides for the right to free speech based on the UNDHR. While the Court has not ruled that Article 10 provides for the right of access to informa- tion, it has found numerous times that the right of access to information is a right found in other provisions. For example, Article 8, which provides for the right of privacy to individuals, also includes the right to obtain records about yourself and furthermore provides for a positive obligation on the part of governments to make information about other important issues such as environmental hazards available to communities. All Central Asian countries have, as members of the UN, the OSCE, the CIS and other international organizations, ratified most international human rights documents without any reservations or derogations. Interna- 5 Principle 10, Rio Declaration on the Environment and Development. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-1annex1.htm 6 UNECE. http://www.unece.org/env/pp/ 7 Council of Europe, Recommendation Rec(2002)2 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on access to official documents, 2002. http://cm.coe.int/stat/E/Public/2002/adopted_texts/recommendations/2002r2.htm

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tional law prevails in the constitutions of all the Central Asian countries and in cases of conflict between national and international duties of the state, international ones have the superior status. However, there are some laws that contradict the provisions in the constitution and by-laws are directly enforced. Courts have resisted applying international law and, in cases of conflicts of internal laws are reluctant to apply the constitution, III thus prioritizing by-laws.

Constitutional Rights to Access to Information Globally, freedom of information is increasingly being included specifically in recently developed or modified constitutions. Over fifty countries’ constitutions now include a right to access of information. In some countries such as Estonia, Hungary, Finland, Moldova, Poland and Portugal, the Constitution provides for a general right of information to all citizens. In others, it is limited to a right to access records about the person or his interests. All five states’ constitutions provide for freedom of expression. According to the constitutions, the media are free and must function in compliance with the laws. Media are also responsible for the accuracy of the information and censorship is prohibited. Most of the constitutions also recognize some right of access to government-held information. Article 25 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan states that: “Governmental organs, social asso- ciations, and officials are obligated to provide each person with the possibility of receiving and becoming acquainted with documents that affect her or his rights and interests”. Similarly, Article 30 of the 1992 Uzbek Constitution requires “state bodies, public associations, and officials” to allow citizens access to “documents, resolutions, and other materials, relating to their rights and interests” and Article 18(3) of the Kazakhstan Constitution allows for citizens access to informa- tion that relates to their “rights and interests” from State bodies, public associations, officials, and the mass media. Article 26 of the Constitu- tion of Turkmenistan provides for citizens to “have the right to receive information”. Article 16(6) of the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic 131 David Banisar

allows citizens the right to be “acquainted with personal information” held by government bodies. However, these rights of access are immediately followed by broad derogations in the name of protection on state and other secrets. The Turk- men Constitution restricts access when “such information is a govern- mental, official, or commercial secret”. The Kyrgyz Constitution limits access when the information is a “state or other secret protected by law.” The Tajik Constitution limits it “in cases anticipated by law”. In practice, these limitations are given greater status than the right to know.

Comprehensive Right to Information Laws Laws opening government records and processes are now common- place among democratic countries. Nearly sixty countries have adopted comprehensive laws to facilitate access and over forty more countries having pending bills or proposals. The laws are broadly similar, allowing for a general right by citizens, residents and often anyone else to demand information from government bodies. There are exemptions in cases such as the withholding of critical information and appeals processes and oversight.

Basic Elements of Right to Information Laws • A General Right to Know. FOI laws generally provide for the right of any individual, organization or legal entity to be able to demand information (defined in some legislation as documents or records) from public bodies without having to show a legal interest. Often there are provisions to allow for citizens to have greater access to otherwise exempt information in cases where there is a pending administrative appeal or a request to access personal information about the person. • Obligation of Public Bodies to Provide Information. The govern- ment body is obligated to respond to demands for information held by the body in any form (print, electronic, audio-visual etc.) and must provide the information in the format requested. There are also rules regarding the procedures that must be followed by both the requestor and the public body. These rules include requirements for the format of 132  FREEDOM OF INFORMATION

the request, procedures for appointing officials and handling requests and time limits for responding to requests. The South African Promo- tion of Access to Information Act extends the obligations to private bodies when it is necessary to protect individual rights. Similarly, data protection acts in most countries allow for individuals to access personal information held by private bodies. III • Exemptions to the Right to Know. All laws provide for exemptions to the right to know which allow for the withholding of certain limited sensitive information. Typically, the laws require that the public body show that some harm to the interest will occur if it is released before the information can be withheld. Once the harm has passed, then the information should be released. Most laws also stipulate that only the sensitive information in a document should be withheld and that the rest of the document or record should be released. The Council of Europe recommends the following exemptions: j national security, defence and international relations; j public safety; j the prevention, investigation and prosecution of criminal activi- ties; j privacy and other legitimate private interests; j commercial and other economic interests, be they private or public; j the equality of parties concerning court proceedings; j nature; j inspection, control and supervision by public authorities; j the economic, monetary and exchange rate policies of the state; j the confidentiality of deliberations within or between public authorities during the internal preparation of a matter.8 Many laws also provide for information to be released if there is an overriding public interest in disclosure. This typically includes cases where there is a public emergency, violations of laws and envi- 8 Recommendation Rec(2002)2 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on access to official documents, 21 February 2002.

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ronmental concerns. Some countries’ laws and the COE Guidelines require that all exemptions be subject to the public interest test. • Internal Appeals. Nearly all countries provide for requestors to have the right to ask for an administrative appeal regarding withholdings of information. The review is typically done by a higher level official in the government body or by a superior body in the same ministry. The advantage of these procedures is that they can be carried out relatively quickly and inexpensively. However, their utility is often limited by the reality that officials from the same department review the decision and are likely to uphold decisions by their colleagues. Under standard administrative procedure as practiced in most countries, internal appeals must be exhausted before external reviews can be requested. • External Review and Oversight. Most countries provide for an independent external body which can be asked to review cases where information is withheld. This external body is meant to issue opinions on the legality of the withholdings. In many countries, the parliamentary ombudsman, under its general power of investigating maladministration, reviews cases. A number of countries including Hungary, Slovenia, Estonia, Thailand, Mexico, France, the United Kingdom and Canada have created a specialized body called an Information Commission which reviews cases and also promotes freedom of information through public advocacy and the provision of training and guidance to the public and government bodies. Almost all countries also provide for a separate review of the decision by an independent court or tribunal. • Duty to Publish. Most laws include a requirement for government bodies to affirmatively publish some type of information about their structures, rules, and activities. Newer laws such as laws in Poland and Estonia require that government bodies create web sites and that they make information available by electronic means. Electronic networks are an efficient method of providing information. The Council of the European Union makes available many of the documents it creates in its electronic register, including any document released under its access regulations. This has resulted in both improved access by citi- 134  FREEDOM OF INFORMATION

zens and efficiency gains by the secretariat. As noted by the Council in the most recent annual report: “If the number of documents directly accessible to the public increases, the number of documents requested decreases.”9 However, one major barrier to this approach in the Cen- tral Asian region is the fact that many individuals are not able to use electronic resources due to lack of access or training. III • Sanctions for Officials Who Fail to Follow the Requirements of the Law. These can include administrative sanctions against govern- ment bodies or officials and criminal penalties in extreme cases such as the unlawful destruction of documents or deliberate obstruction in releasing information. Many countries also provide for legal fees to be paid for by the government body when it is found that the body withheld information without justification.

FOI Laws in Central Asia In the region, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan have adopted FOI laws that are roughly based on these elements. None of the laws fully incorporate the elements above and the laws are better described as general information policy laws rather than laws that provide for a com- prehensive right of access to information. Of the laws, the 2002 Tajikistan Law of Information most fully incorporates international practices in its text, but not necessarily in practice. One major problem is that the laws in the region generally do not provide detailed procedures for requests such as are found in interna- tional practices. The laws often refer to by-laws and other laws and regulations. For example, the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on Guarantees and Free Access guarantees citizens a right of access and states that the request must be in writing but does not provide a comprehensive list of legitimate exemptions. In practice, there are some types of information that are hardly accessible because of the absence of the instructions and regulations to which most laws refer. For example, it is difficult in many 9 See Annual report of the Council on the implementation of Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents, 7 March 2003.

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countries for the family to find information on the time of execution and on the place of burial in cases of a death penalty. Another major problem is the broad exemptions set out in the laws that go beyond international practices. For example, the Uzbekistan Law on the Principles and Guarantees of Freedom of Information provides for exemptions to protect the “nation’s spiritual, cultural and scientific potential” and the “moral values of the community.” As noted above, the laws don’t often directly relate to making informa- tion available. Many of the laws contain prohibitions on the dissemina- tion of information by the media. Article 10 of the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on Guarantees and Free Access to Information prohibits the mass media from disseminating ten categories of information including pornography, “unprintable expressions”, “wittingly false information” and prohibits media from advertising without registering and licenses. Not every Central Asian state publishes its policy or strategy in one or another matter. There is also a serious problem with access to by-laws and other sec- ondary legislation. The Cabinet of Ministers in some countries issues two types of decrees/norms: those which are open and accessible to society called ‘white publications’ and those called ‘red publications’, which are targeted to some internal issues and/or to secret or strategic issues and are not accessible to the public. ‘Red publications’ are essentially regulations and instructions for the state agencies but most of them constitute public information or regulations of some public relations. In the Republic of Uzbekistan, when the Cabinet of Minister issued Decree N543 in Decem- ber 2003 on the procedure of INGOs and IGOs registration, INGOs were informed by the Ministry about new procedures but none of them could access the mentioned decree legally. There is also limited application on local and regional levels. Access to the norms or acts of local government administration is quite hard. In most cases there is no regulation on that issue; however such acts have direct power.

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Media Laws All of the Central Asian countries have laws on regulating the mass media and on the activities of journalists. All of the laws provide for some additional rights of access by the media on their face and limit censor- ship. However, in practice, the media laws in the Central Asian region are more focused on controlling the media than about providing access. III These include requirements on media and journalists registration before they can operate and broad limits on disclosure of information. In Kazakhstan, the Law on Mass Media provides that government bodies, public associations, government officials and mass media must provide citizens with information including documents and sources on issues that affect the citizens’ interests. Journalists are given the right to visit government offices, attend meetings and events and to have access to documents except for those that contain state secrets. In Tajikistan, the Law on Press and Other Mass Media requires public bodies and offi- cials to “supply the information necessary to the mass media” and gives journalists the right to demand information and review documents from public bodies and officials. The 1997 Uzbek and Kyrgyz laws on the professional activities of journalists both give journalists the right to “gather, analyse, and distrib- ute information…apply to state bodies, self-administration bodies…in order to receive information” and to “have access to documents, materials and information, excluding those containing information, which is a state or any other secret protected by the law.” Even in Turkmenistan, where the Soviet-era Law on the Press and Other Media still remains in force, journalists are given the right to demand information from public bodies and officials. The media laws also include penalties for the publication of broad categories of information including state and commercial secrets, insults to the civic dignity of people and to state symbols.

State Secrets Acts Every country has highly sensitive information relating to national security that needs protection and rules relating to the protection of 137 David Banisar

this information. There is often a conflict between these procedures and freedom of information. FOI acts are based on the presumption that information should be available to the public. Broad exemptions to access imposed by security protections frequently raise serious concerns about national security being used to undermine basic rights, a situation that even occurs in some of the most long-standing democracies. Ensur- ing national security is important to all nations but the balance between national security and freedom of information is frequently skewed towards national security. A properly functioning security of information system recognizes that a limited amount of sensitive information needs to be protected and then, only for the duration that it is sensitive. The level of protection should be based on the sensitivity of information and less sensitive information should be given lesser protections or none at all. There are substantial monetary costs relating to the protection of classified information. In the United States, it costs an estimated $7 billion each year to protect classified information. It can also lead to the withholding of informa- tion due to misfeasance, incompetence and corruption. Perhaps, most importantly for the state, excessive classification leads to a weakening of the protection of the important information. US Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart noted in the Pentagon Papers case “When everything is classified, then nothing is classified, and the system becomes one to be disregarded by the cynical or the careless, and to be manipulated by those intent on self-protection or self-promotion.” Many countries around the world have adopted laws that set out detailed procedures regarding the classification and declassification of information which could affect national security. These laws set rules on the types of information that can be classified, limitations, the dura- tion of the classification and procedures for vetting of employees. New members of NATO were required to adopt these laws on protection of classified information as a condition of joining the organization. Most CIS countries have adopted laws on state secrets based on the Russian State Secrets Act.

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The most significant barrier to access to information in Central Asia is the use of vague and broad acts regarding the protection of state secrets. Every country in the region has adopted such a law and they are remark- ably similar. These acts were all adopted shortly after the independence of the countries. III Elements of State Secrets/Protection of Classified Information Acts • Types of information to be protected. A properly written state secrets act limits its protections to only that information which release of would seriously undermine the national security or the territorial integrity of the nation. The Slovenian Classified Information Act defines it as “a threat to the vital interests of the country” (needed for a top secret designation). In Peru, it is defined as “a threat to the constitutional order, independence, territorial integrity and defence capability of the country”. The types of information protected must also be clear. A properly functioning system provides for a clear delineation of the types of information that are being protected so that the system cannot be arbitrarily used to restrict information in the name of national security. The US Executive Order on Classification sets out eight areas that are eligible for classification: (a) military plans, weapons systems, or operations; (b) foreign government information; (c) intelligence activities (including special activities), intelligence sources or methods, or cryptology; (d) foreign relations or foreign activities of the United States, includ- ing confidential sources; (e) scientific, technological, or economic matters relating to the national security, which includes defence against trans-national ter- rorism; (f) United States Government programs for safeguarding nuclear materials or facilities;

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(g) vulnerabilities or capabilities of systems, installations, infra- structures, projects, plans, or protection services relating to national security, which includes defence against trans-national terrorism; or (h) weapons of mass destruction.10 The laws in Central Asia all fail to set reasonable limits on the imposi- tion of secrets. For the most part, the laws only set out vague standards for the protection of the nation and include other issues such as economic and political interests. There are many examples of inappropriate informa- tion being covered under the secrets acts. In Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, information on the use of the death penalty is a state secret. In Tajikistan, information on economic growth was classified in 2003. In Turkmenistan, it has been reported that medical personal are being warned to not speak about cases of the plague because that is considered a state secret. It is often unclear what secrets are protected. In Uzbekistan, the lack of a published list of which information is protected as state secrets leads to concern about officials creating new categories without limit. It was generally seen as a positive step in Uzbekistan when the Chief Inspection for the Protection of State Secrets in the Press, which was generally seen as a mechanism for censoring the media, was removed. It is still unclear if this has had any substantive effect on the publication of information or has brought any clarity on defining what state secrets, if published, could subject the media to prosecution under the criminal code for revealing information. • Levels of Classification. Most State Secrets and Classified Informa- tion laws create a tier of categories of security. Secrets are typically divided into levels of “Top Secret”, “Secret,” “Confidential” and “Restricted” or “For Official Use”. Each level sets different thresholds for access, use and protection. The Russian law on State Secrets creates three categories: “Of Special Importance”, “Top Secret” and “Secret.” Secret information is general limited to that which would harm national 10 Executive Order 13,292, Further Amendment to Executive Order 12958 Classified National Security Information, March 28, 2003. Also See Ireland Freedom of Information Act, Sec- tion 24; Canadian Access to Information Act, Section 15; Bulgarian Law for the Protection of Classified Information, Appendix No. 1 of Article 25.

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security if disclosed. For example, the Slovenian Classified Informa- tion Act states, “SECRET classification shall be applied to classified information the disclosure of which, to unauthorised persons, could seriously harm the security or interests of the Republic of Slovenia.” The US Executive Order on Classified National Security Information (EO 12958) sets “secret” as “shall be applied to information, the unau- III thorized disclosure of which reasonably could be expected to cause serious damage to the national security that the original classification authority is able to identify or describe.” Most of the laws in the region follow this approach to some extent. The Kazakhstan law on Protec- tion of State Secrets adopts the Russian approach of three tiers. The Uzbekistan law adopts categories on state, military and official secrets but does not distinguish time limits or levels of sensitivity. • Duration. Typically, state secrets set limits on the length of time that information should be classified. It is generally recognized that infor- mation should only be classified for the period in which the harm in withholding it is greater than the public good in releasing it. Classified information is best thought of as having a “lifecycle”11. Through dif- ferent stages, the information’s need for protection will change. The older the information, the less likely that the harms will be realized and the higher the public interest for releasing the information. Most laws require that information should only be classified for as long as it is necessary for protecting the interests needed. The duration is typically found in older acts and ranges from thirty to fifty years. The Russian Law on State Secret sets a limit of thirty years. More recent acts have started to set the duration based on the level of classification and have imposed shorter limits ranging from fifteen to twenty years on the maximum duration for information to remain classified. The US Executive Order sets a default of ten years unless it can be shown that it needs a longer duration. The Bulgarian Protection of Classified Information Act sets a limit of 30 years for Top Secret, 15 years for Secret, 5 years for Confidential and 2 years for an official secret. 11 See Background on the Principles and Process of “Life Cycle Risk Assessment”, http://www.opsec.org/opsnews/Sep97/protected/Secrecy.html

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Most of the laws in Central Asia do not provide for these set limits on classification in the text of the law. One significant exception is Kazakh- stan, which sets a limit of twenty years with a possibility of renewal. The Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan laws set no maximum time frame but only require that the information is reviewed every five years. • Prohibition on Information From Being Classified. Most secrets acts typically provide that certain categories of information cannot be classified. These typically include human rights violations, violations of other laws, and information relating to environmental hazards. The CIS Inter-parliamentary Assembly Model Law on State Secrets, not in itself a model of liberal access, provides for a much more detailed list of items that cannot be classified: 1.) On emergency situations and catastrophes which threaten secu- rity and health of citizens, and their consequences, as well as on natural calamities, their official forecasts and consequences; 2.) On the state of the environment, healthcare, sanitation, demog- raphy, education, culture, agriculture, as well as criminality; 3). On privileges, compensation and preferences granted by the state to citizens, officials and organisations; 4.) Facts of human rights and fundamental freedoms of a citizen; 5.) Sizes of gold and currency assets of the national bank and gov- ernment (budget) reserve of precious metals and stones; 6.) On facts of violation of law by state organs, organisations and their officials; 7.) Mass repressions for political, social and other reasons, including data stored in archives...12 The US Executive Order states that information cannot be classi- fied to “conceal violations of law, inefficiency, or administrative error, prevent embarrassment to a person, organization or agency, retain competition, or prevent or delay the release of information that does not require protection in the interest of national security information.” It also prohibits basic scientific information not clearly related to 12 Model Law on State Secrets, Adopted at the 21st Plenary session of the CIS Interparliamen- tary Assembly (Decision 21–10 of 16 June 2003)

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national security from being classified. The Slovenian Protection of Classified Information Act prohibits the classification of information relating to crimes.13 The Moldovan Law on State Secrets prohibits classification of the “true situation in the sphere of education, health protection, ecology, agriculture, trade, and justice”. The exemptions in the Central Asian laws are typically much less III detailed. The Uzbekistan law does not define any categories of informa- tion that cannot be classified. The Turkmenistan law limits classification to only information relating to rights, freedoms and lawful interests and to information that endangers personal safety and health. • Oversight. In many state secrets acts, a specialized body is created which makes decisions on the categories of information to be clas- sified, and provides vetting of those who are authorized to access classified information. They also can review decisions concerning classification. In Russia, the Interdepartmental Commission for Safe- guarding the State Secret was created by the Secrets Act. In Hungary, under the Secrecy Act of 1995, the Parliamentary Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information is entitled to change the classification of state and official secrets.14 In the US, the Information Security Oversight Office, an office of the National Archives, is cur- rently reviewing the decision by the Pentagon to classify the report on torture by military and civilian employees in Iraq. Most of the Central Asian legislation lacks an independent body to review their decisions. The bodies that are asked to review, such as the National Security Service in Uzbekistan, after the same as those that create the secrets. • Criminal Code Provisions. Most countries also have provisions in their criminal codes that prohibit the unauthorized disclosure of secret information to foreign governments and often to anyone else as well. Often, they also prohibit the further redistribution by others, such as the media, of information that is considered secret. Typically, however, the recently adopted FOI laws override the Secrets Acts prohibitions on release of information except in the case of national 13 Article 6, Classified Information Act 14 Hungary, Act LXV of 1995 on State Secrets and Official Secrets.

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security information. In New Zealand, the government repealed the OSA when the Official Information Act was adopted in 1982. Cases where the use of the criminal code provisions to punish newspapers for publishing “state secrets” are common in the region.

Conclusion The Central Asian states have made some steps towards freedom of information but substantial problems remain. None have laws that meet international standards on access to information. State Secrets Acts undermine the right of access and are often abused. Significant efforts are required to ensure that the region joins the rest of the OSCE in rec- ognizing the right of access.

Appendix 1 - List of National Freedom of Information Laws The following countries have adopted national access to information laws. Not all laws have been implemented or are considered effective. For a review of these countries’ laws, see David Banisar, Freedom of Information and Access to Government Record Laws Around the World. http://www.freedominfo.org/survey.htm

Albania Denmark Angola Dominican Republic Armenia Ecuador Australia Estonia Austria Finland Belgium France Belize Georgia Bosnia and Herzegovina Greece Bulgaria Hungary Canada Iceland Colombia India Croatia Ireland Czech Republic Israel 144  FREEDOM OF INFORMATION

Italy Portugal Jamaica Romania Japan Serbia South Korea Slovakia Kosovo Slovenia Kyrgyz Republic South Africa III Latvia Spain Liechtenstein Sweden Lithuania Switzerland Mexico Tajikistan Moldova Thailand Netherlands Trinidad and Tobago New Zealand Turkey Norway Ukraine Pakistan United Kingdom Panama United States Peru Uzbekistan Poland Zimbabwe

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Sauytbek Abdrakhmanov

FREEDOM OF INFORMATION IN KAZAKHSTAN III First of all, I’d like to thank the organizers of this seminar and the OSCE Centre for creating the necessary conditions for productive work. For the second day running we have had a useful exchange of opinions on vitally important issues relating to the democratization of public life, the mass media in particular. When Ivar Vikki, the OSCE ambassador to the Republic of Kazakhstan, and I met in Astana and he suggested that I should speak on the subject of “Access to Information”, I accepted his suggestion with pleasure. The degree of public awareness and freedom of information are the key fac- tors of the democratization process. You must be familiar with the maxim: “Information is the main currency of democracy.” And that is quite true. The more information we get, the more democracy we have. And vice versa. The more information we get, the more trust there is. And vice versa. In this connection I recall the parable told by the great Confucius. Once he was asked: “A government has three assets: the army, food supplies and the people’s trust. If one of these assets had to be given up, which should it be?” Confucius replied: “The army. With food supplies a country can hold out for a fairly long time.” He was asked then another question: “And if one of the remaining two assets had to be given up, which should it be?” Confucius replied: “Food supplies. A country can live without food for several days, whereas without the people’s trust it cannot last a single day.” Of course, I’m not sure about the precise wording of that parable, but its essence is there. The people’s trust is ensured by truth. Truth and nothing else. And it is we, media workers in the first place, who bring truth to the people. As a former Minister of Information, I can state positively that efforts are being made towards this end in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Today, 147 Sauytbek Abdrakhmanov

about 80 per cent of over 2,000 media bodies in Kazakhstan are non-gov- ernmental companies. Since the very first years of the country’s indepen- dence there was a fairly broad network of the opposition media. You can judge by yourselves about the extent of freedom of speech in Kazakhstan from the addresses given by my colleagues. Forgetting about the elemen- tary requirements of the presumption of innocence, we can accuse anybody of anything – even despite a public refutation of incriminating facts. Under effective law, information shall be available to the public and shall not be subject to any restrictions, except in the cases provided for in a particular article of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan. For instance, the mass media shall not be used for subversive propaganda or calls for a forcible change of the constitutional system, for violating the territorial integrity of the Republic of Kazakhstan, undermining the security of the state, inciting war, disseminating the ideas of social, racial, national, religious, estate or clan superiority, advocating cruelty and violence, spreading pornography, as well as for disclosing informa- tion constituting state secrets of the Republic of Kazakhstan or any other secret information protected by law. To construe the above as an infringement of freedom of speech would be naive, to say the least. The legislation now in force envisages certain rules of providing infor- mation by government agencies and other organizations at the request of mass media representatives, with the exception of information constitut- ing state secrets of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and it also envisages responsibility for refusal to provide information. It gives me pleasure to inform you that Kazakhstan is getting down to creating an e-government. We have carefully studied Estonia’s experi- ence in that area. There is no doubt that an e-government will facilitate access to information on the operation of power structures. Quite natu- rally, journalists, too, will be able to use this innovation. In addition, we are working on a draft law on Information and Pro- tection of Information. The Government has already submitted it to the parliament, and it will be considered by the new Majilis. By the way, I feel it my duty to say that since the results of the elections in Kazakhstan, 148  FREEDOM OF INFORMATION

which were held only three days ago, have not yet been finalized, it is wrong to make unfounded accusations of any violations against anyone, particularly in view of the fact that international observers (there were over a thousand of them) have on the whole positively appraised the degree of openness of the elections. Issues pertaining to protection against harmful information have to III be regulated. The term “harmful information” has to be specified. It is the kind of information that contains propaganda or calls for a forcible change of the constitutional system, is aimed at violating the territorial integrity of the Republic of Kazakhstan; undermining the security of the state; inciting war; disseminating the ideas of social, racial, national, reli- gious, estate or clan superiority; advocating cruelty and violence; contain- ing propaganda and justification of terrorism and extremism, of the use and distribution of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, precursors, and pornography; as well as information disclosing state secrets or any other secret information protected by law; also information disclosing the technical methods and tactics of antiterrorist operations during their conduct in the Republic of Kazakhstan; information containing falsified facts of natural or man-made disasters, quarantines or other emergency situations constituting a threat to human life; unfair, untruthful, unethi- cal, patently false and covert advertising; information containing secret inserts acting on people’s subconscious and/or detrimental to their health, which is incompatible with the requirements of ethics and public moral- ity; information crippling the information resources and infrastructure of the Republic of Kazakhstan; infringing on people’s privacy and violating the rules of pre-election canvassing; false information which harms the honour and dignity or business reputation of individuals or legal entities, or damaging the country’s international relations and its prestige; and information compiled with the use of unprintable language. Do the people who drafted the law advocate a return to censorship? No, they don’t. I’d like to tell you about something I saw and heard in the United States. On 20 December 2001, our delegation visited the very place in New York where the tragedy of September 11 had occurred. Our American 149 Sauytbek Abdrakhmanov

counterparts told us about the State Department’s request addressed to all TV channels to refrain from relishing scenes of horror – people jumping out of skyscraper windows (many of them died of heart failure during the fall), smashed skulls, pools of blood, and so on. All TV channels without exception complied with that request. What I’m trying to say is this: we cannot, on the basis of all that, assert that now there is censorship in the United States and that the truth was concealed from TV viewers. On the contrary, during those terrible days the greatest truth aimed at achieving the supreme goal was to prevent undermining the morale of that great nation, to prevent the spread of panic, and to prevent provoking new acts of terror- ism. The supreme truth was a manifestation of supreme state wisdom. Regrettably, it is precisely supreme wisdom which the so-called “independent” media often lack. Judging by the speeches of our col- leagues, this is true of many media bodies in Central Asia. I said the “so-called independent news media” because the notion of independence of the mass media is highly relative and conditional. Today, we use the term “independent” with reference to the media bodies which are not featuring government-sponsored programmes or are not subsidized by the Government. All right, let’s suppose that the media partly owned by the state are “dependent” to some extent – since they implement certain government-sponsored projects (although that is an arguable point as well). But the other media are also dependent. Maybe even more so. Speaking here yesterday, Mr. Duvanov admitted that some independent newspapers had become political party organs. And that is the truth, bitter truth. They now depend on the leadership of those parties. Still others depend on their founders and sponsors. The degree of the dependence of “grant-consumers” is proportional to the amount of the grants. By the way, there’s a good joke which is relevant in this connection: “The independent media are those media on which nothing depends.” I repeat: that’s only a joke. Let’s do everything to keep that joke merely a joke. Although every joke has a grain of truth in it. If absolute freedom is impossible, then absolute independence is impos- sible either. The way I see it, in the period of transition, the mass media in our countries should depend only on the ideas of Independence. 150  FREEDOM OF INFORMATION

Olga Volkova

ACCESS TO INFORMATION IN KAZAKHSTAN

First of all, on behalf of the organization which has delegated me – the III Centre for Legal Assistance to the Mass Media (Karaganda, Kazakhstan) – I’d like to thank the organizers of the OSCE workshop for holding such a topical conference. Indeed, today, during the democratic development of states, the right of access to information, as well as defamation issues, are very meaningful. Having heard the speeches of media representatives from some Asian countries and compared the facts they mentioned, I can say that the situation with criminal prosecution of journalists for insult or libel is much better in the Republic of Kazakhstan, particularly in the Karaganda Region. However, as regards access to information, the situ- ation leaves much to be desired. For instance, in the five years that our nongovernmental organization has been in existence, there was only one attempt to call a journalist to account on criminal charges for libel, but the attempt failed because his actions lacked the elements of a crime provided for under Article 129 (Libel) of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. And there has not been a single case of a journalist being brought to book under Article 130 (Insult) of the Criminal Code. Of course, the inclusion of such articles in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan is intended, on the one hand, to discourage journalists from “spicy” writing, and, on the other, to protect the honour, dignity and professional reputation of people against all sorts of defama- tion. Therefore, it would be wrong to assert categorically that the presence of Articles 129 and 130 in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakh- stan is a hindrance to the professional activity of journalists. Indeed, in the course of democratic development many countries of Europe have decriminalized their libel and insult laws in regard to the journalists who may now incur only civil liability for such offences. Obviously, it took those countries more than a few years to arrive at this important 151 Olga Volkova

decision, and this is only natural: the standard of journalists’ civil law awareness and professionalism must be really high for that. Therefore, it would be very useful for us to consider in the future decriminalizing the legal provisions on libel and insult – since our state is advancing along the road of democracy. As far as the constitutional right of citizens, including journalists, to receive information is concerned, journalists in the Karaganda Region have lately had serious problems in gaining access to information. More often than not, such problems have been caused by state bodies, and sometimes by private organizations. Recently, more and more journalists have complained to our centre about problems connected with obtain- ing information at law courts. They were denied access to information under various pretexts: persons in charge of issuing information pleaded a shortage of time, or they had no comments to make, or they had to get permission from their superiors first, or they simply refused to have anything to do with the media. Such problems are very surprising to us since the effective legislation of Kazakhstan clearly specifies the guaran- tees to the media in obtaining information as well as the time-limits for issuing it, and provides for the liability of persons who have refused to give out information on no grounds – although there is no specific article to that effect. In some cases, the right of journalists to have access to unclassified information may be flagrantly violated – an obvious failure to comply with the law. Therefore, we believe, there should be liability provisions for a groundless refusal to grant information either in the Code of Administrative Offences or in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Another very important aspect of the matter is obtaining courtroom information. Once again I’ll have to refer to the procedural norms of the Republic of Kazakhstan (its codes of criminal and civil procedure) which strictly regulate the publicity of judicial examination and, at the same time, guarantee the right of obtaining courtroom information. Thus, Article 19 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides for free access of citizens (including journalists) to open trials. Moreover, it specifies that those in the courtroom have the right to take notes of the proceedings 152  FREEDOM OF INFORMATION

from their places in the courtroom or to use audio recording. As far as video recording is concerned, the electronic media are allowed to do so only with the permission of the presiding judge and in the absence of objections from the parties to the proceedings. Regrettably, the news media have increasingly complained lately about courtroom information being withheld from them, as well as about being denied permission to III make video recordings of the proceedings, and about the officials’ plain unwillingness to communicate with the press. Our organization has taken steps to adjust problems that arise: we have conducted workshops with government officials and the media people aimed at enhancing infor- mational cooperation between the courts and the media. For a while it seemed that the problems had been resolved, but now they are rising again with renewed force. We have repeatedly appealed to court chairmen urging them to ensure openness and to observe the rights of journalists to obtain information. On the whole, our efforts were not in vain – there were some positive results, but at times we were compelled to appeal even to Supreme Court Chairman K. Mami. Sometimes, during court proceedings, one could notice a kind of discrimination against the electronic media. For instance, newspaper reporters were allowed to be present at a court session and to make audio recordings, while television companies, for which video recordings are essential, were refused permission to be present under various pretexts: a litigant’s disagreement, improper clothing, etc. I have even witnessed a TV cameraman being forcibly expelled from the courtroom. In this con- nection, we believe that a complete equality of rights must be ensured for all the media and that video recording of all court proceedings must be allowed. And if a party to the proceedings should object to being recorded on video, it must be guaranteed not to be shown on the television screen in news reports. For fairness’ sake I will note that there have been isolated cases where problems with obtaining information arose because journalists were igno- rant of their rights and requested information that constituted commercial or state secrets. In the majority of cases, however, journalists were denied access to unclassified socially meaningful information. In the latter cases, 153 Olga Volkova

of course, representatives of the state bodies, private organizations and mass media should display mutual responsibility, mutual professionalism and mutual respect. The steps being taken by the OSCE are very necessary and significant for the further democratization of countries and for observance of human rights, including the right of access to information.

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Nuriddin Karshibayev

ACCESS TO INFORMATION: ITS MONITORING AND USE IN ESTABLISHING A DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE AUTHORITIES AND THE MEDIA III The National Association of the Independent Mass Media of Tajiki- stan (NANSMIT) has been monitoring for the second year running the observance of the rights of journalists and the mass media in Tajikistan. We started enthusiastically to track the situation in the media to obtain facts and arguments for negotiations with government agencies because at various conferences, seminars and round tables the govern- ment officials always demanded to cite specific facts and events when the talk focused on the infringement of the rights of journalists and the media. That is why we started to register every instance of the violation of the rights of journalists and the media by all accessible methods, enlisting volunteers. Today, we are carrying out systematic monitoring within the framework of two regional projects: the Project for the Sup- port of the Mass Media in Central Asia (financed by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation) and the Project called the Protection of the Democratic Principles of Freedom of Speech in the Operation of the Media in Central Asia (realized jointly by Adil Soz and other orga- nizations of journalists in Central Asia with the support of USAID). The monitoring reports testify to the fact that restricted access to socially relevant information and the obstacles preventing its spread are the most frequently encountered violations of freedom of speech in Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Although the constitutions and respective laws in these countries guarantee the right of journalists, just as of any citizen, to free access to and dissemination of information, except for the information constituting state secret, the authorities employ diverse methods of restricting jour- nalists’ access to socially relevant information. These include direct and indirect refusals by government officials to provide information, unjusti- 155 Nuriddin Karshibaev

fied denials of accreditation, and preferential treatment of government media bodies as compared to non-governmental and opposition media in the provision of information. This also involves journalists’ restricted access to the sessions of collegial government bodies, judicial proceed- ings and the press conferences of top-ranking officials. Our monitoring database shows that even ecological information, in particular information on radioactive waste, is kept secret, although Article 6 of the Law on State Secrets of the Republic of Tajikistan does not qualify information on the environmental condition and people’s health as state secrets. However, journalists are denied access to the sources of this information. For example, on 15 March 2004 a correspondent of the Tajik radio Ozodi (Freedom), Kholiki Sangin, applied to the waste management inspectorate head, State Committee for Nature Conservation and Forestry, for information about radioactive waste in the Faizabad District. However, Abdusal Dzhurayev, the head of the inspectorate, refrained from providing information, telling Mr. Sangin that the Faizabad tailings storage facility was not within their competence and advised the correspondent to seek information about it somewhere else. On the following day, the journalist approached Mr. Mukhabbatsho Khikmatov, head of the Agency for Radio- active Safety, the Tajik Academy of Sciences, for information about the country’s radiation safety, and also about the abandoned tailings storage facilities. However, Mr. Khikmatov refused to talk to the journalist on this topic saying that the journalist could speak about that only with the President of the Academy of Sciences, Ulmas Mirsaidov. The actions of the above officials constitute both a violation of national legislation on access to information and non-compliance with the requirements of international law. For example, the Aarhus Conven- tion recognized by Tajikistan proclaims that the public shall be informed about the procedures of participation in the process of taking decisions on issues relating to the environment, shall have free access to them and know how to use them. While noting the important role of the mass media, the same document encourages efforts to inform the broad public about the decisions affecting the environment and sustainable development, and participation of the public in the decision-making process. 156  FREEDOM OF INFORMATION

The absence of a well-defined legal framework for information falling under the category of “state secret” and the extremely long statutory pro- cedure of considering requests for information create a favourable legal environment for the authorities’ arbitrary behaviour in providing socially relevant information. Of special concern is the fact that the authorities often unjustifiably broadly interpret the threat arising from international III extremist groupings, referring to the need to assure “the information secu- rity of society and the state” and create “a system to counter information expansion”. Meanwhile, all kinds of obstacles are put in the way of the media bodies’ efforts to ensure transparency of the government agencies’ activities – the main condition of the successful building of civil society in Central Asian countries. As the start of the election campaign in Tajikistan is nearing, the problem of access to information is becoming increasingly topical. Government officials refuse to provide information to journalists and prevent in every possible way the exercise of citizens’ rights to receive objective and updated information on the social, political and economic situation in the country. In the past eight months alone (January-August 2004), the service in charge of monitoring the observance of the rights of journalists and the media in Tajikistan, operating under the National Association of the Independent Mass Media of Tajikistan (NANSMIT), registered 74 cases of restricted access or refusal to provide socially relevant information. In this connection, on 17 August 2004, NANSMIT circulated a statement and expressed its concern over the increasingly frequent cases of journalists’ restricted access to information, particularly to governmental information. Here are some of the examples: on 12 August 2004, Abdukodyr Murodov, chief physician of the city of Kulyab, refused to answer the questions of Turko Dikayev, correspondent of the Asia-Plus independent news agency in Kulyab, about the sanitary condition of the city’s streets and the prohibited incineration of garbage at dump sites. The chief physician motivated his refusal by the fact that he was not authorized to answer the journalist’s questions, all the more so, the questions of an independent journalist, in the absence of an official representative of 157 Nuriddin Karshibaev

khukumat (administration) of the city of Kulyab. This ban, according to the journalist, is the latest invention of Khatlon officials who have coined the term of “patriotic censorship” to protect the image of the trouble- free city of Kulyab until the celebration of its 2,700th anniversary on 9 September 2005. Unfortunately, under plausible pretexts, many officials have imposed unofficial censorship, prohibited by the Constitution of Tajikistan, to prevent the leak of adverse information about the functioning of their structures. On 8 May 2004, deputy head of the interior department of the Shu- roabad District, police lieutenant colonel E. Safarov refused to provide information to the above journalist, referring to the strict instruction of deputy interior minister of Tajikistan Abdurakhim Radzhabov: “No contacts with journalists, no interviews with them!” According to Mr. E. Safarov, the deputy minister visited that district the day before, on 7 May, and at a meeting with the staff of the district’s interior department banned any communications with journalists. Not infrequently, government officials openly refuse to provide information. In mid-June 2004 the correspondent of the Avesto news agency, Boris Khairuddinov, applied over the phone to the international department of the Health Ministry of Tajikistan for information about Minister Faizulloyev’s trip abroad. Head of the international department Guldzhakhon Tumanova asked the journalist to call after lunch but she could not be reached at that time. Boris Khairuddinov had to call for three days to get in touch with Ms Tumanova and when he managed to reach her over the phone, he heard complaints about a bad mood and reproaches for being persistent instead of the required information. When the correspondent told her that information provision was her duty, Ms Tumanova said rude things and rang off. One can cite other examples as well. However, the monitoring reports, as was noted above, must serve as an instrument for establishing a dia- logue between the authorities and the media. We have already issued two reports on information access and disseminated them among the mass media, governmental, public and international organizations. We 158  FREEDOM OF INFORMATION

also compile monthly reports available on the web sites www.nansmit. org and www.cafspeech.kz. The reports are also distributed by e-mail and by courier in hard copies in the Tajik, Russian and English languages. NANSMIT often issues statements, encouraging all government agencies to observe strictly the legal provisions on journalists’ access to informa- tion and to prevent impeding journalists in their mission of informing the III public. This is one of the methods to publicly lobby the interests of the media and journalists. At the same time, we are vigorously lobbying such interests in the media: newspapers and TV and radio programmes regularly cover the issue of access to socially relevant information. So, a public discussion of this issue in Tajik media has become a reality. Some success has been scored in broadening access to information. For example, in the Sogdh Region, from 18 to 24 months ago, repre- sentatives of private media bodies were systematically denied access to events organized by government agencies. Today, after taking part in several seminars and round table discussions, the regional administration realized the need to co-operate with all the media and now holds weekly press conferences to which it invites representatives of local and foreign media, irrespective of their form of ownership. During the discussion of information access sources held in the region, representatives of the region’s administration themselves (for instance, head of the informa- tion and analysis centre Narzullo Dadoboyev) expressed their readiness to co-operate and noted the need to implement educational programmes among the staff of government agencies press services. We organized training seminars in the city of Khudjand (the administrative centre of the Sogdh Region) with the purpose of training journalists and the staff of press services in the skills of effective interaction, to ensure the media bodies’ equal access to comprehensive and unbiased information. Train- ing seminars helped representatives of the authorities and journalists to comprehend their roles in informing the public in order to enable the power structures and the media to fulfil their mission. Incidentally, the use of the monitoring results in the process of training, i.e. training seminars on promoting interaction between govern- ment agencies and the media, is also an effective method of establishing a 159 Nuriddin Karshibaev

dialogue. At seminars we discuss specific examples of restricted access to information. For example, on 13 January a correspondent of Tajik service of the radio Freedom Kholiki Sangin approached Mr. Pirov, chairman of the court of the city of Vakhdat, with a request to get acquainted with the materials of the judicial proceedings. However, the court chairman told the journalist that he would give him any information only upon receiving a written or oral permission from the chairman of the Tajik Council of Justice. It should be noted that at a seminar of the National Association of the Independent Mass Media of Tajikistan (NANSMIT) devoted to the interaction of judicial bodies with the media, head of the staff of Tajiki- stan’s Council of Justice Yusuf Salimov noted that Mr. Pirov was wrong when referred to the Council of Justice. “He was authorized himself to solve the issue of providing information to the journalist,” he said. The staff of government agencies press services and of the prosecutor’s office took part in these seminars. They contribute to establishing direct contacts between journalists and government agencies representatives. The monitoring database will enable us to lobby the interests of the media and journalists in the parliament to change and amend the laws relating to the activity of the media. At a press conference on access to information, parliament deputy Usmon Nazir expressed his readiness to lobby the interests of the media and journalists in improving the norms of legislation on access to information. Despite some success in establishing co-operation between the media and the authorities, the issue of access to information in Tajikistan still remains topical. In our view, the easy access of citizens to the necessary and socially relevant information is the most reliable indicator of the openness of government. Only well-informed citizens can take right deci- sions, which is quite important on the eve of major political events – the elections. To make access to information a norm of life in society, it is necessary to improve the legislation on the media, adopt comprehensive laws on free access to information based on international standards. NANSMIT called on and will continue to appeal to the representa- tives of government agencies and other structures to abide by law and international standards of freedom of speech and observe public interests 160  FREEDOM OF INFORMATION

in the exercise of citizens’ rights to obtain socially relevant information through the media. At the same time, NANSMIT recommends that jour- nalists should defend more insistently their professional rights, and in case of their violation, dispute the actions of government officials under law of the Republic of Tajikistan. III

161 162  FREEDOM OF INFORMATION

Alexander Kulinskyi

ACCESS TO INFORMATION IN KYRGYZSTAN: SOCIETY EXPECTS TRANSPARENCY FROM THE AUTHORITIES III In Kyrgyzstan, the people’s right to receive information is stipulated in the Constitution and specified in the 1997 Law on Guarantees and Freedom of Access to Information. In practice, however, the right is violated, with regard to ordinary people, anyway. So with every year, journalists and public activists are increasingly dissatisfied with the existing legislation. The Law on Guarantees and Freedom of Access to Information in itself is far from perfect. It has lots of faults and loopholes available to bureaucrats. By and large, all the fourteen articles of that law are dec- larations explaining and specifying the relevant constitutional article. Besides, according to a sociological survey that assessed access of Kyr- gyz population to information of government bodies of various levels, which was conducted by a local NGO called “Corruption-Free Future – Transparency International” – less than half government officials have heard of the Law On Guarantees and Freedom of Access to Information and even fewer of them have actually read it. An experiment was staged in the course of the survey. As provided for by the above-mentioned law, the NGO “Corruption-Free Future – Transparency International” sent inquiries to 73 government ministries and agencies on behalf of a legal entity and the same number of inquiries on behalf of a physical person (an individual). The legal entity asked to present information on the agency’s annual budget, its web-site address, and information about participation in government programmes and accountability to higher authorities. The mock inquiry on behalf of an individual requested information about job vacancies in the government body, pay levels, annual leave, overtime pay rates. All the inquiries were carefully structured to avoid requesting any information that might be classified as “secret”, “top secret”, or “official use only”. 163 Alexander Kulinskyi

One of the main conclusions from the experiment is that a legal entity can obtain information in reply to its request with a greater ease than an individual. Most of the government agencies replied to the legal entity inquiries – sooner and in a more civil and polite manner. Curiously, the agencies whose function is to protect the constitutional rights of citizens, responded neither to the legal entity nor to the individual. The Office of the Prosecutor General and the Constitutional Court first tried to find out, in a not-very-civil manner, what were the grounds for requesting the informa- tion, and finally refused to provide it. Both agencies were considered to be the most impenetrable in the country (both scored zero on a 28-point rating scale). May I remind you that these are the results of a sociological survey of Kyrgyz population’s access to government information, which was conducted by the NGO “Corruption-Free Future – Transparency Inter- national”, with financial support from the Soros-Kyrgyzstan Foundation. A conference on access to information held in Bishkek in summer 2004 was attended by journalists, government officials, press secretaries of government ministries and agencies, and NGO leaders. They discussed potential amendments to the existing Law On Guarantees and Freedom of Access to Information. Numerous proposals to improve the law were made by the media and NGO representatives. In particular, the journalist community proposed classifying information into three types: 1) Permanently available information – information that should be accessible 24 hours a day at any location. This includes: a) information on how to contact government ministries, agencies, and other government organizations, their business hours, job vacan- cies, and bidding processes; b) biographical data of the executive officers of ministries and agen- cies and legal entities; c) all regulations and draft laws of national and local government bodies; d) registration data on all the registered political parties, NGOs, news media, commercial banks, government-owned and privately-owned healthcare, and educational institutions (to be updated at least once a month); 164  FREEDOM OF INFORMATION

e) the country’s main social and economic indicators by month, quarter, six months, and year; f) the status of Kyrgyzstan’s internal and external debt (to be updated at least once a week); g) crime and law enforcement agencies’ performance statistics by month, quarter, six months, and year; III h) regular reports of local councils (kenesh) and self-government bodies by month, quarter, six months, and year; i) information about emergencies, riots, environmental accidents, and natural disasters; j) civil servants’ declarations (returns), as required by the new Law On Civil Service; k) information about the whereabouts and health status of the coun- try’s top officials; l) information about budget allocations to agencies, other financial receipts and their uses. All this information should be accessible at web sites and provided to any citizen of the Kyrgyz Republic on call without a written request. 2) Information to be provided on urgent request or oral orders of the chief executive officer of the agency or organization from which the information is sought. This includes: a) court decisions (except for decisions on adoption, guardianship, deprivation of parental rights, and on offences involving state, busi- ness, or medical secrecy); b) any cases of denied registration of legal entities of any form of ownership or line of business; c) information about specific incidents and offences (possibly, with- out names, if the case is being investigated); d) verbatim reports of central and local government meetings (except for those containing secrets of any kind); e) interpretation of Kyrgyz laws and regulations’ application proce- dures;

165 Alexander Kulinskyi

f) privatization programmes and bidding results, the reports of state- owned stock companies, joint-stock companies, joint ventures, and other businesses in which the State has equity interests; g) the results of audits performed by the Audit Chamber. Answers to the requests for such information shall be provided within ten business days. 3) Information which may take longer to provide. This includes: a) court decisions rendered more than a year before the date of the request (except for decisions on adoption, guardianship, deprivation of parental rights and on offences involving state, business, or medical secrecy); b) information about any decisions rendered more than a year before the date of the request to deny registration of legal entities of any form of ownership or line of business; c) information about specific incidents and offences (possibly, with- out names, if the case is being investigated) that occurred more than a year before the date of the request; d) verbatim reports of central and local government meetings (except for those containing any secrets permitted by law) held more than a year before the date of the request. Answers to the requests for such information shall be provided within ninety business days. Information requests may only be denied if the requested information contains any secrets permitted by law. The person submitting a request should have an opportunity to lodge a complaint about the denial in court. Much attention was given to officials’ liability for denying informa- tion to entities and individuals. Journalists believe that illegal denial should be punished by administrative fines equalling up to 1,000 mini- mum monthly wages. Multiple denials of information should be punished by deprivation of the right to hold office for at least three years. There were many complaints about the press services of government bodies. Very often access to information is hampered by their incom- petence or inefficiency. Information is often delayed because the press 166  FREEDOM OF INFORMATION

services spend a long time trying to find it within their agencies, instead of organizing regular information flows from various divisions and units to the press service. As a rule, there is no contact between government ministries and agencies and their press services. The press services should be information servers accumulating information and having it available, rather than start looking for it after receiving requests from journalists III or citizens. Besides, the journalist community found that many government agencies have no press services or other such units at all, which is inconceivable in a civilized society. There are no press services at courts of law, most city and town administrations, prosecutor’s offices, some national ministries and agencies. Therefore the conference decided that the requirement to have press services or public relations departments should be stipulated in the Law On Information Access Rights, with their functions and information publication responsibilities specified. All the conference papers will soon be summarized by an Information Access Law Reform Team set up with the support of the Soros-Kyrgyz- stan Foundation. Consensus on the path forward is yet to be reached. But all the stakeholders, including representatives of the top government bodies, agree that the law should be changed.

167 168  FREEDOM OF INFORMATION

Rustam Koshmuratov

PROBLEMS WITH THE ALLOCATION OF RADIO FREQUENCIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KYRGYZSTAN III The other side of freedom of information is the possibility of the people to access information: the possibility to get information through print and broadcast media. From the end of 2001, government agencies in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan actually stopped allocating radio frequencies to independent TV and radio companies, although there were no legal grounds for that. There is a document entitled “Regulations for Allotting Radio Frequency Bands to Electronic Facilities and High-Frequency Transmitters” which was formalized by the State Commission for Radio Frequencies on 21 October 1997 and approved by the Ministry of Jus- tice on 28 October 1997. In accordance with that document, frequencies were to be assigned to all the existing TV and radio companies, and no problems arose in connection with that before. However, in 2002 the State Communications Agency (SCA) advised everyone in writing that in keeping with Resolution No. 25/2 of the State Commission for Radio Frequencies dated 26 December 2001 frequencies would be allocated on a competitive basis. As it turned out later, that decision was not legally valid: it was merely part of inter- departmental correspondence. The same resolution instructed the SCA to work out regulations for the allocation of frequencies on a competi- tive basis. However, no effective document taking the interests of all parties concerned into account had been elaborated by the beginning of 2004. Thereupon the Mass Media Association, supported by the Soros Foundation, requested the SCA in a letter to convene a meeting to work out the appropriate regulations jointly with the independent media. Such a meeting took place last January and produced a docu- ment entitled “Regulations for the Allocation of Radio Frequencies”. It was forwarded to the government for approval, and for a long time 169 Rustam Koshmuratov

nothing was heard of it. Last summer, however, we learned that the State Commission for Radio Frequencies issued Instruction No. 37/1 concerning allocation of radio frequencies on an auction basis on 9 July 2004. Many things still remain unclear: it took three years to draft the previous regulations, but they were never adopted; what will be the auction procedure, how much will it cost? In Kazakhstan companies paid for a frequency tens of thousands of dollars. Will the Kyrgyz TV and radio companies be able to pay that much? Besides, there is no guarantee that after a few years any of the broadcasting stations will not be deprived of the frequency it has acquired, for there is no law regulating the acquisition of frequencies on an auction basis. Another problem concerns the prolongation of licenses. In 1998, we obtained a broadcasting license for a five-year term which ended in 2003. After that our license was extended for two months, then for another three, and this was repeated many times over. The last license we received ended on 1 October 2004. Getting licenses for such short periods undermines our confidence in the future. We applied to the SCA and received a letter saying that the issue of a license will be settled after the procedure for the allocation of frequencies is approved. As far as I can see, they have an auction in mind. The actions of the powers that be did not go unnoticed. In the course of three years I applied to the newspapers, the parliament and the gov- ernment. Jointly with the Journalists public association a letter was writ- ten and sent to the President of Kyrgyzstan, describing the difficulties involved in the acquisition of radio frequencies. At present, there are some 40 new stations which cannot obtain frequencies, and nobody can tell them clearly enough when they will be able to go on the air. In 2003, the Mass Media Association began acting in defence of the electronic media. The Association carries on correspondence with government agencies and international organizations, trying to unite all TV and radio companies into a single action group. Today, certain government agencies want to introduce censorship in our country, although the Constitution forbids doing so. All their actions restricting the allocation of frequencies are aimed at that. Our task, there- 170  FREEDOM OF INFORMATION

fore, is to foil their attempts to curb freedom of speech and trample down what we have achieved during the years of Independence.

III

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DSPJDS 21 DTRF LKZ CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB: HTUEKBHJDFYBT DJGHJCJD RKTDTNS B CDJÅJLS BYAJHVFWBB

23 b 24 ctynzåhz 2004 ujlf d Leifyåt, Nflébrbcnfy, ghjikf tétujlyfz Wtynhfkmyjfpbfncrfz rjyathtywbz gj djghjcfv CVB. Rjyathtywbz åskf jhufybpjdfyf gjl äubljq Ghtlcnfdbntkz JÅCT gj djghjcfv cdjåjls CVB Vbrkjif Öfhfcnb b Wtynhf JÅCT d Leifyåt. D itcnjq hfp åjktt 100 éehyfkbcnjd bp xtnshtö wtynhfkmyjfpb- fncrbö cnhfy: Nflébrbcnfyf, Rshuspcrjq Htcgeåkbrb, Epåtrbcnfyf b Rfpföcnfyf, ghtlcnfdbntkb ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq, f nfrét ärcgthns b byjcnhfyyst ujcnb cjåhfkbcm, xnjås jåcelbnm gjcktlybt cjåsnbz d jåkfcnb CVB. Rfr b d ghtlsleobt ujls, rjy- athtywbz ghtljcnfdbkf exfcnybrfv eybrfkmyeñ djpvjéyjcnm lkz dpfbvjltqcndbz b jåvtyf vytybzvb. D änjv ujle jcyjdysvb ntvfvb jåceéltybz yf rjyathtywbb åskb rktdtnf b pfrjyjlfntkmcndj j cdjåjlt byajhvfwbb rfr yjdst dspjds CVB d 21 dtrt. Exfcnybrb cjukfcbkbcm, xnj ecnf- htditt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj j rktdtnt, rjnjhjt ltqcndetn d xtnshtö wtynhfkmyjfpbfncrbö cnhfyfö, ytfltrdfnyj b lfét gfueåyj lkz ltvjr- hfnbb, gjcrjkmre jceéltybt éehyfkbcnjd pf rktdtne, cdzpfyyjt c bö hfåjnjq, vjétn juhfybxbnm cdjåjle ghtccs b åtcghtgzncndtyyjt jåceéltybt jåotcndtyysö djghjcjd. Dj dhtvz lbcreccbb åskj gjlxthryenj, xnj ytrjnjhst wtynhfkm- yjfpbfncrbt ujcelfhcndf ghtlghbyzkb jghtltktyyst ifub gj jåtcgt- xtybñ cdjåjls byajhvfwbb, yj ukfdyst ghjåktvs jcnfñncz ytht- ityysvb. Yb jlyj bp änbö ujcelfhcnd yt bvttn pfrjyjd, jndtxfñobö

5 vtéleyfhjlysv cnfylfhnfv d jåkfcnb ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb. Xfcns ckexfb pkjegjnhtåktybz frnfvb j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt, rjnjhst pfnhelyzñn ljcneg éehyfkbcnjd r byajhvfwbb. Ytjåöjlbvs pyf- xbntkmyst ecbkbz, xnjås cnhfys htubjyf vjukb ghbcjtlbybnmcz r jcnfkmysv ujcelfhcndfv-exfcnybrfv JÅCT d ghbpyfybb ghfdf CVB b uhfélfy yf ljcneg r byajhvfwbb. Rjyathtywbz pfdthibkfcm ghbyznbtv Ltrkfhfwbb j rktdtnt b cdj- åjlt byajhvfwbb, rjnjheñ jljåhbkb dct exfcnybrb. D ljgjkytybt r yfcnjzotq ltrkfhfwbb exfcnybrb cajhvekbhjdfkb rjyrhtnyst ghtl- kjétybz lkz ltqcndbq, rjnjhst Ghtlcnfdbntkm JÅCT gj djghjcfv cdjåjls CVB ljdtltn lj cdtltybz cjjndtncndeñobö dkfcntq.

Leifyåbycrfz Ltrkfhfwbz j rktdtnt b cdjåjlt byajhvfwbb D öjlt Leifyåbycrjq Rjyathtywbb gj djghjcfv CVB åskb dshfåjnfys cktleñobt ghtlkjétybz:

J rktdtnt: • Ytjåöjlbvj juhfybxbnm djpvjéyjcnb ujcelfhcndtyysö xbyjdyb- rjd b gjkbnbrjd (jåotcndtyysö ltzntktq) d ghtlüzdktybb bcrjd r éehyfkbcnfv b CVB. • Lbaafvfwbz ljkéyf åsnm ltrhbvbyfkbpbhjdfyf b pfvtytyf cjjn- dtncndeñobvb b eprj jghtltktyysvb uhfélfycrbvb pfrjyfvb j lbaafvfwbb; ghb änjv ytjåöjlbvj ddtcnb pfobne ≤jåjcyjdfyyjq geåkbrfwbb≥ b djpvtotybt eothåf. • Tckb jceotcndktybt gjkyjq ltrhbvbyfkbpfwbz ytdjpvjéyj d rjhjnrbq chjr, ytjåöjlbvj hfccvjnhtnm djpvjéyjcnm dhtvty- yjuj ghtrhfotybz ltqcndbz cnfntq j lbaafvfwbb. Ljkéys åsnm jnvtytys pfrjys, ghtlecvfnhbdfñobt ghtcktljdfybt éehyfkbc- njd d hfvrfö eujkjdyjuj b uhfélfycrjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf pf jcrjhåktybt xtcnb b ljcnjbycndf ukfd ujcelfhcnd gj bybwbfnbdt nhtnmbö kbw.

6  LEIFYÅBYCRFZ LTRKFHFWBZ

J cdjåjlt byajhvfwbb: • Ljkéys åsnm ghbyzns dctjåütvkñobt pfrjys j cdjåjlyjv ljcnegt r byajhvfwbb, jcyjdfyyst yf vtéleyfhjlysö cnfylfh- nfö, f nfrét jåtcgtxtyj bö yflktéfott dsgjkytybt. • Ytjåöjlbvj jåtcgtxbnm vyjujcnjhjyybq rjynhjkm pf cjåkñlt- ybtv änbö pfrjyjd b cnfylfhnjd cj cnjhjys gfhkfvtynf, gfhkf- vtyncrbö rjvbccbq, jnrhsnsö lkz jåotcndtyyjcnb, rjvbccbq gj geåkbxysv hfpåbhfntkmcndfv b ytpfdbcbvsö jvåelcvtyjd. • Ytjåöjlbvj bpvtybnm pfrjys j nfqyfö (ctrhtnfö), c ntv xnjås juhfybxbnm bö ghbvtybvjcnm njkmrj r byajhvfwbb, hfcrhsnbt rjnjhjq cthmtpyj euhjéftn yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb bkb nth- hbnjhbfkmyjq wtkjcnyjcnb cnhfys. • Ghfdbkf pfctrhtxbdfybz byajhvfwbb ljkéys åsnm jåyfhjlj- dfys. • Ytjåöjlbvj ecnfyjdbnm juhfybxtybz chjrjd pfctrhtxbdfybz byajhvfwbb. • Ljkéyf åsnm juhfybxtyf eujkjdyfz jndtncndtyyjcnm éehyfkbc- njd pf hfpukfitybt ujcelfhcndtyysö ctrhtnjd d ckexfzö jcjåjq jåotcndtyyjq pyfxbvjcnb byajhvfwbb.

Leifyåt, 24 ctynzåhz 2004 ujlf

7 8  DCNEGBNTKMYFZ HTXM

DCNEGBNTKMYFZ HTXM GJCKF BDF ÅFHUÄYF

Edféftvsq u-y Öfhfcnb, Z öjntk ås gjåkfujlfhbnm Dfc pf bybwbfnbde gj ghjdtltybñ tétujlyjq Wtynhfkmyjfpbfncrjq rjyathtywbb chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb b pf nj, xnj d änjv ujle vtcnjv ghjdtltybz rjyathty- wbb åsk dsåhfy Nflébrbcnfy. Z nfrét öjntk ås gjåkfujlfhbnm nflébrcrbt dkfcnb pf djpvjéyjcnm ghjdtcnb äne rjyathtywbñ d Leifyåt. Ghtélt dctuj, z öjntk ås gjghbdtncndjdfnm dctö exfcnyb- rjd rjyathtywbb, éehyfkbcnjd b ärcgthnjd CVB d Leifyåt. Änf rjy- athtywbz, tétujlyj ghjdjlbvfz gjl äubljq Ghtlcnfdbntkz JÅCT gj djghjcfv cdjåjls chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, zdkztncz jcjåjq djpvjéyjcnmñ lkz dctö chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb cjåhfnmcz b jåcelbnm ljcnbétybz, ghjåktvs b djpvjéyst genb bö htitybz d änbö cnhfyfö. Jxtym ytjåöjlbvs dfib cjdvtcnyst ecb- kbz. Z edthty, xnj jåvtyzdibcm jgsnjv d ntxtybt änbö ldeö lytq, ds cvjétnt cjplfnm dféyst hfåjxbt dpfbvjjnyjitybz b erhtgbnm dfit cjnhelybxtcndj. JÅCT ghbdtncndjdfkf gjzdktybt åtcghtwtltynyjuj rjkbxtcndf yjdsö ytpfdbcbvsö ufptn d Nflébrbcnfyt pf gjcktlybt ldf ujlf. Änb yjdst chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb hfcibhbkb djpvjéyjcnm ljcnegf xbnfntktq r hfpkbxysv bcnjxybrfv byajhvfwbb b ghtlkj- ébkb yjdst njxrb phtybz. Exhtéltybt nfrbö ufptn dgthdst d Nfléb- rbcnfyt cajhvbhjdfkj yfcnjzoeñ gkñhfkbcnbxtcreñ chtle CVB, rjnjhfz zdkztncz jåzpfntkmysv eckjdbtv ltvjrhfnbb. R cjéfktybñ, d änjv ujle änjn åtcghtwtltynysq ghjuhtcc åsk ghthdfy. Ytlfdyj åskf pfrhsnf ytpfdbcbvfz nbgjuhfabz ≤Lébtyöjy≥ b yf dtcm nbhfé jlyjq bp ufptn, gtxfnfdiböcz d ytq, åsk yfkjéty fhtcn yf jcyjdfybb erkjytybz jn egkfns yfkjujd. Öjnz ytjåöjlbvj cyjdf jnvtnbnm, xnj chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb ljkéys ghblth- ébdfnmcz pfrjyf b xtnrj dsgjkyznm cdjb abyfycjdst jåzpfntkmcndf,

9 vs cjéfkttv, xnj pfrhsnbt nbgjuhfabb ≤Lébtyöjy≥ pfnhjyekj lheubt ufptns, ytrjnjhst bp rjnjhsö yt bplfñncz eét gznm ytltkm. Gj vtymitq vtht gznb ufptnfv, ghtlcnfdkzñobv dféyeñ xfcnm kfy- lifanf nflébrcrbö CVB, åskj ytjlyjrhfnyj jnrfpfyj d gtxfnb ujcelfhcndtyysvb b ytujcelfhcndtyysvb nbgjuhfabzvb. Wtynh JÅCT d Leifyåt dshfpbk jpfåjxtyyjcnm gj gjdjle änjq cbnefwbb, f nfrét gj gjdjle yfgfltybz yf ukfdyjuj htlfrnjhf ≤Hepb Yfd≥ Hfléfåb Vbhpj. Vs yflttvcz, xnj dbyjdyst crjhj gjytcen yfrfpfybt. Vtéleyfhjlyst jåzpfntkmcndf d jåkfcnb ltvjrhfnbpfwbb b ghfd xtkjdtrf, rfr b jåzpfntkmcndf, dpznst yf ctåz ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcn- ybrfvb JÅCT, gjlhfpevtdfñn cdjåjlyeñ b gkñhfkbcnbxtcreñ chtle lkz chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Nfrfz chtlf djpvjéyf njkmrj ghb yfkbxbb ibhjrjuj cgtrnhf hfpkbxysö chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, gj-yfcnjzotve ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf j CVB, d njv xbckt j rktdtnt b jcrjhåktybb, b j cdjåjlyjv ljcnegt r byajhvfwbb. Vs gjlhjåyj jåcelbv dct änb ntvs yf änjq rjyat- htywbb. Cdjåjlyfz b gkñhfkbcnbxtcrfz ghtccf tot åjktt ytjåöjlbvf, rjulf cnhfyf dcnegftn d ghtldsåjhysq gthbjl. Dsåjhs ghtljcnfd- kzñn djpvjéyjcnm yfhjle gj cdjtq djkt dsåhfnm ntö rfylblfnjd, rjnjhst ghtlcnfdkzñn bö bynthtcs, yfltéls b xfzybz dj bvz kexituj åeleotuj bö cnhfys. Gjänjve bpåbhfntkzv yeéyf gjkyfz byajhvfwbz jå bö ghtlcnfdbntkzö bp hfpkbxysö bcnjxybrjd, rjnj- heñ vjuen ghtljcnfdbnm njkmrj cdjåjlyst b hfpyjjåhfpyst chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Dkfcnzv ytjåöjlbvj cjltqcndjdfnm cjplfybñ rkbvfnf, d rjnj- hjv dctv ufptnfv – ujcelfhcndtyysv b ytujcelfhcndtyysv – åelen ghtljcnfdktys hfdyst djpvjéyjcnb, ytpfdbcbvj jn njxtr phtybz, rjnjhst jyb dshféfñn, bkb jn bö gjkbnbxtcrjq jhbtynfwbb. Cdjåjlf CVB nhflbwbjyyj zdkztncz jlybv bp rkñxtdsö ghb- jhbntnjd Wtynhf JÅCT d Leifyåt. Vyjujt åskj cltkfyj d jåkfcnb hfpdbnbz chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb c vjvtynf jnrhsnbz vbccbb d Nflébrbcnfyt 10 ktn yfpfl. Njkmrj d änjv ujle 300 nsczx tdhj

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åskj dsltktyj yf ghjtrns d jåkfcnb CVB. Cfvst gjcktlybt bp ybö, yföjlzobtcz d cnflbb jceotcndktybz, drkñxfñn: • extåyst ghjuhfvvs lkz éehyfkbcnjd, rjnjhst d änjv ujle åskb yfghfdktys yf jcdtotybt dsåjhjd d CVB • cjltqcndbt geåkbrfwbb rfr ujcelfhcndtyysö, nfr b ytujcelfhcn- dtyysö ufptn (≤Dfhjhel≥ d Öeléfylt, ≤Åjvljl≥ d Rehufy-Nñåt b ≤Rekzåcrfz Ghfdlf≥ d Rekzåt) • Dctvbhysq ltym cdjåjls ghtccs, d hfvrfö rjnjhjuj åskb jåceéltys gjkbnbxtcrbt, ghfdjdst b ärjyjvbxtcrbt ghjåktvs, c rjnjhsvb cnfkrbdftncz nflébrcrfz ghtccf. Änj vthjghbznbt pfdthibkjcm yfuhféltybtv ldflwfnb éehyfkbcnjd b bplfybq pf kexibt cnfnmb b ghjuhfvvs yf ntvs cdjåjls ckjdf, frnbdyjq uhfélfycrjq hjkb, ltvjrhfnbpfwbb b ghfd xtkjdtrf. • hfphfåjnrf yjdjuj pfrjyf j CVB, rjnjhfz pfdthibkfcm d 2002 ujle. R cjéfktybñ, pfrjyjghjtrn yt åsk gthtlfy d gfhkfvtyn, yj vs yflttvcz, xnj bynthtc r änjve pfrjyjghjtrne b gjkbnb- xtcrbv ltåfnfv gj änjve djghjce d Nflébrbcnfyt djphfcntn. Hfccvfnhbdfñncz b lheubt ghjtrns lkz åeleotuj abyfycbhj- dfybz, d njv xbckt d cjnhelybxtcndt c lheubvb vtéleyfhjlysvb ljyjhfvb b YGJ. Z nfrét öjntk ås jåüzdbnm jå jnrhsnbb Wtynhf vtlbf htceh- cjd lkz éehyfkbcnjd b ghfdjdsö ärcgthnjd d jåkfcnb vfcc vtlbf, rjnjhjt cjcnjbncz d gthdeñ ytltkñ jrnzåhz. Wtynh ghtljcnfdbn nflébrcrbv ñhbcnfv djpvjéyjcnm jåextybz ghfdjdsv djghjcfv d jåkfcnb CVB, f nfrét ghfdjdeñ gjllthére b åtcgkfnyst rjycekm- nfwbb nflébrcrbv éehyfkbcnfv. Rfr z eét crfpfk, Wtynh JÅCT d Leifyåt nhflbwbjyyj ghb- lftn jcjåjt pyfxtybt ghjtrnfv d jåkfcnb CVB d Nflébrbcnfyt. Gjllthérf ecbkbq, ghtlghbybvftvsv d änjv yfghfdktybb, åeltn jcnfdfnmcz ghbjhbntnjv d yfitq hfåjnt. Yfrjytw, gjpdjkmnt vyt gjplhfdbnm b gjåkfujlfhbnm dctö dfc pf dfib ecbkbz d nfrjq jndtncndtyyjq catht ltzntkmyjcnb. Étkfñ dfv gkjljndjhysö pfctlfybq b vyjétcndj rjycnhernbd- ysö bltq lkz åeleotuj cjnhelybxtcndf.

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DCNEGBNTKMYJT CKJDJ VBRKJIF ÖFHFCNB

U-y Ghtlctlfntkm, lfvs b ujcgjlf, ljhjubt lhepmz,

Änj eét itcnfz Wtynhfkmyj-fpbfncrfz rjyathtywbz CVB. Bybwbf- nbdf, dsldbyenfz vjbv ghtlitcndtyybrjv, cnfkf rhegysv htubjyfkm- ysv cjåsnbtv, jåütlbybdibv cdsit 100 éehyfkbcnjd Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb. D ntxtybt gjcktleñobö ldeö lytq vs d jcyjdyjv cjchtljnj- xbvcz yf ldeö ntvfö: pfrjyt j rktdtnt b ljcnegt r byajhvfwbb. Yj cyfxfkf gjpdjkmnt dscrfpfnm ytrjnjhst jåobt pfvtxfybz j cjcnjzybb cdjåjls CVB d änjv htubjyt. Cnhfys WtynhfkmyjqFpbb ghjljkéfñn dspsdfnm jpfåjxtyyjcnm JÅCT. Z gjkexfñ vyjétcndj cjjåotybq j yfheitybzö d catht CVB, htuekzhyj gjlybvfñ änb djghjcs gthtl dkfcnzvb, gjlxthrbdfz dféyjcnm njq hjkb, rjnjheñ buhftn ghfdbntkmcndj d ltkt pfobns cdjåjls CVB. Vs dct exbvcz; lfét d hfpdbnsö ltvjrhfnbzö cjdthifñncz jibårb, b ytjåöjlbvs ltcznbktnbz, xnjås cjplfnm jnyjcbntkmyj xtnreñ ltvjrhfnbxtcreñ vjltkm. D cdzpb c änbv, vjz rhbnbrf yjcbn rjycnhernbdysq öfhfrnth: z ghtlkfufñ cjdtns, ñhblbxtcreñ gjvjom, b, ghb ytjåöjlbvjcnb, cjltqcndbt d jåextybb. D ntxtybt ljkujuj dhtvtyb Wtynhfkmyfz Fpbz yföjlbkfcm d wtynht dybvfybz JÅCT. Vs bydtcnbhjdfkb d htubjy pyfxbntkmyst cevvs; vjt Åñhj, yfghbvth, bpexbkj b dsytckj htrjvtylfwbb jnyj- cbntkmyj pfrjyjd j CVB d ytcrjkmrbö cnhfyfö. Ntv yt vtytt, gj rhfqytq vtht r yfcnjzotve vjvtyne, vs yt dblbv pyfxbntkmysö ekexitybq d cjcnjzybb CVB. Jlyfrj vs ghjljkébv hfåjnfnm cj dctvb pfbynthtcjdfyysvb cnjhjyfvb – ghfdbntkmcndfvb, gfhkfvty- nfvb, CVB b hfpkbxysvb ytghfdbntkmcndtyysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, xnjås gjgsnfnmcz gjvjxm htubjye d cjplfybb cdjåjlysö b jåütr- nbdysö CVB. Ytcrjkmrj ckjd j ljkujchjxysö gkfyfö. Ldt cnhfntubxtcrbt rfvgfybb, rjnjhst z yfvthtdfñcm ghjdtcnb d åkbéfqitv åeleotv,

13 yfghfdktys, dj-gthdsö, yf bpüznbt pfrjyf j rktdtnt bp caths ltqcn- dbz eujkjdyjuj rjltrcf, bkb, gj rhfqytq vthtvtht, yf gthdjv änfgt, yf jnvtye gjkjétybz pfrjyf j kbitybb cdjåjls pf rktdtne, b, dj-dnjhsö, yf jåtcgtxtybt åjktt cdjåjlyjuj ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb lkz éehyfkbcnjd. Gjpdjkmnt vyt gjltkbnmcz c Dfvb ytrjnjhsvb vsckzvb gj änbv ldev djghjcfv. Gjljåyst cjjåhfétybz z eét dscrfpfk yf ghjikjq ytltkt yf Gjcnjzyyjv Cjdtnt JÅCT. Gznm ujcelfhcnd-xktyjd JÅCT eghfplybkb nhfrnjdre rktdtns rfr eujkjdyjuj ghtcnegktybz, b jåhfnbkbcm r tt gjybvfybñ, jcyjdfy- yjve yf uhfélfycrjv ghfdt: CIF (öjnz pfrjyjlfntkmcndj 17 infnjd änjq cnhfys gj-ghtéytve cjöhfyztn gjkjétybz jå eujkjdyjq jndtn- cndtyyjcnb pf rktdtne), Vjkljdf, Erhfbyf, Åjcybz b Uthwtujdbyf b Uhepbz. Ghtpbltyn Hjåthn Rjxfhzy nfrét gjlgbcfk 1 bñkz gjghfdrb r eujkjdyjve rjltrce, xfcnbxyj jnvtybd eujkjdyjt yfrfpfybt pf rktdtne d Fhvtybb. R cjéfktybñ, d bñyt rshuspcrbq gfhkfvtyn d nhtnbq hfp pf gjcktlybt ctvm ktn jnrkjybk bybwbfnbde ghtpbltynf Frftdf gj bpüznbñ pfrjyf j rktdtnt bp eujkjdyjuj rjltrcf. Änb lfdyj ecnfhtdibt pfrjys j rktdtnt ytfltrdfnys b lfét ueåbntkmys lkz cjdhtvtyyjq ltvjrhfnbb, tckb cdjåjlf ghtccs b cdjåjlyjt jåceéltybt jåotcndtyysö ghjåktv vjuen eotvkznmcz pfrjyjv jå eujkjdyjv yfrfpfybb pf rktdtne, bcgjkmpetvsv ghjnbd éehyfkbcnjd. D ytrjnjhsö bp ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd ibhjrj hfcghjcnhfytyj gjybvfybt ytjåöjlbvjcnb ghtljcnfdbnm éehyfkbcnfv jghtltktyyst ufhfynbb ghb jåceéltybb djghjcjd jåotcndtyyjq pyfxbvjcnb. Rfr b d ckexft c pfobnjq bcnjxybrjd, éehyfkbcns nfrét yt ljkéys gjldth- ufnmcz eujkjdyjve ghtcktljdfybñ bkb ghjbpdjkmysv celtåysv ght- cktljdfybzv, lfét tckb byajhvfwbz, rjnjheñ jyb hfcghjcnhfyzñn, jrfétncz ytdthyjq bkb eybéfñotq xmt-kbåj ljcnjbycndj. Jlyfrj, lfét ytcvjnhz yf bvtñobtcz cjvytybz, äne ufhfynbñ ytkmpz jnyb- vfnm bp-pf ghjbpdjlbvjuj tñ ≤åkjrbheñotuj≥ djpltqcndbz. D wtkjv, Åñhj bvttn, rfr ghtlcnfdkztncz, ytcrjkmrj djpvjéyjc- ntq jrfpfnm gjllthére d jnyjitybb bpvtytybz pfrjyf j rktdtnt:

14  DCNEGBNTKMYFZ HTXM

• Gjjohznm gfhkfvtynfhbtd dsyjcbnm yf jåceéltybt ghtlkjétybz gj fyyekbhjdfybñ pfrjyf jå eujkjdyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb pf rkt- dtne; • Gjchtlcndjv ghjdtltybz rfvgfybq gj byajhvbhjdfybñ jåotcndf gjjohznm ujcelfhcndtyysö xbyjdybrjd djplthébdfnmcz jn bcgjkm- pjdfybz ceotcndeñobö eujkjdysö pfrjyjd lkz ghtcktljdfybz CVB b éehyfkbcnjd d celtåyjv gjhzlrt; • Gjjohznm celtåyst jhufys d cnhfyfö, ult pfrjy jå eujkjdyjv ghtcktljdfybb pf rktdtne tot ceotcndetn, jåüzdbnm vjhfnjhbq yf yfpyfxtybt nñhtvysö chjrjd, lfét eckjdysö, lj ghjdtltybz ytjåöjlbvsö htajhv. Vjt Åñhj yföjlbncz d ghjwtcct hfphfåjnrb jcyjds åfps lfyysö gj pfrjyjlfntkmcnde j rktdtnt d htubjyt JÅCT. Lfyyfz åfpf åeltn cjghjdjélfnmcz nfrét ñhblbxtcrbv fyfkbpjv, gjlrhtgkzñobv yfib dsdjls, b cgjcjåcndeñobv dszdktybñ yfbkexibö cgjcjåjd htitybz ghjåktvs. Z yfltñcm ghtlcnfdbnm vfnhbwe d yfxfkt ckt- leñotuj ujlf. Xnj rfcftncz ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb, z gkfybheñ nofntkmyj bpexbnm, rfrjds yf cfvjv ltkt jnyjitybz vtéle ghfdbntkmcndfvb b éehyfkbcnfvb. Rfr hfp yf ghjikjq ytltkt z ghtlcnfdbk jnxtn jå jcdtotybb CVB nhfubxtcrbö cjåsnbq d Åtckfyt. Jlby bp vjbö dsdjljd rfcfkcz ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb, njxytt, jncencndbz byajh- vfwbb. C cfvjuj yfxfkf ghfdbntkmcndj jrfpfkjcm yt d cjcnjzybb cdjtdhtvtyyj ghtljcnfdbnm, jgthfnbdyeñ byajhvfwbñ, rjnjhfz åskf ytjåöjlbvf htgjhnthfv, jcdtofdibv nhfubxtcrbt cjåsnbz gj vtht bö hfpdbnbz. D rjywt rjywjd, cbnefwbñ c ghtljcnfdkt- ybtv byajhvfwbb elfkjcm bcghfdbnm, yj vyjubt CVB, drkñxfz ghfdbntkmcndtyyst, rhbnbrjdfkb nj, rfr rjynhjkbhjdfkcz byajh- vfwbjyysq gjnjr. Rjytxyj ét, Hjccbz – yt tlbycndtyyfz cnhfyf, ult ljcneg r byajhvfwbb cnfyjdbncz juhjvyjq ghjåktvjq, jcjåtyyj d rjyakbrn- ysö cbnefwbzö. Ythtlrb ckexfb ghbcdjtybz ghfdbntkmcndtyysv ljrevtynfv uhbaf ≤ctrhtnyj≥, gjckt njuj, rfr ghtccf pfghjcbkf bö. Pfxfcneñ nfrbt ljrevtyns yt bvtñn ybxtuj jåotuj c ghjåktvfvb

15 yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, yj, ntv yt vtytt, bö pfctrhtxbdfñn b, rfr htpekmnfn, ltkfñn ytljcnegysvb lkz jåotcndtyyjcnb. Vs c Dfvb jåcelbv rfr pfrjy j rktdtnt, nfr b ghjåktvs ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb, b z c juhjvysv ytnthgtybtv éle dfibö vytybq, vscktq b rjyrhtnysö ecgtöjd.

