OSCE Human Dimension Commitments: Chronological Compilation

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ISBN 978-83-60190-52-4

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á«°üî°ûd É«∏©dG ᪫≤dÉH ΩÉàdG ∫ƒÑ≤dGh ±GôàY’G ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y ádGó©dG ɪfEGh ,»WGô≤ªjódG ΩɶædG .óM ≈°übCG ≈dEG É¡æY ô«Ñ©à∏d kGQÉWEG ôaƒJ »àdG äÉ°ù°SDƒªdG É¡∏صJ »àdGh ¿É°ùfE’G ájOó©àdG ᫪gCG ∑QóJh .¿ƒfÉ≤dG IOÉ«°S »a kÓ°UCÉàe kGô°üæY á«WGô≤ªjódG ¿CG ≈∏Y kGOóée ócDƒJ (3) .á«°SÉ«°ùdG äɪ«¶æàdÉH ≥∏©àj ɪ«a ¥ƒ≤ëd á«dhódG ô«jÉ©ª∏d kÉ≤ah ,ôjƒ£Jh QÉ«àNG ájôM »a É¡æe πc ≥M Ωôàëà°S É¡fCG ócDƒJ (4) É¡«∏Y ,≥ëdG Gòg á°SQɪe QÉWEG »ah .á«aÉ≤ãdGh ájOÉ°üàb’Gh á«YɪàL’Gh á«°SÉ«°ùdG É¡ª¶f ,¿É°ùfE’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ÖLƒªH É¡JÉeGõàdG ™e ≥ØàJ É¡JÉ°SÉ«°Sh É¡JÉ°SQɪeh ɡશfCGh É¡æ«fGƒb ¿CG πصJ ¿CG øeC’G ôªJDƒe äÉeGõàdG øe Égô«Zh ÇOÉѪdG ¿ÓYEG »a IOQGƒdG ΩɵMC’G ™e É¡≤«aƒJ ºJ ¬fEGh ,»dhódG .ÉHhQhCG »a ¿hÉ©àdGh á∏°UCÉàªdG áeGôµdG øY ΩÉàdG ô«Ñ©à∏d á«°SÉ°SCG »g »àdG ,ádGó©dG ô°UÉæY ø«H øe ¬fCG QÉbƒH ø∏©J (5) :»∏j Ée ,ô°ûÑdG »æH ™«ªéd áàHÉãdGh ájhÉ°ùàªdG ¥ƒ≤ëdGh AGôLEÉH hCG …ô°ùdG ´Gôàb’ÉH ádƒ≤©e á«æeR äGôàa ≈∏Y iôéJ »àdG IôëdG äÉHÉîàf’G - (1.5) …CGQ øY ô«Ñ©àdG ájôM á°SQɪe πصJ »àdG ±hô¶dG πX »a ,ôëdG âjƒ°üàdG äGAGôLEG øe πKɪe ;º¡«∏ãªe QÉ«àNG »a ø«ÑNÉædG ádhDƒ°ùe ¬«a ájò«ØæàdG á£∏°ùdG ¿ƒµJ …òdGh ,ºµëdG ∫ɵ°TCG øe »∏«ãªJ ™HÉW hP πµ°T - (2.5) ;ø«ÑNÉædG hCG áÑîàæªdG á«©jô°ûàdG á£∏°ùdG ΩÉeCG ≥°ùàj ƒëf ≈∏Y ±ô°üàdGh Qƒà°Só∏d ∫Éãàe’G »a á«eƒª©dG äÉ£∏°ùdGh áeƒµëdG ÖLGh - (3.5) ;¿ƒfÉ≤dG ™e êÉeófG ΩóY ,¢Uƒ°üîdG ¬Lh ≈∏Yh ;á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’Gh ádhódG ø«H í°VGƒdG π°üØdG - (4.5) ;ádhódG ™e á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G ¬©°Vh …òdG Ωɶæ∏d kÉ≤ah á«FÉ°†≤dG á£∏°ùdG øY kÓ°†a ,IQGOE’Gh áeƒµëdG •É°ûf ¢SQɪj - (5.5) ;ΩɶædG Gòg ΩGôàMG ¿Éª°V IQhô°Vh .¿ƒfÉ≤dG ;É¡eÉeCG ádAÉ°ùe ¿ƒµJh á«fóªdG äÉ£∏°ùdG Iô£«°ùd áWô°ûdGh ájôµ°ù©dG äGƒ≤dG ™°†îJ - (6.5) ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ÖLƒªH É¡JÉeGõàd’ kÉ≤ah ,¿ƒfÉ≤dG É¡∏صj á«°SÉ°SC’G äÉjôëdGh ¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤M - (7.5) ;»dhódG ∂dP ¿ƒµj ¿CG ≈∏Y ,ΩÉY AGôLEG …CG ájÉ¡f »a ÉgQGôbEG ºàj »àdG ,íFGƒ∏dGh äÉ©jô°ûàdG ô°ûæJ - (8.5) ;™«ªédG ∫hÉæàe »a ¢Uƒ°üædG ∂∏J ¿ƒµJ ¿CG ø«©àjh .É¡≤«Ñ£àd kÉeR’ kÉWô°T ™àªàdG »a õ««ªJ …CG ¿hO mhÉ°ùàe ≥M º¡dh ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ΩÉeCG ¿hhÉ°ùàe ¢UÉî°TC’G ™«ªL - (9.5) ájhÉ°ùàe ájɪM ¢UÉî°TC’G ™«ªéd πصjh õ««ªJ …CG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ô¶ëj ,Oó°üdG Gòg »ah .¿ƒfÉ≤dG ájɪëH ;¢SÉ°SCG …CG ≈∏Y õ««ªàdG ó°V ádÉ©ah ¿Éª°V πLCG øe ∂dPh ,ájQGOE’G äGQGô≤dG ó°V ±É°üàfÓd ádÉ©a πÑ°ùH ™«ªédG ™àªàj - (10.5) ;á«fƒfÉ≤dG ádGó©dG ¿Éª°Vh á«°SÉ°SC’G ¥ƒ≤ëdG ΩGôàMG ,áeÉY IóYÉ≤c ,Öéjh kÉeɪJ IQôÑe ¢üî°T …CG ó°V ájQGOE’G äGQGô≤dG ¿ƒµJ ¿CG Öéj - (11.5) ;áMÉàªdG IOÉ੪dG ∑GQóà°S’G πÑ°S ≈dEG ô«°ûJ ¿CG ;áeÉ©dG á«FÉ°†≤dG äÉeóîdG ágGõfh IÉ°†≤dG ∫Ó≤à°SG ádÉØc - (12.5)

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•hô°T ¢üîj ɪ«a ɪ«°S ’h ,º¡àjɪMh á«fƒfÉ≤dG ø¡ªdG ÜÉë°UCG ∫Ó≤à°SÉH ±GôàY’G - (13.5) ;á°SQɪªdGh ∞«XƒàdG ≥∏©àj ɪ«a äÉ£∏°ù∏d kÉë°VGh kÉØjô©J á«FÉæédG äGAGôLE’ÉH á≤∏©àªdG óYGƒ≤dG øª°†àJ - (14.5) ;É¡d áÑMÉ°üªdGh á≤HÉ°ùdG ô«HGóàdGh iƒYódG áeÉbEÉH »a âÑdG øµªj ≈àM ,≥ëdG á«FÉæL ᪡àH RÉéàM’G hCG ∫É≤àYÓd ¢Vô©àj ¢üî°T …C’ - (15.5) ø«dƒîe øjôNBG ø«ØXƒe ΩÉeCG hCG IÉ°†≤dG óMCG ΩÉeCG kÉ©jô°S ∫ƒãªdG »a ,√RÉéàMG hCG ¬dÉ≤àYG á«Yhô°ûe ;áØ«XƒdG √òg á°SQɪªH kÉ«fƒfÉb iƒYO ájCG »a ¬JÉeGõàdGh ¬bƒ≤M ójóëJ hCG ,¬«dEG ¬LƒJ á«FÉæL ᪡J ájCG ójóëJ óæY - (16.5) IójÉëeh á∏≤à°ùe á°üàîe ᪵ëe ΩÉeCG á«æ∏Yh ádOÉY ´Éªà°SG á°ù∏L »a ≥ëdG ™«ªé∏d ,á«fƒfÉb ;¿ƒfÉ≤dG ÉgOóëj ɪѰùM øe hCG kÉ«°üî°T ¬°ùØf øY ™aGój ¿CG »a ≥ëdG á«FÉ°†b iƒYO √ó°V ΩÉ≤J ¢üî°T …C’ - (17.5) ,á«fƒfÉ≤dG IóYÉ°ùªdG áØ∏c πªëJ ™«£à°ùj ’ ¿Éc GPEG ,hCG ,√QÉ«àNG øe á∏LÉY ¬«fƒfÉb IóYÉ°ùe ∫ÓN ;∂dP ádGó©dG ídÉ°üe »°†à≤J ÉeóæY kÉfÉée ¬d Ωó≤J ¿CG »a ≥ëdG ¬d ¢Uƒ°üæe áªjôédG øµJ ºd Ée ,áªjôéH ¢üî°T …CG áfGOEG hCG áªcÉëe hCG ΩÉ¡JG Rƒéj ’ - (18.5) ;ábOh 샰VƒH ΩôédG ô°UÉæY Oóëj …òdG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG »a É¡«∏Y ;¿ƒfÉ≤∏d É≤ah ¬àfGOEG âÑãJ ¿CG ≈dEG ¢üî°T πc IAGôH ¢VôàØJ - (19.5) ¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤M ∫Éée »a á«dhódG ∑ƒµ°üdG ÉgôaƒJ »àdG ᪡ªdG áªgÉ°ùªdG ≈dEG ô¶ædÉH - (20.5) ≈dEG Ωɪ°†f’G ¢SQóà°S É¡fCG ójóL øe ácQÉ°ûªdG ∫hódG ócCÉJ ,»æWƒdG ó«©°üdG ≈∏Y ¿ƒfÉ≤dG IOÉ«°ùd ¥ƒ˘≤˘ë˘dɢH ¢Uɢî˘dG »˘dhó˘dG ¥É˘ã˘«˘ª˘dGh ,᢫˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdGh ᢫˘fó˘ª˘dG ¥ƒ˘≤˘ë˘dɢH ¢Uɢî˘dG »˘dhó˘dG ¥É˘ã˘«˘ª˘ dG ób øµJ ºd GPEG ,á∏°üdG äGP iôNC’G á«dhódG ∑ƒµ°üdG øe Égô«Zh á«aÉ≤ãdGh á«YɪàL’Gh ájOÉ°üàb’G ;∂dP â∏©a ácQÉ°ûªdG ∫hódG ΩGôàM’ π°†aCG ¿Éª°†dh ,á«∏ëªdG ∑GQóà°S’G πÑ°S ∫ɪµà°SG πLCG øe - (21.5) hCG ᫪«∏bEG á«dhO á«bÉØJG ≈dEG Ωɪ°†f’G ácQÉ°ûªdG ∫hódG ¢SQóJ ,É¡H äó¡©J »àdG á«dhódG äÉeGõàdÓd ∫ƒcƒJhôÑdG hCG ¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤ëd á«HhQhC’G á«bÉØJ’G πãe ,¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤M ájɪëH ≥∏©àJ ᫪dÉY äGAGôLEG ≈∏Y ¢üæJ »àdG ,á«°SÉ«°ùdGh á«fóªdG ¥ƒ≤ëdÉH ¢UÉîdG »dhódG ¥É㫪dÉH ≥ë∏ªdG …QÉ«àN’G .á«dhódG äÉÄ«¡dG ≈dEG …OôØdG Aƒé∏dG ≥jôW øY ´hô°ûe ƒëf ≈∏Yh ájôëH É¡æY ôÑ©J »àdG ,Ö©°ûdG IOGQEG ¿CG ácQÉ°ûªdG ∫hódG ø∏©J (6) ,ácQÉ°ûªdG ∫hódG ≈∏Yh .™ªLCG áeƒµë∏d á«Yô°ûdGh á£∏°ùdG ¢SÉ°SCG »g ,á¡jõædGh ájQhódG äÉHÉîàf’G ᣰSGƒH hCG Iô°TÉÑe IQƒ°üH AGƒ°S ,ºgOÓH ºµM »a ácQÉ°ûªdG »a É¡«æWGƒe ≥M ΩGôàMG ,¬«∏Y AÉæH »a É¡à«dhDƒ°ùe ∑QóJ »gh .á¡jõædG á«HÉîàf’G äÉ«∏ª©dG ∫ÓN øe É¡H kGôM kGQÉ«àNG ¿hQÉàîj ø«∏ãªe É¡JÉeGõàdGh ¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤ëH á≤∏©à˘ª˘dG ᢫˘dhó˘dG ɢ¡˘JÉ˘Ñ˘LGhh ɢ¡˘æ˘«˘fGƒ˘≤˘d ɢ≤˘ah ,á˘jɢª˘Mh ø˘Y ´É˘aó˘dG ᣰûfCG ó°V Ö©°ûdG IOGQEG ∫ÓN øe ôM ƒëf ≈∏Y ¬©°Vh ºJ …òdG »WGô≤ªjódG ΩɶædG ,á«dhódG ±ó¡j …òdG ∞æ©dG hCG ÜÉgQE’G òÑf ¢†aôJ hCG »a •ôîæJ »àdG äɪ¶æªdG hCG äÉYɪédG hCG ¢UÉî°TC’G .iôNCG ácQÉ°ûe ádhO ΩɶæH hCG ΩɶædG Gò¡H áMÉWE’G ≈dEG ácQÉ°ûªdG ∫hódG ≈∏Y ø«©àj ,áeƒµëdG á£∏°ùd ¢SÉ°SC’G áHÉãªH Ö©°ûdG IOGQEG ¿ƒc ¿Éª°†d (7) ;¿ƒfÉ≤dG É¡«∏Y ¢üæj ɪc ,ádƒ≤©e äGôàa ≈∏Y IôM äÉHÉîàfG AGôLEG - (1.7) øe πbC’G ≈∏Y IóMGh á«fɪdôH áaôZ »a óYÉ≤ªdG ™«ªL »a ájôëH ø©£dÉH ìɪ°ùdG - (2.7) ;»Ñ©°T âjƒ°üJ ∫ÓN øe »æWƒdG »©jô°ûàdG ¢ù∏éªdG

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;ø«¨dÉÑdG ø«æWGƒª∏d ÅaɵàªdGh πeÉ°ûdG ´Gôàb’G ≥M ¿Éª°V - (3.7) âjƒ°üàdG øe πKɪe AGôLEÉH hCG …ô°ùdG ´Gôàb’G ≥jôW øY äGƒ°UC’ÉH A’OE’G ¿Éª°V - (4.7) ;᫪°SôdG èFÉàæ∏d ΩÉ©dG ¿ÓYE’G ™e áfÉeCÉH É¡æY ÆÓHE’Gh ÉgóYh ,ôëdG hCG OGôaCÉc ,á«°SÉ«°S hCG áeÉY áØ«Xh ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°üë∏d »©°ùdG »a ø«æWGƒªdG ≥M ΩGôàMG - (5.7) ;õ««ªJ ¿hO ,äɪ¶æe hCG á«°SÉ«°S ÜGõMC’ ø«∏㪪c Égô«Z hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG É¡HGõMCG ,á∏eÉc ájôM »a ,áeÉbEG »a äÉYɪédGh OGôaC’G ≥M ΩGôàMG - (6.7) áeRÓdG á«fƒfÉ≤dG äÉfɪ°†dG á«°SÉ«°ùdG äɪ«¶æàdGh ÜGõMC’G √ò¡d ô«aƒàdGh á«°SÉ«°ùdG äɪ«¶æàdG øe ÖfÉL øeh ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ΩÉeCG ájhÉ°ùàªdG á∏eÉ©ªdG ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y ,¢†©ÑdG É¡°†©H ™e á°ùaÉæªdG øe ɡ櫵ªàd ;äÉ£∏°ùdG »a iôéJ ¿CG á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÓªë∏d ¿É몰ùj áeÉ©dG á°SÉ«°ùdÉH πª©dGh ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ¿CG ¿Éª°V - (7.7) ™æªJ ¿CG ÜÉYQE’G ’h ∞æ©dG ’h ájQGOE’G äGAGôLEÓd øµªj ’ É¡∏X »a »àdG ,ádOÉYh IôM AGƒLCG É¡à°ûbÉæeh É¡«∏Y ´ÓWE’G øe ø«ÑNÉædG ™æªJh hCG ,ájôëH º¡JÓgDƒeh º¡FGQBG ¢VôY øe ø«ë°TôªdG ;ΩÉ≤àf’G øe ±ƒN ¿hO º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OE’G øe hCG ≈dEG ≥FÉY ¿hO ∫ƒ°UƒdG á«fɵeEG ≥jôW »a ájQGOEG hCG á«fƒfÉb áÑ≤Y ájCG ∞≤J ’CG ¿Éª°V - (8.7) ácQÉ°ûªdG »a ø«ÑZGôdG OGôaC’Gh á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÉYɪédG ™«ªéd …õ««ªJ ô«Z ¢SÉ°SCG ≈∏Y ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ;á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG »a ÖLƒªH áHƒ∏£ªdG äGƒ°UC’G øe ΩRÓdG Oó©dG ≈∏Y Gƒ∏°üM øjòdG ø«ë°TôªdG ¿CG ¿Éª°V - (9.7) »¡àæJ ≈àM º¡Ñ°UÉæe »a AÉ≤ÑdÉH º¡d íª°ùj ¬fCGh ÖLGƒdG ƒëædG ≈∏Y º¡Ñ°UÉæe GƒdƒJ ób ¿ƒfÉ≤dG äGAGô˘LEÓ˘d ɢ≤˘Ñ˘W ¿ƒ˘fɢ≤˘dG ¬˘ª˘¶˘æ˘j …ò˘dG ƒ˘ë˘æ˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y ɢ¡˘Fɢ¡˘ fEG ,∂dP ±Ó˘˘î˘ H ,hCG º˘˘¡˘ à˘ jƒ˘˘°†Y Ió˘˘e .ájQƒà°SódGh á«fɪdôÑdG á«WGô≤ªjódG ¿CG øµªj ,AGƒ°S óM ≈∏Y ø««∏ëªdG hCG ÖfÉLC’G ,ø«ÑbGôªdG OƒLh ¿CG ácQÉ°ûªdG ∫hódG ôÑà©J (8) …CG øe ø«ÑbGôªdG ƒYóJ É¡fEÉa ∂dòdh .É¡«a äÉHÉîàf’G …ôéJ »àdG ∫hódÉH á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG Rõ©j á°UÉîdG äɪ¶æªdGh äÉ°ù°SDƒªdG øe …CG hCG ÉHhQhCG »a ¿hÉ©àdG h øeC’G ôªJDƒªH ácQÉ°ûªdG ∫hódG øe íª°ùj …òdG óëdG ≈dEG ,á«æWƒdG äÉHÉîàf’G äGAGôLEG QÉ°ùe áÑbGôªd ∂dP »a ¿ƒÑZôj ób øjòdG áªFÓªdG »àdG äÉHÉîàf’G óæY á∏Kɪe äGAGôLEG ≈dEG ∫ƒ°UƒdG á«fɵeEG π«¡°ùJ ≈dEG ≈©°ùJ É¡fCG ɪc .¿ƒfÉ≤dG ¬H .á«HÉîàf’G äGAGôLE’G »a πNóàdG Ωó©H ¿ƒÑbGôªdG A’Dƒg ó¡©àjh .»æWƒdG iƒà°ùªdG ¿hO ó≤©J kÉ«fÉK ¿CG ≈∏Y ójóL øe ácQÉ°ûªdG ∫hódG ócDƒJ (9) ≥ëdG Gòg πª°ûjh .∫É°üJ’G »a ≥ëdG ∂dP »a ɪH ô«Ñ©àdG ájôM »a ≥ëdG Oôa πµd ¿ƒµj - (1.9) QÉÑàYG ɪfhOh áeÉ©dG á£∏°ùdG øe πNóJ ¿hO QɵaC’Gh äÉeƒ∏©ªdG π≤fh »≤∏Jh AGQB’G ¥ÉæàYG ájôM »àdGh ¿ƒfÉ≤dG »a É¡«∏Y ¢Uƒ°üæªdG Oƒ«≤dG ∂∏àd §≤a ≥ëdG Gòg á°SQɪe ™°†îJ ¿CG øµªj .Ohóë∏d ≈dEG ∫ƒ°UƒdG á«fɵeEG ≈∏Y OhóëdG ¢Vôa Rƒéj ’ ,¢Uƒ°üîdG ¬Lh ≈∏Yh .á«dhódG ô«jÉ©ªdG ™e ≥°ùàJ ɪH ,ájôµØdG ᫵∏ªdÉH á≤∏©àªdG ¥ƒ≤ëdG ΩGôàMG ™e ,´ƒf …CG øe ≥FÉKƒdG ñÉ°ùæà°SG πÑ°S ΩGóîà°SGh ;ô°ûædGh ™Ñ£dGh ∞«dCÉàdG ¥ƒ≤M É¡«a √òg á°SQɪe ≈∏Y ¢VôØJ Oƒ«b ájCG .ôgɶàdGh »ª∏°ùdG ™ªéàdG »a ≥ëdG Oôa πµd ¿ƒµj - (2.9) ;á«dhódG ô«jÉ©ªdG ™e ≥Øàj ɪHh ¿ƒfÉ≤dG »a É¡«∏Y kÉ°Uƒ°üæe ¿ƒµà°S ¥ƒ≤ëdG ΩÉ©dG ≥ëdG Ö°ùëH - π«µ°ûJ »a ≥ëdG ¿CG ɪc .äÉ«©ªédG øjƒµJ »a ≥ëdG πصjo - (3.9) ¿ƒµà°S á«dɪ©dG äÉHÉ≤ædG ≈dEG Ωɪ°†f’G ájôMh - É¡àjƒ°†Y Ωɶf ójóëJ »a á«dɪ©dG äÉHÉ≤æ∏d