16  DCNEGBNTKMYFZ HTXM

DCNEGBNTKMYFZ HTXM RFHJVFNEKKJ JKBVJDF

Hfphtibnt gjétkfnm dctv exfcnybrfv rjyathtywbb ecgtiyjq hfåjns, yfibv edféftvsv ujcnzv öjhjituj ghtåsdfybz b yfcnhjt- ybz d yfitq ujcntghbbvyjq cnjkbwt. Yfltñcm, xnj rjyathtywbz åeltn hfåjnfnm d rjycnhernbdyjv heckt b cgjcjåcndjdfnm ghjlernbdyjve cjnhelybxtcnde chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb b ghfdbntkmcnd, jåtcgtxtybñ toç åjkmitq cnfåbkmyjcnb d htubjyt, cjltqcndjdfnm ecbktybñ hjkb chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb d jrfpfybb gjllthérb ecbkbq ujcelfhcnd d bö åjhmåt ghjnbd yfcbkbz, ärcnhtvbpvf, nthhjhbpvf, gjckeébn wtkzv erhtgktybz lheéås b dpfbvjgjybvfybz vtéle cnhfyfvb b yfhjlfvb. Hfphtibnt ghbdtncndjdfnm edféftvsö exfcnybrjd b ujcntq d cnjkbwt yfituj ujcelfhcndf – ujhjlt Leifyåt, cjåhfdiböcz yf itcnjq Wtynhfkmyj-fpbfncrjq rjyathtywbb gj chtlcndfv vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Lfyyfz rjyathtywbz ghjöjlbn dj dhtvz, rjulf yfi yfhjl ytlfdyj njhétcndtyyj jnvtnbk 13 ujljdobye ytpfdbcbvjcnb Htcgeåkbrb Nflébrbcnfy b ujnjdbncz r lheujve åjkmijve ñåbktñ – 80-ktnbñ ujhjlf Leifyåt, rfr cnjkbws Nflébrbcnfyf. Dctv bpdtcnyj, xnj d ysytiytv vbht hjkm b pyfxtybt chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb d ébpyb kñltq ytbpvthbvj djphjckb, jyb cnfkb ytjnütvktvjq xfcnmñ wbdbkbpjdfyyjuj vbhf. Åtp ufptn, éeh- yfkjd, hflbj, ntktdbltybz, Bynthytnf ébpym ytgjkyjwtyyf b åtlyf. Yfhjls b cnhfys jrfpsdfñncz dcç åjktt djdktxtyysvb d byajhvf- wbjyyjt gjkt. Xtkjdtxtcrfz ghbhjlf nfrjdf, xnj jy dctulf botn bcnbye, ghfdle, étkftn dbltnm, cksifnm tç, epyfnm dcç åjkmit j ytq. Rfrbv jåhfpjv ghtgjlytcnb bcnbye, xnjås xtkjdtr yt njkmrj epyfk j ytq, yj b leöjdyj jåjufnbk ctåz, cnfk ljåhtt, gjxedcndjdfk jndtncndtyyjcnm gthtl lheubvb, ébk åtp åjzpyb b c edthtyyjcnmñ

17 d pfdnhfiytv lyt? Ctujlyz änj dj vyjujv pfdbcbn jn gthf b ckjdf ntö, rnj ajhvbhetn änb pyfybz, änb xedcndf. Z levfñ, xnj jåvty vytybzvb gjvjétn gthtyznm jgsn lheu lheuf, ghbdktxtn dybvfybt r bvtñobvcz egeotybzv, ghjåtkfv d yfitq éehyfkbcncrjq ltzntkmyjcnb, f nfrét r ghjåktvfv d jnyj- itybzö vtéle ghfdbntkmcndtyysvb cnhernehfvb b chtlcndfvb vfc- cjdjq byajhvfwbb. Yfif cnhfyf gjrf yföjlbncz yf yfxfkmyjv änfgt gjcnhjtybz ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj, ghfdjdjuj b cdtncrjuj ujcelfhcndf. Yfv ytjåöj- lbvj exbnsdfnm yfib nhflbwbb, vtynfkbntn yfhjlf, bpdktrfnm ehjrb bp ytlfdytuj ghjikjuj, d njv xbckt d njv, xnj rfcftncz gjybvfybz ltvjrhfnbb, jcjpyfybz tç rjhtyyjuj jnkbxbz jn dctljpdjktyyjcnb b fyfhöbb. Gjcjk CIF Hbxfhl Ñ. Öjeuktyl, cghfdtlkbdj jwtybdfz jnyjit- ybt ghfdbntkmcndf r chtlcndfv vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb d Nflébrbcnfyt, jnvtnbk: ≤Vyt ytbpdtcnyj yb jå jlyjv ckexft gjkbnbxtcrjuj lfdkt- ybz yf ghtcce cj cnjhjys nflébrcrjuj ghfdbntkmcndf b, yfcrjkmrj z pyfñ, éehyfkbcns b gbcfntkb yt pfrkñxfkbcm d nñhmve pf nj, xnj jyb gbcfkb, rfr åskj d lheubö cnhfyfö Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb≥. D Nflébrbcnfyt ghjltkfyf pyfxbntkmyfz hfåjnf gj erhtgktybñ ghfdjdjq jcyjds chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, ghbyzn hzl pfrjyjd, rjnjhst jåtcgtxbdfñn ytjåöjlbvst eckjdbz lkz aeyrwbjybhjdfybz chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Änj pfrjys: ≤J gtxfnb b lheubö chtl- cndfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb≥, ≤J ntktdbltybb b hflbjdtofybb≥, ≤Jå bplfntkmcrjv ltkt ≥, ≤Jå byajhvfwbb≥, ≤J pfobnt byajhvfwbb≥, ≤Jå fdnjhcrjv b cvtéysö ghfdfö≥, ≤Jå äktrnhjyyjv ljrevtynt≥ b n.l. Pf gjcktlybt ujls, åkfujlfhz ghbyznsv pfrjyfv, gjcnjzyyjve dybvfybñ ghtpbltynf Htcgeåkbrb Nflébrbcnfy edféftvjuj Ä.I. Hfövjyjdf pyfxbntkmyj ecbkbkcz ghjwtcc ltvjrhfnbpfwbb cnhfys, d njv xbckt b d jåkfcnb chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb b bplfntkmc- rjuj ltkf. Nfr, yf yfcnjzobq vjvtyn pfhtubcnhbhjdfyj 199 ujcelfhcndtyysö b 154 ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst ufptns, éehyfkf, byajhvfwbjyysö futyncnd, rjnjhst jödfnsdfñn dct jåkfcnb, ujhjlf b hfqjys htcgeåkbrb.

18  DCNEGBNTKMYFZ HTXM

Edtkbxbkjcm xbckj gtxfnysö bplfybq gjkbnbxtcrbö gfhnbq, xfcn- ysö kbw, YGJ b n.l. Ctqxfc bplftncz åjktt 20 ufptn gjkbnbxtcrbö gfhnbq b jåotcndty- ysö jåütlbytybq, 21 xfcnyfz ufptnf; bp 47 bplfntkmcnd åjktt 10-nb zdkzñncz xfcnysvb. Rjyrehbheñn c ujcelfhcndtyysvb byajhvf- wbjyysvb futyncndfvb b xfcnyst. D cnjkbwt b jåkfcnzö, ujhjlfö b hfqjyfö htcgeåkbrb ltqcndeñn xfcnyst b rjhgjhfnbdyst ntkthf- lbjfutyncndf. Dcç änj cdbltntkmcndetn j njv, xnj d yfitq cnhfyt edthtyyj bltn ghjwtcc ltvjrhfnbpfwbb dj dctö cathfö jåotcndtyyjq ébpyb. Ckt- letn jnvtnbnm b gj cghfdtlkbdjcnb jwtybnm, xnj ghjikj vtytt gznb ktn, rfr e yfc ghtrhfnbkfcm djqyf, f cnhfyf ysyt ébdtn d eckjdbzö gjkyjq cnfåbkbpfwbb b åtpjgfcyjcnb. Jå jåtcgtxtybb gjkbnbxtcrjq b cjwbfkmyjq cnfåbkmyjcnb, yt oflz cbk, hfåjnfñn ghtpbltyn cnhfys Ä.I. Hfövjyjd, ghfdbntkmcndj b ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufys. Z öjntk ås jåhfnbnm dybvfybt yf yt cjdctv jåütrnbdyeñ rhbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf Nflébrbcnfyf cj cnjhjys ujcgjlbyf Bd Åfhutyf b ujcgjlbyf Öfhfcnb gj gjdjle ytdsöjlf ytcrjkmrbö ufptn. Z ytlfdyj jå änjv ujdjhbk yf dcnhtxt u-ye Bd Åfhutye. Rfr åskj cjjåotyj yfkjujdsv ltgfhnfvtynjv vbybcnthcndf gj ujcelfhcndtyysv ljöj- lfv b cåjhfv Htcgeåkbrb Nflébrbcnfy, ghbjcnfyjdktybt ufptns yt bvttn rfreñ-nj gjkbnbxtcreñ gjljgktre. Hfåjnybrb erfpfyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf jåyfheébkb yfheitybt d ltqcndbzö htlfrwbb b nbgj- uhfabb. Dvtcnj jabwbfkmyj erfpfyyjuj htlfrwbtq nbhféf ufptns d 2700 ärptvgkzhjd, jy afrnbxtcrb cjcnfdbk 7500 ärptvgkzhjd. Cxbnfz änj zdysv yfheitybtv abyfycjdsö pfrjyjd, yfkjujdst jhufys dhtvtyyj ghbjcnfyjdbkb geåkbrfwbñ ufptns b hfåjne nbgjuhfabb ≤Xföjyöjy≥ lj dszcytybz erfpfyyjuj afrnf. Xnj rfcftncz ghfdbntkmcndf, nj jyj ybrfrbö erfpfybq gj gjdjle pfrhsnbz ufptn yt lfdfkj b lfdfnm yt vjétn. Gjänjve z ghjie edféftvsö ghtlcnfdbntktq JÅCT yt ghb- lfdfnm gjkbnbxtcreñ jrhfcre ärjyjvbxtcrbv djghjcfv. Hfphtibnt dshfpbnm ghbpyfntkmyjcnm jhufybpfnjhfv rjyathty-

19 wbb, cjnhelybrfv JÅCT pf ghbukfitybt b pf ghjdtltybt cnjkm dféyjq lbcreccbb. Z yfltñcm, xnj lfyyfz rjyathtywbz csuhftn gjkjébntkmyeñ hjkm d jåütrnbdyjv fyfkbpt cbnefwbb b åeltn cjltqcndfnm toç åjkmitq cnfåbkbpfwbb b hfpdbnbñ ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ghjwtccjd rfr d htubjyt, nfr b d yfitq cnhfyt.

20  LJRKFLXBRB

LJRKFLXBRB

• Bd Åfhuäy, Ukfdf Wtynhf JÅCT d Leifyåt • Vbrkji Öfhfcnb, Ghtlcnfdbntkm JÅCT gj Cdjåjlt CVB • Rfhjvfnekkj Jkbvjd, Ujcelfhcndtyysq Cjdtnybr Ghtpbltynf gj cjwbfkmyjve hfpdbnbñ b cdzpzv c jåotcndtyyjcnmñ

Xfcnm 1: Gjcktlybt cjåsnbz d jåkfcnb CVB d Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb • Cthutq Ledfyjd, Rfpföcnfycrjt Vtéleyfhjlyjt Åñhj gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf b cjåkñltybñ pfrjyyjcnb • Fkvfp Rfktn, ytpfdbcbvsq éehyfkbcn, Rbhubpcnfy • Vfhfn Vfvflijtd, ytpfdbcbvsq éehyfkbcn, Nflébrbcnfy • Fkbith Nfrcfyjd, ytpfdbcbvsq éehyfkbcn, Epåtrbcnfy

Xfcnm 2: Pfrjys j rktdtnt b jcrjhåktybb rfr dspjd cdjåjlt CVB • Gtnth Yjhkfylth, Cjdtnybr gj Ghfdjdsv Djghjcfv, ARTICLE 19, Dtkbrjåhbnfybz • Yfltélf Cntgfyjdf, rjhhtcgjyltyn äktrnhjyyjuj bplfybz ≤Pf- vjy Byaj≥, Epåtrbcnfy • Léeyfql Båjljd, ñhbcn, ärcgthn gj pfrjyjlfntkmcnde j CVB, Nflébrbcnfy • Ifvfhfk Vfqxbtd, ñhbcn, Bycnbnen Ghtlcnfdbntkz gj CVB, Rshuspcnfy • Hjpkfyf Nferbyf, lbhtrnjh ajylf ≤Éehyfkbcns d åtlt≥, Rfpföcnfy

Xfcnm 3: Cdjåjlf byajhvfwbb • Lädbl Åfybcfh, lbhtrnjh, Ghjtrn cdjåjls byajhvfwbb, Dtkbrjåhbnfybz • Cfeqnåtr Fålhfövfyjd, Ghtpbltyn ufptns ≤ Tubvty Rfpföcnfy≥, Rfpföcnfy

21 • Jkmuf Djkrjdf, Wtynh ghfdjdjq pfobns CVB, Rfpföcnfy • Yehbllby Rfhibåftd, Ukfdf YFYCVBN, Nflébrbcnfy • Fktrcfylh Rekbycrbq, Ita-htlfrnjh byajhvfwbjyyjq ckeéås ≤YNC≥, Rshuspcnfy • Hecnfy Rfivehfnjd, Lbhtrnjh hflbj Fkvfp, Rshuspcnfy

22  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I È.

GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

Cthutq Ledfyjd CBNEFWBZ D CATHT CVB D RFPFÖCNFYT

Fkvfp Rfktn HTUBJYFKMYST CVB D RSHUSPCNFYT: VBA BKB HTFKMYJCNM

Vfhfn Vfvflijtd NTYLTYWBB D HFÅJNT CJDHTVTYYSÖ NFLÉBRCRBÖ CVB

Fkbith Nfrcfyjd VTÉLE CWBKKJQ B ÖFHBÅLJQ: EPÅTRCRFZ GHTCCF GJCKTLYBÖ KTN

23 Cthutq Ledfyjd

24  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I Cthutq Ledfyjd

CBNEFWBZ D CATHT CVB D RFPFÖCNFYT

Hfcrjk ghfdzotq äkbns b gjlujnjdrf r dsåjhfv d gfhkfvtyn dspdfkb jåjcnhtybt gjkbnbxtcrjq åjhmås d jåotcndt. Änj yfikj cdjt jnhfétybt d hfåjnt CVB. D cbke njuj, xnj åjkmibycndj ufptn ghbyflktébn hfpkbxysv ghj- vsiktyyj-abyfycjdsv uheggfv, gjkbnbxtcrbv gfhnbzv bkb jkbufh- öfv, éehyfkbcns CVB jrfpfkbcm dsyeéltyysvb jnhfåfnsdfnm cdjb pfhgkfns b ujyjhfhs, gjvjufz cdjbv öjpztdfv d åjhmåt pf dkfcnm. Ghtldsåjhyfz åjhmåf åscnhj dct hfccnfdbkf gj cdjbv vtcnfv, b nt, rnj tot dxthf åhfdbhjdfkb cdjtq ytqnhfkmyjcnmñ, jrfpfkbcm dnzye- nsvb d gjkbnbxtcreñ åjhmåe. Ctujlyz rféljt bplfybt bcgjldjkm ≤gbfhbn≥ cdjbö b ≤njgbn≥ xeébö. Zcyj, xnj yb j rfrjq jåütrnbdyjcnb jcdtotybz gjkbnbxtcrjuj ghjwtccf, (rfr, dghjxtv, b jcnfkmysö cjås- nbq) yt vjétn åsnm b htxb. Djghjc njkmrj d evtybb ltkfnm änj uhf- vjnyj, yt dslfdfz cdjtq gjkbnbxtcrjq fyufébhjdfyyjcnb. Rjve-nj änj elftncz, rjve-nj – ytn, f ytrjnjhst bplfybz yt crhsdfñn cdjtuj bynthtcf, jnrhsnj ghjdjpukfifz ctåz gfhnbqyjq nhbåeyjq. Ctujlyz åjkmibycndj jåotcndtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrbö bplfybq gjkb- nbxtcrb fyufébhjdfyj. B änj cghfdtlkbdj rfr d jnyjitybb ghjghf- dbntkmcndtyyj yfcnhjtyysö CVB, nfr b jggjpbwbjyysö ufptn. D cnhfyt ctujlyz ytn ytpfdbcbvjq (c njxrb phtybz gjkbnbxtcrjq fyuf- ébhjdfyyjcnb) ghtccs. Åjkmibycndj CVB dsyeéltys jåckeébdfnm bynthtcs njq bkb byjq gjkbnbxtcrjq uheggs. Gjyznyj, xnj jcyjdyfz xfcnm éehyfkbcncrjuj rjhgecf jrfpfkfcm d kfutht dkfcnb. Ljxm ghtpbltynf Lfhbuf Yfpfhåftdf, cjplfdfz cdjq vtlbf-öjklbyu, gjcnfhfkfcm jåtcgtxbnm ctåt gjlfdkzñobq gthtdtc yf byajhvfwbjyyjv gjkt. Lkz änjuj dyfxfkt åsk ecnfyjdkty bltj- kjubxtcrbq rjynhjkm yfl ntktrfyfkfvb djjåot b vjyjgjkbz yf jåotyfwbjyfkmyjt ntktdtofybt d xfcnyjcnb.

25 Cthutq Ledfyjd

Yfxbyfz c 1996 ujlf dkfcnm cnfkf ≤pfxbofnm≥ ntkt-hflbj äabh jn ytkjzkmysö éehyfkbcnjd. Nj, xnj ghjbpjikj c ytpfdbcbvjq ghtccjq d Hjccbb c ghböjljv r dkfcnb ghtpbltynf Genbyf, d Rfpföcnfyt cke- xbkjcm yf gznm ktn hfymit. Ghfdlf, d Rfpföcnfyt änj ltkfkb relf åjktt vfcinfåyj. Crfétv d jåkfcnb ntkt b hflbjdtofybz jåüzdbkb jåotyfwbjyfkmysq ntylth yf xfcnjns, d öjlt rjnjhjuj jlyb vföjv jnctzkb dctö, rnj bv dyeifk ytljdthbt. Jcnfdbd gthdsq yfwbjyfkmysq rfyfk d herfö xbyjdybrjd ghfdbntkm- cndf, Ctvmz gthtdtkf gjl cdjq rjynhjkm jcnfkmyst, nhfyckbhetvst yf dcñ htcgeåkbre: Öfåfh b YNR – jl rjynhjkm ljxthb, f RNR – pznz ghtpbltynf. Jcnfkmyst htubjyfkmyst ntktrfyfks gjkexbkb kbwtypbb yf dtofybt yf eckjdbzö bö kjzkmyjcnb gj jnyjitybñ r dkfcnb. Cjjn- dtncndtyyj, éehyfkbcns änbö rfyfkjd dsyeéltys hfåjnfnm d hfvrfö dyenhtyytq wtypehs, ghtlecvfnhbdfñotq äne kjzkmyjcnm. D rjywt 90-ö Ctvmz b jkbufhöb bp jrheétybz ghtpbltynf yfxfkb ghbåbhfnm r herfv ufptns. Yfxfkfcm cregrf eét bvtñoböcz ufptn b jnrhsnbt yjdsö. Nfr, kblth byajhvfwbjyyjuj hsyrf njuj dhtvtyb, ufptnf ≤Rfhfdfy≥, åskf regktyf d ljåhjdjkmyj-ghbyelbntkmyjv gjhzlrt e ghtéytuj dkfltkmwf kñlmvb Ctvmb, b c ntö gjh, ghtlgjkj- ébntkmyj, änj bplfybt cnfkj ghjdjlybrjv gjkbnbxtcrbö bynthtcjd cnfhituj pznz ghtpbltynf Hföfnf Fkbtdf. Nj ét ghjbpjikj c ufptnjq ≤Yjdjt gjrjktybt≥ b hzljv lheubö ufptn. D bnjut, r gfhkfvtyncrbv b ghtpbltyncrbv dsåjhfv 1998-1999 ujljd jcyjdyst CVB rjynhj- kbhjdfkbcm Ctvmtq. Ctujlyz cbnefwbz yt bpvtybkfcm: dct ntktcnfywbb, dtofñobt yf Rfpföcnfy, yföjlzncz gjl rjynhjktv Ctvmb, yf htubjyfkmysö – wfhbn cfvjwtypehf. Ghfrnbxtcrb dct rhegyst ufptns nfrét rjynhjkbheñncz xktyfvb Ctvmb kbåj kñlmvb bp bö jrheétybz. Ytvyjubt bplfybz, ytpfdbcb- vst jn Ctvmb (≤Dhtvz≥ b ≤Yfxytv c gjytltkmybrf≥), cktlez ytukfc- ysv ecnfyjdrfv cfvjwtypehs, yt pfnhfubdfñn ntve Ctvmb. Jggjpbwbjyyst ≤Htcgeåkbrf≥ b ≤Cjp≥ b tot ytcrjkmrj htubj- yfkmysö jggjpbwbjyysö ufptn – änj dct, xtv vjétn gjödfcnfnmcz rfpföcnfycrfz jggjpbwbz yf byajhvfwbjyyjv gjkt.

26  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I Dkfcnm velhj hfccelbkf, xnj d ysytiybö eckjdbzö yt yeéyj ybrjuj ghbyeélfnm hfåjnfnm yf ytt, ghjot cjplfnm nfrbt eckjdbz, ghb rjnjhsö éehyfkbcnfv åeltn dsujlyj cjåkñlfnm ghfdbkf, ghtl- kjétyyst dkfcnmñ. Ärjyjvbxtcrfz dsujlf – d jåvty yf uhfélfycreñ gjpbwbñ, bltj- kjubxtcrbt b gjkbnbxtcrbt ecnfyjdrb, ébpytyyst ghbywbgs. Ghjot ujdjhz, dkfcnm yfexbkfcm gjregfnm éehyfkbcnjd, f nt yfexbkbcm dsujlyj ghjlfdfnmcz. C lheujq cnjhjys, cjplfys eckjdbz, ghb rjnjhsö gjkbnbxtcrfz ytkjzkmyjcnm éehyfkbcnf dspsdftn ytufnbdyeñ htfrwbñ cj cnjhjys flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj htcehcf b hfåjnjlfntktq. Änj ghjzdkztncz d ytghbyznbb yf hfåjne b edjkmytybb, f nfrét d djpåeéltybb flvbyb- cnhfnbdysö b eujkjdysö ltk b bpåbtybb éehyfkbcnjd, yt étkfñobö buhfnm gj ecnfyjdktyysv ghfdbkfv, ≤ytbpdtcnysvb kbwfvb≥. Lkz éehyfkbcnjd ghbyznbt eckjdbq hfåjns d catht byajhvf- wbb b geåkbwbcnbrb, ghtlkfuftvsö htébvjv Yfpfhåftdf, ufhfynb- hetn jnyjcbntkmyj öjhjij jgkfxbdftveñ hfåjne b edthtyyjcnm d åtpjgfcyjcnb. Nt ét, rnj cjukfiftncz yf ghzvjt bltjkjubxtcrjt jåckeébdfybt htébvf (bkb kjzkmysö jkbufhöjd b xbyjdybrjd), gjgflftn d hfphzl dscjrjjgkfxbdftvjq b cjwbfkmyj pfobotyyjq äkbns. Gj cenb, änb éehyfkbcns cnfyjdzncz xbyjdybrfvb, nfr rfr gjkexfñn pfhgkfne pf byajhvfwbjyyjt jåtcgtxtybt gjkbnbrb cdjbö öjpztd, åelm nj cfvj ujcelfhcndj (Rfpföcnfycrfz ghfdlf, Ñhblbxtc- rfz ufptnf, Rfpföcnfy 1) kbåj jkbufhöb, gjllthébdfñobt htébv (Rfhfdfy, Yjdjt gjrjktybt, Ärcghtcc R, Cnhfyf b vbh, YNR, RNR, Öfåfh, JHN-Rfpföcnfy). Hfvrb cdjåjls éehyfkbcnjd, hfåjnfñobö d änbö bplfybzö, d gjkbnbxtcrjv gkfyt étcnrj jghtltktys: bv hfphtityj njkmrj ödf- kbnm dkfcnm b heufnm jggjpbwbñ (byjulf, d gjhzlrt bcrkñxtybz, jyb gjkexfñn ecnfyjdre yf rhbnbre njuj bkb byjuj xbyjdybrf bp kfuthz dkfcnb, xnj cdbltntkmcndetn kbim j njv, xnj jy cnfk rjve- nj yteujlty). Lheujq ehjdtym cdjåjls d geåkbwbcnbrt bvtñn éehyfkbcns evt- htyyj-kjzkmysö CVB.

27 Cthutq Ledfyjd

(Gfyjhfvf, Rehcbd, Hföfn, Nfy, Ñéyfz cnjkbwf). Yfhzle c ytufnb- djv d flhtc gjkbnbxtcrbö ghjnbdybrjd dkfcnb, jyb vjuen gjpdjkbnm ctåt b ytrjnjhst ≤djkmyjcnb≥, rfr, yfghbvth, gjrhbnbrjdfnm jnltkm- ysö xbyjdybrjd bkb lfnm byajhvfwbñ jå jggjpbwbb, ytjåzpfntkmyj yjczoeñ ytufnbdysq öfhfrnth. E éehyfkbcnjd evthtyyj-jggjpbwbjyysö CVB (Dhtvz, Yfxytv c gjytltkmybrf, Ägjöf, 31 rfyfk) juhfybxtybq vtymit. Änb ufptns vjuen gjpdjkbnm ctåt åjktt htpreñ rhbnbre dkfcnb, ghtljcnfdbnm djpvjé- yjcnm dscrfpfnmcz jggjpbwbjyysv kblthfv, jgeåkbrjdfnm vytybz, hfc- öjlzobtcz c jabwbfkmysvb. Tlbycndtyyjq pfghtnyjq ntvjq zdkztncz rhbnbrf ghtpbltynf b tuj ctvmb. D änjv gkfyt, exbnsdfz, xnj bvtyyj ghtpbltyn jåkflftn htfkmyjq dkfcnmñ d cnhfyt, geåkbwbcnbrf d evt- htyyj-jggjpbwbjyysö CVB rfcnhbhjdfyf gj jghtltktybñ. Jggjpbwbjyyst CVB (Htcgeåkbrf, Cjp) yt bvtñn juhfybxtybq d xfcnb rhbnbrb dkfcnb b d njv xbckt ghtpbltynf, yj d cbke njuj, xnj jåt ufptns dshféfñn bynthtcs jggjpbwbb, jyb juhfybxbdfñn éehyfkbcnjd d njv, xnj rfcftncz rhbnbrb cfvjq jggjpbwbb. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, ghfrnbxtcrb dct ceotcndeñobt CVB d cdjtq htlfrwbjyyjq gjkbnbrt bvtñn gjkbnbxtcrbt juhfybxtybz, ghjzdkzñ- obtcz, d kexitv ckexft, d pfvfkxbdfybb jghtltktyysö ntv, djghj- cjd b afrnjd, d öelitv, – d bcrfétybb byajhvfwbb b ghtldpznjq bynthghtnfwbb afrnjd. Gjyznyj, xnj ujdjhbnm j gjkyjnt jcdtotybz jåotcndtyyj-gjkb- nbxtcrbö cjåsnbq d rfpföcnfycrbö CVB vjéyj njkmrj c extnjv dsiterfpfyysö cntgtytq cdjåjls. Cjdctv ytlfdyj jcyjdyjq rjcnzr éehyfkbcncrjuj wtöf åhfdb- hjdfk cdjtq gjkbnbxtcrjq bylbaathtynyjcnmñ, ntv, xnj jcnftncz ≤yfl cödfnrjq≥. Nfr, éehyfkbcns, hfåjnfñobt yf dkfcnm, (crfétv, Öfåfhf b Rfpföcnfy 1) gjpbwbjybhjdfkb ctåz d rfxtcndt ujcelfhcndty- ybrjd, hfåjnfñobö yf bltñ rjycjkblfwbb b cnfåbkmyjcnb jåotcndf b, cjjndtncndtyyj, cnjzobö yfl bynthtcfvb jnltkmysö gjkbnbxtcrbö uhegg. Nt ét, rnj hfåjnfk d CVB evthtyyj-jggjpbwbjyyj-kjzkmyjuj njkrf, åhfdbhjdfk cdjtq gjkbnbxtcrjq bylbaathtynyjcnmñ, ntv, xnj yt gjvjuftn fvåbwbjpysv gjkbnbrfv, hdeobvcz r dkfcnb.

28  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I Byfxt gjpbwbjybhjdfkbcm éehyfkbcns jggjpbwbjyysö CVB, cxb- nfñobt, xnj ghjzdktybt cdjtq gjkbnbxtcrjq gjpbwbb – uhfélfycrbq ljku éehyfkbcnf. Jlybv bp yfghfdktybq d åjhmåt c jggjpbwbtq b ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq xfcnmñ jåotcndtyyjcnb åskf nhfdkz jggjpbwbb, tt kblthjd b éeh- yfkbcnjd herfvb xthyjcjntyysö éehyfkbcnjd. Nfr, yf cnhfybwfö ufptns ≤Ljébdtv lj gjytltkmybrf≥ bp yjvthf d yjvth yf ghjnzét- ybb ytcrjkmrbö ktn dskbdfkbcm eifns uhzpb yf ujkjds ltvjrhfnjd, ghbxtv éehyfkbcns änjq ufptns yt uyeifkbcm jnrhjdtyyjq kéb b ljyjcjd. Ytelbdbntkmyj, tckb extcnm, xnj kexibv lheujv ukfdyjuj htlfrnjhf änjq ufptns b, gj ckeöfv, ukfdysv cgjycjhjv åsk cfv herjdjlbntkm gjkbnbxtcrjuj cscrf ñéyjq cnjkbws gjkrjdybr Åtr- nfcjd. Gj-dblbvjve, jcjpyfd, xnj nfrfz ytghbrhsnfz jujkntkfz ghjgf- ufylf ghjnbd jggjpbwbb vfkjghjlernbdyf, dkfcnb gjvtyzkb nfrnbre b ntgthm dct xfot ghbåtufñn r gjvjob gjlltkjr, d njv xbckt b d ajhvt afkmcbabwbhjdfyysö dsgecrjd ufptn, ghbpdfyysö ltpjhbty- nbhjdfnm b ltpbyajhvbhjdfnm xbnfntktq. Nfr, dtcyjq 2000 ujlf d htlfrwbb dtleobö ufptn åskb gjlåhjitys felbj- rfcctns zrjås c pfgbcmñ, bynthdmñ jlyjuj bp kblthjd jggj- pbwbb Yehåekfnf Vfcfyjdf rjhhtcgjyltyne BNFH-NFCC, ult cjlth- éfkbcm jcrjhåktybz d flhtc rfpföcrjuj yfhjlf. Åskj djpåeéltyj eujkjdyjt ltkj gj cnfnmt ≤hfpébufybt vtéyfwbjyfkmyjq hjpyb≥. Hzl ufptn b Bynthytn-cfqnjd jgeåkbrjdfk gjlltkre c wtkmñ lbcrhtlbnb- hjdfnm kblthf jggjpbwbb, dscnfdbd tuj dhfujv rfpföjd. D 2003 ujle d öjlt ghtldsåjhyjq rjvgfybb d vfckböfns d Fkvfns cnfkb gjzdkznmcz yjvthf ufptns ≤451 gj Afhtyutqne≥, dsgecrftvjq ytecnfyjdktyysvb fdnjhfvb. Äne ufptne z bplfdfk d 1998-1999 ujlfö, b jyf åskf gjgekzhyf d ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö b jggjpbwbjyysö rheufö. B djn. d nj dhtvz, rjulf z yföjlbkcz pf htitnrjq. ytbpdtcnyst ≤rjkktub≥ dsgecnbkb gznm yjvthjd änjuj gctdlj-Afhtyutqnf≥, ult gjkbdfkb uhzpmñ ltvjrhfnjd, jggjpbwbñ b vtyz kbxyj. 2 bñyz 2004 ujlf yf ufptnysö ghbkfdrfö ñéyjq cnjkbws gjzdbkcz ärcnhtyysq yjvth jggjpbwbjyyjq ufptns ≤Fccfylb nfqvc≥.

29 Cthutq Ledfyjd

Rfr jrfpfkjcm, htlfrwbz änjq ufptns yt bvtkf r änjve dsgecre ybrfrjuj jnyjitybz. Ufptne cltkfkb dct nt ét ytbpdtcnyst. Afkm- ibdrf cjlthéfkf ≤ctycfwbjyyst jnrhjdtybz≥ kblthjd jggjpbwbb b vfnthbfks, ghbpdfyyst, gj pfvscke bö cjcnfdbntktq, hfpdtyxfnm jggjpbwbñ d ukfpfö xbnfntktq. Dj dctö änbö ckexfzö gjgsnrb yfqnb afkmibdjufptnxbrjd yb r xtve yt ghbdtkb. Ghfdjjöhfybntkmyst jhufys nfr b yt cvjukb yfqnb ghjdjrfnjhjd. Bynthtcyj, xnj éehyfkbcns ≤Fccfylb nfqvc≥, dscrfpfdibt ghtl- gjkjétybt, xnj pf änjq ghjdjrfwbtq cnjbn flvbybcnhfwbz ghtpb- ltynf, åskb ghbdktxtys r jndtncndtyyjcnb d celt, rjnjhsq dpscrfk c ybö ›350 000 d gjkmpe gjcxbnfditq ctåz jcrjhåktyyjq flvbybcnhf- wbb ghtpbltynf. Kñåjq éehyfkbcn ctujlyz jrfpsdftncz gthtl dsåjhjv: kbåj hfåj- nfnm gj ghfdbkfv dkfcnb, kbåj gjgsnfnmcz åsnm xtcnysv. D gthdjv ckexft, jy ljkéty juhfybxbnm ctåz d xfcnb hzlf pfghtnysö ntv, f nfrét rhbnbrb, yf htubjyfkmyjv ehjdyt – frbvf, yf jåotyfwbjyfkmyjv – ghtpbltynf. D hfvrfö änbö juhfybxtybq vjéyj, d ghbywbgt, ujdjhbnm j cdjåjlt ckjdf. Vyjubt bp éehyfkbcnjd c änbv cvbhbkbcm b gjänjve, djcghbybvfz lfyyst juhfybxtybz rfr ljkéyjt, cxbnfñn ctåz dgjkyt ytpfdbcbvsvb. Vyt rcnfnb, vyjubt vjb rjkktub htrjvtyljdfkb pfåsnm j ghtpbltynt b tuj Ctvmt b gbcfnm ≤änféjv ybét≥, njulf yt åeltn ybrfrbö ghjåktv. Yj j rfrjq geåkbwbcnbrt vjétn blnb htxm, tckb bp rheuf jåceélftvsö ghjåktv bcrkñxftncz ghtpbltyn – ukfdysq cnth- étym dctq ceotcndeñotq gjkbnbxtcrjq cbcntvs, xtkjdtr, d herfö rjnj- hjuj cjchtljnjxtyf dcz gjkyjnf dkfcnb. Nfrjt juhfybxtybt gjkyjcnmñ kbiftn geåkbwbcnbre ukfdyjuj – ukeåbys b jåütrnbdyjcnb. Dj dnjhjv ckexft, rjulf éehyfkbcn yt ghbybvftn änb juhfybxt- ybz, jy gjgflftn yf ≤vbyyjt gjkt≥ b njulf jy hbcretn rfr vbybvev yt yfqnb hfåjns, rfr vfrcbvev jrfpfnmcz d nñhmvt. Vtéle änbvb rhfqyjcnzvb tuj jéblftn wtksq yfåjh ytghbznyjc- ntq b ghjåktv. Tuj yt åelen gtxfnfnm d kñåsö CVB, rhjvt jggjpb- wbjyysö. Geåkbrezcm d jggjpbwbjyysö CVB, jy cthmtpyj hbcretn: tuj vjuen élfnm celtåyst bcrb jn jcrjhåktyysö xbyjdybrjd, e

30  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I ytuj vjuen djpybryenm ytghbznyjcnb c gjkbwbtq, yfrjytw, tuj ghjcnj vjuen bpåbnm. Tuj åkbprbt b hjlcndtyybrb nfrét vjuen bcgsnfnm yf ctåt djpltqcndbt ghtckjdenjuj flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj htcehcf. Tlbycndtyyfz jnleibyf – Bynthytn. Pltcm tcnm djpvjéyjcnm hfp- vtofnm kñåst, lfét cfvst jcnhst, yteujlyst dkfcnzv vfnthbfks. Ctujlyz jggjpbwbjyyst b ytpfdbcbvst Bynthytn-ufptns gthtbuhs- dfñn jabwbfkmyst cfqns. Gjgekzhyst jåotcndtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrbt cfqns ≤Yfdbufnjh≥, ≤KUB≥ ≤Eurasia≥ – cnfkb jlybv bp jcyjdysö bcnjxybrjd ytpfdbcbvjq byajhvfwbb lkz rfpföcnfycrbö gjkmpjdf- ntktq Bynthytnf. Ghfdlf, exbnsdfz, xnj njkmrj 3% yfctktybz bvtñn htuekzhysq ljcneg d Bynthytn, dkbzybt änbö cfqnjd dtcmvf juhfybxtyj. Ytcvjnhz yf änj, htébv Yfpfhåftdf djn eét gznm ktn åkjrbhetn änb cfqns, pfnhelyzz ljcneg yf ybö rfpföcnfycrbv gjkmpjdfntkzv Bynthytnf. Cbnefwbz d Bynthytnt – nbgbxysq ghbvth kbwtvthbz ghtpbltynf Yfpfhåftdf b tuj jrheétybz: ghtpbltyn yt ecnftn pfzdkznm, xnj jy pf ltvjrhfnbñ b cdjåjle ckjdf, yj ghb änjv åkjrbhetn ljcneg r ytpfdbcbvsv b jggjpbwbjyysv cfqnfv. Z pyfñ ljdjls, rfrbt ghbdjlzn fgjkjutns htébvf, jghfdlsdfz pfébv cdjåjls ckjdf d cnhfyt. Vjk, bpkbiyzz cdjåjlf, ytrjynhj- kbhetvfz rhbnbrf dkfcnb vjuen ltcnfåbkbpbhjdfnm jåcnfyjdre, ddthuyenm cnhfye d fyfhöbñ. Bp änjuj ltkftncz dsdjl, xnj gjkbnbxtcrbq htébv Yfpfhåftdf (afrnbxtcrb pfnsrfñobq hjn cdjåjlyjq ghtcct b juhfybxbdfñobq cdjåjle ckjdf) cgjcjåcndetn cnfåbkmyjcnb rfpföcnfycrjuj jåot- cndf. Nfrjdf wtyf änjq cnfåbkmyjcnb. Yfv ghtlkfufñn jndtnbnm yf djghjc, xnj åjktt wtyyj lkz Rfpföcnfyf: ljåsnfz nfrbv jåhfpjv cnfåbkmyjcnm bkb ltvjrhfnbz c jgfcyjcnmñ ltcnfåbkbpfwbb. Gj cenb, ctujlyz änj ukfdysq djghjc d jghtltktybb gthcgtrnbd hfpdbnbz yfitq cnhfys. Jn jndtnf yf ytuj pfdbcbn htfkmyfz gjkbnbxtcrfz jhbtynfwbz ntö bkb bysö gjkbnbrjd, gfhnbq, rehcf cnhfys. Jxtdblyj, xnj d jcyjdt gjkbnbxtcrjuj rehcf Yfpfhåftdf ktébn ghbpyfybt ghbjhbntnf cnfåbkmyjcnb yfl ltvjrhfnbtq. Yj änj yt

31 Cthutq Ledfyjd

bvttn ybxtuj jåotuj c ltvjrhfnbxtcrbvb ghbywbgfvb, ghtlgjkf- ufñobvb cnfåbkmyjcnm gjchtlcndjv cjåkñltybz ghfd b cdjåjl kbxyjcnb, åtp negjuj gjlxbytybz b cnhföf, åtp gjlfdktybz uhfélfy- crjq frnbdyjcnb b bybwbfnbds. Gkfnf, yfpyfxtyyfz ghtpbltynjv pf cnfåbkmyjcnm, ytghfdjvthyj, xhtpvthyj dscjrf, b, cfvjt ukfdyjt, jyf, gj cdjtq cenb, cjlthébn jnhbwfybt b cjjndtncndtyyj euhjpe cnfåbkmyjcnb. Cnfåbkmyjcnm åtp ltvjrhfnbb – änj dctulf cnfåbkmyjcnm, jcyj- dfyyfz yf ghbyeéltybb b cnhföt. Blz d änjv yfghfdktybb, vs, d rjywt rjywjd, hbcretv cjukfcbnmcz, xnj dscibv jåhfpwjv ghjzdkt- ybz cnfåbkmyjcnb zdkzñncz rjywkfuthz. Dhzl kb e rjuj-ybåelm gjdthytncz zpsr ujdjhbnm jå bcnjhbxtc- rbö pfckeufö yfxfkmybrjd rjywkfuthtq d ltkt gjllthéfybz gjhzlrf. Gjljåysv jåhfpjv, vjétv kb vs jnytcnb r pfckeufv ghtpbltynf Yfpfhåftdf yfie cnfåbkmyjcnm, gjcnhjtyyeñ yf gjlfdktybb byfrj- vsckbz b ghtytåhtétybb r ghfdfv b cdjåjlfv uhfélfy? Eds, z gjkfufñ, xnj änj bvtyyj njn ckexfq, rjulf wtkm yt vjétn jghfd- lfnm chtlcndf.

32  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I Fkvfp Rfktn

HTUBJYFKMYST CVB D RSHUSPCNFYT: VBA BKB HTFKMYJCNM

Ctujlyz d Rshuspcnfyt jabwbfkmyj pfhtubcnhbhjdfyj cdsit gznbcjn gtxfnysö b äktrnhjyysö CVB. Cfveñ åjkmieñ xfcnm bp ybö cjcnfdkzñn htubjyfkmyst vfcc-vtlbf. Jåkflfñn kb jyb,jlyfrj, htfkmysv dkbzybtv b fdnjhbntnjv d htubjyfö? Yfcrjkmrj gthcgtr- nbdty hsyjr htubjyfkmysö CVB d Rshuspcnfyt? Yflj chfpe enjxybnm, xnj bp xbckf gznbcjn pfhtubcnhbhjdfyysö d vbybcnthcndt ñcnbwbb RH, yf lfyysq vjvtyn hfåjnftn njkmrj xtndthnfz xfcnm. D änjv jnyjitybb gjrfpfntkty ghbvth c yjdjq xfcn- yjq ntktrjvgfybtq ≤Yfqvfy-ND≥ d Åfnrtycrjq jåkfcnb RH, rjnjhfz åskf pfhtubcnhbhjdfyf gjxnb ldf ujlf, yj dtofybt yfxytn njkmrj c rjywf ctynzåhz 2004 ujlf. Gj ckjdfv lbhtrnjhf Fkvfpf Rfhbvjdf, nfrjt ≤pfnzubdfybt≥ åskj cdzpfyj c ntöybxtcrbvb ghjåktvfvb b ckjéyjcnmñ gjkextybz ghfdf yf xfcnjne. Gjänjve, jujdjhbvcz, xnj htxm d lfyyjv cjjåotybb åeltn blnb j aeyrwbjybheñobö yf lfyysq vjvtyn htubjyfkmysö CVB. Htubjyfkmyst CVB d jcyjdyjq cdjtq vfcct ghtlcnfdktys gtxfn- ysvb b äktrnhjyysvb CVB, exhtlbntkzvb rjnjhsö zdkzñncz vtcnyst jhufys dkfcnb, vtcnyst Rtytib (gfhkfvtyn). Yfghbvth, d Jicrjq jåkfcnb ufptns ≤Äöj Jif≥ yf heccrjv zpsrt, ≤Ji Éfyshs- us≥ – yf rshuspcrjv b ≤Ei Cfljcb≥ – yf epåtrcrjv, d Bccsrrekmc- rjq jåkfcnb ≤Dtcnb Bccsrrekz≥ b lheubt. Bp äktrnhjyysö CVB – dct jåkfcnyst abkbfks yfwbjyfkmyjq ntkthflbjrjvgfybb. Tlbycndtyyjt yf ctujlyziybq ltym bccktljdfybt htubjyfkmysö CVB d Rshuspcnfyt åskj ghjdtltyj d 2003 ujle. Tuj bybwbfnjhjv dscnegbkf idtqwfhcrfz jhufybpfwbz CIMERA. Fdnjhs bccktljdf- ybz, rfylblfn cjwbjkjubxtcrbö yfer Uekmyfhf Båhftdf b, vfubcnh gjkbnjkjubb b éehyfkbcnbrb Cdtnkfyf Rekbrjdf, gjlujnjdbkb gj

33 Fkvfp Rfktn

tuj htpekmnfnfv rybue ≤Bcnjhbz hfpdbnbz b cjdhtvtyyjt cjcnjzybt CVB d Rshuspcnfyt≥. Wtkmñ jåpjhf ghjåktv htubjyfkmyjq éehyf- kbcnbrb cnfk fyfkbp bpvtytybq, ghjbpjitlibö d CVB Rshuspcnfyf gjckt 2001 ujlf. Lkz gjlhjåyjuj fyfkbpf åskb cajhvbhjdfys ajrec-uheggs. D ybö djikb éehyfkbcns b htlfrnjhs htubjyfkmysö CVB, ghtgjlfdfntkb afrekmntnjd éehyfkbcnbrb, ghtlcnfdbntkb vtcnyjq dkfcnb. Bccktljdfybt ikj gj xtnshtv jcyjdysv yfghfdkt- ybzv: bcnjxybrb byajhvfwbb, dpfbvjjnyjitybz CVB c dkfcnzvb, gjnhtåyjcnb felbnjhbb b yjdjcnyst rhbnthbb, jåhfps htubjyjd d htubjyfkmysö CVB b djcnhtåjdfyyjcnm fltrdfnyjuj jnhfétybz htubjyfkmyjq ébpyb. Rfr jnvtxftn Uekmyfhf Båhftdf d bynthdmñ byajhvfwbjyyjve futyncnde ≤Rfåfh≥, d rfxtcndt jcyjdyjq ghjåktvs htubjyfkmyjq éehyfkbcnbrb Rshuspcnfyf ghtlcnfdbntkb CVB xfot dctuj yfps- dfñn ≤abyfycjdeñ juhfybxtyyjcnm b ytcnfåbkmyjcnm, bp rjnjhjq ghjbcntrfñn ntöybxtcrjt ytcjdthitycndj jåjheljdfybz b ytfltr- dfnyjt jåotcndtyyjq pyfxbvjcnb b jndtncndtyyjcnb vfnthbfkmyjt djpyfuhféltybt nhelf éehyfkbcnjd≥. Ghtlcnfdbntkb CVB Bccsr- Rekmcrjq jåkfcnb dsltkzñn, gj ckjdfv U. Båhftdjq, nfrét ghj- åktve dpfbvjltqcndbz CVB c dkfcnmñ: ≤Jyb ujdjhbkb j njv, xnj pfdjtdfybz cedthtyyjuj ltcznbktnbz d jåkfcnb cdjåjls ckjdf dtcmvf ghbphfxys, b d htubjyfkmysö vfcinfåfö dctulf tcnm djpvjéyjcnm dthyenmcz r cfvjve öelitve dfhbfyne lbrnfnf dkfcntq≥. Rhjvt njuj, bccktljdfntkm ujdjhbn jå jncencndbb bkb jxtym ytpyfxbntkm- yjv bynthtct éehyfkbcnjd r ébpyb lheubö htubjyjd. Ghbxbyf änjuj, gj vytybñ U. Båhftdjq, rhjtncz d jncencndbb ytrbö ≤crhtgkzñobö htubjys djtlbyj äktvtynjd≥, yfghbvth, gjkbnbxtcrbö, abyfycjdsö, rekmnehysö, bltjkjubxtcrbö. Gj ckjdfv ärcgthnf ytghfdbntkmcndtyyjq jhufybpfwbb ≤Ljv Cdjåjls≥ Ekeuåtrf Åfåfuekjdf: ≤D Rshuspcnfyt xfcnyst b ytpfdb- cbvst CVB d jcyjdyjv cjchtljnjxtys d cnjkbwt. D änbö ufptnfö jgbcsdfñncz, rfr ghfdbkj, ghjåktvs, rfcfñobtcz cnjkbxysö ltk, b htlrj hfccrfpsdftncz jå jåotcndtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrjq jåcnfyjdrt d htubjyfö cnhfys. Tckb ét nfrbt cnfnmb b geåkbreñncz, nj d ybö pfxfc-

34  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I neñ jncencndetn gjkysq fyfkbp cjåsnbq b dctcnjhjyytt jcdtotybt ghjåktv≥. Gjänjve jcyjdyjq gjnjr byajhvfwbb kñlb gjkexfñn bp ujcelfhcndtyysö CVB, rjnjhst jnkbxfñncz jlyjåjrbv b ytjåütr- nbdysv jcdtotybtv. Yfukzlysv ghbvthjv vjuen åsnm Frcsqcrbt cjåsnbz, dspdfdibt uhfélfycrbt djkytybz yf ñut Rshuspcnfyf. Ébntkb Frcsqcrjuj hfqjyf rfntujhbxtcrb jnrfpsdfkbcm jn dcnhtxb c rjhhtcgjyltynfvb ujcelfhcndtyysö bkb gjlrjynhjkmysö flvbyb- cnhfwbb ghtpbltynf CVB, jådbyzz bö d ytjåütrnbdyjcnb. Tlbycndtyyjt gtxfnyjt CVB – byajhvfwbjyyfz xfcnyfz ufptnf ≤Athufyf≥, dsöjlzofz d Éfkfkfåfnt b hfcghjcnhfyztvfz d Jicrjq b Éfkfkfåfncrjq jåkfcnzö b xfcnbxyj d Åbirtrt, öjnz dj dctv ñéyjv htubjyt pfhtubcnhbhjdfys ltcznrb gtxfnysö bplfybq. Jlyfrj, yb jlyj bp ybö yt dsöjlbn htuekzhyj, öjnz ås hfp d ytltkñ. Cfvsq åjkmyjq djghjc – abyfycjdsq. Jncencndbt vfkj-vfkmcrb ghj- levfyyjuj gthcgtrnbdyjuj hfpdbnbz rjyrhtnyjuj CVB, gjkyjt jncencn- dbt htrkfvyjq gjkbnbrb, ckfåfz rflhjdfz gjkbnbrf – dct änj cthmtpyj dkbztn yf jåott hfpdbnbt htubjyfkmysö CVB d Rshuspcnfyt. Pf gjcktlybt nhbyflwfnm ktn ceotcndjdfybz Rshuspcrjq htc- geåkbrb gjzdbkfcm cjdthityyj yjdfz, jcjåfz ajhvfwbz gtxfnysö b äktrnhjyysö CVB d htubjyfö, ébdeobö bcrkñxbntkmyj pf cxtn uhfynjdsö dkjétybq vtéleyfhjlysö jhufybpfwbq. Jyb c åjkmibv ecgtöjv gthtghjlfñn jlby b njn ét ghjtrn hfpysv uhfynjdsv jhufybpfwbzv, rjxez jn jlyjuj uhfynjlfntkz r lheujve. Ghb änjv cajhvbhjdfkfcm ecnjqxbdjt vytybt, xnj tckb jlyféls ghtrhfnzncz uhfyns, änb CVB ghjcnj bcxtpyen, b jyb yt vjuen åsnm abyfycjdj ecgtiysvb d ysytiybö eckjdbzö. Jå änjv htxm ikf nfrét yf cjdtofybb htlfrnjhjd b bplfntktq ytpfdbcbvsö CVB Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb, rjnjhjt ghjikj ujl yfpfl d Åbirtrt. Jhufybpfnjhjv dcnhtxb dscnegbkj jåotcndtyyjt jåütlb- ytybt ≤Éehyfkbcns≥ ghb abyfycjdjq gjllthért International Media Support, Lfybz. D öjlt rheukjuj cnjkf, d rjnjhjv ghbyzkb exfcnbt ghtlcnfdbntkb CVB Rshuspcnfyf, Rfpföcnfyf, Epåtrbcnfyf b Nfléb- rbcnfyf, åskb jåceéltys djghjcs:

35 Fkvfp Rfktn

• ekexitybz rfxtcndf éehyfkbcncrjq ghjlerwbb; • ghjåktvs abyfycjdjq ytpfdbcbvjcnb d ckjéysö ärjyjvbxtcrbö eckjdbzö; • hfpdbnbz htubjyfkmyjuj Bynthytnf. Dcnhtxf pfrjyxbkfcm ghbyznbtv ltrkfhfnbdysö, jåobö htrjvty- lfwbq bplfntkzv, herjdjlbntkzv CVB. Djjåot djghjc j njv, yfcrjkmrj htubjyfkmyst CVB vjuen åsnm abyfycjdj ecgtiysvb, pfdtljvj cxbnfñn negbrjdsv. Ecgtö b CVB ghbyznj cxbnfnm ytcjdvtcnbvsvb dtofvb. Djn xnj crfpfk ukfdysq htlfrnjh ytujcelfhcndtyyjq ufptns ≤Athufyf≥ Åfrsn Jheyåtrjd d bynthdmñ bycnbnene gj jcdtotybñ djqys b vbhf: ≤Yf gthbathbb ghfrnbxtcrb ytn htrkfvjlfntktq, dct ltqcndeñobt rjvgfybb b abhvs yföjlzncz d cnjkbwt b gjvtofñn cdjñ htrkfve d cnjkbxysö ufptnfö, f pyfxbntkmyfz ghbåskm d ufptne gjcnegftn bvtyyj jn htrkfvs. Eds, yf gthbathbb änj ytdjpvjéyj, b gjänjve vs byjulf dsyeéltys gtxfnfnm ≤rjvvthxtcrbt≥ vfnt- hbfks, cnfnmb yf pfrfp≥. Nfrjuj vytybz ghblthébdfñncz vyjubt herjdjlbntkb CVB d htubjyfö. Rcnfnb ujdjhz, n yfpdfybt ≤ytujcelfhcndtyyst CVB≥ dvtcnj ≤ytpfdbcbvst CVB≥ gjzdbkjcm ytlfdyj bp-pf étkfybz htubjyfkm- ysö CVB yt bvtnm ybxtuj jåotuj c zhrj dshfétyyj jggjpbwbjyyj yfcnhjtyysvb ufptnfvb b ntkt-hflbjrfyfkfvb d cnjkbwt. Djjåot, lkz dctö htubjyfkmysö CVB öfhfrnthyj étkfybt bpåtufnm rjy- akbrnjd d jnyjitybzö c dkfcnzvb. Rfélfz cnjhjyf cjåkñlftn jghtltktyyst ghfdbkf buhs: lkz htubjyfkmysö CVB öfhfrnthyf ≤vzurfz rhbnbrf≥, rjulf rhbnbretncz ytrjt gjlhfpltktybt ujccnher- nehs, yj yt tt ukfdf. Öjnz dhtvz jn dhtvtyb ytrjnjhst vtéleyfhjlyst jhufybpfwbb rfr Bynthymñc-Rshuspcnfy gsnfñncz ckjvfnm änjn cnthtjnbg, ghb- psdfz bpvtybnm cnhfntubñ b cötve eghfdktybz d CVB. Ghb änjv jhufybpeñncz vyjujxbcktyyst ctvbyfhs, nhtybyub gj vtytlévtyne, vfhrtnbyue, hfcghjcnhfytybñ, htrkfvyjve ltke. Yfghbvth, ajyl ≤Cjhjc-Rshuspcnfy≥ d änjv ujle ckturf gjlrjh- htrnbhjdfk cdjb ghbjhbntnsd jåkfcnb gjllthérb CVB, frwtynbhj-

36  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I dfd dybvfybt yf ctntdjv exfcnbb dctö htubjyfkmysö CVB d cjplfybb jåotuj dtå-cfqnf www.open.kg, relf ljkéyf cntrfnmcz byajhvfwbz cj dctq cnhfys. Jcyjdyjq wtkmñ ghjtrnf ≤Jnrhsnsq Rshuspcnfy≥, gj vytybñ tuj exhtlbntktq, zdkztncz hfpdbnbt cnfylfhnjd jåceéltybz ujnjdz- oböcz htitybq b hfphfåjnrf yjdsö cgjcjåjd, ajhvfnjd, bycnhevty- njd gjdsitybz äaatrnbdyjcnb ghbyznbz htitybq gjchtlcndjvjåtc- gtxtybz jåotcndtyyjuj ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb. Rféljve CVB ghtljcnfdktys lkz hfåjns ghjatccbjyfkmyst ajnjrfvths, jåtcgtxty ljcneg r bynthytne. Dgthdst yt ghtlj- cnfdktys ltytéyst chtlcndf, yjdjcnb yt yf dtå-cfqnt yt jgkfxbdf- ñncz. Jcyjdysvb yfghfdktybzvb ltzntkmyjcnb ajylf ≤Cjhjc-Rshusp- cnfy≥ gj gjllthért htubjyfkmysö CVB d 2004 ujle cnfkb: 1. Uhfynjdfz b ntöybxtcrfz gjllthérf ytpfdbcbvsö CVB; 2. Cjltqcndbt gjdsitybñ rdfkbabrfwbb éehyfkbcnjd b cjnhelyb- rjd chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. 3. Cjltqcndbt hfpdbnbñ b frnbdbpfwbb Bynthytn-ufptn 4. Cjltqcndbt hfpdbnbñ pfrjyjlfntkmcndf d jåkfcnb chtlcnd vfccj- djq byajhvfwbb. Jå fkmnthyfnbdt bynthytnf htxm ikf b yf gjcktlytq vtlbf-rjyat- htywbb, gjcdzotyyjq Dctvbhyjve lyñ cdjåjls ghtccs, cjcnjzditqcz 30 fghtkz-1 vfz 2004 ujlf d u. Ji b jhufybpjdfyyjq åhbnfycrjq jhuf- ybpfwbtq ≤Byltrc Wtypehs≥. D hfåjnt rjyathtywbb ghbyzkb exfcnbt éehyfkbcns cnhfy Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb, Tdhjgs b Hjccbb. Cfvst åjkm- ibt lbcreccbb dspdfkf djpvjéyjcnm bynthytnf ghtljcnfdkznm fkmnth- yfnbdyeñ byajhvfwbñ ghb vtymibö ntöybxtcrbö pfnhfnfö, c exbnjv jcjåtyyjcnb hfpdbnbz htubjyfkmysö CVB d cnhfyfö Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb. Jcdtotybt cjåsnbq d Epåtrbcnfyt gjrfpfkj, yfcrjkmrj cthmtp- yst ghtntypbb yjdjq ntöyjkjubb yf hfpdbnbt b ghbpyfybt d rfxtcndt chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. ≤Vyt elfdfkjcm jgthfnbdyj gjkexfnm byajhvfwbñ åkfujlfhz bcgjkmpjdfybñ Bynthytn-gtqléthf ICQ, – crf- pfk lbhtrnjh bplfybz www.ferghana.ru. Lfybbk Rbckjd d bynthdmñ htubjyfkmyjve bynthytn-bplfybñ www.fergana.org. – Z gjcnjzyyj

37 Fkvfp Rfktn

åsk d rehct dctö cjåsnbq. Lj dphsdjd d Nfirtynt gjctoftvjcnm yfituj cfqnf cjcnfdkzkf, d chtlytv, 500 ghjcvjnhjd d ltym. Gjpét jyf djphjckf lj 2,5 nsczx b åjktt. Hjkm Bynthytnf d Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb gthtjwtybnm ckjéyj. Lfét tckb e dfc ytn djpvjéyjcnb hfåj- nfnm yf rjvgmñntht, e dfc dctulf yfqltncz lheu, rjnjhsq bvttn änjn rjvgmñnth. Bynthytn bpåfdkztn jn ytjåöjlbvjcnb yfghfdkznm rjhhtcgjyltynf d cfveñ ueoe cjåsnbq. Änj cnfkj zcyj yf ghbvtht jcdtotybz nthfrnjd d Epåtrbcnfyt≥. Dvtcnt c ntv, cbnefwbz yt bpvtybkfcm pf änb ujls rfhlbyfkmyj. Bp bynthytn bplfybq vjéyj egjvzyenm njkmrj ldf ghjtrnf, ghbxtv jåf ghbyflktéfn jåotcndtyysv jhufybpfwbzv b yt zdkzñncz rkfccb- xtcrbvb CVB: änj www.open.kg ajylf Cjhjc-Rshuspcnfy b www. fergana.org Jicrjuj htcehcyjuj wtynhf CVB. Gjrf d htubjyfö kblb- hetn njkmrj gtxfnyst b äktrnhjyyst CVB, åjkmit ghtlcnfdktyyst ntktcnelbzvb, f yt ntktrjvgfybzvb. R cjéfktybñ, ltzntkmyjcnm htubjyfkmysö CVB ytljkujdtxyf. Njkmrj d Jicrjq jåkfcnb pf gjcktlytt dhtvz åskb pfrhsns ytujcelfhcndtyyst ufptns: ≤Ltkjdjq Ji≥, ≤JiGhtcc≥, ≤JiGhtcc-Dtcnb≥, ≤Vtpjy≥, ≤Xfc Gbr≥, ≤Ñéyfz Cnjkbwf≥, ≤Htubjy≥. Rcnfnb ujdjhz, gj lfyysv jhufyjd ñcnbwbb yf ñut cnhfys jabwbfkmyj pfhtubcnhbhjdfys cdsit 160 CVB. Jcjåfz ntvf – cjlthéfybt ufptnysö geåkbrfwbq b ntktdbpbjyysö b hflbjghjuhfvv d htubjyfö. Rfxtcndj geåkbrfwbq b ehjdtym gjl- ujnjdrb byajhvfwbjyysö vfnthbfkjd jcnfdkzñn étkfnm kexituj. Jxtym hfcghjcnhfytyf ghfrnbrf gthtgtxfnrb bp bynthytnf, gkfubfn, geåkbrfwbz pfrfpyjuj vfnthbfkf. Jwtybdfzltzntkmyjcnm CVB ñuf Rshuspcnfyf, vjéyj jnvtnbnm ybprbq ehjdtym ghjatccbjyfkbpvf éehyfkbcnjd – crfpfk ukfdysq htlfrnjh ytujcelfhcndtyyjq ufptns ≤Lfhfrxb-Ji≥ Fkbith Cfbgjd. Rfr gjlxthryek ärcgthn gj vjybnjhbyue Jicrjuj htcehcyjuj wtynhf CVB Åfrsn Båhfbvjd: ≤ytujcelfhcndtyyst jåotcndtyyj- gjkbnbxtcrbt bplfybz yt dsébdfñn d ysytiybö hsyjxysö eckj- dbzö, nfr rfr jåotq åtljq lkz ybö jcnftncz ckfåsq vtytlévtyn bkb gjkyjt tuj jncencndbt. D infnt vyjubö CVB yt ceotcndetn nfrjq ljkéyjcnyjq tlbybws, rfr ≤vtytléth≥, jcyjdyjq aeyrwbtq

38  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I rjnjhjuj zdkztncz hfphfåjnrf b ghjldbétybt åbpytc-gkfyf. Ukfdyfz tuj wtkm pfrkñxftncz d jåtcgtxtybb ärjyjvbxtcrjq, ghtélt dctuj abyfycjdjq åfps ceotcndjdfybz CVB≥. Gj tuj ckjdfv, gjcnjzyyjt gjdsitybt rdfkbabrfwbb éehyfkbcnjd nfrét zdkztncz jlybv bp ytjåöjlbvsö nhtåjdfybq lkz hfpdbnbz ytpfdbcbvjq ghtccs. Åeleott htubjyfkmysö CVB d Rshuspcnfyt – pf cjplfybtv fkm- nthyfnbdyjq cbcntvs hfcghjcnhfytybz gtxfnyjq ghjlerwbb; gjzdkt- ybtv yjdsö, xfcnysö nbgjuhfabq, hfpdbnbtv vtcnyjq ärjyjvbrb b, rfr cktlcndbt, hfpdbnbtv htrkfvyjuj hsyrf, hjcnjv åkfujcjcnjzybz uhfélfy, xnj åtpeckjdyj jnhfpbncz yf gjregfntkmcrjq cgjcjåyjcnb gjnhtåbntktq byajhvfwbb.

39 Vfhfn Vfvflijtd

40  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I Vfhfn Vfvflijtd

NTYLTYWBB D HFÅJNT CJDHTVTYYSÖ NFLÉBRCRBÖ CVB

Nflébrbcnfy: dtnth dsåjhjd eyjcbn ≤ytghfdbkmyst≥ ufptns. Rfhfek ecnfk^ Yfrfyeyt gfhkfvtyncrbö dsåjhjd pfgfcs kbåthf- kbpvf nflébrcrbö dkfcntq ghtlcrfpetvj bcczrkb, b jyb yfxfkb ibhjrjvfcinfåyeñ rjvgfybñ gj evbhjndjhtybñ chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Jcyjdyjq vbitymñ dkfcntq cnfkb nbgjuhfabb, ult gtxfnfñncz yteujlyst ufptns. Ytöbnhsq ghbywbg: ≤yt dféyj, xnj gbien, dféyj, xnj gtxfnfñn≥. Gjckt ghjdthrb yfkjujdjq gjkbwbb åskf pfrhsnf nbgjuhfabz ≤Lébtyöjy≥, bvtdifz cvtkjcnm gtxfnfnm ufptns ≤Hepb yfd≥ b ≤Ytheb Ceöfy≥. Cjdctv ytlfdyj yfxfkfcm htdbpbz d nbgjuhf- abb ≤Rfhbvléjy Rjlbhb≥, ult nfrét gtxfnfkbcm tot ytcrjkmrj yt cjdctv ≤ghfdbkmysö≥ c njxrb phtybz dkfcntq bplfybq, d njv xbckt, gtxfnysq jhufy Ltvgfhnbb – ufptnf ≤Fljkfn≥, b n.l. D htpekmnfnt ≤Fljkfn≥ gthtcnftn dsöjlbnm, Ltvgfhnbz gbitn gbcmvj yf bvz ghtpb- ltynf, d rjnjhjv ghjcbn tuj gjvjxm d htitybb ghjåktvs c dsgecrjv ufptns gfhnbb. Hbcrye ghtlgjkjébnm, xnj jndtnf yt åeltn. Pfrhsnbt nbgjuhfabb ≤Lébtyöjy≥ zdbkjcm cdjtuj hjlf ghtleght- éltybtv cj cnjhjys dkfcntq d flhtc lheubö nbgjuhfabq. D cdjñ jxthtlm, gjrfpfntkmyfz gjhrf jggjpbwbjyysö ufptn zdkztncz ght- leghtéltybtv lkz lheubö bplfybq: yt pkjegjnhtåkzqnt cdjåjljq ckjdf, f nj e yfc jxtym lkbyyst herb. Dkfcnm bltn yf dsåjhs b yt étkftn kbiybö ghjåktv, ntv åjktt bp-pf rfrbö-nj ufptn. Ytelbdbntkmyj, xnj gjckt ckexbditujcz c ≤Lébtyöjyt≥, gjckt yfkjujdsö ghjåktv, cdfkbdiböcz yf ≤Rfhbvléjy Rjlbhb≥, ghfr- nbxtcrb dct cnjkbxyst nbgjuhfabb ghbikb r rjyctycece b ≤lheé- yj≥ htibkb: ≤ytöjhjibt≥ bplfybz yt gtxfnfnm. Chtlb yfheibntktq ufptns ≤Hepb yfd≥, ≤Ytheb Ceöfy≥, ≤Jlfve Jkfv≥, ≤Fljkfn≥,

41 Vfhfn Vfvflijtd

≤Yfléjn≥, ≤Pbylfub≥. Änb bplfybz eét dnjhjq vtczw ghfrnbxtcrb gthtcnfkb dsöjlbnm d cdtn. Dkfcnb edthzñn, xnj änb bywbltyns yt bvtñn gjkbnbxtcrjq gjljgktrb. Cjdctv rfr d fytrljnt: ≤gjnthgtdibq gjubå d htpekmnfnt ytcxfcnyjuj ckexfz, ytxfzyyj egfd yf yjé. B nfr ctvm hfp≥. Jlyfrj, rfr vjéyj jåüzcybnm njn afrn, xnj jnrfpsdfñn bvtyyj jggjpbwbjyysv ufptnfv? Ghbnjv, xnj cfvb nbgjuhfabb éfkeñncz yf ytljcnfnjr pfrfpjd? Nflébrcrbq gfhfljrc. Hfpdbdftncz b lheujq, nfr crfpfnm, wbdbkbpjdfyysq, celtåysq vtnjl åjhmås cj CVB. Änj bcr celmb Y. Fvbhjdf r ufptnt ≤Dtxth- ybq Leifyåt, bcr vbybcnhf jåjhjys HN I. Öfqhekkftdf r ufptnt ≤Jlfve jkfv≥, bcr Nflébrcrjq étktpyjq ljhjub r ufptnt ≤Nfléb- rbcnfy≥ b n.l. Gj vfcinfåfv lheubö cnhfy CYU, yfdthyjt, yt uecnj. Jlyfrj hfymit e yfc nfrjuj yt åskj djjåot. Jlyjdhtvtyyj dkfcnb ghtlghbyzkb vths gj gjdsitybñ äaatr- nbdyjcnb cdjbö cjåcndtyysö CVB. Ghfdbntkmcndtyyst bplfybz d gjcktlybq ujl cnfkb frnbdyj bcgjkmpjdfnmcz lkz cdtltybz cxtnjd c jggjpbwbjyysvb kblthfvb b éehyfkbcnfvb. Jlyfrj, yf vjq dpukzl, gjrf ujcelfhcndtyyst CVB, pf bcrkñxtybtv vjétn åsnm ntktrfyfkf NDN, yt buhfñn crjkm – ybåelm pyfxbntkmyjq hjkb d ajhvbhjdfybb jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz ddble jnrhjdtyyjq fyuf- ébhjdfyyjcnb. R njve ét, ehjdtym geåkbrfwbq d änbö bplfybzö jxtym ybpjr. Djn xnj vjéyj crfpfnm j ntyltywbzö hfpdbnbz nflébrcrbö CVB d gjcktlytt dhtvz. D jcnfkmyjv, ytcvjnhz yf ytrjnjhst rjcvtnbxtcrbt bpvtytybz gjcktlybö ktn, cbnefwbz yf vtlbfhsyrt ghbywbgbfkmyj yt bpvtyb- kfcm b gj- ghtéytve jcnftncz gjl gjkysv rjynhjktv ujcelfhcndty- yjq dkfcnb. Jyf pfybvftn rjvfylyst dscjns d catht ghjbpdjlcndf b hfcghjcnhfytybz vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb b d kñåjq vjvtyn vjétn dyjdm djccnfyjdbnm vjyjgjkmyjt gjkjétybt, rfr änj eét åskj dj dhtvtyf cjdtncrjq dkfcnb. Dkfcnb ghbyflktébn bplfntkmcrj-gjkbuhfabxtcrbq rjvgktrc ≤Ifhrb Jpjl≥ – ghfrnbxtcrb tlbycndtyyjt vtcnj, ult vjéyj åjktt

42  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I bkb vtytt rfxtcndtyyj b chfdybntkmyj ltitdj gtxfnfnm ufptns b tot ytcrjkmrj cnjkbxysö nbgjuhfabq. ≤Jggjpbwbjyysq≥ gjntywbfk xfcnybrjd, rfr vs eét pfvtnbkb ytdtkbr. F gjckt ≤Lébtyöjyf≥ jyb b djdct cnfkb rfr itkrjdst. D herfö ujcelfhcndf gj-ghtéytve jcnfñncz tlbycndtyyst ntkthf- lbjrfyfks jåothtcgeåkbrfycrjuj vfcinfåf, bvtñobt chtlb vtcn- ysö CVB cfveñ ibhjreñ felbnjhbñ. Nfrét gjrf ytn ghbywbgbfkmysö bpvtytybq d catht dslfxb kbwtypbq äktrnhjyysv CVB. Ärjyjvbxtcrjt gjkjétybt CVB jcnf- tncz nzétksv. Ghfrnbxtcrb dct ytjåöjlbvjt: jåjheljdfybt, ghj- bpdjlcndtyyst vfnthbfks pfdjpbncz bp-pf heåtéf, xnj ghbdjlbn r eljhjéfybñ ctåtcnjbvjcnb ghjlerwbb CVB. Gjkjétybt eöelif- tncz ddble ybprjq gjregfntkmyjq cgjcjåyjcnb yfctktybz. Tvrjcnm htrkfvyjuj hsyrf cnhfys chfdybntkmyj ytdtkbrf, htrkfvjlfntkb vfkjxbcktyys. Ntv åjktt xnj yfib åbpytcvtys ghtlgjxbnfñn yt cjhbnmcz c dkfcnzvb b yt lfñn htrkfve d ≤ytghfdbkmyst≥ bplfybz. Yeéys ghbvths? ≤Hepb yfd≥ b ≤Ytheb Ceöfy≥ zdkzñncz, njxytt zdkzkbcm, kblthfvb gj nbhfée d cdjtv ajhvfnt jåotcndtyyj-gjkb- nbxtcrbö bplfybq. Jlyfrj htrkfvjlfntkb bö buyjhbhjdfkb. Gjxtve? Jndtn, gj–vjtve, jxtdblty. Cghfdtlkbdjcnb hflb pfvtnbv, xnj ghtpbltyn gjllthéfk byb- wbfnbde ufptnxbrjd j ghtljcnfdktybb bv kmujn gj YLC. Jlyfrj d bnjut, gj dshfétybñ ufptns ≤Fpbz-Gkñc≥, ltgenfns gfhkfvtynf ghtdhfnbkb äne bybwbfnbde d afhc. Ufptnxbrjd jcdjåjlbkb dctuj kbim jn YLC gj ljcnfdrt, xnj cjcnfdkztn ytpyfxbntkmyeñ xfcnm hfcöjljd bplfybq. J cbnefwbz d catht ljcnegf r chtlcndfv ghjbpdjlcndf gtxfnysö CVB vs eét ujdjhbkb, b, yf vjq dpukzl, jyf cnfkf ghjcnj rfnfc- nhjabxtcrjq. Ytn nfrét ekexitybq d catht hfcghjcnhfytybz byajhvfwbb. D Nflébrbcnfyt ytn fkmnthyfnbdysö, ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpf- wbq, rjnjhst pfybvfkbcm ås hfcghjcnhfytybtv CVB. Lfét d cnjkbwt jxtym vfkj ufptnysö rbjcrjd.