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ø«ªàæªdG ¢UÉî°TC’G ™°VƒH á∏°U É¡d »àdG äGQƒ£à∏d »©FÉbh Oô°S ≈∏Y …ƒàëJ ¿CG Öéj ,CGóѪdG å«M øe ,kGôNDƒe â©bh »àdGh ,¬«a ácQÉ°ûªdG ±GôWC’G QhOh á«eƒb äÉ«∏bCG ≈dEG É¡JÉÑKEG øµªj äÉeƒ∏©e ôjQÉ≤àdG øª°†àJ ¿CG »¨Ñæj .á≤HÉ°S kGô¡°T 12 øY ójõJ ’ Iôàa ∫ÓN .m±Éc πµ°ûH ᪶æe hCG ¢üî°T …CG øe ä’É°üJ’ÉH ±GôàY’G ΩóYh π°UGƒàdG ΩóY »eÉ°ùdG ¢VƒØªdG ≈∏Y (25) .∞æ©dG hCG ÜÉgQE’G øY kÉæ∏Y ≈°VɨàJ hCG ¢SQɪJ kIô°TÉÑe á«æ©ªdG ±GôWC’G ¢VƒØªdG ≈dEG IOóëe ôjQÉ≤J ºjó≤J ™«£à°ùJ »àdGh äGôJƒàdG »a kIô°TÉÑe á«æ©ªdG ±GôWC’G (26) ∫hódG ióMEG IQÉjR ∫ÓN kÉ«°üî°T É¡©e π°UGƒàdG ≈dEG »eÉ°ùdG ¢VƒØªdG ≈©°ù«°S »àdGh »eÉ°ùdG :á«dÉàdG »g ácQÉ°ûªdG »a á«∏ëªdGh ᫪«∏bE’G äÉ£∏°ùdG ,kɪFÓe ¿Éc ¿EG ,∂dP »a ɪH ,ácQÉ°ûªdG ∫hódG äÉeƒµM (CG 26) ;á«eƒ≤dG äÉ«∏bC’G É¡«a º«≤J »àdG ≥WÉæªdG äÉYɪL øe Égô«Zh á«æjódG äÉYɪédGh á«eƒµëdG ô«Z äɪ¶æªdGh ,äÉ«©ªédG ƒ∏ãªe (Ü 26) ¿ƒªàæj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G É¡°Vƒa »àdGh ,ôJƒàdG ∫Éée »a á©bGƒdGh kIô°TÉÑe á«æ©ªdG á«eƒ≤dG äÉ«∏bC’G .º¡∏«ãªàd á«eƒ≤dG äÉ«∏bC’G ∂∏J ≈dEG »eÉ°ùdG ¢VƒØªdG ôØ°S •hô°T äÉeƒ∏©e á«æ©ªdG ácQÉ°ûªdG ádhódG ≈dEG »eÉ°ùdG ¢VƒØªdG Ωó≤j ,IQô≤e IQÉjõH ΩÉ«≤dG πÑb (27) á«æ©ªdG (∫hódG) ádhódG Ωƒ≤J ø«YƒÑ°SCG ¿ƒ°†Z »a .IQÉjõdG ∂∏J øe Oƒ°ü≤ªdG ±ó¡dG ¿CÉ°ûH IOóëe ¿hÉ©àdGh á≤ãdGh QGƒëdG õjõ©J πª°ûJ ób »àdGh ,IQÉjõdG ±GógCG ∫ƒM »eÉ°ùdG ¢VƒØªdG ™e QhÉ°ûàdÉH ¢VƒØª∏d ∫É°üJ’Gh ôØ°ùdG ájôM π«¡°ùJ á«æ©ªdG ádhódG ≈∏Y ,OÓÑdG ∫ƒNO ó©Hh .±GôWC’G ø«H .√ÓYCG (25) Iô≤ØdG ΩɵMCÉH ÉægQ ,»eÉ°ùdG ≈∏Y ,ájôëH ∫É°üJ’Gh ôØ°ùdGh OÓÑdG ∫ƒNóH »eÉ°ùdG ¢VƒØª∏d á«æ©ªdG ádhódG íª°ùJ ºd GPEG (28) .∂dòH ø«ØXƒªdG QÉÑc áæéd QÉ£NEG »eÉ°ùdG ¢VƒØªdG ™e QhÉ°ûàdG »eÉ°ùdG ¢VƒØª∏d Rƒéj ,(25) Iô≤ØdG ΩɵMCG IÉYGôe ™eh ,IQÉjõdG √òg AÉæKCG »a (29) á«æ©e ᪶æe hCG áYɪL hCG Oôa …CG øe kGô°S äÉeƒ∏©ªdG ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°üëdG ¬d Rƒéjh ,á«æ©ªdG ±GôWC’G …ô°ùdG ™HÉ£dG ΩGôàMG »eÉ°ùdG ¢VƒØªdG ≈∏Yh .»eÉ°ùdG ¢VƒØªdG É¡édÉ©j »àdG ádCÉ°ùªdÉH kIô°TÉÑe .äÉeƒ∏©ª∏d äÉ°ù°SDƒªdG hCG äɪ¶æªdG hCG ¢UÉî°TC’G ó°V äGAGôLEG ájCG PÉîJG øY ácQÉ°ûªdG ∫hódG ™æàªJ (30) .»eÉ°ùdG ¢VƒØªdG ™e É¡dÉ°üJG ÖÑ°ùH

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265 ÉHhQhCG »a ¿hÉ©àdGh øeC’G ᪶æªd »fÉ°ùfE’G ó©ÑdG äÉeGõàdG »æeR ∞«æ°üJ :»fÉãdG ó∏éªdG

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266  »æeR ∞«æ°üJ :»fÉãdG ó∏éªdG ÉHhQhCG »a ¿hÉ©àdGh øeC’G ᪶æªd »fÉ°ùfE’G ó©ÑdG äÉeGõàdG

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¿ ;Iôé¡dG ;Aƒé∏dG ÖdÉW ;Aƒé∏dG ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°üë∏d »©°ùdG ≥q M kÉ°†jCG ô¶fCG - ¿ƒMRÉædG 243,229,223,205,164,154,153,149,142,141,139,136,125,122,117 :¿ƒ``ÄLÓdG 229,223 É«∏NGO ¿ƒMRÉædG ¿CÉ°ûH á«q ¡«LƒàdG IóëàªdG ºeC’G ÇOÉÑe Iôé¡dG ;¿ƒMRÉædG ô¶fCG - º¡fGó∏H πNGO ¿ƒMRÉædG õ««ªàdG ΩóYh íeÉ°ùàdG kÉ°†jCG ô¶fCG - 134,126 á«q ©°SƒàdG áYõædG »Ø°q ù©àdG ∫É≤àY’G kÉ°†jCG ô¶fCG 44 ,»Ø°q ù©àdG »ØædG ájq ôM ,äÉ«q ©ªédG AÉ°ûfEG kÉ°†jCG ô¶fCG 117,66,65,61,60,56,34 ,∫ɪ©dG äÉHÉ≤f `g 193,192,191,188,187,177,176,175,170,142,141,139,136,125,117,102,13,12 ,Iôé¡dG ¿ƒMRÉædG ;Aƒé∏dG ÖdÉW ;Aƒé∏dG ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°üë∏d »©°ùdG q≥M kÉ°†jCG ô¶fCG 236,207,205,204,203 ¿ƒÄLÓdG ;ácôëdG áqjôM h 251,189,151 AÉØYE’G ΩɵMCG kÉ°†jCG ô¶fCG ,ò«ØæàdG ÖLGh 11 »a ÜQÉ°†àdG ,»dhódG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ÖLƒªH äÉÑLGƒdG ò«ØæàdG ÖLGh ô¶fCG - ádhódG äÉÑLGh Iôq ëdG ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Shh äÉeƒ∏©ªdGh ô«Ñ©àdG ájq ôM ô¶fCG - Iôq ëdG ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh Iôq ëdG ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Shh äÉeƒ∏©ªdGh ô«Ñ©àdG ájq ôM ô¶fCG - ájq ôM ,ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh

267

OSCE HUMAN DIMENSION COMMITMENTS Volume 2 Chronological Compilation

Second Edition OSCE HUMAN DIMENSION COMMITMENTS Volume 2

Chronological Compilation

2nd Edition Published by the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) Al. Ujazdowskie 19 00-557 Warsaw, Poland www.osce.org/odihr

© OSCE/ODIHR 2005

All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may be freely used and copied for educational and other non-commercial purposes, provided that any such reproduction is accompanied by an acknowledgement of the OSCE/ODIHR as the source.

ISBN 83-60190-06-2

Designed by Nona Reuter

Printed in Poland by Poligrafus Andrzej Adamiak

The ODIHR would like to thank the participating States that provided support for the publication of this book. Contents

Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe Helsinki 1975 1

Concluding Document of the Madrid Meeting (Second Follow-up Meeting to the Helsinki Conference) Madrid 1983 33

Document of the Stockholm Conference on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures and Disarmament in Europe Stockholm 1986 43

Concluding Document of the Vienna Meeting (Third Follow-up Meeting to the Helsinki Conference) Vienna 1989 45

Report on the Meeting on the Protection of the Environment Sofia 1989 (adopted Vienna 1990) 63

Document of the Bonn Conference on Economic Co-operation in Europe Bonn 1990 65

Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE Copenhagen 1990 67

Charter of Paris for a New Europe Paris 1990 85

Document of the Cracow Symposium on the Cultural Heritage of the CSCE Participating States Cracow 1991 93

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Contents

Report of the CSCE Meeting of Experts on National Minorities Geneva 1991 99

Document of the Moscow Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE Moscow 1991 107

Prague Document on Further Development of CSCE Institutions and Structures (Second Meeting of the Council of Ministers) Prague 1992 125

Helsinki Document: The Challenges of Change (Summit of Heads of State or Government) Helsinki 1992 129

Document of the Third Meeting of the CSCE Council of Ministers Stockholm 1992 149

Document of the Fourth Meeting of the CSCE Council of Ministers Rome 1993 153

Budapest Document: Towards a Genuine Partnership in a New Era (Summit of Heads of State or Government) Budapest 1994 161

Lisbon Document (Summit of Heads of State or Government) Lisbon 1996 177

Document of the Sixth Meeting of the Ministerial Council Copenhagen 1997 181

Document of the Seventh Meeting of the Ministerial Council Oslo 1998 185

Istanbul Document (Summit of Heads of State or Government) Istanbul 1999 187

Document of the Eighth Meeting of the Ministerial Council Vienna 2000 197

Document of the Ninth Meeting of the Ministerial Council Bucharest 2001 201

Document of the Tenth Meeting of the Ministerial Council Porto 2002 215

vi OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Contents

Document of the Eleventh Meeting of the Ministerial Council Maastricht 2003 233

Document of the Twelfth Meeting of the Ministerial Council Sofia 2004 287

Index 317

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments vii Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe Helsinki 1975

(…)

The High Representatives of the participating States have solemnly adopted the follow- ing:

Questions relating to Security in Europe The States participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe,

Reaffirming their objective of promoting better relations among themselves and ensur- ing conditions in which their people can live in true and lasting peace free from any threat to or attempt against their security;

Convinced of the need to exert efforts to make détente both a continuing and an increasingly viable and comprehensive process, universal in scope, and that the imple- mentation of the results of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe will be a major contribution to this process;

Considering that solidarity among peoples, as well as the common purpose of the par- ticipating States in achieving the aims as set forth by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, should lead to the development of better and closer relations among them in all fields and thus to overcoming the confrontation stemming from the character of their past relations, and to better mutual understanding;

Mindful of their common history and recognizing that the existence of elements com- mon to their traditions and values can assist them in developing their relations, and desiring to search, fully taking into account the individuality and diversity of their posi- tions and views, for possibilities of joining their efforts with a view to overcoming dis- trust and increasing confidence, solving the problems that separate them and co-oper- ating in the interest of mankind;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

Recognizing the indivisibility of security in Europe as well as their common interest in the development of co-operation throughout Europe and among selves and expressing their intention to pursue efforts accordingly;

Recognizing the close link between peace and security in Europe and in the world as a whole and conscious of the need for each of them to make its contribution to the strengthening of world peace and security and to the promotion of fundamental rights, economic and social progress and well-being for all peoples;

Have adopted the following:

1. (a) Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States

The participating States,

Reaffirming their commitment to peace, security and justice and the continuing devel- opment of friendly relations and co-operation;

Recognizing that this commitment, which reflects the interest and aspirations of peo- ples, constitutes for each participating State a present and future responsibility, height- ened by experience of the past;

Reaffirming, in conformity with their membership in the United Nations and in accord- ance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations, their full and active sup- port for the United Nations and for the enhancement of its role and effectiveness in strengthening international peace, security and justice, and in promoting the solution of international problems, as well as the development of friendly relations and co-oper- ation among States;

Expressing their common adherence to the principles which are set forth below and are in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, as well as their common will to act, in the application of these principles, in conformity with the purposes and princi- ples of the Charter of the United Nations;

Declare their determination to respect and put into practice, each of them in its rela- tions with all other participating States, irrespective of their political, economic or social systems as well as of their size, geographical location or level of economic devel- opment, the following principles, which all are of primary significance, guiding their mutual relations:

I. Sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty

The participating States will respect each other’s sovereign equality and individuality as well as all the rights inherent in and encompassed by its sovereignty, including in particular the right of every State to juridical equality, to territorial integrity and to freedom and political independence. They will also respect each other’s right freely to choose and develop its political, social, economic and cultural systems as well as its right to determine its laws and regulations.

 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

Within the framework of international law, all the participating States have equal rights and duties. They will respect each other’s right to define and conduct as it wishes its relations with other States in accordance with international law and in the spirit of the present Declaration. They consider that their frontiers can be changed, in accordance with international law, by peaceful means and by agreement. They also have the right to belong or not to belong to international organizations, to be or not to be a party to bilat- eral or multilateral treaties including the right to be or not to be a party to treaties of alliance; they also have the right to neutrality.

II. Refraining from the threat or use of force

The participating States will refrain in their mutual relations, as well as in their interna- tional relations in general, from the threat or use of force against the territorial integ- rity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations and with the present Declaration. No consideration may be invoked to serve to warrant resort to the threat or use of force in contravention of this principle.

Accordingly, the participating States will refrain from any acts constituting a threat of force or direct or indirect use of force against another participating State.

Likewise they will refrain from any manifestation of force for the purpose of inducing another participating State to renounce the full exercise of its sovereign rights. Likewise they will also refrain in their mutual relations from any act of reprisal by force.

No such threat or use of force will be employed as a means of settling disputes, or ques- tions likely to give rise to disputes, between them.

III. Inviolability of frontiers

The participating States regard as inviolable all one another’s frontiers as well as the frontiers of all States in Europe and therefore they will refrain now and in the future from assaulting these frontiers.

Accordingly, they will also refrain from any demand for, or act of, seizure and usurpa- tion of part or all of the territory of any participating State.

IV. Territorial integrity of States

The participating States will respect the territorial integrity of each of the participat- ing States.

Accordingly, they will refrain from any action inconsistent with the purposes and prin- ciples of the Charter of the United Nations against the territorial integrity, political independence or the unity of any participating State, and in particular from any such action constituting a threat or use of force.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

The participating States will likewise refrain from making each other’s territory the object of military occupation or other direct or indirect measures of force in contraven- tion of international law, or the object of acquisition by means of such measures or the threat of them. No such occupation or acquisition will be recognized as legal.

V. Peaceful settlement of disputes

The participating States will settle disputes among them by peaceful means in such a manner as not to endanger international peace and security, and justice.

They will endeavour in good faith and a spirit of co-operation to reach a rapid and equi- table solution on the basis of international law. For this purpose they will use such means as negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement or other peaceful means of their own choice including any settlement procedure agreed to in advance of disputes to which they are parties.

In the event of failure to reach a solution by any of the above peaceful means, the parties to a dispute will continue to seek a mutually agreed way to settle the dispute peacefully.

Participating States, parties to a dispute among them, as well as other participating States, will refrain from any action which might aggravate the situation to such a degree as to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security and thereby make a peaceful settlement of the dispute more difficult.

VI. Non-intervention in internal affairs

The participating States will refrain from any intervention, direct or indirect, individual or collective, in the internal or external affairs falling within the domestic jurisdiction of another participating State, regardless of their mutual relations.

They will accordingly refrain from any form of armed intervention or threat of such intervention against another participating State.

They will likewise in all circumstances refrain from any other act of military, or of polit- ical, economic or other coercion designed to subordinate to their own interest the exer- cise by another participating State of the rights inherent in its sovereignty and thus to secure advantages of any kind.

Accordingly, they will, inter alia, refrain from direct or indirect assistance to terrorist activities, or to subversive or other activities directed towards the violent overthrow of the regime of another participating State.

VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief

The participating States will respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, includ- ing the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief, for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.

 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

They will promote and encourage the effective exercise of civil, political, economic, social, cultural and other rights and freedoms all of which derive from the inherent dig- nity of the human person and are essential for his free and full development.

Within this framework the participating States will recognize and respect the freedom of the individual to profess and practice, alone or in community with others, religion or belief acting in accordance with the dictates of his own conscience.

The participating States on whose territory national minorities exist will respect the right of persons belonging to such minorities to equality before the law, will afford them the full opportunity for the actual enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms and will, in this manner, protect their legitimate interests in this sphere.

The participating States recognize the universal significance of human rights and fun- damental freedoms, respect for which is an essential factor for the peace, justice and well-being necessary to ensure the development of friendly relations and co-operation among themselves as among all States.

They will constantly respect these rights and freedoms in their mutual relations and will endeavour jointly and separately, including in co-operation with the United Nations, to promote universal and effective respect for them.

They confirm the right of the individual to know and act upon his rights and duties in this field.

In the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the participating States will act in conformity with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They will also fulfil their obliga- tions as set forth in the international declarations and agreements in this field, includ- ing inter alia the International Covenants on Human Rights, by which they may be bound.

VIII. Equal rights and self-determination of peoples

The participating States will respect the equal rights of peoples and their right to self- determination, acting at all times in conformity with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and with the relevant norms of international law, includ- ing those relating to territorial integrity of States.

By virtue of the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, all peoples always have the right, in full freedom, to determine, when and as they wish, their inter- nal and external political status, without external interference, and to pursue as they wish their political, economic, social and cultural development.

The participating States reaffirm the universal significance of respect for and effec- tive exercise of equal rights and self-determination of peoples for the development of friendly relations among themselves as among all States; they also recall the impor- tance of the elimination of any form of violation of this principle.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

IX. Co-operation among States

The participating States will develop their co-operation with one another and with all States in all fields in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. In developing their co-operation the participating States will place special emphasis on the fields as set forth within the framework of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, with each of them making its contribution in conditions of full equality.

They will endeavour, in developing their co-operation as equals, to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly and good-neighbourly relations among them- selves, international peace, security and justice. They will equally endeavour, in devel- oping their cooperation, to improve the well-being of peoples and contribute to the ful- filment of their aspirations through, inter alia, the benefits resulting from increased mutual knowledge and from progress and achievement in the economic, scientific, tech- nological, social, cultural and humanitarian fields. They will take steps to promote con- ditions favourable to making these benefits available to all; they will take into account the interest of all in the narrowing of differences in the levels of economic development, and in particular the interest of developing countries throughout the world.

They confirm that governments, institutions, organizations and persons have a relevant and positive role to play in contributing toward the achievement of these aims of their cooperation.

They will strive, in increasing their cooperation as set forth above, to develop closer relations among themselves on an improved and more enduring basis for the benefit of peoples.

X. Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under international law

The participating States will fulfil in good faith their obligations under international law, both those obligations arising from the generally recognized principles and rules of international law and those obligations arising from treaties or other agreements, in conformity with international law, to which they are parties.

In exercising their sovereign rights, including the right to determine their laws and reg- ulations, they will conform with their legal obligations under international law; they will furthermore pay due regard to and implement the provisions in the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.

The participating States confirm that in the event of a conflict between the obligations of the members of the United Nations under the Charter of the United Nations and their obligations under any treaty or other international agreement, their obligations under the Charter will prevail, in accordance with Article 103 of the Charter of the United Nations.

 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

All the principles set forth above are of primary significance and, accordingly, they will be equally and unreservedly applied, each of them being interpreted taking into account the others.

The participating States express their determination fully to respect and apply these principles, as set forth in the present Declaration, in all aspects, to their mutual rela- tions and cooperation in order to ensure to each participating State the benefits result- ing from the respect and application of these principles by all.

The participating States, paying due regard to the principles above and, in particular, to the first sentence of the tenth principle, “Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under international law”, note that the present Declaration does not affect their rights and obligations, nor the corresponding treaties and other agreements and arrangements.

The participating States express the conviction that respect for these principles will encourage the development of normal and friendly relations and the progress of co- operation among them in all fields. They also express the conviction that respect for these principles will encourage the development of political contacts among them which in time would contribute to better mutual understanding of their positions and views.

The participating States declare their intention to conduct their relations with all other States in the spirit of the principles contained in the present Declaration.

(b) Matters related to giving effect to certain of the above Principles

(i) The participating States,

Reaffirming that they will respect and give effect to refraining from the threat or use of force and convinced of the necessity to make it an effective norm of international life,

Declare that they are resolved to respect and carry out, in their relations with one another, inter alia, the following provisions which are in conformity with the Declara- tion on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States:

• To give effect and expression, by all the ways and forms which they consider appro- priate, to the duty to refrain from the threat or use of force in their relations with one another.

• To refrain from any use of armed forces inconsistent with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and the provisions of the Declaration on Prin- ciples Guiding Relations between Participating States, against another participating State, in particular from invasion of or attack on its territory.

• To refrain from any manifestation of force for the purpose of inducing another partic- ipating State to renounce the full exercise of its sovereign rights.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

• To refrain from any act of economic coercion designed to subordinate to their own interest the exercise by another participating State of the rights inherent in its sover- eignty and thus to secure advantages of any kind.

• To take effective measures which by their scope and by their nature constitute steps towards the ultimate achievement of general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.

• To promote, by all means which each of them considers appropriate, a climate of con- fidence and respect among peoples consonant with their duty to refrain from propa- ganda for wars of aggression or for any threat or use of force inconsistent with the pur- poses of the United Nations and with the Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States, against another participating State.

• To make every effort to settle exclusively by peaceful means any dispute between them, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security in Europe, and to seek, first of all, a solution through the peaceful means set forth in Article 33 of the United Nations Charter.

• To refrain from any action which could hinder the peaceful settlement of disputes between the participating States.

(…)

Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment (…)

6. Co-operation in other areas

(…)

Economic and social aspects of migrant labour

The participating States,

Considering that the movements of migrant workers in Europe have reached substan- tial proportions, and that they constitute an important economic, social and human factor for host countries as well as for countries of origin,

Recognizing that workers’ migrations have also given rise to a number of economic, social, human and other problems in both the receiving countries and the countries of origin,

Taking due account of the activities of the competent international organizations, more particularly the International Labour Organisation, in this area,

 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

• are of the opinion that the problems arising bilaterally from the migration of workers in Europe as well as between the participating States should be dealt with by the par- ties directly concerned, in order to resolve these problems in their mutual interest, in the light of the concern of each State involved to take due account of the requirements resulting from its socio-economic situation, having regard to the obligation of each State to comply with the bilateral and multilateral agreements to which it is party, and with the following aims in view:

• to encourage the efforts of the countries of origin directed towards increasing the pos- sibilities of employment for their nationals in their own territories, in particular by developing economic co-operation appropriate for this purpose and suitable for the host countries and the countries of origin concerned;

• to ensure, through collaboration between the host country and the country of ori- gin, the conditions under which the orderly movement of workers might take place, while at the same time protecting their personal and social welfare and, if appropriate, to organize the recruitment of migrant workers and the provision of elementary lan- guage and vocational training;

• to ensure equality of rights between migrant workers and nationals of the host coun- tries with regard to conditions of employment and work and to social security, and to endeavour to ensure that migrant workers may enjoy satisfactory living conditions, especially housing conditions;

• to endeavour to ensure, as far as possible, that migrant workers may enjoy the same opportunities as nationals of the host countries of finding other suitable employment in the event of unemployment;

• to regard with favour the provision of vocational training to migrant workers and, as far as possible, free instruction in the language of the host country, in the framework of their employment;

• to confirm the right of migrant workers to receive, as far as possible, regular informa- tion in their own language, covering both their country of origin and the host coun- try;

• to ensure that the children of migrant workers established in the host country have access to the education usually given there, under the same conditions as the children of that country and, furthermore, to permit them to receive supplementary education in their own language, national culture, history and geography;

• to bear in mind that migrant workers, particularly those who have acquired qualifica- tions, can by returning to their countries after a certain period of time help to remedy any deficiency of skilled labour in their country of origin;

• to facilitate, as far as possible, the reuniting of migrant workers with their families;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

• to regard with favour the efforts of the countries of origin to attract the savings of migrant workers, with a view to increasing, within the framework of their economic development, appropriate opportunities for employment, thereby facilitating the reintegration of these workers on their return home.

(…)

Co-operation in Humanitarian and Other Fields The participating States,

Desiring to contribute to the strengthening of peace and understanding among peoples and to the spiritual enrichment of the human personality without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion,

Conscious that increased cultural and educational exchanges, broader dissemination of information, contacts between people, and the solution of humanitarian problems will contribute to the attainment of these aims,

Determined therefore to cooperate among themselves, irrespective of their political, economic and social systems, in order to create better conditions in the above fields, to develop and strengthen existing forms of co-operation and to work out new ways and means appropriate to these aims,

Convinced that this co-operation should take place in full respect for the principles guiding relations among participating States as set forth in the relevant document,

Have adopted the following:

1. Human Contacts

The participating States,

Considering the development of contacts to be an important element in the strengthen- ing of friendly relations and trust among peoples,

Affirming, in relation to their present effort to improve conditions in this area, the importance they attach to humanitarian considerations,

Desiring in this spirit to develop, with the continuance of détente, further efforts to achieve continuing progress in this field,

And conscious that the questions relevant hereto must be settled by the States con- cerned under mutually acceptable conditions,

Make it their aim to facilitate freer movement and contacts, individually and collec- tively, whether privately or officially, among persons, institutions and organizations of the participating States, and to contribute to the solution of the humanitarian problems that arise in that connection,

10 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

Declare their readiness to these ends to take measures which they consider appropri- ate and to conclude agreements or arrangements among themselves, as may be needed, and

Express their intention now to proceed to the implementation of the following:

(a) Contacts and Regular Meetings on the Basis of Family Ties

In order to promote further development of contacts on the basis of family ties the par- ticipating States will favourably consider applications for travel with the purpose of allowing persons to enter or leave their territory temporarily, and on a regular basis if desired, in order to visit members of their families.

Applications for temporary visits to meet members of their families will be dealt with without distinction as to the country of origin or destination: existing requirements for travel documents and visas will be applied in this spirit. The preparation and issue of such documents and visas will be effected within reasonable time limits, cases of urgent necessity – such as serious illness or death - will be given priority treatment. They will take such steps as may be necessary to ensure that the fees for official travel documents and visas are acceptable.

They confirm that the presentation of an application concerning contacts on the basis of family ties will not modify the rights and obligations of the applicant or of members of his family.

(b) Reunification of Families

The participating States will deal in a positive and humanitarian spirit with the appli- cations of persons who wish to be reunited with members of their family, with special attention being given to requests of an urgent character - such as requests submitted by persons who are ill or old.

They will deal with applications in this field as expeditiously as possible

They will lower where necessary the fees charged in connection with these applications to ensure that they are at a moderate level.

Applications for the purpose of family reunification which are not granted may be renewed at the appropriate level and will be reconsidered at reasonably short intervals by the authorities of the country of residence or destination, whichever is concerned, under such circumstances fees will be charged only when applications are granted.

Persons whose applications for family reunification are granted may bring with them or ship their household and personal effects; to this end the participating States will use all possibilities provided by existing regulations.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 11 Helsinki 1975

Until members of the same family are reunited meetings and contacts between them may take place in accordance with the modalities for contacts on the basis of family ties.

The participating States will support the efforts of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies concerned with the problems of family reunification.

They confirm that the presentation of an application concerning family reunification will not modify the rights and obligations of the applicant or of members of his family.

The receiving participating State will take appropriate care with regard to employment for persons from other participating States who take up permanent residence in that State in connection with family reunification with its citizens and see that they are afforded opportunities equal to those enjoyed by its own citizens for education, medical assistance and social security.

(c) Marriage between Citizens of Different States

The participating States will examine favourably and on the basis of humanitarian con- siderations requests for exit or entry permits from persons who have decided to marry a citizen from another participating State.

The processing and issuing of the documents required for the above purposes and for the marriage will be in accordance with the provisions accepted for family reunifica- tion.

In dealing with requests from couples from different participating States, once married, to enable them and the minor children of their marriage to transfer their permanent residence to a State in which either one is normally a resident, the participating States will also apply the provisions accepted for family reunification.

(d) Travel for Personal or Professional Reasons

The participating States intend to facilitate wider travel by their citizens for personal or professional reasons and to this end they intend in particular:

• gradually to simplify and to administer flexibly the procedures for exit and entry;

• to ease regulations concerning movement of citizens from the other participating States in their territory, with due regard to security requirements.

They will endeavour gradually to lower, where necessary, the fees for visas and official travel documents.

They intend to consider, as necessary, means — including, in so far as appropriate, the conclusion of multilateral or bilateral consular conventions or other relevant agree- ments or understandings — for the improvement of arrangements to provide consular services, including legal and consular assistance.

12 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

They confirm that religious faiths, institutions and organizations, practising within the constitutional framework of the participating States, and their representatives can, in the field of their activities, have contacts and meetings among themselves and exchange information.

(e) Improvement of Conditions for Tourism on an Individual or Collective Basis

The participating States consider that tourism contributes to a fuller knowledge of the life, culture and history of other countries, to the growth of understanding among peo- ples, to the improvement of contacts and to the broader use of leisure. They intend to promote the development of tourism, on an individual or collective basis, and, in par- ticular, they intend:

• to promote visits to their respective countries by encouraging the provision of appro- priate facilities and the simplification and expediting of necessary formalities relating to such visits;

• to increase, on the basis of appropriate agreements or arrangements where necessary, co-operation in the development of tourism, in particular by considering bilaterally possible ways to increase information relating to travel to other countries and to the reception and service of tourists, and other related questions of mutual interest.

(f) Meetings among Young People

The participating States intend to further the development of contacts and exchanges among young people by encouraging:

• increased exchanges and contacts on a short or long term basis among young peo- ple working, training or undergoing education through bilateral or multilateral agree- ments or regular programmes in all cases where it is possible;

• study by their youth organizations of the question of possible agreements relating to frameworks of multilateral youth co-operation;

• agreements or regular programmes relating to the organization of exchanges of stu- dents, of international youth seminars, of courses of professional training and foreign language study;

• the further development of youth tourism and the provision to this end of appropriate facilities;

• the development, where possible, of exchanges, contacts and co-operation on a bilat- eral or multilateral basis between their organizations which represent wide circles of young people working, training or undergoing education;

• awareness among youth of the importance of developing mutual understanding and of strengthening friendly relations and confidence among peoples.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 13 Helsinki 1975

(g) Sport

In order to expand existing links and co-operation in the field of sport the participating States will encourage contacts and exchanges of this kind, including sports meetings and competitions of all sorts, on the basis of the established international rules, regula- tions and practice.

(h) Expansion of Contacts

By way of further developing contacts among governmental institutions and non-gov- ernmental organizations and associations, including women’s organizations, the partic- ipating States will facilitate the convening of meetings as well as travel by delegations, groups and individuals.

2. Information

The participating States,

Conscious of the need for an ever wider knowledge and understanding of the various aspects of life in other participating States,

Acknowledging the contribution of this process to the growth of confidence between peoples,

Desiring, with the development of mutual understanding between the participating States and with the further improvement of their relations, to continue further efforts towards progress in this field,

Recognizing the importance of the dissemination of information from the other partic- ipating States and of a better acquaintance with such information,

Emphasizing therefore the essential and influential role of the press, radio, television, cinema and news agencies and of the journalists working in these fields,

Make it their aim to facilitate the freer and wider dissemination of information of all kinds, to encourage co-operation in the field of information and the exchange of infor- mation with other countries, and. to improve the conditions under which journalists from one participating State exercise their profession in another participating State, and

Express their intention in particular:

(a) Improvement of the Circulation of, Access to, and Exchange of Information

(i) Oral Information

• To facilitate the dissemination of oral information through the encouragement of lec- tures and lecture tours by personalities and specialists from the other participating

14 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

States, as well as exchanges of opinions at round table meetings, seminars, symposia, summer schools, congresses and other bilateral and multilateral meetings.

(ii) Printed Information

• To facilitate the improvement of the dissemination, on their territory, of newspapers and printed publications, periodical and non-periodical, from the other participating States. For this purpose:

they will encourage their competent firms and organizations to conclude agreements and contracts designed gradually to increase the quantities and the number of titles of newspapers and publications imported from the other participating States. These agree- ments and contracts should in particular mention the speediest conditions of deliv- ery and the use of the normal channels existing in each country for the distribution of its own publications and newspapers, as well as forms and means of payment agreed between the parties making it possible to achieve the objectives aimed at by these agree- ments and contracts; where necessary, they will take appropriate measures to achieve the above objectives and to implement the provisions contained in the agreements and contracts.

• To contribute to the improvement of access by the public to periodical and non-peri- odical printed publications imported on the bases indicated above. In particular:

• they will encourage an increase in the number of places where these publications are on sale,

• they will facilitate the availability of these periodical publications during congresses, conferences, official visits and other international events and to tourists during the season,

• they will develop the possibilities for taking out subscriptions according to the modal- ities particular to each country;

• they will improve the opportunities for reading and borrowing these publications In large public libraries and their reading rooms as well as in university libraries.

They intend to improve the possibilities for acquaintance with bulletins of official infor- mation issued by diplomatic missions and distributed by those missions on the basis of arrangements acceptable to the interested parties.

(iii) Filmed and Broadcast Information

- To promote the improvement of the dissemination of filmed and broadcast informa- tion. To this end:

• they will encourage the wider showing and broadcasting of a greater variety of recorded and filmed information from the other participating States, illustrating the various aspects of life in their countries and received on the basis of such agreements

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 15 Helsinki 1975

or arrangements as may be necessary between the organizations and firms directly concerned;

• they will facilitate the import by competent organizations and firms of recorded audio- visual material from the other participating States.

The participating States note the expansion in the dissemination of information broad- cast by radio, and express the hope for the continuation of this process, so as to meet the interest of mutual understanding among peoples and the aims set forth by this Con- ference.

(b) Co-operation in the Field of Information

- To encourage co-operation in the field of information on the basis of short or long term agreements or arrangements. In particular:

• they will favour increased co-operation among mass media organizations. Including press agencies, as well as among publishing houses and organizations:

• they will favour co-operation among public or private, national or international radio and television organizations, in particular through the exchange of both live and recorded radio and television programmes, and through the joint production and the broadcasting and distribution of such programmes;

• they will encourage meetings and contacts both between journalists organizations and between journalists from the participating States;

• they will view favourably the possibilities of arrangements between periodical publi- cations as well as between newspapers from the participating States, for the purpose of exchanging and publishing articles;

• they will encourage the exchange of technical information as well as the organiza- tion of joint research and meetings devoted to the exchange of experience and views between experts in the field of the press, radio and television.

(c) Improvement of Working Conditions for Journalists

The participating States, desiring to improve the conditions under which journalists from one participating State exercise their profession in another participating State, intend in particular to:

• examine in a favourable spirit and within a suitable and reasonable time scale requests from journalists for visas;

• grant to permanently accredited journalists of the participating States, on the basis of arrangements, multiple entry and exit visas for specified periods;

16 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

• facilitate the issue to accredited journalists of the participating States of permits for stay in their country of temporary residence and, if and when these are necessary, of other official papers which it is appropriate for them to have;

• ease, on a basis of reciprocity, procedures for arranging travel by journalists of the participating States in the country where they are exercising their profession, and to provide progressively greater opportunities for such travel, subject to the observance of regulations relating to the existence of areas closed for security reasons,

• ensure that requests by such journalists for such travel receive, in so far as possible, an expeditious response, taking into account the time scale of the request;

• increase the opportunities for journalists of the participating States to communicate personally with their sources, including organizations and official institutions;

• grant to journalists of the participating States the right to import, subject only to its being taken out again, the technical equipment (photographic, cinematographic, tape recorder, radio and television) necessary for the exercise of their profession;*

• enable journalists of the other participating States, whether permanently or tempo- rarily accredited, to transmit completely, normally and rapidly by means recognized by the participating States to the information organs which they represent, the results of their professional activity, including tape recordings and undeveloped film, for the purpose of publication or of broadcasting on the radio or television.

The participating States reaffirm that the legitimate pursuit of their professional activ- ity will neither render journalists liable to expulsion nor otherwise penalize them. If an accredited journalist is expelled, he will be informed of the reasons for this act and may submit an application for re-examination of his case.

3. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Culture

The participating States

Considering that cultural exchanges and co-operation contribute to a better compre- hension among people and among peoples, and thus promote a lasting understanding among States,

Confirming the conclusions already formulated in this field at the multilateral level, particularly at the Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies in Europe, organ- ized by UNESCO in Helsinki in June 1972, where interest was manifested in the active participation of the broadest possible social groups in an increasingly diversified cul- tural life,

* While recognizing that appropriate local personnel are employed by foreign journalists in many instances, the participating States note that the above provisions would be applied, subject to the observance of the appropriate rules, to persons from the other participating States, who are regularly and professionally engaged as technicians, photographers or cameramen of the press, radio, television or cinema.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 17 Helsinki 1975

Desiring, with the development of mutual confidence and the further improvement of relations between the participating States, to continue further efforts toward progress in this field,

Disposed in this spirit to increase substantially their cultural exchanges, with regard both to persons and to cultural works, and to develop among them an active co-opera- tion, both at the bilateral and the multilateral level, in aft the fields of culture,

Convinced that such a development of their mutual relations will contribute to the enrichment of the respective cultures, while respecting the originality of each, as well as to the reinforcement among them of a consciousness of common values, while con- tinuing to develop cultural co-operation with other countries of the world,

Declare that they jointly set themselves the following objectives:

(a) to develop the mutual exchange of information with a view to a better knowledge of respective cultural achievements,

(b) to improve the facilities for the exchange and for the dissemination of cultural prop- erty,

(c) to promote access by all to respective cultural achievements,

(d) to develop contacts and co-operation among persons active in the field of culture,

(e) to seek new fields and forms of cultural co-operation,

Thus give expression to their common will to take progressive, coherent and long-term action in order to achieve the objectives of the present declaration; and

Express their intention now to proceed to the implementation of the following:

Extension of Relations

To expand and improve at the various levels co-operation and links in the field of cul- ture, in particular by:

• concluding, where appropriate, agreements on a bilateral or multilateral basis, provid- ing for the extension of relations among competent State institutions and non-govern- mental organizations in the field of culture, as well as among people engaged in cul- tural activities, taking into account the need both for flexibility and the fullest possi- ble use of existing agreements, and bearing in mind that agreements and also other arrangements constitute important means of developing cultural co-operation and exchanges;

• contributing to the development of direct communication and co-operation among relevant State institutions and non-governmental organizations, including, where necessary, such communication and co-operation carried out on the basis of special agreements and arrangements;

18 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

• encouraging direct contacts and communications among persons engaged in cultural activities, including, where necessary, such contacts and communications carried out on the basis of special agreements and arrangements.

Mutual Knowledge

Within their competence to adopt, on a bilateral and multilateral level, appropriate measures which would give their peoples a more comprehensive and complete mutual knowledge of their achievements in the various fields of culture, and among them:

• to examine jointly, if necessary with the assistance of appropriate international organ- izations, the possible creation in Europe and the structure of a bank of cultural data, which would collect information from the participating countries and make it avail- able to its correspondents on their request, and to convene for this purpose a meeting of experts from interested States;

• to consider, if necessary in conjunction with appropriate international organizations, ways of compiling in Europe an inventory of documentary films of a cultural or scien- tific nature from the participating States;

• to encourage more frequent book exhibitions and to examine the possibility of organ- izing periodically in Europe a large-scale exhibition of books from the participating States;

• to promote the systematic exchange, between the institutions concerned and pub- lishing houses, of catalogues of available books as well as of pre-publication material which will include, as far as possible, all forthcoming publications; and also to pro- mote the exchange of material between firms publishing encyclopaedias, with a view to improving the presentation of each country;

• to examine jointly questions of expanding and improving exchanges of information in the various fields of culture, such as theatre, music, library work as well as the conser- vation and restoration of cultural property.

Exchanges and Dissemination

To contribute to the improvement of facilities for exchanges and the dissemination of cultural property, by appropriate means, in particular by:

• studying the possibilities for harmonizing and reducing the charges relating to inter- national commercial exchanges of books and other cultural materials, and also for new means of insuring works of art in foreign exhibitions and for reducing the risks of damage or loss to which these works are exposed by their movement;

• facilitating the formalities of customs clearance, in good time for programmes of artistic events, of the works of art, materials and accessories appearing on lists agreed upon by the organizers of these events;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 19 Helsinki 1975

• encouraging meetings among representatives of competent organizations and rele- vant firms to examine measures within their field of activity — such as the simplifi- cation of orders, time limits for sending supplies and modalities of payment — which might facilitate international commercial exchanges of books;

• promoting the loan and exchange of films among their film institutes and film librar- ies;

• encouraging the exchange of information among interested parties concerning events of a cultural character foreseen in the participating States, in fields where this is most appropriate, such as music, theatre and the plastic and graphic arts, with a view to contributing to the compilation and publication of a calendar of such events, with the assistance, where necessary, of the appropriate international organizations;

• encouraging a study of the impact which the foreseeable development, and a possi- ble harmonization among interested parties, of the technical means used for the dis- semination of culture might have on the development of cultural co-operation and exchanges, while keeping in view the preservation of the diversity and originality, of their respective cultures;

• encouraging, in the way they deem appropriate, within their cultural policies, the fur- ther development of interest in the cultural heritage of the other participating States, conscious of the merits and the value of each culture;

• endeavouring to ensure the full and effective application of the international agree- ments and conventions on copyrights and on circulation of cultural property to which they are party or to which they may decide in the future to become party.

Access

To promote fuller mutual access by all to the achievements — works, experiences and performing arts — in the various fields of culture of their countries, and to that end to make the best possible efforts, in accordance with their competence, more particularly:

• to promote wider dissemination of books and artistic works, in particular by such means as:

facilitating, while taking full account of the international copyright conventions to which they are party, international contacts and communications between authors and publishing houses as well as other cultural institutions, with a view to a more complete mutual access to cultural achievements;

recommending that, in determining the size of editions, publishing houses take into account also the demand from the other participating States, and that rights of sale in other participating States be granted, where possible, to several sales organizations of the importing countries, by agreement between interested partners;

20 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

encouraging competent organizations and relevant firms to conclude agreements and contracts and contributing, by this means, to a gradual increase in the number and diversity of works by authors from the other participating States available in the original and in translation in their libraries and bookshops;

promoting, where deemed appropriate, an increase in the number of sales outlets where books by authors from the other participating States, imported in the original on the basis of agreements and contracts, and in translation, are for sale;

promoting, on a wider scale, the translation of works in the sphere of literature and other fields of cultural activity, produced in the languages of the other participating States, especially from the less widely-spoken languages, and the publication and dis- semination of the translated works by such measures as:

encouraging more regular contacts between interested publishing houses;

developing their efforts in the basic and advanced training of translators;

encouraging, by appropriate means, the publishing houses of their countries to publish translations;

facilitating the exchange between publishers and interested institutions of lists of books which might be translated;

promoting between their countries the professional activity and co-operation of translators;

carrying out joint studies on ways of further promoting translations and their dis- semination;

improving and expanding exchanges of books, bibliographies and catalogue cards between libraries;

• to envisage other appropriate measures which would permit, where necessary by mutual agreement among interested parties, the facilitation of access to their respective cultural achievements, in particular in the field of books;

• to contribute by appropriate means to the wider use of the mass media in order to improve mutual acquaintance with the cultural fife of each;

• to seek to develop the necessary conditions for migrant workers and their families to preserve their links with their national culture, and also to adapt themselves to their new cultural environment;

• to encourage the competent bodies and enterprises to make a wider choice and effect wider distribution of full-length and documentary films from the other participating States, and to promote more frequent non-commercial showings, such as premières,

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 21 Helsinki 1975

film weeks and festivals, giving due consideration to films from countries whose cine- matographic works are less well known;

• to promote, by appropriate means, the extension of opportunities for specialists from the other participating States to work with materials of a cultural character from film and audio-visual archives, within the framework of the existing rules for work on such archival materials;

• to encourage a joint study by interested bodies, where appropriate with the assistance of the competent international organizations, of the expediency and the conditions for the establishment of a repertory of their recorded television programmes of a cul- tural nature, as well as of the means of viewing them rapidly in order to facilitate their selection and possible acquisition.

Contacts and Co-operation

To contribute, by appropriate means, to the development of contacts and co-operation in the various fields of culture, especially among creative artists and people engaged in cultural activities, in particular by making efforts to:

• promote for persons active in the field of culture, travel and meetings including, where necessary, those carried out on the basis of agreements, contracts or other special arrangements and which are relevant to their cultural co-operation;

• encourage in this way contacts among creative and performing artists and artistic groups with a view to their working together, making known their works in other par- ticipating States or exchanging views on topics relevant to their common activity;

• encourage, where necessary through appropriate arrangements, exchanges of trainee and specialists and the granting of scholarships for basic and advanced training in various fields of culture such as the arts and architecture, museums and libraries, lit- erary studies and translation, and contribute to the creation of favourable conditions of reception in their respective institutions;

• encourage the exchange of experience in the training of organizers of cultural activi- ties as well as of teachers and specialists in fields such as theatre, opera, ballet, music and fine arts;

• continue to encourage the organization of international meetings among creative art- ists, especially young creative artists, on current questions of artistic and literary crea- tion which are of interest for joint study;

• study other possibilities for developing exchanges and co-operation among persons active in the field of culture, with a view to a better mutual knowledge of the cultural fife of the participating States.