43 Vfhfn Vfvflijtd

Dj vyjubö htubjyfö gj-ghtéytve cjöhfyztncz bycnbnen ghbyelb- ntkmyjq gjlgbcrb yf ujcelfhcndtyyst bplfybz – ufptns ≤Léevöehb- zn≥, ≤Cfljb vfhlev≥, gtxfnysq jhufy ghfdzotq gfhnbb ≤Vbyåfhb öfkr≥. Jå änbö afrnfö d bynthdmñ ufptnt ≤Fpbz-gkñc≥ ytlfdyj ujdj- hbk htlfrnjh ≤Yfhjlyjq ufptns≥ (njét ghfdbntkmcndtyyjt bplfybt, ghbv. fdnjhf) Dkflbvbh Djhjåmtd. Gjrfpfntkmyj, xnj cj dhtvtyb bynthdmñ ghjikj åjkmit vtczwf, yj htfrwbb ghtlcnfdbntktq änbö ufptn nfr b yt gjcktljdfkj. Ytxtuj crfpfnm? Z yt åele gjlhjåyj jcnfyfdkbdfnmcz yf cbnefwbb, cdzpfyyjq c ljcnegjv r bcnjxybrfv byajhvfwbb. Jnvtxe, xnj vtczw yfpfl Yfwbjyfkmyfz fccjwbfwbz ytpfdbcbvsö chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvf- wbb Nflébrbcnfyf d cgtwbfkmyjv pfzdktybb ujdjhbkf j njv, xnj änf ghjåktvf cnjbn jxtym jcnhj. Ctqxfc, z levfñ, hfpdtzkbcm bkkñpbb ytrjnjhsö hjvfynbrjd, gjkfufdibö, xnj dct änj dhtvtyyst nhelyjcnb, cdzpfyyst c ytdtétcn- djv xbyjdybrjd, bö ytljgjybvfybtv ytjåöjlbvjcnb éehyfkbcncrjuj nhelf. Cnfyjdbncz zcyj, xnj, yf cfvjv ltkt, änj öhjybxtcrfz åjktpym yfituj jåotcndf, bvtñofz rjhyb d rjhhevgbhjdfyyjcnb b ytrjvgt- ntynyjcnb, ibhjrj hfcghjcnhfybdiböcz d fggfhfnt dkfcnb. Dctuj kbim jlby ghbvth. Ldféls pf bcntribq ujl bcgjkybntkm- ysq fggfhfn ghtpbltynf HN ghjbuyjhbhjdfk gbcmvtyysq pfghjc ldeö htlfrwbq, ufptn ≤Fpbz-gkñc≥ b ≤DBL≥. Ghbxtv djghjc åsk åtpj- åblysv: ufptnxbrb öjntkb epyfnm hfpvth pfhfåjnyjq gkfns xbyjd- ybrjd änjuj jhufyf. F dtlm gj cdjtve cnfnece cjnhelybrb fggfhfnf ghtpbltynf ljkéys åsnm jåhfpwjv lkz jcnfkmysö ujcckeéfobö. Öjnz, celz gj dctve, bö jnyjitybt r CVB zdkztncz lkz vyjubö xbyjdybrjd ltqcndbntkmyj jåhfpwjdsv. Dct ghjåktvs, j rjnjhsö z ctqxfc ujdjhbk, ytjlyjrhfnyj gjl- ybvfkbcm d CVB, rfr b vyjubt lheubt frnefkmyst djghjcs ébpyb jåotcndf, yt bvtñobt ghzvjq cdzpb c ébpymñ CVB. Jlyfrj d åjkm- ibycndt ckexftd ybrfrbö gjkjébntkmysö cldbujd yt ghjbpjikj. Cjåfrb, nj tcnm CVB, kfñn, rfhfdfy, nj tcnm dkfcnm, bltn. Vytybt éehyfkbcnjd, f pyfxbn, jåotcndtyyjt vytybt, ghb ghbyznbb htitybq gj-ghtéytve buyjhbhetncz.

44  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I Vjéyj cjukfcbnmcz c dscrfpfyyjq vyjubvb vjbvb rjkktufvb vsckmñ, xnj nfrjt jnrhjdtyyj ghtytåhtébntkmyjt jnyjitybt xbyjd- ybrjd ltkftn yfie hfåjne dj vyjujv åtccvscktyyjq. Djpvjéyj, xnj änj cdzpfyj c ntv, xnj dkfcnm tot yt jcjpyfkf cntgtym cdjtq jndtncndtyyjcnb gthtl yfhjljv. Bkb njxytt, yfhjl yt lfk tq gjyznm vthe tt jndtncndtyyjcnb. Åtpeckjdyj, tcnm jåütrnbdyst afrnjhs, pfnhelyzñobt hfpdbnbt CVB. Änj – ytljcnfnjr abyfycjd, rflhjd, gthtåjb d äktrnhjcyfå- étybb, ckfåjcnm åfps (gjkbuhfabxtcrjq b n.l.), epjcnm htrkfvyjuj hsyrf, ybprfz gjregfntkmyfz cgjcjåyjcnm yfctktybz, ythfpdbnjcnm bycnbnenjd uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf. Jlyfrj jcyjdyfz ghbxbyf cdz- pfyf c ytétkfybtv dkfcnb bvtnm d jggjytynfö cbkmyst b ytpfdbcb- vst CVB, rjnjhst d jghtltktyyjq vtht vjukb ås rjynhjkbhjdfnm tt ltzntkmyjcnm. Ghbpyfnm, xnj gjrf yfv ytxtv ujhlbnmcz, änj gjkltkf. Dféytt, vyt rfétncz, jndtnbnm yf djghjc, xnj yfv yflj ltkfnm d gthdeñ jxthtlm. Ckjébnm cdjb gthmz b etöfnm bp cnhfys? Nfrjt ghtlkjét- ybt eét pdexfkj, yj vyt rfétncz, änj yt dsöjl. Vjq dsdjl, yfdthyj, åfyfkty. Yfitve éehyfkbcncrjve cjjåot- cnde ytjåöjlbvj rhjgjnkbdj hfåjnfnm yfl ekexitybtv cdjtuj gjkj- étybz d HN. Yt lfñn gtxfnfnmcz? Yeéyj cjplfdfnm cjåcndtyyeñ nbgjuhfabñ. Gkjöj hfåjnftn ujcelfhcndtyyfz gjxnf? Yeéyf cdjz cbcntvf hfcghjcnhfytybz. Lkz änjuj ytjåöjlbvj rjjgthbhjdfnmcz c lheubvb CVB, frnbdytt ghbdktrfnm htcehcs vtéleyfhjlysö jhuf- ybpfwbq. Rfr hzljdjq jåsdfntkm, z gjybvfñ, gjxtve yfib rjkktub ghtl- gjxbnfñn yt cdzpsdfnmcz celfvb. Jlyfrj, åtp änjuj ybrfr ytkmpz. Yfv rfr djpleö yeéys gjkjébntkmyst celtåyst ghtwtltyns. Vs ljkéys yfrfpsdfnm xbyjdybrjd pf jnrfp d ljcnegt r byajhvfwbb, pf jnrfp d ljcnegt r gtxfnyjve cnfyre, d dslfxt kbwtypbb b n.l. Vs vjétv b ljkéys cnfnm bybwbfnjhfvb ghjdtltybz htfkmyjq, f yt yf ckjdfö, celtåyjq htajhvs. Vs kñåbv xfcnj ghbdjlbnm ghbvths bp jgsnf lheubö cnhfy, b ujdjhbv, yfghbvth, xnj ghfdbntkmcndj Hjccbb yt kñåbn CVB, f

45 Vfhfn Vfvflijtd

djn ghfdbntkmcndj CIF... Z hbcrye ghtlgjkjébnm, xnj yf cfvjv ltkt dct jyb jlbyfrjds. Ybrfrjt ghfdbntkmcndj ybrjulf yt åeltn kñåbnm CVB. Änj ghjnbdjtcntcndtyyj. Yf cfvjv ltkt, vs ljkéys chfdybdfnm yt yfib ghfdbntkmcndf, f gjdtltybt ntö, rnj clthébdftn bö ghjbpdjk. Nj tcnm, ghfdbntkmcndj CIF b hflj åskj ås dtcnb ctåz, rfr, yfghbvth, änj ltkfñn yfib dkfcnb, yj yt vjétn: wtkfz cbcntvf bycnbnenjd uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf änjuj yt gjpdjkztn. Vs, éehyfkbcns, vjétv b ljkéys ljåbnmcz bpvtytybz jnyj- itybz dkfcnb r ctåt b r CVB. D yfc ljkéys dbltnm yt rfrbö-nj jöjnybrjd pf ctycfwbzvb, f kñltq, yföjlzoböcz yf ckeéåt uhfélfy- crjuj jåotcndf. Tckb xbyjdybrjd dsåbhfñn jlby hfp d ytcrjkmrj ktn, nj CVB dsåbhfñn pyfxbntkmyj xfot: rjuj rféleñ ytltkñ, f rjuj rfélsq ltym. B ujkjceñn uhfélfyt pf ybö, pfvtnbv, yt åñk- ktntyzvb, f cdjbvb rhjdysvb.

46  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

VTÉLE CWBKKJQ B ÖFHBÅLJQ: EPÅTRCRFZ GHTCCF GJCKTLYBÖ KTN

Xfcnm 1. ÉEHYFKBCNCRBT JHUFYBPFWBB B CVB: YJDST NTYLTYWBB Ghfdbntkmcndj htcgeåkbrb endthélftn, xnj lkz chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb cjplfys dct ytjåöjlbvst eckjdbz ecgtiyjuj aeyr- wbjybhjdfybz. Bvtñncz gjkbnbxtcrbt, ärjyjvbxtcrbt b ghfdjdst afrnjhs, rjnjhst gjpdjkzñn bv ljcnbufnm jghtltktyysö gjkjéb- ntkmysö htpekmnfnjd. Ghb änjv xbyjdybrb ccskfñncz yf nj, xnj gj chfdytybñ c cjdtncrbv gthbjljv d Epåtrbcnfyt rjkbxtcndj CVB pyfxbntkmyj djphjckj. Nfr, gj jabwbfkmysv lfyysv yf 1 bñyz 2004 ujlf, Futyncndjv gj gtxfnb b byajhvfwbb pfhtubcnhbhjdfyj 964 CVB, d njv xbckt 612 ufptn, 165 éehyfkjd, 29 cnelbq rfåtkmyjuj ntktdbltybz b 102 äktr- nhjyysö byajhvfwbjyysö chtlcndf. Jåütvs lkz 25,7 vky. yfctktybz, åtpeckjdyj, dgtxfnkzñobt, gjcrjkmre yf 26,6 nsc. xtkjdtr ghböj- lbncz jlyj chtlcndj vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Vtéle ntv, bp änjuj xbckf – 368 ufptn b 104 éehyfkf zdkzñncz jhufyfvb vtcnyjq flvb- ybcnhfwbb (öjrbvbznjd), vbybcnthcnd b dtljvcnd, 145 ufptn b éehyf- kjd dsgecrfñncz jåotcndtyysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, cjjndtncndtyyj, 60 b 17 – rjvvthxtcrbvb cnhernehfvb, 11 b 2 – xfcnysvb kbwfvb, tcnm nfrét bplfybz, exhtéltyyst htkbubjpyjq cnhernehjq1. D htpekmnfnt gjlfdkzñoeñ ljkñ cjcnfdkzñn ghfdbntkmcndtyyst gtxfnyst CVB, xnj zdkztncz yjyctycjv lkz cnhfy, cxbnfñoböcz ltvjrhfnbxtcrbvb. Celbnt cfvb, d htcgeåkbrt yf jlyj ytujcelfhcn- dtyyjt bplfybt ghböjlbncz 1,69 ujcelfhcndtyysö, nj tcnm ujcelfhcn- dtyysö ghfrnbxtcrb åjktt xtv d gjknjhf hfpf åjkmit. Cjjnyjitybt 1 Pthrfkj, § 26, 2004, 24–30 bñyz, c.1–2

47 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

éehyfkjd cjcnfdkztn 1:1,86, ghbxtv zdyj yt d gjkmpe ytujcelfhcn- dtyysö. Änb ghfdbntkmcndtyyst bplfybz yföjlzncz d åjktt dsujl- yjv ärjyjvbxtcrjv gjkjétybb, xtv jåotcndtyyst b rjvvthxtcrbt, gjcrjkmre infn htlfrwbb, f nfrét vfnthbfkmyj-ntöybxtcrfz åfpf abyfycbheñncz pf cxtn htcgeåkbrfycrjuj åñlétnf, xnj zdkztncz ufhfynbhjdfyysv eckjdbtv ceotcndjdfybz d hfvrfö hsyjxysö jnyj- itybq. Vtéle ntv, rjkktufv gj gthe bp ytujcelfhcndtyysö CVB ghböjlbncz dsébdfnm, åjhjnmcz pf cdjt ceotcndjdfybt. Vs zdkztvcz yfkjujgkfntkmobrfvb, jåtcgtxbdfz ≤ébpym≥ ghf- dbntkmcndtyysv vfcc-vtlbf, f dpfvty gjkexfz vfkjxbnfåtkmyeñ bkb ytdjcnhtåjdfyyeñ byajhvfwbñ, bysvb ckjdfvb vfrekfnehe. Ytujcelfhcndtyyst CVB, jgfcfzcm ghtcktljdfybz, ghtlgjxbnfñn dsgecrfnm ≤étkneñ≥ ghtcce åtp ≤gjkbnbxtcrbö≥ vjvtynjd, bp-pf rjnjhsö djpvjéyj gjkexbnm ≤gj ifgrt≥. Lf b yfctktybt, ecnfd jn jabwbjpf, ghtlgjxbnftn jreyenmcz d nfreñ lfktreñ jn ybö ébpym pfgflysö pdtpl, ije-åbpytcf, ltntrnbdjd, fytrljnjd b cgktnty. D eckjdbzö fdnjhbnfhbpvf ujcelfhcndtyyst CVB ghtdhfofñncz d hegjh ghjgfufyls aeyrwbjybheñotuj htébvf. Jyb yt pfbynthtcjdfys d njv, xnjås ltvjycnhbhjdfnm ckfåjcnm bkb åtccbkbt ghfdbntkmcndf d htitybb cthmtpysö b jcnhsö ghjåktv. Lfyyst bplfybz gjlwtypehys, f tckb b geåkbreñn rhbnbxtcrbt vfnthbfks, nj njkmrj nt, rjnjhst jljå- htys bkb pfrfpfys ≤cdthöe≥. Tcntcndtyyj, éehyfkbcns, hfåjnfñobt d ujcelfhcndtyysö cnhernehfö, yt ghjdjlzn cfvjcnjzntkmyst hfccktljdf- ybz, yt ujnjdzn fyfkbnbxtcrbt vfnthbfks, d rjnjhsö ytkbwtghbznyj ghtlcnfdktyf ltzntkmyjcnm dctö äitkjyjd dkfcnb. Cjjndtncndtyyj, ghfdbntkmcndj gjjohztn ltzntkmyjcnm ntö ≤hswfhtq gthf b xthybkf≥, rjnjhst cjpyfntkmyj bpåtufñn pfghtnysö ntv b gbien njkmrj ehf-gfn- hbjnbxtcrbt b gjvgtpyst vfnthbfks. Celbnt cfvb: åsk kb yfuhfélty öjnz ås jlby éehyfkbcn, yföjlzobqcz d jggjpbwbb, r Lyzv gtxfnb bkb ytpfdbcbvjcnb cnhfys? D cgbcrfö z, yfghbvth, nfrjdsö yt jåyf- heébk. Rcnfnb, nhelyj ujdjhbnm j gjkbnbxtcrjv gkñhfkbpvt, tckb d cnhfyt ytn jggjpbwbjyysö CVB. Ceotcndetn vytybt, xnj ytpfdbcbvjq ghtccs yt ceotcndetn, vjk, rnj gkfnbn, njn b pfrfpsdftn vepsre. Ytpfdbcbvjcnm jghtltkztncz

48  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I yt ntv, rnj b rfr abyfycbhetn bplfybt bkb dsöjl cnfnmb (jkbufhö, gfhnbz, rjvvthcfyn), f ntv, xnj yf cnhfybwfö gtxfnb bkb d äabht kñlzv ghtljcnfdkztncz djpvjéyjcnm dscrfpfnm cdjñ, jnkbxyeñ jn jabwbfkmyjq, njxre phtybz, dsldbyenm fkmnthyfnbdyeñ dthcbñ, lfnm rhbnbxtcreñ jwtyre njve, xnj ltkftn dkfcnm, ghb änjv cjåkñlfz pfrjy. Vjétn åsnm, änj åkbét r gjyznbñ cdjåjlyjq ghtccs, yj, d nfrjv ckexft bvtyyj nfrjdjq d Epåtrbcnfyt b ytn. Tcnm ytujcelfhcndtyyst CVB, rjnjhst gjkyjcnmñ gjlrjynhjkmys ghfdbntkmcndtyysv exhtéltybzv. D ltzntkmyjcnm nfrbö vfcc-vtlbf dvtibdfñncz rfr dtljvcndf, ghbpdfyyst dtcnb nfr yfpsdftvsq vjybnjhbyu, f yf cfvjv ltkt jceotcndkznm rjynhjkm b wtypehe: Futyncndj gj gtxfnb b byajhvfwbb, ujcelfhcndtyysq rjvbntn gj ntkthflbjdtofybñ, nfr b jhufybpfwbb, yt bvtñobt r änjq catht ybrfrjuj ghzvjuj jnyjitybz – yfkjujdfz, nfvjétyyfz ckeéås, ghjrehfnehf, vbkbwbz, cfyägbltvcnfywbz, gjéfhybrb, äythujcåsn b ghjxbt. Ytjabwbfkmyj dvtibdfñncz b åjktt dscjrbt bycnfywbb, d xfcnyjcnb, fggfhfn ghtpbltynf (yfxbyfz jn ghtcc-ctrhtnfhz, pfrfy- xbdfz åjktt vtkrjq cjirjq), rfåbytn vbybcnhjd, vbybcnthcndf b dtljvcndf, xmb ≤ghfdf≥ b ≤cdjåjls≥ åskb eotvktys ghtccjq. Yt ctrhtn, xnj d ntxtybt 12 ktn d Epåtrbcnfyt aeyrwbjybhjdfk ≤EpKBN≥ – jhufy wtypehs, rjnjhsq abyfycbhjdfkcz ujcelfhcndty- ysv åñlétnjv, öjnz cnfnmzvb Rjycnbnewbb b pfrjyfvb j CVB, pfobnt b ufhfynbzö ghjatccbjyfkmyjq ltzntkmyjcnb éehyfkbcnjd, bplfntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb jceotcndktybt wtypehs pfghtoftncz. Dyt- ctybt bpvtytybq b ljgjkytybq d änb yjhvfnbdyst frns r jcjåsv gtht- vtyfv d catht byajhvfwbb yt ghbdtkb. Ytujcelfhcndtyyst CVB jcnfñncz gjkyjcnmñ pfdbcbvsvb b gjlrjynhjkmysvb dkfcnb. Jncen- cndbt ytpfdbcbvjq celtåyjq cbcntvs d ghbywbgt ltkftn ytdjpvjéyjq pfobne ghfd b cdjåjl xtkjdtrf, d njv xbckt yf byajhvfwbñ. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, ltvjrhfnbxtcrbq fynehfé d Epåtrbcnfyt ysyti- yzz dkfcnm ghtlgjxbnftn ltvjycnhbhjdfnm gjchtlcndjv rjkbxtcndf CVB, yj yt bö rfxtcndf. Hfpjdst nbhféb ufptn – jn 2 lj 20 nsc. ärptvgkzhjd, kbim htlrbt bplfybz ljcnbufñn 80-100 nsc. (xfot dctuj hfpdktrfntkmyst). Vtéle ntv, jcyjdyst gjnhtåbntkb ghjéb-

49 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

dfñn d cnjkbwt b rhegysö jåkfcnysö wtynhfö b ujhjlfö. Jnlfkty- yst htubjys jcnfñncz dyt ghtltkjd ljczuftvjcnb äabhf b gtxfnb. Yfghbvth, d ytrjnjhsö vfksö ujhjlfö djjåot ytn ufptn. Gjctkrb d ujhysö vtcnfö jnjhdfys jn dctö CVB, lj ybö yt ljöjlbn ntkt- b hflbjdtofybt, yt ujdjhz eét j njv, xnj vfibys futyncnd gj gjl- gbcrt b hfcghjcnhfytybñ r ybv ghjcnj yt ljåbhfñncz. Jwtybdfz cbnefwbñ d vtéyfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrt, åskj ås ytcghf- dtlkbdsv yt jnvtnbnm, xnj jrjkj 40fi CVB dsöjlzn yf ytujcelfh- cndtyyjv zpsrt: 53 – yf heccrjv, 25 – yf rfhfrfkgfrcrjv, 4 – yf nflébrcrjv, 1 – yf nehrvtycrjv, 153 ufptns b éehyfkf – d cvtify- yjv dfhbfynt (vyjujzpsxyst). Bp jåotuj jåütvf 38 bplfybq Epåt- rbcnfyf cgtwbfkbpbheñncz yf htrkfvyjq ltzntkmyjcnb, 15 – bplfybz kbnthfnehyj-öeljétcndtyyjuj gkfyf, 15 – cgjhnbdyst2. C yfxfkf 2004 ujlf ghjbpjikb jghtltktyyst cldbub d jabwb- fkmyjv jajhvktybb jåotcndtyysö jåütlbytybq, cnfdzobö wtkmñ htibnm ghjatccbjyfkmyst ghjåktvs ghtlcnfdbntktq chtlcnd vfc- cjdjq byajhvfwbb. Nfr, 26 vfhnf d Nfirtynt cjcnjzkfcm exhtlb- ntkmyfz rjyathtywbz ndjhxtcrjuj cjñpf éehyfkbcnjd Epåtrbcnfyf (NCÉE), jcyjdyst wtkb rjnjhjq åskb jghtltktys rfr pfobnf ghfd b bynthtcjd éehyfkbcnjd, f nfrét jhufybpfwbz b cgkjxtybt hfåjn- ybrjd CVB. 150 ltktufnjd jn jåkfcntq b cnjkbws ghbyzkb ≤Gjkjétybt j Cjñpt éehyfkbcnjd≥ b bpåhfkb ghfdktybt bp 23 xtkjdtr. Djpukfdbk tuj Ithpjl Uekzvjd – éehyfkbcn c 40-ktnybv cnfétv, herjdjlb- ntkm nfirtyncrjuj vtéleyfhjlyjuj hflbj. Éehyfkbcns gjcxbnfkb, xnj ysytiytt gjkjétybt d jåotcndt jåtcgtxbn I. Uekzvjde ljcnf- njxyeñ ytpfdbcbvjcnm jn ujcfggfhfnf. Gj ckjdfv herjdjlbntkz yjdjq jhufybpfwbb, NCÉE yfvthty djqnb d Vtéleyfhjlyeñ fccj- wbfwbñ éehyfkbcnjd. Cjñp åeltn jåtcgtxbdfnm cjwbfkmyeñ pfobne nheétybrjd gthf b vbrhjajyf, yfåkñlfnm pf cjåkñltybtv ghjatc- cbjyfkmyjq änbrb, cjnhelybxfnm c pfheåtéysvb éehyfkbcncrbvb jhufybpfwbzvb b lfét ghtlcnfdkznm r ujcelfhcndtyysv yfuhflfv. 2 Lfyyst Epåtrcrjuj futyncndf gj gtxfnb b byajhvfwbb jn 1.06.2004

50  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I Jlyjq bp gthdjjxthtlysö pflfx Ithpjl Uekzvjd cxbnftn nfrét dsldbétybt xktyjd cjñpf yf dsåjhfö d gfhkfvtyn d ltrfåht 2004 ujlf. Gj vytybñ I.Uekzvjdf, d htcgeåkbrt jrjkj 10 nsc. éehyf- kbcnjd, b jyb zdkzñncz cthmtpyjq cbkjq d ltvjrhfnbpfwbb cnhfys. D yfcnjzott dhtvz d cnhernehe ndjhxtcrjuj cjñpf döjlzn Yfwbjyfkm- ysq ghtcc-wtynh, ufptnf ≤Öehhbzn≥ b éehyfk ≤Epåtrbcnjy vfnåejnb≥ (≤Gtxfnm Epåtrbcnfyf≥). Vtéle ntv, änf jhufybpfwbz ctåz ybxtv yt pfhtrjvtyljdfkf, rhjvt njuj, xnj rj Lyñ gtxfnb b hfåjnybrjd chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb Epåtrbcnfyf (27 bñyz) jgeåkbrjdfkf cgbcjr cfvsö kexibö éehyfkbcnjd. Chtlb ybö yt åskj yb jlyjuj jggjpbwbjy- yjuj éehyfkbcnf. Åjktt njuj, ndjhxtcrbq cjñp dscnegftn jn bvtyb dctö éehyfkbcnjd (c xtv ytcjukfcys éehyfkbcns, yt dcnegbdibt d ytuj), öjnz yt dct CVB c ljdthbtv jnyjczncz r änjq jhufybpfwbb, rjnjheñ dlheu gjllthéfkb ≤cdthöe≥. Crkflsdftncz dgtxfnktybt, xnj cjplfyyfz cnhernehf – tot jlby gjlrjynhjkmysq fggfhfn lkz ≤erhjotybz cnhjgnbdsö≥. Xenm gjpét, d fghtkt 2004 ujlf d Epåtrbcnfyt åskf cjplfyf Yfwbjyfkmyfz fccjwbfwbz äktrnhjyysö CVB, rjnjhfz jåütlbybkf 64 ceåütrnf ntktdbltybz, rfåtkmyjuj ND b hflbj cnhfys. D ecnfdt jhufybpfwbb ltrkfhbheñncz ytpfdbcbvjcnm fccjwbfwbb jn ujcelfh- cndtyyjq dkfcnb b tt cnhtvktybt hfpdbdfnm wbdbkbpjdfyysq hsyjr CVB, cjplfdfnm ärjyjvbxtcrbt eckjdbz lkz bö ltzntkmyjcnb. Ghtl- ctlfntktv bpåhfy ukfdf jåotcndtyyjuj cjdtnf ntkthflbjrjvgfybb CND Cfvfhrfylf Abhlfdc Fåleöfkbrjd3. Ghb gjpbnbdysö bpvtytybzö d cbcntvt CVB yfåkñlfñncz, jlyfrj, b ntyltywbb, rjnjhst d vtymitq cntgtyb cgjcjåcndeñn ltvjrhfnb- xtcrbv ghjwtccfv d cnhfyt. Nfr, d vfhnt Åeöfht åskf dhtvtyyj ghbjcnfyjdktyf hfåjnf tlbycndtyyjq yf pfgflt Epåtrbcnfyf ytpfdbcb- vjq éehyfkbcncrjq jhufybpfwbb – lbcgen-rkeåf ≤Htgjhnth≥4. Cxtnf rkeåf jrfpfkbcm pfåkjrbhjdfys d cdzpb c gththtubcnhfwbtq dctö 3 Yjdjcnb Epåtrbcnfyf, 2004, 9 fghtkz 4 Gj lfyysv vjybnjhbyuf YGJ ≤Bynthymñc-Epåtrbcnfy≥, vfhn 2004.

51 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

pfheåtéysö YYJ d cjjndtncndbb c gjcnfyjdktybtv rfåbytnf vbybcn- hjd HE. D yfcnjzott dhtvz ghjåktvf hfphtityf. Ntv yt vtytt, lj cbö gjh yt pfhtubcnhbhjdfy Rjvbntn cdjåjls ckjdf, djpukfdkztvsq ytpfdbcbvsv éehyfkbcnjv Bythjq Cfafhufkbtdjq, f nfrét jhufyb- pfwbz ≤Jpjl Jdjp≥ (≤Cdjåjlysq ujkjc≥), rjnjhjq herjdjlbn åsdibq htgjhnth hflbj ≤Jpjlkbr/Cdjåjlf≥ Åjåjvehjl Fålekkftd. Åjktt njuj, bö cfqns åkjrbheñncz cgtwckeéåfvb Epåtrbcnfyf, f dtå-gjh- nfk Å. Fålekkftdf åsk fnfrjdfy öfrthfvb. Vtéle ntv, chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb Epåtrbcnfyf tot yt ghbpyfys jåotcndjv d rfxtcndt ldbéeotq cbkjq htajhv b ajhvb- hjdfybz jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz. Jå änjv vjéyj celbnm gj cjwbjkj- ubxtcrbv bccktljdfybzv, ghjdtltyysö d Nfirtynt d zydfht 2004 ujlf wtynhjv ≤Fpbz-Vjybnjh≥ (jhufybpfwbtq, cgtwbfkbpbheñotqcz yf gjkbnbrj-ärjyjvbxtcrbö bccktljdfybzö, d njv xbckt ghjåktvfö hfpdbnbz CV htubjyf b yt bvtñotq ktubnbvyjuj cnfnecf bp-pf njuj, xnj jyf exhtéltyf éehyfkbcnfvb b extysvb-lbccbltynfvb). Jyb cdbltntkmcndeñn j njv, xnj gjvgtpyst b ödfktåyst vfnthbfks, d rjnjhsö yt jnhféftncz htfkmyfz ébpym, vtytt dctuj djcnhtåjdfys yfctktybtv, gthtébdfñotv lfktrj yt kexibt d ärjyjvbxtcrjv cvsckt dhtvtyf. Cj cnjhjys heccrjzpsxysö xbnfntktq b ntktphb- ntktq/hflbjckeifntktq jnvtxfkjcm crtgnbxtcrjt jnyjitybt r vtcn- yjq ghtcct, d rjnjhjq ytn rhbnbxtcrbö cnfntq b htgjhnfétq, fyfkbpf ntreobö cjåsnbq, yj vyjuj jabwbjpyjq ntyltywbjpyjcnb.

52  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

Nfåkbwf § 1 I Ehjdtym ljdthbz ébntktq Nfirtynf r chtlcndfv vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb5

Chtlcndf vfccjdjq Ljdthzñ Yt ljdthzñ Yt pyfñ bkb byajhvfwbb ytn jndtnf Epåtrcrbt CVB Ntkthflbjdtofybt 34 41 25 (ujcelfhcndtyyjt) Ntkthflbjdtofybt 45 25 30 (ytujcelfhcndtyyjt)

Jabwbfkmyfz ghtccf 60 38 2 (ujcelfhcndtyyst) Xfcnyfz ghtccf 39 50 11 Bynthytn-cfqns ljvtyf ≤uz≥ 21 12 67 Pfheåtéyst CVB Ntkthflbjdtofybt 46 49 5 Ghtccf 67 23 10 Bynthytn-cfqns 19 10 71

Rfr dblyj bp nfåkbws § 1, pfheåtéyfz ghtccf gjkmpetncz åjkm- ibv ljdthbtv, xtv yfwbjyfkmyst bplfybz. Vtéle ntv, ujcelfhcndty- ysv bplfybzv epåtrbcnfyws ljdthzñn åjkmit, xtv xfcnysv, xnj, djpvjéyj, cdzpfyj c ntv, xnj ujcelfhcndtyyfz ghtccf d åjkmitq cntgtyb pfbynthtcjdfyf d gjlfxt vfnthbfkjd, d rjnjhsö jncencndeñn ≤étknbpyf≥ bkb ytghjdthtyyst afrns. Åjkmijt rjkbxtcndj jndtnjd d uhfat ≤yt pyfñ bkb ytn jndtnf≥ hfpltkf ≤Bynthytn-cfqns≥ cdblt- ntkmcndetn j njv, xnj änjn ctrnjh byajhvfwbb d Epåtrbcnfyt tot yt dctv ljcnegty bkb gjyznty. Gjkmpjdfntkb Bynthytnf, jnvtxfkb, xnj d rbåthgfenbyt yt ceotcndetn wtypehs b pfrhsnsö ntv, jåceélfnm vjéyj kñåeñ cnfnmñ b dscrfpsdfnm kñåjt vytybt, lfét tckb jyj bltn dhfphtp c jabwbfkmyjq njxrjq phtybz.

5 Åskj jghjityj 378 xtkjdtr, bp rjnjhsö 290 – epåtrb.

53 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

Nfåkbwf § 2 Ghbxbys ljdthbz epåtrcrbö uhfélfy pfheåtéysv CVB6

Gjrfpfntkb Ntkthflbj- Ghtccf Bynthytn-cfqns dtofybt Änj jabwbfkmyfz gjpbwbz 81 73 25 ghfdbntkmcndf b ujcelfhcndf Änj fkmnthyfnbdyfz 52 56 71 byajhvfwbz, rjnjhfz dspsdftn hfpvsiktybt b ljdthbt Änj bynthtcyfz b öjhjij 78 79 67 ghtgjlytctyyfz yjdjcnm Ytn ≤pfrhsnsö≥ ntv 48 71 90

Åjktt njuj, Bynthytn dspsdftn ljdthbt ntv, xnj yfctktybt vjétn gjkexfnm fkmnthyfnbdyeñ byajhvfwbñ b celbnm jå jabwbfkmysö dthcbzö njuj bkb byjuj cjåsnbz (cv. nfåkbwe § 2). Åtpeckjdyj, änj hfplhféftn epåtrcrjt ghfdbntkmcndj, rjnjhjt eåtélftncz d cdjtq ytcgjcjåyjcnb ghjnbdjgjcnfdbnm cthmtpyst b jåjcyjdfyyst afrns njq byajhvfwbb, rjnjhfz geåkbretncz d Bynthytnt. Åjkmijt ljdt- hbt Dctvbhyjq äktrnhjyyjq gfenbyt dscrfpsdfkj heccrjzpsxyjt yfctktybt (åjktt 70fi jghjityysö), njulf rfr rjhtyyjt clthéfyyj jnytckjcm r byajhvfwbb d Bynthytnt. Zdkztncz kb Bynthytn chtlcndjv vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb? C ñhblbxtcrjq njxrb phtybz nfrjt jghtltktybt dgjkyt djpvjéyj. D cnfnmt 1 pfrjyf Htcgeåkbrb Epåtrbcnfy ≤J chtlcndfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb≥ ujdjhbncz, xnj ≤chtlcndfvb vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb zdkzñncz ufptns, éehyfks... äktrnhjyyj-byajhvfwbjyyfz cdzpm...≥. Änf ecnfyjdrf gjdnjhztncz d ljrevtynt j gjhzlrt htubcnhfwbb CVB, endthéltyyjv gjcnfyjdktybtv ghfdbntkmcndf jn 30 ctynzåhz 2003 ujlf. Dvtcnt c ntv, d ljrevtynt yt lftncz nhfrnjdrf gjyznbz änjq cdzpb. 6 Djpvjéyj ytcrjkmrj jndtnjd, jghfibdfkbcm nt kbwf, rjnjhst hfytt dshfpbkb ljdthbt r pfheåtéysv CVB

54  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I Vjéyj kb cxbnfnm jåsxyeñ gjxnjdeñ hfccskre d Bynthytnt hfpyjdblyjcnmñ CVB? Tckb lf, nj, rfr tt htubcnhbhjdfnm? Jceot- cndbvj kb änj ghfrnbxtcrb, tckb njkmrj yf gjhnfkt ≤Zyltrc≥ jrjkj nhtö vbkkbjyjd dkfltkmwtd äktrnhjyyjq gjxns. Änj nhb vbkkbjyf hfphtitybq (kbwtypbq)^ Crjkmrj ktn gjnhtåetncz xbyjdybrfv, xnjås dslfnm rjyrhtnyjve kbwe hfphtitybt yf hfccskre gjxns d vfccj- djv gjhzlrt? Ytrjnjhst bvtñn gj ytcrjkmrj ≤zobrjd≥, ghbxtv yf hfpysö gjhnfkfö b d hfpysö cnhfyfö – njulf xnj ltkfnm? Åeltn kb d Hjccbb ltqcndjdfnm epåtrcrjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj, rjnjhjt nhtåetn, xnjås epåtrcrbq uhfélfyby bvtk kbwtypbñ yf hfccskre cdjbö cjjå- otybq yf hjccbqcrjv ≤Zyltrct≥? Åtpeckjdyj, änj fåcehl. D yfxfkt 2001 ujlf d Rfpföcnfyt ghtlghbybvfkbcm gjgsnrb ghb- xbckbnm dtå-cfqns r CVB, f pyfxbn, gjnhtåjdfnm jn bö dkfltkmwtd htubcnhfwbb d vbybcnthcndt byajhvfwbb. Ghjåktvf htubcnhfwbb åtcgjrjbn vyjubö ytpfdbcbvsö éehyfkbcnjd, hfåjnfñobö yf bynth- ytn-bplfybz. Ljcnfnjxyj njuj, xnj cfqns htubcnhbheñncz b jåcke- ébdfñncz d jghtltktyyjv ljvtyt. Jlyfrj cgjhs – gjrf nböbt^ – ghjljkéfñncz. Nfr, dtå-cfqnjv ≤Nhbåeyf-Ep≥ ghjdjlbncz jghjc ≤Yeéyf kb htubcnhfwbz cfqnjd/hfccskjr b åñkktntytq d rfxtcndt CVB?≥. Bp 20.09.2004 jghjityysö 75,41fi cxbnfñn, xnj ytn, 20,66fi – yeéyf, 3,93fi – yt pyfñn7. Nfr xnj djghjc jcnftncz jnrhsnsv.

Xfcnm 2. YJHVFNBDYJ-GHFDJDST FRNS HTUEKBHJDFYBZ CVB JCNFÑNCZ YTCJDTHITYYSVB D ntxtybt gjcktlybö ktn d Epåtrbcnfyt bpvtybkfcm pfrjyjlf- ntkmyfz b yjhvfnbdyj-ghfdjdfz åfps, htuekbheñobt CVB. D cdzpb c änbv vjéyj jnvtnbnm rfr gjpbnbdyst, nfr b ytufnbdyst ntylty- wbb. D xfcnyjcnb, åskb jnvtytys geyrns pfrjyf j CVB, cjukfcyj rjnjhsv htubcnhbheñobv jhufyfv hfphtifkjcm pfrhsdfnm chtlcndj vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb gj cjåcndtyyjve htitybñ, f yt gj gjcnfyjdkt- 7 www.tribune-uz.info

55 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

ybñ celf. Xnj rfcftncz ytufnbdyjq cnjhjys, jceotcndktybt wtypehs åskj afrnbxtcrb cgeotyj yf cfvb htlfrwbb. GJGHFDRB R PFRJYE J CVB. 30 fduecnf 2002 ujlf gfhkf- vtyn Epåtrbcnfyf dytc bpvtytybz b ljgjkytybz d ltqcndeñobq c 26 ltrfåhz 1997 ujlf pfrjy ≤J chtlcndfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb≥. D ibhjrjq gtxfnb änjn afrn yt jcdtofkcz, jcnfdibcm vfkjbpdtcn- ysv lkz éehyfkbcncrjq chtls. Yfghbvth, jrjkj 67fi jghjityysö éehyfkbcnjd yt pyfkb jå bpvtytybzö8. R nhblwfnb cnfnmzv pfrjyf åskb ljåfdktys tot gznm. Ghtélt dctuj, gjzdbkjcm gjkjétybt j njv, xnj vjyjgjkbz b ytljåhjcjdtcn- yfz rjyrehtywbz d catht CVB yt ljgecrftncz. Ybrnj yt dghfdt bvtnm åjktt 25fi CVB, dsöjlzobö, yf wtynhfkmyjv b vtcnyjv byajhvfwbjyyjv hsyrfö cjjndtncndtyyj. Ghfdlf, chfpe djpybrkj vyjuj djghjcjd jnyjcbntkmyj vtnjlbrb jghtltktybz lfyysö ghjwty- njd. Tckb, crfétv, d jåkfcnb dsöjlbn 50 ufptn c nbhféjv d 2 nsc. ärptvgkzhjd, f jlyf ufptnf bvttn nbhfé d 100 nsc. ärptvgkzhjd, nj zdkztncz kb tt ljkz yf jåkfcnyjv hsyrt d 50fi vjyjgjkmyjq? Lheujq ghbvth: tckb exhtlbntkzvb 90fi bplfybq zdkztncz ujcelfh- cndj (xthtp dtljvcndf, vtcnyeñ flvbybcnhfwbñ bkb ghtlghbznbz, d rjnjhsö tcnm ujcljkz), nj vjéyj kb cxbnfnm änj vjyjgjkbtq? F tckb xfcnyjve ctrnjhe ghbyflktébn 70fi dctö jåkfcnysö ufptn, rjnjhst, jlyfrj, zdkzñncz eåsnjxysvb b nbhfé rjnjhsö yt ght- dsiftn 20fi dctö dsgecrftvsö bkb htfkbpetvsö jåütvjd, nj rfr jghtltkbnm vjyjgjkmyjcnm d änjv ckexft? Rfr åsnm ufptnt, tckb jyf jlyf tlbycndtyyfz d hfqjyt – dtlm tq njulf ghbyflktébn 100fi ljkz hfqjyyjuj hsyrf. Pfrjy zcyjq nhfrnjdrb yt lftn. Lfktt: d pfrjyt j CVB jghtltkztncz, rfrbt ljrevtyns jnyj- czncz r xbcke exhtlbntkmysö (cn. 11-1), dyjczncz cnfnmb j ljujdjht vtéle exhtlbntktv b htlfrwbtq (cn. 11-2), f nfrét gjkjétybz j ghfdfö b jåzpfyyjcnzö exhtlbntkz (cn. 11-3) b eckjdbzö ghtrhf- otybz bö ltqcndbz (cn. 11-4). D cnfhjv bpkjétybb pfrjyf nfrbö cnfntq yt åskj. 8 Ärcghtcc-jghjc Wtynhf ≤Fpbz-Vjybnjh≥ d ltrfåht 2003 ujlf.

56  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I Vtéle ntv, dj dctö pfrjyfö, cdzpfyysö d njq bkb byjq xfcnb cj chtlcndfvb vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, bvtñncz cjdgfltybz-gjdnjhs, d njv xbckt b c Rjycnbnewbtq. Nfr, b d pfrjyfö j CVB (cn. 4) j pfobnt ghjatccbjyfkmyjq ltzntkmyjcnb éehyfkbcnf (cn. 4), j ghbywbgfö b ufhfynbzö cdjåjls byajhvfwbb (cn. 8), jå bplfntkmcrjq ltzntkm- yjcnb (cn. 3) b d Rjycnbnewbb (cn. 67) ujdjhbncz j pfghtnt wtypehs, öjnz, rfr bpdtcnyj, yfkbxbt änbö geyrnjd d ntxtybt 12 ktn yt åskj ghtuhfljq lkz ltzntkmyjcnb ghfdbntkmcndtyyjuj jhufyf – ≤EpKbnf≥, zdkzditujcz wtypehjq. Gjljåyst cjdgfltybz yfdjlzn yf vsckm, xnj cnfnmb ≤vtkrbö≥ pfrjyjd d åjkmitq cntgtyb ≤ltrjhfnbdyst≥, tckb ytn ljdthbz b cfvjve Jcyjdyjve pfrjye. Gfhfljrcfkmyj, yj d cn. 11-3 pfrjyf j CVB endthélftncz, xnj exhtlbntkm yt dghfdt jceotcndkznm wtypehe... ≤pf bcrkñxtybtv ckexftd, ghtlecvjnhtyysö exhtlbntkmysv ljujdjhjv bkb ecnfdjv≥. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, wtypehe cgecnbkb yf ybpjdjq ehjdtym, yf cfvbö exhtlbntktq, b d änjv eét yt ≤yfåkñlftncz≥ yfheitybz pfrjyf. Cnfnmtq 6 pfrjyf j CVB, cn. 4 jå bplfntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb yt ljgecrftncz bcgjkmpjdfybt ghtccs c wtkmñ ghbpsdf r ghjnbdj- pfrjyysv ltqcndbzv, d xfcnyjcnb, r yfcbkmcndtyyjve bpvtytybñ ujcelfhcndtyyjuj cnhjz, hfpébufybñ djqys, hfcjdjq ytnthgbvjcnb, hfpukfitybñ nfqys (jå änjv ujdjhbncz b d eujkjdyjv rjltrct – njkmrj nfv cnhjét, gjcrjkmre chfpe ecnfyfdkbdftncz yfrfpf- ybt). Vtéle ntv, cfvj ujcelfhcndj jåzpfyj jöhfyznm cdjb nfqys. Éehyfkbcn, tckb jy yt bvttn ljgecrf r ctrhtnfv, yt vjétn pyfnm, rfrfz byajhvfwbz zdkztncz jöhfyztvjq ujcelfhcndjv. Gjänjve yt cktletn pfhfytt gthtrkflsdfnm yf ghtcce ghjåktvs, cdzpfyyst c ytevtybtv rfrjuj-kbåj kbwf bkb jhufyf öhfybnm ctrhtns. Öjntkjcm ås pfnhjyenm ghfdjdjq cnfnec éehyfkbcnf. D pfrjyt j CVB (cn. 8) cjlthébncz gjkjétybt j cjnhelybrt htlfrwbb, f d pfrjyt j ghjatccbjyfkmyjq ltzntkmyjcnb éehyfkbcnf (cn. 3) endth- élftncz, xnj ≤éehyfkbcn – kbwj, cjcnjzott yf ckeéåt CVB, kbåj hfåjnfñott yf ljujdjhyjq jcyjdt b pfybvfñottcz cåjhjv, fyfkb- pjv b hfcghjcnhfytybtv byajhvfwbb≥. Vtéle ntv, d Epåtrbcnfyt ltqcndeñn ytpfdbcbvst éehyfkbcns, rjnjhst yt ghtlcnfdkzñn

57 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

rjyrhtnyst bplfybz b yt hfåjnfñn yb c rfrjq htlfrwbtq yf ljujdjh- ysö yfxfkfö. Jyb ujnjdzn vfnthbfks gj cjåcndtyyjq bybwbfnbdt b ghjlfñn bö ntv bplfybzv, rjnjhst ghjzdkzñn bynthtc. Jlyfrj änj gjkjétybt yt yfikj jnhfétybz d pfrjyt. Cnfnmtq 11 nfrét pfghtoftncz exhtéltybt CVB ñhblbxtcrbvb kbwfvb, ljkz byjcnhfyysö bydtcnbwbq d ecnfdyjv ajylt rjnjhsö cjcnfdkztn åjktt 30fi. Pfrjy yt lftn njkrjdfybz änjq wbahs. Gjxtve 30fi, f yt 20fi bkb 50fi, b xtv byjcnhfyyst bydtcnbwbb öeét jntxtcndtyysö? D xtv cenm nfrjq lbcrhbvbyfwbb? Yfcrjkmrj änf nhfrnjdrf cjjndtncndetn pfrjye, gjcnfyjdktybzv ghfdbntkmcndf j ufhfynbzö byjcnhfyysö bydtcnbwbq d Epåtrbcnfyt? Jcnfkjcm åtp dybvfybz b gjkjétybt, zdyj ghjnbdjhtxfott Rjy- cnbnewbb. Nfr, d cn. 11 pfrjyf j CVB ghtlgbcfyj, xnj ghfdjv yf exhtéltybt CVB jåkflfñn ñhblbxtcrbt b abpbxtcrbt kbwf Epåt- rbcnfyf, jlyfrj cjukfcyj cn. 15 jnrfpjv d htubcnhfwbb vjétn cke- ébnm vtcnjyföjéltybt exhtlbntkz pf ghtltkfvb htcgeåkbrb. Htxm bltn, zdyj, j htpbltynfö b yt htpbltynfö, öjnz ghzvj yf änj yt erfpsdftncz. D nj ét dhtvz d cn. 18 Rjycnewbb pfzdktyj, xnj dct uhfélfyt bvtñn jlbyfrjdst ghfdf b cdjåjls, hfdys gthtl pfrjyjv åtp rfrjq-kbåj lbcrhbvbyfwbb, d njv xbckt b d njv, xnj rfcftncz bö vtcnjyföjéltybz. Yf änj gfhkfvtynfhbb pfrhskb ukfpf. BPVTYTYBT CBCNTVS KBWTYPBHJDFYBZ CVB. Ghfdb- ntkmcndj Epåtrbcnfyf gjcnfyjdktybtv jn 30 ctynzåhz 2003 ujlf pf § 418 endthlbkj Gjkjétybt j gjhzlrt htubcnhfwbb chtlcnd vfc- cjdjq byajhvfwbb. Epåtrcrjve futyncnde gj gtxfnb b byajhvfwbb (åsditve Ujcrjvgtxfnb) gjhextyj lj rjywf ntreotuj ujlf ghjdtcnb bydtynfhbpfwbñ exhtlbntkmysö ljrevtynjd CVB, ghbdtcnb bö d cjjndtncndbt c ltqcndeñobv pfrjyjlfntkmcndjv, f nfrét gththt- ubcnhbhjdfnm nt vfcc-vtlbf, d exhtlbntkmyst ljrevtyns rjnjhsö dytctys ceotcndtyyst bpvtytybz. Rfåbytn vbybcnhjd ecnfyjdbk, xnj ghbkjétybz r gtxfnysv bplf- ybzv, bvtñobv ghbpyfrb b cdjqcndf CVB, gjlktéfn jnltkmyjq htubcnhfwbb d ecnfyjdktyyjv pfrjyjv gjhzlrt.

58  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I Cjukfcyj lfyyjve Gjkjétybñ, gjl vfccjdjq byajhvfwbtq gjyb- vfñncz ghtlyfpyfxtyyst lkz ytjuhfybxtyyjuj rheuf kbwf gtxfnyst, felbj-, felbjdbpefkmyst b byst cjjåotybz b vfnthbfks. Chtlcndfvb vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb cxbnfñncz ufptns, éehyfks, dtljvjcnb, åñk- ktntyb, ghbkjétybz r ybv, byajhvfwbjyyst futyncndf, ntktdbltybt (rfåtkmyjt, äabhyj-rfåtkmyjt) b hflbjdtofybt, rbyjljrevtynfkbc- nbrf, äktrnhjyyj-byajhvfwbjyyfz cdzpm, f nfrét ujcelfhcndty- yst, ytujcelfhcndtyyst b byst vfccjdst gthbjlbxtcrbt bplfybz, bvtñobt gjcnjzyyjt yfpdfybt. Ghb änjv, jlyfrj, yt hfcibahjdsdftncz, xnj gjlhfpevtdftncz gjl äktrnhjyyj-byajhvfwbjyyjq cdzpmñ. Tckb änj Bynthytn, nj htxm bltn jå jåzpfntkmyjq ntgthm htubcnhfwbb dtå-cfqnjd yt njkmrj d Futyncndt gj byajhvfnbpfwbb, yj b d Futyncndt gj gtxfnb. Vjéyj kb ntgthm cxbnfnm CVB cjåcndtyyeñ äktrnhjyyeñ gjxne, gj rjnj- hjq vjéyj hfccskfnm cdjb dbpefkmyst cjjåotybz ytjuhfybxtyyjve xbcke kñltq (cv. gjyznbt ≤vfccjdfz byajhvfwbz≥)? Jndtnf yf änj ytn, yj kñåjq epåtrcrbq xbyjdybr vjétn, tckb kjubxtcrb hfcceé- lfnm, gjnhtåjdfnm jn dkfltkmwtd kbxysö ≤zobrjd≥ htubcnhfwbb d ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufybpfwbzö. Yfdthyjt, änj ghbdtltn r njve, xnj vyjubt uhfélfyt yfxyen jnrhsdfnm cdjñ gjxne yf pfheåtéysö gjhnf- kfö, rjnjhst epåtrcrbt dkfcnb yt cvjuen pfrhsnm. Änj ét rfcftncz b öjcnbyuf cfqnjd dyt pjys ljvtyf ≤.uz≥. Rcnfnb, d pfrjyt Htcgeåkbrb Epåtrbcnfy j CVB yt egjvbyftncz ≤äktrnhjyyj-byajhvfwbjyyfz cdzpm≥, rfr chtlcndj vfccjdjq byajh- vfwbb. Gj-dblbvjve, änj ≤bpjåhtntybt≥ ghfdbntkmcndf. Gjl CVB htrkfvyjuj öfhfrnthf gjybvftncz bplfybt, d rjnjhjv htrkfvf ghtdsiftn 40fi jåütvf jnltkmyjuj yjvthf, f lkz ntkthf- lbjghjuhfvv – 10fi rféljuj dtofybz. Gjkjétybtv gjlndthélftncz ghfdj ñhblbxtcrbö b abpbxtcrbö kbw pfybvfnmcz dsgecrjv (bplfybtv) CVB gjckt ujcelfhcndtyyjq htubcnhfwbb b gjkextybz cjjndtncndeñotuj cdbltntkmcndf. Ghb änjv dpbvfñncz htubcnhfwbjyyst cåjhs: • c gthbjlbxtcrbö bplfybq – d 25-rhfnyjv hfpvtht vbybvfkmyjq pfhfåjnyjq gkfns;

59 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

• c CVB lkz ltntq, gjlhjcnrjd, bydfkbljd, f nfrét jåhfpjdfntkm- yjuj b rekmnehyj-ghjcdtnbntkmcrjuj yfpyfxtybz – d 5-rhfnyjv; • byajhvfwbjyysö futyncnd, hflbjdtofybz, ntktdbltybz, rbyjlj- c revtynfkbcnbrb –d 30-rhfnyjv; • c CVB htrkfvyjuj öfhfrnthf – d 50-rhfnyjv; • c bysö ajhv CVB – d 45-rhfnyjv hfpvtht vbybvfkmyjq pfhf- åjnyjq gkfns. Dslfxf cdbltntkmcnd cjcnfdkztn 70fi jn cevvs htubcnhfwbjyysö cåjhjd. Gththtubcnhfwbz ghjbpdjlbncz d cdzpb cj cvtyjq exhtlbntkz, yfpdfybz, zpsrf jgeåkbrjdfybz, flhtcf, wtktq b pflfx, ghtlgjkfuft- vjuj xbnfntkz (phbntkz, ckeifntkz), gthbjlbxyjcnb, jåütvf, bcnjx- ybrjd vfnthbfkmyj-ntöybxtcrjuj cyfåétybz b abyfycbhjdfybz. Lfyyfz gjpbwbz dspsdftn ytrjnjhjt ytljevtybt. Tckb ufptnf hfymit jhbtynbhjdfkfcm yf åbpytcvtyjd b ghtlghbybvfntktq, f gjnjv htibkf cnfnm ljcnegyjq b lkz xbyjdybrjd, ljvjöjpztr, cne- ltynjd, nj änj ghbxbyf lkz gththtubcnhfwbb? Tckb jyf dsöjlbkf jlby hfp d ytltkñ nbhféjv d 3 nsc. ärptvgkzhjd, f gjnjv gthtikf yf ldeöhfpjdsq dsgecr c nbhféjv d 5 nsc., nj änj, gj-dblbvjve, njét ghbxbyf lkz gththtubcnhfwbb. Vyjuj djghjcjd b d cdzpb c vfnthbfkmyj-ntöybxtcrbv cyfåétybtv b abyfycbhjdfybtv. Ntgthm, tckb ufptnf gjkexbkf uhfyn jn vtéleyfhjlysö ajyljd yf ghbjåht- ntybt jhuntöybrb, jåjheljdfybz, f nfrét htibkf gjkexfnm ljöjls jn htrkfvs b gb-fhf, nj cktletn åtéfnm d Futyncndj gj gtxfnb b gkfnbnm 50fi jn cevvs cåjhf, ghtlecvjnhtyyjuj ghb htubcnhfwbb. Ghb änjv dblyf ≤rjvvthxtcrfz dsujlf≥ htubcnhbheñobö jhufyjd, nfr rfr dpbvftvst cåjhs d 50fi gjcnegfñn yf bö cxtn, f jcnfkmyfz xfcnm – d htcgeåkbrfycrbq åñlétn. B gjcktlytt, tckb d ntxtybt itcnb vtczwtd cj lyz gjkextybz cdbltntkmcndf j htubcnhfwbb, exhtlbntkm bkb htlfrwbz yt cvjukb jåtcgtxbnm dsgecr yb jlyjuj yjvthf (ghjuhfvvs), nj bö åevférf ghtdhfoftncz d abkmrbye uhfvjne. Vjéyj gj hfpysv ghbxbyfv yt jåtcgtxbnm dsgecr ufptns bkb gthtlfxb (nbgjuhfabz yt jåtcgtxbdftn rfxtcndj, åevfuf gjljhjéfkf, äktrnhjäythubb ytn yf ntktcnfywbb,

60  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I bltn abyfycjdfz ghjdthrf cj cnjhjys yfkjujdjq bycgtrwbb b gh.), yj gjxtve änj lftn djpvjéyjcnm chfpe ét jåüzdbnm jå enhfnt cbks lfyyjq htubcnhfwbb? Vjéyj kb cxbnfnm änj pfrhsnbtv CVB? F dtlm pfrhsnbt (tckb yt cxbnfnm étkfybz cfvjuj exhtlbntkz) djpvjéyj, celz gj erfpe ghtpbltynf Bckfvf Rfhbvjdf jn 4 bñkz 2002 ujlf, njkmrj gj htitybñ celf (d pfrjyt cjöhfybkjcm gjkjétybt, xnj änj djpvjéyj b gj htitybñ htubcnhbheñotuj jhufyf). Bkb änj jgznm cgjcjå dsyelbnm exhtlbntktq gjqnb yf gththtubcnhfwbñ? Njulf ≤rjv- vthxtcrbq≥ bynthtc jxtdblty. KBWTYPBHJDFYBT BPLFNTKMCND. Gjkjétybt j kbwtypbhj- dfybb bplfntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb b cjcnfd rjvbccbb rfåbytnf vbybc- nhjd gj kbwtypbhjdfybñ bplfntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb endthéltys gjcnfyjdktybtv ghfdbntkmcndf Epåtrbcnfyf jn 11 bñyz 2004 ujlf pf § 275. Jnvtxftncz, xnj gjkextybt kbwtypbb yt nhtåetncz jhufyfv ujce- lfhcndtyyjq dkfcnb b eghfdktybz, celfv, ghjrehfneht lkz bplfybz jabwbfkmysö vfnthbfkjd, cåjhybrjd yjhvfnbdysö frnjd b lheubö ljrevtynjd. Ghtlghbznbz, jhufybpfwbb, extåyst pfdtltybz b yfex- yst exhtéltybz, bplfñobt vfnthbfks, ytjåöjlbvst lkz cdjtq ltz- ntkmyjcnb b yt ghtlyfpyfxtyyst lkz geåkbxyjuj hfcghjcnhfytybz, nfrét vjuen yt bvtnm kbwtypbb. Htitybz j dslfxt bkb fyyekbhjdfybb kbwtypbq, ghtrhfotybz bö ltqcndbz ghbybvfñncz rjvbccbtq, aeyrwbb hfåjxtuj jhufyf rjnjhjq dsgjkyztn epåtrcrjt futyncndj gj gtxfnb b byajhvfwbb, bpdtcnyjt cdjtq rjycthdfnbdyjcnmñ b ytjljåhbntkmysv jnyjitybtv r ytpfdbcb- vsv b cdjåjlysv bplfybzv (r cjéfktybñ, d Epåtrbcnfyt nfrjdsö ytn). Lkz hfccvjnhtybz, gjlujnjdrb b dytctybz yf pfctlfybb rjvbc- cbb vfnthbfkjd, d futyncndt cjplftncz hfåjxfz uheggf. D cjcnfdt rjvbccbb – 9 xtkjdtr, ghtlctlfntktv zdkztncz dbwt- ghtvmth ghfdbntkmcndf, tuj pfvtcnbntktv – utythfkmysq lbhtrnjh epåtrcrjuj futyncndf gj gtxfnb b byajhvfwbb, nhb pfvtcnbntkz vbybcnhjd: ñcnbwbb, abyfycjd, ärjyjvbrb, nhb gthdsö pfvtcnb- ntkz ghtlctlfntktq ujcelfhcndtyysö rjvbntnjd gj ltvjyjgjkbpf- wbb b yfkjujdjq ckeéås, lbhtrnjhf bplfntkmcrj-gjkbuhfabxtcrjq

61 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

frwbjythyjq rjvgfybz ≤Ifhr≥ b cjnhelybr rfåbytnf vbybcnhjd. Vs dblbv gjkysq yfåjh ujcelfhcndtyysö xbyjdybrjd b yb jlyjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö b jåotcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq, cdzpfyysö c ltzntkmyjcnmñ CVB. Dspsdftn elbdktybt, xnj d cjcnfd rjvbccbb drkñxtyf BGFR ≤Ifhr≥, rjnjhfz, gj vytybñ ytrjnjhsö ärcgthnjd, cxbnftncz vjyjgjkbcnjv b dhzl kb åeltn hflf gjzdkt- ybñ rjyrehtynjd yf nbgjuhfacrj-gjkbuhfabxtcrjv hsyrt. Rhjvt njuj, herjdjlbn rjvbccbtq Fkbith Fpbpöjélftd, jndtxfñobq pf bltjkjubxtcreñ yfghfdktyyjcnm ghfdbntkmcndf, rjnjhsq pfhtrjvty- ljdfk lfktrj yt njkthfynysv jnyjitybtv r CVB, ghjzdkzñobv bybwbfnbde b ytpfdbcbvjcnm jn dkfcnb. Yt elbdbntkmyj, xnj gjkexbnm kbwtypbñ d nfrbö eckjdbzö dtcmvf b dtcmvf yt ghjcnj, jcjåtyyj lkz ntö, rnj cnhtvbncz åsnm cdjåjlysv. Yjhvfnbdysv frnjv ecnfyjdktyj, xnj cjbcrfntkzvb kbwtypbb vjuen åsnm ñhblbxtcrbt kbwf, f kbwtypbb dslfñncz chjrjv yf gznm ktn. Vjéyj gjkexbnm kbwtypbñ b yf vtymibq chjr, lkz xtuj lkz änjuj kbwtypbfn jåzpfy erfpfnm chjr d pfzdktybb. Kbwtypbjyysvb nhtåjdfybzvb b eckjdbzvb lkz kbwtypbfnf zdkz- ñncz: jåzpfntkmyjt cjåkñltybt pfrjyjlfntkmcndf, yjhvfnbdyj-ntöyb- xtcrbö b bysö nhtåjdfybq d jåkfcnb bplfntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb xnj dgjkyt tcntcndtyyj b yt dspsdftn cjvytybz. Yt ljgecrftncz dsgecr b hfcghjcnhfytybt ghjlerwbb, rjnjhfz vjétn åsnm bcgjkmpjdfyf lkz ghjgfufyls djqys, bpvtytybz ltqcndeñotuj cnhjz, gjlhsdf åtpjgfcyjcnb b jåotcndtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrjq cnfåbkmyjcnb, ghfdjdsö b leöjdysö jcyjd jåotcndf. Lkz ghjgfufyls djqys, jlyfrj, vjétn bcgjkmpjdfnmcz vbhysq ntöybxtcrbq cghfdjxybr jå ecnhjqcndt fdnj- vfnf ≤Rfkfiybrjdf≥ bkb extåybr gj zlthyjq abpbrt, nfr xnj dsiterfpfyyfz nhfrnjdrf ytcrjkmrj hfpvsnf, b vjétn rfr eujlyj bynthghtnbhjdfnmcz åñhjrhfnfvb. Vtéle ntv, dspsdftn ytrjnjhjt ytljevtybt gjkjétybt, rfcfñ- ottcz≤ hfcghjcnhfytybz ytljcnjdthyjq byajhvfwbb jå Epåtrbcnfyt b bcrfétybz tuj bcnjhbxtcrbö, rekmnehysö b leöjdysö wtyyjcntq≥. Nfrjq gjlöjl gjpdjkztn xbyjdybrfv pfghtofnm geåkbrfwbñ vfnthbf- kjd, d rjnjhsö lftncz jnkbxfñofzcz jn jabwbfkmyjq dthcbb byajh-

62  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I vfwbz j cjåsnbzö d cnhfyt. Änbv cfvsv yfheiftncz rjycnbnewbjy- ysq ghbywbg gjkbnbxtcrjuj gkñhfkbpvf b cdjåjljvsckbz. Åjktt njuj, ytdjpvjéty kñåjq yfexysq gjlöjl r bpextybñ bcnjhbxtcrjuj ghjikjuj b leöjdysö wtyyjcntq, tckb jy yt cjjndtncndetn nfr yfpsdftvjq bltjkjubb ujcelfhcndtyyjq ytpfdbcbvjcnb. Dgjkyt dthj- znyj, xnj ghtcktljdfybt pf byajhvfwbñ, bcrféfñoeñ leöjdyst wtyyjcnb, rfr, yfghbvth, d ckexft geåkbrfwbb cdtltybq j yfkbxbb d bcnjhbb atjlfkmyjuj jåotcndf bycnbnenf åfxtq (ujvjctrcefkmysö jnyjitybq), cfvjcjéétybz étyoby (änj yt d nhflbwbzö epåtrcrjuj yfhjlf), yfcbkbz d ctvmt (änj djjåot fåcjkñnyfz rktdtnf) b lhe- ubö gjljåysö cdtltybq. D yfcnjzott dhtvz yföjlbncz gjl pfghtnjv jcdtotybt yföjéltybz Epåtrbcnfyf d cjcnfdt CCCH, ltzntkmyjcnm vyjubö gfhnbqysö b cjdtncrbö hfåjnybrjd. Vjéyj kb cxbnfnm geåkbrfwbñ byajhvfwbb jå fghtkmcrbö 2004 ujlf cjåsnbzö d Nfirtynt b Åeöfht, gjlujnjdktyyjq ytpfdbcbvsv jn ghfdbntkmcndf exhtéltybtv, ≤gjlhsdjv uhfélfycrjuj vbhf≥, tckb jyf jnkbxftncz jn jabwbfkmyjq njxrb phtybz? Åeltn kb vfnthbfk, jcdtofñobq rjhhegwbñ d dscibö jhufyfö dkfcnb b ghjbpdjk rfhf- ntkmyj-htghtccbdysö jhufyjd, nhfrnjdfnmcz yt byfxt, rfr ≤gjlhsdjv åtpjgfcyjcnb b jåotcndtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrjq cnfåbkmyjcnb d cnhfyt≥? Djghjcjd vyjuj, b dhzl kb jyb åelen åtcghbcnhfcnyj hfccvfnhb- dfnmcz ysytiytq dkfcnmñ. Gjkjétybtv jujdjhtyj, xnj kbwtypbfn jåzpfy bvtnm cjjndtncn- deñoeñ vfnthbfkmyj-ntöybxtcreñ åfpe, jåjheljdfybt b byst chtl- cndf b jceotcndkznm cdjñ ltzntkmyjcnm d cjjndtncndbb cj cgtwbfkbpf- wbtq, erfpfyyjq d kbwtypbb. Cktletn jåtcgtxbdfnm yfltéyeñ jöhfye gjvtotybq, ntöyjkjubxtcrjuj jåjheljdfybz, hfcöjlysö vfnthbfkjd, cjåkñlfnm ghfdbkf gjéfhyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb b cfybnfhyj-ububtybxtc- rbö yjhv, yjhv jöhfys nhelf. D infnt ñhblbxtcrjuj kbwf jåzpfy nhelbnmcz rfr vbybvev jlby hfåjnybr, bvtñobq cjjndtncndeñott dscitt bkb chtlytt jåhfpjdfybt b jgsn hfåjns d bplfntkmcndt yt vtytt nhtö ktn. Lkz gjkextybz kbwtypbb cjbcrfntkm gjlftn ljrevtyns, d xbckt rjnjhsö ljkéys åsnm cdtltybz j cgtwbfkbpfwbb b bcnjxybrt abyfy-

63 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

cbhjdfybz, yfkbxbb vfnthbfkmyj-ntöybxtcrjq åfps, jgkfnt cåjhf pf hfccvjnhtybt pfzdktybz, cdbltntkmcndj j ujcelfhcndtyyjq htubcnhf- wbb. Cåjh cjcnfdkztn gznbrhfnysq hfpvth vbybvfkmyjq pfhfåjnyjq gkfns9 b pfxbckztncz yf åfyrjdcrbq cxtn futyncndf. D ckexft jnrfpf ltymub djpdhfne yt gjlktéfn. Ujcelfhcndtyyfz gjikbyf pf dslfxe kbwtypbb dpbvftncz d jåütvt 10 hfpvthjd vbybvfkmyjq pfhgkfns, rjnjhfz gjcnegftn d htcgeåkbrfycrbq åñlétn. Bplfntkmcndf, cgt- wbfkbpbheñobtcz yf ltncrjq b yfexyj-ntöybxtcrjq kbnthfneht, yjhvfnbdysö cghfdjxybrfö, f nfrét ghjlerwbb lkz bydfkbljd, jgkf- xbdfñn 50fi jn ecnfyjdktyyjuj hfpvthf. Htitybt j dslfxt bkb jnrfpt ghbybvftncz d chjr, yt ghtdsifñ- obq30-b lytq c vjvtynf gjcnegktybz pfzdktybz jn cjbcrfntkz. Hfåj- xfz uheggf hfccvfnhbdftn ljrevtyns d ntxtybt 15 lytq, gjlujnfd- kbdftn ärcgthnyjt pfrkñxtybt, dyjcbn ghjtrn htitybz d rjvbccbñ. Cktleñobt 15 lytq gjcktlyzz bpexftn ghtlkjétybz hfåjxtq uheggs b endthélftn htitybt. Cjbcrfntkm bvttn ghfdj jåéfkjdfnm jnrfp d dslfxt kbwtypbb d gjhzlrt, ecnfyjdktyyjv pfrjyjlfntkmcndjv. Kbwtypbz gjlktébn gthtjajhvktybñ d ckexft ghtjåhfpjdfybz jhufybpfwbjyyj-ñhblbxtcrjuj cnfnecf kbwtypbfnf, tuj yfbvtyjdfybz bkb vtcnf yföjéltybz. Cåjh pf änj, f nfrét dslfxe leåkbrfnjd cjcnfdkztn 2,5 hfpvthf vbybvfkmyjq pfhfåjnyjq gkfns. Pfzdktybt j ghjlktybb kbwtypbb gjlftncz yt gjplytt 2-ö vtczwtd lj bcntxtybz tuj chjrf. Futyncndj bvttn ghfdj jceotcndkznm rjynhjkm pf kbwtypbfnjv, ghjdjlbnm ghjdthrb, pfghfibdfnm b gjkexfnm ytjåöjlbveñ byajh- vfwbñ. Jyj nfrét cjcnfdkztn frns ghjdthjr, dsyjcbn htitybz gj yfheitybzv, gjlftn d rjvbccbñ ghtlkjétybz jå fyyekbhjdfybb kbwtypbb, yfghfdkztn ≤ltkf j yfheitybzö≥ d ghfdjjöhfybntkmyst jhufys. Exbnsdfz bltjkjubxtcreñ yfghfdktyyjcnm nfrbö ghjdthjr, yt cktletn ljkuj élfnm yfrfpfybz ≤dbyjdysö≥. Ghbjcnfyjdktybt, ghtrhfotybt b fyyekbhjdfybt ltqcndbz kbwtypbb ghjbpdjlbncz futyn- 9 Yf 15.06.2004 ujl vbybvfkmysq hfpvth pfhfåjnyjq gkfns cjcnfdkzk 5440 cevjd, ›1 = 1016,98 cevjd, c 1 fduecnf – ecnfyjdkty yjdsq hfpvth – 6530 cevjd, ›1 = 1022,35 cevjd.

64  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I cndjv d hfvrfö cnfntq 22, 23 b 24 pfrjyf ≤J kbwtypbhjdfybb jnltkm- ysö dbljd ltzntkmyjcnb≥. Tckb d ckexft celtåyjuj hfpåbhfntkmcndf dszdbncz ytjåjcyjdfyyjcnm nfrjuj htitybz, futyncndj ytctn jndtncn- dtyyjcnm gthtl kbwtypbfnjv d hfpvtht gjytctyyjuj eothåf. Byajhvfwbz, cjlthéfofzcz d httcnht kbwtypbb, zdkztncz jnrhs- njq b d njét dhtvz gkfnyjq (cjcnfdkztn 2,5 hfpvthf vbybvfkmyjq pfhfåjnyjq gkfns) lkz jpyfrjvktybz, jlyfrj jhufyfv ujcdkfcnb ghtljcnfdkztncz åtcgkfnyj. Chjr ghtljcnfdktybz nfrbö cdtltybq yt ljkéty ghtdsifnm 3-ö lytq. Gjcnfyjdktybt ghfdbntkmcndf htuekbhetn ghfdjdeñ ltzntkmyjcnm bplfntkmcrbö jhufybpfwbq. Cjukfcyj jabwbfkmysv lfyysv yf 20 bñyz 2004 ujlf, d Epåtrbcnfyt pfhtubcnhbhjdfyj 915 nbgjuhfabq, bp ybö 120 – ghb vbybcnthcndfö, dtljvcndfö b nthhbnjhbfkmysö flvbybcnhfwbzö, 50 – d bycnbnenfö b dscibö extåysö pfdtltybzö, jcnfkmyst – ghb cjdvtcnysö ghtlghbznbzö, ghjvsiktyysö ghtlghbz- nbzö, htlfrwbzö, rjvgmñnthysö abhvfö b lh. Gjlfdkzñofz xfcnm nbgjuhfabq jnyjcbncz r ytujcelfhcndtyyjve ctrnjhe. Bplfntkmcnd yfcxbnsdftncz 58, d bö xbckt 13 – jåkfcnysö, f jcnfkmyst yföjlzncz d Nfirtynt10. Vtéle ntv, jncencndbt ktufkmyjq jggjpbwbb dj dctö cnhernehfö gjkbnbxtcrjq cbcntvs, cdjåjlyjq ghtccs, ytpfdbcbvjq celtåyjq dkfcnb ltkftn ytdjpvjéysv gjzdktybt bplfntktq, rjnjhst ås geåkb- rjdfkb vfnthbfks, rhbnbreñobt ysytiybq htébv. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, lfyyjt gjkjétybt yt åeltn cgjcjåcndjdfnm ltvjrhfnbpfwbb jåotcndf b ntv åjktt byajhvfwbjyyjuj ghjcnhfycndf. Jyj cnfytn jxthtlysv åfhmthjv lkz ytpfdbcbvsö bplfybq b CVB. FUTYNCNDJ GJ GTXFNB CJDTHITYCNDETN CDJÑ CNHERNEHE. Jåofz ljgecnbvfz xbcktyyjcnm hfåjnybrjd wty- nhfkmyjuj fggfhfnf Epåtrcrjuj futyncndf gj gtxfnb b byajhvfwbb (EpFGB) yt ljkéyf ghtdsifnm64 tlbybw, d njv xbckt eghfdkty- xtcrjuj gthcjyfkf – 51 tlbybwe. Yf änj yfghfdktyj gjcnfyjdktybt rfåbytnf vbybcnhjd ≤J lfkmytqitv cjdthitycndjdfybb ltzntkm- 10 Lfyyst Epåtrcrjuj futyncndf gj gtxfnb b byajhvfwbb.

65 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

yjcnb Epåtrcrjuj futyncndf gj gtxfnb b byajhvfwbb≥ jn 11 bñyz 2004 ujlf. D wtkjv, ljgecnbvfz xbcktyyjcnm hfåjnybrjd nthhbnjhbfkmysö eghfdktybq EpFGB cjcnfdbn 144 xtkjdtr, bp rjnjhsö 113 – eghfd- ktyxtcrbq gthcjyfk (d njv xbckt 73 – yf öjphfcxtnt, f 40 – yf åñlétnt). Ghfdbntkmcndj endthlbkj jhufybpfwbjyyeñ cnhernehe b gjkjét- ybt jå EpFGB, f nfrét cjukfcbkjcm c ghtlkjétybzvb vbybcnthcnd b dtljvcnd j cjplfybb bplfntkmcrj-gjkbuhfabxtcrbö ndjhxtcrbö ljvjd. R ujcelfhcndtyyjve yfexyjve bplfntkmcnde ≤Epåtrbcnjy vbkkbq äywbrkjgtlbzcb≥ ghbcjtlbyzñncz bplfntkmcndf bvtyb F. Rjlbhbq b Fåe Fkb båy Cbyj, f nfrét d dtltybt Futyncndf gjcnegftn nbgjuhfabz jåotcndf cktgsö. Nfrét endthéltyf cnhernehf Wtynhf vjybnjhbyuf CVB b kbwtypbhjdfybz xbcktyyjcnmñ d 18 xtkjdtr. Cjukfcyj Gjkjétybñ, EpFGB zdkztncz jhufyjv ujcelfhcndty- yjuj eghfdktybz, egjkyjvjxtyysv htifnm pflfxb d catht hfphf- åjnrb b htfkbpfwbb ujcelfhcndtyyjq gjkbnbrb d jåkfcnb chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, byajhvfwbjyyjuj jåvtyf, gtxfnb, bplfntkmc- rjq, gjkbuhfabxtcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb b hfcghjcnhfytybz gthbjlbxtc- rbö bplfybq. Tckb vfnthbfkmyj-ntöybxtcrjt jåtcgtxtybt Futyncndf b jgkfnf nhelf tuj hfåjnybrjd jceotcndkzñncz pf cxtn chtlcnd, jnxbckztvsö gjldtljvcndtyysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, nj abyfycbhjdf- ybt Wtynhf vjybnjhbyuf bltn bp ujcelfhcndtyyjuj åñlétnf. Yf EpFGB djpkjétyf pflfxf vjybnjhbyuf pf cjåkñltybtv rjycnbnewbjyysö ghfd CVB yf jceotcndktybt ytpfdbcbvjq ltz- ntkmyjcnb b cjjndtncndeñotuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf, ufhfynbq cdjåjls ckjdf b gtxfnb. Futyncndj åeltn jrfpsdfnm cjltqcndbt hfpdbnbñ chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, bplfntkmcrjuj ltkf b gjkbuhfabb d wtkzö yfbåjktt gjkyjuj eljdktndjhtybz gjnhtåyjcntq uhfélfy d gjkextybb byajhvfwbb, gjdsitybz jåhfpjdfntkmyjuj, yhfdcndty- yjuj b rekmnehyjuj ehjdyz, djcgbnfybz yfctktybz, ghtélt dctuj gjl- hfcnfñotuj yfctktybz d leöt bltb yfwbjyfkmyjq ytpfdbcbvjcnb. Vtéle ntv, Rjycnbnewbz Epåtrbcnfyf pfghtoftn ghjdjlbnm kñåeñ bltjkjubñ d rfxtcndt ujcelfhcndtyyjq. B rfr bltz yfwbj-

66  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I yfkmyjq ytpfdbcbvjcnb dgbcsdftncz d jcyjdyjq pfrjy – yf änj jndtnf ytn. Tcnm kb ñhblbxtcrjt b gjkbnbxtcrjt jghtltktybt änjq ≤bltb≥, rjnjhjt yföjlbkj ås jnhfétybt d ghfdbntkmcndtyyjv gjcnfyjdkt- ybb? Åtpeckjdyj, tuj ytn, yj änj yt cveoftn xbyjdybrjd. D xbckt lheubö pflfx – ghjdtltybt ujcelfhcndtyyjq gjkbnbrb d jåkfcnb CVB, jceotcndktybt vjybnjhbyuf pf cjåkñltybtv CVB ltqcndeñotuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf, jåtcgtxtybt pfobns ghfd b bynt- htcjd uhfélfy b ñhblbxtcrbö kbw d jåkfcnb ghjbpdjlcndf, hfcghj- cnhfytybz b bcgjkmpjdfybz byajhvfwbb. Ghfdbntkmcndj gjhexbkj EpFGB kbwtypbhjdfnm b htubcnhbhjdfnm, cnfylfhnbpbhjdfnm b cthnb- abwbhjdfnm erfpfyyst dbls ltzntkmyjcnb, jåtcgtxbdfnm hfdyst eckj- dbz yf hsyrt byajhvfwbb, jåtcgtxbdfnm vjlthybpfwbñ jnhfckb. Eét ctqxfc dspsdftn cjvytybt djpvjéyjcnm Futyncndf jåtcgt- xbnm pfobne b ghfdf uhfélfy yf ljcneg r byajhvfwbb. D xfcnyjcnb, Bynthytn yt gjlktébn rjynhjkñ cj cnjhjys EpFGB, b gjänjve åkjrbhjdrf ytrjnjhsö cfqnjd cgtwckeéåfvb Epåtrbcnfyf jceotcn- dkztncz åtp gjvtö. Rfr bpdtcnyj, juhfybxtybt d hfcghjcnhfytybb, gjkextybb b bcgjkmpjdfybb byajhvfwbb vjétn åsnm jceotcndktyj kbim gj htitybñ celf. Jlyfrj yb jlby yfwbjyfkmysq cel yt ghbpyfk njn bkb byjq gjhnfk dj Dctvbhyjq rbåthgfenbyt ghjnb- djhtxfobv pfrjyjlfntkmcnde, f pyfxbn, ytn ghfdjdjq jcyjds lkz juhfybxtybq. Vtéle ntv, ghfdbntkmcndj pfghtnbkj Futyncnde jceotcndkznm wtypehe, htlfrnbhjdfybt vfnthbfkjd b ytpfrjyyjt dvtifntkmcndj d ltzntkmyjcnm CVB ≤d kñåjq byjq ajhvt≥. D nj ét dhtvz, jyj dghfdt dslfdfnm ghtlgbcfybz, zdkzñobtcz jåzpfntkmysvb lkz bcgjkytybz lkz ñhblbxtcrbö b abpbxtcrbö kbw, jhufyjd ujcelfh- cndtyyjq dkfcnb b eghfdktybz b öjpzqcndeñobö ceåütrnjd. Gjhjq nhelyj yfqnb uhfybwe vtéle ≤ytkmpz≥ b ≤vjéyj≥, gjcrjkmre hfp- vsns cfvb gjyznbz. Änj, ytcjvytyyj, ghbdtltn r pkjegjnhtåktybzv b djpvjéyjcnzv jrfpfybz lfdktybz yf cnhjgnbdst CVB. Gj cnfnece utythfkmysq lbhtrnjh EpFGB ghbhfdybdftncz r vbybc- nhe. D Futyncndt cjplftncz rjkktubz d rjkbxtcndt 7 xtkjdtr, gthcj- yfkmysq cjcnfd rjnjhjq endthélftncz ghfdbntkmcndjv. Änbv cfvsv

67 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

Futyncndj cjöhfyztn vbybcnthcrbq cnfnec, f jåotcndtyysq ctrnjh yt bvttn ybrfrjuj dkbzybz yf cbnefwbñ d catht byajhvfwbb. FDNJHS VJUEN HFCCXBNSDFNM YF PFOBNE CDJBÖ GHFD. Gjkjétybt jå Epåtrcrjv htcgeåkbrfycrjv futyncndt gj fdnjhcrbv ghfdfv (EpFFG) endthéltyj gjcnfyjdktybtv ghfdbntkm- cndf ≤J cjdthitycndjdfybb ltzntkmyjcnb Epåtrcrjuj htcgeåkbrfy- crjuj futyncndf gj fdnjhcrbv ghfdfv≥ jn 16 bñyz 2004 ujlf. Ljrevtyn ghbyzn d wtkzö cjdthitycndjdfybz cbcntvs htcgeå- kbrfycrbö jhufyjd ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz b jåtcgtxtybz pfobns fdnjhcrjuj ghfdf. Futyncndj zdkztncz jhufyjv ujcelfh- cndtyyjuj eghfdktybz, ghtlyfpyfxtyysv cgtwbfkmyj lkz htitybz pflfx d jåkfcnb jöhfys fdnjhcrjuj ghfdf b cvtéysö ghfd. Tuj vfnthbfkmyj-ntöybxtcrjt jåtcgtxtybt, f nfrét jgkfnf nhelf hfåjn- ybrjd jceotcndkzñncz pf cxtn rjvbccbjyysö jnxbcktybq, gjkexft- vsö ghb cåjht yf ljujdjhyjq jcyjdt chtlcnd d ajyls ndjhxtcrbö cjñpjd, b lheubö bcnjxybrjd. Futyncnde gjhextyj htfkbpjdsdfnm tlbyeñ ujcelfhcndtyyeñ gjkb- nbre d jåkfcnb jöhfys fdnjhcrbö b cvtéysö ghfd, jceotcndkznm b pfobofnm bö bveotcndtyyst ghfdf, ghfdjghttvybrjd b bysö jåkflf- ntktq nfrjuj ghfdf. Jyj nfrét ljkéyj htubcnhbhjdfnm ghjbpdtltybt yferb, kbnthfnehs b bcreccndf, f nfrét fdnjhjd änbö ghjbpdtltybq, dtcnb extn ñhblbxtcrbö b abpbxtcrbö kbw, bcgjkmpeñobö jåütrns fdnjhcrjuj ghfdf b cvtéysö ghfd yf nthhbnjhbb htcgeåkbrb. D pflfxb EpFFG döjlbn ghtlcnfdktybt pf heåtéjv bö pfrjyysö bynt- htcjd, hfpdbnbt vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf d änjq catht. C änjq wtkmñ Futyncndj bpexftn pfheåtéyst yjhvfnbdyj-ghf- djdst jcyjds b hfphfåfnsdftn lkz ghfdbntkmcndf ghtlkjétybz gj djghjcfv cjdthitycndjdfybz pfrjyjlfntkmcndf jå fdnjhcrjv ghfdt b cvtéysö ghfdfö, ghbybvftn vths gj ytljgeotybñ yfheitybq b djccnfyjdktybñ änbö ghfd, jåtcgtxbdftn dsgjkytybt jåzpfntkmcnd, dpznsö Epåtrbcnfyjv d hfvrfö vtéleyfhjlysö cjukfitybq b gh. Lkz dsgjkytybz cdjbö aeyrwbq EpFFG pfghfibdftn b gjkexftn jn ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd, jåotcndtyysö jåütlbytybq, ghtlghbznbq b ljkéyjcnysö kbw ytjåöjlbveñ byajhvfwbñ, ljrevtyns b vfnt-

68  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I hbfks, cjnhelybxftn c ghfdjjöhfybntkmysvb jhufyfvb gj ghtljndhf- otybñ yfheitybq d jåkfcnb fdnjhcrjuj ghfdf. Futyncndj bvttn ghfdj ghtlcnfdkznm bynthtcs fdnjhjd d celtåysö jhufyfö, lfdfnm ärcgth- nyst pfrkñxtybz, dscnegfnm d rfxtcndt gjchtlybrf ghb pfrkñxtybb ljujdjhjd vtéle fdnjhfvb b gjkmpjdfntkzvb jåütrnjd bö ghfdf. Yjhvfnbdyj-ghfdjdst frns, ghbyznst bv, zdkzñncz jåzpfntkmysvb lkz dctö jhufyjd dkfcnb, eghfdktybz b öjpzqcndeñobö ceåütrnjd ytpfdbcbvj jn ajhv cjåcndtyyjcnb, f nfrét lkz uhfélfy. Ghfdbntkmcndj nfrét endthlbkj cnhernehe fggfhfnf EpFFG, ght- ltkmyfz xbcktyyjcnm gthcjyfkf rjnjhjuj ecnfyjdktyf d 17 infnysö tlbybw, d n.x. eghfdktyxtcrjuj gthcjyfkf – 10 tlbybw, ghjbpdjlcn- dtyyjuj – 4 b dcgjvjufntkmyjuj – 3 tlbybws. Gj cnfnece, utythfkm- ysq lbhtrnjh Futyncndf ghbhfdybdftncz r gthdjve pfvtcnbntkñ vbybcnhf. Gj hfcxtnfv ärcgthnjd, hfåjnfñobö d ghfdbntkmcndtyysö cnher- nehfö, jåobq jåütv rjynhfafrnyjq dbltj- b felbjghjlerwbb ljcnb- uftn d Epåtrbcnfyt 5-7 vkhl. cevjd d ujl, drkñxfz rfr ghjlerwbñ, ghjbpdtltyyeñ dyenhb htcgeåkbrb, nfr b pfdtptyyeñ bp-pf tt ght- ltkjd11. Kbwtypbjyyfz ghjuhfvvyfz ghjlerwbz cjcnfdkztn yt åjktt 10fi jåjhjnf jabwbfkmyjuj hsyrf. D yfwbjyfkmysö CVB, jcjåtyyj d ≤étknjq≥ ghtcct d gjlfdkzñobö ckexfzö bcgjkmpeñncz vfnthbfks, gthtgtxfnfyysö bp Bynthytnf bkb bysö yjcbntktq byajhvfwbb åtp hfphtitybz fdnjhjd, jåkflfntktq änjuj ghfdf bkb bö ghfdjghttv- ybrjd. PF VBYBCNTHCNDJV REKMNEHS JCNFKJCM GHFDJ WTY- PEHBHJDFNM DDJPBVST B DSDJPBVST BPLFYBZ. 9 bñyz 2004 ujlf rfåbytn vbybcnhjd Epåtrbcnfyf bplfk gjcnfyjdktybt ≤J djghjcfö jhufybpfwbb ltzntkmyjcnb Vbybcnthcndf gj ltkfv rekm- nehs Htcgeåkbrb Epåtrbcnfy≥, d hfvrfö rjnjhjuj änjve dtljvcnde gjhextyj ≤ghjdtltybt ujcelfhcndtyyjq gjkbnbrb d jåkfcnb rekm- nehs, djphjéltybt b lfkmytqitt hfpdbnbt yf jcyjdt bltq yfwbjyfkm- yjq ytpfdbcbvjcnb dtrfvb cajhvbhjdfditqcz dscjrjq leöjdyjcnb, nhflbwbq b jåsxftd, åjufnjuj rekmnehyjuj yfcktlbz yfhjlf≥. 11 Byajhvfwbz ghtljcnfdktyf d ytjabwbfkmyjv gjhzlrt.

69 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

Vtéle ntv, lj yfcnjzotuj dhtvtyb ytn ecnfyjdktyyjuj pfrjyjv jghtltktyyjuj gjyznbz ≤bltz yfwbjyfkmyjq ytpfdbcbvjcnb≥, rhjvt abkjcjacrbö hfpvsiktybq ytrjnjhsö gjkbnbrjd b bltjkjujd htébvf. Åjktt njuj, Rjycnbnewbtq Epåtrbcnfyf pfghtotyj ecnfyfd- kbdfnm kñåeñ bltjkjubñ/bltñ d rfxtcndt ujcelfhcndtyyjq. Yj änj yt cveoftn ghfdbntkmcndj, rjnjhjt jghtltkbkj jlyjq bp jcyjdysö pflfx ≤bcöjlz bp bltb yfwbjyfkmyjq ytpfdbcbvjcnb, rekmnehysö b leöjdyj-yhfdcndtyysö nhflbwbq yfhjlf Epåtrbcnfyf, jceotcndktybt rekmnehyj-ghjcdtnbntkmcrjq hfåjns chtlb yfctktybz...≥ Yt ctrhtn, xnj d rjywt 90-ö – yfxfkt 2000-ö ujljd d htcgeå- kbrt yfxfkfcm xbcnrf kbnthfnehs, yt ≤cjjndtncndeñotq≥ änjq bltt. D htpekmnfnt, åskb eybxnjétys bplfybz, jgeåkbrjdfyyst lj 1993 ujlf, rjnjhst, jlyfrj, ghbpyfys vbhjdsvb itltdhfvb. D cgbcrt cjéétyysö rybu pyfxfncz ghjbpdtltybz nfrbö fdnjhjd rfr Fktrcfylh Geirby, Ghjcgth Vthbvt, Jyjht lt Åfkmpfr, Fktrctq Njkcnjq, Vfrcbv Ujhmrbq, Ybrjkfq Yjcjd, Ifhkm Gthhj b vyjubt lheubt. Rfr gjckt änjuj vjéyj cxbnfnm bltñ yfwbjyfkmyjq ytpf- dbcbvjcnb ghjuhtccbdyjq? Yt yfgjvbyftn kb jyf bltñ yfwbjyfk- cjwbfkbpvf, gjkexbdieñ gjllthére d yfxfkt 30-ö ujljd ghjikjuj dtrf d Uthvfybb? Nfv nfr ét yfxbyfkb genm r ≤jxbotybñ≥ yfhjlf c cjéétybz rybu b ghjgfufyls bcrkñxbntkmyjcnb yfwbjyfkmyjq ytpfdbcbvjcnb... Jlyjq bp aeyrwbq Vbyrekmnehs zdkztncz ≤cjplfybt d veptzö cjpdexysv bltzv yfwbjyfkmyjq ytpfdbcbvjcnb ärcgjpbwbq, ghfdlbdj jnhféfñobö åjufnjt rekmnehyjt yfcktlbt epåtrcrjuj yfhjlf...≥ D veptzö yt jcdtofñncz rhjdfdst ltzybz Fvbhf Ntvehf, tuj pfödfn- ybxtcrbt gjöjls. Yt hfccrfpsdftncz, xnj Htcgeåkbrf Epåtrbcnfy åskf jåhfpjdfyf hjdyj 80 ktn yfpfl åkfujlfhz ytyfdbcnysv ctqxfc åjkmitdbrfv. Yt cjjåoftncz j gjpbnbdyjv dkbzybb Hjccbb yf ärj- yjvbre b cjwbfkmyeñ cathe Nehrtcnfycrjuj rhfz, gjcrjkmre änj dct-nfrb åskf bvgthcrfz gjkbnbrf. Cfvjt dféyjt, e vbybcnthcndf gj ltkfv rekmnehs cjöhfybkjcm ghfdj ghbybvfnm htitybz j dsdjpt b ddjpt rekmnehysö wtyyjcntq (d bö xbckj döjlzn b gtxfnyst bplfybz) b jåtcgtxtybt bö ärcgthnbps.

70  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I Nfrfz ärcgthnbpf, ghjdtltyyfz bcreccndjdtlfvb, f yt gjkbnjkjufvb, bcnjhbrfvb, ärjyjvbcnfvb, ghbikf r dsdjle, xnj yföjlzobqcz yf nfvjétyyjv öhfytybb idtlcrbq fyukj-heccrjzpsxysq éehyfk ≤Wtynhfkmyfz Fpbz b Rfdrfp≥ yt cjjndtncndetn dsiterfpfyyjq bltt yfwbjyfkmyjq ytpfdbcbvjcnb. D xfcnyjcnb, 17 ctynzåhz ghtlcnfdbntkñ éehyfkf ghtlcnfdbkb pfrkñxtybt eghfdktybz ärcgthnbps pf § 101 jn 14.09.2001, d rjnjhjv åskj yfgbcfyj: Cjukfcyj cnfnmt 15 pfrjyf Htcgeåkbrb Epåtrbcnfy ≤J ddjpt b dsdjpt rekmnehysö wtyyjcntq≥ § 4 (16) jåotcndtyyj-gjkbnbxtcrbt éehyfks ≤Wtynhfkmyfz Fpbz b Rfdrfp≥ pf 2001 ujl b § 4 (10) Journal of Social and Political Studies “Central Asia and Caucasus” pf 2001 ujl yt gjlktéfn ddjpe d Htcgeå- kbre Epåtrbcnfy≥. Yfxfkmybr jnltkf ärcgthnbps U.B. Fråfhjdf, ukfdysq ärcgthn L.A. Evfhåtrjd, yfxfkmybr jnltkf rjynhjkz V.Ö. Nfléblbyjd, ukfdyst rjynhjkths A.Å. Hepbrekjd, Y. Hföbvjd yfgb- cfkb, xnj ≤yfcnjzobt afrns zdyj bcrfétys, nhfrneñncz fdnjhfvb d eljåyjq bv ajhvt, bcrféfz htfkmyeñ ltqcndbntkmyjcnm, b yt cgjcjå- cndeñn ckjébditvecz vtéyfwbjyfkmyjve b vtérjyatccbjyfkmyjve cjukfcbñ d Htcgeåkbrt Epåtrbcnfy≥ (djcghjbpdjlbncz ljckjdyj). D eckjdbzö gjkbnbxtcrjuj gkñhfkbpvf ytn nfrjuj gjyznbz rfr ≤nhfrneñncz fdnjhfvb d eljåyjq bv ajhvt≥, gjcrjkmre änj ghfdj extyjuj bpkfufnm cdjb dthcbb (ubgjntps, vytybt), rfr jy cxbnftn yeéysv. Yj ärcgthnbpe gjkbnbxtcrjuj éehyfkf ghjdtkb bcreccn- djdtls, yt bvtñotuj cjjndtncndeñotuj jåhfpjdfybz, b pfghtnbkb ddjpbnm d Epåtrbcnfy kbnthfnehe. D yfcnjzott dhtvz, d Epåtrbcnfy pfghtotyj ktufkmyj ddjpbnm vyjubt hjccbqcrbt, rfpföcnfycrbt, rshuspcrbt bplfybz. Jyb nfrét yt ghjöjlzn rjynhjkm gj bltjkjubxtcrbv cjjåhfétybzv. E jlyjuj bp gfccfébhjd, ghbåsdibö d Nfirtyn, d fähjgjhne bpüzkb njvbr Dkflbvbhf Ktybyf, nfr rfr änj ≤ghjnbdjpfrjyyfz ghtccf≥. Nfvjéty- ybrb ghtleghtlbkb, xnj rybub Rfhkf Vfhrcf b Ahblhböf Äyutkmcf pfghtotys r ddjpe, pfnj ghjnbd rybu abkjcjaf Ybwit, cnfdituj yfcnfdybrjv Fljkmaf Ubnkthf, ghfdbntkmcndj ybxtuj ghjnbd yt bvttn, dj dczrjv ckexft, cnfhibq ktqntyfyn nfvjétyyjq ckeéås d cgbcrt pfghtotyysö änjuj fdnjhf yt jåyfheébk.

71 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

Vbybcnthcndj gj ltkfv rekmnehs ≤jceotcndkztn ujcelfhcndty- ysq rflfcnh ghtlvtnjd jåütrnjd rekmnehyjuj yfcktlbz, jhufybpetn b ghjdjlbn bö bcnjhbrj-rekmnehyeñ ärcgthnbpe≥, f nfrét ≤jghtltkztn rkfccbabrfwbñ ghtlvtnjd, ghtlcnfdkzñobö rekmnehyeñ wtyyjcnm≥. Cjukfcyj änjve rflfcnhe, rybub b äywbrkjgtlbb, rjnjhst bplfys lj 1961 ujlf, zdkzñncz ljcnjzybtv Epåtrbcnfyf ytpfdbcbvj jn ajhv cjåcndtyyjcnb. D bnjut, dstpéfñobt pf ghtltks htcgeåkbrb uhfé- lfyt vjuen dsdjpbnm, r ghbvthe, rybue 1932 ujlf njkmrj gj hfpht- itybñ Vbyrekmnehs b njkmrj gj cnfnece ≤dhtvtyyj dsdjpbvsö≥. Nt, rnj cktletn yf GVÉ, djjåot yt bvtñn ghfdf dsdjpbnm rybub, ljcnfdibtcz bv d yfcktlcndj jn hjlbntktq b åkbprbö, bkb regktyyst d vfufpbyt. Nj, xnj änj yfheiftn ghbywbg xfcnyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb, vfkj rjuj d Vbyrekmnehs djkyetn. D bnjut, gthtl jnütpljv kñlb cj pkjcnb cébufñn bkb clfñn d rfxtcndt vfrekfnehs ≤rekmnehyjt≥ ljcnjzybt epåtrcrjuj yfhjlf, xnj, dghjxtv, nfrét vfkj pfnhfubdftn vbybcnthcndj. Nen ltqcndetn ghbywbg: ≤Tckb yt yfv, nj b yt dfv≥. Ärcgthns dtljvcndf rekmnehs ghjdthzñn ≤wtyyjcnm≥ rfhnby, rbyj-, dbltj-, felbjvfnthbfkjd c gjpbwbb bltb yfwbjyfkmyjq ytpf- dbcbvjcnb. Dsdjpbvst yjcbntkb byajhvfwbb (rjvgfrn-rfcctns, lbcrb, dbltjrfcctns) yt ljkéys cjlthéfnm cdtltybz, rjnjhst ghtl- cnfdkzñn htcgeåkbre d ytghbukzlyjv dblt, gjcrjkmre änj yt cjjn- dtncndetn bltt yfwbjyfkmyjq ytpfdbcbvjcnb. Htgjhnfé j rjhhegwbb b ybotnt d cnhfyt, pfcsöfñotv Fhfkmcrjv vjht b kfåjhfnjhbb gj cjplfybb åbjkjubxtcrjuj jheébz yf jcnhjdt Cdjåjlysq, j ghtcktlj- dfybb vecekmvfy – dct änj pfghtoftncz r ≤ärcgjhne≥. D bnjut, vbybcnthcndj gj ltkfv rekmnehs nfrét vjéyj ghbxbc- kbnm r jhufyfv, ghjdjlzobv rfhfntkmyeñ gjkbnbre d jnyjitybb byfrjvsckzobö.

Xfcnm 3. BYAJHVFWBJYYSQ HSYJR EPÅTRBCNFYF HFCIBHZTNCZ VTHJGHBZNBZ. D jrnzåht 2003 ujlf d Nfirtynt cjcnjzkfcm ldeölytdyfz gthdfz cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyfz htcgeåkbrfycrfz dscnfdrf

72  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I “Info-Biznes 2003”, gjcdzotyyfz hfpdbnbñ ghtlghbznbq, ghjbpdjlz- obö b hfcghjcnhfyzñobö byajhvfwbñ. D rfxtcndt tt jhufybpfnjhjd dscnegbkb Gfkfnf njdfhjghjbpdjlbntktq b ghtlghbybvfntktq Epåt- rbcnfyf (GNGE), jåotcndtyysq ajyl byajhvfwbjyyjq gjllthérb ghtlghbybvfntktq ≤Pfrjdfn≥, htcgeåkbrfycrbq njhujdj-dscnfdjx- ysq wtynh ≤EpÄrcgjWtynh≥. Dscnfdrf ghjdjlbkfcm gj htitybñ Htcgeåkbrfycrjuj rjjhlbyfwb- jyyjuj cjdtnf gj cnbvekbhjdfybñ hfpdbnbz vfkjuj b xfcnyjuj ghtl- ghbybvfntkmcndf – jhufyf ghb epåtrcrjv ghfdbntkmcndt, ghbpdfyyjuj bpexfnm b htifnm ghjåktvs ytujcelfhcndtyyjuj ctrnjhf, åbpytcf. Rfr jnvtnbk yf wthtvjybb jnrhsnbz ukfdysq htlfrnjh ufptns ≤Yf- kjujdst b nfvjétyyst dtcnb≥ Vböfbk Gthgth, tt ukfdyfz pflfxf – gjvjxm åbpytcvtyfv jwtybnm djpvjéyjcnb byajhvfwbb d hfpdbnbb gjntywbfkf cdjtq ltzntkmyjcnb, cjltqcndjdfnm d yfkfébdfybb ltkj- dsö rjynfrnjd c dscjrjghjatccbjyfkmysvb gfhnythfvb, hfåjnfñ- obvb yf hsyrt byajhvfwbb, gjdsifnm bö rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjcnm yf jntxtcndtyyjv hsyrt. ≤Änf cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyfz dscnfdrf ghbywbgbfkmyj jnkbxftncz jn dctö hfytt ghjdjlbvsö d Epåtrbcnfyt, gjcrjkmre eét d öjlt gjlujnjdrb r ytq yfxfkfcm ibhjrjvfcinfåyfz htrkfvyfz rfvgfybz c wtkmñ pfhfytt ghtlcnfdbnm exfcnybrjd b ntv cfvsv pfåkfujdht- vtyyj frnbdbpbhjdfnm bynthtc gjntywbfkmysö gfhnythjd≥, – pfzdbk gthdsq pfvtcnbntkm ghtlctlfntkz GNGE Ährby Ehbyjd. ≤D hfvrfö cfvjq dscnfdrb rféljve exfcnybre ghtljcnfdkztncz djpvjéyjcnm ghjdtltybz vbybghtptynfwbb ghjlerwbb b eckeu bkb ntvfnbxtcrjuj ctvbyfhf≥. D ≤Info-Biznes 2003≥ exfcndjdfkj åjktt 60 epåtrcrbö abhv, hfcghjcnhfyzñobö byajhvfwbñ, ytjåöjlbveñ lkz dtltybz ghtl- ghbybvfntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb b ghtlcnfdkzñobö vfksq b chtlybq åbpytc, f nfrét vtéleyfhjlyst jhufybpfwbb, cgjycbheñobt byajh- vfwbjyyst ghjtrns. D bö xbckt ghjbpdjlbntkb byajhvfwbjyyj-ghf- djdsö, cghfdjxysö b flhtcysö åfp lfyysö, åeöufknthcrbö ghjuhfvv, byajhvfwbjyyj-htrkfvysö rfnfkjujd, ntktajyysö cghfdjxybrjd. Cdjñ ghjlerwbñ nfrét dscnfdbkb abhvs, ghtljcnfdkzñobt eckeub

73 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

gj rjycfknbyujdjve, rjycekmnfwbjyyjve b ghfdjdjve jåtcgtxtybñ ghtlghbybvfntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Rhjvt njuj, ltvjycnhbhjdfkb cdjb djpvjéyjcnb htrkfvjghjbpdjlbntkb, åfyrb b cnhföjdst rjv- gfybb, hfcghjcnhfybntkb ghjuhfvvyjuj jåtcgtxtybz, rjvgmñnthyjq, vyjébntkmyjq b byjq jhufybpfwbjyyjq ntöybrb, bcgjkmpetvjq lkz hfåjns c byajhvfwbtq, ghjdfqlths Bynthytnf. Cnjbn egjvzyenm ytrjnjhst bp ybö: bplfybz – ufptns ≤Xfcnyfz cjåcndtyyjcnm – Vtybyu vekrbv≥, ≤Ltkjdjq gfhnyth Epåtrbcnfyf – Öfvrjh≥, ≤Åfyrjdcrbt dtljvjcnb – Åfyr föåjhjnyjvfcb≥, ≤Åbp- ytc-Dtcnybr Djcnjrf≥, éehyfks ≤Hsyjr, ltymub b rhtlbn – Åjpjh, gek df rhtlbn≥, ≤Åbpytc-rehmth≥, htrkfvyj-byajhvfwbjyysq cghf- djxybr ≤Pjkjnst cnhfybws≥; hfcghjcnhfybntkb gtxfnb – ≤Fktrcfylh vfhrtn≥, ≤ÅNK≥, ≤Vfcnth-Ghtcc≥; rjvgfybb byajhvfwbjyysö ghj- lernjd, d xbckt rjnjhsö ≤Yehjy≥ b lh. D hfvrfö dscnfdrb ghjdjlbkbcm byajhvfwbjyyj-rjycekmnfwb- jyyst ctvbyfhs, gjcdzotyyst yfkjujdjq gjkbnbrt yf 2004 ujl, ghjåktvfv b gthcgtrnbdfv, cdzpfyysv c kbåthfkbpfwbtq dytiytärj- yjvbxtcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb, yfkjujdsv gkfybhjdfybtv, cjcnfdktybtv åbpytc-gkfyjd, gjkextybtv rhtlbnf. Jcjåjt dybvfybt eltkzkjcm djghjcfv, cdzpfyysv c gthtöjljv yf yjdsq gkfy cxtnjd, htfkbpf- wbtq ghfd b jåzpfyyjcntq ghjdthztvjuj öjpzqcndeñotuj ceåütrnf, f nfrét pfobnjq ghfd ghtlghbybvfntkz b ghjdtltybtv äaatrnbdyjq htrkfvyjq rfvgfybb. 7–10 ctynzåhz 2004 ujlf d Nfirtyncrjv njhujdj-dscnfdjxyjv rjvgktrct ≤EpÄrcgjWtynh≥ ghjikb xtnshtölytdyst dscnfdrb O’Z- BEKinPRINT (gjkbuhfabz, bplfntkmcrjt ltkj, htrkfvf) b O’ZUP- ACK-2004 (egfrjdrf, nfhjghjbpdjlcndj, änbrtnrf). Bö jhufybpfnjhfvb dscnegbkb epåtrcrj-hjccbqcrjt cjdvtcnyjt ghtlghbznbt ≤GjkHjc≥ b abhvf ≤CñhGhtcc≥, f jabwbfkmyeñ gjllth- ére jrfpfkb epåtrcrbt futyncndf gj gtxfnb b byajhvfwbb, dytiybö ärjyjvbxtcrbö cdzptq b gjcjkmcndj Hjccbb d Epåtrbcnfyt. Åjktt 30 epåtrcrbö b 20 pfheåtéysö rjvgfybq ghtlcnfdbkb jåjheljdfybt, vfnthbfks, ntöyjkjubb gj jcyjdysv hfpltkfv bplfntkmcrjuj ltkf b gjkbuhfabb. Ärcgjybhjdfkbcm yjdtqibt gtxfnyst vfibys, jåjhe-

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I ljdfybt lkz gthtgktnyjuj ghjwtccf b änbrtnjxyjuj ghjbpdjlcndf, rjgbhjdfkmyst ecnfyjdrb, jhuntöybrf, cbcntvs lkz afcjdrb. Nfrét vjéyj åskj jpyfrjvbnmcz c ibhjrbv cgtrnhjv eckeu nhfafhtnyjq, aktrcjuhfabxtcrjq b jactnyjq gtxfnb, lbpfqyjv b jåhfåjnrjq ntr- cnjdjq b bkkñcnhfnbdyjq byajhvfwbb. D xbckt exfcnybrjd nfrbt ghtlghbznbz, rfr epåtrcrjt ujcelfhcn- dtyyjt ghjbpdjlcndtyyjt jåütlbytybt ≤Lfdkfn Åtkubcb≥, hjccbqcrbt pfrhsnst frwbjythyst jåotcndf ≤Bnhfrj≥ b ≤Dytivfkmnbuhfa≥, rjhtqcrfz rjvgfybz ≤Rjhec≥, fyukbqcrfz ≤Zv Bynthyäiyk≥ b vyj- ubt lheubt. Vtéle ntv, jlby bp cjnhelybrjd epåtrcrjuj bplfntkmcndf, ghb- cencndjdfdibq yf dscnfdrfö, pfvtnbk, xnj, ytcvjnhz yf jåbkbt ltvjycnhbhetvjuj jåjheljdfybz, rfxtcndj gjkbuhfabxtcrjq ghjler- wbb tot ecnegftn pfheåtéysv fyfkjufv, d xfcnyjcnb hjccbqcrbv. ≤Rfrbt dsgecrfñn rybub nfv b rfrbt e yfc – änj ytåj b ptvkz≥, – gjlxthryek jy. Vjétn åsnm, bvtyyj nfrbt vthjghbznbz dct ét gjpdjkzn gjlyznm rfxtcndj gtxfnysö bpltkbq. CJWBJKJUBXTCRBT JGHJCS. Jcyjdysv bcnjxybrjv lfy- ysö j gjcktlybö bpvtytybzö d pfrjyjlfntkmcndt epåtrcrbt åbpytc- vtys yfpsdfñn chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb: d 2002 ujle yf änj erfpfkb 37fi jghjityysö, njulf rfr d 2001 ujle bö ljkz cjcnfdkzkf 38fi. Nfrbt htpekmnfns åskb gjkextys ärcgthnfvb Vtéleyfhjlyjq abyfycjdjq rjhgjhfwbb, rjnjhst ghjdtkb jghjc 2 nsc. xfcnysö ghtl- ghbznbq Epåtrbcnfyf b gjlujnjdbkb jnxtn ≤Ltkjdfz chtlf ukfpfvb ghtlcnfdbntktq vfkjuj b chtlytuj åbpytcf≥. Cktletn jnvtnbnm, xnj änj dscjrbq gjrfpfntkm, gjcrjkmre kbim 12fi htcgjyltynjd yfpdfkb ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufys d rfxtcndt bcnjx- ybrf byajhvfwbb. Yf ghjatccbjyfkmyst fccjwbfwbb erfpfkb 9fi (d 2001 ujle – 5fi), ñhblbxtcrbt abhvs – 6fi (7fi), äktrnhjyyeñ cbcntve ≤Ghfdj≥ – 3fi (6fi). Vtéle ntv, 33fi cxbnfñn, xnj lhepmz b rjkktub nfrét zdkzñncz yfltéysvb yjcbntkzvb lfyysö, öjnz ärcgthns VAR endthélfñn, xnj ≤bp änbö bcnjxybrjd vjéyj gjke- xbnm pfxfcneñ kbim jåott ghtlcnfdktybt j cenb ljrevtynf≥.

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Gjcrjkmre d CVB Epåtrbcnfyf yt dctulf jcdtofñncz htfkmyst ghfdjdst ghjåktvs, nj dgjkyt tcntcndtyyj, xnj e ghtlghbybvfnt- ktq yfåkñlftncz ybprfz ghfdjdfz uhfvjnyjcnm. D 2003 ujle 76fi ghtlghbybvfntktq jnvtnbkj, xnj bvtñn jnhsdjxyst pyfybz pfrjyj- lfntkmcndf, htuekbheñotuj bö ltzntkmyjcnm. Jcjåtyyj jcnhj änf ghjåktvf cnjbn d vfksö b vbrhjabhvfö. Bynthytn nfrét zdkztncz bcnjxybrjv ytjåöjlbvjq byajhvfwbb, öjnz bv gjkmpeñncz kbim 5fi jghjityysö ceåütrnjd vfkjuj b chtlytuj åbpytcf. D 2002 ujle bp ntö, rnj gjkmpjdfkcz Dctvbhyjq rbåthctnmñ, 35fi bcrfkb byajhvfwbñ j gfhnythfö yf vtcnysö hsy- rfö (d 2001 ujle – 10fi), b 35fi – dtkb ltkjdeñ gthtgbcre kbåj gjkmpjdfkbcm äktrnhjyyjq gjxnjq (7fi). D nj ét dhtvz, c 15fi lj 35fi djphjckb gjnhtåyjcnb d gjbcrt njdfhjd b eckeu yf vtcnyjv hsyrt, c 10fi lj 28fi – ytjåöjlbvjcnm d byajhvfwbb j pfrjyjlfntkmcndt, c 10fi lj 24fi – gjnhtåyjcnb d fyfkbpt hsyrjd, c 15fi lj 21fi – d yjdjcnzö. Xnj rfcftncz gjbcrf byajhvfwbb j njdfhfö b eckeufö yf pfheåtéysö hsyrfö gjchtlcndjv Bynthytnf, nj pltcm nfrét yfåkñ- lftncz lbyfvbrf c 10fi lj 20fi, gjbcrf gfhnythjd – c 9fi lj 20fi, fyfkbpf hsyrjd pf ghtltkfvb Epåtrbcnfyf – c 7fi lj 17fi. ÄRJYJVBRF GHTCCS. D 2003 ujle d cnherneht Futyncndf gj gtxfnb b byajhvfwbb åskj ghbdfnbpbhjdfyj 111 jåütrnjd, xnj cjcnfdbkj 7,3fi jn jåotuj jåütvf hfpujcelfhcndktybz gj vbybcnth- cndfv b dtljvcndfv12. D zydfht-yjzåht 2003 ujlf gjkbuhfabxtcrfz ghjvsiktyyjcnm Epåtrbcnfyf gjkexbkf ghbåskm d hfpvtht 2,983 vkhl. cevjd, xnj cjcnfdbkj 35,4fi r ehjdyñ 2002 ujlf. Cktletn jnvtnbnm, xnj d 2002 ujle åsk ljcnbuyen hjcn jnhfcktdjq ghbåskb yf 139,9fi gj jnyjit- ybñ r 2001 ujle. Ghjchjxtyyfz ltåbnjhcrfz pfljkétyyjcnm gjkbuhf- abxtcrjq bylecnhbb cjcnfdbkf 562,5 vky., bp ytt pf cxtn gjregfntktq b pfrfpxbrjd – yf 561,5 vky., fdfycjdsö gkfntétq – 1,0 vky. Abrcb- hjdfkfcm nfrét ghjchjxtyyfz rhtlbnjhcrfz pfljkétyyjcnm d jåütvt 591,3 vky. cevjd, bp ytt ghfrnbxtcrb 100fi – gjcnfdobrfv. 12 Bnjub cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrjuj hfpdbnbz Htcgeåkbrb Epåtrbcnfyf pf 2003 ujl. Nfirtyn, Ujcrjvcnfn HE, c. 29

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I BYDTCNBWBB. Cjukfcyj bydtcnbwbjyyjq ghjuhfvvt yf 2004 ujl, endthéltyyjq ghfdbntkmcndjv Epåtrbcnfyf, dsltkty kbvbn rfgbnfkmysö dkjétybq pf cxtn chtlcnd ujcelfhcndtyyjuj åñlétnf d hfpvtht 500 vky. cevjd yf jåjheljdfybt lkz vjybnjhbyuf chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Jyj ghtlyfpyfxtyj lkz Futyncndf gj gtxfnb b byajhvfwbb htcgeåkbrb b åeltn bcgjkmpjdfnmcz bv lkz dsgjkytybz aeyrwbq ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz d catht vfcc-vtlbf. Rhjvt njuj, pf cxtn ujcelfhcndf åelen htrjycnhebhjdfys b jcyfotys jåütrns ntkthflbjdtofybz yf cevve d 500 vky. cevjd, xnj ljkéyj ekexibnm jödfn b rfxtcndj ntkt- b hflbjghjuhfvv, nhfyckbhetvsö gj htcgeåkbrt. Tot 500 vky. cevjd ghtlyfpyfxtys epåtrcrjve futyncnde cdzpb b byajhvfwbb yf htrjycnherwbñ nfi- rtyncrjq ntktåfiyb, jåütrnjd cgtwbfkmyjuj fdfhbqyj-djccnfyjdb- ntkmyjuj eghfdktybz b Wtynhf byajhvfwbjyyjq ntöyjkjubq. Hfytt, åfyrb ≤ÅAT FU≥, ≤Åfqthbit Öbgj≥ b ≤Athtqyc åfyr≥ (Uth- vfybz) ghtljcnfdbkb ›122,4 vky. yf rjvgktrcyjt ntöybxtcrjt gthtdj- jheétybt cbcntvs ntkthflbjrjvgfybb Epåtrbcnfyf. Rfr jnvtxfñn ärcgthns, jcnfnjr abyfycjdsö chtlcnd yf 1 zydfhz 2004 ujlf cjcnf- dbn ›45,44 vky., f d ntxtybt 2004 ujlf åeltn jcdjtyj ›2,9 vky. Yf hfpdbnbt ntktrjvveybrfwbjyyjq ctnb Epåtrbcnfyf Zgjycrbq åfyr vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf nfrét hfytt dsltkzk ›9,3 vky., bp rjnjhsö d 2004 ujle gkfybhetncz jcdjbnm ›46,8 vky. Lkz vjlthybpfwbb b hfpdbnbz Yfwbjyfkmyjq ctnb gthtlfxb lfyysö fvthbrfycrfz rjhgjhfwbz ≤Åtkfv Byr.≥ b Ymñ-Qjhrcrbq åfyr ght- ljcnfdbkb ›5,2 vky., bp rjnjhsö ›1,6 vky. åelen bcgjkmpjdfys d cktleñotv ujle. Änj gjpdjkbn ecjdthitycndjdfnm cbcntve gjkm- pjdfybz Bynthytnjv b äktrnhjyyjq gjxnjq. Uthvfycrbq åfyr RaÅ ghjabyfycbhjdfk yf ›6,3 vky. gjcnfdre jåjheljdfybz, vjynfé, yfkflre b gecr d ärcgkefnfwbñ cbcntvs ntöybxtcrjuj rjynhjkz hflbjxfcnjnyjuj cgtrnhf. Gj vytybñ ärcgthnjd, änj gjpdjkbn htue- kbhjdfnm dtofybt äktrnhjyysö CVB Epåtrbcnfyf b jceotcndkznm htnhfyckzwbñ pfheåtéysö ghjuhfvv. D jåkfcnb bplfntkmcndf cj cnjhjys ujcelfhcndf b vtéleyfhjl- ysö ljyjhjd nfrét dsltkzñncz rhtlbns b bydtcnbwbb. D xfcnyjcnb,

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vbybcnthcndj yfhjlyjuj jåhfpjdfybz gjkexbkj ›19,20 vky. jn Fpbfncrjuj åfyrf hfpdbnbz yf cjdthitycndjdfybt cbcntvs bplfybz extåybrjd b extåyjq kbnthfnehs lkz jåotjåhfpjdfntkmysö irjk d gthdjq afpt, b ›20 vky. – dj dnjhjq afpt. D 2003 ujle yf Nfirtyncrjv gjkbuhfarjvåbyfnt åskb ecnf- yjdktys xtnshtörhfcjxyst jactnyst vfibys ≤Cnfhkfqy-30≥ uth- vfycrjuj ghjbpdjlcndf, cgjcjåyst gtxfnfnm d xfc 20-30 nsc. ärptv- gkzhjd rybu, ufptn b éehyfkjd. D ghjbpdjlcndtyyjv jåütlbytybb ≤Rfhnjuhfabz≥ nfrét pfgeotyf vfibyf ≤RÅF Hfgblf≥, rfxtcndtyyj gtxfnfñofz rfhns, fnkfcs lkz irjk, jhufybpfwbb b exhtéltybq. BYNTHYTN. D yfcnjzott dhtvz xbckj jgthfnjhjd b ghjdfqlthjd d Epåtrbcnfyt ljcnbukj 187 b dshjckj gj chfdytybñ c 2002 ujljv yf 137,8fi. Pf änj ét dhtvz rjkbxtcndj gjkmpjdfntktq Bynthytnjv edtkbxbkjcm gjxnb d 2 hfpf bkb åjktt xtv yf 500 nsc. xtkjdtr, ntvgs hjcnf d cnjkbwt cjcnfdbkb 219fi, d Cfvfhrfylcrjq jåkfcnb – 290fi, d Rfirflfhmt – 243fi. Gj jnxtne pf 2003 ujl, rjkbxtcndj kbwtypbfnjd gj ghjtrnbhjdfybñ, cnhjbntkmcnde, ärcgkefnfwbb b jrf- pfybñ eckeu ctntq gthtlfxb lfyysö edtkbxbkjcm d 2,2 hfpf b gj cjcnjzybñ yf 1 zydfhz 2004 ujlf ljcnbukj 278 tlbybw, bp ybö 183 jrfpsdfkb Bynthytn-eckeub xthtp geyrns rjkktrnbdyjuj ljcnegf. Jcyjdyjt rjkbxtcndj kbwtypbfnjd cjchtljnjxtyj d Nfirtynt (76,3fi) b d rhegysö jåkfcnysö wtynhfö. Ghzvjq ljcneg r vtéleyfhjlysv byajhvfwbjyysv ctnzv bvtñn 10 jgthfnjhjd gthtlfxb lfyysö. Ghjgecryfz cgjcjåyjcnm vtéleyf- hjlysö rfyfkjd djphjckf d 1,8 hfp, crjhjcnm ljcnegf – 32,8 Våbn/ ctr. Pfgecr gjhnfkf ujcelfhcndtyyjq dkfcnb Htcgeåkbrb Epåtrbcnfy ≤gov.uz≥ cnfk gthdsv änfgjv jhufybpfwbb dpfbvjltqcndbz ujce- lfhcndtyysö jhufyjd c uhfélfyfvb xthtp Bynthytn, nj tcnm ifujv r cjplfybñ nfr yfpsdftvjuj ≤äktrnhjyyjuj ghfdbntkmcndf≥. Eét gjlrkñxtys r Dctvbhyjq gfenbyt 468 ujcelfhcndtyysö exhtélt- ybq, xnj yf 163,6fi åjkmit, xtv d 2002 ujle. Jnvtxfkcz nfrét ghjwtcc ajhvbhjdfybz yfwbjyfkmysö byajhvfwbjyysö htcehcjd: nfr, yf 1 zydfhz 2004 ujlf rjkbxtcndj cfqnjd d Bynthytnt, pfht-

78  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I ubcnhbhjdfyysö d pjyt ljvty “UZ” cjcnfdbkj 2563 (d 2002 ujle bö yfcxbnsdfkjcm 576). C 9 fduecnf 2004 ujlf dcnegbkj d cbke ≤Gjkjétybt j gjhzlrt ghtljcnfdktybz ljcnegf r ctnb Bynthytn d jåotcndtyysö geyrnfö gjkmpjdfybz≥, hfphfåjnfyyjt Epåtrcrbv futyncndjv cdzpb b byajh- vfnbpfwbb (EpFCB). Ljrevtyn htuekbhetn jnyjitybz vtéle Bynthytn-ghjdfqlthfvb b gjkmpjdfntkzvb eckeu, jghtltkztn nhtåjdfybz r jåotcndtyysv geyrnfv gjkmpjdfybz b gjhzljr ghtljcnfdktybz Bynthytn-eckeu. Lkz ghtljcnfdktybz eckeu ljcnegf dj Dctvbhyeñ rbåthgfenbye ytjåöjlbvs ujcelfhcndtyyfz htubcnhfwbz b jajhvktybt hfphtib- ntkmysö ljrevtynjd yf hfåjne d rfxtcndt Bynthytn-ghjdfqlthf. Bcgjkmpetvst ghb änjv ntöybxtcrbt chtlcndf ntktrjvveybrfwbb ljkéys bvtnm cthnbabrfns cjjndtncndbz. Ghb jrfpfybb gjljåysö eckeu yt ljgecrftncz cåjh, öhfytybt, jåhfåjnrf, hfcghjcnhfytybt byajhvfwbb, yfheifñotq nfqye xfcnyjq ébpyb, nfqye gthtgbcrb b bysö cjjåotybq abpbxtcrjuj kbwf åtp tuj cjukfcbz, f nfrét byajhvfwbb, pfghtotyyjq r hfcghjcnhfytybñ ltqcndeñobv pfrjyjlfntkmcndjv. Gjkjétybtv jghtltkzñncz ghfdf b jåzpfyyjcnb Bynthytn-ghjdfqlthf b gjkmpjdfntkz eckeu. Jlyfrj ljrevtyn yt jujdfhbdftn djpvjéyjcnb jceotcndktybz wtypehs cfq- njd, rjnjhfz ghfrnbxtcrb dtltncz d Epåtrbcnfyt eét vyjuj ktn.

Xfcnm 4. VJYBNJHBYU PF YFHEITYBZVB D CVB Vjybnjhbyu pf cjcnjzybtv cdjåjls ckjdf d Epåtrbcnfyt, f nfrét ltzntkmyjcnmñ chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb dtlen ytcrjkmrj jhuf- ybpfwbq – rfr ghfdbntkmcndtyysö (Futyncndj gj gtxfnb b byajh- vfwbb, CYÅ), nfr b ytujcelfhcndtyysö, d xbckt rjnjhsö Rjvbntn cdjåjls ckjdf Byths Cfafhufkbtdjq. Jnxtns tt jhufybpfwbb jnhf- éfñncz yf gjcnjzyyj jåyjdkzñotvcz dtå-cfqnt www.freeuz.org. Jåpjh ghjdjlzn nfrét b ärcgthns vtéleyfhjlyjq jhufybpfwbb ≤Bynthymñc≥, rjnjhst tétvtczxyj geåkbreñn htpekmnfns dj Dct- vbhyjq rbåthgfenbyt (cv. nfåkbwe § 3). D chtlytv d vtczw bvb abrcbhetncz jrjkj 60 yfheitybq.

79 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

Nfåkbwf § 3 Vjybnjhbyu yfheitybz cdjåjls ckjdf d Epåtrbcnfyt, ghjdjlbvjq ytghfdbntkmcndtyyjq jhufybpfwbb ≤Bynthymñc≥ pf 2004 ujl13

Vtczw Dctuj Afrnbxtcrjt Byajhvfwbz Rjyakbrns b yfheitybq gjkjétybt j ghzvsö jådbytybz, CVB d cdtnt yfheitybzö dsldbyenst gjkbnbxtcrjq ghfd CVB b ghjnbd CVB b fnvjcaths éehyfkbcnjd éehyfkbcnjd Vfhn 51 14 34 3 Fghtkm 74 20 47 7 Vfq 45 10 31 4 Bñkm 66 23 37 6

Rfr dblyj bp nfåkbws § 4, epåtrcrbt éehyfkbcns xfot dctuj cnfkrbdfñncz c ntv, xnj yjcbntkb byajhvfwbb åjzncz tñ gjltkbnmcz bp-pf cnhföf jrfpfnmcz htghtccbhjdfyysvb gj ckeéåt, d åsne, gj vtcne ghjébdfybz b lheubv gjdjlfv. Dnjhjt vtcnj pfybvftn cnhjrf ≤ytétkfybt åeljhfébnm jåotcndtyyjt vytybt≥, nj tcnm ceotcndetn jgfctybt, xnj rfrfz-kbåj byajhvfwbz vjétn gjdhtlbnm jåotcnde, xfot dctuj jhufyfv dkfcnb b eghfdktybz, rjnjhst yt cevtkb bkb yt pföjntkb bpvtybnm cbnefwbñ. Nfrét åjkmibycndj htcgjyltynjd jnvtnbkj, xnj bv gjhjq ghjcnj jnrfpsdfkb d byajhvfwbb åtp jåüzc- ytybz ghbxby.

13 Gj htpekmnfnfv jnxtnjd, dscskftvsö ärcgthnfvb ≤Bynthymñcf≥ gj äktrnhjyyjq gjxnt

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I Nfåkbwf § 4 Vjnbdbhjdrf jnrfpjd d ghtljcnfdktybb byajhvfwbb (d ghjwtynfö r xbcke jndtnbdibö)

Jåüzcytybt ghbxby Epåtrbcnfy14 Hjccbz15 2003 ujl 2004 ujl 1997 ujl Ccskrb yf pfctrhtxtyyjcnm 20 24 49,3 Pfghtn herjdjlcndf lfdfnm 40 52 23,2 byajhvfwbñ Ccskrb yf jncencndbt e cjnhelybrf 60 41 17,4 dhtvtyb, étkfybz bkb chtlcnd yf gjbcr byajhvfwbb Jncencndbt nhtåetvjq byajhvfwbb 52 39 13,0

Åtp jåüzcytybz ghbxby 71 77 12,7 Ccskrb yf ytgjkyjne byajhvfwbb 56 28 8,5 Jgfctybt, xnj éehyfkbcn bcrfpbn 40 36 8,5 byajhvfwbñ, bcgjkmpetn tt dj dhtl Ytétkfybt cjnhelybxfnm c lfyysv 10 22 8,3 CVB Ytétkfybt åeljhfébnm 62 70 5,8 jåotcndtyyjt vytybt Kbxysq cnhfö bvtnm ytghbznyjcnb 80 79 4,3 Ytétkfybt éehyfkbcnf gkfnbnm pf 8 15 2,9 byajhvfwbñ

Dvtcnt c ntv, d Hjccbb ghtjåkflfkf ntyltywbz, rjulf byajhvf- wbñ yt ghtljcnfdkzkb ddble tt ≤ctrhtnyjcnb bkb pfghtnf herjdjl- cndf bvtnm ltkj c éehyfkbcnfvb≥. Dsit ujdjhbkjcm j wtypeht, jlyfrj d åjkmitq cntgtyb d Epåt- rbcnfyt ghfrnbxtcrjt hfpdbnbt gjkexftn cfvjwtypehf, gjl rjnjhjq 14 Jghjc gjpdjkzk htcgjyltynfvb jndtxfnm chfpe gj ytcrjkmrbv geyrnfv, jghjityj 100 cjnhelybrjd CVB 15 Éehyfkbcn d gjbcrfö byajhvfwbb. Ajyl pfobns ukfcyjcnb/ Wtynh pfobns ghfd ghtccs, Vjcrdf, Ghfdf xtkjdtrf, 1997, c. 7

81 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

cktletn gjybvfnm ytétkfybt cfvjuj éehyfkbcnf geåkbrjdfnm cnfd- ibt tve bpdtcnysvb gj hjle ltzntkmyjcnb afrns, rjnjhst vjuen bvtnm ytufnbdyst gjcktlcndbz lkz ytuj cfvjuj, tuj hfåjnjlfntkz, ctvmb, gfhnbb bkb uheggs kbw, jåotcndf b ujcelfhcndf. C lheujq cnjhjys, ceotcndeñn vtnjls, rjnjhst gjpdjkzñn dkfcnb b uheggt kbw cjltqcndjdfnm cfvjwtypeht d CVB. Änj cnfyj- dbncz djpvjéysv pf cxtn ghjdtltybz gjkbnbrb ≤ryenf b ghzybrf≥. ≤Ghzybrfvb≥ ckeéfn: • gjdsitybt gj ckeéåt, edtkbxtybt ujyjhfhf bkb pfhfåjnyjq gkfns éehyfkbcnf; • rjvfylbhjdrf tuj pf ghtltks cnhfys, ghtljcnfdktybt jcjåjuj cnfnecf; • ghtljcnfdktybt gthcjyfkmysö kmujn (åtcgkfnyfz gentdrf, fdbf- åbktn, ckeétåyfz fdnjvfibyf) b yfuhféltybt (ghbps, vtlfkb b jhltyf, uhfvjns); • frrhtlbnfwbz b ljgecr r vthjghbznbzv, bvtñobv juhfybxtyysq öfhfrnth; ≤Ryenfvb≥ vjéyj cxbnfnm: • jnrfp frrhtlbnjdfnm yf vthjghbznbt bkb djjåot eckjéytybt hfåjns d Epåtrbcnfyt; • cjplfybt hfpkbxyjuj hjlf ntöybxtcrbö åfhmthjd d ltzntkmyjcnb CVB (gjdsitybt wty yf nbgjuhfacrbt eckeub, åevfue, fhtyle gjvtotybz, äktrnhjäythubñ, eckjéytybt hfcghjcnhfytybz bplf- ybq b vy. lh.); • euhjpf ghjdthjr c wtkmñ dszdktybz lfét vtkrbö yfheitybq jhufyfvb ghjrehfnehs, yfkjujdjq bycgtrwbb, cfyägbltvcnfywbb, ckeéås äythujrjynhjkz, gjéfhybrjd b gh.; • byajhvfwbjyyfz åkjrflf, pfgeubdfybt gfhnythjd. Cktletn jnvtnbnm, xnj ghbvthjd ≤ryenf≥ b ≤ghzybrf≥ yt cxtcnm. B rfélst chfåfnsdfñn d pfdbcbvjcnb jn jghtltktyyjq jåcnfyjdrb. Pltcm bvttncz d dble yt njkmrj ärjyjvbxtcrfz cbnefwbz bplfybz, yj b vtynfkbntn hfåjnfñobö, vtcnyjuj yfctktybz, gjkbnbxtcrjuj dkbz- ybz ntö bkb bysö uhegg, cjcnjzybz jhufyjd dkfcnb b eghfdktybz.

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I BYNTHYTN jcnftncz cathjq, d rjnjhjq zhrj ghjzdkztncz wty- pehf. Dct åjkmit ntöybxtcrbö bpjohtybq ghbvtyzñn cgtwckeéås, gsnfzcm dpznm Bynthytn gjl njnfkmysq rjynhjkm. Änj yt ghjcnj åkjrbhjdrf ntö bkb bysö cnfntq yf cfqnfö bkb cfvbö cfqnjd. Tckb ds öjnbnt yfåhfnm rfpföcnfycrbt ≤Yfdbufnjh≥ bkb ≤Htcgeåkbrf≥, nj gjzdbncz ckjdj ≤Pfghtotyj≥. Byjulf rjvgmñnth ljkuj yt vjétn ≤yfqnb≥ cthdth. Gjhjq jy cnhfyyj ≤jibåftncz≥. Vfubxtcrb gjzdkz- tncz rfrfz-nj gjbcrjdfz cbcntvf, ghbxtv jyf yt ltqcndetn, tckb öjnbnt ljåhfnmcz lj jggjpbwbjyysö epåtrcrbö cfqnjd. Ytrjnjhst vfnthbfks åkjrbheñncz nfr, xnj dvtcnj ybö gjzd- kzñncz kbwtdst cnhfybws cfqnf. Hfymit ghjdfqlth ≤EpCfqYtn≥ bcrecyj ghznfk ytrjnjhst vfnthbfks, rjnjhst dsöjlbkb yf gjge- kzhyjv dtå-htcehct ≤WtynhFpbz≥. Nj tcnm bö ytdjpvjéyj åskj jåyfheébnm d hfpltkt ≤Yjdjcnb≥, b jyb ≤dlheu≥ gjzdkzkbcm kbim d hfpltkt ≤Lbcreccbz≥. Cnfyjdbkjcm zcyj, xnj ghjuhfvvbcns öbn- hzn, åtpeckjdyj, yt gj cdjtve étkfybñ. Yj gjcrjkmre gjcnjzyyj ≤ghznfnm≥ byajhvfwbñ ghjåktvfnbxyj, nj åskj ghbyznj htitybt djjåot åkjrbhjdfnm tt, yj cltkfnm änj öbnhj, bpjohtyyj b äaatr- nbdyj, xnjås rjvfh b yjcf yt gjlnjxbk. Ntgthm cgtws ≤elthébdf- ñn≥ dhtvz. Z chfdybk byajhvfwbñ ≤WtynhFpbz≥, rjnjheñ gjkexfk, bcgjkm- pez kbybñ ghjdfqlthf ARS-Inform. F gjnjv pfitk d cgtwbfkmysq htcehc (www.proxeone.com), gjpdjkzñobq jåöjlbnm åkjrbhjdre, b dyjdm jnrhsk ≤WtynhFpbñ≥. B edbltk, xnj hfpybwf dj dhtvtyb cjcnfdkztn ldtyflwfnm xfcjd^^^ Yfghbvth, tckb hfpåkjrbhjdfyysq cfqn 28 vfz 2004 ujlf gjrfpsdfk cktleñott dhtvz b vfnthbfk: 14:56 x. Rfpföcnfycrbt xbyjdybrb hfcnthzys. Xnj ltkfnm c hec- crbvb, ghbtöfdibvb bp Epåtrbcnfyf d cnhfye d rfxtcndt jhfkvf- yjd. Jlyfrj abkmnhetvsq d änjn vjvtyn cfqn ltvjycnhbhjdfk åjkm- ijq hfphsd dj dhtvtyb: 02:17 x. Vjyfhibq lheu Yehceknfy. Rhbxfk kb Yfpfhåftd ≤ujhm- rj≥ yf cdflmåt ghbywf Atkbgt?

83 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

Pf änj dhtvz wtypjhs d cgtwckeéåfö ecgtdfñn ghjxtcnm byajh- vfwbñ, ghjfyfkbpbhjdfnm b lfnm rjvfyle yf åkjrbhjdre njq bkb byjq cnfnmb. YFHEITYBZ CJ CNJHJYS BPLFYBQ. Ytrjnjhst yfwbj- yfkmyst bplfybz, hfcgjkjétyyst d Nfirtynt, jnrfpsdfñncz ghbyb- vfnm jåüzdktybz b htrkfve jn xfcnysö kbw, tckb nt yt zdkzñncz uhfélfyfvb Epåtrbcnfyf bkb yt bvtñn ghjgbcrb d cnjkbwt16. Yfghbvth, cjnhelybwf ufptns ≤Xfcnysq ctrnjh≥, ghbkjétybz r tétytltkmybre ≤GhtccNBÉ≥, ghbybvfñofz jåüzdktybz, ccskfkfcm yf dbczott d rfåbytnt ≤Gjkjétybt j hfpvtotybb htrkfvs≥, rjnjhjt endthéltyj gjcnfyjdktybtv Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj rjvbntnf gj ltvjyj- gjkbpfwbb b hfpdbnbñ rjyrehtywbb pf § 4 jn 26 vfhnf 2001 ujlf. D cnfnmt 13 lfyyjuj ljrevtynf pfgbcfyj: ≤Ghb geåkbrfwbb xfcnysö jåüzdktybq abpbxtcrbö kbw djpvjéyj pfrkñxtybt c htrkfvjlfnt- kzvb cjukfitybq d hfpkbxysö ajhvfö (åkfyr-pfrfps, pfzdktybz b lh.) c jåzpfntkmysv erfpfybtv ytjåöjlbvjq byajhvfwbb j htrkf- vjlfntkt (gfcgjhnyst lfyyst)≥. Yf pfvtxfybt, xnj d änjv gjkjétybb yt erfpfyj, xnj pfghtof- tncz ghbybvfnm htrkfve jn uhfélfy Rfpföcnfyf, Rshuspcnfyf bkb lheubö ujcelfhcnd b djjåot ytn ybrfrjuj egjvbyfybz j ghjgbcrt, cjnhelybwf rfntujhbxtcrb jndtnbkf, xnj cnfnmz 13 änj dct hfdyj gjlhfpevtdftn. B gjänjve jyf jnrfpsdftn kñåjve, tckb, rjytxyj, e njuj ytn dhtvtyyjq ghjgbcrb bkb htubcnhfwbb. Nj, xnj änj yfhe- itybt cnfnmb 23 yfwbjyfkmyjq Rjycnbnewbb, d rjnjhjq pfgbcfyj: ≤Byjcnhfyysv uhfélfyfv b kbwfv åtp uhfélfycndf, yföjlzobvcz yf nthhbnjhbb Htcgeåkbrb Epåtrbcnfy, jåtcgtxbdfñncz ghfdf b cdj- åjls d cjjndtncndbb c yjhvfvb vtéleyfhjlyjuj ghfdf≥, cjnhelybwf ≤Xfcnyjuj ctrnjhf≥, dblbvj, yt dtlfkf. Jyf nfrét gjlndthlbkf, xnj jnrfp vjétn bvtnm vtcnj b d ckexfzö, tckb epåtrcrfz ghjgbcrf jncencndetn e uhfélfybyf, ghjébdfñotuj pf ghtltkfvb Epåtrbcnfyf. Änbv cfvsv htlfrwbz yfheiftn cnfnmñ 16 Ghjgbcrf – hfphtitybt vtcnysö jhufyjd dkfcnb yf ghjébdfybt uhfélfybyf bkb ythtpbltynf yf lfyyjq nthhbnjhbb. Cjöhfybkfcm d Epåtrbcnfyt c cjdtncrbö dhtvty b zdkztncz vjoysv fynbcnbvekznjhjv ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ghtjåhfpjdfybq, lbcrhbvb- ybhetn kñltq gj vtcne ébntkmcndf, zdkztncz jlybv bp bcnjxybrjd lkz rjhhegwbb.

84  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I 18 Rjycnbnewbb, d rjnjhjq pfgbcfyj: ≤Dct uhfélfyt Htcgeåkbrb Epåt- rbcnfy bvtñn jlbyfrjdst ghfdf b cdjåjls. Jyb hfdys gthtl pfrjyjv åtp hfpkbxbz gjkf, hfcs, yfwbjyfkmyjcnb, zpsrf, htkbubb, cjwbfkmyjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, eåtéltybq, kbxyjuj b jåotcndtyyjuj gjkjétybz≥. Cktletn ghbpyfnm, xnj änbv ≤uhtifn≥ yt dct bplfybz. Jghjcs, ghjdtltyyst tétytltkmybrfvb ≤Nfcdbh≥, ≤ÄRJ≥, ≤Åbpytc-Dtcnybr Djcnjrf≥, gjrfpfkb, xnj ukfdyjt – cfv gfcgjhn, c rjnjhjuj cyb- vfñncz lfyyst, jlyfrj yfkbxbt ujhjlcrjq ghjgbcrb yt zdkztncz ceotcndtyyjq. Ytrjnjhst éehyfkbcns gjdtlfkb, xnj htrkfvyst jåüzdktybz xbnfñncz rfhfntkmyj-htghtccbdysvb cnhernehfvb, b d ckexft, tckb htrkfvjlfntkm yt ébntkm Nfirtynf b lfét Epåt- rbcnfyf, nj bplfybz cnhjuj yfrfpsdfñncz pf jncencndbt rjynhjkz. Dghjxtv, ybrfrbö ljrevtynjd, ghtlecvfnhbdfñobö yfrfpfybt pf gjljåyeñ ltzntkmyjcnm, vyjq jåyfheétyj yt åskj yb d ltqcndeñ- obö pfrjyfö, yb d jnrhsnsö jabwbfkmysö ljrevtynfö, nfr ét rfr b gjgsnrb yfqnb cnfnmb d eujkjdyjv b lheubö rjltrcfö htcgeåkbrb yt edtyxfkbcm ecgtöjv. Njkmrj ytgjyznyj, gjxtve chtlcndfv vfc- cjdjq byajhvfwbb ghblfñn cnfnec yflpbhfntkmyjuj jhufyf? D xtv pfrkñxftncz ghtcnegktybt, tckb jåüzdktybt lftn byjcnhfytw? Nfr jcnfkcz jnrhsnsv djghjc: bybwbfnbdf kb änj cjåcndtyyj ufptn bkb yterkñéfz gjvjom ujcelfhcndtyyjq wtypehs? Rcnfnb, bp-pf jncencndbz cnjkbxyjq ghjgbcrb eét vyjuj vtcz- wtd rfhfntkmyj-htghtccbdyst jhufys vexfñn éehyfkbcnre Ävbkbñ Kb, yt gjpdjkzz tq ghjébdfnm b hfåjnfnm d Nfirtynt. Nfv njét ccskfñncz yf fynbrjycnbnewbjyyst gjlpfrjyyst frns b gbcmvf dtljvcnd. Tot yfheitybz, rjnjhst ljgecrfñncz bplfybzvb. Cjukfcyj cnfnmt 21 pfrjyf Htcgeåkbrb Epåtrbcnfy ≤J chtlcndfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb≥, rfélsq yjvth gthbjlbxtcrjuj bplfybz ljkéty cjlth- éfnm jghtltktyyst cdtltybz. D bö xbckt yfpdfybt, flhtc htlfrwbb, yfbvtyjdfybt exhtlbntktq, ABJ htlfrnjhf, htubcnhfwbjyysq yjvth bplfybz b lfne tuj dsöjlf, f lkz ufptn – nfrét dhtvz hfphtitybz b gjlgbcfybz d gtxfnm, byltrc gthbjlbxtcrjuj bplfybz, hfcghjcnhfyzt- vjuj ghtlghbznbtv cdzpb, nbhfé, yfpdfybt b flhtc nbgjuhfabb.

85 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

Vtéle ntv, yt dct bplfybz dsgjkyzñn äne yjhve pfrjyf. D änjv vjéyj eåtlbnmcz, tldf ghjcvjnhtnm ufptns, dsgecrftvst d Nfirtynt. Yfghbvth, htcgeåkbrfycrfz ufptnf yf nflébrcrjv zpsrt ≤Jdjpb njxbr≥, heccrjzpsxyst ghfdbntkmcndtyyfz ≤Ghfdlf Djcnj- rf≥, dtljvcndtyyfz ≤Xfcnyfz cjåcndtyyjcnm≥, xfcnyfz ≤ÄRJ≥ yt lfñn cdtltybz j nbhfét, f gfhnbqyfz ≤Ujkjc Epåtrbcnfyf≥ b eprjg- hjabkmyfz ≤Åfyrjdcrbt dtljvjcnb≥ – byltrc. Byjulf yt dsöjlzn d cdtn lfyyst j dhtvtyb gjlgbcfybz r gtxfnb17. Vjéyj åskj ås änj cxbnfnm pfåsdxbdjcnmñ htlfrwbb, yj bp yjvthf d yjvth nfrbt ckexfb gjdnjhzñncz. Ytpfdbcbvst ärcgthns cxbnfñn, xnj pltcm ltqcndeñn ytcrjkmrj byst ghbxbys. Gj bö vyt- ybñ, nbhféb e hzlf ufptn ytpyfxbntkmyst – 2,5-6 nsc. ärptvgkzhjd. Tckb nfrbt cdtltybz cnfyen bpdtcnys htrkfvjlfntkzv, nj jyb gtht- cnfyen gkfnbnm pf cdjñ htrkfve, nfr rfr nfrjq jåütv nbhféf yt bvttn ärjyjvbxtcrjq äaatrnbdyjcnb. D cdzpb c änbv, htlfrwbz bltn yf eöbohtybz, ghbrhsdfzcm ≤pfåsdxbdjcnmñ≥. Jlyfrj nfrjq ghjdfk d gfvznb vjétn csuhfnm pkeñ ienre, tckb yfuhzytn c ghjdthrjq yfkjujdfz bycgtrwbz, rjnjhfz bvttn pfrjyyst jcyjdfybz gjljpht- dfnm, xnj yjvthjd gtxfnftncz åjkmit, xtv abrcbhetncz ult-kbåj, b ≤ktdsq≥ nbhfé bltn d ≤xthyeñ rfcce≥. Byltrc gthbjlbxtcrjuj bplfybz, hfcghjcnhfyztvjuj ghtlghbz- nbtv cdzpb, nfrét yt geåkbretncz, gjcrjkmre, rfr ujdjhzn ärcgthns, gjhjq ufptns hfcghjcnhfyzñncz yt xthtp ñhblbxtcrbt kbwf, f abpb- xtcrbt. D xtndthu b gznybwe, crfétv, djpkt nbgjuhfabq ≤Ifhr≥ bltn åjqrfz jgnjdfz hfcghjlféf cdtébö yjvthjd, ghzvj cjitlibö c rjydtqthf, b jgkfnf bylbdblefkmysvb hfcghjcnhfybntkzvb jceot- cndkztncz yfkbxysvb. Yj tckb ghtlghbznbz cdzpb abrcbheñn jåütv pfregftvjuj b hfcghjcnhfyztvjuj bplfybz, nj e xfcnybrjd xtnrjq åeöufknthbb yt dtltncz. Pltcm nfrét djpvjéty ≤ktdfr≥. Jlyj dhtvz ytrjnjhst bplfybz åjhjkbcm c ≤ktdsvb≥ nbhféfvb, ljöjl jn ghjlféb rjnjhsö ikb d ≤xthyeñ≥ rfcce. Änj rfcfkjcm gjgekzhysö hjccbqcrbö ufptn, gtxfnftvsö b hfcghjcnhfyztvsö d 17 Vjybnjhbyu ghjdjlbkcz d zydfht 2004 ujlf

86  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I Epåtrbcnfyt, f nfrét hzlf epåtrcrbö bplfybq. Ltkj d njv, xnj ceotcndetn ghtltk gjnhtåyjcnb yf nt bkb byst gtxfnyst CVB, f edt- kbxtybt pfdbcbn jn gjregfntkmcrjq cgjcjåyjcnb uhfélfy. D gthdeñ jxthtlm htfkbpetncz ytktufkmyfz ghjlerwbz, f jabwbfkmyfz ytlt- kzvb jcnftncz yf ghbkfdrt b gjnjv djpdhfoftncz ghjbpdjlbntkñ rfr ytghjlfyyfz (d cdjt dhtvz ytrjnjhst bplfybz lfét gjregfkb e hfcghjcnhfybntktq cdjb ufptns gj åjktt dscjrbv wtyfv, xtv ghjlf- dfkb bv, – djn nfrjq gfhfljrc^). Htlfrwbb nthgzn eåsnrb, ntytdfz ärjyjvbrf hfcwdtnftn. D gjcktlytt dhtvz åjhmåf c änbv zdktybtv ghbenbökf, öjnz ytn edthtyyjcnb, xnj rjydtqth ytktufkmyjuj nbhféf ghbjcnfyjdkty.

Xfcnm 5. BYAJHVFWBJYYFZ CDJÅJLF BKB BYAJHVFWBJYYFZ ÅTPJGFCYJCNM? Byajhvfwbjyysq ghjlern xfcnj chfdybdfñn c vbyjq, gjnjve xnj jy bvttn yt vtymieñ ≤gjlhsdyeñ≥ cbke d jåotcndt. Xnj ét yf cfvjv ltkt crhsdftncz pf änbv gjyznbtv? D gjcktlybt ujls d Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb, jcjåtyyj gjckt cjåsnbq 11 ctynzåhz d CIF, ≤dlheu≥ pfujdjhbkb jå byajhvfwbjyyjq åtpj- gfcyjcnb b ghbyznbb dczxtcrbö vth r pfobnt byajhvfwbb jn tt ghjbpdjkmyjuj b ytcfyrwbjybhjdfyyjuj bcgjkmpjdfybz. Ghbxby lkz nfrjuj hfpujdjhf åskj vyjuj: änj b nktndjhyjt dkbzybt, zrjås, xeé- ljq bltjkjubb, b yhfdcndtyyjt gfltybt vjkjltéb, b tt eöjl jn nhflb- wbq b rekmnehs, b igbjyfé, b vyjujt lheujt, xnj vjétn ghblevfnm xbyjdybxbq ev. Ytcjvytyyj, ljkz bcnbys d änjv tcnm. Yj, gj-vjtve, änf jgfcyjcnm ckbirjv cbkmyj ghtedtkbxtyf, båj byajhvfwbjyyjt ghjcnhfycndj rfr dyenhb htcgeåkbr, nfr b djjåot d htubjyt dtcmvf ytdtkbrj. Rfr vjétn cdjåjlyj hfcghjcnhfyznmcz byajhvfwbz (d dblt éehyfkbcncrjuj ghjlernf, xfcnyjuj vytybz, yjdjcnyjuj cjås- nbz, ljrevtynf b gh.), tckb yf tt genb cnjzn åfhmths, d xfcnyjcnb, d dblt hfpkbxyjq ajhvs wtypehs. D Rfpföcnfyt b Rshuspcnfyt, rjnjhst hfymit cxbnfkbcm ≤jcnhjdrfvb ltvjrhfnbb≥, ghtcktleñn éehyfkbcnjd b pfrhsdfñn jggjpbwbjyyst bplfybz. D Nehrvtybcnfyt CVB djjåot yföjlzncz gjl njnfkmysv rjynhjktv jlyjq kbxyjcnb.