22 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

Fields and Forms of Co-operation

To encourage the search for new fields and forms of cultural co-operation, to these ends contributing to the conclusion among interested parties, where necessary, of appropri- ate agreements and arrangements, and in this context to promote:

• joint studies regarding cultural policies, in particular in their social aspects, and as they relate to planning, town-planning, educational and environmental policies, and the cultural aspects of tourism;

• the exchange of knowledge in the realm of cultural diversity, with a view to contrib- uting thus to a better understanding by interested parties of such diversity where it occurs;

• the exchange of information, and as may be appropriate, meetings of experts, the elab- oration and the execution of research programmes and projects, as well as their joint evaluation, and the dissemination of the results, on the subjects indicated above;

• such forms of cultural co-operation and the development of such joint projects as:

international events in the fields of the plastic and graphic arts, cinema, theatre, bal- let, music, folklore, etc.; book fairs and exhibitions, joint performances of operatic and dramatic works, as well as performances given by soloists,

instrumental ensembles, orchestras, choirs and other artistic groups, including those composed of amateurs, paying due attention to the organization of international cul- tural youth events and the exchange of young artists;

the inclusion of works by writers and composers from the other participating States in the repertoires of soloists and artistic ensembles;

the preparation, translation and publication of articles, studies and monographs, as well as of low-cost books and of artistic and literary collections, suited to making better known respective cultural achievements, envisaging for this purpose meetings among experts and representatives of publishing houses;

the co-production and the exchange of films and of radio and television programmes, by promoting, in particular, meetings among producers, technicians and representa- tives of the public authorities with a view to working out favourable conditions for the execution of specific joint projects and by encouraging, in the field of co-production, the establishment of international filming teams;

the organization of competitions for architects and town-planners, bearing in mind the possible implementation of the best projects and the formation, where possible, of international teams;

the implementation of joint projects for conserving, restoring and showing to advan- tage works of art, historical and archaeological monuments and sites of cultural inter-

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 23 Helsinki 1975

est, with the help, in appropriate cases, of international organizations of a govern- mental or non-governmental character as well as of private institutions — competent and active in these fields — envisaging for this purpose:

• periodic meetings of experts of the interested parties to elaborate the necessary pro- posals, while bearing in mind the need to consider these questions in a wider social and economic context;

• the publication in appropriate periodicals of articles designed to make known and to compare, among the participating States, the most significant achievements and innovations;

• a joint study with a view to the improvement and possible harmonization of the different systems used to inventory and catalogue the historical monuments and places of cultural interest in their countries;

• the study of the possibilities for organizing international courses for the training of specialists in different disciplines relating to restoration.

***

National minorities or regional cultures. The participating States, recognizing the contribution that national minorities or regional cultures can make to co-operation among them in various fields of culture, intend, when such minorities or cultures exist within their territory, to facilitate this contribution, taking into account the legitimate interests of their members.

4. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Education

The participating States,

Conscious that the development of relations of an international character in the fields of education and science contributes to a better mutual understanding and is to the advantage of all peoples as well as to the benefit of future generations,

Prepared to facilitate, between organizations, institutions and persons engaged in edu- cation and science, the further development of exchanges of knowledge and experience as well as of contacts, on the basis of special arrangements where these are necessary,

Desiring to strengthen the links among educational and scientific establishments and also to encourage their co-operation in sectors of common interest, particularly where the levels of knowledge and resources require efforts to be concerted internationally, and

Convinced that progress in these fields should be accompanied and supported by a wider knowledge of foreign languages,

Express to these ends their intention in particular:

24 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

(a) Extension of Relations

To expand and improve at the various levels co-operation and links in the fields of edu- cation and science, in particular by:

• concluding, where appropriate, bilateral or multilateral agreements providing for co- operation and exchanges among State institutions, non-governmental bodies and per- sons engaged in activities in education and science, bearing in mind the need both for flexibility and the fuller use of existing agreements and arrangements;

• promoting the conclusion of direct arrangements between universities and other insti- tutions of higher education and research, in the framework of agreements between governments where appropriate;

• encouraging among persons engaged in education and science direct contacts and communications including those based on special agreements or arrangements where these are appropriate.

(b) Access and Exchanges

To improve access, under mutually acceptable conditions, for students, teachers and scholars of the participating States to each other’s educational, cultural and scientific institutions, and to intensify exchanges among these institutions in all areas of com- mon interest, in particular by:

• increasing the exchange of information on facilities for study and courses open to for- eign participants, as well as on the conditions under which they will be admitted and received;

• facilitating travel between the participating States by scholars, teachers and students for purposes of study, teaching and research as well as for improving knowledge of each other’s educational, cultural and scientific achievements;

• encouraging the award of scholarships for study, teaching and research in their coun- tries to scholars, teachers and students of other participating States;

• establishing, developing or encouraging programmes providing for the broader exchange of scholars, teachers and students, including the organization of symposia, seminars and collaborative projects, and the exchanges of educational and scholarly information such as university publications and materials from libraries;

• promoting the efficient implementation of such arrangements and programmes by providing scholars, teachers and students in good time with more detailed informa- tion about their placing in universities and institutes and the programmes envisaged for them; by granting them the opportunity to use relevant scholarly, scientific and open archival materials; and by facilitating their travel within the receiving State for the purpose of study or research as well as in the form of vacation tours on the basis of the usual procedures;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 25 Helsinki 1975

• promoting a more exact assessment of the problems of comparison and equivalence of academic degrees and diplomas by fostering the exchange of information on the organization, duration and content of studies, the comparison of methods of assessing levels of knowledge, and academic qualifications, and, where feasible, arriving at the mutual recognition of academic degrees and diplomas either through governmental agreements, where necessary, or direct arrangements between universities and other institutions of higher learning and research;

• recommending, moreover, to the appropriate international organizations that they should intensify their efforts to reach a generally acceptable solution to the problems of comparison and equivalence between academic degrees and diplomas.

(c) Science

Within their competence to broaden and improve co-operation and exchanges in the field of science, in particular:

To increase, on a bilateral or multilateral basis, the exchange and dissemination of sci- entific information and documentation by such means as:

• making this information more widely available to scientists and research workers of the other participating States through, for instance, participation in international information-sharing programmes or through other appropriate arrangements;

• broadening and facilitating the exchange of samples and other scientific materials used particularly for fundamental research in the fields of natural sciences and medi- cine;

• inviting scientific institutions and universities to keep each other more fully and reg- ularly informed about their current and contemplated research work in fields of com- mon interest.

To facilitate the extension of communications and direct contacts between universities, scientific institutions and associations as well as among scientists and research work- ers, including those based where necessary on special agreements or arrangements, by such means as:

• further developing exchanges of scientists and research workers and encouraging the organization of preparatory meetings or working groups on research topics of com- mon interest;

• encouraging the creation of joint teams of scientists to pursue research projects under arrangements made by the scientific institutions of several countries;

• assisting the organization and successful functioning of international conferences and seminars and participation in them by their scientists and research workers;

26 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

• furthermore envisaging, in the near future, a “Scientific Forum” in the form of a meet- ing of leading personalities in science from the participating States to discuss inter- related problems of common interest concerning current and future developments in science, and to promote the expansion of contacts, communications and the exchange of information between scientific institutions and among scientists;

• foreseeing, at an early date, a meeting of experts representing the participating States and their national scientific institutions, in order to prepare such a “Scientific Forum” in consultation with appropriate international organizations, such as UNESCO and the ECE;

• considering in due course what further steps might be taken with respect to the “Sci- entific Forum”.

To develop in the field of scientific research, on a bilateral or multilateral basis, the co- ordination of programmes carried out in the participating States and the organization of joint programmes, especially in the areas mentioned below, which may involve the combined efforts of scientists and in certain cases the use of costly or unique equip- ment. The list of subjects in these areas is illustrative; and specific projects would have to be determined subsequently by the potential partners in the participating States, taking account of the contribution which could be made by appropriate international organizations and scientific institutions:

• exact and natural sciences, in particular fundamental research in such fields as math- ematics, physics, theoretical physics, geophysics, chemistry, biology, ecology and astronomy;

• medicine, in particular basic research into cancer and cardiovascular diseases, studies on the diseases endemic in the developing countries, as well as medico-social research with special emphasis on occupational diseases, the rehabilitation of the handicapped and the care of mothers, children and the elderly;

• the humanities and social sciences, such as history, geography, philosophy, psychol- ogy, pedagogical research, linguistics, sociology, the legal, political and economic sci- ences; comparative studies on social, socioeconomic and cultural phenomena which are of common interest to the participating States, especially the problems of human environment and urban development; and scientific studies on the methods of con- serving and restoring monuments and works of art.

(d) Foreign Languages and Civilizations

To encourage the study of foreign languages and civilizations as an important means of expanding communication among peoples for their better acquaintance with the cul- ture of each country, as well as for the strengthening of international co-operation; to this end to stimulate, within their competence, the further development and improve- ment of foreign language teaching and the diversification of choice of languages taught

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 27 Helsinki 1975

at various levels, paying due attention to less widely-spread or studied languages, and in particular:

• to intensify co-operation aimed at improving the teaching of foreign languages through exchanges of information and experience concerning the development and application of effective modem teaching methods and technical aids, adapted to the needs of different categories of students, including methods of accelerated teaching; and to consider the possibility of conducting, on a bilateral or multilateral basis, stud- ies of new methods of foreign language teaching;

• to encourage co-operation between institutions concerned, on a bilateral or multilat- eral basis, aimed at exploiting more fully the resources of modem educational tech- nology in language teaching, for example through comparative studies by their spe- cialists and, where agreed, through exchanges or transfers of audio-visual materials, of materials used for preparing textbooks, as well as of information about new types of technical equipment used for teaching languages;

• to promote the exchange of information on the experience acquired in the training of language teachers and to intensify exchanges on a bilateral basis of language teachers and students as well as to facilitate their participation in summer courses in languages and civilizations, wherever these are organized;

• to encourage co-operation among experts in the field of lexicography with the aim of defining the necessary terminological equivalents, particularly in the scientific and technical disciplines, in order to facilitate relations among scientific institutions and specialists;

• to promote the wider spread of foreign language study among the different types of secondary education establishments and greater possibilities of choice between an increased number of European languages; and in this context to consider, wherever appropriate, the possibilities for developing the recruitment and training of teachers as well as the organization of the student groups required;

• to favour, in higher education, a wider choice in the languages offered to language stu- dents and greater opportunities for other students to study various foreign languages; also to facilitate, where desirable, the organization of courses in languages and civili- zations, on the basis of special arrangements as necessary to be given by foreign lec- turers, particularly from European countries having less widely-spread or studied lan- guages;

• to promote, within the framework of adult education, the further development of spe- cialized programmes, adapted to various needs and interests, for teaching foreign languages to their own inhabitants and the languages of host countries to interested adults from other countries; in this context to encourage interested institutions to cooperate, for example, in the elaboration of programmes for teaching by radio and television and by accelerated methods, and also, where desirable, in the definition of

28 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

study objectives for such programmes, with a view to arriving at comparable levels of language proficiency;

• to encourage the association, where appropriate, of the teaching of foreign languages with the study of the corresponding civilizations and also to make further efforts to stimulate interest in the study of foreign languages, including relevant out-of-class activities.

(e) Teaching Methods

To promote the exchange of experience, on a bilateral or multilateral basis, in teaching methods at all levels of education, including those used in permanent and adult educa- tion, as well as the exchange of teaching materials, in particular by:

• further developing various forms of contacts and co-operation in the different fields of pedagogical science, for example through comparative or joint studies carried out by interested institutions or through exchanges of information on the results of teaching experiments;

• intensifying exchanges of information on teaching methods used in various educa- tional systems and on results of research into the processes by which pupils and stu- dents acquire knowledge, taking account of relevant experience in different types of specialized education;

• facilitating exchanges of experience concerning the organization and functioning of education intended for adults and recurrent education, the relationships between these and other forms and levels of education, as well as concerning the means of adapting education, including vocational and technical training, to the needs of eco- nomic and social development in their countries;

• encouraging exchanges of experience in the education of youth and adults in interna- tional understanding, with particular reference to those major problems of mankind whose solution calls for a common approach and wider international co-operation;

• encouraging exchanges of teaching materials — including school textbooks, having in mind the possibility of promoting mutual knowledge and facilitating the presenta- tion of each country in such books — as well as exchanges of information on technical innovations in the field of education.

National minorities or regional cultures. The participating States, recognizing the contribution that national minorities or regional cultures can make to co-operation among them in various fields of education, intend, when such minorities or cultures exist within their territory, to facilitate this contribution, taking into account the legiti- mate interests of their members.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 29 Helsinki 1975

Follow-up to the Conference The participating States,

Having considered and evaluated the progress made at the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe,

Considering further that, within the broader context of the world, the Conference is an important part of the process of improving security and developing co-operation in Europe and that its results will contribute significantly to this process,

Intending to implement the provisions of the Final Act of the Conference in order to give full effect to its results and thus to further the process of improving security and developing co-operation in Europe,

Convinced that, in order to achieve the aims sought by the Conference, they should make further unilateral, bilateral and multilateral efforts and continue, in the appropri- ate forms set forth below, the multilateral process initiated by the Conference,

1. Declare their resolve, in the period following the Conference, to pay due regard to and implement the provisions of the Final Act of the Conference:

(a) unilaterally, in all cases which lend themselves to such action;

(b) bilaterally, by negotiations with other participating States;

(c) multilaterally, by meetings of experts of the participating States, and also within the framework of existing international organizations, such as the United Nations Eco- nomic Commission for Europe and UNESCO, with regard to educational, scientific and cultural co-operation;

2. Declare furthermore their resolve to continue the multilateral process initiated by the Conference:

(a) by proceeding to a thorough exchange of views both on the implementation of the provisions of the Final Act and of the tasks defined by the Conference, as well as, in the context of the questions dealt with by the latter, on the deepening of their mutual rela- tions, the improvement of security and the development of co-operation in Europe, and the development of the process of détente in the future;

(b) by organizing to these ends meetings among their representatives, beginning with a meeting at the level of representatives appointed by the Ministers of foreign Affairs. This meeting will define the appropriate modalities for the holding of other meetings which could include further similar meetings and the possibility of a new Conference;

3. The first of the meetings indicated above will be held at Belgrade in 1977. A prepara- tory meeting to organize this meeting will be held at Belgrade on 15 June 1977. The pre-

30 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1975

paratory meeting will decide on the date, duration, agenda and other modalities of the meeting of representatives appointed by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs;

4. The rules of procedure, the working methods and the scale of distribution for the expenses of the Conference will, mutatis mutandis, be applied to the meetings envis- aged in paragraphs 1 (c), 2 and 3 above. All the above-mentioned meetings will be held in the participating States in rotation. The services of a technical secretariat will be pro- vided by the host country.

The original of this Final Act, drawn up in English, French, German, Italian, Russian and Spanish, will be transmitted to the Government of the Republic of Finland, which will retain it in its archives. Each of the participating States will receive from the Gov- ernment of the Republic of Finland a true copy of this Final Act.

The text of this Final Act will be published in each participating State, which will dis- seminate it and make it known as widely as possible.

The Government of the Republic of Finland is requested to transmit to the Secretary- General of the United Nations the text of this Final Act, which is not eligible for reg- istration under Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations, with a view to its cir- culation to all the members of the Organization as an official document of the United Nations.

The Government of the Republic of Finland is also requested to transmit the text of this Final Act to the Director-General of UNESCO and to the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.

Wherefore, the undersigned High Representatives of the participating States, mindful of the high political significance which they attach to the results of the Conference, and declaring their determination to act in accordance with the provisions contained in the above texts, have subscribed their signatures below

(…)

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 31 Concluding Document of the Madrid Meeting (Second Follow-up Meeting to the Helsinki Conference) Madrid 1983

Questions relating to Security in Europe The participating States express their determination

• to exert new efforts to make detente an effective, as well as continuing. increasingly viable and comprehensive process, universal in scope, as undertaken under the Final Act;

• to seek solutions to outstanding problems through peaceful means;

• to fulfil consistently all the provisions under the Final Act and, in particular, strictly and unreservedly to respect and put into practice all the ten principles contained in the Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States, irre- spective of their political, economic or social systems, as well as of their size, geo- graphical location or level of economic development, including their commitment to conduct their relations with all other States in the spirit of these principles;

• to develop relations of mutual co-operation, friendship and confidence, refraining from any action which, being contrary to the Final Act, might impair such relations;

• to encourage genuine efforts to implement the Final Act;

• to exert genuine efforts towards containing an increasing arms build-up as well as towards strengthening confidence and security and promoting disarmament.

Principles

They reaffirm their determination fully to respect and apply these principles and accord- ingly, to promote by all means, both in law and practice, their increased effectiveness. They consider that one such means could be to give legislative expression -in forms appropriate to practices and procedures specific to each country- to the ten principles set forth in the Final Act.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 33 Madrid 1983

They recognize it as important that treaties and agreements concluded by participat- ing States reflect and be consonant with the relevant principles and, where appropriate, refer to them.

The participating States reaffirm the need that refraining from the threat or use of force, as a norm of international life, should be strictly and effectively observed. To this end they stress their duty, under the relevant provisions of the Final Act, to act accordingly.

The participating States condemn terrorism, including terrorism in international rela- tions, as endangering or taking innocent human lives or otherwise jeopardizing human rights and fundamental freedoms and emphasize the necessity to take resolute meas- ures to combat it. They express their determination to take effective measures for the prevention and suppression of acts of terrorism, both at the national level and through international co-operation including appropriate bilateral and multilateral agreements, and accordingly to broaden and reinforce mutual co-operation to combat such acts. They agree to do so in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, the United Nations Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States and the Helsinki Final Act.

In the context of the combat against acts of terrorism, they will take all appropriate measures in preventing their respective territories from being used for the prepara- tion, organization or commission of terrorist activities, including those directed against other participating States and their citizens. This also includes measures to prohibit on their territories illegal activities of persons, groups and organizations that instigate, organize or engage in the perpetration of acts of terrorism.

The participating States confirm that they will refrain from direct or indirect assistance to terrorist activities or to subversive or other activities directed towards the violent overthrow of the regime of another participating State. Accordingly, they will refrain, inter alia, from financing, encouraging, fomenting or tolerating any such activities.

They express their determination to do their utmost to assure necessary security to all official representatives and persons who participate on their territories in activities within the scope of diplomatic, consular or other official relations.

They emphasize that all the participating States recognize in the Final Act the universal significance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, respect for which is an essen- tial factor for the peace, justice and well-being necessary to ensure the development of friendly relations and co-operation among themselves, as among all States.

The participating States stress their determination to promote and encourage the effec- tive exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms, all of which derive from the inherent dignity of the human person and are essential for his free and full, develop- ment, and to assure constant and tangible progress in accordance with the Final Act, aiming at further and steady development in this field in all participating States, irre- spective of their political, economic and social systems.

34 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Madrid 1983

They similarly stress their determination to develop their laws and regulations in the field of civil, political, economic, social, cultural and other human rights and funda- mental freedoms; they also emphasize their determination to ensure the effective exer- cise of these rights and freedoms.

They recall the right of the individual to know and act upon his rights and duties in the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as embodied in the Final Act, and will take the necessary action in their respective countries to effectively ensure this right.

The participating States reaffirm that they will recognize, respect and furthermore agree to take the action necessary to ensure the freedom of the individual to profess and practise, alone or in community with others, religion or belief acting in accordance with the dictates of his own conscience.

In this context, they will consult, whenever necessary, the religious faiths, institutions and organizations, which act within the constitutional framework of their respective countries.

They will favourably consider applications by religious communities of believers prac- tising or prepared to practise their faith within the constitutional framework of their States, to be granted the status provided for in their respective countries for religious faiths, institutions and organizations.

They stress also the importance of constant progress in ensuring the respect for and actual enjoyment of the rights of persons belonging to national minorities as well as protecting their legitimate interests as provided for in the Final Act.

They stress the importance of ensuring equal rights of men and women; accordingly, they agree to take all actions necessary to promote equally effective participation of men and women in political, economic, social and cultural life.

The participating States will ensure the right of workers freely to establish and join trade unions, the right of trade unions freely to exercise their activities and other rights as laid down in relevant international instruments. They note that these rights will be exercised in compliance with the law of the State and in conformity with the State’s obligations under international law. They will encourage, as appropriate, direct contacts and communication among such trade unions and their representatives.

They reaffirm that governments, institutions, organizations and persons have a rele- vant and positive role to play in contributing toward the achievement of the above-men- tioned aims of their co-operation.

They reaffirm the particular significance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the international Covenants on Human Rights and other relevant international instru- ments of their joint and separate efforts to stimulate and develop universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; they call on all participating States to act

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 35 Madrid 1983

in conformity with those international instruments and on those participating States, which have not yet done so, to consider the possibility of acceding to the covenants.

They agree to give favourable consideration to the use of bilateral round-table meetings, held on a voluntary basis, between delegations composed by each participating State to discuss issues of human rights and fundamental freedoms in accordance with an agreed agenda in a spirit of mutual respect with a view to achieving greater understanding and co-operation based on the provisions of the Final Act.

They decide to convene a meeting of experts of the participating States on questions concerning respect, in their States, for human rights and fundamental freedoms, in all their aspects, as embodied in the Final Act.

(…)

Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment (…)

In the context of the provisions of the Final Act concerning migrant labour in Europe, the participating States note that recent developments in the world economy have affected the situation of migrant workers. In this connection, the participating States express their wish that host countries and countries of origin, guided by a spirit of mutual interest and co-operation, intensify their contacts with a view to improving fur- ther the general situation of migrant workers and their families, inter alia the protec- tion of their human rights including their economic, social and cultural rights while taking particularly into account the special problems of second generation migrants. They will also endeavour to provide or promote, where reasonable demand exists, ade- quate teaching of the language and culture of the countries of origin.

The participating States recommend that, among other measures for facilitating the social and economic reintegration of returning migrant labour, the payment of pen- sions as acquired or established under the social security system to which such work- ers have been admitted in the host country should be ensured by appropriate legislative means or reciprocal agreements (…)

Co-operation in Humanitarian and other Fields The participating States,

Recalling the introductory sections of the Chapter on Co-operation in Humanitarian and other Fields of the Final Act including those concerning the development of mutual understanding between them and detente and those concerning progress in cultural and educational exchanges, broader dissemination of information, contacts between people and the solution of humanitarian problems,

36 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Madrid 1983

Resolving to pursue and expand co-operation in these fields and to achieve a fuller utili- zation of the possibilities offered by the Final Act,

Agree now to implement the following:

Human Contacts

The participating States will favourably deal with applications relating to contacts and regular meetings on the basis of family ties, reunification of families and marriage between citizens of different States and will decide upon them in the same spirit.

They will decide upon these applications in emergency cases for family meetings as expeditiously as possible, for family reunification and for marriage between citizens of different States in normal practice within six months and for other family meetings within gradually decreasing time limits.

They confirm that the presentation or renewal of applications in these cases will not modify the rights and obligations of the applicants or of members of their families con- cerning inter alia employment, housing, residence status, family support, access to social, economic or educational benefits, as well as any other rights and obligations flowing from the laws and regulations of the respective participating State.

The participating States will provide the necessary information on the procedures to be followed by the applicants in these cases and on the regulations to be observed, as well as, upon the applicant’s request, provide the relevant forms.

They will, where necessary, gradually reduce fees charged in connection with these applications, including those for visas and passports, in order to bring them to a moder- ate level in relation to the average monthly income in the respective participating State.

Applicants will be informed as expeditiously as possible of the decision that has been reached. In case of refusal applicants will also be informed of their right to renew appli- cations after reasonably short intervals.