87 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

D Nflébrbcnfyt ghtcct ghböjlbncz åsnm jcnjhjéyjq, xnjås yt clt- njybhjdfnm gjkbnbxtcreñ yfghzétyyjcnm d cnhfyt, f d Epåtrbcnfyt éehyfkbcnjd bkb yt frrhtlbneñn, bkb jceotcndkzñn dtljvcndty- yeñ wtypehe, bkb djjåot yt ghtljcnfdkzñn byajhvfwbñ dj dctv tt hfpyjjåhfpbb. ≤Ghtélt xtv yfgbcfnm xnj-nj j ghjåktvt, djkyeñotq jåotcndj, vyt ytjåöjlbvf byajhvfwbz, – ujdjhbn éehyfkbcn jlyjq htcgeå- kbrfycrjq ufptns Epåtrbcnfyf. – Tt jåkflfñn ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufys, yj jyb bp-pf åjzpyb cjjåobnm cdtltybz, ghtlcnfdkzñobt ujcelfhcndtyyeñ ≤nfqye≥, cnfhfñncz buyjhbhjdfnm éehyfkbcnjd. F tckb jyb b lfñn cdtltybz, nj änb cdtltybz yt ghtlcnfdkzñn ybrf- rjuj bynthtcf≥. Yfghbvth, d ltrfåht 2002 ujlf ghjbpjitk bywbltyn d Fiöfåflt, rjulf d gjcjkmcndj Epåtrbcnfyf djhdfkbcm nehrvtycrbt cgtwckeéås, zrjås, d gjbcrfö nthhjhbcnjd. Nj, xnj änj yfheitybt dctö yjhv vtéleyfhjlyjuj ghfdf, cjvytybq yb e rjuj yt dspsdftn. Jlyfrj d epåtrcrjq ghtcct ghjikf byajhvfwbz jå änjv njkmrj d ajhvt jabwbfkmyjq yjns ghjntcnf vbybcnthcndf byjcnhfyysö ltk. Cthmtpyjuj jåceéltybz bkb rjvvtynfhbz yt gjcktljdfkj yb cj cnjhjys ärcgthnjd b éehyfkbcnjd, yb cj cnjhjys ujcelfhcndtyysö cnherneh, rjnjhsv ghbikjcm ås hfcrhsnm ytrjnjhst ghjåktvs dj dytiytq gjkbnbrt. Tcntcndtyyj, yb d gtxfnb, yb yf ntktdbltybb djjåot yt åskj byajhvfwbb j cjcnjzybb epåtrcrj-nehrvtycrbö jnyj- itybq, f nfrét dhfpevbntkmyjuj jåüzcytybz, d cdzpb c xtv djpybrkj nfrjt jåjcnhtybt vtéle ldevz ≤åhfncrbvb≥ ujcelfhcndfvb? D cnfnmt 7 pfrjyf ≤J ghbywbgfö b ufhfynbzö cdjåjls byajhvf- wbb≥ jnhfétyj: ≤Chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb ytcen cjdvtcnyj c bcnjxybrjv b fdnjhjv byajhvfwbb jndtncndtyyjcnm pf ljcnjdthyjcnm hfcghjcnhfyztvjq byajhvfwbb d ecnfyjdktyyjv pfrjyjv gjhzlrt≥. Vjétn kb åsnm ljcnjdthyjq ubgjntpf bkb ghtlgjkjétybt? Rfr ljrf- pfnm, tcnm kb ébpym yf Vfhct bkb ytn? Vjéyj ghtlgjkjébnm, yj yt ljrfpfnm. F pyfxbn, fdnjh gjgflftn gjl rfhfñoeñ cnfnmñ pfrjyf. Änbv b gjkmpeñncz åjhws pf byajhvfwbjyyeñ åtpjgfcyjcnm. Yfhzle c ghjåktvjq ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb, d Epåtrbcnfyt jcnhj cnjbn ghjåktvf dctjåotq byajhvfwbjyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb,

88  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I rjnjhjq ghbrhsdfñncz ujcelfhcndtyyst ckeéås, zrjås, d wtkzö pfobns bynthtcjd cnhfys (djtyysö, gjkbnbxtcrbö, ärjyjvbxtcrbö, rekmnehysö b gh.). Gjänjve gjlfdkzñofz xfcnm ljrevtynjd, rjnj- hst jåhfofñncz d åñhjrhfnbxtcrjq cbcntvt, yjcbn uhba ≤LCG≥, yj lfét tckb nfrjuj pyfrf nfv b ytn, nj jn änjuj cfvf åevfuf yt cnfyjdbncz jnrhsnjq. Cjplfyyst ghb hfpkbxysö dtljvcndfö b vbybc- nthcndfö ghtcc-ckeéås gjhjq bpåtufñn dcnhtxb c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb vfcc-vtlbf, dblbvj, bp-pf njuj, xnj yt pyfñn, d rfrjq cntgtyb ne bkb byeñ byajhvfwbñ vjéyj ljytcnb lj kñltq. Rjytxyj, dctulf ujnjds ghtcc-htkbps, yj d ybö nfrbt crelyst cdtltybz, ghbxtv gjhjq cjcnjzobt bp uhjvrbö, yj gecnsö gj cvscke ckjd, xnj lkz éehyf- kbcnjd jyb yt ghtlcnfdkzñn ébdjuj (b lfét vthndjuj) bynthtcf. Dghjxtv, xfcnj änb ghtcc-htkbps ghjcnj gthtgbcsdfñn b geåkbreñn åtp jcjåsö bpvtytybq. Ytrjvgtntynyjcnm kñltq d gjybvfybb byajhvfwbjyyjq åtpjgfc- yjcnb ghbdjlbn r gthtubåe, xnj, dghjxtv, yt elbdbntkmyj d fdnjhb- nfhysö ujcelfhcndfö. Wtypehf – änjn bycnhevtyn, rjnjhsq ytukfcyj ddjlbncz, zrjås, d wtkzö pfobns ujcelfhcndtyysö ctrhtnjd, f yf cfvjv ltkt zdkztncz abkmnhjv jnctbdfybz ≤ytyeéysö≥ cdtltybq. F gjl ≤ytyeéysvb≥ cdtltybzvb vjéyj gjybvfnm dct, xnj yt ecnhf- bdftn dkfcnm bkb lbcrhtlbnbhetn tt d ukfpfö uhfélfy. Gjänjve yf cnhfybwfö epåtrcrjq ghtccs vjéyj htlrj edbltnm cnfnmb j rjhheg- wbb, ntytdjq ärjyjvbrt, ybotnt, ghjbpdjkt xbyjdybrjd. Dtlm änj ltvjycnhbhetn njn afrn, xnj dkfcnm bkb yt cgjcjåyf, bkb yt öjxtn åjhjnmcz c änbvb ytufnbdysvb zdktybzvb. Kexit yt ujdjhbnm jå änjv, b njulf kñlb yt åelen pyfnm – nfrjdf gjpbwbz wtypehs. Xfcnj ghjåktve byajhvfwbjyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb genfñn c pflfxtq ghjnbdjltqcndbz dhféltåysv cbkfv d ltkt ajhvbhjdfybz yfwbj- yfkmyjq bltjkjubb, pf rjnjheñ nfr xfcnj hfneñn yfib dkfcnb. Öjnz, tckb pfukzyenm d Rjycnbnewbñ Htcgeåkbrb Epåtrbcnfy, nj nfv ghzvj erfpsdftncz, xnj ybrfrfz bltjkjubz yt vjétn ecnfyfdkbdfnmcz d rfxtcndt ujcelfhcndtyyjq. Vtéle ntv, cnjhjyybrb yfwbjyfkmyjq bltjkjubb ghtlkfufñn ghjnbdjcnjznm dytiytve byajhvfwbjyyjve djpltqcndbñ gjchtlcndjv gjlrjynhjkmysö CVB, d pflfxe rjnj-

89 Fkbith Nfrcfyjd

hsö cktletn drkñxbnm ajhvbhjdfybt jåotcndtyyjuj cjpyfybz b vytybz, ecnhfbdfñobö ujcelfhcndj. ≤Ukjåfkbpfwbz dtltn r dsvs- dfybñ yfibö yhfdcndtyysö b vjhfkmysö wtyyjcntq. Yfctktybt dct vtymit edféftn dkfcnm b botn byst fdnjhbntns, – endthélfñn jyb. – Cktljdfntkmyj, ytjåöjlbvj cnfdbnm ntöybxtcrbt b byst åfhmths gthtl nfrjq byajhvfwbjyyjq fuhtccbtq≥. Ytcjvytyyj, gjl åjhmåjq c ≤xeéljq bltjkjubtq≥ cktletn gjybvfnm åjhmåe c byfrjvsckbtv, gjkbnbre ghbdbdfybz kñlzv ≤edfétybz≥ gthtl xbyjdybrfvb, nj tcnm ntvb, rnj ghtlcnfdkztn b cbvdjkbpbhetn dkfcnm, ghjnbdjltqcndbt jggjpbwbb, rfr zdktybñ, yt cdjqcndtyyjve ≤yfwbjyfkmysv nhflb- wbzv b vtynfkbntne≥. D hfyu vjhfkmyjq gjkbnbrb xfcnj djpdjlbncz Fvbh Ntveh, xmb ≤gjldbub≥ öjhjij bpdtcnys d gjrjhtyysö bv cnhf- yfö, f rhbnthbtv yhfdcndtyyjcnb – gfnhbfhöfkmyj-rjycthdfnbdyst cnfylfhns. B nt, rnj gsnftncz byfxt dpukzyenm yf änj, cnfyjdzncz dhfufvb ≤yfwbjyfkmyjq bltjkjubb≥, f pyfxbn, hfpheifñn byajhvf- wbjyyeñ åtpjgfcyjcnm, dyjcz cvene d ujkjds uhfélfy. Ujdjhz jå byajhvfwbjyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, cktletn jnvtnbnm jlby yñfyc: jyf ceotcndetn d jåotcndt, rjnjhjt cfvj gj ctåt yt zdkz- tncz d byajhvfwbjyyjv cvsckt jnrhsnsv. Bcöjlz bp änjuj, dkfcnb vjuen cxbnfnm jgfcysv dct, xnj yf cfvjv ltkt zdkztncz tcntcndty- ysv ghfdjv xtkjdtrf yf cdjåjle ckjdf, vsckb, eåtéltybq, vbhj- djpphtybz, cdjåjle cjdtcnb b htkbubb. Dthjznyj, d cdzpb c änbv d yjzåht 2002 ujlf ukfdf dytiytgjkbnbxtcrjuj dtljvcndf Epåtrbcnfyf ghtljcnthtu éehyfkbcnjd jn ≤jibåjr≥ ghb jgbcfybb bvb dytiytgj- kbnbxtcrbö ltqcndbq ujcelfhcndf. Änj njét cdjtjåhfpyfz wtypehf. Tt ≤åkfujhjlyfz≥ wtkm – yt dhtlbnm ≤bvblée≥ htcgeåkbrb, yt ecb- kbdfnm b åtp njuj yfghzétyyst jnyjitybz Epåtrbcnfyf c ≤åhfncrb- vb≥ cnhfyfvb, c rjnjhsvb xbyjdybrb b nfr d ntxtybt vyjubö ktn ajhcbhjdfkb ≤lheéåe≥. Bysvb ckjdfvb, yt cktletn hfcrhsdfnm jibårb cfvjuj ghfdbntkmcndf, gjcrjkmre yfit ghfdbntkmcndj cfvjt ghfdbkmyjt, åtpjibåjxyjt, velhjt. Rjytxyj, åsdfñn jibårb kbxyjc- ntq, yj dtlm änj xfcnyjt b gjänjve htlrjt zdktybt. Cfvst ukfdyst jibårb cjdthifñn éehyfkbcns, rjnjhst hfcrhsdfñn dhfufv yfib ghjvföb b ytljcnfnrb, dsyjczn cjh bp bpås. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, rfr

90  GJCKTLYBT CJÅSNBZ D JÅKFCNB CVB D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

I njkmrj byajhvfwbjyyfz åtpjgfcyjcnm yfxbyftn dshféfnmcz d rjy- rhtnysö ltqcndbzö, nfr ghtccf yfxbyftn cnfkrbdfnmcz c gjhfétybtv d ytjnütvktvsö uhfélfycrbö ghfdfö. D xfcnyjcnb, änj pfghtn yf ltzntkmyjcnm ntö bkb bysö chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Dcgjvybv, rfr pfrhsdfkb öjhtpvcreñ ntktc- nfywbñ ≤Äk-Cb≥, hflbjcnfywbb ≤Tdhjgf-gkñc≥, ≤Vjq ujhjl≥, rfr ljkujt dhtvz vjkxfk d äabht ≤Ctpfv≥, rfrbt ghjåktvs åskb e hflbjcnfywbb ≤Uhfyl≥, rjulf nelf ghbitk hfåjnfnm bpdtcnysq éeh- yfkbcn Fkj Öjléftd (ktnjv 2004 ujlf tuj dsyelbkb edjkbnmcz). Änj nfrét jnrfp d frrhtlbnfwbb byjcnhfyysö éehyfkbcnjd, cnfnmb rjnjhsö yt dgbcsdfñncz d hfvrb ≤byajhvfwbjyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb≥, d xfcnyjcnb, fdnjhe lfyyjq cnfnmb VBL jnrfpfk d gjljåyjq ≤kñåtp- yjcnb≥ 3 ltrfåhz 2002 ujlf. R cjéfktybñ, byajhvfwbjyyfz åtpjgfcyjcnm, d gjybvfybb dkfc- ntq, änj cjnhelybxtcndj CVB c dkfcnzvb c wtkmñ bpåtéfybz jukfcrb ytufnbdysö zdktybq b ntyltywbq d jåotcndt. Cnhtvktybt cjplfnm rkflåbotycreñ cnfåbkmyjcnm, rfr tlbycndtyysq genm htuekbhjdfybz dctö jåotcndtyysö ghjwtccjd, ghbdjlbn r lfdktybñ yf ntö, rnj yt étkftn ébnm yf ≤rkflåbot≥. Nt, rnj cjnhelybxftn cj cgtwckeéåfvb b cnexbn yf rjkktu gj gthe, zdkzñncz dscjrbvb cbvdjkfvb byajhvf- wbjyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. Byst – änj dhfub, rjnjhsö cktletn jgjhjxbnm, xnjås jyb åjkmit yt ghtlcnfdkzkb jgfcyjcnb lkz dkfcnb...

91 92  PFRJYS J RKTDTNT B JCRJHÅKTYBB RFR DSPJD CDJÅJLT CVB

ÈÈ. II PFRJYS J RKTDTNT B JCRJHÅKTYBB RFR DSPJD CDJÅJLT CVB

Gtnth Yjhkfylth PFRJYS J RKTDTNT B JCRJHÅKTYBB: NTHYBCNFZ LJHJUF LKZ YJDSÖ LTVJRHFNBQ

Yfltélf Cntgfyjdf LBAAFVFWBZ D EPÅTRBCNFYT: PFRJYJLFNTKMYST YJHVS B BÖ GHBVTYTYBT YF GHFRNBRT

Léeyfql Båjljd PFRJY J RKTDTNT B LBAAFVFWBB D NFLÉBRBCNFYT

Ifvfhfk Vfqxbtd ÅTPECGTIYST GJGSNRB UEVFYBPFWBB PFRJYJLFNTKMCNDF J RKTDTNT D RSHUSPCNFYT

Hjpkfyf Nferbyf J GJLLTHÉRT BYBWBFNBDS GJ JNVTYT PFRJYF J RKTDTNT RFR AFRNJHF HFCGHFDS C ÉEHYFKBCNFVB D RFPFÖCNFYT

93 94  PFRJYS J RKTDTNT B JCRJHÅKTYBB RFR DSPJD CDJÅJLT CVB

Gtnth Yjhkfylth

II PFRJYS J RKTDTNT B JCRJHÅKTYBB: NTHYBCNFZ LJHJUF LKZ YJDSÖ LTVJRHFNBQ

Ghfdj yf cdjåjlyjt dshfétybt cdjbö eåtéltybq buhftn ébpytyyj dféyeñ hjkm d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv ghjwtcct. Åtp cdjåjlyjuj gjnjrf byajhvfwbb b bltq jåotcndtyyjcnm yt vjétn cjcnfdbnm vytybt j cdjtv ghfdbntkmcndt, bpåhfyysö ljkéyjcnysö kbwfö b gj lheubv djghjcfv, ghtlcnfdkzñobv dctjåobq bynthtc. Jcjåtyyj dféyfz hjkm d änjv ghbyflktébn chtlcndfv vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, rjnjhst cyfåéfñn jåotcndtyyjcnm byajhvfwbtq b dscnegfñn d hjkb ≤cnjhj- étdjuj gcf≥, dszdkzz afrns rjhhegwbb b bybwbbhez gjkbnbxtcrbt lbcreccbb. Rfr jnvtnbk Dthöjdysq cel CIF, ≤dscnegktybz gj djghjcfv jåotcndtyyjq pyfxbvjcnb änj yt ghjcnj cfvjdshfétybt; d ybö pfrkñxtyf cenm cfvjeghfdktybz≥1. Dj vyjubö cnhfyfö pfrjyjlfntkmcndj j lbaafvfwbb2 ghtlcnfd- kztn cjåjq jlye bp yfbåjktt cthmtpysö euhjp lkz jnrhsnjuj ghjdt- ltybz lbcreccbq, rjnjhjt ktébn d jcyjdt ltvjrhfnbb. Öjnz åjkmiby- cndj kñltq cjukfcys c ntv, xnj pfrjyjlfntkmcndj j lbaafvfwbb ckeébn ktubnbvysv wtkzv, gjkbnbxtcrbt jhufys b gjkbnbrb xfcnj pkjegjnhtåkzñn änbvb pfrjyfvb, xnjås pfcnfdbnm pfvjkxfnm cdjbö rhbnbrjd. D ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö ghfdbntkmcndfv elftncz gjlfdbnm lbcreccbb b pfnryenm hjn rhbnbrfv; ghb änjv jyb bcgjkmpeñn pfrj- yjlfntkmcndj j lbaafvfwbb, yf jcyjdfybb rjnjhjuj ghtlcnfdbntktq jggjpbwbb b éehyfkbcnjd gjldthufñn inhfafv bkb nñhtvyjve pfrkñxtybñ. D lheubö cbnefwbzö juhfybxtybtv lkz ghjdtltybz cdj- åjlysö lbcreccbq gj djghjcfv, bvtñobv jåotcndtyyeñ pyfxbvjcnm, ckeéfn ajhvfkmyjcnb, cdzpfyyst c celtåysv hfpåbhfntkmcndjv, b pfnhfns, djpkfuftvst yf jndtnxbrjd gj bcrfv j lbaafvfwbb. 1 Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 US 64 (1964) at 74–5. 2 Z egjnhtåkzñ jåobq nthvby ≤lbaafvfwbz≥, rjnjhsq jödfnsdftn gfcrdbkm, jcrjhåktybt b ecnyeñ rktdtne.

95 Gtnth Yjhkfylth

≤CNFNMZ 19≥, nj tcnm Ukjåfkmyfz rfvgfybz pf cdjåjle dshfét- ybz eåtéltybq, ckeébn wtkb htajhvbhjdfybz pfrjyjlfntkmcndf j lbaafvfwbb dj dctv vbht, d njv xbckt d Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb. Rfr gjrfpsdftn yfi jgsn, ytcvjnhz yf ytghthsdyjt kjååbhjdfybt cj cnjhjys YGJ b nfrbö vtéleyfhjlysö jhufybpfwbq, rfr Jhufybpfwbz gj åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcnde d Tdhjgt (JÅCT), lbaafvfwbz jcnftncz jlyjq bp ukfdysö ghjåktv d änjv htubjyt. B nfrfz cbnef- wbz cjöhfyztncz ytcvjnhz yf vyjujxbcktyyst vtéleyfhjlyst ljuj- djhs, hfnbabwbhjdfyyst ujcelfhcndfvb Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb, rjnjhst ufhfynbheñn cdjåjle dshfétybz eåtéltybq rfr jlye bp jcyjdysö cdjåjl d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt. Gj yfitve vytybñ, jlyf bp ghbxby änjuj pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvf- wbb b pfobofñobt bö fldjrfns ghjcnj ytljcnfnjxyj öjhjij jcdt- ljvktys j yjhvfö vtéleyfhjlyjuj ghfdf, d rjnjhsö pfrhtgktyf cdjåjlf dshfétybz eåtéltybq. Tckb ås ltqcndbz ujcelfhcnd åjktt frnbdyj jcgfhbdfkbcm d vtéleyfhjlysö celfö b nhbåeyfkfö, ujcelfh- cndf åskb ås dsyeéltys dytcnb gjghfdrb d cdjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj b ghfrnbre, c ntv xnjås ghbdtcnb bö d cjjndtncndbt c vtéleyfhjl- ysvb cnfylfhnfvb jnyjcbntkmyj cdjåjls dshfétybz eåtéltybq. Gjänjve d yfcnjzotv ljrkflt cjlthébncz jåpjh cjjndtncndeñobö cnfylfhnjd, hfphfåjnfyysö d cjjndtncndbb c vtéleyfhjlysvb ljuj- djhfvb, f nfrét erfpsdfñncz cgjcjås jåtcgtxtybz bcgjkytybz änbö cnfylfhnjd d yfwbjyfkmysö b vtéleyfhjlysö celfö. D pfrkñxtybt ghbdjlbncz rhfnrjt ghfrnbxtcrjt herjdjlcndj jnyjcbntkmyj njuj, rfr gjlfnm éfkjåe d Rjvbntn gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq.

Ghfdj yf cdjåjlyjt dshfétybt eåtéltybq b pfrjyjlfntkmcndj j lbaafvfwbb Ghfdj yf cdjåjlyjt dshfétybt eåtéltybq ufhfynbhjdfyj dj Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf, Vtéleyfhjlyjv gfrnt j uhfé- lfycrbö b gjkbnbxtcrbö ghfdfö (VGUGG)3, jcyjdysö htubjyfkmysö 3 Htpjkñwbz 2200F(ÖÖÈ) Utythfkmyjq Fccfvåktb Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq jn 16 ltrfåhz 1966 ujlf; Gfrn dcnegbk d cbke 23 vfhnf 1976 ujlf.

96  PFRJYS J RKTDTNT B JCRJHÅKTYBB RFR DSPJD CDJÅJLT CVB

ljujdjhfö gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf4, f nfrét d hzlt ltrkfhfwbq JÅCT. Bp änbö ljrevtynjd jcjåtyyj dféyjt pyfxtybt lkz ujcelfhcnd Wtyn- hfkmyjq Fpbb bvtñn VGUGG b ltrkfhfwbb JÅCT. Dct ujcelfhcndf II Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb, pf bcrkñxtybtv Rfpföcnfyf, hfnbabwbhjdfkb VGUGG (Rfpföcnfy gjlgbcfk tuj d 2003 ujle, b d yfcnjzott dhtvz Gfrn yföjlbncz d cnflbb hfnbabrfwbb), b, åelexb xktyfvb JÅCT, dct ujcelfhcndf Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb cjukfcbkbcm c cjjndtncndeñobv cdj- ljv yjhv JÅCT. Gjcrjkmre Tdhjgtqcrfz rjydtywbz j pfobnt ghfd xtkjdtrf zdkztncz dféysv ljrevtynjv, d rjnjhjv pfrhtgkztncz ghfdj yf cdjåjlyjt dshfétybt eåtéltybq cjukfcyj Vtéleyfhjl- yjve gfrne j uhfélfycrbö b gjkbnbxtcrbö ghfdfö, z cjikñcm nfrét yf ghtwtltynyjt ghfdj, hfphfåjnfyyjt cjukfcyj änjve ljujdjhe Tdhj- gtqcrbv celjv gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf. Hzl rkñxtdsö cnfylfhnjd, rfcfñoböcz pfrjyjlfntkmcndf j lba- afvfwbb, gjzdbkcz d htpekmnfnt celtåyjq ghfrnbrb Rjvbntnf gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf b Tdhjgtqcrjuj celf gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, f nfrét pfzdktybq vtéleyfhjlysö jhufybpfwbq, nfrbö rfr JÅCT, b chfdyb- ntkmyjuj fyfkbpf ghfrnbrb yfwbjyfkmysö dscibö celtåysö jhufyjd. ≤CNFNMZ 19≥ cjåhfkf dct änb vfnthbfks d tlbyjq geåkbrfwbb gjl yfpdfybtv Defining Defamation (≤Jghtltktybt lbaafvfwbb≥)5, d rjnj- hjq, gjvbvj ghjxtuj, bpkjétys rkñxtdst ghbywbgs d jnyjitybb eujkjdyjuj ghtcktljdfybz pf lbaafvfwbñ, cnfnecf ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd b ujcelfhcndtyysö ljkéyjcnysö kbw, jcyjdfybq lkz jcdj- åjéltybz jn jndtncndtyyjcnb pf lbaafvfwbñ b cjjndtncndeñobö chtlcnd ghfdjdjq pfobns. Z hfccvjnhñ bö gj jxthtlb.

4 Tdhjgtqcrfz rjydtywbz j pfobnt ghfd xtkjdtrf, Fvthbrfycrfz rjydtywbz j pfobnt ghfd xtkjdtrf b Fahbrfycrfz öfhnbz ghfd xtkjdtrf b yfhjljd. 5 London: ARTICLE 19, 2000. Änb ghbywbgs gjkexbkb dféyjt vtéleyfhjlyjt gjl- ndthéltybt, d njv xbckt gjchtlcndjv nhtö jabwbfkmysö vfylfnjd gj cdjåjlt dshfétybz eåtéltybq – Cgtwbfkmyjuj ljrkflxbrf Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gj cdjåjlt vytybq b bö cdjåjlyjuj dshfétybz, Ghtlcnfdbntkz JÅCT gj cdjåjlt chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb b Cgtwbfkmyjuj ljrkflxbrf JFU gj cdj- åjlt dshfétybz vytybq: Cv. bö cjdvtcnyeñ ltrkfhfwbñ jn 30 yjzåhz 2000 ujlf. C ljrevtynjv vjéyj jpyfrjvbnmcz yf cfqnt: http://www.article19.org.

97 Gtnth Yjhkfylth

Eujkjdyjt ghtcktljdfybt pf lbaafvfwbñ Jlyjq bp yfbåjktt cthmtpysö ghjåktv d jåkfcnb lbaafvfwbb zdkztncz ceotcndjdfybt d åjkmibycndt cnhfy Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb pfrjyjd jå eujkjdyjv ghtcktljdfybb pf lbaafvfwbñ. Rkñxtdfz ghjåktvf, cdzpfyyfz c änbvb pfrjyfvb, cjcnjbn d njv, xnj d rfxtcndt vths yfrfpfybz pf bö yfheitybt ghtlecvjnhtyj kbitybt cdjåjls bkb byfz cehjdfz cfyrwbz, nfrfz rfr kbitybt ghfdf pfybvfnmcz éeh- yfkbcnbrjq. Lfét tckb änb yfrfpfybz ghbvtyzñncz htlrj, ghjåktvf cjöhfyztncz, gjcrjkmre bö cehjdsq öfhfrnth yfljkuj åhjcftn ntym yf éehyfkbcnf. Jnchjxrf bcgjkytybz yfrfpfybz nfrét bvttn ceotcndty- yst ytufnbdyst gjcktlcndbz, gjcrjkmre gjcktleñott yfheitybt d ntxtybt ghtlgbcfyyjuj chjrf dktxtn pf cjåjq bcgjkytybt ghbujdjhf. D yfcnjzott dhtvz ibhjrj ghbpyftncz, xnj ytjåjcyjdfyyj cehjdst eujkjdyst cfyrwbb cfvb gj ctåt zdkzñncz yfheitybtv ghfdf yf cdjåjlyjt dshfétybt eåtéltybq, lfét tckb jåcnjzntkmcndf jghfd- lsdfñn ghbvtytybt ytrjnjhsö cfyrwbq pf pkjegjnhtåktybt änbv ghfdjv. Nfrbt vtéleyfhjlyst jhufys, rfr Jhufybpfwbz Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq b JÅCT, lfdyj ghbpyfkb jgfcyjcnm, cdzpfyyeñ c eujkjdysv pfrjyjlfntkmcndjv j lbaafvfwbb, b htrjvtyljdfkb jnvtybnm nfrjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj. Nfr, Gfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktz JÅCT ghb- pdfkf jnvtybnm dct pfrjys, d rjnjhsö ghtlecvjnhtyf eujkjdyfz jndtncndtyyjcnm pf lbaafvfwbñ d flhtc jåotcndtyysö ltzntktq bkb ghtlecvjnhtyj yfrfpfybt pf lbaafvfwbñ d jnyjitybb ujcelfh- cndf, ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd bkb ujcelfhcndtyysö ljkéyjcnysö kbw rfr nfrjdsö6. Cgtwbfkmysq ljrkflxbr Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlb- ytyysö Yfwbq dvtcnt cj cdjbvb rjkktufvb d JÅCT b JFU7 gjitk tot lfkmit, pfzdbd, xnj ≤eujkjdyjt ghtcktljdfybt pf lbaafvfwbñ yt zdkztncz jghfdlfyysv juhfybxtybtv cdjåjls dshfétybz eåté- ltybq; dct pfrjys jå eujkjdyjv ghtcktljdfybb pf lbaafvfwbñ ljkéys åsnm jnvtytys b pfvtytys, d ckexft ytjåöjlbvjcnb, 6 Warsaw Declaration of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, 8 July 1997, par. 140. 7 Jhufybpfwbz fvthbrfycrbö ujcelfhcnd.

98  PFRJYS J RKTDTNT B JCRJHÅKTYBB RFR DSPJD CDJÅJLT CVB

yflktéfobvb pfrjyfvb j uhfélfycrjq jndtncndtyyjcnb pf lbaaf- vfwbñ≥8. Rjvbntn gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq II ytjlyjrhfnyj dshféfk cdjñ jåtcgjrjtyyjcnm d jnyjitybb pkjegj- nhtåktybq ghb bcgjkmpjdfybb pfrjyjd jå eujkjdyjv ghtcktljdfybb pf lbaafvfwbñ b htrjvtyljdfk ghjdtcnb jcyjdfntkmyeñ htajhve d nfrbö hfpysö cnhfyfö, rfr Fpthåfqléfy9, Yjhdtubz10 b Rfvthey11. D ltkt, gthtlfyyjv d Rjvbntn bp Ihb-Kfyrb, jy dsytc pfrkñxtybt, xnj cbnefwbz, rjulf ghjnbd htlfrnjhf ufptns d ntxtybt ytcrjkmrbö ktn dtltncz eujkjdyjt hfccktljdfybt pf lbaafvfwbñ, zdkztncz yfheitybtv ghfdf yf cdjåjlyjt dshfétybt eåtéltybq. Rjvbntn pfzdbk, xnj ≤hfccktljdfybt ... d jnyjitybb eujkjdyjuj ghtcnegktybz, cjdthityyjuj d ajhvt lbaafvfwbb, rjnjhjt ghjdjlbncz d ntxtybt ytcrjkmrbö ktn gjckt dcnegktybz d cbke Afrekmnfnbdyjuj ghjnj- rjkf lkz lfyyjuj ujcelfhcndf-exfcnybrf, cnfdbn fdnjhf geåkbrfwbb d gjkjétybt ytjghtltktyyjcnb b ltkftn tuj jåütrnjv pfgeubdfybz, ytcvjnhz yf gjgsnrb fdnjhf gjkjébnm rjytw änbv jådbytybzv, b nfrfz cbnefwbz jrfpsdftn clthébdfñott djpltqcndbt, ytjåjcyjdfyyj juhfybxbdfz ghfdj fdnjhf yf cdjåjlyjt dshfétybt tuj vytybz≥12. Tdhjgtqcrbq cel gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, rjnjhsq ybrjulf yfghzveñ yt dsyjcbk htitybz gj gjdjle ktubnbvyjcnb pfrjyjd jå eujkjdyjv ghtcktljdfybb pf lbaafvfwbñ, ntv yt vtytt yb hfpe yt gjllthéfk ghbujdjh, ghtlgjkfufdibq nñhtvyjt pfrkñxtybt bkb ghbvtytybt lheubö cehjdsö vth yfrfpfybz d nfrbö ltkfö. D ltkt Castells v. Spain Cel dyjdm gjlndthlbk cdjñ gjpbwbñ, cjukfcyj rjnjhjq: 8 Cjdvtcnyfz ltrkfhfwbz Cgtwbfkmyjuj ljrkflxbrf Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gj cdjåjlt vytybq b bö cdjåjlyjuj dshfétybz, Ghtlcnfdbntkz JÅCT gj cdjåjlt chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb b Cgtwbfkmyjuj ljrkflxbrf JFU gj cdjåjlt dshfétybz vtybq, 10 ltrfåhz 2002 ujlf. 9 Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: Azerbaijan, UN Doc. CCPR/ CO/73/AZE, 12 November 2001. 10 Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: Norway, UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/ Add.112, 1 November 1999. 11 Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: Cameroon, UN Doc. CPR/C/79/ Add.116, 4 November 1999. 12 Communication No. 909/2000: Sri Lanka, 26 August 2004, UN Doc. CCPR/C/81/D/909/ 2000, at par. 9.4.

99 Gtnth Yjhkfylth

≤Ujcgjlcndeñott gjkjétybt, rjnjhjt pfybvftn ghfdbntkmcndj, jåzpsdftn tuj juhfybxbdfnm bcgjkmpjdfybt eujkjdyjuj celjghjbp- djlcndf, jcjåtyyj d ntö ckexfzö, rjulf vjéyj ghbvtybnm lheubt jndtnyst vths d jnyjitybb ytjghfdlfyysö yfgfljr b rhbnbrb cj cnjhjys tuj ghjnbdybrjd bkb chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb≥13. D njv ét ltkt Cel pfzdbk, xnj eujkjdyst vths yfrfpfybz ckt- letn ghtlecvfnhbdfnm njkmrj d nfrbö ckexfzö, rjulf ujcelfhcndf dscnegfñn ≤d rfxtcndt ufhfynjd jåotcndtyyjuj gjhzlrf≥ b tckb nfrbt vths ≤yfghfdktys yf nj, xnjås yflktéfobv jåhfpjv jnhtf- ubhjdfnm, yt ghbåtufz r xhtpvthysv cfyrwbzv, yf rktdtnybxtcrbt jådbytybz, kbityyst jcyjdfybq bkb cltkfyyst ytljåhjcjdtcnyj≥14. Dféyj, xnj d änjv ltkt, cdzpfyyjv c jceéltybtv pf lbaafvfwbñ, Cel cjckfkcz yf ghbvtytybt eujkjdysö cfyrwbq njkmrj rfr yf cgj- cjå gjllthéfnm jåotcndtyysq gjhzljr, f yt rfr yf chtlcndj pfobns htgenfwbb, xnj zdkztncz wtkmñ pfrjyjd j lbaafvfwbb. ≤CNFNMZ 19≥ ghblthébdftncz vytybz, xnj dct pfrjys jå eujkjd- yjv ghtcktljdfybb pf lbaafvfwbñ ghjnbdjhtxfn ufhfynbb cdjåjls dshfétybz eåtéltybq. Yfi Ghbywbg 4(f) ukfcbn: ≤Dct pfrjys, rfcfñobtcz eujkjdyj-yfrfpetvjq lbaafvfwbb, ljkéys åsnm jnvtytys bkb pfvtytys, ult ytjåöjlbvj, cjjndtncn- deñobvb uhfélfycrj-ghfdjdsvb yjhvfvb j lbaafvfwbb. Ljkéys åsnm ghtlghbyzns ifub lkz gjänfgyjq htfkbpfwbb lfyyjuj ghby- wbgf d ntö ujcelfhcndfö, ult dct tot ceotcndeñn pfrjys jå euj- kjdyj-yfrfpetvjq lbaafvfwbb≥. Jlyfrj yf jcyjdt ghbpyfybz njuj, xnj dj vyjubö cnhfyfö bvtñncz pfrjys jå eujkjdyjv ghtcktljdfybb pf lbaafvfwbñ, rjnjhst dhzl kb åelen jnvtytys d åkbéfqitv åeleotv, Ghbywbg 4(b) ukfcbn: ≤Yf ghfrnbrt, jcjpyfdfz njn afrn, xnj dj vyjubö ujcelfhcndfö pfrjys jå eujkjdyj-yfrfpetvjq lbaafvfwbb zdkzñncz gthdj- cntgtyysvb chtlcndfvb d pfobnt htgenfwbb, cktletn ytvtlktyyj ghtlghbyznm vths, ufhfynbheñobt, xnj kñåjq ltqcndeñobq pfrjy jå eujkjdyj-yfrfpetvjq lbaafvfwbb cjjndtncndetn cktleñobv eckjdbzv: è. ybrnj yt ljkéty åsnm jceélty pf eotvktybt htgenfwbb, gjrf cnj- hjyf, cxbnfñofz ctåz gjcnhflfditq, eåtlbntkmyj yt ljrfétn yfkb- xbt dctö äktvtynjd cjcnfdf ghtcnegktybz, gthtxbcktyysö ybét; 13 Judgment of 23 April 1992, Application No. 11798, at para. 46. 14 Ibid.

100  PFRJYS J RKTDTNT B JCRJHÅKTYBB RFR DSPJD CDJÅJLT CVB

èè. pfghtoftncz djpåeélfnm ltkf jå eujkjdyj-yfrfpetvjq lbaaf- vfwbb, gjrf yt åeltn ljrfpfyj, xnj gjhjxfobt cdtltybz zdkzñncz pfdtljvj kjéysvb, nj tcnm hfcghjcnhfytys kbwjv, rjnjhjt pyfkj jå bö kjéyjcnb; bkb kbwjv, rjnjhjt kturjvscktyyj jnyjcbkjcm II r njve, zdkzñncz cdtltybz kjéysvb bkb ytn, b tckb änj åskj cltkfyj cj cgtwbfkmysv yfvthtybtv ghbxbybnm dhtl cnjhjyt, pfzd- kzñotq jå eothåt tt htgenfwbb; èèè. jhufys ujcelfhcndtyyjq dkfcnb, drkñxfz gjkbwbñ b ujcelfhcn- dtyysö jådbybntktq – ghjrehfnehe, yt ljkéys ghbybvfnm exfcnbz d bybwbbhjdfybb bkb ghtcktljdfybb gj ltkfv jå eujkjdyj-yfrf- petvjq lbaafvfwbb, ytpfdbcbvj jn cnfnecf kbwf, cxbnfñotuj ctåz gjcnhflfdibv, lfét tckb jy zdkztncz dscibv ljkéyjcnysv kbwjv; èv. ghbujdjhs j kbitybb cdjåjls, d njv xbckt c jnchjxrjq bcgjk- ytybz; ghbjcnfyjdktybt ghfdf yf dshfétybt cdjtuj vytybz xthtp rjyrhtnyst CVB bkb pfyznbt éehyfkbcnbrjq, bkb rfrjq-kbåj lhe- ujq ghjatccbtq; xhtpvthyst inhfas b lheubt étcnrbt eujkjdyst yfrfpfybz ytljgecnbvs d rfxtcndt cfyrwbq pf yfheitybt pfrjyjd j lbaafvfwbb, rfrbvb ås djgbñobvb bkb ytghbkbxysvb yt åskb gjhjxfobt htgenfwbñ cdtltybz≥.

Ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufys b ljkéyjcnyst kbwf D vtéleyfhjlyjv ghfdt ibhjrj ghbpyftncz, xnj ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufys b ujcelfhcndtyyst ljkéyjcnyst kbwf ljkéys ghjzdkznm nth- gbvjcnm r åjktt jcnhjq rhbnbrt d cdjq flhtc, xtv jåsxyst kñlb. Rhbnbrf d flhtc dkfcnb bvttn åjkmijt pyfxtybt lkz ecgtiyjuj hfp- dbnbz ltvjrhfnbb, f bcrb d jnyjitybb lbaafvfwbb ghtgzncndeñn cdjåjlyjve ghjdtltybñ lbcreccbq gj ébpytyyj dféysv ghjåktvfv jåotcndtyyjuj pyfxtybz. Cktljdfntkmyj, ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufys rfr nfrjdst yt ljkéys bvtnm ghfdf ghtlüzdkznm bcr j lbaafvf- wbb, f ghfdbntkmcndfv cktletn cvbhbnmcz c ghfrnbxtcrb ytjuhfyb- xtyyjq rhbnbrjq. Dthöjdysq cel CIF jlyjpyfxyj pfzdbk, xnj ≤yb jlby cel gjcktlytq bycnfywbb d änjq cnhfyt yb hfpe yt ljgecrfk b lfét yt ghtlgjkfufk djpvjéyjcnb ghbdktxtybz r jndtncndtyyjcnb pf rktdtne yf ghfdbntkmcndj d hfvrfö fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvs ghfdj- dtltybz≥15. Nj ét cfvjt åskj ghbpyfyj yf vtéleyfhjlyjv ehjdyt. Tdhjgtqcrbq cel gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf pfzdbk, xnj ≤ghtltks ljgecnb- 15 New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 11 L. Ed. 2d 686, 84 S. Ct. 710 (1964), quoting Tribune Co., 139 N.E.

101 Gtnth Yjhkfylth

vjq rhbnbrb d jnyjitybb ghfdbntkmcndf zdkzñncz åjktt ibhjrbvb, xtv d jnyjitybb xfcnysö uhfélfy bkb lfét gjkbnbrjd≥16. D jndtn yf änj Rjvbntn gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq b Gfhkfvtyncrfz fccfvåktz JÅCT htrjvtyljdfkb jnvtybnm pfrjys, d rjnjhsö ghtlecvfnhbdftncz eujkjdyfz jndtncndtyyjcnm pf lbaafvfwbñ d jnyjitybb ujcelfhcndf17. Vtéleyfhjlyst cels nfrét dshfpbkb vytybt, xnj ujcelfhcn- dtyyst ljkéyjcnyst kbwf, jåkflfz ghfdjv ghtlüzdbnm bcr d cke- xft lbaafvfwbb d bö flhtc rfr xfcnysö kbw, ljkéys ljcnfnjxyj nthgbvj jnyjcbnmcz r ujhfplj åjktt jcnhjq rhbnbrt, xtv jåsxyst kñlb. D jcyjdt änjuj ghbywbgf ktéfn ldf ukfdysö afrnjhf. Dj- gthdsö, rhfqyt dféyj, xnjås ujcelfhcndtyyst ljkéyjcnyst kbwf, rfr b ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufys, vjukb åsnm jåütrnjv jnrhsnsö lbc- reccbq b rhbnbrb. Dj-dnjhsö, ujcelfhcndtyyst ljkéyjcnyst kbwf jcjpyfyyj jnrhskb ctåz lkz rhbnbrb, dsåhfd nfreñ ghjatccbñ. Dtleott celtåyjt htitybt, gjlndthéltyyjt yf vtéleyfhjlyjv ehjdyt, åskj dsytctyj Tdhjgtqcrbv celjv gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf d ltkt, gthtlfyyjv yf tuj hfccvjnhtybt bp Fdcnhbb. Jnvtnbd, xnj hfphtitybt gjkbnbrfv ghtlüzdkznm bcr r chtlcndfv vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb pf lbaafvfwbñ c wtkmñ gjlfdktybz rhbnbrb yfyjcbn eothå ltvjrhfnbb, cel pfzdbk, xnj ≤ghtltks ljgecnbvjq rhbnbrb cjjndtncndtyyj hfcibhzñncz d jnyjitybb gjkbnbrf rfr nfrjdjuj gj chfdytybñ c xfcnysv kbwjv. D jnkbxbt jn xfcnyjuj kbwf gjkbnbr ytbpåtéyj b jcjpyfyyj cnfyjdbncz jåütrnjv ghbcnfkmyjuj dybvfybz d jnyjitybb rféljuj crfpfyyjuj bv ckjdf b cjdthityyjuj gjcnegrf rfr cj cnjhjys éehyfkbcnjd, nfr b cj cnjhjys jåotcndtyyjcnb d wtkjv, b pyfxbn, jy ljkéty ghjzdkznm åjkmieñ nthgbvjcnm≥18. Änb ljdjls åskb ghbpyfys b lheubvb celfvb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf19 b 16 Cv., d xfcnyjcnb, Incal Turkey, 9 June 1998, Application No. 22678/93, at para 54. 17 Yfghbvth, Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: Mexico 27 July 1999, UN Doc. No. CCPR/C/79/Add.109, par. 14; Warsaw Declaration of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, 8 July 1997, par. 140. 18 Lingens v. Austria, 24 June 1986, Application No. 9815/82, para. 42. 19 Yfghbvth, Canese v. Paraguay, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 31 August 2004, Series C 111.

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hfcghjcnhfytys yt njkmrj yf gjkbnbrjd, yj b yf ujcelfhcndtyysö ljkéyjcnysö kbw20. Ghb änjv ghtlgjkfuftncz, xnj gjkbnbrb ljkéys nthgbvj jnyj- II cbnmcz yt njkmrj r rhbnbrt, yj b r étcnrbv dscrfpsdfybzv21: ≤[Ghfdj yf cdjåjlyjt dshfétybt eåtéltybq hfcghjcnhfyztncz] yt njkmrj yf ≥byajhvfwbñ≤ bkb ≥bltb≤, rjnjhst djcghbybvfñncz åkfujcrkjyyj bkb cxbnfñncz ytjcrjhåbntkmysvb bkb yt pfckeéb- dfñobvb dybvfybz, yj b yf nfreñ byajhvfwbñ b bltb, rjnjhst jåbéfñn, ijrbheñn bkb hfplhféfñn≥22.

Jcyjdfybz lkz jcdjåjéltybz jn jndtncndtyyjcnb Dféyj bvtnm yfltéyeñ cbcntve jcyjdfybq lkz jcdjåjéltybz jn jndtncndtyyjcnb, xnjås pfrjys j lbaafvfwbb yt vjukb ytjåjcyj- dfyyj juhfybxbdfnm cdjåjlysq gjnjr byajhvfwbb b bltq. Jcjåtyyj åjkmijt pyfxtybt bvtñn xtnsht ghbdtltyysö ybét jcyjdfybz, rjnjhst åfpbheñncz yf vtéleyfhjlyjq b chfdybntkmyjq celtåyjq ghfrnbrt. Dj-gthdsö, gjkyjwtyysv jcyjdfybtv lkz jcdjåjéltybz jn jndtn- cndtyyjcnb pf lbaafvfwbñ zdkztncz nj, xnj lfyyjt pfzdktybt åskj ghfdlbdsv23. Ytkmpz pfobofnm htgenfwbñ, rjnjhjq yt pfcke- ébdftim, b tckb jcgfhbdftvst pfzdktybz zdkzñncz ghfdlbdsvb, nj yt ceotcndetn ktubnbvyjq htgenfwbb, rjnjheñ vjéyj åskj ås pfobofnm. Jlyfrj änj yt jpyfxftn, xnj yt vjuen åsnm ghbdtltys lheubt jcyjdfybz lkz bcrf, yfghbvth, dnjhétybt d xfcnyeñ ébpym. Tckb pfzdktybz rfcfñncz djghjcjd, bvtñobö jåotcndtyyjt pyfxt- ybt, nj yf bcnwt ktébn åhtvz ljrfpsdfybz njuj, xnj änb pfzdktybz zdkzñncz kébdsvb. Dj-dnjhsö, ybrnj yt ljkéty ytcnb jndtncndtyyjcnm pf dshfétybt vytybz, nj tcnm pf pfzdktybt, ghfdlbdjcnm bkb kébdjcnm rjnjhjuj 20 Thoma v. Luxembourg, 29 March 2001, Application No. 38432/97, European Court of Human Rights, par. 47. 21 Yfghbvth, Dichand and others v. Austria, 25 February 2002, Application No. 29271/95 (European Court of Human Rights). 22 Ibid. 23 Castells v. Spain, note 14.

103 Gtnth Yjhkfylth

yt vjétn åsnm ljrfpfyf bkb rjnjhjt yt vjétn åsnm jåjcyjdfyyj bcnjkrjdfyj rfr bpkjétybt afrnf (yfghbvth, gjcrjkmre jyj bvttn hbnjhbxtcrbq, cfnbhbxtcrbq bkb ienkbdsq öfhfrnth)24. Vytybz gj jghtltktybñ zdkzñncz ceåütrnbdysvb, b cels yt ljkéys htifnm, zdkztncz kb yflktéfobv dshfétybt änjuj vytybz. Rhjvt njuj, yb jn rjuj ytkmpz nhtåjdfnm ljrfpfntkmcnd ghfdlbdjcnb dshfétybz vytybz bkb jwtyjxyjuj ceéltybz25. D-nhtnmbö, lfét tckb ljrfpfyj, xnj bpkjétybt afrnf gj djghjce jåotcndtyyjq pyfxbvjcnb kjéyj, jndtnxbrb d ltkt j lbaafvfwbb ljkéys djcgjkmpjdfnmcz nfrbv jcyjdfybtv lkz jcdjåjéltybz jn jndtncndtyyjcnb, rfr jåjcyjdfyyfz geåkbrfwbz. Änj jcyjdfybt ghbybvftncz, tckb lkz kbwf d gjkjétybb jndtnxbrf ghb dctö jåcnjzntkmcndfö zdkztncz jåjcyjdfyysv hfcghjcnhfytybt vfnthbfkf nfrbv cgjcjåjv b d nfrjq ajhvt, d rfrjq jy bkb jyf änj cltkfkb. Ytjåöjlbvjcnm d ceotcndjdfybb nfrjuj ghfdbkf jghfd- lsdftncz étcnrjcnmñ nhflbwbjyyjq yjhvs, rjnjhfz ceotcndetn d ytrjnjhsö ñhbclbrwbzö b ghtlecvfnhbdftn, xnj jndtnxbrb ytcen jndtncndtyyjcnm d kñåjv ckexft hfcghjcnhfytybz kjéysö pfzdkt- ybq b pfzdktybq, ghfdlbdjcnm rjnjhsö jyb yt vjuen ljrfpfnm. Änf nhflbwbjyyfz yjhvf jcjåtyyj ytcghfdtlkbdf d jnyjitybb chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, rjnjhst jåzpfys eljdktndjhznm ghfdj jåot- cndtyyjcnb yf jcdtljvktyyjcnm b rjnjhst xfcnj yt vjuen élfnm njuj vjvtynf, rjulf jyb eåtlzncz d njv, xnj rfélsq ghbdtltyysq afrn zdkztncz ghfdlbdsv, ghtélt xtv jgeåkbrjdfnm vfnthbfk bkb gthtlfnm tuj d chtlcndfö dtofybz. Lfét kexibt éehyfkbcns ljgecrfñn bcrhtyybt jibårb, b gjldthufnm bö yfrfpfybñ pf rféljt kjéyjt endthéltybt jpyfxfkj ås yfheibnm ghfdj jåotcndtyyjcnb yf cdjtdhtvtyyjt gjkextybt byajhvfwbb. Ljcnbxm åfkfycf vtéle ghfdjv yf cdjåjlyjt dshfétybt eåtéltybq b pfobnjq htgenfwbb vjéyj, pfobofz ntö, rnj ltqcndetn jåjcyjdfyyj, b gjpdjkzz 24 Yfghbvth, Oberschlick v. Austria, 23 May 1991, Application No. 11662/85 (European Court of Human Rights), par. 63. 25 Unabhängige Initiative Informationsvielfalt v. Austria, 26 February 2002, Application No. 28525/95 (European Court of Human Rights), par. 39.

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bcnwfv éfkjdfnmcz yf ntö, rnj yt ltqcndetn nfrbv jåhfpjv. Chtl- cndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, ltqcndeñobt d cjjndtncndbb c ghbyz- nsvb ghjatccbjyfkmysvb cnfylfhnfvb, jåsxyj cjjndtncndeñn II rhbnthbñ jåjcyjdfyyjcnb26. D-xtndthnsö, ytrjnjhst dbls pfzdktybq ybrjulf yt ljkéys cnf- yjdbnmcz jcyjdfybtv lkz ghbdktxtybz r jndtncndtyyjcnb gj pfrjyfv j lbaafvfwbb, d nj dhtvz rfr d ckexft lheubö pfzdktybq jndtncndty- yjcnm cybvftncz, tckb yt ljrfpfyj, xnj jyb åskb cltkfys cj pksv evsckjv, nj tcnm c dhféltåysvb yfvthtybzvb bkb c ytghbzpymñ. Nfr, d gthdeñ rfntujhbñ cktletn drkñxbnm pfzdktybz, cltkfyyst d öjlt celtåyjuj hfpåbhfntkmcndf, pfzdktybz gthtl bpåhfyysvb jhuf- yfvb, f nfrét åtcghbcnhfcnyst cjjåotybz j nfrbö pfzdktybzö27. D gjcktlyññ rfntujhbñ ljkéys åsnm drkñxtys pfzdktybz, rjnjhst fdnjh jåzpfy cltkfnm yf jcyjdfybb ghfdjdjuj jåzpfntkmcndf bkb vjhfkmyjuj kbåj cjwbfkmyjuj ljkuf. D rfxtcndt ghbvthf vjéyj ghbdtcnb cjjåotybt d gjkbwbñ j gjljphtdftvjv ghtcnegktybb. D rféljv bp änbö ckexftd pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnm jåotcndf d pfzdktybzö ljkéyf gthtdtibdfnm kñåeñ pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnm xfcnyjuj kbwf d ghtljndhfotybb nfrbö pfzdktybq gj ghbxbyt pfobns htgenfwbb.

Chtlcndf ghfdjdjq pfobns Rfr eét jnvtxfkjcm, ufhfynbz cdjåjls dshfétybz eåtéltybq yt ljgecrftn ghbvtytybz ytcjhfpvthysö cfyrwbq pf pfzdktybz, bvtñobt öfhfrnth lbaafvfwbb. Änj nhtåetn jn dkfcnysö jhufyjd cjplfybz htébvf chtlcnd ghfdjdjq pfobns, rjnjhst, jåtcgtxbdfz djpvtotybt eothåf, yfytctyyjuj htgenfwbb d htpekmnfnt rktdtnyb- xtcrbö pfzdktybq, jrfpsdfkb ghb änjv vbybvfkmyjt clthébdfñott djpltqcndbt yf cdjåjle dshfétybz eåtéltybq. Nhflbwbjyyj ukfd- ysv chtlcndjv ghfdjdjq pfobns jn lbaafvfwbb d uhfélfycrjv ghfdt zdkzkcz ltytéysq inhfa, yj vfnthbfkmyst chtlcndf ghfdjdjq 26 Yfghbvth, Bladet Tromsi and Stensaas v. Norway, 20 May 1999, Application No. 21980/93 (European Court of Human Rights), par. 65. 27 Yfghbvth, A v. the United Kingdom, 17 December 2002, Application No. 35373/97.

105 Gtnth Yjhkfylth

pfobns xfcnj jrfpsdfñn ytufnbdyjt djpltqcndbt yf cdjåjlysq gjnjr byajhvfwbb. Ceotcndeñn hfpyjjåhfpyst fkmnthyfnbdyst chtlcndf ghfdjdjq pfobns, rjnjhst yt juhfybxbdfñn gjnjr byajhvfwbb, yj jrfpsdfñncz ljcnfnjxyj äaatrnbdysvb, d xfcnyjcnb, ghbytctybt bpdbytybq bkb jghjdthétybt kbåj geåkbrfwbz celtåyjuj htitybz, d rjnjhjv pfzdktybt ghbpyftncz rktdtnybxtcrbv, b nfrbt chtlcndf ghfdjdjq pfobns ljkéys cnfnm ghbjhbntnysvb. Ltytéyst inhfas ljkéys åsnm juhfybxtys ecnfyjdktyysvb d pfrjyt ghtltkfvb, f nfrét gjlxbytys ghjwtccefkmysv ufhfynbzv, c ntv xnjås yt ljgecnbnm bö xhtpvthyjuj ghbvtytybz. Rfr ghfdbkj, jyb yb d rjtv ckexft yt ljkéys åsnm ytcjhfpvthysvb bkb jrfps- dfnm clthébdfñott djpltqcndbt yf cdjåjle dshfétybz cjjndtncn- deñotuj bplfybz bkb lheubö bplfybq28. Rfr jnvtxfkjcm dsit, yb d rjtv ckexft ytkmpz ghbvtyznm nñhtvyjt pfrkñxtybt rfr vthe yfrfpfybz pf lbaafvfwbñ. Tdhj- gtqcrbq cel gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf yb hfpe yt gjllthéfk ghbujdjhf d dblt nñhtvyjuj pfrkñxtybz, f vtéleyfhjlyst jhufybpfwbb ytjlyj- rhfnyj gjlxthrbdfkb ytktubnbvysq öfhfrnth pfrjyjd j lbaafvf- wbb, d rjnjhsö d rfxtcndt jlyjq bp vth yfrfpfybz ghtlecvjnhtyj nñhtvyjt pfrkñxtybt. Yfghbvth, d cdjtv tétujlyjv jnxtnt pf 1994 ujl Rjvbntn gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf gjldthu rhbnbrt Bckfylbñ pf cjöhfytybt djpvjéyjcnb ghbvtytybz nñhtvyjuj pfrkñxtybz pf lbaafvfwbñ, lfét tckb nfrfz cfyrwbz, celz gj dctve, b yt ghbvt- yzkfcm. Fyfkjubxysv jåhfpjv, Rjvbntn dshfpbk jåtcgjrjtyyjcnm d änjv jnyjitybb d cdzpb c cbnefwbtq d Yjhdtubb b Bjhlfybb29. D 1995 ujle Rjvbntn rhbnbrjdfk Neybc pf tuj cbcntve yfrfpfybq d jnyjitybb lbaafvfwbb, jcrjhåktybq b kjéyjq byajhvfwbb, f nfrét dshfpbk jåtcgjrjtyyjcnm gj gjdjle nñhtvyjuj pfrkñxtybz éehyfkbcnjd d Vfhjrrj30. D jnyjitybb Rshuspcnfyf Rjvbntn 28 Tolstoy Miloslavsky v. the United Kingdom, 13 July 1995, Application No. 18139/91 (European Court of Human Rights). 29 Annual General Assembly Report of the Human Rights Committee, 21/9/94, Volume I, No. A/49/40, paras. 78, 91 and 236. 30 Annual General Assembly Report of the Human Rights Committee, 3/10/95, No. A/50/40, paras. 89 and 113.

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jnvtnbk d 2000 ujle, xnj ≤éehyfkbcns b ghfdjpfobnybrb, rjnjhst gjldthufkbcm nñhtvyjve pfrkñxtybñ d yfheitybt cnfntq 9 b 19 Gfrnf, ljkéys åsnm dsgeotys yf cdjåjle b htfåbkbnbhjdfys c II dsgkfnjq rjvgtycfwbb≥31. Rjvbccbz Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf tétujlyj ghbybvftn htpjkñwbñ j ghfdt yf cdjåjlyjt dshfétybt eåtéltybq b nfrét dshféftn jåtcgjrjtyyjcnm gj gjdjle djpvjé- yjcnb nñhtvyjuj pfrkñxtybz d rfxtcndt yfrfpfybz pf lbaafvfwbñ. D cdjtq htpjkñwbb 1998 ujlf Rjvbccbz pfzdbkf, xnj ≤[Rjvbccbz] dshféftn jåtcgjrjtyyjcnm gj gjdjle ibhjrjuj ghbvtytybz nñht- vyjuj pfrkñxtybz, lkbntkmyjuj cjlthéfybz gjl cnhfétq ... ght- cktljdfybz b lfdktybz, d njv xbckt c gjvjomñ pkjegjnhtåktybz gjkjétybzvb pfrjyf jå eujkjdyjv ghtcktljdfybb pf rktdtne ... d jnyjitybb kbw, rjnjhst bcgjkmpeñn cdjt ghfdj yf cdjåjle eåtélt- ybq b bö cdjåjlyjt dshfétybt≥32.

Jåtcgtxtybt bcgjkytybz vtéleyfhjlysö cnfylfhnjd d jnyjit- ybb cdjåjls dshfétybz eåtéltybq Vyjubt bp dsiterfpfyysö cnfylfhnjd öjhjij bpdtcnys pfobn- ybrfv cdjåjls chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb d Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb. Vtytt bpdtcnyj nj, xnj änb cnfylfhns yt zdkzñncz fåcnhfrnysvb vtéleyfhjlysvb bkb pfgflysvb ≤bltfkfvb≥, f ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq ≤ndthlsq≥ pfrjy, b bö bcgjkytybt vjétn åsnm jåtcgtxtyj d vtéle- yfhjlysö celfö, f nfrét d yfwbjyfkmysö celfö åjkmibycndf ujce- lfhcnd Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb. Nehrvtybcnfy, Rshuspcnfy, Epåtrbcnfy b Nflébrbcnfy hfnbabwb- hjdfkb Vtéleyfhjlysq gfrn j uhfélfycrbö b gjkbnbxtcrbö ghfdfö33. Rfpföcnfy gjlgbcfk änjn Gfrn, b d yfcnjzott dhtvz jy yföjlbncz d 31 Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: Kyrgyzstan. 24 July 2000, UN Doc. CCPR/CO/69/KGZ. 32 UN Commission on Human Rights, The Right to freedom of opinion and expression, Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/42, 17 April 1998, UN Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1998/42. 33 Rshuspcnfy hfnbabwbhjdfk Gfrn 7 zydfhz 1994 ujlf, Nflébrbcnfy – 4 fghtkz 1999 ujlf, Nehrvtybcnfy – 1 fduecnf 1997 ujlf, f Epåtrbcnfy – 28 ltrfåhz 1995 ujlf.

107 Gtnth Yjhkfylth

cnflbb hfnbabrfwbb. Änj jpyfxftn, xnj gthdst xtnsht ujcelfhcndf jåzpfys ufhfynbhjdfnm cdjbv uhfélfyfv ghfdf, ghtlecvjnhtyyst d lfyyjv vtéleyfhjlyjv ljujdjht, f Rfpföcnfy ytctn ñhblbxtcrjt jåzpfntkmcndj yt ghbybvfnm rfrbö-kbåj vth, rjnjhst ghjnbdjht- xbkb ås åerdt b leöe änjuj vtéleyfhjlyjuj ljrevtynf34. Ghfdj yf cdjåjle dshfétybz vytybq b eåtéltybq ufhfynbhjdfyj cnfnmtq 19 VGUGG, b yjhvs chfdybntkmyjuj ghfdf, ghbyznst nfrbvb jhufyfvb, rfr Tdhjgtqcrbq cel gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, vjuen åsnm bcgjkmpjdfys lkz njkrjdfybz änjuj ghfdf ghb jncencndbb fdnjhbntnysö vfnthbf- kjd Rjvbntnf gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf35. Änj zdyj erfpsdftn yf nj, xnj dsitegjvzyenst cnfylfhns gjlgflfñn gjl cathe ghbvtytybz Cnf- nmb 19 VGUGG. Cktljdfntkmyj, yf änb cnfylfhns vjéyj cjckfnmcz rfr yf yfwbjyfkmyjv, nfr b yf vtéleyfhjlyjv ehjdyt.

Ccskrf yf vtéleyfhjlyst ljrevtyns j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf d yfwbj- yfkmysö celfö Dct ujcelfhcndf Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb ddtkb d cdjb rjycnbnewbb gjkj- étybt j njv, xnj yjhvs vtéleyfhjlysö ljujdjhjd, bcgjkytybt rjnj- hsö vjétn åsnm ytgjchtlcndtyyj jåtcgtxtyj d celtåyjv gjhzlrt, nfrbt rfr yjhvs j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf, bvtñn cbke pfrjyf, f d ckexft Nehrvtybcnfyf b Rfpföcnfyf – bvtñn ghbjhbntn yfl yfwbjyfkm- ysvb pfrjyfvb, ghjnbdjhtxfobvb bv36. Rhjvt njuj, d ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö pfrjys, rfcfñobtcz rjyrhtnyj chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvf- wbb, ghzvj ghtlecvfnhbdfñn ghbjhbntnyjcnm vtéleyfhjlyjuj ghfdf. R ybv jnyjcbncz, d xfcnyjcnb, pfrjy Rfpföcnfyf j chtlcndfö vfccj- djq byajhvfwbb37. Ntjhtnbxtcrb änj jpyfxftn, xnj xfcnyst kbwf d 34 Cnfnmz 18 Dtycrjq rjydtywbb j ghfdt vtéleyfhjlysö ljujdjhjd, dcnegbkf d cbke 27 zydfhz 1980 ujlf. 35 Rjvbntn gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf zdkztncz jhufyjv, egjkyjvjxtyysv jceotcndkznm yflpjh pf jceotcndktybtv Rjydtywbb b njkrjdfnm tt gjkjétybz. 36 Cnfnmz 4 Rjycnbnewbb Rfpföcnfyf; cnfnmz 12 Rjycnbnewbb Rshuspcnfyf; cnfnmz 10 Rjycnbnewbb Nflébrbcnfyf; cnfnmz 6 Rjycnbnewbb Nehrvtybcnfyf. D ghtfvåekt Rjycnbnewbb Epåtrbcnfyf cjlthébncz vtytt dshfétyyjt ghbpyfybt ghbywbgf ghb- jhbntnyjcnb vtéleyfhjlyjuj ghfdf, rjnjhsq, jlyfrj, yt ghtlecvjnhty d yjhvjec- nfyfdkbdfñotq xfcnb Rjycnbnewbb. 37 Yfghbvth, cnfnmz 4 Pfrjyf j chtlcndfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb Rfpföcnfyf.

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lfyysö cnhfyfö vjuen ccskfnmcz yf yjhvs vtéleyfhjlyjuj ghfdf j cdjåjlt dshfétybz eåtéltybq d yfwbjyfkmysö ccelfö, jcgfhbdfz ytjåjcyjdfyyj juhfybxbntkmyst yjhvs j lbaafvfwbb. Yfcrjkmrj II yfv bpdtcnyj, yf ctujlyziybq ltym yb d jlyjq bp htcgeåkbr Wtynhfkm- yjq Fpbb yt åskj dsbuhfyj ltkj, djpåeéltyyjt gj nfrjve bcre, bp xtuj yt cktletn, xnj änjuj yt cnjbn ltkfnm b dghtlm. Ujcelfhcndf Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb ufhfynbhjdfkb cdjbv uhfélfyfv, xnj jyb åelen jceotcndkznm vtéleyfhjlyst yjhvs, rfcfñobtcz ghfd xtkjdtrf, d cdjbö yfwbjyfkmysö ñhbclbrwbzö, b tckb jyb yfheifñn äne ufhfy- nbñ, r ybv cktletn ghtlüzdkznm cjjndtncndeñott nhtåjdfybt.

Ghtlüzdktybt bcrjd d vtéleyfhjlysö celfö Gjvbvj gjlgbcfybz vfnthbfkmyj-ghfdjdsö gjkjétybq Vtéle- yfhjlyjuj gfrnf j uhfélfycrbö b gjkbnbxtcrbö ghfdfö, Nehrvtybc- nfy, Rshuspcnfy, Epåtrbcnfy b Nflébrbcnfy ghbpyfkb rjvgtntywbñ Rjvbntnf gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf cjukfcyj Afrekmnfnbdyjve ghjnjrjke r VGUGG38 d jnyjitybb dsytctybz htitybq gj éfkjåfv jn xfcnysö kbw. Änj jpyfxftn, xnj xfcnyst kbwf yf nthhbnjhbb bkb gjl ñhbclbr- wbtq jlyjuj bp änbö ujcelfhcnd39 vjuen gjlfnm d Rjvbntn gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf éfkjås yf yfheitybt cdjbö ghfd. Gj chfdytybñ c exhtéltyysvb celfvb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, nfrbvb rfr Tdhjgtqcrbq cel gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, d Rjvbntn gj ghf- dfv xtkjdtrf Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq htét jåhfofñncz c éfkjåfvb b pfzdktybzvb. F éfkm, gjcrjkmre, ytcvjnhz yf nj xnj, d jnkbxbt jn Tdhjgtqcrjuj celf gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, bcgjkytybt tuj htitybq yt jåtcgtxtyj cfyrwbzvb nfr ét étcnrj, yf ghfrnbrt nfrjt bcgjkytybt jrfpfkjcm ljdjkmyj ecgtiysv. Yfghbvth, d bñyt 2001 38 Ghbyzn b jnrhsn lkz gjlgbcfybz, hfnbabrfwbb b ghbcjtlbytybz cjukfcyj Htpjkñ- wbb 2200F (ÖÖÈ) Utythfkmyjq Fccfvåktb jn 16 ltrfåhz 1966 ujlf; Gfrn dcnegbk d cbke 23 vfhnf 1976 ujlf. Rshuspcnfy hfnbabwbhjdfk tuj 7 zydfhz 1995 ujlf, Nflébrbcnfy – 4 fghtkz 1999 ujlf, Nehrvtybcnfy – 1 fduecnf 1997 ujlf, f Epåt- rbcnfy – 28 ltrfåhz 1995 ujlf. 39 D njv xbckt kbwf, yt zdkzñobtcz uhfélfyfvb, yj gjcnjzyyj ghjébdfñobt d cnhfyt, f nfrét cfvb uhfélfyt.

109 Gtnth Yjhkfylth

ujlf ghfdbntkmcndj Rfvtheyf, cktlez htrjvtylfwbb Rjvbntnf40, cjukfcbkjcm dsgkfnbnm 137 nsc. ljkk. CIF éehyfkbcne, rjnjhsq åsk gjldthuyen nñhtvyjve pfrkñxtybñ d yfheitybt tuj ghfdf yf cdjåjle dshfétybz vytybz41. D lheubö ckexfzö ujcelfhcndf-jndtn- xbrb d rjytxyjv cxtnt bpvtybkb cdjb dyenhtyybt pfrjys b ghfrnbre d htpekmnfnt htitybq Rjvbntnf gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf42. Ghjwtlehf jåhfotybz c pfzdktybzvb d Rjvbntn gj ghfdfv xtkj- dtrf ljcnfnjxyj ghjcnf. Kbwj, rjnjhjt éfketncz yf yfheitybt cdjbö ghfd, vjétn jåhfnbnmcz d Rjvbntn c gbcmvtyyjq éfkjåjq b ghtlcnfdbnm byajhvfwbñ d tt gjlndthéltybt. Rjvbntn ghtélt dctuj hfccvfnhbdftn djghjc j njv, zdkztncz kb éfkjåf ghbtvktvjq. Eckjdbz lkz ghbtvktvjcnb vjuen åsnm drhfnwt bpkjétys cktleñ- obv jåhfpjv: • cjjåotybz yt ljkéys åsnm fyjybvysvb b ljkéys åsnm yfghfd- ktys kbwjv, rjnjhjt éfketncz yf yfheitybt cdjbö ghfd cj cnj- hjys ujcelfhcndf43; • pfzdbntkm ljkéty cjckfnmcz yf yfheitybt jlyjuj bp gjkjétybq VGUGG, rjnjhjt åskj ljgeotyj gjckt hfnbabrfwbb VGUGG cjjndtncndeñotq cnhfyjq; • éfkjåf ljkéyf åskf åsnm hfccvjnhtyf dj dctö dyenhtyybö celfö lj jåhfotybz d Rjvbntn gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf; f nfrét • éfkjåf yt ghbybvftncz, tckb nf ét ghjåktvf hfccvfnhbdftncz d cjjndtncndbb c lheujq vtéleyfhjlyjq ghjwtlehjq. Tckb Rjvbntn gjcxbnftn éfkjåe ghbtvktvjq, jy pfghfibdftn e cjjndtncndeñotuj ujcelfhcndf ljgjkybntkmyeñ byajhvfwbñ, lkz 40 Mukong v. Cameroon, Communication No. 458/1991, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/51/D/458/1991 (1994). 41 Bynthtcs éehyfkbcnf åskb ghtlcnfdktys ≤CNFNMTQ 19≥. 42 Yfghbvth, Toonen v. Australia, Communication No. 488/1992, 31 March 1994, UN Doc. CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992; Broeks v. the Netherlands, Communication No. 172/1984, 9 April 1987. 43 Tckb kbwj, ghfdf rjnjhjuj zrjås åskb yfheitys, yt vjétn ghtlcnfdbnm cjjå- otybt, Rjvbntn vjétn hfccvjnhtnm cjjåotybt jn lheujuj kbwf, rjnjhjt ljkéyj ljrfpfnm, xnj jy bkb jyf ltqcndetn jn bvtyb zrjås gjnthgtdituj kbwf. Nhtnmt kbwj, yt bvtñott zdyjuj jnyjitybz r kbwe, ghfdf rjnjhjuj zrjås åskb yfhe- itys, yt vjétn ghtlcnfdbnm cjjåotybt (jnvtnbv, xnj änj juhfybxbdftn djpvjé- yjcnm lkz YGJ ghtlcnfdkznm ≤jåobt≥ éfkjås).

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xtuj ghtljcnfdkztncz itcnbvtczxysq chjr. Pfzdbntkm vjétn ghtl- cnfdbnm cdjb pfvtxfybz jnyjcbntkmyj gjpbwbb ujcelfhcndf, b pfntv Rjvbntn dsyjcbn htitybt j njv, åskj kb ljgeotyj yfheitybt. Ghb II ytjåöjlbvjcnb Rjvbntn vjétn gjnhtåjdfnm ghbyznbz dhtvtyysö vth cj cnjhjys ujcelfhcndf lj hfccvjnhtybz ltkf gj ceotcnde44. Tckb Rjvbntn ghbltn r pfrkñxtybñ, xnj åskj ljgeotyj yfheitybt, jy nfrét bpkfuftn cdjñ gjpbwbñ d jnyjitybb njuj, rfrbt vths jåz- pfyj ghbyznm ujcelfhcndj lkz bcghfdktybz yfheitybz bkb djpvtot- ybz cjjndtncndeñotuj eothåf. Nfrbt vths vjuen drkñxfnm dsgkfne rjvgtycfwbb45, dytctybt gjghfdjr d jcgfhbdftvjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj46 bkb jcdjåjéltybt cjjndtncndeñobö kbw47. C nbgjdsv pfzdktybtv vjéyj jpyfrjvbnmcz yf cfqnt: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/annex1.pdf Rjvbntne gjnhtåetncz ytvfkj cjghjdjlbntkmyjq ljrevtynfwbb, rjnjhfz jåjcyjdsdftn éfkjåe, yfghbvth, jhbubyfks celtåysö htit- ybq. Ntjhtnbxtcrb, éfkjås vjuen åsnm ghtlcnfdktys gj afrce48 bkb gj äktrnhjyyjq gjxnt49, yj yf ghfrnbrt, c extnjv åjkmijuj jåütvf cjghjdjlbntkmysö vfnthbfkjd, kexit jnghfdkznm dct ljrevtyns gj gjxnt. ≤CNFNMZ 19≥ ghbpsdftn uhfélfy bp ujcelfhcnd Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb djcgjkmpjdfnmcz änjq ghjwtlehjq.

44 Ghfdbkj 86 Htukfvtynf Rjvbntnf, CCPR/C/3/Rev.7 – 4 August 2004. 45 Cv. Mukong v. Cameroon, note 41. 46 Yfghbvth, Toonen v. Australia, note 43. 47 Yfghbvth, Bolaños v. Ecuador, Communication No. 238/1987, 13 July 1987. 48 00 41 22 917 9022 49 tb-petitions@ohchr.org.

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Yfltélf Cntgfyjdf II PFRJY J RKTDTNT D EPÅTRBCNFYT: GHFDJDST YJHVS D BÖ GHFRNBXTCRJV JCEOTCNDKTYBB

Pfrjyjlfntkmcndjv Epåtrbcnfyf ghtlecvjnhtyf jndtncndtyyjcnm pf lbaafvfwbñ. Jyf pfrhtgktyf d nhtö ljrevtynfö – Rjltrct Htc- geåkbrb Epåtrbcnfy jå flvbybcnhfnbdyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb (cn. 40, cn. 41), eujkjdyjv rjltrct (cn. 139, cn. 140) b uhfélfycrjv rjltrct (cn. 99, cn. 100, cn. 1021, cn. 1022). D Flvbybcnhfnbdyjv rjltrct lftncz ñhblbxtcrjt jghtltktybt gjyznbq ≤rktdtnf≥ b ≤jcrjhåktybt≥. Rktdtnf – hfcghjcnhfytybt pfdtljvj kjéysö, gjpjhzobö lheujt kbwj bpvsiktybq. Jcrjh- åktybt – evsiktyyjt eybétybt xtcnb b ljcnjbycndf kbxyjcnb. Pf rktdtne ghtlecvjnhtyj yfrfpfybt d dblt inhfaf jn jlyjq lj nhtö vbybvfkmysö pfhfåjnysö gkfn. Pf jcrjhåktybt – jn jlyjq lj ldeö vbybvfkmysö pfhfåjnysö gkfn. Vbybvfkmyfz pfhfåjnyfz gkfnf d Epåtrbcnfyt yf ctujlyziybq ltym cjcnfdkztn jrjkj 6500 cevjd. D ljkkfhjdjv ärdbdfktynt – ghbvthyj ›6,2. D tdhj – 5,4. D uhfélfycrjv rjltrct tcnm cn. 100 ≤Pfobnf xtcnb b ljcnjby- cndf b ltkjdjq htgenfwbb≥. Jyf jghtltkztn gjhzljr pfobns xtcnb, ljcnjbycndf b ltkjdjq htgenfwbb rfr abpbxtcrbö, nfr b ñhblbxtcrbö kbw. Uhfélfyby dghfdt nhtåjdfnm gj cele jghjdthétybz gjhjxfobö tuj cdtltybq, f d ckexft tuj cvthnb änjuj vjuen ljåbdfnmcz pfby- nthtcjdfyyst kbwf, yfghbvth, hjlcndtyybrb gjrjqyjuj. Tckb nfrbt cdtltybz åskb hfcghjcnhfytys d chtlcndfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, nj jyb ljkéys åsnm jghjdthuyens d ntö ét CVB. Lfyyfz yjhvf pfrhtgktyf nfrét d cn. 27 pfrjyf ≤J CVB≥. Jyf ukfcbn, xnj ñhblb- xtcrbt b abpbxtcrbt kbwf, xmb ghfdf b pfrjyyst bynthtcs yfheitys d htpekmnfnt geåkbrfwbb, dghfdt jgeåkbrjdfnm d lfyyjv chtlcndt vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb jghjdthétybt.

113 Yfltélf Cntgfyjdf

D ckexfzö, rjulf gjhjxfobt cdtltybz cjlthéfncz d ljrevtynt, bcöjlzotv jn jhufybpfwbb, nfrjq ljrevtyn gjlktébn pfvtyt bkb jnpsde. Rhjvt njuj, uhfélfyby dghfdt nhtåjdfnm djpvtotybz eåsn- rjd b vjhfkmyjuj dhtlf. Gjkjétybz cnfnmb j pfobnt ltkjdjq htgenf- wbb uhfélfybyf cjjndtncndtyyj ghbvtyzñncz b ghb pfobnt ltkjdjq htgenfwbb ñhblbxtcrjuj kbwf. Cjukfcyj cnfnmt 1022 njuj ét rjltrcf: ≤vjhfkmysq dhtl rjv- gtycbhetncz d ltytéyjq ajhvt. Hfpvth rjvgtycfwbb vjhfkmyjuj dhtlf jghtltkztncz celjv d pfdbcbvjcnb jn öfhfrnthf ghbxbytyysö gjnthgtditve abpbxtcrbö b yhfdcndtyysö cnhflfybq, f nfrét cnt- gtyb dbys ghbxbybntkz d ckexfzö, rjulf dbyf zdkztncz jcyjdfybtv rjvgtycfwbb. Ghb jghtltktybb hfpvthf rjvgtycfwbb dhtlf ljkéys exbnsdfnmcz nhtåjdfybz hfpevyjcnb b cghfdtlkbdjcnb≥. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, hfpvth rjvgtycfwbb yt jhufybxty d pfrjyt rfrbvb-kbåj hfvrfvb b gjkyjcnmñ pfdbcbn jn htitybz celf. Änj gjpdjkztn bcnwfv dsldbufnm nhtåjdfybz, ghtlgjkfufñobt byjulf dsgkfne fcnhjyjvbxtcrbö cevv, xnj b ghjbcöjlbn yf ghfrnbrt. D Epåtrbcnfyt ytn jcjåsö gjkjétybq uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf lkz jcjåjq pfobns ghfdbntkmcndtyysö, ujcelfhcndtyysö bkb jabwbfkm- ysö kbw jn yfytctybz ehjyf bö xtcnb b ljcnjbycnde, jn rktdtns b jcrjhåktybz. Ghfdlf, d eujkjdyjv rjltrct Epåtrbcnfyf d cn. 158 ≤Gjczufntkmcndf yf ghtpbltynf Htcgeåkbrb Epåtrbcnfy≥ ddjlbncz jndtncndtyyjcnm pf jcrjhåktybt bkb rktdtne d jnyjitybb ghtpbltynf Epåtrbcnfyf. Änj bcghfdbntkmyst hfåjns chjrjv lj nhtö ktn bkb fhtcn lj itcnb vtczwtd, kbåj kbitybt cdjåjls chjrjv lj gznb ktn. Yf dctö jcnfkmysö uhfélfy, d njv xbckt yf jåotcndtyysö ltzntktq b pyfvtybnjcntq gjkjétybz cn. 100 uhfélfycrjuj rjltrcf, hfcghj- cnhfyzñncz d jåotv gjhzlrt. D pfrjyt ≤J ghbywbgfö b ufhfynbzö cdjåjls byajhvfwbb≥ ceot- cndetn, jlyfrj, cn. 13. ≤Byajhvfwbjyyfz åtpjgfcyjcnm kbxyjcnb≥, rjnjhfz ukfcbn, xnj byajhvfwbz j gthcjyfkmysö lfyysö abpbxtcrbö kbw jnyjcbncz r rfntujhbb rjyabltywbfkmyjq byajhvfwbb.