The participating States reaffirm their commitment fully to implement the provisions regarding diplomatic and other official missions and consular posts of other participat- ing States contained in relevant multilateral or bilateral conventions, and to facilitate the normal functioning of those missions. Access by visitors to these missions will be assured with due regard to the necessary requirements of security of these missions.

They also reaffirm their willingness to take, within their competence, reasonable steps, including necessary security measures, when appropriate, to ensure satisfactory con- ditions for activities within the framework of mutual co-operation on their territory, such as sporting and cultural events, in which citizens of other participating States take part.

The participating States will endeavour, where appropriate, to improve the conditions relating to legal, consular and medical assistance for citizens of other participating

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 37 Madrid 1983

States temporarily on their territory for personal or professional reasons, taking due account of relevant multilateral or bilateral conventions or agreements.

They will further implement the relevant provisions of the Final Act, so that religious faiths, institutions, organizations and their representatives can, in the field of their activity, develop contacts and meetings among themselves and exchange information.

The participating States will encourage contacts and exchanges among young peo- ple and foster the broadening of co-operation among their youth organizations. They will favour the holding among young people and youth organizations of educational, cultural and other comparable events and activities. They will also favour the study of problems relating to the younger generation. The participating States will further the development of individual or collective youth tourism, when necessary on the basis of arrangements, inter alia by encouraging the granting of suitable facilities by the trans- port authorities and tourist organizations of the participating States or such facilities as those offered by the railway authorities participating in the “Inter-Rail” system.

Information

The participating States will further encourage the freer and wider dissemination of printed matter, periodical and non-periodical, imported from other participating States, as well as an increase in the number of places where these publications are on public sale. These publications win also be accessible in reading rooms in large public libraries and similar institutions.

In particular, to facilitate the improvement of dissemination of printed information, the participating States will encourage contacts and negotiations between their competent firms and organizations with a view to concluding long-term agreements and contracts designed to increase the quantities and number of titles of newspapers and other pub- lications imported from other participating States. They consider it desirable that the retail prices of foreign publications are not excessive in relation to prices in their coun- try of origin.

They confirm their intention, according to the relevant provisions of the Final Act, to further extend the possibilities for the public to take out subscriptions.

They will favour the further expansion of co-operation among mass media and their representatives, especially between the editorial staffs of press agencies, newspapers, radio and television organizations as well as film companies. They will encourage a more regular exchange of news, articles, supplements and broadcasts as well as the exchange of editorial staff for better knowledge of respective practices. On the basis of reciprocity, they will improve the material and technical facilities provided for per- manently or temporarily accredited television and radio reporters. Moreover, they will facilitate direct contacts among journalists as well as contacts within the framework of professional organizations.

38 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Madrid 1983

They will decide without undue delay upon visa applications from journalists and re- examine within a reasonable time frame applications which have been refused. Moreo- ver, journalists wishing to travel for personal reasons and not for the purpose of report- ing shall enjoy the same treatment as other visitors from their country of origin.

They will grant permanent correspondents and members of their families living with them multiple entry and exit visas valid for one year.

The participating States will examine the possibility of granting, where necessary on the basis of bilateral arrangements, accreditation and related facilities to journalists from other participating States who are permanently accredited in third countries.

They will facilitate travel by journalists from other participating States within their ter- ritories, inter alia by taking concrete measures where necessary, to afford them oppor- tunities to travel more extensively, with the exception of areas closed for security rea- sons. They will inform journalists in advance, whenever possible, if new areas are closed for security reasons.

They will further increase the possibilities and, when necessary, improve the conditions for journalists from other participating States to establish and maintain personal con- tacts and communication with their sources.

They will, as a rule, authorize radio and television journalists, at their request, to be accompanied by their own sound and film technicians and to use their own equipment.

Similarly, journalists may carry with them reference material, including personal notes and files, to be used strictly for their professional purposes*.

(…)

The participating States will, where necessary, facilitate the establishment and opera- tion, in their capitals, of press centres or institutions performing the same functions, open to the national and foreign press with suitable working facilities for the latter.

They will also consider further ways and means to assist journalists from other partic- ipating States and thus to enable them to resolve practical problems they may encoun- ter.

Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Culture

They will endeavour, by taking appropriate steps, to make the relevant information con- cerning possibilities offered by bilateral cultural agreements and programmes available to interested persons, institutions and non-governmental organizations, thus facilitat- ing their effective implementation.

* In this context it is understood that import of printed matter may be subject to local regulations which will be applied with due regard to the journalists’ need for adequate working material.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 39 Madrid 1983

The participating States will further encourage wider dissemination of and access to books, films and other forms and means of cultural expression from other participating States, to this end improving by appropriate means, on bilateral and multilateral bases, the conditions for international commercial and non-commercial exchange of their cul- tural goods, inter alia by gradually lowering customs duties on these items.

The participating States will endeavour to encourage the translation, publication and dissemination of works in the sphere of literature and other fields of cultural activity from other participating States, especially those produced in less widely spoken lan- guages, by facilitating co-operation between publishing houses, in particular through the exchange of lists of books which might be translated as well as of other relevant information.

They will contribute to the development of contacts, co-operation and joint projects among the participating States regarding the protection, preservation and recording of historical heritage and monuments and the relationship between man, environment and this heritage; they express their interest in the possibility of convening an inter- governmental conference on these matters within the framework of UNESCO.

The participating States will encourage their radio and television organizations to con- tinue developing the presentation of the cultural and artistic achievements of other par- ticipating States on the basis of bilateral and multilateral arrangements between these organizations, providing inter alia for exchanges of information on productions, for the broadcasting of shows and programmes from other participating States, for co-produc- tions, for the invitation of guest conductors and directors, as well as for the provision of mutual assistance to cultural film teams.

(…)

Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Education

The participating States will promote the establishment of governmental and non-gov- ernmental arrangements and agreements in education and science, to be carried out with the participation of educational or other competent institutions.

The participating States will contribute to the further improvement of exchanges of stu- dents, teachers and scholars and their access to each other’s educational, cultural and scientific institutions, and also their access to open information material in accordance with the laws and regulations prevailing in each country. In this context, they will facil- itate travel by scholars, teachers and students within the receiving State, the establish- ment by them of contacts with their colleagues, and will also encourage libraries, higher education establishments and similar institutions in their territories to make catalogues and lists of open archival material available to scholars, teachers and students from other participating States.

They will encourage a more regular exchange of information about scientific training programmes, courses and seminars for young scientists and facilitate a wider participa-

40 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Madrid 1983

tion in these activities of young scientists from different participating States. They will call upon the appropriate national and international organizations and institutions to give support, where appropriate, to the realization of these training activities.

(…)

The participating States will favour widening the possibilities of teaching and study- ing less widely spread or studied European languages. They will, to this end, stimulate, within their competence, the organization of and attendance at summer university and other courses, the granting of scholarships for translators and the reinforcement of lin- guistic faculties including, in case of need, the provision of new facilities for studying these languages.

The participating States express their readiness to intensify the exchange, among them and within competent international organizations, of teaching materials, school text- books, maps, bibliographies and other educational material, in order to promote better mutual knowledge and facilitate a fuller presentation of their respective countries.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 41 Document of the Stockholm Conference on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures and Disarmament in Europe Stockholm 1986

(…)

Refraining from the threat or use of force (…)

(18) The participating States stress their commitment to the Final Act and the need for full implementation of all its provisions, which will further the process of improving security and developing co-operation in Europe, thereby contributing to international peace and security in the world as a whole.

(19) They emphasize their commitment to all the principles of the Declaration on Prin- ciples Guiding Relations between Participating States and declare their determina- tion to respect and put them into practice irrespective of their political, economic or social systems as well as of their size, geographical location or level of economic devel- opment.

(20) All these ten principles are of primary significance and, accordingly, they will be equally and unreservedly applied, each of them being interpreted taking into account the others.

(21) Respect for and the application of these principles will enhance the development of friendly relations and co-operation among the participating States in all fields covered by the provisions of the Final Act.

(22) They reconfirm their commitment to the basic principle of the sovereign equality of States and stress that all States have equal rights and duties within the framework of international law.

(23) They reaffirm the universal significance of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Respect for and the effective exercise of these rights and freedoms are essen-

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 43 Stockholm 1986

tial factors for international peace, justice and security, as well as for the development of friendly relations and co-operation among themselves as among all States, as set forth in the Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States.

(24) They reaffirm that, in the broader context of world security, security in Europe is closely linked with security in the Mediterranean area as a whole; in this context, they confirm their intention to develop good neighbourly relations with all States in the region, with due regard to reciprocity, and in the spirit of the principles contained in the Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States. so as to pro- mote confidence and security and make peace prevail in the region in accordance with the provisions contained in the Mediterranean chapter of the Final Act.

(25) They emphasize the necessity to take resolute measures to prevent and to combat terrorism, including terrorism in international relations. They express their determina- tion to take effective measures, both at the national level and through international co- operation, for the prevention and suppression of all acts of terrorism. They will take all appropriate measures in preventing their respective territories from being used for the preparation, organization or commission of terrorist activities. This also includes meas- ures to prohibit on their territories illegal activities, including subversive activities, of persons, groups and organizations that instigate, organize or engage in the perpetration of acts of terrorism, including those directed against other States and their citizens.

44 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments Concluding Document of the Vienna Meeting (Third Follow-up Meeting to the Helsinki Conference) Vienna 1989

(…)

Questions relating to Security in Europe The participating States express their determination

• to build on the current positive developments in their relations in order to make detente a viable, comprehensive and genuine process, universal in scope;

• to assume their responsibility fully to implement the commitments contained in the Final Act and other CSCE documents;

• to intensify their efforts to seek solutions to problems burdening their relations and to strengthen safeguards for international peace and security;

• to promote co-operation and dialogue among them, to ensure the effective exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms and to facilitate contacts and communica- tion between people;

• to exert new efforts to make further progress to strengthen confidence and security and to promote disarmament.

Principles

(1) The participating States reaffirm their commitment to all ten principles of the Final Act’s Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between participating States and their determination to respect them and put them into practice. The participat- ing States reaffirm that all these principles are of primary significance and, accordingly, will be equally and unreservedly applied, each of them being interpreted taking into account the others.

(2) They stress that respect for and full application of these principles as well as strict compliance with all CSCE commitments deriving from them are of great political

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 45 Vienna 1989

importance and essential for building confidence and security as well as for the devel- opment of their friendly relations and of their co-operation in all fields.

(3) In this context, they confirm that they will respect each other’s right freely to choose and develop their political, social, economic and cultural systems as well as their right to determine their laws, regulations, practices and policies. In exercising these rights, they will ensure that their laws, regulations, practices and policies conform with their obligations under international law and are brought into harmony with the provisions of the Declaration on Principles and other CSCE commitments.

(4) They also confirm that, by virtue of the principle of equal rights and self-determina- tion of peoples and in conformity with the relevant provisions of the Final Act, all peo- ples always have the right, in full freedom, to determine, when and as they wish, their internal and external political status, without external interference, and to pursue as they wish their political, economic, social and cultural development.

(…)

(8) The participating States unreservedly condemn, as criminal, all acts, methods and practices of terrorism, wherever and by whomever committed, including those which jeopardize friendly relations among States and their security, and agree that terrorism cannot be justified under any circumstances.

(9) They express their determination to work for the eradication of terrorism both bilat- erally and through multilateral co-operation, particularly in such international fora as the United Nations, the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime Organization and in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Final Act and the Madrid Concluding Document.

(10) Convinced of the need to combine measures at a national level with reinforced international co-operation, the participating States express their intention

(10.1) - to pursue a policy of firmness in response to terrorist demands;

(10.2) - to reinforce and develop bilateral and multilateral co-operation among them- selves in order to prevent and combat terrorism as well as to increase efficiency in exist- ing co-operation at the bilateral level or in the framework of groups of States including, as appropriate, through the exchange of information;

(10.3.) - to prevent on their territories illegal activities of persons, groups or organi- zations that instigate, organize or engage in the perpetration of acts of terrorism or subversive or other activities directed towards the violent overthrow of the regime of another participating State;

(10.4) - to take effective measures for the prevention and suppression of acts of terror- ism directed at diplomatic or consular representatives and against terrorism involving violations of the Vienna Conventions on Diplomatic and Consular Relations, in particu- lar their provisions relating to diplomatic and consular privileges and immunities;

46 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Vienna 1989

(10.5) - to ensure the extradition or prosecution of persons implicated in terrorist acts and to co-operate closely in cases of conflict of jurisdiction where several States are concerned, acting in both respects in accordance with the relevant international agree- ments;

(10.6) - to consider becoming parties, if they have not yet done so, to the relevant inter- national conventions relating to the suppression of acts of terrorism;

(10.7) - to continue to work in the appropriate international bodies in order to improve and extend measures against terrorism and to ensure that the relevant agreements are accepted and acted upon by as many States as possible.

(11) They confirm that they will respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief, for all without distinc- tion as to race, sex, language or religion. They also confirm the universal significance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, respect for which is an essential factor for the peace, justice and security necessary to ensure the development of friendly relations and cooperation among themselves, as among all States.

(12) They express their determination to guarantee the effective exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms, all of which derive from the inherent dignity of the human person and are essential for his free and full development. They recognize that civil, political, economic, social, cultural and other rights and freedoms are all of para- mount importance and must be fully realized by all appropriate means.

(13) In this context they will

(13.1) - develop their laws, regulations and policies in the field of civil, political, eco- nomic, social, cultural and other human rights and fundamental freedoms and put them into practice in order to guarantee the effective exercise of these rights and freedoms;

(13.2) - consider acceding to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Optional Pro- tocol to the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and other relevant international instruments, if they have not yet done so;

(13.3) - publish and disseminate the text of the Final Act, of the Madrid Concluding Document and of the present Document as well as those of any relevant international instruments in the field of human rights, in order to ensure the availability of these doc- uments in their entirety, to make them known as widely as possible and to render them accessible to all individuals in their countries, in particular through public library sys- tems;

(13.4) - effectively ensure the right of the individual to know and act upon his rights and duties in this field, and to that end publish and make accessible all laws, regulations and procedures relating to human rights and fundamental freedoms;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 47 Vienna 1989

(13.5) - respect the right of their citizens to contribute actively, individually or in asso- ciation with others, to the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamen- tal freedoms;

(13.6) - encourage in schools and other educational institutions consideration of the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms;

(13.7) - ensure human rights and fundamental freedoms to everyone within their terri- tory and subject to their jurisdiction, without distinction of any kind such as race, col- our, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, prop- erty, birth or other status;

(13.8) - ensure that no individual exercising, expressing the intention to exercise or seeking to exercise these rights and freedoms or any member of his family, will as a consequence be discriminated against in any manner;

(13.9) - ensure that effective remedies as well as full information about them are avail- able to those who claim that their human rights and fundamental freedoms have been violated; they will, inter alia, effectively apply the following remedies:

• the right of the individual to appeal to executive, legislative, judicial or administrative organs;

• the right to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time before an independent and impartial tribunal, including the right to present legal arguments and to be repre- sented by legal counsel of one’s choice;

• the right to be promptly and officially informed of the decision taken on any appeal, including the legal grounds on which this decision was based. This information will be provided as a rule in writing and, in any event, in a way that will enable the individual to make effective use of further available remedies.

(14) The participating States recognize that the promotion of economic, social, cultural rights as well as of civil and political rights is of paramount importance for human dig- nity and for the attainment of the legitimate aspirations of every individual. They will therefore continue their efforts with a view to achieving progressively the full reali- zation of economic, social and cultural rights by all appropriate means, including in particular by the adoption of legislative measures. In this context they will pay special attention to problems in the areas of employment, housing, social security, health, edu- cation and culture.

They will promote constant progress in the realization of all rights and freedoms within their countries, as well as in the development of relations among themselves and with other States, so that everyone actually enjoys to the full his economic, social and cul- tural rights as well as his civil and political rights.

(15) The participating States confirm their determination to ensure equal rights of men and women. Accordingly, they will take all measures necessary, including legislative

48 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Vienna 1989

measures, to promote equally effective participation of men and women in political, economic, social and cultural life. They will consider the possibility of acceding to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, if they have not yet done so.

(16) In order to ensure the freedom of the individual to profess and practise religion or belief, the participating States will, inter alia,

(16.1) - take effective measures to prevent and eliminate discrimination against indi- viduals or communities on the grounds of religion or belief in the recognition, exercise and enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms in all fields of civil, political, economic, social and cultural life, and to ensure the effective equality between believ- ers and non-believers;

(16.2) - foster a climate of mutual tolerance and respect between believers of different communities as well as between believers and non-believers;

(16.3) - grant upon their request to communities of believers, practising or prepared to practise their faith within the constitutional framework of their States, recognition of the status provided for them in their respective countries;

(16.4) - respect the right of these religious communities to

• establish and maintain freely accessible places of worship or assembly,

• organize themselves according to their own hierarchical and institutional structure,

• select, appoint and replace their personnel in accordance with their respective require- ments and standards as well as with any freely accepted arrangement between them and their State,

• solicit and receive voluntary financial and other contributions;

(16.5) - engage in consultations with religious faiths, institutions and organizations in order to achieve a better understanding of the requirements of religious freedom;

(16.6) - respect the right of everyone to give and receive religious education in the lan- guage of his choice, whether individually or in association with others;

(16.7) - in this context respect, inter alia, the liberty of parents to ensure the religious and moral education of their children in conformity with their own convictions;

(16.8) - allow the training of religious personnel in appropriate institutions;

(16.9) - respect the right of individual believers and communities of believers to acquire, possess, and use sacred books, religious publications in the language of their choice and other articles and materials related to the practice of religion or belief,

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 49 Vienna 1989

(16.10) - allow religious faiths, institutions and organizations to produce, import and disseminate religious publications and materials;

(16.11) - favourably consider the interest of religious communities to participate in pub- lic dialogue, including through the mass media.

(17) The participating States recognize that the exercise of the above-mentioned rights relating to the freedom of religion or belief may be subject only to such limitations as are provided by law and consistent with their obligations under international law and with their international commitments. They will ensure in their laws and regulations and in their application the full and effective exercise of the freedom of thought, con- science, religion or belief.

(18) The participating States will exert sustained efforts to implement the provisions of the Final Act and of the Madrid Concluding Document pertaining to national minori- ties. They will take all the necessary legislative, administrative, judicial and other meas- ures and apply the relevant international instruments by which they may be bound, to ensure the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms of persons belonging to national minorities within their territory. They will refrain from any discrimination against such persons and will contribute to the realization of their legitimate interests and aspirations in the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

(19) They will protect and create conditions for the promotion of the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of national minorities on their territory. They will respect the free exercise of rights by persons belonging to such minorities and ensure their full equality with others.

(20) The participating States win respect fully the right of everyone

• to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each State, and

• to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.

(21) The participating States will ensure that the exercise of the above-mentioned rights will not be subject to any restrictions except those which are provided by law and are consistent with their obligations under international law, in particular the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and with their international commitments, in particular the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These restrictions have the character of exceptions. The participating States will ensure that these restrictions are not abused and are not applied in an arbitrary manner, but in such a way that the effec- tive exercise of these rights is ensured.

(22) In this context they will allow all refugees who so desire to return in safety to their homes.

(23) The participating States will

(23.1) - ensure that no one will be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile;

50 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Vienna 1989

(23.2) - ensure that all individuals in detention or incarceration will be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person;

(23.3) - observe the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Pris- oners as well as the United Nations Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials;

(23.4) - prohibit torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punish- ment and take effective legislative, administrative, judicial and other measures to pre- vent and punish such practices;

(23.5) - consider acceding to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, if they have not yet done so;

(23.6) - protect individuals from any psychiatric or other medical practices that violate human rights and fundamental freedoms and take effective measures to prevent and punish such practices.

(24) With regard to the question of capital punishment, the participating States note that capital punishment has been abolished in a number of them. In participating States where capital punishment has not been abolished, sentence of death may be imposed only for the most serious crimes in accordance with the law in force at the time of the commission of the crime and not contrary to their international commitments. This question will be kept under consideration. In this context, the participating States will co-operate within relevant international organizations.

(25) With the aim of developing mutual understanding and confidence, promoting friendly and good neighbourly relations, strengthening international peace, security and justice and improving the implementation of their CSCE commitments, the par- ticipating States will further develop co-operation and promote dialogue between them in all fields and at all levels on the basis of full equality. They agree that full respect for and application of the principles and the fulfilment of the other CSCE provisions will improve their relations and advance the development of their co-operation. They will refrain from any action inconsistent with the provisions of the Final Act and other CSCE documents and recognize that any such action would impair relations between them and hinder the development of co-operation among them.

(26) They confirm that governments, institutions, organizations and persons have a rel- evant and positive role to play in contributing to the achievement of the aims of their co-operation and to the full realization of the Final Act. To that end they will respect the right of persons to observe and promote the implementation of CSCE provisions and to associate with others for this purpose. They will facilitate direct contacts and commu- nication among these persons, organizations and institutions within and between par- ticipating States and remove, where they exist, legal and administrative impediments inconsistent with the CSCE provisions. They will also take effective measures to facili- tate access to information on the implementation of CSCE provisions and to facilitate the free expression of views on these matters.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 51 Vienna 1989

(…)

Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment (…)

Co-operation in other areas

(40) The participating States emphasize the need for effective implementation of the provisions of the Final Act and the Madrid Concluding Document relating to migrant workers and their families in Europe. They invite host countries and countries of origin to make efforts to improve further the economic, social, cultural and other conditions of life for migrant workers and their families legally residing in the host countries. They recommend that host countries and countries of origin should promote their bilateral co-operation in relevant fields with a view to facilitating the reintegration of migrant workers and their families returning to their country of origin.

(41) The participating States will, in accordance with their relevant commitments undertaken in the Final Act and the Madrid Concluding Document, consider favour- ably applications for family reunification as well as family contacts and visits involving migrant workers from other participating States legally residing in the host countries.

(42) The participating States will ensure that migrant workers from other participating States, and their families, can freely enjoy and maintain their national culture and have access to the culture of the host country.

(43) Aiming at ensuring effective equality of opportunity between the children of migrant workers and the children of their own nationals regarding access to all forms and levels of education, the participating States affirm their readiness to take measures needed for the better use and improvement of educational opportunities. Furthermore, they will encourage or facilitate, where reasonable demand exists, supplementary teach- ing in their mother tongue for the children of migrant workers.

(44) The participating States recognize that issues of migrant workers have their human dimension.

(45) The participating States acknowledge that the impact of economic and techno- logical change is being acutely felt in the work place. They underline their readiness to encourage co-operation in the field of vocational training policy through increased exchange of information and experience, with the aim of enhancing the educational standards, professional knowledge, skills and adaptability of personnel involved in industry and commerce.

(46) The participating States recognize the importance of facilitating the integration of young people into professional fife. They will therefore continue their efforts to ensure the necessary conditions for the education and vocational training of young people and

52 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Vienna 1989

to promote youth employment opportunities in various sectors of the economy. They will continue their efforts to create conditions for developing the level of scientific and cultural knowledge of their citizens, especially young people, and for facilitating their access to achievements in the areas of natural and social sciences, as well as culture.

(…)

Co-operation in Humanitarian and other fields The participating States,

Considering that co-operation in humanitarian and other fields is an essential factor for the development of their relations,

Agreeing that their co-operation in these fields should take place in full respect for the principles guiding relations between participating States as set forth in the Final Act as well as for the provisions in the Madrid Concluding Document and in the present Doc- ument pertaining to those principles,

Confirming that, in implementing the provisions concerning co-operation in humani- tarian and other fields in the framework of their laws and regulations, they will ensure that those laws and regulations conform with their obligations under international law and are brought into harmony with their CSCE commitments,

Recognizing that the implementation of the relevant provisions of the Final Act and of the Madrid Concluding Document requires continuous and intensified efforts,

Have adopted and will implement the following:

Human Contacts

(1) In implementing the human contacts provisions of the Final Act, the Madrid Con- cluding Document and the present Document, they will fully respect their obliga- tions under international law as referred to in the subchapter of the present Document devoted to principles, in particular that everyone shall be free to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country, as well as their international commit- ments in this field.

(2) They will ensure that their policies concerning entry into their territories are fully consistent with the aims set out in the relevant provisions of the Final Act, the Madrid Concluding Document and the present Document.

(3) They will take the necessary steps to find solutions as expeditiously as possible, but in any case within six months, to all applications based on the human contacts provi- sions of the Final Act and the Madrid Concluding Document, outstanding at the con- clusion of the Vienna Follow-up Meeting.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 53 Vienna 1989

(4) Thereafter they will conduct regular reviews in order to ensure that all applications based on the human contacts provisions of the Final Act and of the other aforemen- tioned CSCE documents are being dealt with in a manner consistent with those provi- sions.

(5) They will decide upon applications relating to family meetings in accordance with the Final Act and the other aforementioned CSCE documents in as short a time as pos- sible and in normal practice within one month.

(6) In the same manner they will decide upon applications relating to family reunifica- tion or marriage between citizens of different States, in normal practice within three months.

(7) In dealing favourably with applications relating to family meetings, they will take due account of the wishes of the applicant, in particular on the timing and sufficiently long duration of such meetings, and on travelling together with other members of his family for joint family meetings.

(8) In dealing favourably with applications relating to family meetings, they will also allow visits to and from more distant relatives.

(9) In dealing favourably with applications relating to family reunification or marriage between citizens of different States, they will respect the wishes of the applicants on the country of destination ready to accept them.

(10) They will pay particular attention to the solution of problems involving the reunifi- cation of minor children with their parents. In this context and on the basis of the rel- evant provisions of the Final Act and of the other aforementioned CSCE documents, they will ensure

• that an application for this purpose submitted while the child is a minor will be dealt with favourably and expeditiously in order to effect the reunification without delay, and

• that adequate arrangements are made to protect the interests and welfare of the chil- dren concerned.

(11) They will consider the scope for gradually reducing and eventually eliminating any requirement which might exist for travellers to obtain local currency in excess of actual expenditure, giving priority to persons travelling for the purpose of family meetings. They will accord such persons the opportunity in practice to bring in or to take out with them personal possessions or gifts.

(12) They will pay immediate attention to applications for travel of an urgent humani- tarian nature and deal with them favourably as follows:

• They will decide within three working days upon applications relating to visits to a seriously ill or dying family member, travel to attend the funeral of a family member

54 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Vienna 1989

or travel by those who have a proven need of urgent medical treatment or who can be shown to be critically or terminally ill.

• They will decide as expeditiously as possible upon applications relating to travel by those who are seriously ill or by the elderly, and other travel of an urgent humanitarian nature.

• They will intensify efforts by their local, regional and central authorities concerned with the implementation of the above, and ensure that charges for giving priority treatment to such applications do not exceed costs actually incurred.

(13) In dealing with applications for travel for family meetings, family reunification or marriage between citizens of different States, they win ensure that acts or omissions by members of the applicant’s family do not adversely affect the rights of the applicant as set forth in the relevant international instruments.

(14) They will ensure that all documents necessary for applications based on the human contacts provisions of the Final Act and of the other aforementioned CSCE documents are easily accessible to the applicant. The documents will remain valid throughout the application procedure In the event of a renewed application the documents already sub- mitted by the applicant in connection with previous applications will be taken into con- sideration.

(15) They will simplify practices and gradually reduce administrative requirements for applications based on the human contacts provisions of the Final Act and of the other aforementioned CSCE documents.

(16) They will ensure that, when applications based on the human contacts provisions of the Final Act and of the other aforementioned CSCE documents are refused for rea- sons specified in the relevant international instruments, the applicant is promptly pro- vided in writing with an official notification of the grounds on which the decision was based. As a rule and in all cases where the applicant so requests, he will be given the necessary information about the procedure for making use of any effective adminis- trative or judicial remedies against the decision available to him as envisaged in the above-mentioned international instruments. In cases where exit for permanent settle- ment abroad is involved, this information will be provided as part of the official notifi- cation foreseen above.

(17) If in this context an individual’s application for travel abroad has been refused for reasons of national security, they will ensure that, within strictly warranted time limits, any restriction on that individual’s travel is as short as possible and is not applied in an arbitrary manner. They will also ensure that the applicant can have the refusal reviewed within six months and, should the need arise, at regular intervals thereafter so that any changes in the circumstances surrounding the refusal, such as time elapsed since the applicant was last engaged in work or duties involving national security, are taken into account. Before individuals take up such work or duties they will be formally notified if and how this could affect applications they might submit for such travel.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 55 Vienna 1989

(18) Within one year of the conclusion of the Vienna Follow-up Meeting they win pub- lish and make easily accessible, where this has not already been done, an their laws and statutory regulations concerning movement by individuals within their territory and travel between States.

(19) In dealing favourably with applications based on the human contacts provisions of the Final Act and of the other aforementioned CSCE documents, they will ensure that these are dealt with in good time in order, inter alia, to take due account of important family, personal or professional considerations significant for the applicant.

(20) They will deal favourably with applications for travel abroad without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, age or other status. They will ensure that any refusal does not affect applications submitted by other persons.

(21) They will further facilitate travel on an individual or collective basis for personal or professional reasons and for tourism, such as travel by delegations, groups and individ- uals. To this end they will reduce the time for the consideration of applications for such travel to a minimum.

(22) They will give serious consideration to proposals for concluding agreements on the issuing of multiple entry visas and the reciprocal easing of visa processing formali- ties, and consider possibilities for the reciprocal abolition of entry visas on the basis of agreements between them.

(23) They will consider adhering to the relevant multilateral instruments as well as con- cluding complementary or other bilateral agreements, if necessary, in order to improve arrangements for ensuring effective consular, legal and medical assistance for citizens of other participating States temporarily on their territory.

(24) They will take any necessary measures to ensure that citizens of other participat- ing States temporarily on their territory for personal or professional reasons, inter alia for the purpose of participating in cultural, scientific and educational activities, are afforded appropriate personal safety, where this is not already the case.

(25) They will facilitate and encourage the establishment and maintenance of direct per- sonal contacts between their citizens as well as between representatives of their insti- tutions and organizations through travel between States and other means of communi- cation.

(26) They will facilitate such contacts and co-operation among their peoples through such measures as direct sports exchanges on a local and regional level, the unimpeded establishment and implementation of town-twinning arrangements, as well as student and teacher exchanges.

(27) They will encourage the further development of direct contacts between young people, as well as between governmental and non-governmental youth and student

56 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Vienna 1989

organizations and institutions; the conclusion between such organizations and institu- tions of bilateral and multilateral arrangements and programmes; and the holding on a bilateral and multilateral basis of educational, cultural and other events and activities by and for young people.

(28) They will make further efforts to facilitate travel and tourism by young people, inter alia by recommending to those of their railway authorities which are members of the International Union of Railways (UIC) that they expand the Inter-Rail system to cover all their European networks and by recommending to those of their railway authorities which are not members of the UIC that they consider establishing similar facilities.

(29) In accordance with the Universal Postal Convention and the International Tele- communication Convention, they will

• guarantee the freedom of transit of postal communication;

• ensure the rapid and unhindered delivery of correspondence, including personal mail and parcels;

• respect the privacy and integrity of postal and telephone communications; and

• ensure the conditions necessary for rapid and uninterrupted telephone calls, includ- ing the use of international direct dialling systems, where they exist, and their devel- opment.

(30) They will encourage direct personal contacts between the citizens of their States, inter alia by facilitating individual travel within their countries and by allowing foreign- ers to meet their citizens as well as, when invited to do so, to stay in private homes.

(31) They will ensure that the status of persons belonging to national minorities or regional cultures on their territories is equal to that of other citizens with regard to human contacts under the Final Act and the other aforementioned CSCE documents and that these persons can establish and maintain such contacts through travel and other means of communication, including contacts with citizens of other States with whom they share a common national origin or cultural heritage.

(32) They will allow believers, religious faiths and their representatives, in groups or on an individual basis, to establish and maintain direct personal contacts and commu- nication with each other, in their own and other countries, inter alia through travel, pilgrimages and participation in assemblies and other religious events. In this context and commensurate with such contacts and events, those concerned will be allowed to acquire, receive and carry with them religious publications and objects related to the practice of their religion or belief.

(33) They heard accounts of the Meeting of Experts on Human Contacts held in Bern from 15 April to 26 May 1986. Noting that no conclusions had been agreed upon at the Meeting, they regarded both the frankness of the discussion and the greater degree of openness in the exchanges as welcome developments. In this respect they noted the

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 57 Vienna 1989

particular importance of the fact that proposals made at the Meeting had received fur- ther consideration at the Vienna Follow-up Meeting.

Information

(34) They will continue efforts to contribute to an ever wider knowledge and under- standing of life in their States, thus promoting confidence between peoples.

They will make further efforts to facilitate the freer and wider dissemination of informa- tion of all kinds, to encourage co-operation in the field of information and to improve the working conditions for journalists.

In this connection and in accordance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and their relevant inter- national commitments concerning seeking, receiving and imparting information of all kinds, they will ensure that individuals can freely choose their sources of information. In this context they will

• ensure that radio services operating in accordance with the ITU Radio Regulations can be directly and normally received in their States; and

• allow individuals, institutions and organizations, while respecting intellectual prop- erty rights, including copyright, to obtain, possess, reproduce and distribute informa- tion material of all kinds.

To these ends they will remove any restrictions inconsistent with the above-mentioned obligations and commitments.

(35) They will take every opportunity offered by modern means of communication, including cable and satellites. to increase the freer and wider dissemination of informa- tion of all kinds. They will also encourage co-operation and exchanges between their relevant institutions, organizations and technical experts, and work towards the har- monization of technical standards and norms. They will bear in mind the effects of these modem means of communication on their mass media.

(36) They will ensure in practice that official information bulletins can be freely distrib- uted on their territory by the diplomatic and other official missions and consular posts of the other participating States.

(37) They will encourage radio and television organizations, on the basis of arrange- ments between them, to broadcast live, especially in the organizing countries, pro- grammes and discussions with participants from different States and to broadcast statements of and interviews with political and other personalities from the participat- ing States.

(38) They will encourage radio and television organizations to report on different aspects of life in other participating States and to increase the number of telebridges between their countries.

58 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Vienna 1989

(39) Recalling that the legitimate pursuit of journalists’ professional activity will nei- ther render them liable to expulsion nor otherwise penalize them, they will refrain from taking restrictive measures such as withdrawing a journalist’s accreditation or expel- ling him because of the content of the reporting of the journalist or of his information media.

(40) They will ensure that, in pursuing this activity, journalists, including those repre- senting media from other participating States, are free to seek access to and maintain contacts with public and private sources of information and that their need for profes- sional confidentiality is respected.

(41) They will respect the copyright of journalists.

(42) On the basis of arrangements between them, where necessary, and for the purpose of regular reporting, they will grant accreditation, where it is required, and multiple entry visas to journalists from other participating States, regardless of their domicile. On this basis they will reduce to a maximum of two months the period for issuing both accreditation and multiple entry visas to journalists.

(43) They will facilitate the work of foreign journalists by providing relevant informa- tion, on request, on matters of practical concern, such as import regulations, taxation and accommodation.

(44) They will ensure that official press conferences and, as appropriate, other similar official press events are also open to foreign journalists, upon accreditation, where this is required.

(45) They will ensure in practice that persons belonging to national minorities or regional cultures on their territories can disseminate, have access to, and exchange information in their mother tongue.

(…)

Co-operation and exchanges in the field of culture

(47) They will promote and give full effect to their cultural co-operation, inter alia through the implementation of any relevant bilateral and multilateral agreements con- cluded among them in the various fields of culture.

(48) They will encourage non-governmental organizations interested in the field of cul- ture to participate, together with State institutions, in the elaboration and implementa- tion of these agreements and specific projects, as well as in the elaboration of practical measures concerning cultural exchange and co-operation.

(49) They will favour the establishment, by mutual agreement, of cultural institutes or centres of other participating States on their territory. Unhindered access by the public to such institutes or centres as well as their normal functioning win be assured.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 59 Vienna 1989

(50) They will assure unhindered access by the public to cultural events organized on their territory by persons or institutions from other participating States and ensure that the organizers can use all means available in the host country to publicize such events.

(51) They will facilitate and encourage direct personal contacts in the field of culture, on both an individual and a collective basis, as well as contacts between cultural institu- tions, associations of creative and performing artists and other organizations in order to increase the opportunities for their citizens to acquaint themselves directly with the creative work in and from other participating States.

(52) They will ensure the unimpeded circulation of works of art and other cultural objects, subject only to those restrictions which are aimed at preserving their cultural heritage, are based on respect for intellectual and artistic property rights or derive from their international commitments on the circulation of cultural property.

(53) They will encourage co-operation between and joint artistic endeavours of persons from different participating States who are engaged in cultural activities; as appropri- ate, facilitate specific initiatives to this end by such persons, institutions and organiza- tions and encourage the participation of young people in such initiatives. In this context they will encourage meetings and symposia, exhibitions, festivals and tours by ensem- bles or companies, and research and training programmes in which persons from the other participating States may also freely take part and make their contribution.

(54) The replacement of persons or groups invited to participate in a cultural activity win be exceptional and subject to prior agreement by the inviting party.

(55) They will encourage the holding of film weeks including, as appropriate, meetings of artists and experts as well as lectures on cinematographic art; facilitate and encour- age direct contacts between film directors and producers with a view to co-producing films; and encourage co-operation in the protection of film material and the exchange of technical information and publications about the cinema.

(56) They will explore the scope for computerizing bibliographies and catalogues of cul- tural works and productions in a standard form and disseminating them.

(57) They will encourage museums and art galleries to develop direct contacts, inter alia with a view to organizing exhibitions, including loans of works of art, and exchang- ing catalogues.

(58) They will renew their efforts to give effect to the provisions of the Final Act and the Madrid Concluding Document relating to less widely spoken languages. They will also encourage initiatives aimed at increasing the number of translations of literature from and into these languages and improving their quality, in particular by the holding of workshops involving translators, authors and publishers, by the publication of diction- aries and, where appropriate, by the exchange of translators through scholarships.

60 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Vienna 1989

(59) They will ensure that persons belonging to national minorities or regional cultures on their territories can maintain and develop their own culture in all its aspects, includ- ing language, literature and religion; and that they can preserve their cultural and his- torical monuments and objects.

(…)

(61) Taking duly into account the originality and diversity of their respective cultures, they will encourage efforts to explore common features and to foster greater awareness of their cultural heritage. Accordingly they will encourage initiatives which may con- tribute to a better knowledge of the cultural heritage of the other participating States in all its forms, including regional aspects and folk art.

(…)

Co-operation and exchanges in the field of education

(63) They will ensure access by all to the various types and levels of education with- out discrimination as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

(64) In order to encourage wider co-operation in science and education, they will facil- itate unimpeded communication between universities and other institutions of higher education and research. They will also facilitate direct personal contacts, including contacts through travel, between scholars, scientists and other persons active in these fields.

(65) They will also ensure unimpeded access by scholars, teachers and students from the other participating States to open information material available in public archives, libraries, research institutes and similar bodies.

(66) They will facilitate exchanges of schoolchildren between their countries on the basis of bilateral arrangements, where necessary, including meeting and staying with families of the host country in their homes, with the aim of acquainting schoolchildren with life, traditions and education in other participating States.

(67) They will encourage their relevant government agencies or educational institutions to include, as appropriate, the Final Act as a whole in the curricula of schools and uni- versities.

(68) They will ensure that persons belonging to national minorities or regional cul- tures on their territories can give and receive instruction on their own culture, includ- ing instruction through parental transmission of language, religion and cultural iden- tity to their children.

(69) They will encourage their radio and television organizations to inform each other of the educational programmes they produce and to consider exchanging such pro- grammes.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 61 Vienna 1989

(70) They will encourage direct contacts and co-operation between relevant govern- mental institutions or organizations in the field of education and science.

(71) They will encourage further co-operation and contacts between specialized institu- tions and experts in the field of education and rehabilitation of handicapped children.

Human Dimension of the CSCE The participating States,

Recalling the undertakings entered into in the Final Act and in other CSCE documents concerning respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms, human contacts and other issues of a related humanitarian character,

Recognizing the need to improve the implementation of their CSCE commitments and their co-operation in these areas which are hereafter referred to as the human dimen- sion of the CSCE,

Have, on the basis of the principles and provisions of the Final Act and of other relevant CSCE documents, decided:

1. to exchange information and respond to requests for information and to represen- tations made to them by other participating States on questions relating to the human dimension of the CSCE. Such communications may be forwarded through diplomatic channels or be addressed to any agency designated for these purposes;

2. to hold bilateral meetings with other participating States that so request, in order to examine questions relating to the human dimension of the CSCE, including situations and specific cases, with a view to resolving them. The date and place of such meetings will be arranged by mutual agreement through diplomatic channels;

3. that any participating State which deems it necessary may bring situations and cases in the human dimension of the CSCE, including those which have been raised it the bilateral meetings described in paragraph 2, to the attention of other participating States through diplomatic channels;

4. that any participating State which deems it necessary may provide information on the exchanges of information and the responses to its requests for information and to representations (paragraph 1) and on the results of the bilateral meetings (paragraph 2), including information concerning situations and specific cases, at the meetings of the Conference on the Human Dimension as well as at the main CSCE Follow-up Meeting.

(…)

62 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments Report on the Meeting on the Protection of the Environment Sofia 1989 (adopted Vienna 1990)

(…)

The participating States reaffirm their respect for the right of individuals, groups and organizations concerned with environmental issues to express freely their views, to associate with others, to peacefully assemble, as well as to obtain, publish and distrib- ute information on these issues, without legal and administrative impediments incon- sistent with the CSCE provisions. These individuals, groups and organizations have the right to participate in public debates on environmental issues, as well as to establish and maintain direct and independent contacts at national and international level.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 63 Document of the Bonn Conference on Economic Co-operation in Europe Bonn 1990

(…) the participating States,

Recognizing the relationship between political pluralism and market economies, and being committed to the principles concerning:

• Multiparty democracy based on free, periodic and genuine elections;

• The rule of law and equal protection under the law for all, based on respect for human rights and effective, accessible and just legal systems;

• Economic activity that accordingly upholds human dignity and is free from forced labour, discrimination against workers on grounds of race, sex, language, political opinion or religion, or denial of the rights of workers freely to establish or join inde- pendent trade unions,

Will endeavour to achieve or maintain the following:

(…)

• Policies that promote social justice and improve living and working conditions;

(…)

• Full recognition and protection of all types of property including private property, and the right of citizens to own and use them, as well as intellectual property rights;

• The right to prompt, just and effective compensation in the event private property is taken for public use;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 65 Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE Copenhagen 1990

(…)

The participating States welcome with great satisfaction the fundamental political changes that have occurred in Europe since the first Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE in Paris in 1989. They note that the CSCE process has contributed significantly to bringing about these changes and that these developments in turn have greatly advanced the implementation of the provisions of the Final Act and other CSCE documents.

They recognize that pluralistic democracy and the rule of law are essential for ensur- ing respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms, the development of human contacts and the resolution of other issues of a related humanitarian character. They therefore welcome the commitment expressed by all participating States to the ideals of democracy and political pluralism as well as their common determination to build democratic societies based on free elections and the rule of law.

At the Copenhagen Meeting the participating States held a review of the implementa- tion of their commitments in the field of the human dimension. They considered that the degree of compliance with the commitments contained in the relevant provisions of the CSCE documents had shown a fundamental improvement since the Paris Meeting. They also expressed the view, however, that further steps are required for the full reali- zation of their commitments relating to the human dimension.

The participating States express their conviction that full respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and the development of societies based on pluralistic democracy and the rule of law are prerequisites for progress in setting up the lasting order of peace, security, justice and co-operation that they seek to establish in Europe. They therefore reaffirm their commitment to implement fully all provisions of the Final Act and of the other CSCE documents relating to the human dimension and undertake to build on the progress they have made.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 67 Copenhagen 1990

They recognize that co-operation among themselves, as well as the active involvement of persons, groups, organizations and institutions, will be essential to ensure continu- ing progress towards their shared objectives.

In order to strengthen respect for, and enjoyment of, human rights and fundamental freedoms, to develop human contacts and to resolve issues of a related humanitarian character, the participating States agree on the following:

I

(1) The participating States express their conviction that the protection and promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms is one of the basic purposes of government, and reaffirm that the recognition of these rights and freedoms constitutes the founda- tion of freedom, justice and peace.

(2) They are determined to support and advance those principles of justice which form the basis of the rule of law. They consider that the rule of law does not mean merely a formal legality which assures regularity and consistency in the achievement and enforcement of democratic order, but justice based on the recognition and full accept- ance of the supreme value of the human personality and guaranteed by institutions pro- viding a framework for its fullest expression.

(3) They reaffirm that democracy is an inherent element of the rule of law. They recog- nize the importance of pluralism with regard to political organizations.

(4) They confirm that they will respect each other’s right freely to choose and develop, in accordance with international human rights standards, their political, social, eco- nomic and cultural systems. In exercising this right, they will ensure that their laws, regulations, practices and policies conform with their obligations under international law and are brought into harmony with the provisions of the Declaration on Principles and other CSCE commitments.