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Åskb ckexfb, rjulf yf jcyjdfybb lfyyjq cnfnmb xbyjdybrb – geå- kbxyst abuehs nhtåjdfkb jn éehyfkbcnjd cjukfcjdfybz kñåjq byajhvfwbb j ctåt, lfét åbjuhfabxtcrbö lfyysö. II D Epåtrbcnfyt nfrét ceotcndetn eujkjdyfz jndtncndtyyjcnm pf rktdtne b jcrjhåktybt. Jyf pfrhtgktyf d eujkjdyjv rjltrct Htcgeå- kbrb Epåtrbcnfy, rjnjhsq ghbyzn 22 ctynzåhz 1994 ujlf b dcnegftn d ltqcndbt c 1 fghtkz 1995 ujlf. Nhelyj crfpfnm, ceotcndeñn kb gkfys gj bpvtytybñ gjkjétybq eujkjdyjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf d jåkfcnb lbaafvfwbb, rktdtns b jcrjhåktybz. Gjljåyfz byajhvfwbz, rfr ghfdbkj, zdkztncz pfrhsnjq lkz ibhjrjq jåotcndtyyjcnb. Uhfélfyt cnhfys cnfdzncz d bpdtcnyjcnm jå bpvtytybzö d pfrjyjlfntkmcndt, rjulf ntrcn pfrjyf geåkbretncz d gtxfnb. Lfnf geåkbrfwbb zdkztncz lytv tuj ddtltybz d ltqcndbt. Gj ckjdfv dkfcntq, lkz dctyfhjlyjuj jåceéltybz geåkbreñncz ghjtrns pfrjyjd, yj ybrjulf yt cjjåoftncz j htpekmnfnfö lfyyjuj jåceéltybz. Lfét hfpyjukfcbz chtlb ltgenfnjd gj njve bkb lhe- ujve djghjce d öjlt ghbyznbz pfrjyf yt yföjlzn jnhfétybz d CVB Epåtrbcnfyt. Djpvjéyj, xnj ceotcndeñn gkfys gj bpvtytybñ gjkj- étybq pfrjyjlfntkmcndf, yj d chtlcndfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb jyb yt jåceélfñncz. Vfrcbvfkmysq chjr nñhtvyjuj pfrkñxtybz, ghtlecvjnhtyysq eujkjdysv rjltrcjv pf yfytctybt ehjyf xtcnb b ljcnjbycnde, rkt- dtne b jcrjhåktybt ghtlgjkfuftn kbitybt cdjåjls lj nhtö ktn. Nfrjt ét vfrcbvfkmyjt yfrfpfybt ceotcndetn pf rktdtne. Pf jcrjh- åktybt – fhtcn chjrjv lj itcnb vtczwtd. Vfrcbvfkmysq inhfa pf yfytctybt ehjyf xtcnb b ljcnjbycnde, rktdtne b jcrjhåktybt – 150 hfpvthjd vbybvfkmyjq pfhfåjnyjq gkfns. Yf ctujlyziybq vjvtyn d Epåtrbcnfyt hfpvth vbybvfkmyjq pfhfåjnyjq gkfns cjcnfdkztn jrjkj ›6,5. Vfrcbvfkmysq inhfa pf rktdtne – cnj vbybvfkmysö pfhfåjn- ysö gkfn, pf jcrjhåktybt – cnj gznmltczn vbybvfkmysö pfhfåjn- ysö gkfn.

115 Yfltélf Cntgfyjdf

Rhjvt njuj, d eujkjdyjv rjltrct tcnm gjyznbt ≤yflheufntkm- cndj yfl ujcelfhcndtyysvb cbvdjkfvb≥ (cn. 215). Gjl cbvdjkfvb bvtñncz d dble ujcelfhcndtyysq akfu, ujcelfhcndtyysq uthå, ujce- lfhcndtyysq ubvy Htcgeåkbrb Epåtrbcnfy bkb Htcgeåkbrb Rfhfrfk- gfrcnfy. Yfrfpfybt ghtlecvfnhbdftn inhfa hfpvthjv lj ldflwfnb gznb vbybvfkmysö pfhfåjnysö gkfn bkb bcghfdbntkmyst hfåjns lj nhtö ktn, kbåj fhtcn lj nhtö vtczwtd. Gj lfyysv, gjkextyysv bp Dthöjdyjuj celf Epåtrbcnfyf, d 2003 ujle gj cnfnmt 139 eujkjdyjuj rjltrcf (rktdtnf) ghjikj 14 celtå- ysö hfpåbhfntkmcnd. Pf gthdjt gjkeujlbt 2004 ujlf – 4 ltkf. Gj cnfnmt 140 (jcrjhåktybt) d 2003 ujle hfccvjnhtyj 12 ltk, pf gthdjt gjkeujlbt ysytiytuj ujlf – 10 ltk. Xnj ét rfcftncz uhfélfycrjuj rjltrcf, nj yf jcyjdfybb cnfnmb 100 (≤Pfobnf xtcnb, ljcnjbycndf b ltkjdjq htgenfwbb≥) hfccvjnhtyj d 2003 ujle – 338 ltk, c zydfhz gj bñkm 2004 ujlf – 67 ltk. Änj jåobt cdtltybz. R cjéfktybñ, ytn cnfnbcnbrb gj chtlcndfv vfccjdjq byajhvf- wbb. Htpekmnfns vjybnjhbyujd yfheitybq ghfd éehyfkbcnjd, ghjdj- lbvsö d Epåtrbcnfyt, ujdjhzn j njv, xnj ljkz ltk, rfcfñoböcz CVB, ytpyfxbntkmyf. Nfr, d vft 2003 ujlf åsk ghtlüzdkty bcr r htlfrwbb ufptns ≤Pthrfkj 21≥ b tt ukfdyjve htlfrnjhe Ñceae Rfåekléfyjde j pfobnt xtcnb b ljcnjbycndf. Bcntw – celmz Ifqöjynjöehcrjuj hfqjyyjuj celf L. Cfqlfkbtd. Bcnjhbz änjuj ltkf nfrjdf. Ghbxbyjq hfpåbhfntkmcndf gjckeébkf cnfnmz éehyfkbcnrb Yfltéls Éfhrj- djq ≤Ghjrehjh pfzdkztn ghjntcn≥, rjnjhfz åskf jgeåkbrjdfyf d 12 (168) yjvtht ufptns jn 20–26 vfhnf 2003 ujlf. D ytq hfccrfps- dfkjcm j vjityybrt, rjnjhsq dsvfybk jåvfyysv gentv rhegyeñ cevve ltytu e xtnshtö ébntktq Åeöfhs. Yfheibntkm åsk pflthéfy. Cjcnjzkjcm celtåyjt pfctlfybt Ifqöjynjöehcrjuj hfqjyyjuj celf gjl ghtlctlfntkmcndjv celmb L. Cfblfkbtdf, rjnjhsq ghb yfkbxbb ekbr ghjnbd gjlcelbvjuj, dsgecnbk tuj bp-gjl cnhféb ghzvj d pfkt celf, f ltkj yfghfdbk yf ljgjkybntkmyjt hfccktljdfybt. Éeh- yfkbcn b ukfdysq htlfrnjh jådbyzkbcm d njv, xnj jgjhjxbkb xtcnm b ljcnjbycndj celmb L. Cfblfkbtdf cktleñobv cnhjxrfvb d cnfnmt:

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≤Bvtyyj änjve xtkjdtre (Cfblfkbtde) ujcelfhcndj ljdthbkj ghtl- cnfdkznm pfrjy, pfobofnm ghfdf uhfélfy Epåtrbcnfyf b juhfélfnm bö jn jgfcysö ltzybq ghtcnegybrjd≥. II Gjckt njuj, rfr ghjikj gthdjt pfctlfybt, Yfltélf Éfhrjdf dstöfkf yf gjcnjzyyjt vtcnj ébntkmcndf pf ghtltks Epåtrbcnfyf, gjckt xtuj bcr åsk ghtlüzdkty ukfdyjve htlfrnjhe, yj yt htlfr- wbb. Bcntw pfzdbk, xnj r htlfrwbb ghtntypbq ytn. Bcr cjcnfdkzk 10 vky. cevjd (jrjkj ›10 nsc.). Gjnjv d ltkt gjzdbkcz bcr d hfpvtht 100 vky. cevjd (›100 nsc.), f lfktt ghtntypbb r htlfrwbb, f nfrét nhtåjdfybt yfkjébnm fhtcn yf jåjheljdfybt änjq ufptns. Nhtåjdfybt bcnwf j rjvgtycfwbb pf vjhfkmysq eothå d 100 vky. d lfkmytqitv åskj jnrkjytyj, yj bcr, gthdjyfxfkmyj ghtlüzdktyysq fdnjhe cnf- nmb b ukfdyjve htlfrnjhe, ntgthm flhtcetncz rjkktrnbde htlfrwbb. Ukfdysq htlfrnjh åjktt d änjv rjkktrnbdt yt hfåjnftn. Hfpåbhf- ntkmcndj gj lfyyjve ltke dtltncz lj cbö gjh. Tot jlyj bynthtcyjt ltkj. D ltrfåht 2003 ujlf d Ifqöjynföeh- crjv vtéhfqjyyjv celt ujhjlf Nfirtynf åsk jnrkjyty bcr, ghtl- üzdktyysq åsditve htlfrnjhe ufptns ≤Vjöbzn≥ Fålerfñve Ñklf- itde d hfpvtht 84 vky. cevjd. (jrjkj ›84 nsc.). Bcr rfcfkcz pfobns xtcnb b ljcnjbycndf, f nfrét djpvtotybz vjhfkmyjuj eothåf. D ltrfåht 2003 ujlf jy åsk jnrkjyty Ifqöjynjöehcrbv vtéhf- qjyysv celjv. Cel ghbyzk cnjhjye ufptns. Hfpåbhfntkmcndj lkbkjcm ytcrjkmrj vtczwtd. Änjve ghtlitcndjdfkf cktleñofz bcnjhbz. D jlyjv bp bñymcrbö yjvthjd 2003 ujlf d ufptnt ≤Vjöbzn≥ åskj jgeå- kbrjdfyj ctvm cfnbhbxtcrbö cnböjndjhtybq. D jlyjv egjvbyfkcz epåtrcrbq gjän Fkbv Åehb, rjnjhsq cxtk änj egjvbyfybt jcrjhåb- ntkmysv b gjlfk, bcr j pfobnt xtcnb b ljcnjbycndf b djpvtotybb vjhfkmyjuj eothåf yf Fålerfñvf Ñklfitdf, åsdituj d nj dhtvz ukfdysv htlfrnjhjv ufptns. Cyfxfkf d cdjtv bcrjdjv pfzdktybb bcntw Fkbv Åehbtd erfpfk cevve d 27 vky. cevjd (›27 nsc.). Jy jåüzcybk tt hfpvth ntv, xnj d ntxtybt 27 ktn dtltn cdjñ kbnthfnehyeñ ltzntkmyjcnm, b pf rfé- lsq ujl gjnhtåjdfk gj vbkkbjye. Yf gthdjv celtåyjv pfctlfybb F. Åehb dytc ljgjkybntkmysq bcr yf 15 vky. cevjd (jrjkj ›15 nsc.).

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Jy pfzdbk, xnj yfgbcfk 15 rybu b jgeåkbrjdfybtv lfyyjuj cnböjn- djhtybz åsk yfytcty dhtl b tuj rybufv. R rjywe celtåyjuj hfpåbhf- ntkmcndf bcntw eldjbk dcñ cevve. Gjkexbkjcm 84 vky. cevjd. Gj ckjdfv fldjrfnf jndtnxbrf – ñhbcnf ≤Bynhtymñc≥ Åfönbthf Iföyfpfhjdf, d rfxtcndt ärcgthnjd gj änjve ltke dscnegbkb bpdtcn- yst b edféftvst d Epåtrbcnfyt kñlb. Änj – ltgenfn Jkbq Vfékbcf Öehibl Ljcnveöfvvfl, pfdtleñobq rfatlhjq cjdhtvtyyjq epåtr- crjq kbnthfnehs Yfwbjyfkmyjuj eybdthcbntnf Rjpjråjq Ñklfitd, pfdtleñobq rfatlhjq cjdhtvtyyjq epåtrcrjq kbnthfnehs gtlfuj- ubxtcrjuj eybdthcbntnf bvtyb Ybpfvb Cfafh Vfnxfyjd, yfxfkm- ybr jnltkf bplfntkmcndf ≤Erbnedxb≥ Cfaj Jxbujd b lheubt. C bö gjvjomñ åskf ljrfpfyf d celt ytdbyjdyjcnm F. Ñklfitdf, f dct nhtåjdfybz bcnwf jnrkjytys. Pfctlfybt ghjikj gjl ghtlctlfntkmcn- djv celmb Åföhjvf Nfyufåftdf. Bcntw djcgjkmpjdfkcz cdjbv ghfdjv jghjntcnjdfnm lfyyjt htitybt b gjlfk fgtkkzwbñ d dsitcnjzobq cel, ult bcr njét åsk jnrkjyty. Tcnm b lheubt ckexfb htitybz ltk d celt d gjkmpe ghtlcnfdbntktq vfcc-vtlbf. Jyb cdbltntkmcndeñn j djpvjéyjcnb ghbyznbz cghfdtlkbdjuj htitybz b njhétcndf pfrjyf, j ytjåöjlbvjcnb cjplfybz ghtwtltynf. Cfvjt cvtiyjt pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj cgecnz ytrjnjhjt dhtvz änjve gjäne ghbikjcm dscnegbnm d celt d rfxtcndt jndtnxbrf. Tve åsk ghtlüzdkty bcr j pfobnt xtcnb, ljcnjbycndf b ltkjdjq htge- nfwbb, gjcrjkmre cfv jndtnxbr yfgbcfk ≤yteujlyeñ≥ cnfnmñ. Gjän åsk dsyeélty jåhfnbnmcz r ntv ét fldjrfnfv, rjnjhst hfytt pfob- ofkb tuj ghjnbdybrf. Rfr hfccrfpfk jlby bp ñhbcnjd, Fkbv Åehb jgfcfkcz, xnj tve jnrféen. Yj änj yt ckexbkjcm, gjcrjkmre bcr åsk ghtlüzdkty fdnjhe éehyfkbcncrjq cnfnmb. Lheujt ltkj njét cdzpfyj c ufptnjq ≤Vjöbzn≥. D yjzåht 2003 ujlf Vbhfåflcrbq vtéhfqjyysq cel gj uhfélfycrbv ltkfv u. Nfirtynf dsytc htitybt gj bcre d jnyjitybb lfyyjuj gtxfnyjuj bplfybz b éehyfkbcnf Rfñvf Vevbyjdf. Cel eljdktndjhbk bcr ukfdyjuj dhfxf ltncrjq åjkmybws ujhjlf Fyuhtyf Uekmcfhs Ähåeft- djq. Jyf gjlfkf bcr j pfobnt xtcnb b ljcnjbycndf yf jåoeñ cevve 10 vky. cevjd (jrjkj ›10 nsc.). Ghb hfccvjnhtybb ltkf d fgtkkz-

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wbjyyjq bycnfywbb dct ghbdtltyyst d cnfnmt afrns gjlndthlbkbcm. Cel ghbjcnfyjdbk ltkj d cdzpb c ntv, xnj Nfirtyncrfz jåkfcnyfz ghjrehfnehf yfghfdbkf d ghjrehfnehe ujhjlf Fyuhtyf gbcmvj lkz II hfccvjnhtybz djghjcf j djpåeéltybb eujkjdyjuj ltkf d jnyjitybb U. Ähåenftdjq. Dct dsitgthtxbcktyyjt ujdjhbn j njv, xnj, ytcvjnhz yf jåoeñ ntyltywbñ ecbktybz rjynhjkz cj cnjhjys ujcelfhcndf pf ltzntkmyjc- nmñ CVB, e éehyfkbcnjd tcnm htfkmyfz djpvjéyjcnm jncnjznm cdjb ghfdf d celtåyjv gjhzlrt. Öjhjibv ghbvthjv éehyfkbcnfv vjuen gjckeébnm htpekmnfns hzlf celtåysö hfpåbhfntkmcnd, rjulf ghtl- cnfdbntkb vfcc-vtlbf dsbuhsdfkb ltkf. Dj vyjujv änjuj ljåbnmcz gjvjufñn ñhbcns ytghfdbntkmcndtyyjq jhufybpfwbb ≤Bynthymñc≥, ult jceotcndkztncz ghjtrn JÅCT gj pfobnt éehyfkbcnjd d celfö d ckexfzö ghtlüzdktybz bv bcrjd, d njv xbckt d jåkfcnb lbaafvf- wbb. Nfr, pfobnf éehyfkbcnjd ufptns ≤Vjöbzn≥ ghjöjlbkf d hfvrfö bvtyyj änjuj ghjtrnf. Gjzdktybt celtåysö hfpåbhfntkmcnd d jnyjitybb bvtyyj änbö ufptn gj cnfnmzv, cdzpfyysv c pfobnjq xtcnb b ljcnjbycndf, yt ckexfqyj. D ujcelfhcndtyysö CVB ibhjrj bcgjkmpjdfkjcm hfytt b bcgjkmpetncz ctqxfc ntktajyyjt ghfdj, rjulf gj pdjyre xbyjd- ybrf pfghtoftncz geåkbrfwbz rfrjuj-nj vfnthbfkf d gtxfnyjv bplfybb bkb dsöjl gthtlfxb d äabh. Ufptns, d jnyjitybb rjnjhsö jceotcndkzkbcm celtåyst hfpåbhfntkmcndf, zdkzñncz ytujcelfhcn- dtyysvb CVB. Jyb frnbdyj dscnegfkb c rhbnbrjq frnefkmysö ghjåktv, ceotcn- deñobö d Epåtrbcnfyt. Gbr gjljåysö vfnthbfkjd ghbitkcz yf dnj- heñ gjkjdbye 2002 ujlf – gthdeñ gjkjdbye 2003 ujlf. Änj cdzpfyj c jnvtyjq jabwbfkmyjq wtypehs d vft 2002 ujlf. Njulf d gtxfnb, d åjkmitq cntgtyb, b yf hflbj b ntktdbltybb – d vtymitq cntgtyb cnfkb gjzdkznmcz jcnhst vfnthbfks. R rjywe ghjikjuj ujlf cbnef- wbz bpvtybkfcm. Yf cvtye wtypeht xbyjdybrjd ghbikf cfvjwtypehf b wtypehf exhtlbntktq CVB. D ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö jyf ghbyzkf cvtiyst ajhvs. Gj ckjdfv éehyfkbcnjd, ukfdyst htlfrnjhs hzlf ufptn (d jcyjdyjv ytujcelfhcndtyysö) yfybvfñn (ytjabwbfkmyj) d

119 Yfltélf Cntgfyjdf

rfxtcndt rjycekmnfynjd åsdibö wtypjhjd, rjnjhst dsxbnsdfñn gjkjcs gthtl dsöjljv d cdtn dj bpåtéfybt d lfkmytqitv djpvjé- ysö ytghbznyjcntq. F exhtlbntkb, hfytt lfét yt cvjnhtdibt cdjb ufptns lj geåkbrfwbb, ntgthm cnfkb bö nofntkmyj ghjxbnsdfnm c wtkmñ – rfr ås xnj yt ghjcrjxbkj^ Wtypehf d dblt ntktajyyjuj ghfdf, cfvjwtypehf b rjcdtyyfz wty- pehf cj cnjhjys exhtlbntktq gjdkbzkb yf bpvtytybt htlfrwbjyyjq gjkbnbrb ytujcelfhcndtyysö bplfybq, pflfdfdibö njy d ltkt cjplf- ybz byajhvfwbjyyjuj ghjcnhfycndf gj jåceéltybñ ntö bkb bysö ntv, bvtñobö jåotcndtyyeñ pyfxbvjcnm. Ctujlyz rjkktrnbds åjkm- ibycndf htlfrwbq ghtlgjxbnfñn yt jåjcnhznm jnyjitybq c dkfcnzvb, xnj yfghzveñ cdzpfyj c evtymitybtv ghtntypbq, djpybrfñobö r CVB, d njv xbckt d jåkfcnb lbaafvfwbb. Ctujlyziyzz cbnefwbz chfdybvf c gjkjétybtv d 2001 ujle. Njulf d ntxtybt wtkjuj rfktylfhyjuj ujlf d vtéhfqjyyjv Vbhfåflcrjv celt Nfirtynf åskj hfccvjnhtyj dctuj nhb bcrf. Jlby bp ybö ghb- yflktéfk Afphbllbye Cfvbyéfyjde, rjnjhsq jy ghtlüzdbk ufptnt ≤Lfhfrxb≥ gj cnfnmt Uhfélfycrjuj rjltrcf ≤J pfobnt xtcnb ljcnj- bycndf b dpscrfybb vjhfkmyjuj eothåf≥. Exhtlbntktv änjq ufptns zdkztncz Cfvfhrfylcrjt jåotcndj c juhfybxtyyjq jndtncndtyyjcnmñ ntktrjvgfybz ≤CND≥. Éfkjåf gjcnegbkf 30 bñyz 2001 ujlf. D ytq ujdjhbkjcm, xnj 24 vfz 2001 ujlf gjl heåhbrjq ≤Eujkjdyst ght- cnegktybz≥ ufptnf jgeåkbrjdfkf cnfnmñ ≤Åthtubntcm fdnjvjåbkz≥, ult ikf htxm j ldeö gfhyzö, rjnjhst ybult yt hfåjnfkb, dcnfkb yf genm ghtcnegktybq b pf cjltzyyjt åskb ghbujdjhtys: jlby – r ltcznb ujlfv b itcnb vtczwfv pfrkñxtybz, lheujq – r jlbyyflwfnb ujlfv ltdznb vtczwfv. Cnfnmñ cjghjdjélfkf ajnjuhfabz, pfgtxfnktdifz edféftvsö kñltq, ybrjulf yt cjdthifdibö rfrbö-kbåj ghfdjyfheitybq – ght- gjlfdfntkz rfatlhs flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj ghfdf Nfirtyncrjuj ñhb- lbxtcrjuj bycnbnenf A. Cfvbyéfyjdf b jlyjuj bp tuj cneltynjd. Bcntw d cdjtv pfzdktybb nhtåjdfk djpvtotybz vjhfkmyjuj eothåf d cevvt 20 vky. cevjd (yf njv vjvtyn 1› – 1500 cevjd) b pfnhfn pf ñhblbxtcrbt eckeub d hfpvtht 20 nsc. cevjd.

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D njv ét vtéhfqjyyjv Vbhfåflcrjv celt (bvtyyj pltcm nthhb- njhbfkmyj hfcgjkjétys htlfrwbb åjkmibycndf gtxfnysö bplfybq epåtrcrjq cnjkbws) d 2001 ujle hfccvfnhbdfkjcm tot jlyj ltkj II jå bcrt r ufptnt ≤Lfhfrxb≥, fyfkjubxyjt ghtlsleotq bcnjhbb c ajnjuhfabtq. Njkmrj yf ctq hfp, åsk jgeåkbrjdfy atkmtnjy, ult dscvtbdfkfcm lfvf, ghbtöfdifz yf jnlsö d cfyfnjhbq, f pfyznfz cjdctv lheubvb... fvehysvb ltkfvb. Rfr b d ghtlsleotv ckexft, hzljv c änbv atkmtnjyjv jrfpfkjcm ajnj étyobys, bvtñotq ghf- dbntkmcndtyyst yfuhfls, öjhjij bpdtcnyjuj d cdjbö rhfzö xtkjdtrf, pfybvfñotujcz djcgbnfybtv ltntq. Ytåjkmijt xbckj ltk d celfö åskj yfghzveñ cdzpfyj c ntv, xnj d vfnthbfkfö vyjujxbcktyysö hfqjyysö, ujhjlcrbö b htcgeåkb- rfycrbö CVB ghfrnbxtcrb jncencndjdfkb rhbnbxtcrbt geåkbrfwbb d flhtc vbybcnthcnd b lheubö dtljvcnd htcgeåkbrfycrjuj pyfxtybz. Cj cnhfybw ufptn b éehyfkjd, d hflbj- b ntkthtgjhnféfö epåtrcrbt éehyfkbcns hfgjhnjdfkb j ckfdysö ljcnbétybzö nheljdsö rjkktr- nbdjd b gjåtlfö ≤yf genb ärjyjvbxtcrbö ghtjåhfpjdfybq d eckjdbzö gthtöjlf r hsyjxysv jnyjitybzv≥, vfkj bynthtcezcm ckjéysvb ghjåktvfvb, cnjzobvb gthtl jåotcndjv yf genb änbö ghtjåhfpjdf- ybq b htajhv. Rnj ét cnfytn gjlfdfnm d cel yf CVB, rjnjhst pfybvfñncz ghfrnbxtcrb jlybv djcödfktybtv? Hfpdt njkmrj d ckexft jibåjr, rfr ghjbpjikj c ufptnjq ≤Lfhfrxb≥... Rfr yt gfhfljrcfkmyj änj pdexbn, yj åjkmijt xbckj celtåysö hfpåbhfntkmcnd gj cnfnmzv Uhfélfycrjuj rjltrcf, yfghfdktyysö yf pfobne xtcnb, ljcnjbycndf b ltkjdjq htgenfwbb, zdkztncz gjrfpfnt- ktv jnrhsnjcnb jåotcndf, cdjåjls ckjdf d ytv. Xnj ét rfcftncz ghbdktxtybz r eujkjdyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb éeh- yfkbcnjd pf rktdtne b jcrjhåktybt, nj änf yjhvf yt yföjlbn ghbvt- ytybz d ñhblbxtcrjq ghfrnbrt. Ybrfrbö ctycfwbjyysö bkb hfpjåkf- xbntkmysö cnfntq, hflbj- bkb ntktcñétnjd d CVB Epåtrbcnfyf yt dsöjlbn. Pltcm yt ceotcndetn ≤ckbdf rjvghjvfnjd≥, hfpkbxysö hfp- åjhjr. Dcz rhbnbre ≤eikf≥ d bynthytn-bplfybz, rjnjhst yt bvtñn ñhblbxtcrjuj cnfnecf b djjåot yt zdkzñncz chtlcndfvb vfccjdjq

121 Yfltélf Cntgfyjdf

byajhvfwbb gj pfrjye. Gjnjve b ytn ckexftd, xnjås éehyfkbcnjd cféfkb d nñhmve pf rktdtne b jcrjhåktybt. Åskb eujkjdyst ltkf, djpåeéltyyst gj jnyjitybñ r ghtlcnf- dbntkzv CVB, yj, rfr ghfdbkj, pf dsvjufntkmcndj dpznjr bkb gj lheubv cnfnmzv, yt bvtñobv jnyjitybz r lbaafvfwbb.

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Léeyfql Båjljd II PFRJY J RKTDTNT B LBAAFVFWBB D NFLÉBRBCNFYT

Ntve vjtuj cjjåotybz vjéyj åskj ås yfpdfnm byfxt, yfghbvth: ≤xtcnm, ljcnjbycndj b ltkjdfz htgenfwbz, rfr jåütrn gjczufntkmcnd d chtlcndfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb≥. Nfrjt gjybvfybt åskj ås åkbét r yfitq ltqcndbntkmyjcnb. Ntv yt vtytt, bvttncz ytjåöjlbvjcnm cyfxfkf hfpjåhfnmcz d nthvbyjkjubb. B nen gthdsq djghjc – xnj ét nfrjt ≤lbaafvfwbz≥? D änj cjåbhfntkmyjt gjyznbt ctqxfc ghbyznj drkñxfnm åjktt ghbdsxyst lkz yfc nthvbys, rfr rktdtnf, jcrjh- åktybt, hfcghjcnhfytybt gjhjxfobö cdtltybq, eotvktybt xtcnb b ljcnjbycndf b n.g. Pfrjyjlfntkmcndj Htcgeåkbrb Nflébrbcnfy yt cjlthébn nfrjuj nthvbyf, rfr ≤lbaafvfwbz≥, dvtcnj ytuj ceotcn- deñn d jnltkmyjcnb nt gjyznbz, j rjnjhsö z ujdjhbkdsit. Bnfr, xnj rfcftncz pfrjyjlfntkmcndf Nflébrbcnfyf d jnyjitybbghtlvtnf yfituj hfpujdjhf, nj cktletn bvtnm d dble, xnj ceotcndeñn ldt ajhvs (bkb dblf) gjljåysq htukfvtynfwbb. Änj – uhfélfycrj-ghf- djdfz pfobnf xtcnb, ljcnjbycndf b ltkjdjq htgenfwbb, dnjhjq dbl – änj eujkjdyjt htuekbhjdfybt. Dblbvj yt åeltn kbiybv, tckb vs erfétv yf öfhfrnthyst ghb- pyfrb rféljuj gjyznbz, hfccvfnhbdftvjuj yfvb pltcm, nj tcnm tckb vs gjgsnftvcz lfnm jghtltktybz änbv gjyznbzv (öjnz cktletn ghb- pyfnm, xnj änbö jghtltktybq ytvfkj b xfcnj jyb hfpkbxfñncz). Bnfr, xtcnm – änj gjkjébntkmyfz jåotcndtyyfz jwtyrf rfxtcnd kbwf, nj tcnm ytrjt gjkjébntkmyjt jåotcndtyyjt vytybt j xtkj- dtrt. Ljcnjbycndj ét – änj gjkjébntkmyfz cfvjjwtyrf rfxtcnd xtkj- dtrf, jcyjdfyyfz yf jåotcndtyyjq jwtyrt, xnj rfcftncz htgenfwbb, nj änj – jåotcndtyyfz jwtyrf pyfxbvsö cdjqcnd kbxyjcnb. Bysvb ckjdfvb, htgenfwbz – änj åjktt eprjt gjyznbt, änj jghtltktyyst

123 Léeyfql Båjljd

ghjatccbjyfkmyst, vjhfkmyst, vjétn åsnm ltkjdst rfxtcndf xtkj- dtrf. Pfrjyjlfntkmyfz pfobnf xtcnb, ljcnjbycndf b (ltkjdjq) htgenf- wbb ghtlecvfnhbdftncz rjycnbnewbjyysvb yjhvfvb. Cnfnmz 5 b 42 Rjycnbnewbb Nflébrbcnfyf jghtltkzñn, xnj ≤ébpym, xtcnm, ljcnj- bycndj b lheubt tcntcndtyyst ghfdf xtkjdtrf ytghbrjcyjdtyys≥, b xnj ≤d Nflébrbcnfyt rfélsq jåzpfy edféfnm ghfdf cdjåjls, xtcnm b ljcnjbycndj lheubö kñltq≥. Pfvtnbv d änjq cdzpb, xnj hfcghjcnhfytybt ytljcnjdthyjq byajh- vfwbb j xtkjdtrt – yt njkmrj jlyf bp ajhv pfuhzpytybz byajh- vfwbjyyjuj ghjcnhfycndf, yj ghb jghtltkçyysö jåcnjzntkmcndfö b yfheitybt ghfd xtkjdtrf. Uhfélfycrbq Rjltrc (UR) Htcgeåkbrb Nflébrbcnfy d cnfnmb 174 ghbpyfçn pf uhfélfycndjv ghfdj ≤nhtåjdfnm gj cele jghjdthétybz gjhjxfobö tuj xtcnm, ljcnjbycndj bkb ltkjdeñ htgenfwbñ cdtltybq, tckb hfcghjcnhfybdibq nfrbt cdtltybz yt ljrfétn, xnj jyb cjjndtncn- deñn ltqcndbntkmyjcnb≥. Tckb änb cdtltybz hfcghjcnhfytys d CVB, nj jghjdthuyens jyb ljkéys åsnm åtcgkfnyj d ntö ét CVB (xfcnm 2 cn. 174). Jnvtnbv, xnj d cnfnmt htxm blçn njkmrj j ≤cdtltybzö≥, f yt jå jwtyrfö, vytybzö b ceåütrnbdysö ceéltybzö éehyfkbcnf, rjnjhst, yf yfi dpukzl, djjåot yt gjlktéfn ghjwtleht ghjdthrb yf cjjndtncndbt ltqcndbntkmyjcnb. D jnkbxbt jn fyfkjubxyjq yjhvs UR Hjccbb, yfghbvth, Uhfélfy- crbq Rjltrc Nflébrbcnfyf d yfpdfyyjq cnfnmt ljgecrftn jåhfotybt d cel njkmrj d ntö ckexfzö, rjulf jhufy vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb jnrf- pfk d nfrjq geåkbrfwbb, kbåj d ntxtybt vtczwf yt gjvtcnbk geåkb- rfwbñ, f nfrét d ckexft kbrdblfwbb änjuj jhufyf. Byfxt ujdjhz, d cel vjéyj jåhfnbnmcz njkmrj njulf, rjulf gj rfrbv-nj ghbxbyfv yt hfåjnftn ecnfyjdktyysq vtöfybpv dytceltåyjuj ehtuekbhjdfybz rjyakbrnf. Ujdjhz j ghfdt yf jghjdthétybt cktletn jnvtnbnm ddble, xnj pltcm htxm blçn j ≤gjhjxfobö xtcnb b ljcnjbycndj cdtltybzö≥ d jnyj- itybb kbwf. Xnj nfrjt ≤gjhjxfobt cdtltybz≥ – änj vjéyj epyfnm, bp ntrcnf gjcnfyjdktybz § 8 Gktyevf Dthöjdyjuj Celf Htcgeåkbrb

124  PFRJYS J RKTDTNT B JCRJHÅKTYBB RFR DSPJD CDJÅJLT CVB

Nflébrbcnfy jn 4 bñyz 192 ujlf: ≤gjhjxfobvb zdkzñncz nfrbt cdt- ltybz – ujdjhbncz d njv ljrevtynt, – rjnjhst eotvkzñn xtcnm b ljcnjbycndj uhfélfybyf... d jåotcndtyyjv vytybb bkb vytybb jght- II ltkçyysö uhfélfy c njxrb phtybz cjåkñltybz pfrjyjd, vjhfkmysö ghbywbgjd jåotcndf≥. Jlyfrj pfrjyjlfntkm (nf ét 174 cnfnmz UR), dsltkztn (rhjvt ghfdf yf jghjdthétybt) toç jlye djpvjéyjcnm lkz ≤gjcnhflfdituj≥ jn geåkbrfwbb d CVB kbwf, nfr crfpfnm, jnkbxbnmcz. Htxm blçn j njv, xnj ytrbq uhfélfyby d jnyjitybb rjnjhjuj d CVB jgeåkbrjdfys cdtltybz, eotvkzñobt tuj ghfdf b jöhfyztvst pfrjyjv bynthtcs, bvttn ghfdj yf åtcgkfnyjt jgeåkbrjdfybt jndtnf d ntö ét CVB. Vtöfybpv ét ljceltåyjuj hfphtitybz rjyakbrnf ghb nhtåjdfybb geåkbrfwbb jndtnf nfrjq ét, rfr b ghb jghjdthétybb. Vs ghjljkéftv gjrf ujdjhbnm j uhfélfycrjq-ghfdjdjq pfobnt xtcnb b ljcnjbycndf. Xnj pyfxbnm ≤uhfélfycrb-ghfdjdfz ajhvf?≥ Änj pyfxbn, drhfnwt, xnj ltkj d uhfélfycrjv celt åeltn hfccvfnhb- dfnmcz gj bcrjdjve pfzdktybñ bcnwf – uhfélfybyf, gjcnhflfdituj yf tuj dpukzl, jn ufptnyjq geåkbrfwbb bkb äabhyjuj dtofybz. Ytjåöjlbvj bvtnm ddble, xnj d uhfélfycrjv b d eujkjdyjv celjg- hjbpdjlcndt bcnwjv bkb cjjndtncndtyysv ceåütrnjv ghtcnegktybz (rktdtnf/jcrjhåktybt) vjétn åsnm njkmrj xtkjdtr, abpbxtcrjt kbwj, kbxyjcnm, f yt jhufybpfwbz (ñhblbxtcrjt kbwj), rjnjhjq yt ghbceot gjyznbt ≤xtcnm b ljcnjbycndj≥. Gjänjve, rjulf jhufybpf- wbb (d ntxtybb dkfcnyjuj öfhfrnthf) ujdjhzn j pfobnt bö xtcnb b ljcnjbycndf – änj yjyctyc. Lj cbö gjh vs ujdjhbkb j pfobnt xtcnb b ljcnjbycndf d CVB ghbvtybntkmyj d yjhvfv UR, f xnj ét jcyjd- yjq jnhfcktdjq pfrjy – Pfrjy HN ≤J gtxfnb b lheubö chtlcndfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb≥ jghtltkztn yf änjn cxçn? Cnfnmz 24 Pfrjys nfrét lfçn ghfdj uhfélfybye nhtåjdfnm jn htlfrwbb CVB jghjdthétybz bkb geåkbrfwbb jndtn d ntö ét CVB. Jcyjdfybzvb pltcm e uhfélfybyf lkz nfrbö nhtåjdfybq, d ghbywbgt nfrbt ét, rfr jyb ecnfyjdktys d Uhfélfycrjv Rjltrct HN (cn. 174). Lfktt pfrjy (cn. 26) jghtltkztn, xnj uhfélfyby dghfdt jåhfnbnmcz d cel d ntxtybb ujlf cj lyz geåkbrfwbb j yçv, rjnjheñ jy cjåbhftncz

125 Léeyfql Båjljd

jcgfhbdfnm. Xnj rfcftncz UR, nj pltcm (cn. 231) bcrjdfz lfdyjcnm yf nhtåjdfybz j pfobnt kbxysö ytbveotcndtyysö ghfd (relf döjlzn b pfobnf xtcnb b ljcnjbycndf) yt hfcghjcnhfyztncz. Ghfdlf, d änjq 231jq cnfnmt crfpfyj, xnj ≤rhjvt ckexftd, ghtlecvjnhtyysö pfrj- yjv≥. Vjétn åsnm pltcm b gjlktéfn ghbvtytybñ yjvs cnfnmb 26 Pfrjys ≤J gtxfnb...≥. Yj nhelyj crfpfnm, båj d änjq jåkfcnb, gjrf e yfc ytn ghbvthjd bp celtåyjq ghfrnbrb. Ytjåöjlbvj, nfrét bvtnm ddble, xnj cjukfcyj yjhvfv UR (nfrét cnfnmz 174) – gj nhtåjdf- ybñ pfbynthtcjdfyysö kbw ljgecrftncz pfobnf xtcnb b ljcnjbycndf uhfélfybyf b gjkt tuj cvthnb. Rnj nfrbt ≤pfbynthtcjdfyyst kbwf≥ – änjuj d pfrjyfö ytn. Yflj gjkfufnm – änj, d gthdeñ jxthtlm hjl- cndtyybrb. Yj, rfr gjrfpfkf ghfrnbrf (yt yfif) pltcm djpybrfñn vyjuj ghjåktv. Vyjubt, yfghbvth, cxbnfñn, xnj ytkmpz yfcktljdfnm xtcnm b ljcnjbycndj, rfr yfkbxyst ytbveotcndtyyst ghfdf. Gj lfy- yjq rfntujhbb ltk (rktdtnf, jcrjhåktybt) d rfxtcndt jndtnxbrjd ghbdktrfñncz d celt htlfrwbz b fdnjh geåkbrfwbb. Tckb fdnjh dscne- gfk gjl gctdljybvjv bkb fyjybvyj, nj tlbycndtyysv jndtnxbrjv cnfyjdbncz htlfrwbz. C cjukfcbz fdnjh htlfrwbz vjétn hfcrhsnm tuj bvz b njulf jy cnfyjdbncz cjjndtnxbrjv. Tckb ét htlfrwbz – yt ñhblbxtcrjt kbwj, cktljdfntkmyj, yt vjétn åsnm cnjhjyjq d ghjwtcct, nj r exfcnbñ d ltkt d rfxtcndt jndtnxbrf, ljkéty åsnm ghbdktxçy exhtlbntkm lfyyjuj CVB. D nfrbö ét ckexfzö pfrjyjlfntkmcndj Nflébrbcnfyf (d lfy- yjv ckexft Pfrjy ≤J gtxfnb...≥ jcdjåjélftn CVB jn geåkbrfwbb ytljcnjdthysö cdtltybq. Cjukfcyj cnfnmt 35 Pfrjyf änbö ckexftd – xtnsht: 1. tckb änb cdtltybz cjlthéfkbcm d jabwbfkmysö cbnefwbzö; 2. tckb jyb gjkextys jn byajhvfwbjyysö futyncnd bkb ghtcc ckeéå ujcelfhcndtyysö bkb jndtncndtyysö jhufyjd; 3. tckb jyb zdkzñncz ljckjdysv djcghjbpdtltybtv dscnegktybq yfhjlysö ltgenfnjd yf cütplfö b ctccbzö Cjdtnjd, ltktufnjd cütp- ljd, rjyathtywbq, gktyevjd jåotcndtyysö jåütlbytybq, f nfrét jabwbfkmysö dscnegktybq ljkéyjcnysö kbw ujcelfhcndtyysö b jåotcndtyysö jhufyjd;

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4. tckb jyb cjlthéfkbcm d fdnjhcrbö dscnegktybzö, bleobö d äabh åtp ghtldfhbntkmyjq pfgbcb, kbåj d ntrcnfö yt gjlktéfobö htlfrnbhjdfybñ d cjjndtncndbb c yfcnjzobv Pfrjyjv; yfghbvth II d ntrcnt jndtnf uhfélfybyf. Öjntkjcm ås ghtljcnthtxm éehyfkbcnjd jn kjéyjuj gjybvfybz djghjcf b pltcm. Ltkj d njv, xnj d kñåjv ckexft, lfét d ckexft c xtnshmvz eckjdbzvb, yfpdfyysvb c cnfnmt 35 Pfrjyf, d rfxtcndt jndtnxbrf ntv yt vtytt ghbdktrftncz CVB, jgeåkbrjdfdibt gtht- lfdfdibt vfnthbfks d äabh. Lheujt ltkj, xnj pfntv d ghjwtcct celtåyjuj hfpåbhfntkmcndf htlfrwbz CVB dghfdt ghbdktxm gth- djbcnjxybr cdjtq byajhvfwbb d rfxtcndt cjjndtnxbrf. Toç jlyj pfåkeéltybt éehyfkbcnjd b htlfrnjhjd CVB cdzpfyj c ntv, xnj yf bö dpukzl, geåkbrfwbz jghjdthétybz fdnjvfnbxtcrb jcdjåjé- lftn bö jn jndtncndtyyjcnb pf djpvtotybt eåsnrjd b djpvtotybt vjhfkmyjuj dhtlf, ghbxbytyyjuj hfcghjcnhfytybtv cdtltybq, gjhjxf bö xtcnm b ljcnjbycndf uhfélfybyf. Änj lfktrj yt nfr, båj, d cjjn- dtncndbb c yjhvfvb njq ét cnfnmb 174 UR HN, uhfélfyby dghfdt nhtåjdfnm gj cele erfpfyyst djpvtotybz yfhzle c nhtåjdfybzvb jå jghjdthétybb. F ntgthm ytcrjkmrj ckjd jå eujkjdyjq ajhvt jndtncndtyyjcnb. Htxm d gthdeñ jxthtlm blçn j rktdtnt d CVB. Nfr djn rktdtnf (cn. 135 ER HN) jghtltkztncz, rfr hfcghjcnhfytybt pfdtljvj kjéysö cdtltybq (d CVB), gjhjxfobö xtcnm b ljcnjbycndj lheujuj kbwf. Pltcm jåhfnbnt dybvfybt yf ldf vjvtynf: Gthdjt – jåütrnjv ghtcnegktybq j rktdtnt vjétn åsnm njkmrj kbwj n.t abpbxtcrjt kbwj xtkjdtr, nj tcnm jrktdtnfnm vjéyj njkmrj kbxyjcnm, yj yt jhufybpfwbñ bkb ujcelfhcndj. B dnjhjt – änj cfvjt ≤Pfdtljvfz kjéyjcnm cdtltybq≥. Djghjc pfrkñxftncz c njxrb phtybz yjhvs cnfnmb d njv, xnj hfcghjcnhfyb- ntkm änbö cdtltybq (éehyfkbcn, htlfrwbz) ljkéty åsk pfhfytt pyfnm (lj hfcghjcnhfytybz), xnj cdtltybz zdkzñncz pfdtljvj kjéysvb lkz ytuj cfvjuj. Crfée toç ghjot, xnjås ghbvtyznm äne cnfnmñ éehyfkbcn ljkéty lfnm gjrfpfybz d celt j njv, xnj pfhfytt pfdt- ljvj jy pyfk, xnj änb cdtltybz, ghtlyfpyfxtyyst lkz hfcghjcnhfyt-

127 Léeyfql Båjljd

ybz d ufptnt zdkzñncz kjéysvb, yj ntv yt vtytt, jy (Éehyfkbcn) gjiçk bö geåkbrfwbñ. Xnj rfcftncz jcrjhåktybz c CVB (cn. 136 Eujkjdyjuj Rjltrcf HN), nj jyj jghtltkztncz, rfr ≤eybétybt xtcnb b ljcnjbycndf lhe- ujuj kbwf, dshfétyyjq d ytghbkbxyjq ajhvt≥. Pltcm nfrét cktletn bvtnm ddble ldf jåcnjzntkmcndf. Gthdjt – jcrjhåkznm vjéyj njkmrj ≤kbwf≥, ≤xtkjdtrf≥. B dnjhjt – pltcm eét cjdthityyj åtphfpkbxyj, cjjndtncndbt bkb ytcjjndtncndbt hfcghjcnhfyztvsö cdtltybq ltqcndb- ntkmyjcnb. Pltcm dféyf njkmrj ≤ytghbkbxyfz ajhvf≥ geåkbrfwbb, f änj, d cdjñ jxthtlm, pfdbcbn jn vyjubö afrnjhjd d jåotcndt – cjwb- fkmysö, vjhfkmysö b n.l. Cktlcndtyyfz b celtåyfz ghfrnbrf xfcnj yfpyfxfñn cjjndtncndeñobt yfexyst b lheubt ärcgthnbps, xnjås jghtltkbnm – zdkztncz kb nj bkb byjt dshfétybt ≤jcrjhåbntkmysv≥ lkz rjyrhtnyjuj kbwf b dhtvtyb.

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Ifvfhfk Vfqxbtd II ÅTPECGTIYST GJGSNRB UEVFYBPFWBB PFRJYJLFNTKMCNDF J RKTDTNT D RSHUSPCNFYT

Ghtélt dctuj, z öjntk ås ghbdtcnb ytrjnjhst bynthtcyst lfyyst j celtåyjq ghfrnbrt hfccvjnhtybz ltk j pfobnt xtcnb, ljcnjbycndf b ltkjdjq htgenfwbb d Rshuspcrjq Htcgeåkbrt pf 2002 ujl b 6 vtczwtd 2003 ujlf. Änb lfyyst jgeåkbrjdfys d ≤Jåpjht celtåyjq ghfrnbrb gj ltkfv j pfobnt xtcnb, ljcnjbycndf b ltkjdjq htgenf- wbb≥ jn 5 ltrfåhz 2003 ujlf. Jåpjh gjlujnjdkty jnltkjv jåjåotybz celtåyjq ghfrnbrb b fyfkbpf celtåyjq cnfnbcnbrb Dthöjdyjuj Celf Rshuspcrjq Htcgeåkbrb. Gj lfyysv celtåyjq cnfnbcnbrb, d ghjbpdjlcndt celjd htcgeå- kbrb yföjlbkjcm cjjndtncndtyyj: d 2001 ujle – 103, d 2002 ujle – 135, b d 2003 ujle – 242 eujkjdysö ltkf gj jådbytybñ d rktdtnt b jcrjhåktybb. Bp erfpfyyjuj xbckf hfccvjnhtyj c dsytctybtv ghbujdjhf – 103 ltkf bkb 21,5fi; ghtrhfotyj ghjbpdjlcndjv yf jcyjdfybzö, ghtlecvjnhtyysö eujkjdyj-ghjwtccefkmysv rjltrcjv, 282 ltkf bkb 58,7fi. Pf erfpfyysq gthbjl hfccvjnhtyj 1 ltkj jå jcrjhåktybb exfcnybrjd celtåyjuj hfpåbhfntkmcndf (celmb) – cn. 312 ER b 11 ltk j geåkbxyjv jcrjhåktybb ghtlcnfdbntkz dkfcnb ghb bcgjkytybb bv ljkéyjcnysö jåzpfyyjcntq – cn. 342 ER. Lfyyst celtåyjq cnfnbcnbrb cdbltntkmcndeñn jå edtkbxtybb xbckf bcrjd j pfobnt jn gjczufntkmcndf yf xtcnm, ljcnjbycndj b ltkjdeñ htgenfwbñ. Nfr, d 2001 ujle d ghjbpdjlcndt celjd gthdjq bycnfywbb yföjlbkjcm 131 ltkj, d 2002 ujle – 152, f pf 6 vtczwtd 2003 u. – 138 ltk erfpfyyjq rfntujhbb. Pf 2002 ujl b 6 vtczwtd 2003 u. gj 103 ltkfv, hfccvjnhtyysv c dsytctybtv htitybz, celfvb gthdjq bycnfywbb åskj eljdktndjhtyj 70fi pfzdktyysö nhtåjdfybq. Rféljt nhtnmt bcrjdjt pfzdktybt gj änbv ltkfv jcnfdktyj åtp hfccvjnhtybz, b d jnyjitybb rféljuj gznjuj ltkf ghjbpdjlcndj

129 Ifvfhfk Vfqxbtd

åskj ghtrhfotyj yf jcyjdfybzö, ghtlecvjnhtyysö ghjwtccefkmysv rjltrcjv. D fgtkkzwbjyyjv gjhzlrt åskj jåéfkjdfyj 91 bkb 44fi celtå- ysö htitybq, bp rjnjhsö celtåysvb rjkktubzvb jcnfdktys åtp bpvt- ytybz 55 htitybq bkb 60fi, gj 18 ltkfv htitybz åskb bpvtytys, d jcyjdyjv d njv, xnj rfcftncz hfpvthf rjvgtycfwbb pf vjhfkmysq eothå. Bp xbckf bpextyysö ltk jåéfkjdfkbcm d gjhzlrt yflpjhf 13 htit- ybq, f htitybz gj djcmvb ltkfv bkb 61fi jcnfdktys åtp bpvtytybq Rfr dblyj bp änjq cnfnbcnbrb, éehyfkbcns ghbdktrfñncz r euj- kjdyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb. D yfitq htcgeåkbrt åskj ytcrjkmrj iev- ysö ltk, rjulf éehyfkbcnjd ytjåjcyjdfyyj ghbdktrfkb r eujkjdyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb b kbifkb cdjåjls gj ghbujdjhe celf. Änb celtåyst ghjwtccs ibhjrj jåceélfkbcm uhfélfycrbv jåotcndjv, rjnjhjt ytjlyjrhfnyj nhtåjdfkj e dkfcntq jnvtybnm eujkjdyeñ jndtncndty- yjcnm gj cnfnmt ≤rktdtnf≥ d dblt kbitybz cdjåjls. Yfxbyfz c 1999 ujlf gj yfcnjzott dhtvz, ghtpbltyn Rshuspcrjq Htcgeåkbrb nhbéls bybwbbhjdfk pfrjyjghjtrn d Éjujhre Rtyti Rshuspcrjq Htcgeåkbrb jå bcrkñxtybb bp eujkjdyjuj rjltrcf cnfntq, ghtlecvfnhbdfñobö eujkjdyeñ jndtncndtyyjcnm dgkjnm lj kbitybz cdjåjls pf rktdtne b jcrjhåktybt. Dct nhb gjgsnrb ght- pbltynf jrfpfkbcm åtpecgtiysvb, nfr rfr Éjujhre Rtyti Rshusp- crjq Htcgeåkbrb nhbéls jnrkjyzk lfyysq pfrjyjghjtrn. Dct nhb gjgsnrb lheéyj rjvvtynbhjdfkbcm chtlcndfvb vfccjdjq byajhvf- wbb: ytrjnjhst jwtybdfkb ltqcndbz ghtpbltynf rfr ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt, f ytrjnjhst hfccvfnhbdfkb bö rfr ytrbq htrkfvysq öjl. Yj, rfr ås nfv yb åskj, afrn jcnftncz afrnjv. Wbdbkbpjdfyyst cnhfys lfdyj jnrfpfkbcm jn ghfrnbrb ghbvtyt- ybz eujkjdyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb pf rktdtne, ghbpyfd nfreñ ghfrnbre fhöfbxyjq b ytljcnjqyjq cjdhtvtyyjq ltvjrhfnbb. Jyb ghblthébdf- ñncz vytybz, xnj rktdtnf b jcrjhåktybt gjlgflfñn gjl ñhbclbrwbñ uhfélfycrjuj, f yt eujkjdyjuj ghfdf. Hflb cghfdtlkbdjcnb jnvt- nbv: eujkjdyfz jndtncndtyyjcnm pf rktdtne ceotcndetn yt njkmrj d gjcncjdtncrbö cnhfyfö, yj b, r ghbvthe, d Uthvfybb. Jlyfrj d

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Uthvfybb lfyyst cnfnmb yt ghbvtyzkbcm yf ghfrnbrt åjktt 40 ktn. D Dtkbrjåhbnfybb 90fi bcrjd j pfobnt ltkjdjq htgenfwbb gjgflfñn yt d cels, f d jåotcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb, rjnjhst dscnegfñn d II rfxtcndt gjchtlybrjd d catht chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Yfghb- vth, juhjvyjt rjkbxtcndj éfkjå yf chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb gjcnegftn d Åñhj éfkjå d jnyjitybb CVB, rjnjhjt cnhtvbncz lfnm jåütrnbdyeñ b åtcghbcnhfcnyeñ jwtyre ghb hfccvjnhtybb djghjcjd, rfcfñoböcz lbaafvfwbb. Änj tot hfp ljrfpsdftn äaatrnbdyjcnm ghbvtytybz cgjcjåjd dytceltåyjuj ehtuekbhjdfybz ghjåktv, djpyb- rfñobö d catht CVB. Vtéleyfhjlyst ärcgthns (≤Jghtltkzz lbaafvfwbñ≥ – cthbz vtéleyfhjlysö cnfylfhnjd, Fhnbrkm 19, Kjyljy, bñkm 2000 u.) jghtltkzñn ghbywbgs eujkjdyj-yfrfpetvjq lbaafvfwbb cktleñ- obv jåhfpjv: 1. Dct pfrjys, rfcfñobtcz eujkjdyj-yfrfpetvjq lbaafvfwbb, ljkéys åsnm jnvtytys bkb pfvtytys ult ytjåöjlbvj, cjjn- dtncndeñobvb uhfélfycrj-ghfdjdsvb yjhvfvb j lbaafvfwbb. Ljkéys åsnm ghtlghbyzns ifub lkz gjänfgyjq htfkbpfwbb lfy- yjuj ghbywbgf d ntö ujcelfhcndfö, ult dct tot ceotcndeñn pfrjys c eujkjdyj-yfrfpetvjq lbaafvfwbtq; 2. Yf ghfrnbrt, jcjpyfdfz njn afrn, xnj dj vyjubö ujcelfhcndfö pfrjys jå eujkjdyj-yfrfpetvjq lbaafvfwbb zdkzñncz jcyjd- ysvb chtlcndfvb pfobns htgenfwbb, cktletn ytvtlktyyj ghb- yznm vths, ufhfynbheñobt, xnjås kñåjq ltqcndeñobq pfrjy jå eujkjdyj-yfrfpetvjq lbaafvfwbb cjjndtncndjdfk cktleñobv eckjdbzv: f) ybrnj yt ljkéty åsnm jceélty pf eotvktybt htgenfwbb, gjrf cnjhjyf, cxbnfñofz ctåz gjcnhflfditq, eåtlbntkmyj yt ljrfétn yfkbxbt dctö äktvtynjd cjdthitybz ghtcnegktybz, gthtxbckty- ysö ybét; å) pfghtoftncz djpåeélfnm ltkf jå eujkjdyj-yfrfpetvjq lbaaf- vfwbb, gjrf yt åeltn ljrfpfyj, xnj gjhjxfobt cdtltybz zdkzñncz pfdtljvj kjéysvb, nj tcnm hfcghjcnhfytyysvb kbwjv, rjnjhjt pyfkj jå bö kjéyjcnb bkb kbwjv, rjnjhjt kturjvscktyyj jnytc-

131 Ifvfhfk Vfqxbtd

kjcm r ghjdthrt kjéyjcnb bkb ljcnjdthyjcnb afrnjd, bkb tckb änj åskj cltkfyj cj cgtwbfkmysv yfvthtybtv ghbxbybnm dhtl cnjhjyt, pfzdkzñotq jå eotvktybb tt htgenfwbb; d) jhufys ujcelfhcndtyyjq dkfcnb, drkñxfz gjkbwbñ b ujcelfhcn- dtyysö jådbybntktq – ghjrehjhjd, yt ljkéys ghbybvfnm exfcnbz d bybwbbhjdfybb bkb ghtcktljdfybb gj ltkfv jå eujkjdyj-yfrf- petvjq lbaafvfwbb, ytpfdbcbvj jn cnfnecf kbwf, cxbnfñotuj ctåz gjcnhflfdibv, lfét tckb jyj zdkztncz dscibv ujcelfhcn- dtyysv xbyjdybrjv; l) ghbujdjhs j kbitybb cdjåjls, d njv xbckt c jnchjxrjq bcgjk- ytybz, ghbjcnfyjdktybt ghfdf yf dshfétybt cdjtuj vytybz xthtp rjyrhtnyst chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb bkb ghfdf yf pfyznbt éehyfkbcnbrjq bkb rfrjq kbåj lheujq ghjatccbtq; xhtpvthyst inhfas b lheubt étcnrbt eckjdyst yfrfpfybz ytljgecnbvs d rfxtcndt cfyrwbq pf yfheitybz pfrjyf j lbaafvfwbb, rfrbvb ås djgbñobvb yt åskb gjhjxfobt htgenfwbñ cdtltybz. Z yt endthélfñ, xnj éehyfkbcn b CVB yt ljkéys ytcnb ybrfrjq jndtncndtyyjcnb pf rktdtne. Vs ghjnbd eujkjdyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb pf rktdtne b jcrjhåktybt. Vs ndthlj edthtys, xnj vjéyj ecgtiyj pfvtybnm eujkjdyeñ jndtncndtyyjcnm flvbybcnhfnbdysvb dpscrf- ybzvb, rhegysvb inhfafvb bkb ghbdktrfnm r jndtncndtyyjcnb éeh- yfkbcnf bkb CVB d hfvrfö uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf. Dtlm gjxnb dj dctö ckexfzö xtkjdtr, rjnjhsq ljrfpfk d eujkjdyjv celjghjbpdjlcndt, xnj éehyfkbcn jrktdtnfk tuj, jgjhjxbk tuj xtcnm, ljcnjbycndj bkb gjljhdfk tuj htgenfwbñ, chfpe ét, bkb jlyjdhtvtyyj d hfvrfö euj- kjdyjuj ltkf jåhfoftncz d cel c bcrjv j pfobnt xtcnb, ljcnjbycndf b ltkjdjq htgenfwbb.

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Hjpkfyf Nferbyf II J GJLLTHÉRT BYBWBFNBDS GJ JNVTYT PFRJYF J RKTDTNT RFR AFRNJHF HFCGHFDS C ÉEHYFKBCNFVB D RFPFÖCNFYT

Ntyltywbb r rjynhjkñ yfl byajhvfwbjyysv gjktv d Wtynhfkm- yjq Fpbb ghjcvfnhbdfñncz d Rshuspcnfyt, Rfpföcnfyt, Nflébrbc- nfyt b Epåtrbcnfyt. Lfdktybt yf ghtcce jrfpsdftncz d hfpyjq cnt- gtyb, yj étkfybt rjynhjkbhjdfnm byajhvfwbñ, rjnjhfz gtxfnftncz d ufptnfö b gthtlftncz gj rfyfkfv ntktdbltybz, ecbkbdftncz, nfrét rfr b étkfybt gjvtifnm hfcghjcnhfytybñ ≤ytkjzkmyjq≥, yteljåyjq byajhvfwbb b vbhjdjq ghtccs bp-pf heåtéf. Ghbxbyf jlyf – dj dctö cnhfyfö Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb ghtpbltyns ujcelfhcnd yföjlzncz e dkfcnb c 1991 ujlf (yt cxbnfz bö chjr ghfdktybz d rfxtcndt kblthjd RGCC d änbö htcgeåkbrfö d åsditv CCCH). D cjjndtncndbb c Rjy- cnbnewbzvb, rféljq bp egjvzyensö cnhfy Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb, ghtpb- ltyns bvtkb ghfdj bpåbhfnmcz yf ldf chjrf gj 4 ujlf. Tcntcndtyyj, chjrb lfdyj rjyxbkbcm, f ghtpbltyns jcnfkbcm e dkfcnb yf nhtnbq b xtndthnsq chjr. Étkfybt yt ljgecnbnm ceéltybq j ytkbubnbvyjcnb gjkyjvjxbq ghtpbltynjd, ghtrhfnbnm dczrbt djpvjéyst jåceéltybz j vtöfybpvt cvtyztvjcnb dkfcnb, kbibnm ghtntyltynjd yf dkfcnm yt njkmrj geåkbxyjq nhbåeys, ghtccs, yj b cltkfnm ytljcnegyjq byajhvfwbñ jå bö pfrkñxtybb d nñhmve bkb bpuyfybb bp cnhfys zdkzñncz ghjzdktybtv étkfybz htuekbhjdfnm dcñ byajhvfwbñ gjkbnbxtcrjuj öfhfrnthf d cdjbö cnhfyfö. Gjnjve ghfrnbxtcrb dj dctö cnhfyfö Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb c rfélsv ujljv ecbkbdftncz nty- ltywbz ujytybz yf cdjåjle ckjdf, eybxnjétybz ytpfdbcbvsö CVB, ujytybz yf éehyfkbcnjd, rjnjhst jåütrnbdyj jcdtofñn cbnefwbñ d cnhfyt b ltzntkmyjcnm gjkbnbrjd, yföjlzoböcz d jggjpbwbb fdnj- hbnfhyjve htébve d cdjbö cnhfyfö.

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Yf ghbvtht Rfpföcnfyf vjue crfpfnm, xnj yfi ghtpbltyn jxtym evtkj bcgjkmpetn ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ltrkfhfwbb, xnjås ghbrhsnm bvb fdnjhbnfhyeñ étcnreñ cbcntve ghfdktybz d cnhfyt. Bvtyyj gjänjve c rfélsv ujljv d Rfpföcnfyt dct åjkmit ckexftd lfdkt- ybz yf ghtcce b jnltkmysö éehyfkbcnjd. Ghbtv, xfcnj bcgjkmpetvsq ghjnbd yteujlysö éehyfkbcnjd – jådbytybt d rktdtnt b ljkubq celtåysq ghjwtcc gj ltke. Gjrfpf- ntkmysv åsk ghjwtcc yfl éehyfkbcnjv Utyyflbtv Åtylbwrbv bp htcgeåkbrfycrjq ufptns ≤Dhtvz≥ (nbhfé 169186 ärp.). Éehyfkbcn yfgbcfk cnfnmñ j njv, xnj bp åñlétnf cnhfys ghjgfkb vbkkbjys ljkkfhjd, dsltktyyst Vbybcnthcnde jåjhjys lkz gjufitybz ljkujd pfdjlfv Erhfbys b Hjccbb, rjnjhst htvjynbhjdfkb djtyyeñ ntö- ybre. Ljrevtyn j dsltktybb ltytu gfhkfvtynjv åsk ghbyzn. Pfdjls c Erhfbys b Hjccbb gjlndthlbkb, xnj ltymub yt gjkextys b ljku jcnfkcz. F Vbybcnthcndj jåjhjys ccskftncz yf abhve-gjchtlybrf, rjnjhfz eghfdkzkf änbvb ltymufvb. Abhve – gjchtlybr d Rfpföcnfyt djpukfdkztn åsdibq pfvtcnbntkm ghtvmth-vbybcnhf Fcsufn Éfåf- uby, xbyjdybr dscituj hfyuf. Egjvbyfybt tuj abhvs b afvbkbb d cnfnmt dspdfkf yt njkmrj tuj uytd, yj gjcktljdfkb euhjps d flhtc éehyfkbcnf Åtylbwrjuj, pfntv gjlfy bcr d cel, d rjnjhjv éehyfkbcn jådbyzkcz d rktdtnt, b dsldbufkjcm nhtåjdfybt yfrfpfybz chjrjv lj 5 ktn nñhtvyjuj pfrkñxtybz. Yfif jhufybpfwbz ≤Éehyfkbcns d åtlt≥ dscnegbkf d celt d rfxtcndt jåotcndtyyjuj pfobnybrf. Vs ghtlfkb afrn jådbytybz ibhjrjq ukfcyjcnb dyenhb cnhfys b pf heåtéjv, gjghjcbd gjllthérb e ≤Htgjhnthjd åtp uhfybw≥ b Rjvb- ntnf pfobns éehyfkbcnjd. Njkmrj åkfujlfhz nfrbv ecbkbzv, d ltkj dvtifkcz ghtpbltyn b gjnhtåjdfk hfpåjhf bywbltynf gj ceotcnde. D htpekmnfnt, d Rfpföcnfyt yfxfnj hfccktljdfybt gj bcxtpyedibv bp åñlétnf ltymufv, f éehyfkbcn Åtylbwrbq åsk jghfdlfy. Yj änj tlbycndtyysq ckexfq, rjulf éehyfkbcn cvju ljrfpfnm cdjñ ghfdjne. D Rfpföcnfyt ytn ckexftd, rjulf éehyfkbcnf ås gjcflbkb d nñhmve pf rktdtne, rfr d Epåtrbcnfyt, yj vbybvev d 40 ckexfzö d ujl éeh- yfkbcnf b ufptne bkb htlfrwbñ ntktdbltybz yfrfpsdfñn inhfafvb b pfcnfdkzñn dsgkfxbdfnm ltytéyst rjvgtycfwbb.

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Cfvsq cdtébq ckexfq nbgbxyjuj celtåyjuj htitybz d jnyjitybb ufptns gj bcre j rktdtnt. D Rfpföcnfyt gjzdbkcz afkmibdsq yjvth cfvjq gjgekzhyjq htc- II geåkbrfycrjq ufptns ≤Fccfylb nfqvc≥ (nbhfé 36200 ärp.), rjnjhfz jggjybhetn dkfcnb b rhbnbretn xbyjdybrjd dscjrjuj hfyuf. Afkm- ibdsq yjvth bvtk nfrjq ét nbhfé, yj cjlthéfybt cnfntq yjcbkj zhrj dshfétyysq ärcnhtvbcncrbq öfhfrnth. Gjl ghjdjrfwbjyysvb cnfnmzvb cnjzkb gjlgbcb fdnjhjd yfcnjzotq ufptns ≤Fccfylb nfq- vc≥ b bpdtcnysö gjkbnbrjd jggjpbwbjyysö gfhnbq. D änjn ét ltym htlfrwbz ufptns ghjdtkf ärcnhtyyeñ ghtcc-rjyathtywbñ, yf rjnj- hjq jåüzdbkf, xnj éehyfkbcns r fdnjhcnde b bplfybñ afkmibdjuj yjvthf ybrfrjuj jnyjitybz yt bvtñn. Åjktt njuj, htlfrwbz cltkfkf pfzdktybt, d rjnjhjv cjjåobkf, xnj jåhfnbkfcm c pfzdktybtv d ghf- djjöhfybntkmyst jhufys b utythfkmyeñ ghjrehfnehe c nhtåjdfybtv yfqnb bpujnjdbntktq afkmibdjuj yjvthf. Htlfrwbz pfzdbkf, xnj d ckexft, tckb dbyjdybrb ghjdjrfwbb yt åelen yfqltys, jyf åeltn cxbnfnm pfrfpxbrfvb dkfcnm, f bvtyyj flvbybcnhfwbñ ghtpbltynf cnhfys. Pfzdktybt åskj jpdextyj yf ghtcc-rjyathtywbb d xtndthu, f d gjytltkmybr åskj gjkextyj nhtåjdfybt flvbybcnhfwbb ghtpbltynf jghjdthuyenm dthcbñ j tt ghbxfcnyjcnb r bpujnjdktybñ ≤afkmibd- rb≥. Cfvjt elbdbntkmyjt, xnj flvbybcnhfwbz yt cnfkf ljéblfnmcz yt njkmrj gjkjétyysö gj pfrjye 30 lytq, yj lfét cktleñotuj yjvthf ufptns, rjnjhfz dsöjlbn gj gznybwfv, yj gjlfkf d cel bcr j rktdtnt yf ufptne yf njq ét ytltkt, d chtle. Cel nfrét ghjöjlbk jxtym gjcgtiyj, gjcrjkmre gthtl gfhkfvtyncrbvb dsåjhfvb åskf gjcnfdktyf wtkm – chjxyj pfrhsnm yteujlyeñ gjgekzhyeñ ufptne. Celmz jnrkjybk dct ghjcmås fldjrfnjd ghjdtcnb kbyudbcnbxtc- reñ ärcgthnbpe, gjcrjkmre d pfzdktybb htlfrwbb cjlthéfkfcm yt rktdtnf, f dthcbz. D htpekmnfnt, gj htitybñ celf htlfrwbñ ufptns jåzpfkb djpvtcnbnm flvbybcnhfwbb ghtpbltynf 50 vbkkbjyjd ntyut, xnj hfdyj 700 nsczxfv ljkkfhjd pf vjhfkmysq b yhfdcndtyysq eothå bvblée ujcjhufybpfwbb. Fdnjhs afkmibdjuj yjvthf nfr b yt åskb yfqltys b yfrfpfys, yj ufptnf jåfyrhjnbkfcm, gjcrjkmre yt bvtkf nfrbö ltytu yf cxtne. Cel nfrét gsnfkcz fhtcnjdfnm bveot-

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cndj ufptns ≤Fccfylb nfqvc≥, yj tuj yt jrfpfkjcm. Dct bveotcndj ufptns ghbyflktébn ajyle ≤Éehyfkbcns d åtlt≥, rjnjhjt gthtlfkj jåjheljdfybt d åtpdjpvtplyjt gjkmpjdfybt. Pfnj yfkjujdst ckeéås nen ét ghbikb d ajyl ≤Éehyfkbcns d åtlt≥ b yfkjébkb flvbyb- cnhfnbdysq inhfa d 400 ljkkfhjd yf ghtpbltynf ajylf, nj tcnm yf vtyz, pf ytljcnfnrb d jajhvktybb ljujdjhf j åtpdjpvtplyjv gjkmpjdfybb. Jlyfrj fhtcnjdfnm b jnyznm e htlfrwbb jåjheljdfybt jyb yt cvjukb. Ntgthm njn ét rjkktrnbd ufptns dsgecrftn bplfybt gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Htcgeåkbrf≥, ghfrnbxtcrb yt bpvtybd cdjtuj cnbkz b ntvfnbrb. Ghbvth njuj, rfr flvbybcnhfwbz ghtpbltynf bcgjkmpetn cnfnmb eujkjdyjuj rjltrcf lkz jådbytybz ghtccs d rktdtnt, gjrfpsdftn, yfcrjkmrj ghbdsxyjq d cnhfyt cnfkf gjljåyfz vthf yfrfpfybz. Z öjxe gjlxthryenm ntyltywbñ – cnfnmz j rktdtnt b jcrjhåkt- ybb xtcnb b ljcnjbycndf d rfpföcnfycrjv ghfdjcelbb bcgjkmpetncz rfr jhelbt d åjhmåt ghjnbd ghtccs, bcgjkmpetvsq, xnjås pfrhsnm b jåfyrhjnbnm tt. Gjzdbkbcm vyjujxbcktyyst ghbvths, rjulf yf bplfybt bkb ntkt- dbltybt jrfpsdftncz cbkmyjt lfdktybt, xnjås dsyelbnm bö d wtkzö cjöhfytybz ufptnyjuj åbpytcf blnb yf vbhyjt cjukfitybt c eckjdbtv lfktt yt pfnhfubdfnm d lfkmytqitv jgfcysö ntv. Ghfrnbxtcrb ytpfdb- cbvjt bplfybt pfcnfdkzñn cnfnm kjzkmysv, eujlysv ghtpbltyncrjq dkfcnb bplfybtv. Gjlxthrye b ntyltywbñ ghjbpdjkmyjuj ghbvtytybz cnfnmb j rkt- dtnt d rfpföcnfycrjv ghfdjcelbb. Rhbnbrb htébvf yt vjuen bcgjkm- pjdfnm cnfnmñ j rktdtnt d wtkzö pfobns, gjcrjkmre bö bcrb d cel yt ghbybvfñncz. Yfghbvth, ufptnf ≤Ärcghtcc-R≥ yfgbcfkf vthpreñ cnfnmñ j gjkbnbrt Uekméfy Thufkbtdjq, chfdybdfz tt c jåjlhfyyjq rjirjq, rjnjhfz cpflb gjöjéf yf ltdeire, f cgthtlb – yf cnfheñ dtlmve. D cnfnmt cjlthéfncz b ghjxbt jcrjhåktybz d njv ét leöt. Gjgenyj tt ujkjckjdyj jådbybkb d rfrbö-nj abyfycjdsö yfheitybzö 20-ktnytq lfdyjcnb. Wtkmñ cnfnmb åskf lbcrhtlbnfwbz fdnjhbntn- yjuj kblthf jggjpbwbb. Nfrbv ét cgjcjåjv ufptnf ≤Ärcghtcc-R≥ ghjdtkf wtkeñ pfrfpyeñ rfvgfybñ gj lbcrhtlbnfwbb kblthjd gfhnbb

136  PFRJYS J RKTDTNT B JCRJHÅKTYBB RFR DSPJD CDJÅJLT CVB

≤Fr Éjk≥ b Rfprjvvthwåfyrf – rjyrehtynf exhtlbntkz ufptns gj åbpytce. Nfrbv ufptnfv dct cöjlbn c her, celtåyst jhufys yt ghb- ybvfñn bcrb d bö flhtc. II Ghbdtle tot jlby ghbvth njuj, rfr kturj djcgjkmpjdfnmcz cnf- nmtq j rktdtnt bkb jcrjhåktybb ghjnbd ytpfdbcbvjq ghtccs, ghbxtv öjxe jåhfnbnm dfit dybvfybt yf nj, rfr fåcehlys gjhjq jådbytybz. D Rfpföcnfyt tcnm Bynthytn-ufptnf ≤Yfdbufnjh≥, d jnyjitybb rjnj- hjq ltgenfn gfhkfvtynf Cthbr Fålhfövfyjd gjlfk bcr j rktdtnt b jcrjhåktybb. Jy htibk ghbdktxm Bynthytn-bplfybt pf ytkbwtghb- znyst jnpsds j ctåt d ajhevt, ult fyjybvs jåceélfkb byajhvf- wbñ j ytv. Gjxtve Bynthytn-cfqn ljkéty ytcnb jndtncndtyyjcnm pf fyjybvyst htgkbrb, ltgenfnf yt djkyjdfkj, jy nhtåjdfk ltytu b ghbjcnfyjdktybz dsgecrf ufptns. Nfrbvb ghbvthfvb z öjntkf ås pfdthibnm cdjt dscnegktybt b gjl- lthéfnm vtéleyfhjlyeñ bybwbfnbde gj bpüznbñ pfrjyjd b cnfntq j rktdtnt bp eujkjdyjuj rjltrcf, gjcrjkmre ghfrnbrf gjrfpsdftn, xnj ghbvthjd jåhfotybz ghjcnsö uhfélfy gj änjq cnfnmt ghfrnb- xtcrb ytn, pfnj ckexftd bcgjkmpjdfybz änjq cnfnmb xbyjdybrfvb lkz yfrfpfybz éehyfkbcnjd dtkbrjt vyjétcndj. Levfñ, ghjcnsö uhfélfy eljdktndjhbn cnfnmz d flvbybcnhfnbdyjv rjltrct, rjnjhfz pfobofkf ås bö jn rktdtns. D Rfpföcnfyt d flvbybcnhfnbdyjv rjltrct tcnm jnltkmysq hfpltk, gjcdzotyysq pfobnt uhfélfy jn rktdtns, åjktt 20 cnfntq, rjnjhst ghtlecvfnhbdfñn afynfcnbxtc- rbt inhfas lkz jåblxbrjd. Vs pyftv, xnj änbvb cnfnmzvb åelen geufnm b éehyfkbcnjd, yj dct-nfrb inhfas kexit, xtv nñhmvf. Gjnjve vs nhtåetv lfyyjq cnfnmb bp eujkjdysö rjltrcjd dctö cnhfy Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb.

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CDJÅJLF BYAJHVFWBB

III Lädbl Åfybcfh CDJÅJLF BYAJHVFWBB: VBHJDFZ GHFRNBRF B TÇ HTFKBPFWBZ D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

Cfesnåtr Fålhfövfyjd CDJÅJLF BYAJHVFWBB D RFPFÖCNFYT

Jkmuf Djkrjdf LJCNEG R BYAJHVFWBB D RFPFÖCNFYT

Yehbllby Rfhibåftd LJCNEG R BYAJHVFWBB: TUJ VJYBNJHBYU B BCGJKMPJDFYBT D ECNFYJDKTYBB LBFKJUF VTÉLE DKFCNZVB B GHTCCJQ

Fktrcfylh Rekbycrbq LJCNEG R BYAJHVFWBB D RSHUSPCNFYT: JÅOTCNDJ NHTÅETN JN DKFCNTQ JNRHSNJCNB

Hecnfv Rjivehfnjd GHJÅKTVS C JGHTLTKTYBTV HFLBJXFCNJN D RSHUSPCRJQ HTCGEÅKBRT

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Lädbl Åfybcfh

CDJÅJLF BYAJHVFWBB: VBHJDFZ GHFRNBRF B TÇ HTFKBPFWBZ III D WTYNHFKMYJQ FPBB

Jåpjh D yfcnjzott dhtvz ibhjrj hfcghjcnhfytybt gjkexbkj vytybt, xnj nhfycgfhtynyjcnm d jåotcndtyysö ltkfö dféyf rfr lkz ujcelfhcndf, nfr b lkz uhfélfy. Åjktt 60 cnhfy dj dctv vbht ghbyzkb dctjåüvkñ- ott pfrjyjlfntkmcndj j cdjåjlt byajhvfwbb (FOI), xnjås jåktuxbnm ljcneg r byajhvfwbb, rjnjhfz öhfybncz d ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyfö. Tot åjktt cjhjrf cnhfy ghtlghbybvfñn ecbkbz d änjv yfghfdkt- ybb.1 D åjkmibycndt cnhfy ceotcndetn hzl lheubö pfrjyjd, drkñxfz pfrjys j vfccvtlbf, jöhfyt jrheéfñotq chtls b fhöbdfö, d cjjndtn- cndbb c rjnjhsvb ghtlecvfnhbdftncz ljcneg r byajhvfwbb. Ujcelfhcndf Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb ceotcndtyyj jncnfñn jn jcnfkm- ysö ujcelfhcnd-xktyjd JÅCT d jåtcgtxtybb ljcnegf CVB b jnltkm- ysö uhfélfy r byajhvfwbb, rjnjhfz öhfybncz d ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyfö. Yb jlyj bp ybö yt bvttn cbkmyjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf, jåtc- gtxbdfñotuj ghfdj ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb, f ltqcndbñ bvtñoböcz pfrjyjd ghtgzncndeñn pfrjys j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt åjktt ibhj- rjuj cgtrnhf ghbvtytybz, d cjjndtncndbb c rjnjhsvb byajhvfwbz pfxfcneñ pfctrhtxbdftncz ghjbpdjkmyj.