(5) They solemnly declare that among those elements of justice which are essential to the full expression of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all human beings are the following:

(5.1) - free elections that will be held at reasonable intervals by secret ballot or by equiv- alent free voting procedure, under conditions which ensure in practice the free expres- sion of the opinion of the electors in the choice of their representatives;

(5.2) - a form of government that is representative in character, in which the executive is accountable to the elected legislature or the electorate;

(5.3) - the duty of the government and public authorities to comply with the constitu- tion and to act in a manner consistent with law;

(5.4) - a clear separation between the State and political parties; in particular, political parties will not be merged with the State;

68 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Copenhagen 1990

(5.5) - the activity of the government and the administration as well as that of the judi- ciary will be exercised in accordance with the system established by law. Respect for that system must be ensured;

(5.6) - military forces and the police will be under the control of, and accountable to, the civil authorities;

(5.7) - human rights and fundamental freedoms will be guaranteed by law and in accord- ance with their obligations under international law;

(5.8) - legislation, adopted at the end of a public procedure, and regulations will be pub- lished, that being the condition for their applicability. Those texts will be accessible to everyone;

(5.9) - all persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law. In this respect, the law will prohibit any discrimina- tion and guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any ground;

(5.10) - everyone will have an effective means of redress against administrative deci- sions, so as to guarantee respect for fundamental rights and ensure legal integrity;

(5.11) - administrative decisions against a person must be fully justifiable and must as a rule indicate the usual remedies available;

(5.12) - the independence of judges and the impartial operation of the public judicial service will be ensured;

(5.13) - the independence of legal practitioners will be recognized and protected, in par- ticular as regards conditions for recruitment and practice;

(5.14) - the rules relating to criminal procedure will contain a clear definition of powers in relation to prosecution and the measures preceding and accompanying prosecution;

(5.15) - any person arrested or detained on a criminal charge will have the right, so that the lawfulness of his arrest or detention can be decided, to be brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorized by law to exercise this function;

(5.16) - in the determination of any criminal charge against him, or of his rights and obligations in a suit at law, everyone will be entitled to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law;

(5.17) - any person prosecuted will have the right to defend himself in person or through prompt legal assistance of his own choosing or, if he does not have sufficient means to pay for legal assistance, to be given it free when the interests of justice so require;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 69 Copenhagen 1990

(5.18) - no one will be charged with, tried for or convicted of any criminal offence unless the offence is provided for by a law which defines the elements of the offence with clar- ity and precision;

(5.19) - everyone will be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law;

(5.20) - considering the important contribution of international instruments in the field of human rights to the rule of law at a national level, the participating States reaffirm that they will consider acceding to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and other relevant international instruments, if they have not yet done so;

(5.21) - in order to supplement domestic remedies and better to ensure that the partici- pating States respect the international obligations they have undertaken, the participat- ing States will consider acceding to a regional or global international convention con- cerning the protection of human rights, such as the European Convention on Human Rights or the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which provide for procedures of individual recourse to international bodies.

(6) The participating States declare that the will of the people, freely and fairly expressed through periodic and genuine elections, is the basis of the authority and legitimacy of all government. The participating States will accordingly respect the right of their cit- izens to take part in the governing of their country, either directly or through repre- sentatives freely chosen by them through fair electoral processes. They recognize their responsibility to defend and protect, in accordance with their laws, their international human rights obligations and their international commitments, the democratic order freely established through the will of the people against the activities of persons, groups or organizations that engage in or refuse to renounce terrorism or violence aimed at the overthrow of that order or of that of another participating State.

(7) To ensure that the will of the people serves as the basis of the authority of govern- ment, the participating States will

(7.1) - hold free elections at reasonable intervals, as established by law;

(7.2) - permit all seats in at least one chamber of the national legislature to be freely con- tested in a popular vote;

(7.3) - guarantee universal and equal suffrage to adult citizens;

(7.4) - ensure that votes are cast by secret ballot or by equivalent free voting procedure, and that they are counted and reported honestly with the official results made public;

(7.5) - respect the right of citizens to seek political or public office, individually or as representatives of political parties or organizations, without discrimination;

70 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Copenhagen 1990

(7.6) - respect the right of individuals and groups to establish, in full freedom, their own political parties or other political organizations and provide such political parties and organizations with the necessary legal guarantees to enable them to compete with each other on a basis of equal treatment before the law and by the authorities;

(7.7) - ensure that law and public policy work to permit political campaigning to be con- ducted in a fair and free atmosphere in which neither administrative action, violence nor intimidation bars the parties and the candidates from freely presenting their views and qualifications, or prevents the voters from learning and discussing them or from casting their vote free of fear of retribution;

(7.8) - provide that no legal or administrative obstacle stands in the way of unimpeded access to the media on a non-discriminatory basis for all political groupings and indi- viduals wishing to participate in the electoral process;

(7.9) - ensure that candidates who obtain the necessary number of votes required by law are duly installed in office and are permitted to remain in office until their term expires or is otherwise brought to an end in a manner that is regulated by law in conformity with democratic parliamentary and constitutional procedures.

(8) The participating States consider that the presence of observers, both foreign and domestic, can enhance the electoral process for States in which elections are taking place. They therefore invite observers from any other CSCE participating States and any appropriate private institutions and organizations who may wish to do so to observe the course of their national election proceedings, to the extent permitted by law. They will also endeavour to facilitate similar access for election proceedings held below the national level. Such observers will undertake not to interfere in the electoral proceed- ings.

II

(9) The participating States reaffirm that

(9.1) - everyone will have the right to freedom of expression including the right to com- munication. This right will include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of fron- tiers. The exercise of this right may be subject only to such restrictions as are prescribed by law and are consistent with international standards. In particular, no limitation will be imposed on access to, and use of, means of reproducing documents of any kind, while respecting, however, rights relating to intellectual property, including copyright;

(9.2) - everyone will have the right of peaceful assembly and demonstration. Any restric- tions which may be placed on the exercise of these rights will be prescribed by law and consistent with international standards;

(9.3) - the right of association will be guaranteed. The right to form and — subject to the general right of a trade union to determine its own membership — freely to join a trade

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 71 Copenhagen 1990

union will be guaranteed. These rights will exclude any prior control. Freedom of asso- ciation for workers, including the freedom to strike, will be guaranteed, subject to limi- tations prescribed by law and consistent with international standards;

(9.4) - everyone will have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right includes freedom to change one’s religion or belief and freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief, either alone or in community with others, in public or in private, through worship, teaching, practice and observance. The exercise of these rights may be subject only to such restrictions as are prescribed by law and are consistent with inter- national standards;

(9.5) - they will respect the right of everyone to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country, consistent with a State’s international obligations and CSCE commitments. Restrictions on this right will have the character of very rare exceptions, will be considered necessary only if they respond to a specific public need, pursue a legitimate aim and are proportionate to that aim, and will not be abused or applied in an arbitrary manner;

(9.6) - everyone has the right peacefully to enjoy his property either on his own or in common with others. No one may be deprived of his property except in the public inter- est and subject to the conditions provided for by law and consistent with international commitments and obligations.

(10) In reaffirming their commitment to ensure effectively the rights of the individual to know and act upon human rights and fundamental freedoms, and to contribute actively, individually or in association with others, to their promotion and protection, the partic- ipating States express their commitment to

(10.1) - respect the right of everyone, individually or in association with others, to seek, receive and impart freely views and information on human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the rights to disseminate and publish such views and information;

(10.2) - respect the rights of everyone, individually or in association with others, to study and discuss the observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms and to develop and discuss ideas for improved protection of human rights and better means for ensur- ing compliance with international human rights standards;

(10.3) - ensure that individuals are permitted to exercise the right to association, includ- ing the right to form, join and participate effectively in non-governmental organizations which seek the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, including trade unions and human rights monitoring groups;

(10.4) - allow members of such groups and organizations to have unhindered access to and communication with similar bodies within and outside their countries and with international organizations, to engage in exchanges, contacts and co-operation with such groups and organizations and to solicit, receive and utilize for the purpose of pro-

72 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Copenhagen 1990

moting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms voluntary financial contributions from national and international sources as provided for by law.

(11) The participating States further affirm that, where violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms are alleged to have occurred, the effective remedies available include

(11.1) - the right of the individual to seek and receive adequate legal assistance;

(11.2) - the right of the individual to seek and receive assistance from others in defend- ing human rights and fundamental freedoms, and to assist others in defending human rights and fundamental freedoms;

(11.3) - the right of individuals or groups acting on their behalf to communicate with international bodies with competence to receive and consider information concerning allegations of human rights abuses.

(12) The participating States, wishing to ensure greater transparency in the implemen- tation of the commitments undertaken in the Vienna Concluding Document under the heading of the human dimension of the CSCE, decide to accept as a confidence-build- ing measure the presence of observers sent by participating States and representatives of non-governmental organizations and other interested persons at proceedings before courts as provided for in national legislation and international law; it is understood that proceedings may only be held in camera in the circumstances prescribed by law and consistent with obligations under international law and international commitments.

(13) The participating States decide to accord particular attention to the recognition of the rights of the child, his civil rights and his individual freedoms, his economic, social and cultural rights, and his right to special protection against all forms of violence and exploitation. They will consider acceding to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, if they have not yet done so, which was opened for signature by States on 26 January 1990. They will recognize in their domestic legislation the rights of the child as affirmed in the international agreements to which they are Parties.

(14) The participating States agree to encourage the creation, within their countries, of conditions for the training of students and trainees from other participating States, including persons taking vocational and technical courses. They also agree to promote travel by young people from their countries for the purpose of obtaining education in other participating States and to that end to encourage the conclusion, where appropri- ate, of bilateral and multilateral agreements between their relevant governmental insti- tutions, organizations and educational establishments.

(15) The participating States will act in such a way as to facilitate the transfer of sen- tenced persons and encourage those participating States which are not Parties to the Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons, signed at Strasbourg on 21 Novem- ber 1983, to consider acceding to the Convention.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 73 Copenhagen 1990

(16) The participating States

(16.1) - reaffirm their commitment to prohibit torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, to take effective legislative, administrative, judicial and other measures to prevent and punish such practices, to protect individuals from any psychiatric or other medical practices that violate human rights and fundamental freedoms and to take effective measures to prevent and punish such practices;

(16.2) - intend, as a matter of urgency, to consider acceding to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, if they have not yet done so, and recognizing the competences of the Committee against Tor- ture under articles 21 and 22 of the Convention and withdrawing reservations regard- ing the competence of the Committee under article 20;

(16.3) - stress that no exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of war or a threat of war, internal political instability or any other public emergency, may be invoked as a justification of torture;

(16.4) - will ensure that education and information regarding the prohibition against torture are fully included in the training of law enforcement personnel, civil or military, medical personnel, public officials and other persons who may be involved in the cus- tody, interrogation or treatment of any individual subjected to any form of arrest, deten- tion or imprisonment;

(16.5) - will keep under systematic review interrogation rules, instructions, methods and practices as well as arrangements for the custody and treatment of persons sub- jected to any form of arrest, detention or imprisonment in any territory under their jurisdiction, with a view to preventing any cases of torture;

(16.6) - will take up with priority for consideration and for appropriate action, in accord- ance with the agreed measures and procedures for the effective implementation of the commitments relating to the human dimension of the CSCE, any cases of torture and other inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment made known to them through official channels or coming from any other reliable source of information;

(16.7) - will act upon the understanding that preserving and guaranteeing the life and security of any individual subjected to any form of torture and other inhuman or degrad- ing treatment or punishment will be the sole criterion in determining the urgency and priorities to be accorded in taking appropriate remedial action; and, therefore, the con- sideration of any cases of torture and other inhuman or degrading treatment or punish- ment within the framework of any other international body or mechanism may not be invoked as a reason for refraining from consideration and appropriate action in accord- ance with the agreed measures and procedures for the effective implementation of the commitments relating to the human dimension of the CSCE.

(17) The participating States

74 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Copenhagen 1990

(17.1) - recall the commitment undertaken in the Vienna Concluding Document to keep the question of capital punishment under consideration and to co-operate within rele- vant international organizations;

(17.2) - recall, in this context, the adoption by the General Assembly of the United Nations, on 15 December 1989, of the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty;

(17.3) - note the restrictions and safeguards regarding the use of the death penalty which have been adopted by the international community, in particular article 6 of the Inter- national Covenant on Civil and Political Rights;

(17.4) - note the provisions of the Sixth Protocol to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, concerning the abolition of the death penalty;

(17.5) - note recent measures taken by a number of participating States towards the abo- lition of capital punishment;

(17.6) - note the activities of several non-governmental organizations on the question of the death penalty;

(17.7) - will exchange information within the framework of the Conference on the Human Dimension on the question of the abolition of the death penalty and keep that question under consideration;

(17.8) - will make available to the public information regarding the use of the death pen- alty.

(18) The participating States

(18.1) - note that the United Nations Commission on Human Rights has recognized the right of everyone to have conscientious objections to military service;

(18.2) - note recent measures taken by a number of participating States to permit exemp- tion from compulsory military service on the basis of conscientious objections;

(18.3) - note the activities of several non-governmental organizations on the question of conscientious objections to compulsory military service;

(18.4) - agree to consider introducing, where this has not yet been done, various forms of alternative service, which are compatible with the reasons for conscientious objec- tion, such forms of alternative service being in principle of a non-combatant or civilian nature, in the public interest and of a non-punitive nature;

(18.5) - will make available to the public information on this issue;

(18.6) - will keep under consideration, within the framework of the Conference on the Human Dimension, the relevant questions related to the exemption from compulsory

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 75 Copenhagen 1990

military service, where it exists, of individuals on the basis of conscientious objections to armed service, and will exchange information on these questions.

(19) The participating States affirm that freer movement and contacts among their citi- zens are important in the context of the protection and promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms. They will ensure that their policies concerning entry into their territories are fully consistent with the aims set out in the relevant provisions of the Final Act, the Madrid Concluding Document and the Vienna Concluding Document. While reaffirming their determination not to recede from the commitments contained in CSCE documents, they undertake to implement fully and improve present commit- ments in the field of human contacts, including on a bilateral and multilateral basis. In this context they will

(19.1) - strive to implement the procedures for entry into their territories, including the issuing of visas and passport and customs control, in good faith and without unjustified delay. Where necessary, they will shorten the waiting time for visa decisions, as well as simplify practices and reduce administrative requirements for visa applications;

(19.2) - ensure, in dealing with visa applications, that these are processed as expedi- tiously as possible in order, inter alia, to take due account of important family, personal or professional considerations, especially in cases of an urgent, humanitarian nature;

(19.3) - endeavour, where necessary, to reduce fees charged in connection with visa applications to the lowest possible level.

(20) The participating States concerned will consult and, where appropriate, cooper- ate in dealing with problems that might emerge as a result of the increased movement of persons.

(…)

(22) The participating States reaffirm that the protection and promotion of the rights of migrant workers have their human dimension. In this context, they

(22.1) - agree that the protection and promotion of the rights of migrant workers are the concern of all participating States and that as such they should be addressed within the CSCE process;

(22.2) - reaffirm their commitment to implement fully in their domestic legislation the rights of migrant workers provided for in international agreements to which they are parties;

(22.3) - consider that, in future international instruments concerning the rights of migrant workers, they should take into account the fact that this issue is of importance for all of them;

(22.4) - express their readiness to examine, at future CSCE meetings, the relevant aspects of the further promotion of the rights of migrant workers and their families.

76 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Copenhagen 1990

(23) The participating States reaffirm their conviction expressed in the Vienna Con- cluding Document that the promotion of economic, social and cultural rights as well as of civil and political rights is of paramount importance for human dignity and for the attainment of the legitimate aspirations of every individual. They also reaffirm their commitment taken in the Document of the Bonn Conference on Economic Co-oper- ation in Europe to the promotion of social justice and the improvement of living and working conditions. In the context of continuing their efforts with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of economic, social and cultural rights by all appro- priate means, they will pay special attention to problems in the areas of employment, housing, social security, health, education and culture.

(24) The participating States will ensure that the exercise of all the human rights and fundamental freedoms set out above will not be subject to any restrictions except those which are provided by law and are consistent with their obligations under international law, in particular the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and with their international commitments, in particular the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These restrictions have the character of exceptions. The participating States will ensure that these restrictions are not abused and are not applied in an arbitrary man- ner, but in such a way that the effective exercise of these rights is ensured. Any restric- tion on rights and freedoms must, in a democratic society, relate to one of the objectives of the applicable law and be strictly proportionate to the aim of that law.

(25) The participating States confirm that any derogations from obligations relating to human rights and fundamental freedoms during a state of public emergency must remain strictly within the limits provided for by international law, in particular the rel- evant international instruments by which they are bound, especially with respect to rights from which there can be no derogation. They also reaffirm that

(25.1) - measures derogating from such obligations must be taken in strict conformity with the procedural requirements laid down in those instruments;

(25.2) - the imposition of a state of public emergency must be proclaimed officially, pub- licly, and in accordance with the provisions laid down by law;

(25.3) - measures derogating from obligations will be limited to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation;

(25.4) - such measures will not discriminate solely on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion, social origin or of belonging to a minority.

III

(26) The participating States recognize that vigorous democracy depends on the exist- ence as an integral part of national life of democratic values and practices as well as an extensive range of democratic institutions. They will therefore encourage, facilitate and, where appropriate, support practical co-operative endeavours and the sharing of infor-

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 77 Copenhagen 1990

mation, ideas and expertise among themselves and by direct contacts and co-operation between individuals, groups and organizations in areas including the following:

• constitutional law, reform and development,

• electoral legislation, administration and observation,

• establishment and management of courts and legal systems,

• the development of an impartial and effective public service where recruitment and advancement are based on a merit system,

• law enforcement,

• local government and decentralization,

• access to information and protection of privacy,

• developing political parties and their role in pluralistic societies,

• free and independent trade unions,

• co-operative movements,

• developing other forms of free associations and public interest

• groups,

• journalism, independent media, and intellectual and cultural life,

• the teaching of democratic values, institutions and practices in educational institu- tions and the fostering of an atmosphere of free enquiry.

Such endeavours may cover the range of co-operation encompassed in the human dimension of the CSCE, including training, exchange of information, books and instructional materials, co-operative programmes and projects, academic and profes- sional exchanges and conferences, scholarships, research grants, provision of expertise and advice, business and scientific contacts and programmes.

(27) The participating States will also facilitate the establishment and strengthening of independent national institutions in the area of human rights and the rule of law, which may also serve as focal points for co-ordination and collaboration between such institu- tions in the participating States. They propose that co-operation be encouraged between parliamentarians from participating States, including through existing inter-parliamen- tary associations and, inter alia, through joint commissions, television debates involv- ing parliamentarians, meetings and round-table discussions. They will also encourage existing institutions, such as organizations within the United Nations system and the Council of Europe, to continue and expand the work they have begun in this area.

78 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Copenhagen 1990

(28) The participating States recognize the important expertise of the Council of Europe in the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms and agree to consider further ways and means to enable the Council of Europe to make a contribution to the human dimension of the CSCE. They agree that the nature of this contribution could be exam- ined further in a future CSCE forum.

(…)

IV

(30) The participating States recognize that the questions relating to national minori- ties can only be satisfactorily resolved in a democratic political framework based on the rule of law, with a functioning independent judiciary. This framework guarantees full respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, equal rights and status for all citi- zens, the free expression of all their legitimate interests and aspirations, political plural- ism, social tolerance and the implementation of legal rules that place effective restraints on the abuse of governmental power.

They also recognize the important role of non-governmental organizations, including political parties, trade unions, human rights organizations and religious groups, in the promotion of tolerance, cultural diversity and the resolution of questions relating to national minorities.

They further reaffirm that respect for the rights of persons belonging to national minor- ities as part of universally recognized human rights is an essential factor for peace, jus- tice, stability and democracy in the participating States.

(31) Persons belonging to national minorities have the right to exercise fully and effec- tively their human rights and fundamental freedoms without any discrimination and in full equality before the law.

The participating States will adopt, where necessary, special measures for the purpose of ensuring to persons belonging to national minorities full equality with the other citi- zens in the exercise and enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

(32) To belong to a national minority is a matter of a person’s individual choice and no disadvantage may arise from the exercise of such choice.

Persons belonging to national minorities have the right freely to express, preserve and develop their ethnic, cultural, linguistic or religious identity and to maintain and develop their culture in all its aspects, free of any attempts at assimilation against their will. In particular, they have the right

(32.1) - to use freely their mother tongue in private as well as in public;

(32.2) - to establish and maintain their own educational, cultural and religious institu- tions, organizations or associations, which can seek voluntary financial and other con- tributions as well as public assistance, in conformity with national legislation;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 79 Copenhagen 1990

(32.3) - to profess and practise their religion, including the acquisition, possession and use of religious materials, and to conduct religious educational activities in their mother tongue;

(32.4) - to establish and maintain unimpeded contacts among themselves within their country as well as contacts across frontiers with citizens of other States with whom they share a common ethnic or national origin, cultural heritage or religious beliefs;

(32.5) - to disseminate, have access to and exchange information in their mother tongue;

(32.6) - to establish and maintain organizations or associations within their country and to participate in international non-governmental organizations.

Persons belonging to national minorities can exercise and enjoy their rights individually as well as in community with other members of their group. No disadvantage may arise for a person belonging to a national minority on account of the exercise or non-exercise of any such rights.

(33) The participating States will protect the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of national minorities on their territory and create conditions for the promo- tion of that identity. They will take the necessary measures to that effect after due con- sultations, including contacts with organizations or associations of such minorities, in accordance with the decision-making procedures of each State.

Any such measures will be in conformity with the principles of equality and non-dis- crimination with respect to the other citizens of the participating State concerned.

(34) The participating States will endeavour to ensure that persons belonging to national minorities, notwithstanding the need to learn the official language or languages of the State concerned, have adequate opportunities for instruction of their mother tongue or in their mother tongue, as well as, wherever possible and necessary, for its use before public authorities, in conformity with applicable national legislation.

In the context of the teaching of history and culture in educational establishments, they will also take account of the history and culture of national minorities.

(35) The participating States will respect the right of persons belonging to national minorities to effective participation in public affairs, including participation in the affairs relating to the protection and promotion of the identity of such minorities.

The participating States note the efforts undertaken to protect and create conditions for the promotion of the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of certain national minorities by establishing, as one of the possible means to achieve these aims, appropriate local or autonomous administrations corresponding to the specific histori- cal and territorial circumstances of such minorities and in accordance with the policies of the State concerned.

80 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Copenhagen 1990

(36) The participating States recognize the particular importance of increasing con- structive co-operation among themselves on questions relating to national minorities. Such co-operation seeks to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly and good-neighbourly relations, international peace, security and justice.

Every participating State will promote a climate of mutual respect, understanding, co- operation and solidarity among all persons living on its territory, without distinction as to ethnic or national origin or religion, and will encourage the solution of problems through dialogue based on the principles of the rule of law.

(37) None of these commitments may be interpreted as implying any right to engage in any activity or perform any action in contravention of the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, other obligations under international law or the pro- visions of the Final Act, including the principle of territorial integrity of States.

(38) The participating States, in their efforts to protect and promote the rights of per- sons belonging to national minorities, will fully respect their undertakings under exist- ing human rights conventions and other relevant international instruments and con- sider adhering to the relevant conventions, if they have not yet done so, including those providing for a right of complaint by individuals.

(39) The participating States will co-operate closely in the competent international organizations to which they belong, including the United Nations and, as appropriate, the Council of Europe, bearing in mind their on-going work with respect to questions relating to national minorities.

They will consider convening a meeting of experts for a thorough discussion of the issue of national minorities.

(40) The participating States clearly and unequivocally condemn totalitarianism, racial and ethnic hatred, anti-semitism, xenophobia and discrimination against anyone as well as persecution on religious and ideological grounds. In this context, they also rec- ognize the particular problems of Roma (gypsies).