Ghtbveotcndf cdjåjls byajhvfwbb Ljcneg r ghfdbntkmcndtyyjq byajhvfwbb jåtcgtxbdftn vyjujxbc- ktyyst ghtbveotcndf rfr lkz ghfdbntkmcnd, nfr b lkz uhfélfy:

1 Cv. Ghbkjétybt A, d rjnjhjv ghbdtlty cgbcjr cnhfy, rjnjhst ghbyzkb rjvgktr- cyjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj.

141 Lädbl Åfybcfh

• Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjt exfcnbt b dpfbvjgjybvfybt. Uhfélfyt d cjcnjzybb åjktt frnbdyj exfcndjdfnm d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv ghj- wtcct, rjulf e ybö bvttncz byajhvfwbz j ltqcndbzö b gjkbnbrt ghfdbntkmcndf. Jcdtljvktyyjcnm jåotcndtyyjcnb j ghbxbyfö, cnjzobö pf ghbybvftvsvb htitybzvb, gjvjuftn jåtcgtxbnm gjllthére b cybpbnm dthjznyjcnm ytdthyjuj gjybvfybz b hfpj- xfhjdfybt. Jnltkmyst xktys gfhkfvtynf nfrét cvjuen kexit jceotcndkznm yflpjh. • Cjdthitycndjdfybt vtöfybpvf ghbyznbz htitybq ghfdb- ntkmcndjv. Gjdsiftncz dthjznyjcnm njuj, xnj htitybz, rjnjhst åelen, d rjytxyjv cxtnt, jåyfhjljdfys, åelen åfpbhjdfnmcz yf jåütrnbdysö b jåjcyjdfyysö ghbxbyfö. Ljdthbt ghfdbntkmcnde djphfcnftn d njv ckexft, rjulf bpdtcnyj, xnj htitybz åelen ghtl- crfpetvsvb. Dctvbhysq Åfyr ghbitk r dsdjle, xnj ≤e åjktt ghjphfxysö ghfdbntkmcnd b htpekmnfns ltzntkmyjcnb kexit gj nfrbv gjrfpfntkzv, rfr äaatrnbdyjcnm ghfdbntkmcndf, yjhvf- nbdyfz ltzntkmyjcnm, ehjdtym rjhhegwbb, jåotcndtyyjt vytybt b gjljnxtnyjcnm, dthöjdtycndj pfrjyf, äaatrnbdyjcnm flvbybcnhf- nbdyjq hfåjns, hfcnjhétybt rjynhfrnjd, hbcr ärcghjghbfwbb b [jåütlbytyysq byltrc ghjphfxyjcnb rjhhegwbb]≥2. • Cybétybt djpvjéyjcnb rjhhegwbb. Pfrjyjlfntkmcndj j cdjåjl- yjv ljcnegt r byajhvfwbb – rkñxtdjq bycnhevtynf d vthfö, jceotcndkztvsö ghjnbd rjhhegwbb. Ghbvtytybt éehyfkbcnfvb b uhfélfyfvb pfrjyjd j ljcnegt r byajhvfwbb dj vyjubö cnhfyfö dszdbkj vyjétcndj afrnjd rjhhegwbb, rjnjhst lj änjuj åskb ytbpdtcnys bkb buyjhbhjdfkbcm dkfcnzvb. Afrnbxtcrb, Rjydty- wbz JJY ghjnbd rjhhegwbb ghbpsdftn ghfdbntkmcndf cltkfnm byajhvfwbñ j pfregrfö ljcnegyjq ibhjrjq geåkbrt. Ghtvmth- vbybcnh Nfbkfylf ytlfdyj ghbpdfk jåotcndtyyjcnm ghbvtyznm pfrjy ≤jå jabwbfkmysq byajhvfwbb≥ lkz njuj, xnjås gjvjxm ghfdbntkmcnde cybpbnm ehjdtym rjhhegwbb. 2 Hjevby Bckfv, Xnj, ghjphfxyst ghfdbntkmcndf b eghfdkzñn kexit? (Dctvbhysq Åfyr, 2003). http://econ.worldbank.org/files/27369_wps3077.pdf

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• Djpvtotybt lfdytuj dhtlf. D cnhfyfö, rjnjhst ytlfdyj jce- otcndbkb gthtöjl r ltvjrhfnbb, pfrjys j ljcnegt r byajhvf- wbb gjpdjkzñn ghfdbntkmcnde gjhdfnm c ghjiksv, f jåotcnde, éthndfv pkjegjnhtåktybq b bö ctvmzv – kexit gjyznm nj, xnj ghjbpjikj. D Wtynhfkmyjq Tdhjgt åjkmibycndj cnhfy ghbyzkj pfrjys, ghtljcnfdkzñobt uhfélfyfv b lheubv kbwfv ljcneg r III fhöbdfv åsditq ctrhtnyjq gjkbwbb. • Gjdsitybt äaatrnbdyjcnb ghfdbntkmcndf b dtltybz extnf. Cdjåjlf byajhvfwbb nfrét vjétn cgjcjåcndjdfnm cjdthitycn- djdfybñ dyenhtyytuj gjnjrf byajhvfwbb d cnhernehfö ghfdbntkm- cndf. Xhtpvthyfz ctrhtnyjcnm cybéftn djpvjéyjcnb dtljvcnd jåvtybdfnmcz byajhvfwbtq, b nfrbv jåhfpjv, cybéftn äaatrnbd- yjcnm. Vyjubt cnhfys cjjåobkb, xnj ddtltybt d ltqcndbt pfrjyjd j cdjåjlt byajhvfwbb cgjcjåcndjdfkj rjjhlbyfwbb b hfphfåjnrt gjkbnbrb. Dj vyjubö cnhfyfö, ghbyznbt gjljåysö pfrjyjd ghbdtkj r ceotcndtyyjve ecjdthitycndjdfybñ vtnjljd extnf, gjcrjkmre änj gjlnjkryekj ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufys r gthtcvjnhe cbcntvs extnf c wtkmñ ghbdtltybz tt d cjjndtncndbt c nhtåjdfybzvb yjdjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf. Rhjvt njuj, ghfdj ljcnegf r ujcelfhcndtyyjq jnxtnyjcnb ufhfynbhetn njxyjcnm änjq jnxtnyjcnb b nj, xnj htit- ybz yt åfpbheñncz yf ecnfhtditq byajhvfwbb.

Vtéleyfhjlyst jåzpfntkmcndf d jåkfcnb ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb Vtéleyfhjlyst jhufybpfwbb ghbybvfñn dct åjkmit b åjkmit hfpkbxysö cjukfitybq, ljujdjhjd, htitybq, herjdjlzobö ghbywbgjd b nbgjdsö pfrjyjghjtrnjd, hfccvfnhbdfñobö ljcneg r byajhvfwbb d rfxtcndt jlyjuj bp vtéleyfhjlysö ghfd xtkjdtrf, f nfrét d rfxt- cndt rkñxtdjq xfcnb flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj ghfdf gj nfrbv djghjcfv, rfr pfobnf jrheéfñotq chtls b fynbrjhhegwbjyyst vths. Yf gthdjq ctccbb d 1946 ujle Utythfkmyfz Fccfvåktz Jhufybpf- wbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq ghbpyfkf dféyjcnm cdjåjls byajhvfwbb b dshfétybz.3 Änj gjkjétybt åskj drkñxtyj d Cnfnmñ 19 Ltrkf- 3 Htpjkñwbz 59(1), 14 ltrfåhz 1946

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hfwbb JJY gj Ghfdfv xtkjdtrf 1948 ujlf, d rjnjhjq ujdjhbncz: Rfélsq bvttn ghfdj yf cdjåjle vytybz b dshfétybz; änj ghfdj drkñxftn cdjåjle ghblthébdfnmcz cdjtuj vytybz åtpj dczrjuj dvt- ifntkmcndf, f nfrét gjbcr, gjkextybt b gthtlfxe byajhvfwbb b bltq xthtp kñåst chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb b ytpfdbcbvj jn uhfybw. Cktljdfntkmyj, cdjåjlf byajhvfwbb cxbnftncz jcyjdyjq cjcnfd- kzñotq cdjåjls dshfétybz. C 1993 ujlf Cgtwbfkmysq Ljrkflxbr JJY gj djghjcfv ghjldbétybz b pfobns ghfdf yf cdjåjle vytybz b cdjåjle ckjdf ghb Rjvbccbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf cjjåobk, xnj ljcneg r byajhvfwbb zdkztncz jlybv bp rjyrhtnysö ghfd xtkjdtrf. D cdjtv ljrkflt Rjvbntne gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, cltkfyyjv d 1998 ujle, jy pfzdbk: Ghfdj yf gjbcr b gjkextybt byajhvfwbb – änj yt ghjcnj ghjnbdjgj- kjéyjcnm ghfdf yf cdjåjle vytybz b cdjåjle ckjdf, änj ghfdj cfvj gj ctåt zdkztncz cdjåjljq& b xnj ghfdj yf ljcneg r byajhvfwbb, ghtljcnfdkztvjq ujcelfhcndjv, ljkéyj åsnm crjhtt ghfdbkjv, xtv bcrkñxtybtv. Rhjvt njuj, ljkéyj ceotcndjdfnm jåott ghfdj ljcnegf r jghtltktyysv dblfv byajhvfwbb, cdzpfyysv c ntv, xnj vjéyj yfpdfnm ≤ujcelfhcndtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnmñ≥, yfghbvth, dcnhtxb b ajhevs gj ghbyznbñ htitybq ljkéys åsnm jnrhsns lkz jåotcndtyyjcnb dtplt, ult änj djpvjéyj.4 Änjn ghbpsd ghtljcnfdbnm ljcneg åsk jcjåj ecksify d catht pfobns jrheéfñotq chtls. Ghbywbgs Hbj-lt-Éfytqhj 1992 ujlf, ghbyznst yf Cfvvbnt Ptvkb JJY ghbpsdfñn r ghtljcnfdktybñ ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb, cdzpfyyjq c jrheéfñotq chtljq, rjnjhfz bvttncz d ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyfö c ntv, xnjås hfcibhbnm cntgtym exfcnbz uhfélfy d ghbyznbb htitybq, cdzpfyysö c djghjcfvb pfobns jrheéfñotq chtls.5 4 ≤Hfcghjcnhfytybt b gjllthérf ghfdf yf cdjåjle dshfétybz vytybz≥, ljrkfl cgtwbfkmyjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz u-yf Fåblf Öectqyf, ghtljcnfdktyysq cjukfcyj htpjkñwbb Rjvbccbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf 1997/26. T/CN.4/1998/40, 28 zydfhz 1998; ≤Ghfdj yf cdjåjle vytybz b dshfétybz≥, ljrkfl cgtwbfkmyjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz Fvåtqb Kbufåj. Ärjyjvbxtcrbq b cjwbfkmysq cjdtn JJY. T/CN.4/2004/62, 12 ltrfåhz 2003. 5 Ghbywbg 10, Ltrkfhfwbz Hbj gj djghjcfv jöhfys jrheéfñotq chtls b hfpdbnbz. http://www.un.org/ducuments/ga/conf151/aconf15126-1annex1.htm

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D cjjndtncndbb c Rjydtywbtq UNECE jn 1997 ujlf gj djghjcfv ghtljcnfdktybz ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb, exfcnbz jåotcndtyyjcnb d ghbyznbb htitybq b ljcnegf r ghfdjcelbñ d djghjcfö pfobns jrhe- éfñotq chtls (Jhöeccrfz Rjydtywbz) nhtåetncz, xnjås ghfdbntkm- cndf cltkfkb nfreñ byajhvfwbñ ljcnegyjq b, ghtélt xtv ghbyb- vfnm htitybz gj djghjcfv pfobns jrheéfñotq chtls, djdktrfkb III ås d änjn ghjwtcc jåotcndtyyjcnm. Änf Rjydtywbz åskf gjlgbcfyf cjhjrf cnhfyfvb.6 Tckb ujdjhbnm j htubjyt, nj dct Wtynhfkmyjfpbfn- crbt cnhfys, rhjvt Epåtrbcnfyf, gjlgbcfkb äne Rjydtywbñ. Cjdtn Tdhjgs nfrét ghjzdbk frnbdyjcnm d hfpdbnbb ghfdf yf byajhvfwbñ. Gthdfz htpjkñwbñ åskf dsgeotyf vbybcnhfvb Cjdtnf Tdhjgs d 1979 ujle, rjnjhfz ghbpsdfkf ujcelfhcndf-xktys ghbyznm pfrjys j cdjåjlt byajhvfwbb. C ntö gjh, änf htrjvtylf- wbz gjdnjhzkfcm Cjdtnjv ytcrjkmrj hfp, b jy gjvjufk ujcelfhcn- dfv-xktyfv d hfphfåjnrt b htfkbpfwbb änbö pfrjyjd. D 2002 ujle åskj dsgeotyj gjlhjåyjt Herjdjlcndj lkz ujcelfhcnd-xktyjd gj hfphfåjnrt pfrjyjlfntkmcndf j ljcnegt, b d yfcnjzott dhtvz ghj- öjlbn jåceéltybt gj gjdjle hfphfåjnrb gthdjuj vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjukfitybz gj ljcnege r byajhvfwbb.7 Cnfnmtq 10 Tdhjgtqcrjq Rjydtywbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf (ECHR) ghtlecvfnhbdftncz ghfdj yf cdjåjle ckjdf, jcyjdfyyjt yf Ltrkfhf- wbb JJY j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf. Öjnz Cel yt gjcnfyjdkzk ytgjchtlcn- dtyyj, xnj Cnfnmtq 10 jåtcgtxbdftncz ghfdj ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb, jy vyjuj hfp ecnfyfdkbdfk, xnj ghfdj yf ljcneg r byajhvfwbb cjlthébncz d lheubö cnfnmzö. Yfghbvth, cnfnmz 8, d cjjndtncndbb c rjnjhjq jåtcgtxbdftncz ghfdj bylbdbleevf yf xfcnyeñ ébpym, nfrét drkñxftn d ctåz b ghfdj yf gjkextybt cdtltybq j cfvbö ctåt. Åjktt njuj, jyf ghtlecvfnhbdftn gjpbnbdyjt jåzpfntkmcndj ujcelfh- cndf ghtljcnfdkznm jåotcndtyyjcnb byajhvfwbñ j lheubö dféysö djghjcfö, nfrbö, yfghbvth, rfr ärjkjubxtcrfz jgfcyjcnm. 6 Tdhjgtqcrfz ärjyjvbxtcrfz rjvbccbz JJY, http://www.unece.jrg/env/pp/ 7 Cjdtn Tdhjgs, Htrjvtylfwbz (2002) 2 Rjvbntnf Vbybcnhjd ujcelfhcndfv- xktyfv j ljcnegt r jabwbfkmysv ljrevtynfv, 2002. http://cm.coe.int/stat/E/Public/2002/adopted_texts/recommendations/2002r2.htm

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Dj dctö Wtynhfkmyjfpbfncrbö cnhfyfö, zdkzñoböcz xktyfvb JJY, JÅCT, CYU b lheubö vtéleyfhjlysö jhufybpfwbq, yfwbjyfkm- yjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj zdkztncz ljcnfnjxyj ghbtvktvsv, f, rhjvt njuj, änb cnhfys hfnbabwbhjdfkb åjkmieñ xfcnm vtéleyfhjlysö ljrevtynjd gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf åtpj dczrbö jujdjhjr b gjckfåktybq. Vtéleyfhjlyjt ghfdj bvttn ghtjåkflfñobq cnfnec dj dctö Wtyn- hfkmyjfpbfncrbö cnhfyfö, cjukfcyj rjycnbnewbzv änbö ujcelfhcnd. D åjkmibycndt pfrjyjlfntkmcnd änbö cnhfy bvttncz gjkjétybt, gj rjnjhjve d ckexft rjyakbrnf vtéle yfwbjyfkmysvb b vtéleyfhjl- ysvb jåzpfntkmcndfvb ujcelfhcnd, vtéleyfhjlyst jåzpfntkmcndf bvtñn ghtjåkflfñobq cnfnec. Jlyfrj, bvtñncz ytrjnjhst pfrjys, ghjnbdjhtxfobt gjkjétybzv rjycnbnewbq. D htpekmnfnt, tcnm ytrj- njhst pfrjys, rjnjhst ghjnbdjhtxfn gjkjétybzv Rjycnbnewbb, f gjlpfrjyyst frns bvtñn cbke ghzvjuj djpltqcndbz. Cels yt ghbvt- yzñn vtéleyfhjlyjt ghfdj, f d ckexfzö rjyakbrnjd vtéle dyen- htyybv pfrjyjlfntkmcndjv jnrfpsdfñncz ghbvtyznm Rjycnbnewbñ, ntv cfvsv jnlfdfz ghtlgjxntybt gjlpfrjyysv frnfv.

Rjycnbnewbjyyst ghfdf yf ljcneg r byajhvfwbb D ukjåfkmyjv vfcinfåt gjkjétybz j cdjåjlt byajhvfwbb dct xfot b xfot drkñxfñncz d ytlfdyj hfphfåjnfyyst bkb bpvtytyyst rjycnbnewbb. Rjycnbnewbb åjktt xtv gznbltcznb cnhfy d yfcnjzott dhtvz ghtlecvfnhbdfñn ghfdj ghzvjuj ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb. D rjycnbnewbzö ytrjnjhsö cnhfy, nfrbö, rfr Äcnjybz, Dtyuhbz, Abykzy- lbz, Vjkljdf, Gjkmif b Gjhneufkbz ghtlecvfnhbdftncz jåott ghfdj yf gjkextybt byajhvfwbb lkz dctö uhfélfy. D lheubö cnhfyfö dct juhfybxbdftncz ghfdjv ljcnegf r lfyysv, rfcfñobvcz jghtltkty- yjuj xtkjdtrf bkb jnyjczobvcz r tuj bynthtcf Rjycnbnewbb dctö gznb ujcelfhcnd ghtlecvfnhbdfñn cdjåjle ckjdf. Cjukfcyj änbv rjycnbnewbzv chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb zdkzñncz cdjåjlysvb b ljkéys aeyrwbjybhjdfnm d cjjndtncndbb c pfrjyjv. Jyb nfrét ytcen jndtncndtyyjcnm pf njxyjcnm byajhvfwbb, f wtypehf pfghtotyf. D åjkmibycndt rjycnbnewbq nfrét ghbpyftncz jghtltktyyjt

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ghfdj ljcnegf r ujcelfhcndtyyjq byajhvfwbb. Cnfnmz 25 Rjycnbne- wbb Htcgeåkbrb Nflébrbcnfy ukfcbn, xnj ≤ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufys, jåotcndtyyst jåütlbytybz b ljkéyjcnyst kbwf jåzpfys ghtlj- cnfdbnm rféljve xtkjdtre djpvjéyjcnm gjkextybz ljrevtynjd b jpyfrjvktybz c ntvb ljrevtynfvb, rjnjhst pfnhfubdfñn tt bkb tuj ghfdf b bynthtcs≥. Gjljåysv jåhfpjv, cnfnmz 30 Rjycnbne- III wbb Epåtrbcnfyf 1992 ujlf ghtlecvfnhbdftn, xnj ≤ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufys, jåotcndtyyst fccjwbfwbb b ljkéyjcnyst kbwf≥ jåzpfys ghtljcnfdkznm uhfélfyfv ljcneg r ljrevtynfv, htitybzv b lheubv vfnthbfkfv, rjnjhst bvtñn jnyjitybt r bö ghfdfv b bynthtcfv≥, f d cjjndtncndbb cj cnfnmtq 18 (3) Rjycnbnewbb Rfpföcnfyf uhfélfyt bvtñn ghfdj gjkexbnm jn ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd, jåotcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq, ljkéyjcnysö kbw b chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb ljcneg r byajhvfwbb, rfcfñotqcz bö ≤ghfd b bynthtcjd≥. Cnfnmz 26 Rjycnbnewbb Nehrvtybcnfyf gjcnfyjdkztn, xnj uhfélfyt ≤bvtñn ghfdj gjkexfnm byajhvfwbñ≥. D cjjndtncndbb cj cnfnmtq 16 (6) Rjycnbnewbb Rshuspcrjq Htcgeåkbrb, uhfélfyfv ghtljcnfdkztncz ghfdj yf ≤jpyfrjvktybt c bö gthcjyfkmysvb lfyysvb≥, rjnjhst bvtñncz d ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyfö. Jlyfrj, änb ghfdf yf gjkextybt ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb ytvtlktyyj juhfybxbdfñncz d pyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb dj bvz jöhfys ujcelfhcndty- yjq nfqys b lheubö nfqy. D cjjndtncndbb c Rjycnbnewbtq Nehrvtybc- nfyf juhfybxbdftncz ljcneg r byajhvfwbb d ntö ckexfzö, rjulf ≤nfrfz byajhvfwbz zdkztncz ujcelfhcndtyyjq, jabwbfkmyjq bkb rjvvthxtc- rjq nfqyjq≥. Rjycnbnewbz Rshuspcnfyf juhfybxbdftn ljcneg d ntö ckexfzö, rjulf byajhvfwbz zdkztncz ≤ujcelfhcndtyyjq bkb lheujq nfqyjq, jöhfyztvjq pfrjyjv.≥ Nflébrcrfz Rjycnbnewbz juhfybxbdftn ljcneg r byajhvfwbb ≤ckexfzvb, ghtlecvjnhtyysvb pfrjyjv≥.

Dctjåütvkñott ghfdj b pfrjys jå byajhvfwbb Pfrjys, ghtljcnfdkzñobt ghfdj yf ljcneg r ujcelfhcndtyysv ljrevtynfv b ghjwtlehfv d yfcnjzott dhtvz zdkzñncz jåotghbyz- nsvb d ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö cnhfyfö. Gjxnb itcnmltczn cnhfy ghbyzkb rjvgktrcyst pfrjys gj jåktuxtybñ ljcnegf, b tot åjktt xtv cjhjr

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cnhfy yföjlzncz d ghjwtcct ghbyznbz nfrbö pfrjyjd. Änb pfrjys bvtñn vyjuj jåotuj d njv, xnj rfcftncz jåotuj ghfdf uhfélfy, htpbltynjd, f pfxfcneñ b lheubö – kbw, yf gjkextybt byajhvfwbb jn ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd. Tcnm bcrkñxtybz, rjulf jnrfpsdfñn d ghtljcnfdktybb byajhvfwbb, cjlthéfotq rhbnbre, f nfrét cdtltybq j ghjwtccfö fgtkkzwbb b yflpjht.

Jcyjdyst äktvtyns ghfdf yf gjkmpjdfybt pfrjyfvb jå byajhvfwbb • Jåott ghfdj yf byajhvfwbñ. Pfrjys d jåkfcnb cdjåjls byajhvfwbb d wtkjv ghtlecvfnhbdfñn ghfdj kñåjuj bylbdb- leevf, jhufybpfwbb bkb ñhblbxtcrjuj kbwf pfnhtåjdfnm byajh- vfwbñ (ytrjnjhsö pfrjyfö jghtltkztveñ rfr ljrevtyns bkb jnxtns) jn ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd, ghb änjv yt jåjcyjdsdfz cdjq ghfdjdjq bynthtc. Pfxfcneñ ceotcndeñn nfrbt gjkjétybz, gj rjnjhsv uhfélfyfv ghtljcnfdkztncz åjktt ibhjrbq ljcneg r byajhvfwbb, rjnjhfz d bysö ckexfzö åskf ås ytljcnegyf, rjulf gjlftncz jåhfotybt jn jhufybpfwbb bkb pfghjc yf ljcneg r gth- cjyfkmysv lfyysv j xtkjdtrt. Pfrjy Ñéyjfahbrfycrjq htcgeå- kbrb jå jrfpfybb gjllthérb d gjkextybb ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb hfcibhztn nfrjt ghfdj, rjnjhjt hfcghjcnhfyztncz b yf xfcnyst jhufys, d ckexft, tckb ytjåöjlbvj pfobnbnm ghfdf bylbdbleevjd. Njxyj nfr, pfrjyjlfntkmcndj j pfobnt lfyysö d åjkmibycndt cnhfy gjpdjkztn abpbxtcrbv kbwfv gjkexfnm ljcneg r byajhvf- wbb j ybö, bvtñotqcz d ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyfö. • Jåzpfyyjcnb ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd gj ghtljcnfdkt- ybñ byajhvfwbb. Ujcelfhcndtyysq jhufy jåzpfy jndtnbnm yf pfghjcs j gjkextybb byajhvfwbb, bvtñotqcz d hfcgjhzétybb ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd d kñåjq ajhvt (gtxfnyjq, äktrnhjyyjq, felbjdbpefkmysq b n.l.) b jåtcgtxbnm byajhvfwbñ d nhtåetvjv ajhvfnt. Tcnm nfrét ghfdbkf gj ghjwtlehfv, rjnjhst ljkéys dsgjkyznmcz rfr ntvb, rnj pfghfibdftn byajhvfwbñ, nfr b ujcelfhcndtyysvb jhufyfvb. Cñlf döjlzn nhtåjdfybz gj ajh- vfne pfghjcf b ghjwtlehfv gj yfpyfxtybñ ljkéyjcnysö kbw, jåhfåjnrt pfghjcjd b gj chjrfvb jndtnf yf pfghjcs;

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• Bcrkñxtybz r ghfde yf gjkextybt byajhvfwbb. Dct pfrjys ghtlecvfnhbdfñn bcrkñxtybz, gj rjnjhsv gjpdjkztncz jnrfps- dfnm d ghtljcnfdktybb jghtltktyyjq juhfybxtyyjq byajhvfwbb. Rfr ghfdbkj, pfrjys nhtåeñn, xnjås ghtélt, xtv d byajhvf- wbb åeltn jnrfpfyj, ytjåöjlbvj ghtljcnfdbnm jåjcyjdfybz, xnj III d lfyyjv ckexft åeltn yfytcty jghtltktyysq dhtl bynthtcfv, f chfpe gjckt njuj, rfr cbnefwbz bpvtybncz, b bynthtcfv eét yt vjétn åsnm yfytcty ybrfrjq dhtl, byajhvfwbz ljkéyf åsnm ghtljcnfdktyf. D cjjndtncndbb c åjkmibycndjv pfrjyjd, vjétn åsnm jnrfpfyj d ghtljcnfdktybb njq byajhvfwbb bp ljrevtynf, yf rjnjheñ hfcghjcnhfyzñncz juhfybxtybz, f jcnfkmyfz xfcnm ljrevtynf bkb jnxtnf ljkéyf åsnm ghtljcnfdktyf. Cjdtn Tdhjgs htrjvtyletn cktleñobt bcrkñxtybz: j yfwbjyfkmyfz åtpjgfcyjcnm, jåjhjyf b vtéleyfhjlyst jnyj- itybz; j jåotcndtyyfz åtpjgfcyjcnm; j ghtljndhfotybt, hfccktljdfybt b celtåyjt ghtcktljdfybt ght- cnegysö ltqcndbq; j xfcnyfz ébpym b lheubt pfrjyyst bynthtcs xfcnyjuj kbwf; j rjvvthxtcrbt b lheubt ärjyjvbxtcrbt bynthtcs, ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj, zdkzñncz kb jyb xfcnysvb bkb ujcelfhcndtyysvb; j hfdtycndj cnjhjy d jnyjitybb celtåysö ghjwtleh; j jrheéfñofz chtlf; j jcvjnh, rjynhjkm b yflpjh, jceotcndkztvsq dkfcnzvb; j ärjyjvbxtcrfz b ltytéyj-rhtlbnyfz gjkbnbrf b gjkbnbrf jåvtyyjuj rehcf ujcelfhcndf; j rjyabltywbfkmyjcnm jåceéltybz d ghtltkfö jlyjuj ujcelfh- cndtyyjuj jhufyf bkb vtéle ujcelfhcndtyysvb cnhernehfvb dj dhtvz dyenhtyytq ghjhfåjnrb djghjcf.8 Vyjubt pfrjys nfrét ghtlecvfnhbdfñn, xnj byajhvfwbz ljkéyf 8 Cjdtn Tdhjgs, Htrjvtylfwbz Rec(2002)2 Rjvbntnf Vbybcnhjd ujcelfhcndfv-xkt- yfv j ljcnegt r jabwbfkmysv ljrevtynfv, 2002. http://cm.coe.int/stat/E/Public/2002/ adopted_texts/recommendations/2002r2.htm

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ghtljcnfdkznmcz d ckexft, tckb ≤bvttncz yfcnjzntkmysq jåotcndty- ysq bynthtc d tt hfcrhsnbb.≥ Jåsxyj cñlf döjlzn nfrbt cbnefwbb, rjulf yfkbwj ujcelfhcndtyyfz xhtpdsxfqyfz cbnefwbz, yfheitybt pfrjyjd b jpfåjxtyyjcnm d catht pfobns jrheéfñotq chtls. Pfrjys ytrjnjhsö cnhfy b herjdjlzobt ghbywbgs CT ghtlecvfnhbdfñn, xnj dct bcrkñxtybz ljkéys jghtltkznmcz bynthtcfvb jåotcndf. • Dyenhtyybt fgtkkzwbb. D pfrjyjlfntkmcndt gjxnb dctö cnhfy ghtlecvfnhbdftncz djpvjéyjcnm lkz ntö, rnj pfghfibdftn byajh- vfwbñ, gjlfdfnm fgtkkzwbb d flvbybcnhfnbdyjv gjhzlrt d jnyj- itybb jnrfpjd yf ghtljcnfdktybt byajhvfwbb. Ljrkfl gj éfkjåt jåsxyj gjlujnfdkbdftncz ljkéyjcnysv kbwjv dscituj hfyuf bp ujcelfhcndtyyjuj jhufyf bkb bp dsitcnjzotq jhufybpfwbb njuj ét cfvjuj vbybcnthcndf. Ghtbveotcndj änbö ghjwtleh cjcnjbn d njv, xnj jyb vjuen ghjdjlbnmcz jnyjcbntkmyj åscnhj b ytlj- hjuj. Jlyfrj, bö gjktpyjcnm xfcnj juhfybxbdftncz ntv afrnjv, xnj htitybt gthtcvfnhbdfñn ljkéyjcnyst kbwf njuj ét cfvjuj jnltkf, b dscjrf dthjznyjcnm njuj, xnj jyb gjllthéfn htitybz, ghbyznst bö ét rjkktufvb. Ghb cnfylfhnyjq flvbybcnhfnbdyjq ghjwtlehyjq ghfrnbrt d åjkmibycndt cnhfy, nhtåjdfybz yf ghjdt- ltybt dytiybö ghjdthjr hfccvfnhbdfñncz kbim d ntö ckexfzö, rjulf djpvjéyjcnb dyenhtyytuj yflpjhf eét bcxthgfys. • Dytiybt ghjdthrb b rjynhjkm. D åjkmibycndt cnhfy ght- lecvjnhtyj ceotcndjdfybt ytpfdbcbvjuj dytiytuj jhufyf, d rjnjhsq vjéyj jåhfnbnmcz d ckexft jnrfpf d ghtljcnfdktybb byajhvfwbb. Gjljåyfz cnhernehf egjkyjvjxtyf ghbybvfnm htit- ybz jnyjcbntkmyj pfrjyyjcnb nfrjuj jnrfpf. Dj vyjubö cnhfyfö, gfhkfvtyncrbq jvåelcvty hfccvfnhbdftn nfrbt ckexfb d cjjn- dtncndbb cj cdjbvb gjkyjvjxbzvb gj hfccktljdfybñ ckexftd ytljåhjcjdtcnyjuj dtltybz ltk. Hzl cnhfy, drkñxfz Dtyuhbñ, Ckjdtybñ, Äcnjybñ, Nfbkfyl, Vtrcbre, Ahfywbñ, Dtkbrjåhbnf- ybñ b Rfyfle cjplfk cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysq jhufy gjl yfpdfybtv Byajhvfwbjyyfz Rjvbccbz, rjnjhsq hfccvfnhbdftn gjljåyst ltkf, f nfrét cjltqcndetn hfcghjcnhfytybñ cdjåjls byajhvfwbb gjchtlcndjv ltzntkmyjcnb gj pfobnt jåotcndtyysö bynthtcjd,

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ghjdjlbn jåextybt b hfphfåfnsdftn herjdjlzobt ghbywbgs lkz jåotcndtyyjcnb b lkz ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd. Gjxnb dj dctö cnhfyfö nfrét ghtlecvjnhty jnltkmysq gthtcvjnh ghbyznjuj htitybz ytpfdbcbvsv celjv bkb fhåbnhfétv. • Jåzpfyyjcnm geåkbrjdfnm byajhvfwbñ. D åjkmibycndj pfrj- yjd drkñxtyj nhtåjdfybt r ujcelfhcndtyysv jhufyfv gj jåz- III pfntkmyjve jgeåkbrjdfybñ jghtltktyyjq byajhvfwbb j cdjbö cnhernehfö, ghfdbkfö b ltzntkmyjcnb. D yjdtqitv pfrjyjlf- ntkmcndt, rfr yfghbvth d pfrjyjlfntkmcndt Gjkmib b Äcnjybb cjlthéfncz nhtåjdfybz r ujcelfhcndtyysv jhufyfv cjplfdfnm cdjb dtåcfqns b ghtljcnfdkzkb byajhvfwbñ d äktrnhjyyjv ajhvfnt. Äktrnhjyyst ctnb zdkzñncz äaatrnbdysv vtnjljv ghtljcnfdktybz byajhvfwbb. Cjdtn Tdhjgtqcrjuj Cjñpf d cdjtv äktrnhjyyjv htubcnht ghtljcnfdkztn byajhvfwbñ gj vyjubv ljrevtynfv, rjnjhst jy hfphfåfnsdftn, drkñxfz dct ljrevtyns, dsgeotyyst d cjjndtncndbb c pfrjyjlfntkmcndjv j ljcnegt r byajhvfwbb. D htpekmnfnt eghjcnbkcz ljcneg uhfélfy r byajh- vfwbb lkz b gjdscbkfcm äaatrnbdyjcnm hfåjns ctrhtnfhbfnf. Rfr jnvtxfkjcm Cjdtnjv d gjcktlytv ujljdjv jnxtnt, ≤tckb rjkbxtcndj ljrevtynjd, ytgjchtlcndtyyj ljcnegysö lkz jåotcn- dtyyjcnb edtkbxbdftncz, nj cybéftncz rjkbxtcndj ljrevtynjd, gj rjnjhsv bltn pfghjc.≥9 Jlyfrj, jcyjdysv ghtgzncndbtv ghb bcgjkmpjdfybb nfrjuj gjlöjlf d Wtynhfkmyjfpbfncrjv htubjyt zdkztncz ytljcnegyjcnm äktrnhjyysö chtlcnd byajhvfwbb lkz vyjubö uhfélfy kbåj d cdzpb c bö jncencndbtv, kbåj bp-pf ytevt- ybz gjkmpjdfnmcz bvb. • Cfyrwbb d jnyjitybb ljkéyjcnysö kbw, yt dsgjkyzñobö nhtåjdfybz pfrjyjlfntkmcndf. Cñlf vjuen döjlbnm flvbyb- cnhfnbdyst cfyrwbb d jnyjitybb ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd b 9 Htrjvtylfwbz Rec (2002) 2 Rjvbntnf Vbybcnhjd ujcelfhcndfv-xktyfv j ljcnegt r jabwbfkmysv ljrevtynfv, 21 atdhfkz 2002 ujlf. See Annual Report of the Coun- cil on the implementation of Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents, 7 March 2003.

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ljkéyjcnysö kbw bkb eujkjdyjt yfrfpfybt d rhfqybö ckexfzö, nfrbö, rfr ytpfrjyyjt eybxnjétybt ljrevtynjd bkb ghtlyfvt- htyyjt djcghtgzncndjdfybt d dsgecrt byajhvfwbb. Dj vyjubö cnhfyfö ghtlecvjnhtyj dpbvfybt c ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd inhfajd d ckexft dszdktybz åtpjcyjdfntkmyjuj jnrfpf d ght- ljcnfdktybb byajhvfwbb.

Pfrjys j cdjåjlt ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb d htubjyt Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb Tckb ujdjhbnm j htubjyt, nj nfrbt cnhfys, rfr Rshuspcnfy, Nflébrbcnfy b Epåtrbcnfy ghbyzkb pfrjys j cdjåjlt ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb, rjnjhst d wtkjv åfpbheñncz yf dsiterfpfyysö äkt- vtynfö. Yb jlyj bp pfrjyjlfntkmcnd gjkyjcnmñ yt drkñxftn änb äktvtyns b ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq crjhtt jåobt pfrjys d jåkfcnb byajhvfwbjyyjq gjkbnbrb, xtv pfrjyjlfntkmcndj, d rjnjhjv xtnrj bpkfuftncz gjkyjt ghfdj ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb. Bp bö xbckf pfrjy jå byajhvfwbb Nflébrbcnfyf jn 2002 ujlf yfbåjktt gjkysv jåhf- pjv exbnsdftn vtéleyfhjlyeñ ghfrnbre, öjnz b jy ytjåzpfntkmyj bcgjkyztncz d ltqcndbntkmyjcnb. D åjkmibycndt cnhfy Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb juhfybxtyyjt ghfdj yf ljcneg nfrét ghtlecvfnhbdftncz b d lheubö pfrjyfö. Jlby bp gth- dbxysö bcnjxybrjd änjuj ghfdf lkz chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb vjéyj yfqnb d pfrjyjlfntkmcndt j chtlcndfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb htubjyf. Jlyfrj ljcneg r byajhvfwbb cjukfcyj änbv pfrjyfv nfrét juhfybxty bp-pf ytljcnfnrf ltnfkmyj ghjhfåjnfyysö ghjwtleh b fltr- dfnysö vtöfybpvjd lkz dsgjkytybz. Jlyf bp jcyjdysö ghjåktv cjcnjbn d njv, xnj d wtkjv pfrjyjlf- ntkmcndj d htubjyt djjåot yt ghtlecvfnhbdftn ltnfkmyst ghjwtlehs pfghjcjd, rfrbt bvtñncz, d xfcnyjcnb, d vtéleyfhjlyjq ghfrnbrt. Jyb, d åjkmibycndt ckexftd, ccskfñncz yf gjlpfrjyyst frns b lhe- ubt yjhvs. Yfghbvth, pfrjy Rshuspcrjq Htcgeåkbrb j ufhfynbzö b cdjåjlyjv ljcnegt r byajhvfwbb ufhfynbhetn uhfélfyfv ghfdj ljcnegf. Jy jghtltkztn, xnj pfghjc ljkéty åsnm cltkfy d gbcm- vtyyjq ajhvt, yj yt cjlthébn gjlhjåysq gthtxtym ecnfyjdktyysö

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pfrjyjv bcrkñxtybq. Yf ghfrnbrt ceotcndetn nfrfz byajhvfwbz, rjnjheñ jxtym nhelyj gjkexbnm bp-pf jncencndbz bycnherwbq b gjkj- étybq, yf rjnjhst ccskftncz åjkmibycndj pfrjyjd. Yfghbvth, dj vyjubö cnhfyfö ctvmb cnfkrbdfñncz c nhelyjcnzvb d gjbcrt byajh- vfwbb jnyjcbntkmyj dhtvtyb bcgjkytybz cvthnyjq rfpyb b j vtcnt pföjhjytybz. III Lheufz rkñxtdfz ghjåktvf cjcnjbn d åjkmijv rjkbxtcndt bcrkñxtybq, cjlthéfoböcz d pfrjyfö, rjnjhst dsöjlzn pf hfvrb vtéleyfhjlyjq ghfrnbrb. Yfghbvth, pfrjy Htcgeåkbrb Epåtrbcnfy j ghbywbgfö b ufhfynbzö cdjåjls byajhvfwbb ghtlecvfnhbdftn bcrkñ- xtybz d wtkzö pfobns ≤yfwbjyfkmyjuj leöjdyjuj, rekmnehyjuj b yfexyjuj gjntywbfkf≥ b ≤vjhfkmysö wtyyjcntq cjjåotcndf≥. Rfr jnvtxtyj dsit, pfxfcneñ änb pfrjys yt zdkzñncz ytgjchtl- cndtyyj pfrjyfvb njkmrj gj ghtljcnfdktybñ ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb. Vyjubt bp ybö cjlthéfn pfghtn yf hfcghjcnhfytybt byajhvfwbb chtlcndfvb vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. D cjjndtncndbb cj cnfnmtq 10 pfrjyf Rshuspcrjq Htcgeåkbrb j ufhfynbzö b cdjåjlyjv ljcnegt r byajhvfwbb chtlcndfv vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb pfghtotyj hfcghj- cnhfyznm byajhvfwbñ gj ltcznb rfntujhbzv, drkñxfz gjhyjuhfabñ, ≤ytwtypehyst dshfétybz≥, ≤evsiktyyj kjéyeñ byajhvfwbñ≥ b hfcghjcnhfytybt htrkfvs åtp htubcnhfwbb b gjkextybz kbwtypbq. Yt rfélfz Wtynhfkmyjfpbfncrfz cnhfyf geåkbretn cdjñ gjkbnbre b cnhfntubñ gj njve bkb lheujve djghjce. Ceotcndeñn nfrét cthmtpyst ghjåktvs c ljcnegjv r gjlpfrjy- ysv frnfv b bysv dblfv dnjhbxyjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf. Rfåbytn vbybcnhjd d ytrjnjhsö cnhfyfö dsgecrftn ldf nbgf gjcnfyjdktybq/ yjhv: nt, rjnjhst zdkzñncz jnrhsnsvb b ljcnegysvb lkz jåot- cndf, yfpsdfñncz ≤åtksvb geåkbrfwbzvb≥; f nt, rjnjhst gjcdzotys ytrjnjhsv dyenhtyybv djghjcfv b/bkb zdkzñncz ctrhtnysvb bkb cnhfntubxtcrbvb djghjcfvb, yfpsdfñncz ≤rhfcysvb geåkbrfwbzvb≥, b r ybv ytn ljcnegf. ≤Rhfcyst geåkbrfwbb≥ – d jcyjdyjv zdkzñncz bycnherwbzvb b yjhvfnbdfvb lkz ujcelfhcndtyysö exhtéltybq, yj åjkmibycndj bp ybö ghtlcnfdkztn jåotcndtyysq bynthtc byajh- vfwbñ bkb gjkjétybz gj ytrjnjhsv dblfv cdzptq c ibhjrjq

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jåotcndtyyjcnmñ. D Htcgeåkbrt Epåtrbcnfy bvttncz gjcnfyjdktybt Rfåbytnf vbybcnhjd § 543 pf ltrfåhm 2003 ujlf gj ghjwtlehfv htubcnhfwbb ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq. Ytghfdbntkmcndty- yst jhufybpfwbb åskb ghjbyajhvbhjdfys vbybcnthcndjv j yjdjq ghjwtleht, yj yb jlyf bp ybö yt cvjukf gjkexbnm ljcneg r dsitegj- vzyenjve gjcnfyjdktybñ yf pfrjyysö jcyjdfybzö. Bvtñn vtcnj b juhfybxtybz d ghbvtytybb pfrjyjlfntkmcndf yf vtcnyjv b htubjyfkmyjv ehjdyzö. Ljcneg r yjhvfv bkb gjcnfyjd- ktybzv vtcnyjq flvbybcnhfwbb dtcmvf pfnhelyty. D åjkmibycndt ckexftd pfrjyjlfntkmcndf gj änjve djghjce yt ceotcndetn; jlyfrj nfrbt gjcnfyjdktybz zdkzñncz ljrevtynfvb ghzvjuj ltqcndbz.

Pfrjyjlfntkmcndj d jåkfcnb CVB Dct Wtynhfkmyjfpbfncrbt cnhfys bvtñn pfrjys, htuekbheñobt ltzntkmyjcnm CVB b éehyfkbcnjd. Dct jyb ghtlecvfnhbdfñn ljgjk- ybntkmyst ghfdf éehyfkbcnjd yf ljcneg r byajhvfwbb. Jlyfrj yf ghfrnbrt pfrjys j CVB d htubjyt Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb eltkzñn åjkmit dybvfybz ecnfyjdktybñ rjynhjkz yfl CVB, ytétkb ghj- åktvfv ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb. Nfrjdsvb zdkzñncz nhtåjdfybz j ghtldfhbntkmyjq htubcnhfwbb CVB b éehyfkbcnjd lj njuj, rfr jyb ghbcnegzn r hfåjnt, f nfrét ibhjrbq cgtrnh juhfybxtybq yf jåyf- hjljdfybt byajhvfwbb. D Rfpföcnfyt, pfrjy j CVB ghtlecvfnhbdftn jåzpfyyjcnm ghfdb- ntkmcndtyysö cnherneh, gfhnbq, ujcelfhcndtyysö xbyjdybrjd b CVB ghtljcnfdkznm uhfélfyfv byajhvfwbñ gj djghjcfv, ghtlcnfdkzñ- obv jåotcndtyysq bynthtc, drkñxfz ljrevtyns b bcnjxybrb. Éehyfkbcnfv ghtljcnfdkztncz ghfdj gjctofnm ghfdbntkmcndty- yst exhtéltybz, cjdtofybz b vthjghbznbz, f nfrét bvtnm ljcneg r ljrevtynfv, pf bcrkñxtybtv ljrevtynjd, cjlthéfobö ujce- lfhcndtyyeñ nfqye. Pfrjy j ghtcct b lheubö chtlcndfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb Nflébrbcnfyf jåzpsdftn ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufys b jabwbfkmysö kbw ≤ghtljcnfdkznm byajhvfwbñ gj pfghjce CVB≥, f nfrét ghtlecvfnhbdftn ghfdj éehyfkbcnjd nhtåjdfnm byajhvfwbñ b ljrevtyns jn ujcexhtéltybq b jabwbfkmysö kbw.

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Pfrjys Epåtrbcnfyf b Rshuspcnfyf 1997 ujlf j ghjatccbjyfkm- yjq ltzntkmyjcnb éehyfkbcnjd ecnfyfdkbdftn rfr ghfdj éehyfkbc- njd yf ≤cåjh, fyfkbp b hfcghjcnhfytybt byajhvfwbb& f nfrét ghfdj jåhfofnmcz d ujcelfhcndtyyst cnhernehs b jhufys cfvjeghfdktybz c wtkmñ gjkextybz byajhvfwbb≥, nfr b ≤ghfdj yf ljcneg r ljrevty- nfv, vfnthbfkfv b byajhvfwbb, pf bcrkñxtybtv byajhvfwbb, zdkzñ- III otqcz ujcelfhcndtyyjq bkb byjq nfqyjq, jöhfyztvjq pfrjyjv≥. Lfét d Nehrvtybcnfyt, ult dct tot ltqcndeñn cjdtncrbt pfrjys j ghtcct b lheubö CVB, éehyfkbcnfv ghtljcnfdktyj ghfdj nhtåjdfnm byajhvfwbñ jn ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd b jabwbfkmysö kbw. Pfrjys j CVB nfrét ghtlecvfnhbdfñn yfrfpfybt pf geåkbrfwbñ vyjujxbcktyysö rfntujhbq byajhvfwbb, drkñxfz ujcelfhcndtyyst b rjvvthxtcrbt nfqys, jcrjhåktybt xtkjdtxtcrjuj ljcnjbycndf b ujcelfhcndtyysö cbvdjkjd.

Pfrjyjlfntkmcndj j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt Rfélfz cnhfyf jåkflftn pfrhsnjq byajhvfwbtq, rfcfñotqcz yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, rjnjhfz yeélftncz d pfobnt, f nfr ét ghfdbkfvb, rfcfñobvbcz tç pfobns. Pfxfcneñ djpybrftn rjyakbrn vtéle änbvb gjkjétybzvb b cdjåjljq byajhvfwbb. Pfrjyjlfntkm- cndj d jåkfcnb cdjåjls byajhvfwbb jcyjdfyj yf ghtlgjkjétybb, xnj byajhvfwbz ljkéyf åsnm ljcnegyf jåotcndtyyjcnb. Vyjétcndj pfghtnjd yf cdjåjlysq ljcneg cj cnjhjys jhufyjd åtpjgfcyjcnb xfcnj dspsdftn cthmtpyeñ jåtcgjrjtyyjcnm jnyjcbntkmyj njuj, xnj pfobnf yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb bcgjkmpetncz lkz gjlhsdf jcyjdysö ghfd xtkjdtrf, xnj ghjbcöjlbn byjulf b d cnhfyfö c lfdybvb ltvjrhfnb- xtcrbvb nhflbwbzvb. Jåtcgtxtybt yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb dféyj lkz dctö cnhfy, yj xfcnj hfdyjdtcbt vtéle yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjc- nmñ b cdjåjljq byajhvfwbb yfheiftncz yt d gjkmpe gjcktlytq. Ljkéysv jåhfpjv jåtcgtxtyyfz åtpjgfcyjcnm byajhvfwbjyyjq cbcntvs ljgecrftn, xnj juhfybxtyyjt rjkbxtcndj byajhvfwbb vjétn åsnm pfctrhtxtyj, b kbim yf nj dhtvz, gjrf jyf ltqcndbntkmyj zdkz- tncz ctrhtnyjq. Cntgtym pfobns byajhvfwbb pfdbcbn jn cntgtyb tt ctrhtnyjcnb: vtytt ctrhtnyfz byajhvfwbb nhtåetn vtymitq cntgtyb

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pfobns bkb djdct yt yeélftncz d ytq. Jöhfyf pfctrhtxtyyjq byajh- vfwbb – ljcnfnjxyj ljhjujcnjzott eljdjkmcndbt. D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö yf nj, xnjås jöhfyznm pfctrhtxtyyeñ byajhvfwbñ eöjlbn ghbåkbpbntkmyj 7 vbkkbfhljd ljkkfhjd tétujlyj. Änj vjétn nfrét ghbdtcnb r ytjåjcyjdfyyjve jnrfpe d ghtljcnfdktybb byajhvfwbb, f nfrét r ytrjvgtntynyjcnb b rjhhegwbb. B, xnj, djpvjéyj, zdkz- tncz cfvsv dféysv lkz ujcelfhcndf, xhtpvthyfz pfctrhtxtyyjcnm dtltn r jckfåktybñ jöhfys ltqcndbntkmyj dféyjq byajhvfwbb. Gjnth Cnñfhn bp Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF jnvtnbk d cdzpb c ltkjv ≤Ljrevtyns Gtynfujyf≥: ≤Rjulf pfctrhtxbdftncz dct, änj jpyfxftn, xnj ybxtuj yt pfctrhtxbdftncz, b njulf r cfvjq cbcntvt jnyjitybt cnfyjdbncz ghtytåhtébntkmysv cj cnjhjys wbybrjd b ntö, rjve dct hfdyj, b tñ vfybgekbheñn rfhmthbcns bkb nt, rnj pfyzn jöhfyjq bcrkñxbntkmyj cfvbö ctåz.≥ Vyjubt cnhfys dj dctv vbht ghbyzkb pfrjys, d rjnjhsö gjlhjåyj bpkfufñncz ghjwtlehs gj pfctrhtxbdfybñ b hfcctrhtxbdfybñ byajh- vfwbb, rjnjhfz vjukf ås gjdkbznm yf yfwbjyfkmyeñ åtpjgfcyjcnm. Änb pfrjys ecnfyfdkbdfñn ghfdbkf jnyjcbntkmyj njuj, rfrjuj hjlf byajhvfwbz vjétn åsnm pfctrhtxtyf, f nfrét juhfybxtybz, gthbjl, d ntxtybt rjnjhjuj byajhvfwbb cxbnftncz ctrhtnyjq, b ghjwtlehs gj ghjdthrt cjnhelybrjd yf åkfujyfltéyjcnm. Jn yjdsö xktyjd YFNJ gjnhtåjdfkb ghbyznm änb pfrjys gj jöhfyt pfctrhtxtyyjq byajhvfwbb d rfxtcndt eckjdbz dcnegktybz d jhufybpfwbñ. Åjkmiby- cndj cnhfy CYU ghbyzkb pfrjys j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt, rjnjhst jcyjdfys yf hjccbqcrjv pfrjyt j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt. Cfvsq ceotcndtyysq åfhmth r ljcnege r byajhvfwbb d Wtynhfkm- yjq Fpbb – ghbvtytybt hfcgksdxfnsö pfrjyjd ibhjrjuj ltqcndbz jå jöhfyt ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqys. Rfélfz cnhfyf d htubjyt ghbyzkf gjljåyjuj hjlf pfrjy, b änb pfrjys yf elbdktybt gjöjéb. Dct änb pfrjys åskb ghbyzns dcrjht gjckt njuj, rfr cnhfys gjkexbkb ytpfdbcbvjcnm.

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Jcyjds pfrjyjlfntkmcndf j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt / jöhfyt pfctrhtxtyyjq byajhvfwbb • Dbls byajhvfwbb, gjlktéfotq pfctrhtxbdfybñ. Ljkéysv jåhf- pjv hfphfåjnfyysq pfrjy j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt hfcghjcnhfyz- tncz kbim yf ne byajhvfwbñ, jåyfhjljdfybt rjnjhjq cthmtpyj gjlhsdftn yfwbjyfkmyeñ åtpjgfcyjcnm b nthhbnjhbfkmyeñ wtkjcn- III yjcnm cnhfys Pfrjy Ckjdtybb j pfctrhtxtyyjq byajhvfwbb jght- ltkztn äne uhfybwe rfr ≤euhjpe ébpytyysv bynthtcfv cnhfys≥ (änjn rhbnthbq ytjåöjlbv lkz ghbcdjtybz byajhvfwbb uhbaf ≤jcjåj ctrhtnyj≥). D Gthe änjn ghtltk jghtltkty rfr ≤euhjpf rjy- cnbnewbjyyjve cnhjñ, ytpfdbcbvjcnb, nthhbnjhbfkmyjq wtkjcn- yjcnb b jåjhjyjcgjcjåyjcnb cnhfys≥. • Dbls byajhvfwbb nfrét ljkéys åsnm xtnrj jghtltktys. Ljkéysv jåhfpjv aeyrwbjybheñofz cbcntvf ghtlecvfnhbdftn jnxtnkbdjt hfpuhfybxtybt dbljd byajhvfwbb, gjlktéfotq pfctr- htxbdfybñ, d wtkzö bpåtéfybz ghjbpdjkmyjuj bcgjkmpjdfybz cbcntvs lkz, juhfybxtybq d ljcnegt r byajhvfwbb gjl ghtlkj- ujv jöhfys yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. Erfp Ghtpbltynf CIF j pfctrhtxbdfybb byajhvfwbb jghtltkztn djctvm rfntujhbq byajh- vfwbb, gjlktéfotq pfctrhtxbdfybñ: a) djtyyst gkfys, cbcntvs jheébz bkb jgthfnbdyst ltqcndbz; b) byajhvfwbz ghfdbntkmcnd byjcnhfyysö ujcelfhcnd; c) hfpdtlrf (drkñxfz cgtwbfkmyst jgthfwbb), bcnjxybrb bkb vtnjls hfpdtlrb, f nfrét rhbgnjkjubz; d) dytiybt jnyjitybz bkb ltzntkmyjcnm CIF, drkñxfz rjyab- ltywbfkmyst bcnjxybrb; e) yfexyst, ntöyjkjubxtcrbt bkb ärjyjvbxtcrbt djghjcs, rfcfñ- obtcz yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, drkñxfz pfobne jn vtéle- yfhjlyjuj nthhjhbpvf; f) ghjuhfvvs ghfdbntkmcndf CIF gj jöhfyt zlthysö vfnthbf- kjd b jåütrnjd; g) ezpdbvjcnm bkb gjntywbfk cbcntv, cjjheétybq, byahfcnherneh, ghjtrnjd, gkfyjd bkb jåjhjyysö ckeéå, cdzpfyysö c yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnmñ, drkñxfz pfobne jn vtéleyfhjlyjuj nthhjhbpvf;

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h) jheébt vfccjdjuj gjhfétybz.10 Pfrjyjlfntkmcndj dctö cnhfy Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb, r cjéfkt- ybñ, yt ecnfyfdkbdftn hfpevyst ghtltks pfctrhtxbdfybz byajh- vfwbb. D pfrjyfö, d jcyjdyjv, ghjcnj hfcgksdxfnj bpkfufñncz cnfylfhns gj pfobnt cnhfys b lheubt djghjcs, ghtlcnfdkzñobt ärjyjvbxtcrbq b gjkbnbxtcrbq bynthtc. Ceotcndetn vyjuj ghbvthjd, rjulf uhba ctrhtnyjcnb ghbcdfb- dfkcz byajhvfwbb, yt gjlktéfotq pfctrhtxbdfybñ. D Nflébrbc- nfyt b Epåtrbcnfyt byajhvfwbz j dsytctybb cvthnyjuj ghbujdjhf zdkztncz ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyjq. D Nflébrbcnfyt åskf pfctrht- xtyf byajhvfwbz jå ehjdyt ärjyjvbxtcrjuj hjcnf d 2003 ujle. Tcnm cdtltybz j njv, xnj d Nehrvtybcnfyt vtlbwbycrbt hfåjnybrb åskb ghtleghtéltys j ytljgecnbvjcnb hfpukfitybz byajhvfwbb j ckexfzö pfåjktdfybz xevjq, gjnjve xnj änj cxbnftncz ujcelfh- cndtyyjq nfqyjq. Dj vyjubö ckexfzö yt cjdctv zcyj, rfrbt ctrhtns jöhfyz- ñncz. D Epåtrbcnfyt jncencndbt jgeåkbrjdfyyjuj gthtxyz dbljd byajhvfwbb, gjlktéfotq pfctrhtxbdfybñ, dspsdftn jghtltkty- yjt åtcgjrjqcndj jnyjcbntkmyj njuj, xnj ljkéyjcnyst kbwf cjplfñn yjdst rfntujhbb ctrhtnyjcnb åtpj dczrbö juhfybxtybq. Rjulf d Epåtrbcnfyt åskj kbrdblbhjdfyj Eghfdktybt gj pfobnt ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqys d ghtcct, rjnjhjt cxbnfkjcm vtöfybp- vjv jceotcndktybz wtypehs chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, änj d wtkjv åskj djcghbyznj rfr gjkjébntkmysq ifu. Dct tot ytzcyj, bvtkj kb änj rfrjt-kbåj ceotcndtyyjt djpltqcndbt yf geåkbretveñ byajhvfwbñ bkb ghjkbkj kb änj cdtn yf nj, pf hfpukfitybt rfrjq bvtyyj nfqyjq byajhvfwbb ghtlcnfdbntkb chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb vjukb gjldthufnmcz eujkjdyjve ghtcktljdfybñ. 10 Erfp 13,292, Gjcktleñobt gjghfdrb r Erfpe 12958 Pfctrhtxtyyfz byajhvfwbz gj yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, vfhn 28, 2003. Nfrét Cv. pfrjy j cdjåjlt byajh- vfwbb Bhkfylbb, Hfpltk 24; Pfrjy Rfyfls j ljcnegt r byajhvfwbb, Hfpltk 15; Pfrjy Åjkufhbb j pfobnt pfctrhtxtyyjq byajhvfwbb, Ghbkjétybt 1 Cnfnmz 25.

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• Cntgtyb ctrhtnyjcnb. D åjkmibycndt pfrjyjd j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt b pfctrhtxtyyjq byajhvfwbb bvttncz hzl rfntujhbq åtpj- gfcyjcnb. Nfqys jåsxyj gjlhfpltkzñncz yf cntgtyb: ≤cjdthityyj ctrhtnyj≥, ≤ctrhtnyj≥ ≤rjyabltywbfkmyj≥ b ≤juhfybxtyj≥ bkb ≤lkz ckeétåyjuj gjkmpjdfybz≥. Rfélfz cntgtym ecnfyfdkbdftn hfpkbxyst gjhjub ljcnegf, bcgjkmpjdfybz b jöhfys byajhvfwbb. III Hjccbqcrbq pfrjy j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt ghtlecvfnhbdftn nhb rfntujhbb ≤jcjåj dféyj≥, ≤cjdthityyj ctrhtnyj≥ b ≤ctrhtnyj≥. Pfctrhtxtyyfz byajhvfwbz jåsxyj juhfybxbdftncz nfrjq byajh- vfwbtq, rjnjhfz vjukf ås d ckexft hfcrhsnbz yfytcnb dhtl yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. Yfghbvth, d pfrjyt Ckjdtybb j pfctr- htxtyyjq byajhvfwbb ujdjhbncz: ≤rkfccbabrfwbz ≤CTRHTNYJ≥ ljkéyf ghbvtyznmcz r pfctrhtxtyyjq byajhvfwbb, hfcrhsnbt rjnjhjq kbwfv, yt egjkyjvjxtyysv yf tt gjkextybt, vjukj ås yfytcnb cthmtpysq dhtl åtpjgfcyjcnb bkb bynthtcfv Htcgeå- kbrb Ckjdtybb.≥ D erfpt ghfdbntkmcndf CIF j pfctrhtxbdfybb byajhvfwbb d wtkzö yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb (EO 12958) ujdj- hbncz, xnj gjyznbt ≤ctrhtnyjcnm≥ ≤ljkéyj ghbvtyznmcz r nfrjq byajhvfwbb, ytghfdjvjxyjt hfcrhsnbt rjnjhjq, rfr vjéyj jåjcyjdfyyj ghtlgjkjébnm, vjukj ås yfytcnb cthmtpysq eothå yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, rjnjhsq jhufys gj pfctrhtxbdfybñ byajhvfwbb vjukb ås bltynbabwbhjdfnm bkb jgbcfnm.≥ Åjkmiby- cndj pfrjyjd d htubjyt cktleñn nfrjve gjlöjle d njq bkb byjq cntgtyb. D pfrjyt Rfpföcnfyf j pfobnt ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqys ghbyznf hjccbqcrfz rkfccbabrfwbz, ghtlecvfnhbdfñofz nhb cnt- gtyb ctrhtnyjcnb. Pfrjy Epåtrbcnfyf ecnfyfdkbdftn rfntujhbb ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqys, djtyyjq nfqys b ckeétåyjq nfqys, yj yt erfpsdftn chjr ltqcndbz bkb ehjdyb juhfybxtybz. • Chjr ltqcndbz. Jåsxyj pfrjys j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt ecnf- yfdkbdfñn chjrb, d ghtltkfö rjnjhsö byajhvfwbz ljkéyf åsnm pfctrhtxtyf. Jåotghbpyfyyj, xnj byajhvfwbz ljkéyf åsnm pfctrhtxtyf njkmrj yf gthbjl, d ntxtybt rjnjhjuj dhtl jn enfb- dfybz änjq byajhvfwbb åjkmit, xtv jåotcndtyyfz gjkmpf jn tt hfcrhsnbz. Pfctrhtxtyyfz byajhvfwbz jgbcsdftncz rfr byajh-

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vfwbz, bvtñofz ≤ébpytyysq wbrk≥11. Gjnhtåyjcnb d juhfybxtybb byajhvfwbb vtyzñncz yf hfpkbxysö cnflbzö: xtv lkbyytt wbrk, ntv vtytt dthjznyj, xnj gthdjyfxfkmyj jéblftvsq dhtl åeltn htfkbpjdfy b ntv dsit bynthtc jåotcndtyyjcnb r hfcrhsnbñ nfrjq byajhvfwbb. D åjkmibycndt pfrjyjd cjlthébncz nhtåjdfybt, xnjås byajh- vfwbz åskf pfctrhtxtyf njkmrj lj ntö gjh, gjrf änj ytjåöjlbvj lkz pfobns cjjndtncndeñobö bynthtcjd. Jåsxyj d hfytt ceot- cndeñotv pfrjyjlfntkmcndt chjrb cjcnfdkzñn jn nhblwfnb lj gznbltcznb ktn. Pfrjy HA j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt ecnfyfdkb- dftn ghtltk d nhblwfnm ktn. D ytlfdyj ghbyznsö pfrjyfö chjr ltqcndbz ecnfyfdkbdftncz d pfdbcbvjcnb jn cntgtyb ctrhtnyjcnb, ghbxtv cfvb chjrb cjrhfnbkbcm lj vfrcbvfkmyjq ghjljkéb- ntkmyjcnb d gznyflwfnm – ldflwfnm ktn. D ghbrfpt ghfdbntkm- cndf CIF ecnfyfdkbdftncz chjr d ltcznm ktn, tckb njkmrj yt åeltn jåjcyjdfyf ytjåöjlbvjcnm ghjlktybz änjuj chjrf. Pfrjy Åjkufhbb gj jöhfyt pfctrhtxtyyjq byajhvfwbb ecnfyfdkbdftn ghtltkmysq chjr d 30 ktn lkz uhbaf ≤cjdthityyj ctrhtnyj≥, 15 – lkz uhbaf ≤ctrhtnyj≥, 5 ktn lkz uhbaf ≤rjyabltywbfkmyj≥ b 2 ujlf lkz ckeétåyjq nfqys. D åjkmibycndt ntrcnjd pfrjyjd cnhfy Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb ght- ltkmyst chjrb pfctrhtxtyyjcnb yt ecnfyfdkbdfñncz. Jlyj cthmtp- yjt bcrkñxtybt – pfrjy Rfpföcnfyf, rjnjhsq ecnfyfdkbdftn ghtltkmysq chjr lj ldflwfnb ktn c djpvjéyjcnmñ ghjlktybz. D pfrjyjlfntkmcndfö Epåtrbcnfyf b Nehrvtybb yt ecnfyfdkbdf- ñncz vfrcbvfkmyst chjrb, yj cjlthébncz nhtåjdfybt gthtcvjnhf byajhvfwbb rfélst gznm ktn. • Pfghtn yf pfctrhtxbdfybt byajhvfwbb. D åjkmibycndt pfrjyjd j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt jåsxyj jujdfhbdftncz, xnj jghtltktyyst rfntujhbb byajhvfwbb yt gjlktéfn pfctrhtxbdfybñ. R ybv jåsxyj jnyjczncz yfheitybz ghfd xtkjdtrf, yfheitybz lheubö pfrjyjd, f nfrét byajhvfwbz, rfcfñofzcz ärjkjubxtcrbö jgfcyjcntq. 11 Cv. ghtlscnjhbñ ghbywbgjd b ghjwtccf ≤Jwtyrb hbcrf ébpytyyjuj wbrkf≥, http://www.opsec.org/opsnews/Sep97/protected/Secrecy.html

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Vtégfhkfvtyncrbq nbgjdjq pfrjy j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt, rjnjhsq cfv gj CYU ctåt yt zdkztncz jåhfpwjv cdjåjlyjuj ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb, ghtlecvfnhbdftn ujhfplj åjktt gjlhjåysq gthtxtym dbljd byajhvfwbb, rjnjhfz yt vjétn åsnm pfctrhtxtyf: 1) J xhtpdsxfqysö cbnefwbzö b rfnfcnhjafö, rjnjhst euhjéfñn åtpjgfcyjcnb b pljhjdmñ uhfélfy, jå bö gjcktlcndbzö, f nfr ét III j ghbhjlysö åtlcndbzö, bö jabwbfkmysö ghjuyjpfö b gjcktlcn- dbzö; 2) J cjcnjzybb jrheéfñotq chtls, plhfdjjöhfytybz, cfybnfhbb, ltvjuhfabb, jåhfpjdfybz, rekmnehs, ctkmcrjuj öjpzqcndf, f nfr ét j ghtcnegyjcnb; 3) J ghbdbktubzö, rjvgtycfwbzö b kmujnfö, ghtljcnfdkztvsö ujcelfhcndjv uhfélfyfv, ljkéyjcnysv kbwfv b jhufybpfwbzv; 4) Byajhvfwbz j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf b aeylfvtynfkmysö cdjåjl uhfélfy; 5) Byajhvfwbz j hfpvthfö pjkjnjdfkñnysö pfgfcjd yfwbjyfkm- yjuj åfyrf b ghfdbntkmcndtyysö (åñlétnysö) pfgfcfö lhfujwty- ysö vtnfkkjd b rfvytq; 6) Cdtltybz j afrnfö yfheitybz pfrjyf ujcelfhcndtyysvb jhuf- yfvb, jhufybpfwbzvb b ljkéyjcnysvb kbwfvb; 7) Byajhvfwbz j vfccjdsö htghtccbzö gj gjkbnbxtcrbv, cjwb- fkmysv b lheubv jcyjdfybzv, drkñxfz fhöbdyst lfyyst...12 • D erfpt ghfdbntkmcndf CIF ujdjhbncz, xnj byajhvfwbz yt vjétn åsnm pfctrhtxtyf d wtkzö ≤cjrhsnbz yfheitybz pfrjyf, ytäaatr- nbdyjcnb bkb flvbybcnhfnbdyjq jibårb, ecnhfytybz pfnhelytybq lkz rfrjuj-kbåj kbwf, jhufybpfwbb bkb exhtéltybz, clthébdfybz rjyrehtywbb, f nfrét d wtkzö ghtljndhfotybz jgeåkbrjdfybz bkb pflthéfybz dsgecrf byajhvfwbb, rjnjhfz yt nhtåetn jöhfys d bynthtcfö yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb.≥ Nfv nfrét cjlthébncz pfghtn yf pfctrhtxbdfybt åfpjdjq yfexyjq byajhvfwbb, rjnjhfz yt zdkztncz, jxtdblyj, jnyjczotqcz r djghjcfv yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. 12 Nbgjdjq pfrjy j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt, ghbyznsq yf 21-jq Gktyfhyjq ctccbb Vté- gfhkfvtyncrjq Fccfvåktb CYU (Htitybt 21–10 jn 16 bñyz 2003)

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Pfrjy Ckjdtybb j pfobnt ctrhtnyjq byajhvfwbb pfghtoftn pfctrhtxbdfnm byajhvfwbñ, jnyjczoeñcz r ghtcnegktybzv.13 Pfrjy Vjklfdbb j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt pfghtoftn ltkfnm ctr- htnyjq ≤htfkmyeñ cbnefwbñ d catht jåhfpjdfybz, plhfdjjöhfyt- ybz, ärjkjubb, ctkmcrjuj öjpzqcndf, njhujdkb, b ghfdjcelbz≥. Bcrkñxtybz, cjlthéfobtcz d pfrjyjlfntkmcndt cnhfy Wtyn- hfkmyjq Fpbb, jåsxyj yfvyjuj vtytt ltnfkmyj hfphfåjnfys. D Pfrjyt Epåtrbcnfyf yt ecnfyfdkbdfñncz rfntujhbb byajhvfwbb, yt gjlktéfotq pfctrhtxbdfybñ. Pfrjy Nehrvtybb juhfybxbdftn pfctrhtxbdfybt byajhvfwbb njkmrj njq byajhvfwbtq, rjnjhfz rfcftncz ghfd, cdjåjl b pfrjyysö bynthtcjd, f nfrét byajhvf- wbtq, rjnjhfz gjldthuftn jgfcyjcnb kbxyeñ åtpjgfcyjcnm b plj- hjdmt. • Yflpjh. D cjjndtncndbb c pfrjyfvb vyjubö cnhfy j ujcelfh- cndtyyjq nfqyt, cjplftncz cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysq jhufy, rjnjhsq ghbybvftn htitybz gj rfntujhbzv pfctrhtxbdftvjq byajhvfwbb, jåtcgtxbdftn ghjdthre ntö, rnj bvttn ljcneg r pfctrhtxtyyjq byajhvfwbb. Jy nfrét vjétn gthtcvfnhbdfnm htitybz, cdzpfy- yst c pfctrhtxbdfybtv. D Hjccbb, d cjjndtncndbb c pfrjyjv j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt åskf cjplfyf vtédtljvcndtyyfz Rjvbccbz gj jöhfyt ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqys. D Dtyuhbb, cjukfcyj pfrjye j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt jn 1995 ujlf pf ujcelfhcndtyyst b ckeétå- yst nfqys jndtxftn cgtwbfkmysq Egjkyjvjxtyysq gfhkfvtynf gj jöhfyt lfyysö b cdjåjlt byajhvfwbb, rjnjhsq bvttn ghfdj bpvtyznm rkfccbabrfwbñ ujcelfhcndtyysö b ckeétåysö nfqy.14 D CIF, jnltk gj yflpjhe pf åtpjgfcyjcnmñ byajhvfwbb yfwbj- yfkmyjuj fhöbdf, d yfcnjzott dhtvz gthtcvfnhbdftn htitybt Gty- nfujyf j pfctrhtxbdfybb jnxtnf j gsnrfö cj cnjhjys djtyysö b uhfélfycrbö ckeéfobö d Bhfrt. D åjkmibycndj pfrjyjlfntkmcnd cnhfy Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb yt ghtlecvfnhbdftncz ytpfdbcbvsq jhufy gj gthtcvjnhe htitybq. D Epåtrbcnfyt änf pflfxf htiftncz Ckeé- åjq yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. 13 Cnfnmz 6, Pfrjy j ctrhtnyjq byajhvfwbb 14 Dtyuhbz, Pfrjy LXV 1995 ujlf j Ujcelfhcndtyyjq b Ckeétåyjq nfqyfö.

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• Gjkjétybz eujkjdyjuj rjltrcf. D åjkmibycndt cnhfy nfrét ceotcndeñn gjkjétybz d eujkjdysö rjltrcfö, gj rjnjhsv pfghtof- tncz ytghfdjvjxyjt hfcrhsnbt ctrhtnyjq byajhvfwbb byjcnhfyysv ghfdbntkmcndfv, f dj vyjubö ckexfzö b lheubv cnhernehfv b kbwfv. Pfxfcneñ pfghtotyf nfrét gjcktleñofz gthtlfxf cxbnfñotqcz ctrhtnyjq byajhvfwbb lheubvb jhufyfvb, nfrbvb rfr chtlcndf III vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Jlyfrj, rfr ghfdbkj, ytlfdyj ghbyznst pfrjys j cdjåjlt byajhvfwbb jnvtyzñn pfghtns yf jåyfhjljdfybt byajhvfwbb, cjlthéfobtcz d pfrjyjd j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt, pf bcrkñxtybtv ntö ckexftd, rjulf änj jnyjcbncz r byajhvfwbb j yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. D Yjdjq Ptkfylbb, ghfdbntkmcndj fyye- kbhjdfkj OSA, gjckt njuj, rfr d 1982 ujle åsk ghbyzn Pfrjy jå jabwbfkmyjq byajhvfwbb. D htubjyt jåsxysv ltkjv zdkztncz ghbvtytybt gjkjétybq eujkjdyjuj rjltrcf lkz njuj, xnjås yfrf- pfnm ufptns pf jgeåkbrjdfybt ≤ujcelfhcndtyysö nfqy≥.

Dsdjls Wtynhfkmyjfpbfncrbt ujcelfhcndf cltkfkb jghtltktyyst ifub yf genb r ljcnbétybñ cdjåjls byajhvfwbb, yj dct tot jcnfñncz ceotcndtyyst ghjåktvs. Yb d jlyjv bp ujcelfhcnd ytn pfrjyjd, rjnjhst ås cjjndtncndjdfkb vtéleyfhjlysv cnfylfhnfv j ljcnegt r byajhvfwbb. Pfrjys j ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt gjlhsdfñn ghfdf, b änb pfrjys xfcnj yfheifñncz. Ytjåöjlbvj ghtlghbyznm cthmtpyst ifub lkz njuj, xnjås jåtcgtxbnm nfreñ cbnefwbñ, rjulf htubjy ghbcjtlbybncz r lheubv cnhfyfv-xktyfv JÅCT d ghbpyfybb ghfdf ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb.

Ghbkjétybt 1 – Gthtxtym yfwbjyfkmysö pfrjyjd j cdjåjlt byajhvfwbb Ybétghbdtltyyst cnhfys ghbyzkb yfwbjyfkmyst pfrjys j ljcnegt r byajhvfwbb. Yt dct änb pfrjys dsgjkyzñncz, b yt dct jyb cxb- nfñncz äaatrnbdysvb. Lkz jåpjhf pfrjyjd änbö cnhfy, cv. Lädbl Åfybcfh, Cdjåjlf byajhvfwbb b ljcneg r pfrjyfv j ujcelfhcndtyyjq jnxtnyjcnb dj dctv vbht. http://www.freedominfo.org/survey.htm

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Fkåfybz Rjcjdj Fyujkf Rshuspcrfz Htcgeåkbrf Fhvtybz Kfndbz Fdcnhfkbz Kböntyintqy Fdcnhbz Kbndf Åtkmubz Vtrcbrf Åtkbp Vjkljdf Åjcybz b Uthwtujdbyf Yblthkfyls Åjkufhbz Yjdfz Ptkfylbz Rfyflf Yjhdtubz Rjkevåbz Gfrbcnfy Öjhdfnbz Gfyfvf Xticrfz htcgeåkbrf Gthe Lfybz Gjkmif Ljvbybrfycrfz Htcgeåkbrf Gjhneufkbz Ärdfljh Hevsybz Äcnjybz Ckjdfrbz Abykzylbz Ckjdtybz Ahfywbz Ñéyfz Fahbrf Uhepbz Bcgfybz Uhtwbz Idtwbz Dtyuhbz Nflébrbcnfy Bckfylbz Nfbkfyl Bylbz Nhbyblfl b Njåfuj Bhkfylbz Nehwbz Bphfbkm Erhfbyf Bnfkbz Dtkbrjåhbnfybz Zvfqrf Cjtlbytyyst Infns Zgjybz Epåtrbcnfy Ñéyfz Rjhtz Pbvåfådt

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Cfesnåtr Fålhfövfyjd

CDJÅJLF BYAJHVFWBB D RFPFÖCNFYT III Ghtélt dctuj, gjpdjkmnt gjåkfujlfhbnm jhufybpfnjhjd lfyyjuj ctvbyfhf b Wtynh JÅCT pf cjplfybt ytjåöjlbvsö eckjdbq lkz gkjljndjhyjq hfåjns. Djn eét dnjhjq ltym d cnjkbwt Nflébrbc- nfyf bltn gjktpysq jåvty vytybzvb gj ébdjnhtgtoeobv djghjcfv ltvjrhfnbpfwbb jåotcndtyyjq ébpyb b, d xfcnyjcnb, gj ghjåktvfv chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Rjulf gjcjk JÅCT d Htcgeåkbrt Rfpföcnfy ujcgjlby Bdfh Dbrrb dcnhtnbkcz cj vyjq d Fcnfyt b ghtlkjébk dscnegbnm yf ntve ≤Ljc- neg r byajhvfwbb≥, z c eljdjkmcndbtv ghbyzk lfyyjt ghtlkjétybt. Ltkj d njv, xnj cntgtym byajhvbhjdfyyjcnb jåotcndf, ehjdtym ljcnegyjcnb byajhvfwbb – rhfteujkmysq rfvtym ghjwtccf ltvjrhf- nbpfwbb. Dfv öjhjij bpdtcnyj dshfétybt: ≤Byajhvfwbz – jcyjdyfz dfkñnf ltvjrhfnbb≥. Ltqcndbntkmyj, änj nfr. Xtv åjkmit byajhvf- wbb, ntv åjkmit ltvjrhfnbb. Xtv åjkmit byajhvfwbb, ntv åjkmit ljdthbz. D änjq cdzpb vyt dcgjvbyftncz ghbnxf dtkbrjuj Rjyaewbz. Jlyféls abkjcjaf cghjcbkb: ≤Ghfdbntkmcndj bvttn nhb åjufn- cndf: fhvbñ, pfgfcs ghjljdjkmcndbz b ljdthbt yfhjlf. Tckb ytght- vtyyj yeéyj jnrfpfnmcz jn jlyjuj bp ybö, jn xtuj cktletn jnrfpfnmcz d gthdeñ jxthtlm?≥ Rjyaewbq jndtnbk: ≤Jn fhvbb. C pfgfcfvb ghjljdjkmcndbz cnhfyf vjétn ghjlthéfnmcz ljdjkmyj ghjljkéb- ntkmyjt dhtvz≥. Tot pflfñn djghjc: ≤F tckb yeéyj jcnfdbnm kbim jlyj bp ldeö åjufncnd, nj jn xtuj cktletn jnrfpfnmcz?≥ Rjyaewbq jndtnbk: ≤Jn ghjljdjkmcndbz. Cnhfyf vjétn ghjébnm ytcrjkmrj cenjr b åtp tls. F åtp ljdthbz yfhjlf ghfdbntkmcndj yt ghjébdtn yb lyz≥. Tcntcndtyyj, z yt hexfñcm pf njxyjcnm wbnfns, yj cvsck ghbnxb nfrjd.

165 Cfesnåtr Fålhfövfyjd

Ljdthbt jåtcgtxbdftncz ghfdljq. B njkmrj ghfdljq. F ghfdle ljdjlbv lj yfhjlf d gthdeñ jxthtlm vs, ghtlcnfdbntkb chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Rfr åsdibq vbybcnh byajhvfwbb vjue jndtncndtyyj pfzdbnm j njv, xnj d änjv gkfyt Htcgeåkbrf Rfpföcnfy ghjdjlbn wtktyfghfdkty- yeñ hfåjne. Yf ctujlyziybq ltym, bp åjktt ldeö nsczx CVB d htc- geåkbrt jrjkj 80 ghjwtynjd zdkzñncz ytujcelfhcndtyysvb. Gjxnb c gthdsö ktn ytpfdbcbvjcnb ceotcndetn ljdjkmyj hfpdtndktyyfz ctnm jggjpbwbjyysö chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Jå ehjdyt cdjåjls ckjdf d Rfpföcnfyt ds cfvb cvjukb eåtlbnmcz gj dscnegktybzv yfibö rjkktu. Vs vjétv, pfåsdfz jå äktvtynfhysö nhtåjdfybzö ghtpevgwbb ytdbyjdyjcnb, jådbybnm rjuj eujlyj b d xtv eujlyj, lfét ytcvjnhz yf geåkbxyjt jghjdthétybt afrnjd. Cjukfcyj ceotcndeñotve pfrjyjlfntkmcnde, vfccjdfz byajhvf- wbz zdkztncz xfcnmñ jåotljcnegyjq byajhvfwbb b yt gjlktébn rfrjve-kbåj juhfybxtybñ, pf bcrkñxtybtv ckexftd, ghtlecvjnhty- ysö jnltkmyjq cnfnmtq Rjycnbnewbb HR. Yfghbvth, yt ljgecrftncz bcgjkmpjdfybt chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb lkz ghjgfufyls bkb fubnfwbb yfcbkmcndtyyjuj bpvtytybz rjycnbnewbjyyjuj cnhjz, yfhe- itybz wtkjcnyjcnb Htcgeåkbrb Rfpföcnfy, gjlhsdf åtpjgfcyjcnb ujcelfhcndf, djqys, cjwbfkmyjuj, hfcjdjuj, yfwbjyfkmyjuj, htkbub- jpyjuj, cjckjdyjuj b hjljdjuj ghtdjcöjlcndf, rekmnf étcnjrjcnb b yfcbkbz, gjhyjuhfabb, f nfrét hfcghjcnhfytybz cdtltybq, cjcnfd- kzñobö ujcelfhcndtyyst ctrhtns Htcgeåkbrb Rfpföcnfy b byst jöhfyztvst pfrjyjv nfqys. Ecvfnhbdfnm pltcm rfrjt-kbåj eotvktybt cdjåjls ckjdf, gj rhfqytq vtht, yfbdyj. D ltqcndeñotv pfrjyt nfrét ghtlecvjnhtys yjhvs, htuekb- heñobt ghtljcnfdktybt byajhvfwbb ujcelfhcndtyysvb jhufyfvb b bysvb jhufybpfwbzvb d ckexft jåhfotybz ghtlcnfdbntktq CVB, pf bcrkñxtybtv byajhvfwbb, cjcnfdkzñotq ujcelfhcndtyyst ctrhtns Htcgeåkbrb Rfpföcnfy, f nfrét jghtltktyf jndtncndtyyjcnm pf jnrfp d ghtljcnfdktybb byajhvfwbb.

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C eljdktndjhtybtv vjue cjjåobnm j njv, xnj Rfpföcnfy ghb- cnegftn r cjplfybñ ≤äktrnhjyyjuj≥ ghfdbntkmcndf. Yfvb gjlhjåyj bpexty jgsn Äcnjybb. ≤Äktrnhjyyjt≥ ghfdbntkmcndj, åtp cjvytybz, lfcn djpvjéyjcnm åjktt ibhjrjuj ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb j ltzntkm- yjcnb dkfcnysö cnherneh. Tcntcndtyyj, åkfufvb lfyyjuj yjditcndf djcgjkmpeñncz b éehyfkbcns. III Rhjvt änjuj, e yfc ctqxfc ujnjdbncz yjdsq pfrjyjghjtrn ≤Jå byajhvfwbb b pfobnt byajhvfwbb≥. Ghjtrn eét dytcty ghfdb- ntkmcndjv yf hfccvjnhtybt gfhkfvtynf b åeltn hfccvjnhty yjdsv Vfébkbcjv. Rcnfnb, cxbnfñ cdjbv ljkujv rjycnfnbhjdfnm, xnj bnjub dsåjhjd d Rfpföcnfyt, rjnjhst cjcnjzkbcm åerdfkmyj nhb lyz yfpfl, tot jrjy xfntkmyj yt gjldtltys b yt cktletn pfhfytt åtpljrfpfntkmyj jådbyznm rjuj-kbåj d rfrbö-kbåj yfheitybzö, ntv åjktt, xnj vtéleyfhjlyst yfåkñlfntkb, f bö åskj åjktt nsczxb, d wtkjv gjkjébntkmyj jwtybkb cntgtym jnrhsnjcnb dsåjhjd. Nhtåeñn ehtuekbhjdfybz djghjcs pfobns jn dhtljyjcyjq byajh- vfwbb. B pltcm gjnhtåetncz enjxytybt. Xnj nfrjt dhtljyjcyfz byajhvfwbz? R dhtljyjcyjq byajhvfwbb jnyjcbncz byajhvfwbz, cjlthéfofz: 1. fubnfwbñ b ghjgfufyle yfcbkmcndtyyjuj bpvtytybz rjycnbnewbjy- yjuj cnhjz, yfheitybz wtkjcnyjcnb Htcgeåkbrb, gjlhsdf åtpjgfc- yjcnb ujcelfhcndf, djqys, cjwbfkmyjuj, hfcjdjuj, yfwbjyfkmyjuj, htkbubjpyjuj, cjckjdyjuj b hjljdjuj ghtdjcöjlcndf, f nfrét rekmnf étcnjrjcnb b yfcbkbz; 2. cjlthéfofz ghjgfufyle b jghfdlfybt nthhjhbpvf b ärcnhtvbpvf, bcgjkmpjdfybz b hfcghjcnhfytybz yfhrjnbxtcrbö chtlcnd, gcböjn- hjgysö dtotcnd b ghtrehcjhjd, gjhyjuhfabñ; 3. hfpukfifñofz ujcelfhcndtyyst ctrhtns b byeñ jöhfyztveñ pfrjyjv nfqye; hfcrhsdfñofz ntöybxtcrbt ghbtvs, nfrnbre ghj- dtltybz fynbnthhjhbcnbxtcrbö jgthfwbq d öjlt bö ghjdtltybz d Htcgeåkbrt Rfpföcnfy; 4. cjlthéfofz ytljcnjdthyst cdtltybz j xhtpdsxfqysö cbnefwbzö ghbhjlyjuj b ntöyjutyyjuj öfhfrnthf, rfhfynbyfö b bysö cbnef- wbzö, ghtlcnfdkzñobö euhjpe åtpjgfcyjcnb xtkjdtxtcrjq ébpyb;

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5. ytljåhjcjdtcnyfz, ytljcnjdthyfz, ytänbxyfz, pfdtljvj kjéyfz b crhsnfz htrkfvf; 6. cjlthéfofz crhsnst dcnfdrb, djpltqcndeñobt yf gjlcjpyfybt kñltq b (bkb) jrfpsdfñobt dhtlyjt dkbzybt yf bö pljhjdmt; 7. ytcjdvtcnbvfz c nhtåjdfybzvb vjhfkb b jåotcndtyyjq yhfdcndty- yjcnb; 8. yfyjczofz ehjy byajhvfwbjyysv htcehcfv b byajhvfwbjyyjq byahfcnherneht Htcgeåkbrb Rfpföcnfy; 9. yfheifñofz ytghbrjcyjdtyyjcnm xfcnyjq ébpyb, ghfdbkf ghtlds- åjhyjq fubnfwbb; 10. yt cjjndtncndeñofz ltqcndbntkmyjcnb, gjhjxfofz xtcnm b ljcnj- bycndj, ltkjdeñ htgenfwbñ abpbxtcrbö b ñhblbxtcrbö kbw; 11. yfyjczofz ehjy vtéleyfhjlysv jnyjitybzv, dytiytq gjkbnbrt b ghtcnbée cnhfys; 12. c bcgjkmpjdfybtv ytyjhvfnbdyjq ktrcbrb. Yt ghbpsdfñn kb hfphfåjnxbrb pfrjyjghjtrnf yfpfl, yt hfneñn kb pf djpdhfn r wtypeht? Jndtn jlyjpyfxysq – ytn. B pltcm vjue crfpfnm jå edbltyyjv b ecksifyyjv d Cjtlb- ytyysö Infnfö Fvthbrb. 20 ltrfåhz 2001 ujlf d Ymñ-Qjhrt vs gjåsdfkb d njv cfvjv vtcnt, ult ghjbpjikf nhfutlbz 11 ctynzåhz. Fvthbrfycrbt rjkktub yfv hfccrfpsdfkb j ghjcmåt Ujcltgf rj dctv ntktrfyfkfv: yt ljgecrfnm cvfrjdfybz eéfcf, d xfcnyjcnb – yt gjrfpsdfnm gkfys c bpjåhfétybtv kñltq, dsghsubdfñobö bp ytåjcrhtåjd: rfr bpdtcnyj, vyjubt bp ybö evthkb eét d djpleöt jn hfphsdf cthlwf, hfpåbnst xthtgf, keéb rhjdb b lheubt gjlhjå- yjcnb. B dct, åerdfkmyj dct ntktrfyfks dsgjkybkb lfyyeñ ghjcmåe. Xnj bp änjuj cktletn? Yt cnfytv ét vs ntgthm endthélfnm, xnj d Infnfö ceotcndetn wtypehf?^.. Yt cnfytv ét endthélfnm, xnj jn phbntkz åskf crhsnf ghfdlf? Yfjåjhjn, dscifz ghfdlf, ghbpdfyyfz ckeébnm cdthöpflfxt, d nt cnhfiyst lyb pfrkñxfkfcm d njv, xnjås yt ckjvfnm leö dtkbrjq yfwbb, yt ctznm gfybre, yt cghjdjwbhjdfnm yjdst frns nthhjhbpvf. Dscifz ghfdlf rfr ghjzdktybt dscitq, ujcelfhcndtyyjq velhjcnb.

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R cjéfktybñ, bvtyyj dscitq velhjcnb xfcnj ytljcnftn nfr yfps- dftvsv ≤ytpfdbcbvsv≥ chtlcndfv vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Celz gj dscnegktybzv yfibö rjkktu, änj jlbyfrjdj jnyjcbncz rj vyjubv CVB cnhfy Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb. Gjxtve z ujdjhñ: nfr yfpsdftvsv? Lf gjnjve, xnj ytpfdbcbvjcnm CVB – gjyznbt jnyjcbntkmyjt, dtcmvf eckjdyjt. Gjrf vs nfr bvtyetv CVB, yt gjkexfñobt ujcpfrfp bkb III ljnfwbñ jn ghfdbntkmcndf. Ljgecnbv lfét, xnj CVB c ujcelfhcn- dtyyjq ljktq d gfrtnt frwbq d rfrjq-nj cntgtyb pfdbcbvs, nfr rfr dsgjkyzñn jghtltktyysq jåütv ujcpfrfpf, öjnz pltcm tcnm j xtv gjcgjhbnm. Yj dtlm b lheubt CVB pfdbcbvs. Vjétn åsnm, lfét åjktt pfdbcbvs. Dxthf pltcm Ledfyjd ghbpyfk, xnj ytpfdbcbvst ufptns cnfkb gfhnbqysvb. B änj ghfdlf. Ujhmrfz ghfdlf. Ntgthm jyb pfdbcbvs jn herjdjlcndf änbö gfhnbq. Lheubt pfdbcbvs jn abyfycjdsö exhtlbntktq, ≤uhfynjlfntktq≥. Cntgtym pfdbcbvjcnb ≤uhfynjtljd≥ pfdbcbn jn hfpvthjd uhfynjd ≤uhfynjlfntktq≥... Djn nfrjq gjkexbkcz rfkfvåeh. Rcnfnb, hfcghjcnhfytyf nfrfz ienrf: ≤Ytpfdbcbvst chtlcndf vfc- cjdjq byajhvfwbb – änj nfrbt chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, jn rjnjhsö ybxtuj yt pfdbcbn≥& änj – ienrf. Lfdfqnt cltkftv nfr, xnjås änf ienrf jcnfdfkfcm kbim ienrjq. Öjnz d rféljq ienrt tcnm ljkz ienrb& Tckb fåcjkñnyfz cdjåjlf ytdjpvjéyf, nj ytdjpvjéyf b fåcjkñn- yfz ytpfdbcbvjcnm. D vjtv gjybvfybb, tlbycndtyyfz pfdbcbvjcnm chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb yfibö cnhfy d gthtöjlyjq gthbjl ljkéyf pfrkñxfnmcz d pfdbcbvjcnb jn bltq ytpfdbcbvjcnb.

169 170  CDJÅJLF BYAJHVFWBB

Jkmuf Djkrjdf

LJCNEG R BYAJHVFWBB D RFPFÖCNFYT III D gthdeñ jxthtlm z ås öjntkf dshfpbnm jn bvtyb jhufybpfwbb, rjnjheñ z ghtlcnfdkzñ, Wtynhf ghfdjdjq gjvjob CVB (Rfpfö- cnfy, Rfhfufylf) åkfujlfhyjcnm jhufybpfnjhjv ctvbyfhf – JÅCT pf ghjdtltybt cnjkm frnefkmyjq rjyathtywbb. Ltqcndbntkmyj, yf ctujlyziybq ltym ghfdj yf gjkextybt byajhvfwbb, f nfrét djghjcs lbaafvfwbb zdkzñncz jxtym pyfxbvsvb d eckjdbzö hfpdbnbz ltvjr- hfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd. Rfr bpdtcnyj, dct gjpyftncz d chfdytybb, gjänjve, dsckeifd dscnegktybz ghtlcnfdbntktq CVB ytrjnjhsö fpbfncrbö ujcelfhcnd, z vjue crfpfnm, xnj d Htcgeåkbrt Rfpföcnfy (d xfcnyjcnb d Rfhfufylbycrjq jåkfcnb) cbnefwbz c ghbdktxtybtv éehyfkbcnjd r eujkjdyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb pf jcrjhåktybt b rktdtne pyfxbntkmyj kexit, f djn c ljcnegjv r byajhvfwbb – jcnfdkztn étkfnm kexituj. Nfr, yfghbvth, pf 5 ktn ceotcndjdfybz yfitq ytghfdbntkmcndty- yjq jhufybpfwbb, njkmrj jlyféls éehyfkbcnf gsnfkbcm ghbdktxm r eujkjdyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb pf rktdtne, yj yt cvjukb, nfr rfr d tuj ltqcndbzö jncencndjdfkb ghbpyfrb cjcnfdf ghtcnegktybz, ghtlecvjn- htyyjuj cn. 129 ER HR ≤Rktdtnf≥. Xnj ét rfcftncz ghbdktxtybz éehyfkbcnjd gj cn. 130 ER HR ≤Jcrjhåktybt≥ rtv – kbåj, nj nfrbt ckexfb b djdct jncencndeñn. Åtpeckjdyj, xnj yfkbxbt gjljåysö cnfntq d eujkjdyjv rjltrct HR zdkztncz, c jlyjq cnjhjys, afrnj- hjv cnhföf lkz éehyfkbcnjd ghb yfgbcfybb ≤jgfcysö≥ cnfntq, yj, c lheujq, – ufhfynbtq pfobns xtcnb, ljcnjbycndf b ltkjdjq htgenfwbb uhfélfy jn hfpyjuj hjlf kébdsö, gjhjxfobö cdtltybq. Gjänjve ckjéyj jlyjpyfxyj crfpfnm, xnj yfkbxbt cn.cn. 129, 130 ER HR zdkz- tncz ghtgzncndbtv d ghjatccbjyfkmyjq ltzntkmyjcnb éehyfkbcnf. Ltqcndbntkmyj, ghfrnbrf hfpdbnbz vyjubö ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö cnhfy Tdhjgs gjrfpsdftn, xnj d bö pfrjyjlfntkmcndt ltkf, djpåeélftvst

171 Jkmuf Djkrjdf

d jnyjitybb ghtlcnfdbntktq CVB gj jådbytybñ bö d rktdtnt b jcrjhåktybb, yt jnyjczncz r xbcke eujkjdysö; éehyfkbcnf vjéyj ghbdktxm njkmrj r uhfélfycrjq jndtncndtyyjcnb. Jxtdblyj, xnj r ghbyznbñ cnjkm dféyjuj htitybz cnhfys ikb yt ujl b yt gznm ktn, xnj cjdthityyj jåüzcybvj: uhfélfycrjt ghfdjcjpyfybt b ghjatc- cbjyfkbpv éehyfkbcnjd ljkéys yföjlbnmcz yf dscjrjv ehjdyt. D gthcgtrnbdt åskj ås jxtym öjhjij hfccvjnhtnm djghjc j gthtdjlt ltk j ghbdktxtybb éehyfkbcnjd r eujkjdyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb pf rktdtne b jcrjhåktybt d cathe ñhbclbrwbb uhfélfycrjuj Rjltrcf: dtlm yfit ujcelfhcndj bltn gj genb ltvjrhfnbb. Xnj ét rfcftncz rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdf uhfélfy, d njv xbckt b éehyfkbcnjd yf gjkextybt byajhvfwbb, nj c ytlfdytuj dhtvtyb d Rfhfufylbycrjv htubjyt e éehyfkbcnjd cnfkb djpybrfnm cthmtpyst ghjåktvs. Xfot dctuj ghjåktvs djpybrfñn c ujcelfhcndtyysvb jhufyfvb, byjulf c xfcnysvb jhufybpfwbzvb. D gjcktlytt dhtvz d yfi wtynh exfcnbkbcm jåhfotybz éehyfkbcnjd gj gjdjle ghjåktv c gjkextybtv byajhvfwbb d celfö. Byajhvfwbñ vjuen yt ghtljcnfd- kznm gjl hfpkbxysvb ghtlkjufvb, jnujdfhbdfzcm ytödfnrjq dhtvtyb, ytétkfybtv rjvvtynbhjdfnm, ytjåöjlbvjcnmñ cghjcbnm hfphtitybt e dsitcnjzotuj herjdjlcndf, nj ghjcnj dsghjdfébdfñn n.l. Rjulf vs yfåkñlftv nfrbt zdktybz, yfc änj elbdkztn, nfr rfr ltqcn- deñott pfrjyjlfntkmcndj HR jxtym xtnrj b gjlhjåyj jgbcsdftn ufhfynbb lkz CVB yf gjkextybt byajhvfwbb, jujdfhbdftn chjrb ghtljcnfdktybz b ghtlecvfnhbdftn jndtncndtyyjcnm lkz kbw, ytjåjc- yjdfyyj jnrfpfdibö d ghtljcnfdktybb byajhvfwbb, öjnz rjyrhtnyfz cnfnmz jncencndetn. D ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö vjétn yt cjåkñlfnmcz ghfdj éehyfkbcnf yf gjkextybt byajhvfwbb jnrhsnjuj ljcnegf, yt dsgjkyznmcz ecnfyjdktyyfz yjhvf pfrjyf. D änjq cdzpb, vs cxbnftv ytjåöjlbvsv ghtlecvjnhtnm jndtncndtyyjcnm pf ytjåjcyjdfyysq jnrfp d gjkextybb byajhvfwbb kbåj d RjFG HR, kbåj d ER HR. Cktleñobq jxtym dféysq fcgtrn – gjkextybt celtåyjq byajh- vfwbb. Dyjdm ytjåöjlbvj jåhfnbnmcz r ghjwtccefkmysv yjhvfv pfrjyjlfntkmcndf HR (UGR HR, EGR HR), rjnjhst xtnrj htukf- vtynbheñn ukfcyjcnm celtåyjuj hfpåbhfntkmcndf b jlyjdhtvtyyj

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ufhfynbheñn ghfdj yf gjkextybt celtåyjq byajhvfwbb. Nfr, cn. 19 UGR HR ghtlecvfnhbdftn cdjåjlysq ljcneg uhfélfy (d njv xbckt b CVB) yf jnrhsnst celtåyst ghjwtccs. Åjktt njuj, erfpsdftncz, xnj kbwf, ghbcencndeñobt d pfkt, bvttn ghfdj abrcbhjdfnm öjl ghj- wtccf c pfybvftvsö bvb d pfkt vtcn bkb bcgjkmpjdfnm felbjpfgbcm. Xnj ét rfcftncz dbltjcütvrb, nj ghtlcnfdbntkb äktrnhjyysö CVB III vjuen ghjbpdjlbnm tt njkmrj c hfphtitybz ghtlctlfntkmcndeñotuj celmb c extnjv vytybz kbw, exfcndeñobö d ltkt. R cjéfktybñ, pf gjcktlytt dhtvz exfcnbkbcm jåhfotybz CVB gj gjdjle ytghtlcnfd- ktybz byajhvfwbb d celfö, jnrfpf d ghjdtltybb dbltjcütvrb celtå- yjuj hfpåbhfntkmcndf bkb ghjcnjuj ytétkfybz jåofnmcz c ghtccjq. Cj cnjhjys yfitq jhufybpfwbb ghtlghbybvfkbcm ifub gj htitybñ djpybrfñobö ghjåktv: vs ghjdjlbkb ctvbyfhs c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb jhufyjd ujcdkfcnb, CVB gj gjdsitybñ ehjdyz byajhvfwbjyyjuj dpf- bvjltqcndbz celjd b CVB. Yf jghtltktyyjv änfgt ghjåktvf åskf htityf, yj d yfcnjzobq vjvtyn jyf dyjdm djpybrftn, b cnfyjdbncz dct åjktt frnefkmyjq. Yfvb yfghfdkzkbcm ytjlyjrhfnyst jåhfot- ybz r ghtlctlfntkzv celjd gj gjdjle jåtcgtxtybz ukfcyjcnb, ghfd éehyfkbcnjd yf gjkextybt byajhvfwbb, xnj lfdfkj htpekmnfns, yj gj ytrjnjhsv afrnfv vs dsyeéltys åskb lfét jåhfofnmcz r ghtlctlfntkñ Dthöjdyjuj celf R. Vfvb. Byjulf yf celtåysö ghjwtccfö djpybrfkf cdjtuj hjlf lbcrhbvbyf- wbz d jnyjitybb äktrnhjyysö CVB. Nfr, éehyfkbcn ufptns vjétn ghbcencndjdfnm yf ghjwtcct, ghjbpdjlbnm felbjpfgbcm b, nfrbv jåhf- pjv, gjkexbnm byajhvfwbñ, f ntktrjvgfybb lkz gjkextybz gjkyjq byajhvfwbb ytjåöjlbvj ghjbpdjlbnm dbltjcütvre, d rjnjhjq xfcnj jnrfpsdfñn gj hfpysv ghbxbyfv: nj rnj-nj bp cnjhjy yt cjukfcty, nj ghjcnj elfkzñn ntktjgthfnjhf bp pfkf celf b n.l. D änjq cdzpb vs cxbnftv, xnj ytjåöjlbvj jåtcgtxbnm gjkyjt hfdtycndj CVB b hfp- htibnm ghjbpdjlcndj dbltjcütvrb dctö celtåysö ghjwtccjd, f tckb rnj-kbåj bp exfcnybrjd yt cjukfcty yf ghjbpdjlcndj dbltjcütvrb, nj d cñétnt vjéyj yt gjrfpsdfnm bö kbw. Jåütrnbdyjcnb hflb cktletn pfvtnbnm, xnj bvtñn vtcnj ckexfb, rjulf ghjåktvf c gjkextybtv byajhvfwbb djpybrftn dcktlcndbt

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ghfdjdjq ytrjvgtntynyjcnb éehyfkbcnjd, rjnjhst nhtåeñn ghtlj- cnfdbnm byajhvfwbñ, ghtlcnfdkzñoeñ rjvvthxtcreñ nfqye, ujce- lfhcndtyyst ctrhtns b n.l., yj änj tlbybxyst ckexfb. D jcyjdyjv éehyfkbcns yt vjuen gjkexbnm byajhvfwbñ jnrhsnjuj ljcnegf, rjnjhfz zdkztncz jåotcndtyyj pyfxbvjq. D nfrbö eckjdbzö, åtpec- kjdyj, ljkéyf åsnm dpfbvyfz jndtncndtyyjcnm, ghjatccbjyfkbpv b dpfbvyjt edfétybt rfr ghtlcnfdbntktq ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd, xfcnysö jhufybpfwbq b n.l., nfr b hfåjnybrjd CVB. Ifub, ghtlghbybvftvst JÅCT zdkzñncz jxtym cdjtdhtvtyysvb b pyfxbvsvb lkz lfkmytqitq ltvjrhfnbpfwbb cnhfy b cjåkñltybz ghfd xtkjdtrf, d xfcnyjcnb ghfdf yf ljcneg r byajhvfwbb.

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Yehbllby Rfhibåftd

LJCNEG R BYAJHVFWBB: TUJ VJYBNJHBYU B BCGJKMPJDFYBT D ECNFYJDKTYBB LBFKJUF III VTÉLE DKFCNZVB B GHTCCJQ

Yfwbjyfkmyfz fccjwbfwbz ytpfdbcbvsö chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajh- vfwbb Nflébrbcnfyf (YFYCVBN) eét dnjhjq ujl dtltn vjybnjhbyu cjåkñltybz ghfd éehyfkbcnjd b CVB d Nflébrbcnfyt. Vs yfxfkb frnbdyj jncktébdfnm cbnefwbñ d catht vtlbf c ntv, xnjås bvtnm fhuevtyns lkz dtltybz gthtujdjhjd c jhufyfvb dkfcnb, båj ujce- lfhcndtyyst xbyjdybrb yf hfpkbxysö rjyathtywbzö, ctvbyfhfö b ≤rheuksö cnjkfö≥, dctulf nhtåjdfkb rjyrhtnyst afrns, rjulf htxm ikf jå eotvktybzö ghfd éehyfkbcnjd b CVB. Gjänjve vs yfxfkb abrcbhjdfnm rfélsq ckexfq yfheitybz ghfd éehyfkbcnjd b CVB dctvb djpvjéysvb cgjcjåfvb, bcgjkmpez nhel yfibö djkjynthjd. Yf lfyysq vjvtyn, vs dtltv cbcntvysq vjybnjhbyu d hfvrfö ldeö htubjyfkmysö ghjtrnjd – ghjtrnf gjllthérb CVB Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb (abyfycbhetncz Idtqwfhcrbv futyncndjv gj cjnhelybxtcnde) b ghjtrnf ≤Pfobnf ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ghbywbgjd cdjåjls ckjdf d ltzntkmyjcnb chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb d Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb≥ (yfcnjzobq ghjtrn htfkbpetncz d gfhnythcndt c vtéleyfhjlysv ajyljv ≤Flbk Cjp≥ b lheubvb éehyfkbcncrbvb jhufybpfwbzvb Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb, ghb gjllthért USAID). Jnxtns gj vjybnjhbyue cdbltntkmcndeñn, xnj juhfybxtybt ljcnegf r jåotcndtyyj-pyfxb- vjq byajhvfwbb, f nfrét ghtgzncndbz yf genb tt hfcghjcnhfytybz – yfbåjktt xfcnj dcnhtxfñobtcz dbls yfheitybz cdjåjls ckjdf d Rshuspcnfyt, Epåtrbcnfyt b Nflébrbcnfyt. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj ghfdj éehyfkbcnf, rfr b dczrjuj uhfé- lfybyf, yf cdjåjlyjt gjkextybt b hfcghjcnhfytybt byajhvfwbb, pf bcrkñxtybtv cdtltybq, cjcnfdkzñobö ujcelfhcndtyyeñ nfqye, ufhfynbhjdfyj rjycnbnewbzvb b cjjndtncndeñobvb pfrjyfvb änbö

175 Yehbllby Rfhibåftd

cnhfy, dkfcnb ghbvtyzñn cfvst hfpyjjåhfpyst ajhvs juhfybxtybz ljcnegf éehyfkbcnjd r jåotcndtyyj-pyfxbvjq byajhvfwbb. Chtlb ybö – ghzvst b rjcdtyyst jnrfps ujcxbyjdybrjd d ghtljcnfdktybb byajhvfwbb, ytjåjcyjdfyyst jnrfps d frrhtlbnfwbb, ghtlgjxntybz b ghbdbktubb d ghtljcnfdktybb byajhvfwbb ghfdbntkmcndtyysv CVB gj chfdytybñ c ytujcelfhcndtyysvb b jggjpbwbjyysvb vtlbf, drkñxfz juhfybxtybz d ljcnegt éehyfkbcnjd r pfctlfybzv rjkkt- ubfkmysö ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd, celtåysv hfpåbhfntkmcndfv, f nfrét r ghtcc-rjyathtywbzv dscjrjgjcnfdktyysö kbw. Åfpf lfyysö yfituj vjybnjhbyuf cdbltntkmcndetn j njv, xnj lfét byajhvfwbz jå ärjkjubb b jrheéfñotq chtlt, d xfcnyjcnb byajhvfwbz j hflbfwbjyysö jnöjlfö, lthébncz ≤pf ctvmñ pfvrf- vb≥, öjnz cjukfcyj cnfnmt 6 pfrjyf Htcgeåkbrb Nflébrbcnfy ≤J ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt≥, cdtltybz j cjcnjzybb jrheéfñotq chtls b pljhjdmz yfctktybz yt jnyjczncz r ujcelfhcndtyyjq nfqyt. Jlyfrj ljcneg r bcnjxybrfv änjq byajhvfwbb jcnftncz pfrhsnsv lkz éeh- yfkbcnjd. Yfghbvth, 15 vfhnf 2004 ujlf rjhhtcgjyltyn nflébrcrjq ckeéås hflbj ≤Jpjlb≥ (≤Cdjåjlf≥) Öjkbrb Cfyuby jåhfnbkcz r herjdjlbntkñ bycgtrwbb gj rjynhjkñ yfl jnöjlfvb ujcelfhcndty- yjuj Rjvbntnf gj jöhfyt ghbhjls b ktcyjve öjpzqcnde HN lkz gjkextybz byajhvfwbb j hflbfwbjyysö jnöjlfö d Afqpfåflcrjv hfqjyt. Jlyfrj herjdjlbntkm lfyyjq bycgtrwbb Fålecfkjv Lée- hftd, djplthéfdibcm jn ghtljcnfdktybz byajhvfwbb, pfzdbk Ö. Cfyubye, xnj afqpfåflcrjt ödjcnjdcrjt öhfybkbot yt jnyjcbncz r bö dtljvcnde, b gjcjdtnjdfk rjhhtcgjyltyne gjbcrfnm äne byajhvf- wbñ d lheujv vtcnt. Yf cktleñobq ltym éehyfkbcn jåhfnbkcz r Öbrvfnjde Veöfååfnij, herjdjlbntkñ Futyncndf gj hflbjfrnbdyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb Frfltvbb yfer Htcgeåkbrb Nflébrbcnfy lkz gjkext- ybz byajhvfwbb j hflbfwbjyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb cnhfys, f nfrét j pfåhjityysö hflbfwbjyysö ödjcnjdcrbö öhfybkbofö. Jlyfrj Öbr- vfnjd jnrfpfkcz åtctljdfnm c éehyfkbcnjv yf äne ntve, crfpfd, xnj jå änjv éehyfkbcn vjétn ujdjhbnm njkmrj kbim c ghtpbltynjv Frfltvbb yfer Ekmvfcjv Vbhcfbljdsv.

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Ltqcndbz dsiterfpfyysö ljkéyjcnysö kbw zdkzñncz yt njkmrj yfheitybtv yfwbjyfkmyjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf j ljcnegt r byajhvf- wbb, yj b ytdsgjkytybtv nhtåjdfybq vtéleyfhjlyjuj ghfdf. Yfghb- vth, Jhöeccrfz rjydtywbz, ghbpyfyyfz Nflébrbcnfyjv, ghtlecvfnhb- dftn, xnj ≤jåotcndtyyjcnm ljkéyf åsnm jcdtljvktyf j ghjwtlehfö exfcnbz d ghjwtcct ghbyznbz htitybq gj djghjcfv, rfcfñobvcz III jrheéfñotq chtls, bvtnm cdjåjlysq ljcneg r ybv b pyfnm, rfrbv jåhfpjv gjkmpjdfnmcz bv...≥. Änjn ét ljrevtyn, jnvtxfz dféyeñ hjkm CVB, nhtåetn gjjohtybz ibhjrjuj byajhvbhjdfybz jåotcn- dtyyjcnb j htitybzö, jrfpsdfñobö djpltqcndbt yf jrheéfñoeñ chtle b ecnjqxbdjt hfpdbnbt, f nfrét tt exfcnbt d ghjwtcct ghbyz- nbz gjljåysö htitybq. Jncencndbt xtnrbö ñhblbxtcrbö hfvjr lkz byajhvfwbb, gjl- gflfñotq gjl gjyznbt ≤ujcelfhcndtyyfz nfqyf≥, f nfrét pfrhtg- ktyyfz pfrjyjv rhfqyt ljkufz ghjwtlehf hfccvjnhtybz pfghjcjd j ghtljcnfdktybb byajhvfwbb, cjplfñn dkfcnzv åkfujghbznyeñ ñhblbxtcreñ åfpe lkz ghjbpdjkf d ghtljcnfdktybb jåotcndtyyj- pyfxbvjq byajhvfwbb. Yfcnjhfébdftn njn afrn, xnj ythtlrj dkfcnb ytjåjcyjdfyyj ibhjrj nhfrneñn euhjpe, bcöjlzoeñ jn vtéleyfhjl- ysö ärcnhtvbcncrbö uheggbhjdjr, ccskfzcm yf ytjåöjlbvjcnm jåtc- gtxtybz ≤byajhvfwbjyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb jåotcndf b ujcelfhcndf≥, cjplfybz ≤cbcntvs ghjnbdjltqcndbz byajhvfwbjyyjq ärcgfycbb≥. Ghb änjv CVB xbyzncz dctdjpvjéyst ghtgzncndbz d ltkt jåtc- gtxtybz nhfycgfhtynyjcnb ltzntkmyjcnb ujcelfhcndtyysö cnherneh – ukfdyjuj eckjdbz ecgtiyjuj gjcnhjtybz uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf d wtynhfkmyj-fpbfncrbö cnhfyfö. C ghbåkbétybtv ghtldsåjhysö rfvgfybq d Nflébrbcnfyt ghj- åktvf ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb cnfyjdbncz åjktt frnefkmyjq. Ujce- lfhcndtyyst xbyjdybrb, jnrfpsdfz éehyfkbcnfv d ghtljcnfdktybb byajhvfwbb, dczxtcrb ghtgzncndeñn htfkbpfwbb ghfd uhfélfy yf gjkextybt jåütrnbdyjq b jgthfnbdyjq byajhvfwbb j cjwbfkmyj- gjkbnbxtcrjq b ärjyjvbxtcrjq cbnefwbb d cnhfyt. Njkmrj pf djctvm gjcktlybö vtczwtd (zydfhm – fduecn 2004 u.) ckeéåjq vjybnjhbyuf cjåkñltybz ghfd éehyfkbcnjd b CVB Nflébrbcnfyf, aeyrwbjybheñ-

177 Yehbllby Rfhibåftd

obq ghb Yfwbjyfkmyjq fccjwbfwbb ytpfdbcbvsö chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb Nflébrbcnfyf (YFYCVBN), pfabrcbhjdfyj 74 ckexfz juhfybxtybz bkb jnrfpf d ghtljcnfdktybb jåotcndtyyj-pyfxbvjq byajhvfwbb. D cdzpb c änbv, 17 fduecnf 2004 ujlf YFYCVBN hfc- ghjcnhfybkf pfzdktybt, d rjnjhjv dshfpbkf cdjñ jpfåjxtyyjcnm gj gjdjle exfcnbdiböcz ckexftd juhfybxtybz ljcnegf éehyfkbcnjd r byajhvfwbb, jcjåtyyj ghfdbntkmcndtyyjq. Djn ytrjnjhst ghbvths: 12 fduecnf 2004 ujlf ukfdysq ujcelfhcn- dtyysq dhfx ujhjlf Rekzåf Fålerjlsh Vehjljd jnrfpfkcz jndtxfnm yf djghjcs cjåcndtyyjuj rjhhtcgjyltynf ytpfdbcbvjuj byajhvfwb- jyyjuj futyncndf ≤Fpbz-Gkñc≥ gj Rekzåcrjq uheggt hfqjyjd Nehrj Lbrftdf j cfybnfhyjv cjcnjzybb ujhjlcrbö ekbw, pfghtotyyjv gjlébufybb vecjhf yf cdfkrfö. Cdjq jnrfp ukfddhfx vjnbdbhjdfk ntv, xnj jy yt egjkyjvjxty jndtxfnm yf djghjcs éehyfkbcnf, ntv åjktt ytpfdbcbvjuj, åtp ghbcencndbz jabwbfkmyjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz öerevfnf (flvbybcnhfwbb) ujhjlf Rekzåf. Nfrjq pfghtn, gj ckjdfv éehyfkbcnf, zdkztncz gjcktlybv bpjåhtntybtv xbyjdybrjd Öfnkjyf, ghblevfdibö nthvby ≤gfnhbjnbxtcrjq wtypehs≥, xnjås bvblé åkf- ujgjkexyjuj ujhjlf Rekzåf yt gjcnhflfk lj ghfplyjdfybz 2700- ktnbz ujhjlf 9 ctynzåhz 2005 ujlf. R cjéfktybñ, vyjubt xbyjdybrb gjl åkfujdblysv ghtlkjujv ddtkb ytukfcyeñ wtypehe, pfghtotyyeñ Rjycnbnewbtq HN, xnjås yt ljgecnbnm entxrb ytufnbdyjq byajhvfwbb j ltzntkmyjcnb cdjbö cnherneh. 8 vfz 2004 ujlf dsiterfpfyyjve éehyfkbcne åskj jnrfpfyj d byajhvfwbb pfvtcnbntktv yfxfkmybrf jnltkf dyenhtyybö ltk Iehjfåflcrjuj hfqjyf gjlgjkrjdybrjv vbkbwbb Ä. Cfafhjdsv cj ccskrjq yf cnhjujt erfpfybt pfvtcnbntkz vbybcnhf dyenhtyybö ltk Htcgeåkbrb Nflébrbcnfy F. Hfléfåjdf: ≤C éehyfkbcnfvb d rjynfrns yt dcnegfnm, ybrfrbö bynthdmñ bv yt lfdfnm^≥ Gj ckjdfv Ä. Cfafhjdf, pfvtcnbntkm vbybcnhf gjåsdfk d änjv ghbuhfybxyjv hfqjyt yfrfyeyt, 7 vfz, b yf cjdtofybb hfåjnybrjd jnltkf dyenhty- ybö ltk hfqjyf pfghtnbk bv jåofnmcz c éehyfkbcnfvb.

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Ythtlrb ckexfb, rjulf ujcelfhcndtyyst xbyjdybrb ghzvj jnrf- psdfñn d ghtljcnfdktybb byajhvfwbb. D cthtlbyt bñyz 2004 ujlf rjhhtcgjyltyn byajhvfwbjyyjuj futyncndf ≤Fdtcnj≥ Åjhbc Öfqhel- lbyjd jåhfnbkcz gj ntktajye d vtéleyfhjlysq jnltk Vbyplhfdf HN pf byajhvfwbtq j pfheåtéyjq gjtplrt vbybcnhf Y. Afqpek- kjtdf. Yfxfkmybr vtéleyfhjlyjuj jnltkf Uekmléföjy Nevfyjdf III gjghjcbkf rjhhtcgjyltynf gthtpdjybnm gjckt jåtlf, yj gjnjv tt yf vtcnt yt jrfpfkjcm. Å. Öfqhellbyjde ghbikjcm pdjybnm 3 lyz, xnjås pfcnfnm Nevfyjde, b rjulf tve elfkjcm dyjdm ljpdjybnmcz lj ytt, nj dvtcnj yeéyjq byajhvfwbb jy ecksifk éfkjås yf gkjöjt yfcnhjt- ybt b eghtrb d ≤yfcnshyjcnb≥. Yf djphfétybt rjhhtcgjyltynf, xnj ghtljcnfdktybt byajhvfwbb – tt jåzpfyyjcnm, U. Nevfyjdf yfuhe- åbkf tve b åhjcbkf nheåre. Vjéyj ghbdtcnb b lheubt ghbvths. Jlyfrj, jnxtns gj vjyb- njhbyue, rfr åskj jnvtxtyj dsit, ljkéys gjckeébnm bycnhe- vtynjv ecnfyjdktybz lbfkjuf vtéle dkfcnzvb b ghtccjq. Vs eét bplfkb ldf jnxtnf gj ljcnege r byajhvfwbb b hfcghjcnhfybkb bö chtlb CVB, ujcelfhcndtyysö, jåotcndtyysö b vtéleyfhjlysö jhufybpfwbq. Vs nfrét ujnjdbv tétvtczxyst jnxtns, rjnjhst ljcnegys yf cfqnfö www.nansmit.org b www.cafspeech.kz Jnxtns hfc- ghjcnhfyzñncz b äktrnhjyyjq gjxnjq b yfhjxysvb d ndthlsö rjgbzö yf nflébrcrjv, heccrjv b fyukbqcrjv zpsrfö. YFYCVBN xfcnj dscnegftn c pfzdktybzvb b ghbpsdftn dct ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufys yterjcybntkmyj cjåkñlfnm ghfdjdst yjhvs ljcnegf éehyfkbcnjd r byajhvfwbb b yt ljgecrfnm ckexftd djcghtgzncndjdfybz d dsgjk- ytybb cdjtq vbccbb – byajhvbhjdfybb jåotcndtyyjcnb. Änj jlby bp cgjcjåjd geåkbxyjq pfobns bynthtcjd CVB b éehyfkbcnjd. Dvtcnt c ntv, vs frnbdyj gjllthébdftv CVB gjchtlcndjv bö cfvbö – yf cnhfybwfö ufptn, d ntkt- b hflbjgthtlfxfö htuekzhyj jcdtoftncz ntvf ljcnegf r jåotcndtyyj-pyfxbvjq byajhvfwbb. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, jåotcndtyyfz lbcreccbz yf äne ntve cnfkf ytjåhfnbvjq d ghtcct Nflébrbcnfyf. Tcnm jghtltktyyst gjpbnbdyst cldbub d gkfyt ljcnegf r byajh- vfwbb. Yfghbvth, d Cjulbqcrjq jåkfcnb 1,5-2 ujlf njve yfpfl

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yfåkñlfkbcm ckexfb cbcntvfnbxtcrjuj ytljgeotybz ghtlcnfdbntktq xfcnsö CVB r vthjghbznbzv, jhufybpjdfyysv ujcelfhcndtyysvb cnhernehfvb. Ctujlyz, gjckt ghjdtltybz hzlf ctvbyfhjd b pfctlfybq ≤rheukjuj cnjkf≥, flvbybcnhfwbz jåkfcnb jcjpyfkf ytjåöjlbvjcnm cjnhelybxtcndf cj dctvb CVB, b pltcm tétytltkmyj ghjdjlzncz ghtcc-rjyathtywbb, yf rjnjhst ghbukfifñncz ghtlcnfdbntkb vtcn- ysö b pfheåtéysö CVB ytpfdbcbvj jn ajhv cjåcndtyyjcnb. D öjlt jåceéltybq cbnefwbb c ljcnegjv r bcnjxybrfv byajhvfwbb d jåkfcnb, cfvb ghtlcnfdbntkb flvbybcnhfwbb htubjyf (herjdjlbntkm byajhvfwbjyyj-fyfkbnbxtcrbv wtynhjv Yfhpekkj Lfljåjtdsv) dshfpbkb cdjñ ujnjdyjcnm r cjnhelybxtcnde b jnvtnbkb ytjåöjlb- vjcnm jceotcndktybz jåhfpjdfntkmysö ghjuhfvv chtlb hfåjnybrjd ghtcc-ckeéå ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd. Vs jhufybpjdfkb nfrbt ghfr- nbxtcrbt ctvbyfhs d u. Öeléfylt (flvbybcnhfnbdyjv wtynht Cjulbq- crjq jåkfcnb), wtkmñ rjnjhsö zdkzkjcm jåextybt éehyfkbcnjd b hfåjnybrjd ghtcc-ckeéå yfdsrfv äaatrnbdyjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz c ntv, xnjås jåtcgtxbnm hfdysq ljcneg CVB r gjkextybñ dctcnjhjy- ytq b ytghtldpznjq byajhvfwbb. Ghfrnbxtcrbt ctvbyfhs cgjcjåcn- djdfkb hjcne gjybvfybz hjkb ghtlcnfdbntktq dkfcnb b éehyfkbcnjd d jåotcndt gj byajhvbhjdfybñ yfctktybz, njve, xnjås b dkfcnyst cnhernehs b ghtccf vjukb äaatrnbdyj dsgjkyznm cdjb aeyrwbb. Vtéle ghjxbv, bcgjkmpjdfybt htpekmnfnjd vjybnjhbyuf d ghj- wtcct jåextybz d öjlt ghfrnbxtcrbö ctvbyfhjd gj dpfbvjltqcndbñ ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd c ghtccjq nfrét zdkztncz äaatrnbdysv cgjcjåjv ecnfyjdktybz lbfkjuf. Yf ctvbyfhfö vs jåcelbv rjyrhtn- yst ghbvths juhfybxtybz ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb. Yfghbvth, 13 zydfhz rjhhtcgjyltyn nflébrcrjq ckeéås hflbj ≤Cdjåjlf≥ Öjkbrb Cfyuby jåhfnbkcz r ghtlctlfntkñ celf ujhjlf Dfölfn u-ye Gbhjde lkz jpyfrjvktybz c celtåysvb vfnthbfkfvb, jlyfrj ghtlctlfntkm celf pfzdbk éehyfkbcne, xnj kñåeñ byajhvfwbñ jy ghtljcnfdbn tve njkmrj gjckt gbcmvtyyjuj bkb ecnyjuj hfphtitybz ghtlctlfntkz Cjdtnf ñcnbwbb HN. Cktletn jnvtnbnm, xnj yf jlyjv bp ctvbyfhjd Yfwbjyfkmyjq fccjwbfwbb ytpfdbcbvsö chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb Nflébrbcnyf (YFYCVBN), gjcdzotyyjv dpfbvjltqcndbñ celtåysö

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jhufyjd c CVB, herjdjlbntkm fggfhfnf Cjdtnf ñcnbwbb HN Ñcea Cfkbvjd jnvtnbk, xnj celmz Gbhjd gjcnegbk ytghfdbkmyj, ccskfzcm yf herjdjlcndj Cjdtnf ñcnbwbb. ≤Jy cfv åsk ghfdjvjxty htibnm djghjc j ghtljcnfdktybb byajhvfwbb éehyfkbcne≥, – jnvtnbk jy. Gjljåyst ctvbyfhs åskb ghjdtltys c exfcnbtv cjnhelybrjd ghtcc-ckeéå ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd b ghjrehfnehs. Änb ctvbyfhs III cgjcjåcndeñn yfkfébdfybñ ytgjchtlcndtyysö rjynfrnjd vtéle éehyfkbcnfvb b ghtlcnfdbntkzvb ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd. Åfpf lfyysö vjybnjhbyuf gjpdjkbn yfv pfobofnm bynthtcs CVB b éehyfkbcnjd, rfcfñobtcz bpvtytybz b ljgjkytybz pfrjyjd d catht CVB d gfhkfvtynt htcgeåkbrb. Yf jlyjq bp ghtcc-rjyathtywbq, gjczotyyyjq ghjåktvt ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb, ltgenfn gfhkfvtynf Ecvjy Yfpbh dshfpbk cdjñ ujnjdyjcnm pfob- ofnm bynthtcs CVB b éehyfkbcnjd d gkfyt cjdthitycndjdfybz yjhv pfrjyf j ljcnegt r byajhvfwbb. Ytcvjnhz yf gjpbnbdyst cldbub d yfkfébdfybb cjnhelybxtcndf vtéle CVB b dkfcnmñ, ghjåktvf ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb d Nfléb- rbcnfyt dct tot jcnftncz frnefkmyjq. Yf yfi dpukzl, ghjcnjnf b ktu- rjcnm gjkextybz uhfélfyfvb cnhfys ytjåöjlbvjq b bynthtceñotq bö jåotcndtyyj-pyfxbvjq byajhvfwbb zdkztncz cfvsv yfltéysv bylbrfnjhjv jnrhsnjcnb ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ecnhjqcndf. Båj kbim byajhvbhjdfyyst uhfélfyt cgjcjåys ghbybvfnm dthyst htitybz, xnj ytvfkjdféyj yfrfyeyt dféysö gjkbnbxtcrbö cjåsnbq d ébpyb jåotcndf – dsåjhjd. Lkz njuj xnjås ljcneg r byajhvfwbb cnfk yjhvjq ébpyb jåotcndf, ytjåöjlbvj cjdthitycndjdfybt pfrjyjlf- ntkmcndf j ltzntkmyjcnb CVB, ghbyznbt dctjåütvkñobö pfrjyjd j cdjåjlyjv ljcnegt r byajhvfwbb, jcyjdfyysö yf vtéleyfhjlysö cnfylfhnfö. YFYCVBN ghbpsdfkf b dghtlm åeltn ghbpsdfnm ghtlcnfdbntktq ujcelfhcndtyysö b bysö cnherneh ghblthébdfnmcz åerds pfrjyf b vtéleyfhjlysö cnfylfhnjd d jåkfcnb cdjåjls ckjdf b cjåkñlfnm jåotcndtyyst bynthtcs d njv, xnj rfcftncz htfkbpfwbb ghfd uhfé- lfy yf gjkextybt jåotcndtyyj-pyfxbvjq byajhvfwbb xthtp CVB. YFYCVBN nfrét htrjvtyletn éehyfkbcnfv åjktt yfcnjqxbdj

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jncnfbdfnm cdjb ghjatccbjyfkmyst ghfdf b d ckexft bö yfheitybq jcgfhbdfnm ltqcndbz ujcelfhcndtyysö xbyjdybrjd yf jcyjdt pfrjyj- lfntkmcndf Htcgeåkbrb Nflébrbcnfy.

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Fktrcfylh Rekbycrbq

LJCNEG R BYAJHVFWBB D RSHUSPCNFYT: JÅOTCNDJ NHTÅETN JNRHSNJCNB JN DKFCNTQ III D Rshuspcnfyt ghfdj yfctktybz yf gjkextybt byajhvfwbb pfrhtg- ktyj d Rjycnbnewbb cnhfys b gjlhjåyj bpkjétyj d pfrjyt ≤J ufhfy- nbzö b cdjåjlt ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb≥ jn 1997 ujlf. Jlyfrj yf ghfr- nbrt änj ghfdj jncencndetn, jcjåtyyj e hzljdsö uhfélfy. D cdzpb c änbv c rfélsv ujljv hfcntn ytljdjkmcndj pfrjyjlfntkmyjq åfpjq d änjq jåkfcnb chtlb éehyfkbcnjd b frnbdyjq xfcnb yfctktybz. Cnjbn jnvtnbnm, xnj pfrjy ≤J ufhfynbzö b cdjåjlt ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb≥ cfv gj ctåt lfktr jn bltfkf. D ytv vfccf ytljxtnjd b kfpttr lkz xbyjdybrjd. Gj åjkmijve cxtne, dct 14 cnfntq änjuj ljrevtynf zdkzñncz ltrkfhfwbtq, rfr ås gjzcyzñotq cjjndtncn- deñoeñ cnfnmñ Rjycnbnewbb. Rhjvt njuj, rfr gjrfpfkj cjwbjkj- ubxtcrjt bccktljdfybt ≤Jwtyrf ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb ujcelfhcn- dtyysö jhufyjd hfpkbxyjuj ehjdyz lkz yfctktybz Rshuspcnfyf≥, ghjdtltyyjt vtcnyjq ytghfdbntkmcndtyyjq jhufybpfwbtq ≤Åeleott åtp rjhhegwbb – Nhfycgthtycb Bynthyäiyk≥, vtytt gjkjdbys ujce- lfhcndtyysö ckeéfobö pyfñn j ceotcndjdfybb pfrjyf ≤J ufhfy- nbzö b cdjåjlt ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb≥, tot vtymit pyfrjvj c tuj cjlthéfybtv. D hfvrfö änjuj ét cjwbjkjubxtcrjuj bccktljdfybz åsk ghjdtlty ärcgthbvtyn. D cjjndtncndbb c yfpdfyysv pfrjyjv, YGJ ≤Åeleott åtp rjhhegwbb – Nhfycgthtycb Bynthyäiyk≥ hfpjckfkf pfghjcs jn ñhblbxtcrjuj kbwf d 73 vbybcnthcndf b dtljvcndf. Cnjkmrj ét pfghjcjd åskj cltkfyj b jn bvtyb abpbxtcrjuj kbwf. D gbcmvfö ñhblbxtcrjt kbwj ghjcbkj ghtljcnfdbnm byajhvfwbñ j ujljdjv åñlétnt exhtéltybz, flhtc dtå-cfqnf, f nfr ét cdtltybz jå exfc- nbb d ujcelfhcndtyysö ghjuhfvvfö b gjljnxtnyjcnb dsitcnjzobv bycnfywbzv. Dsvsiktyysq pfghjc jn abpbxtcrjuj kbwf ghjcbk

183 Fktrcfylh Rekbycrbq

ghtljcnfdbnm byajhvfwbñ j yfkbxbb dfrfycbq d lfyyjv ujcjhufyt, ehjdyt pfhfåjnyjq gkfns, ghjljkébntkmyjcnb nheljdjuj jngecrf, hfpvtht jgkfns pf cdthöehjxyeñ hfåjne. Ghb änjv dct gbcmvf- pfghjcs åskb cjcnfdktys nfrbv jåhfpjv, xnjås byajhvfwbz, ghtljcnfdkztvfz ujcjhufyjv, yt gjlgflfkf gjl uhbas ≤ctrhtnyj≥, ≤cjdthityyj ctrhtnyj≥, ≤lkz ckeétåyjuj gjkmpjdfybz≥. Jlby bp ukfdysö dsdjljd änjuj ärcgthbvtynf: ñhblbxtcrjve kbwe ghjot gjkexbnm byajhvfwbñ gj gbcmve-pfghjce. Åjkmibycndj ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd ghtljcnfdbkj cdjq jndtn yf pfghjc ñhblb- xtcrjuj kbwf, ghbxtv cltkfkj änj åscnhtt, rjhhtrnytt b dtékbdtt. Bynthtcyj, xnj ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufys, ghbpdfyyst jöhfyznm rjycnb- newbjyyst ghfdf uhfélfy, yf pfghjcs yb abpbxtcrbö, yb ñhblbxtc- rbö kbw yt jndtnbkb. Nfr, ghtlcnfdbntkb Utythfkmyjq ghjrehfnehs b Rjycnbnewbjyyjuj celf d yt cfvjq dtékbdjq ajhvt gsnfkbcm epyfnm, yf rfrjv jcyjdfybb kbwf pfghfibdfñn byajhvfwbñ, f pfntv ghjcnj jnrfpfkb d ghtljcnfdktybb pfghfibdftvsö cdtltybq. D bnjut, jåf dtljvcndf åskb ghbpyfys jlybvb bp cfvsö ytljcneg- ysö d cnhfyt (jåf yfåhfkb 0 åfkkjd bp 28 djpvjéysö). Yfgjvyñ, xnj vyjñ ghbdtltys bnjub cjwbjkjubxtcrjuj bccktljdfybz ≤Jwtyrf ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd hfpkbxyjuj ehjdyz lkz yfctktybz Rshuspcnfyf≥, ghjdtltyyjuj ytghfdbntkmcndtyyjq jhufybpfwbtq ≤Åeleott åtp rjhhegwbb – Nhfycgthtycb Bynthyäiyk≥ ghb abyfycjdjq gjllthért ajylf ≤Cjhjc-Rshuspcnfy≥. Ktnjv ysytiytuj ujlf d Åbirtrt cjcnjzkfcm rjyathtywbz gj ghjåktvfv ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb, d rjnjhjq ghbybvfkb exfcnbt éehyfkbcns, ghtlcnfdbntkb ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd, ghtcc-ctrht- nfhb vbybcnthcnd b dtljvcnd, kblths ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufyb- pfwbq. Yf ytq jåceélfkbcm djpvjéyst gjghfdrb r ltqcndeñotve pfrjye ≤J ufhfynbzö b cdjåjlt ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb≥. Cj cnjhjys CVB b YGJ åskf dscrfpfyf vfccf ghtlkjétybq gj ecjdthitycn- djdfybñ lfyyjuj ljrevtynf. D xfcnyjcnb, éehyfkbcncrjt cjjåot- cndj ghtlkjébkj hfpltkbnm ghtljcnfdkztveñ byajhvfwbñ yf nhb hfpyjdblyjcnb:

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1) gthvfytynyj hfcghjcnhfyztvfz byajhvfwbz – byajhvfwbz, rjnjhfz ljkéyf åsnm ljcnegyf d kñåjt dhtvz cenjr b d kñåjv vtcnt. Änj: f) rjynfrnyfz byajhvfwbz c vbybcnthcndfvb, dtljvcndfvb, kñåsvb lheubvb ujcelfhcndtyysvb cnhernehfvb, byajhvfwbz j htébvt bö hfåjns, dfrfycbzö b ntylthfö; III å) åbjuhfabxtcrbt lfyyst herjdjlbntktq vbybcnthcnd b dt- ljvcnd, ñhblbxtcrbö kbw; d) dct yjhvfnbdyj-ghfdjdst frns ujcelfhcndtyysö cnherneh b vtcnyjuj cfvjeghfdktybz b ghjtrns pfrjyjd; u) htubcnhfwbjyyst cdtltybz j pfhtubcnhbhjdfyysö gjkbnbxtc- rbö gfhnbzö, YGJ, CVB, rjvvthxtcrbö åfyrfö, ujcelfhcndtyysö b xfcnysö vtlbwbycrbö b jåhfpjdfntkmysö exhtéltybzö (jåyjd- ktybt yt vtytt jlyjuj hfpf d vtczw); l) cdtltybz jå jcyjdysö cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrbö gjrfpfntkzö cnhfys pf gthbjl d 1 vtczw, rdfhnfk, gjkeujlbt, ujl; t) cdtltybz j cjcnjzybb dytiytuj b dyenhtyytuj ljkuf RH (jåyjd- ktybt yt vtytt jlyjuj hfpf d ytltkñ); é) cdtltybz j ghfdjyfheitybzö b bnjufö hfåjns ghfdjjöhfybntkm- ysö jhufyjd pf gthbjl d 1 vtczw, rdfhnfk, gjkeujlbt, ujl; p) jnxtns j ltzntkmyjcnb vtcnysö rtytitq b vtcnyjuj cfvjeg- hfdktybz pf gthbjl d 1 vtczw, rdfhnfk, gjkeujlbt, ujl; b) cdtltybz j xhtpdsxfqysö ghjbcitcndbzö, vfccjdsö åtcgjhzl- rfö, ärjkjubxtcrbö XG, ghbhjlysö rfnfrkbpvfö; r) ltrkfhfwbb ujcelfhcndtyysö ckeéfobö (d cjjndtncndbb c nht- åjdfybtv yjdjuj pfrjyf ≤J ujcelfhcndtyyjq ckeéåt≥); k) byajhvfwbz j vtcnjyföjéltybb b cjcnjzybb pljhjdmz dscibö ljkéyjcnysö kbw ujcelfhcndf; v) byajhvfwbz j åñlétnysö chtlcndfö, dsltktyysö yf cjlthéf- ybt dtljvcnd, b kñåsö lheubö abyfycjdsö gjcnegktybzö, f nfr ét cdtltybz jå bö bcgjkmpjdfybb. Dct gthtxbcktyyst dsit dbls byajhvfwbb ljkéys åsnm hfpvt- otys yf dtå-cfqnfö b dslfdfnmcz gj gthdjve nhtåjdfybñ åtp gbcmvty- yjuj jajhvktybz kñåjve uhfélfybye Rshuspcrjq Htcgeåkbrb.

185 Fktrcfylh Rekbycrbq

2) byajhvfwbz, ghtljcnfdkztvfz gj ärcnhtyyjve pfghjce bkb gj ecnyjve hfcgjhzétybñ herjdjlbntkz dtljvcndf bkb jhufybpf- wbb, e rjnjhsö pfghfibdftncz byajhvfwbz. Änj: f) htitybz celjd (pf bcrkñxtybtv htitybq gj djghjcfv ecsyjd- ktybz, jgtrb, kbitybz hjlbntkmcrbö ghfd; gj ghfdjyfheitybzv, cdzpfyysv c ujcelfhcndtyyjq, rjvvthxtcrjq, vtlbwbycrjq nfq- yfvb); å) cdtltybz jå jnrfpt d htubcnhfwbb ñhblbxtcrbö kbw dctö ajhv cjåcndtyyjcnb b dbljd ltzntkmyjcnb; d) cdtltybz j rjyrhtnysö ghjbcitcndbzö b ghfdjyfheitybzö (d bynthtcfö cktlcndbz djpvjéyj åtp erfpfybz kbw ); u) cntyjuhfvvs pfctlfybq ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd b jhufyjd vtcnyjuj cfvjeghfdktybz (pf bcrkñxtybtv ntö, d rjnjhsö cjlth- éfncz dct dbls nfqy); l) hfpüzcytybz gj ghbvtytybñ yjhvfnbdyj-ghfdjdsö frnjd RH; t) ghjuhfvve ghbdfnbpfwbb, bnjub ntylthjd, bnjub hfåjns UFJ, FJ, CG b n. g., bvtñobö ujcelfhcndtyyeñ ljkñ d ecnfdyjv rfgbnfkt; é) bnjub felbnjhcrbö ghjdthjr, dsgjkytyysö Cxtnyjq gfkfnjq. Jndtns yf pfghjcs gj erfpfyysv dblfv byajhvfwbb ljkéys ghtljcnfdkznmcz d chjr yt åjktt 10 hfåjxbö lytq. 3) byajhvfwbz, nhtåeñofz lkbntkmyjuj dhtvtyb lkz tt ghtljcnfd- ktybz. Änj: f) htitybz celjd, dsytctyyst åjktt xtv pf ujl lj vjvtynf pfghjcf (pf bcrkñxtybtv htitybq gj djghjcfv ecsyjdktybz, jgtrb, kbitybz hjlbntkmcrbö ghfd; gj ghfdjyfheitybzv cdzpfy- ysv c ujcelfhcndtyyjq, rjvvthxtcrjq, vtlbwbycrjq nfqyfvb); å) cdtltybz jå jnrfpt d htubcnhfwbb ñhblbxtcrbö kbw dctö ajhv cjåcndtyyjcnb b dbljd ltzntkmyjcnb, dsytctyyst åjktt xtv pf ujl lj vjvtynf pfghjcf; d) cdtltybz j rjyrhtnysö ghjbcitcndbzö b ghfdjyfheitybzö (d bynthtcfö cktlcndbz djpvjéyj åtp erfpfybz kbw), cjdthityysö åjktt xtv pf ujl lj vjvtynf pfghjcf;

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u) cntyjuhfvvs pfctlfybq ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd b jhufyjd vtcnyjuj cfvjeghfdktybz (pf bcrkñxtybtv ntö, d rjnjhsö cjlth- éfncz dct dbls nfqy), ghjitlibö åjktt xtv pf ujl lj vjvtynf pfghjcf. Jndtns yf pfghjcs gj erfpfyysv dblfv byajhvfwbb ljkéys ghtljcnfdkznmcz d chjr yt åjktt 90 hfåjxbö lytq. III D dslfxt byajhvfwbb vjétn åsnm jnrfpfyj njkmrj d ckexft, tckb pfghfibdftvst vfnthbfks cjlthéfn dct dbls nfqy. Kbwj, cltkfditt pfghjc, ljkéyj bvtnm djpvjéyjcnm jåéfkjdfnm jnrfp d celt. Vyjuj dybvfybz åskj eltktyj jndtncndtyyjcnb xbyjdybrjd pf jnrfp d dslfxt byajhvfwbb gj pfghjcfv ñhblbxtcrbö b abpb- xtcrbö kbw. Gj vytybñ éehyfkbcnjd, ytpfrjyysq jnrfp ljkéty yfrfpsdfnmcz d flvbybcnhfnbdyjv gjhzlrt inhfafvb lj 1 000 vbybvfkmysö jrkfljd. D ckexft vyjujrhfnyjuj ytpfrjyyjuj jnrfpf d ghtljcnfdktybb byajhvfwbb, ghfdjyfheibntkm ljkéty yfrfpsdfnmcz d flvbybcnhfnbdyjv gjhzlrt kbitybtv ghfdf pfyb- vfnmcz cdjbv dbljv ltzntkmyjcnb yf chjr yt vtytt 3 ktn. Åskj dscrfpfyj ytvfkj yfhtrfybq d flhtc ghtcc-ckeéå ujce- lfhcndtyysö jhufyjd. Pfxfcneñ ghjåktvf c ljcnegjv r byajh- vfwbb djpybrftn bp-pf ytghjatccbjyfkmyjq hfåjns ghtcc-ckeéå. Bvtyyj ghtcc-ckeéås pfnzubdfñn ghjwtcc dslfxb byajhvfwbb, nfr rfr jyb cfvb yfxbyfñn tt bcrfnm d ytlhfö cdjbö dtljvcnd. Vtéle ntv, ghtcc-ckeéås ljkéys yfkflbnm åtcgthtåjqyeñ gjcnfdre byajhvfwbb ghtcc-ckeéåfv bp jnltkjd vbybcnthcnd b dtljvcnd. Änjuj rjynfrnf, rfr ghfdbkj, ytn. Ghtcc-ckeéås ljkéys åsnm cdjtuj hjlf cthdthfvb c byajhvfwbtq, jyb ljkéys cfvb tt yfrfgkbdfnm, f yt élfnm pfghjcjd jn éehyfkbcnjd b uhfélfy. Rhjvt njuj, éehyfkbcncrjt cjjåotcndj cnjkryekjcm c gfhf- ljrcfkmysv lkz wbdbkbpjdfyyjuj jåotcndf zdktybtv. Ytvfkjt xbckj ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd ghjcnj yt bvttn ghtcc-ckeéå bkb gjljåysö jnltkjd. Yfghbvth, nfrjdsö ytn d ghbywbgt dj dctö celfö cnhfys, ghfrnbxtcrb dj dctö hfqjyysö b åjkmibycndt

187 Fktrcfylh Rekbycrbq

ujhjlcrbö flvbybcnhfwbq, ghjrehfnehfö, ytrjnjhsö vbybcnthcn- dfö b dtljvcndfö. D cdzpb c änbv, exfcnybrb rjyathtywbb ghb- ikb r dsdjle, xnj yfkbxbt ghtcc-ckeéå bkb jnltkjd gj cdzpzv c jåotcndtyyjcnmñ ljkéyj åsnm pfrhtgktyj d pfrjyt ≤J ghfdt ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb≥. Nfv ét ljkéys åsnm hfcgbcfys bö aeyrwbjyfkmyst jåzpfyyjcnb b jndtncndtyyjcnm pf hfcghjcnhfyt- ybt byajhvfwbb. Dct vfnthbfks rjyathtywbb d åkbéfqitv åeleotv åelen jåjåotys hfåjxtq uheggjq gj htajhvbhjdfybñ pfrjyjlfntkm- cndf d jåkfcnb ljcnegf r byajhvfwbb, cjplfyyjq ghb gjllthért ajylf ≤Cjhjc-Rshuspcnfy≥. Ctqxfc tot ytn tlbyjuj vytybz, rfrbv jåhfpjv gjcnegbnm lfkmit. Jlyfrj dct, d njv xbckt b ghtlcnfdbntkb dscibö ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd, cöjlzncz dj vytybb, xnj pfrjy yflj vtyznm.

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Hecnfv Rjivehfnjd

GHJÅKTVS C JGHTLTKTYBTV HFLBJXFCNJN D RSHUSPCRJQ HTCGEÅKBRT III Jlybv bp fcgtrnjd cdjåjls byajhvfwbb zdkztncz djpvjéyjcnm ljcnegf uhfélfy r byajhvfwbb, nj tcnm djpvjéyjcnm gjkexfnm byajhvfwbñ xthtp gtxfnyst b dtofntkmyst CVB. C rjywf 2001 ujlf ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufys Rshuspcrjq Htc- geåkbrb afrnbxtcrb gthtcnfkb dslfdfnm hflbjxfcnjns lkz ytpfdb- cbvsö ntkthflbjrjvgfybq, öjnz lkz änjuj ytn ybrfrbö ghfdjdsö jcyjdfybq. Ceotcndetn ≤Gjkjétybt j gjhzlrt dsltktybz yjvbyfkjd hflbjxfcnjn lkz hflbjäktrnhjyysö chtlcnd (HÄC) b dscjrjxfcnjn- ysö ecnhjqcnd (DXE)≥, jajhvktyyjt htitybtv Ujcrjvbccbb gj hflbjxfcnjnfv jn 21 jrnzåhz 1997 ujlf b endthéltyyjt vbybcnth- cndjv ñcnbwbb 28 jrnzåhz 1997 ujlf. Gj ytve gjkexfkb xfcnjns dct ysyt ceotcndeñobt ntkthflbjrjvgfybb, b ybrfrbö djghjcjd yt djpybrfkj. Jlyfrj d 2002 ujle ujcelfhcndtyyjt futyncndj cdzpb (UFC) hfpjc- kfkj dctv gbcmvtyyjt edtljvktybt, xnj yf jcyjdfybb htitybz Ujcrj- vbccbb gj hflbjxfcnjnfv jn 26 ltrfåhz 2001 ujlf § 25/2 xfcnjns åelen dslfdfnmcz yf rjyrehcyjq jcyjdt. Rfr gjnjv dszcybkjcm, änj htitybt yt bvtkj gjl cjåjq ybrfrjq ñhblbxtcrjq cbks b åskj, yf cfvjv ltkt, dyenhbdtljvcndtyyjq gthtgbcrjq. D änjv ét htitybb UFCe åskj lfyj erfpfybt hfphfåjnfnm gjkjétybz j rjyrehcyjv dsltktybb hflbjxfcnjn. D htpekmnfnt, lj yfxfkf ysytiytuj ujlf äaatrnbdyjuj ljrevtynf, exbnsdfñotuj bynthtcs dctö cnjhjy, hfphfåjnfyj yt åskj. Gjnjv fccjwbfwbz ≤Vfcc-vtlbf≥ ghb gjllth- ért ajylf Cjhjcf jåhfnbkjcm d UFC ghtlkjétybtv dcnhtnbnmcz b cjdvtcnyj c ytpfdbcbvsvb chtlcndfvb vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb hfphfåjnfnm gjkjétybt. Nfrfz dcnhtxf cjcnjzkfcm d zydfht änjuj ujlf. D htpekmnfnt ljkujq b rhjgjnkbdjq hfåjns åskj hfphfåjnfyj

189 Hecnfv Rjivehfnjd

≤Gjkjétybt j dsltktybb hflbjxfcnjn≥, rjnjhjt jnghfdbkb lkz jljåhtybz d ghfdbntkmcndj b celmåf rjnjhjuj ljkujt dhtvz åskf ytbpdtcnyf. Änbv ktnjv vs epyfkb, xnj gjzdbkjcm hfcgjhzétybt Ujcrjvbccbb gj hflbjxfcnjnfv jn 9 bñkz 2004 § 37/1 j dslfxt hflbjxfcnjn yf ferwbjyyjq jcyjdt. Jgznm vyjujt ytzcyj: gjcrjkmre ghtlsleott gjkjétybt hfphfåfnsdfkb 3 ujlf b, d rjywt-rjywjd, yt ghbyzkb, rfr åelen dslfdfnmcz xfcnjns yf ferwbjyyjq jcyjdt, rfrjd hfcxtn? D Rfpföcnfyt cnfywbb gkfnbkb pf xfcnjne ytcrjkmrj ltcznrjd nsczx ljkkfhjd, cvjuen kb rshuspcrbt ntkthflbjrjvgfybb jljktnm gkfyre d ltcznrb nsczx ljkkfhjd? Rhjvt njuj, ytn ybrfrjq ufhfynbb, xnj, gjhfåjnfd ytcrjkmrj ktn, kñåfz cnfywbz yt kbibncz dsregktyyjq xfcnjns, gjnjve xnj ytn pfrjyf, htuekbheñotuj gjke- xtybt xfcnjns yf ferwbjyyjq jcyjdt. Dnjhjq djghjc rfcftncz ghjlktybz kbwtypbb. D 1998 ujle vs gjkexbkb kbwtypbñ yf dtofybt chjrjv yf 5 ktn. D 2003 ujle chjr tt pfrjyxbkcz, b yfv ghjljkébkb tt yf ldf vtczwf, gjnjv tot yf nhb. Änj gjdnjhzkjcm eét vyjuj hfp, jxthtlyfz kbwtypbz yfv dslfyf lj 1 jrnzåhz 2004 ujlf. Dslfxf kbwtypbb yf nfrjq rjhjnrbq chjr dspsdftn d yfc xedcndj ytedthtyyjcnb d pfdnhfiytv lyt. Gjckt jåhfotybz d UFC yfv ghbckfkb gbcmvj, ult ujdjhbkjcm, xnj djghjc j dslfxt kbwtypbb åeltn htity gjckt endthéltybz gjhzlrf dslfxb xfcnjn. Rfr z gjybvfñ, htxm bltn jå ferwbjyt. Ltqcndbz dkfcnysö cnherneh yt jcnfdfkbcm åtp htfrwbb c yfitq cnjhjys. D ntxtybt nhtö ktn z jåhfofkcz d ufptns, gfhkfvtyn, ghfdb- ntkmcndj. Cjdvtcnyj c jåotcndtyysv jåütlbytybtv ≤Éehyfkbcns≥ åskj yfgbcfyj gbcmvj yf bvz ghtpbltynf Rshuspcrjq htcgeåkbrb j nhelyjcnzö gjkextybz hflbjxfcnjn. D yfcnjzott dhtvz jrjkj 40 yjdsö cnfywbq yt vjuen gjkexbnm xfcnjns, b ybrnj bv yt lftn zcyjuj jndtnf, rjulf jyb cvjuen dsqnb d äabh. D 2003 ujle d ltkj pfobns ghfd äktrnhjyysö chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb frnbdyj drkñxbkfcm fccjwbfwbz ≤Vfcc-vtlbf≥, rjnjhfz dtltn gthtgbcre c ujcelfhcndtyysvb jhufyfvb b vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, cnf- hftncz jåütlbybnm dct ntkthflbjrjvgfybb d tlbysq ≤rekfr≥.

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Yf ctujlyziybq ltym d yfitq htcgeåkbrt jghtltktyyst ujcelfhcn- dtyyst jhufys öjnzn ddtcnb wtypehe, öjnz Rjycnbnewbz htcgeåkbrb yt ljgecrftn änjuj. Dct ltqcndbz gj juhfybxtybñ dslfxb xfcnjn cdbltntkmcndeñn jå änjv. Yfif pflfxf cjcnjbn d njv, xnjås yt lfnm djpvjéyjcnb juhfyb- xbnm cdjåjle ckjdf, pfnjgnfnm nt ljcnbétybz, rjnjhst vs ljcnbukb III pf ujls ytpfdbcbvjcnb.

191