They declare their firm intention to intensify the efforts to combat these phenomena in all their forms and therefore will

(40.1) - take effective measures, including the adoption, in conformity with their consti- tutional systems and their international obligations, of such laws as may be necessary, to provide protection against any acts that constitute incitement to violence against persons or groups based on national, racial, ethnic or religious discrimination, hostility or hatred, including anti-semitism;

(40.2) - commit themselves to take appropriate and proportionate measures to protect persons or groups who may be subject to threats or acts of discrimination, hostility or violence as a result of their racial, ethnic, cultural, linguistic or religious identity, and to protect their property;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 81 Copenhagen 1990

(40.3) - take effective measures, in conformity with their constitutional systems, at the national, regional and local levels to promote understanding and tolerance, particularly in the fields of education, culture and information;

(40.4) - endeavour to ensure that the objectives of education include special attention to the problem of racial prejudice and hatred and to the development of respect for differ- ent civilizations and cultures;

(40.5) - recognize the right of the individual to effective remedies and endeavour to recognize, in conformity with national legislation, the right of interested persons and groups to initiate and support complaints against acts of discrimination, including rac- ist and xenophobic acts;

(40.6) - consider adhering, if they have not yet done so, to the international instruments which address the problem of discrimination and ensure full compliance with the obli- gations therein, including those relating to the submission of periodic reports;

(40.7) - consider, also, accepting those international mechanisms which allow States and individuals to bring communications relating to discrimination before interna- tional bodies.

V

(41) The participating States reaffirm their commitment to the human dimension of the CSCE and emphasize its importance as an integral part of a balanced approach to secu- rity and co-operation in Europe. They agree that the Conference on the Human Dimen- sion of the CSCE and the human dimension mechanism described in the section on the human dimension of the CSCE of the Vienna Concluding Document have demon- strated their value as methods of furthering their dialogue and co-operation and assist- ing in the resolution of relevant specific questions. They express their conviction that these should be continued and developed as part of an expanding CSCE process.

(42) The participating States recognize the need to enhance further the effectiveness of the procedures described in paragraphs 1 to 4 of the section on the human dimension of the CSCE of the Vienna Concluding Document and with this aim decide

(42.1) - to provide in as short a time as possible, but no later than four weeks, a written response to requests for information and to representations made to them in writing by other participating States under paragraph 1;

(42.2) - that the bilateral meetings, as contained in paragraph 2, will take place as soon as possible, as a rule within three weeks of the date of the request;

(42.3) - to refrain, in the course of a bilateral meeting held under paragraph 2, from raising situations and cases not connected with the subject of the meeting, unless both sides have agreed to do so.

82 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Copenhagen 1990

(43) The participating States examined practical proposals for new measures aimed at improving the implementation of the commitments relating to the human dimension of the CSCE. In this regard, they considered proposals related to the sending of observ- ers to examine situations and specific cases, the appointment of rapporteurs to inves- tigate and suggest appropriate solutions, the setting up of a Committee on the Human Dimension of the CSCE, greater involvement of persons, organizations and institutions in the human dimension mechanism and further bilateral and multilateral efforts to promote the resolution of relevant issues.

They decide to continue to discuss thoroughly in subsequent relevant CSCE fora these and other proposals designed to strengthen the human dimension mechanism, and to consider adopting, in the context of the further development of the CSCE process, appropriate new measures. They agree that these measures should contribute to achiev- ing further effective progress, enhance conflict prevention and confidence in the field of the human dimension of the CSCE.

(…)

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 83 Charter of Paris for a New Europe Paris 1990

(…)

A New Era of Democracy, Peace and Unity We, the Heads of State or Government of the States participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, have assembled in Paris at a time of profound change and historic expectations. The era of confrontation and division of Europe has ended. We declare that henceforth our, relations will be founded on respect and co- operation.

Europe is liberating itself from the legacy of the past. The courage of men and women, the strength of the will of the peoples and the power of the ideas of the Helsinki Final Act have opened a new era of democracy, peace and unity in Europe.

Ours is a time for fulfilling the hopes and expectations our peoples have cherished for decades: steadfast commitment to democracy based on human rights and fundamental freedoms; prosperity through economic liberty and social justice; and equal security for all our countries.

The Ten Principles of the Final Act will guide us towards this ambitious future, just as they have lighted our way towards better relations for the past fifteen years. Full imple- mentation of all CSCE commitments must form the basis for the initiatives we are now taking to enable our nations to live in accordance with their aspirations.

Human Rights, Democracy and Rule of Law

We undertake to build, consolidate and strengthen democracy as the only system of government of our nations. In this endeavour, we will abide by the following:

Human rights and fundamental freedoms are the birthright of all human beings, are inalienable and are guaranteed by law. Their protection and promotion is the first responsibility of government. Respect for them is an essential safeguard against an over-mighty State. Their observance and full exercise are the foundation of freedom, justice and peace.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 85 Paris 1990

Democratic government is based on the will of the people, expressed regularly through free and fair elections. Democracy has as its foundation respect for the human person and the rule of law. Democracy is the best safeguard of freedom of expression, tolerance of all groups of society, and equality of opportunity for each person.

Democracy, with its representative and pluralist character, entails accountability to the electorate, the obligation of public authorities to comply with the law and justice admin- istered impartially. No one will be above the law.

We affirm that, without discrimination,

• every individual has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion or belief, freedom of expression, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, freedom of movement;

no one will be:

• subject to arbitrary arrest or detention, subject to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;

everyone also has the right :

• to know and act upon his rights,

• to participate in free and fair elections,

• to fair and public trial if charged with an offence,

• to own property alone or in association and to exercise individual enterprise,

• to enjoy his economic, social and cultural rights.

We affirm that the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of national minori- ties will be protected and that persons belonging to national minorities have the right freely to express, preserve and develop that identity without any discrimination and in full equality before the law.

We will ensure that everyone will enjoy recourse to effective remedies, national or inter- national, against any violation of his rights.

Full respect for these precepts is the bedrock on which we will seek to construct the new Europe.

Our States will co-operate and support each other with the aim of making democratic gains irreversible.

86 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Paris 1990

Economic Liberty and Responsibility

Economic liberty, social justice and environmental responsibility are indispensable for prosperity.

The free will of the individual, exercised in democracy and protected by the rule of law, forms the necessary basis for successful economic and social development. We will pro- mote economic activity which respects and upholds human dignity.

Freedom and political pluralism are necessary elements in our common objective of developing market economies towards sustainable economic growth, prosperity, social justice, expanding employment and efficient use of economic resources. The success of the transition to market economy by countries making efforts to this effect is important and in the interest of us all. It will enable us to share a higher level of prosperity which is our common objective. We will co-operate to this end.

Preservation of the environment is a shared responsibility of all our nations. While sup- porting national and regional efforts in this field, we must also look to the pressing need for joint action on a wider scale.

Friendly Relations among Participating States

(…)

To uphold and promote democracy, peace and unity in Europe, we solemnly pledge our full commitment to the Ten Principles of the Helsinki Final Act. We affirm the contin- uing validity of the ten Principals and our determination to put them into practice. All the principles apply equally and unreservedly, each of them being interpreted taking into account the others. They form the basis for our relations.

(…)

Our relations will rest on our common adherence to democratic values and to human rights and fundamental freedoms. We are convinced that in order to strengthen peace and security among our States, the advancement of democracy, and respect for and effective exercise of human rights, are indispensable. We reaffirm the equal rights of peoples and their right to self-determination in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations and with the relevant norms of international law, including those relat- ing to territorial integrity of States.

(…)

Guidelines for the future Proceeding from our firm commitment to the full implementation of all CSCE princi- ples and provisions, we now resolve to give a new impetus to a balanced and compre- hensive development of our co-operation in order to address the needs and aspirations of out peoples.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 87 Paris 1990

Human Dimension

We declare our respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms to be irrevocable. We will fully implement and build upon the provisions relating to the human dimen- sion of the CSCE.

Proceeding from the Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension, we will cooperate to strengthen democratic institutions and to pro- mote the application of the rule of law. To that end, we decide to convene a seminar of experts in Oslo from 4 to 15 November 1991.

Determined to foster the rich contribution of national minorities to the life of our soci- eties, we undertake further to improve their situation. We reaffirm our deep convic- tion that friendly relations among our peoples, as well as peace, justice, stability and democracy, require that the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of national minorities be protected and conditions for the promotion of that identity be created. We declare that questions related to national minorities can only be satisfactorily resolved in a democratic political framework. We further acknowledge that the rights of persons belonging to national minorities must be fully respected as part of universal human rights. Being aware of the urgent need for increased cooperation on, as well as better protection of, national minorities, we decide to convene a meeting of experts on national minorities to be held in Geneva from 1 to 19 July 1991.

We express our determination to combat all forms of racial and ethnic hatred, antisemitism, xenophobia and discrimination against anyone as well as persecution on religious and ideological grounds.

In accordance with our CSCE commitments, we stress that free movement and con- tacts among our citizens as well as the free flow of information and ideas are crucial for the maintenance and development of free societies and flourishing cultures. We wel- come increased tourism and visits among our countries.

The human dimension mechanism has proved its usefulness, and we are consequently determined to expand it to include new procedures involving, inter alia, the services of experts or a roster of eminent persons experienced in human rights issues which could be raised under the mechanism. We shall provide, in the context of the mechanism, for individuals to be involved in the protection of their rights. Therefore, we undertake to develop further our commitments in this respect, in particular at the Moscow Meet- ing of the Conference on the Human Dimension, without prejudice to obligations under existing international instruments to which our States may be parties.

We recognize the important contribution of the Council of Europe to the promotion of human rights and the principles of democracy and the rule of law as well as to the devel- opment of cultural co-operation. We welcome moves by several participating States to join the Council of Europe and adhere to its European Convention on Human Rights. We welcome as well the readiness of the Council of Europe to make its experience avail- able to the CSCE.

88 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Paris 1990

(…)

Security

(…)

We unreservedly condemn, as criminal, all acts, methods and practices of terrorism and express our determination to work for its eradication both bilaterally and through multilateral co-operation. We will also join together in combating illicit trafficking in drugs.

(…)

Culture

We recognize the essential contribution of our common European culture and our shared values in overcoming the division of the continent. Therefore, we underline our attachment to creative freedom and to the protection and promotion of our cultural and spiritual heritage, in all its richness and diversity.

In view of the recent changes in Europe, we stress the increased importance of the Cra- cow Symposium and we look forward to its consideration of guidelines for intensified co-operation in the field of culture. We invite the Council of Europe to contribute to this Symposium.

In order to promote greater familiarity amongst our peoples, we favour the establish- ment of cultural centres in cities of other participating States as well as increased co- operation in the audio-visual field and wider exchange in music, theatre, literature and the arts.

We resolve to make special efforts in our national policies to promote better under- standing, in particular among young people, through cultural exchanges, co-operation in all fields of education and, more specifically, through teaching and training in the languages of other participating States. We intend to consider first results of this action at the Helsinki Follow-up Meeting in 1992.

Migrant Workers

We recognize that the issues of migrant workers and their families legally residing in host countries have economic, cultural and social aspects as well as their human dimension. We reaffirm that the protection and promotion of their rights, as well as the implementation of relevant international obligations, is our common concern.

(…)

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 89 Paris 1990

Non-governmental Organizations

We recall the major role that non-governmental organizations, religious and other groups and individuals have played in the achievement of the objectives of the CSCE and will further facilitate their activities for the implementation of the CSCE commit- ments by the participating States. These organizations, groups and individuals must be involved in an appropriate way in the activities and new structures of the CSCE in order to fulfil their important tasks.

New structures and institutions of the CSCE Process (…)

We decide to establish an Office for Free Elections in Warsaw to facilitate contacts and the exchange of information on elections within participating States.

(…)

Supplementary document to give effect to certain provisions contained in the Charter of Paris for a New Europe Procedures and organizational modalities relating to certain provisions contained in the Charter of Paris for a New Europe, signed in Paris on 21 November 1990, are set out below.

I.

Institutional arrangements

(…)

G. The office for free elections

1. The function of the Office for Free Elections will be to facilitate contacts and the exchange of information on elections within participating States. The Office will thus foster the implementation of paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 of the Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE (…)

2. To this end, the Office will

• compile information, including information provided by the competent authorities of the participating States, on the dates, procedures and official results of scheduled national elections within participating States, as well as reports of election observa- tions, and provide these on request to governments, parliaments and interested pri- vate organizations;

90 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Paris 1990

• serve to facilitate contact among governments, parliaments or private organizations wishing to observe elections and competent authorities of the States in which elec- tions are to take place;

• organize and serve as the venue for seminars or other meetings related to election procedures and democratic institutions at the request of the participating States.

3. The Office will take into account the work of and co-operate with other institutions active in this field.

4. The Office will carry out other tasks assigned to it by the Council.

5. The Office’s personnel will be composed of

• a Director, who will be responsible to the Council through the Committee of Senior Officials;

• an Officer;

• administrative and technical personnel, recruited by the Director of the Office.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 91 Document of the Cracow Symposium on the Cultural Heritage of the CSCE Participating States Cracow 1991

(…)

The participating States express their deeply held conviction that they share common values forged by history and based, inter alia, on respect for the individual, freedom of conscience, religion or belief, freedom of expression, recognition of the importance of spiritual and cultural values, commitment to the rule of law, tolerance and openness to dialogue with other cultures.

They take note of the interrelationship between cultural life and the well-being of their peoples, and the special importance that this has for democratic countries in transition towards a market economy. They encourage support, as already undertaken, and the on- going assistance to those countries in preserving and protecting their cultural heritage.

The participating States respect the irreplaceable uniqueness of all their cultures and will endeavour to promote continued cultural dialogue among themselves and with the rest of the world. They reaffirm their belief that respect for cultural diversity promotes understanding and tolerance among individuals and groups.

They consider that the regional aspects of culture should in themselves constitute a fac- tor in the understanding between peoples.

Regional cultural diversity is an expression of the richness of the common cultural iden- tity of the participating States. Its preservation and protection contribute to building a democratic, peaceful and united Europe.

Reaffirming their commitment to the full implementation of the provisions relating to the cultural dimension in the Helsinki Final Act and other CSCE documents, the par- ticipating States agree on the following:

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 93 Cracow 1991

I. Culture and Freedom 1. The participating States emphasize that respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms is essential to the full development of cultural creativity.

2. The State and the public authorities will refrain from infringing upon the freedom of artistic creation.

3. The participating States undertake to promote and protect the free and unhindered development of artistic creativity; they recognize the important role of the individual artist in society and will respect and protect the integrity of creative work.

4. They recognize the need for governments to strike a balance between their dual responsibility of acting in support of, and ensuring the freedom of, cultural activity.

5. They further acknowledge that, given the variety of cultural activity in the participat- ing States, there are many ways in which governments might choose to respond effec- tively to concerns relating to the cultural heritage.

6. The participating States recall their respect for freedom of expression and, in connec- tion with the exercise of that freedom in the artistic and cultural fields, state as follows:

6.1 The publication of written works, the performance and broadcasting of musical, the- atrical and audiovisual works, and the exhibition of pictorial or sculptural works will not be subject to restriction or interference by the State save such restrictions as are pre- scribed by domestic legislation and are fully consistent with international standards.

6.2 They express their conviction that the existence, in the artistic and cultural fields, of a diversity of means of dissemination independent of the State, such as publishing houses, radio broadcasting, cinema and television enterprises, theatres and galleries, helps to ensure pluralism and the freedom of artistic and cultural expression.

7. The participating States recall their commitments to unhindered access to culture, and agree as follows:

7.1 While duly respecting intellectual property rights, any person or independent organ- ization has the right to own privately, use and reproduce all kinds of cultural materials, such as books, publications and audiovisual recordings, and the means of reproducing them.

8. The participating States are resolved to promote the mutual knowledge of their respective cultures. Accordingly, they will encourage co-operation and exchanges in all fields of culture and creative work.

9. The participating States are convinced of the enrichment which regional and local cultures, including those connected with national minorities, bring to cultural life.

94 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Cracow 1991

II. Culture and Heritage 10. The participating States express their deeply-held conviction that the cultural herit- age of each one of them constitutes an inalienable part of their civilization, their mem- ory and their common history, to be transmitted to future generations.

11. The participating States take note of the definitions of archaeological property, of the cultural heritage and of the architectural heritage in the relevant international doc- uments of the Council of Europe and UNESCO.

12. The complete and lasting documentation of sites, structures, cultural landscapes, objects and cultural systems, including historical, religious and cultural monuments, as they presently exist, is one of the most important legacies to the cultural heritage that can be provided for future generations.

13. The participating States also recognize as vital elements of their common cultural heritage, the heritage of those cultures which, because of language barriers, climate and geographical distance, limited population or turns of history and political circum- stances, have not been widely accessible.

14. The participating states will endeavour to protect the cultural heritage, in compli- ance with relevant international agreements and with their domestic legislation.

15. The participating States will pay heed to the preservation, enhancement and restora- tion of the cultural heritage when drawing up cultural, environmental and regional and urban planning policies. They further note the importance of relating individual con- servation projects to their authentic urban or rural environment, where appropriate and whenever possible.

16. The participating States recognize the importance of making their cultural herit- age as widely accessible as possible. In doing so, they will pay particular attention to the needs of the handicapped.

16.1 They will endeavour to safeguard the heritage from damage which may be caused by management of and public access to it.

16.2 They will promote public awareness of the value of the heritage and the need to protect it.

16.3 They will seek, wherever possible, to facilitate access for researchers and scholars to relevant primary documents and archive materials.

17. The participating States note favourably the role of non-governmental associations in promoting awareness of the heritage and the need for its protection.

18. Partnerships among diverse groups at the local, regional and national level, from both the private and the public sector, are valuable for ensuring the effective and rep- resentative preservation of the cultural heritage. The preservation and interpretation of

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 95 Cracow 1991

the values and the cultural heritage of diverse groups will be enhanced with the involve- ment of those groups, which is conducive to the tolerance and respect for different cul- tures which are of paramount importance.

19. The participating States recognize the usefulness and importance of exchanging information on preserving the cultural heritage and acknowledge that the use of data banks, on a national and multilateral level, could make a useful contribution to this work.

III. Principal Areas of Preservation and Co-operation 20. The participating States will encourage training, at the initial and advanced levels, for the various professions and crafts involved in preserving and restoring the cultural heritage, as well as in administering it. They agree to keep one another informed of any important developments in this field and to co-operate with one another.

20.1 The dissemination of knowledge and skills, especially vanishing skills related to the cultural heritage, through training, the exchange of personnel, research and technical publication, is necessary to ensure continuity in cultural preservation. They therefore reaffirm their commitments to encourage bilateral and multilateral exchanges of train- ees and specialists.

20.2 The participating States should invite the appropriate professional organizations to set up a national register of skilled craftspersons competent in the field of the pro- tection and preservation of the cultural heritage, in order to facilitate contacts between such persons and the users of their services both nationally and internationally.

21. The participating States will exchange data on their cultural heritage policies, par- ticularly regarding the methods, means and possibilities provided by new technologies.

22. The participating States will strive to share their knowledge and experience in the area of publishing and distribution of printed and audiovisual material.

22.1 With a view to increasing public awareness regarding the preservation of the cul- tural heritage, the participating States will make information available that will assist radio and television stations, as well as the print media, to promote information in this area.

23. They will endeavour to improve storage conditions for perishable cultural goods such as paper, film tapes and recorded sound materials, to establish national pro- grammes for the preservation of the perishable cultural heritage and to set commonly accepted standards for all types of carriers of cultural products in order to safeguard the permanence of such items of culture.

24. The participating States will encourage the establishment of links between resource centres and data banks in cultural fields so as to facilitate the exchange of information between them.

96 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Cracow 1991

25. With a view to a better understanding of the cultural values of the countries whose languages are less widely spoken, the participating States welcome the dissemination of knowledge about and of such languages, in particular through the translation and pub- lication of literary works from these countries. The organization of international train- ing courses for media and cultural personnel involved in promoting the understanding of less-spoken languages and less widely-known cultures should also be considered.

26. Acknowledging the important contribution of religious faiths, institutions and organizations to the cultural heritage, the participating States will co-operate closely with them regarding the preservation of the cultural heritage and pay due attention to monuments and objects of religious origin whose original communities no longer use them or no longer exist in the particular region.

27. Bearing in mind the important role that regional aspects of culture may play in link- ing people across national borders, the participating States will favour regional co-oper- ation at the level of local and national authorities as well as non-governmental organiza- tions with a view to fostering good-neighbourly relations.

28. The participating States will accord due attention to strengthening the heritage of popular culture of the past, including indigenous and vernacular cultures, and to encouraging a contemporary popular culture within the framework of their overall efforts for the preservation, study, protection and promotion of mutual awareness of their cultural heritage. The participating States note the importance of research into various forms of expression of past and present cultures - symbolic practices, technical objects and knowledge, folk art, languages – and the importance of doing what is nec- essary to highlight them.

29. The participating States will also pay attention to more recent contributions to the cultural heritage (art, including architectural works, of the 20th century).

30. The participating States will co-operate in preventing the illegal circulation of cul- tural objects, for example by considering adhering to the relevant international instru- ments.

31. The participating States will strive to preserve and protect those monuments and sites of remembrance, including most notably extermination camps, and the related archives, which are themselves testimonials to tragic experiences in their common past. Such steps need to be taken in order that those experiences may be remembered, may help to teach present and future generations of these events, and thus ensure that they are never repeated.

32. The interpretation of sensitive sites of remembrance can serve as a valuable means of promoting tolerance and understanding among people and will take into account social and cultural diversity.

33. The participating States recognize that, in defining priorities for preservation, it is important to take into account both the intrinsic value of the cultural heritage, its rel-

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 97 Cracow 1991

ative state of deterioration and its historic cultural content. To this effect they will, as appropriate, endeavour to promote the use of risk charts, the exchange of information and the organization of on-site workshops, ideal also for the involvement of younger generations.

34. The participating States bear in mind that the preservation of the status of monu- ments and sites related to their history and culture, wherever they are located, consti- tutes an integral part of the overall efforts within the CSCE for the preservation and protection of the common cultural heritage.

35. The participating States believe that taking concerted measures to protect the com- mon cultural heritage from environmental damage is necessary. To this end they will consider establishing or joining networks for the collection of data and co-ordination of research. They will endeavour to co-ordinate policy decisions and undertake direct measures to reduce the impact of air pollution and other degradation on the common cultural heritage.

36. With a view to protecting cultural sites in urban environments, measures will be taken by the participating States to counteract the effects of pollution on the architec- tural complexes of threatened cities; to restore, preserve and revitalize historical urban centres; and to safeguard sites and protect them from damage due to the increasing flow of tourists.

37. The participating States note the importance of protecting the cultural landscape, particularly in villages and rural areas, from the danger inherent in changes in the pat- tern of economic activities and in the impact of pollution, with a special view to pro- tecting dwellings and coherent ensembles of the everyday living environment.

38. In view of the contribution which natural history can make to our understanding of the world of today and its evolution in the future, the participating States will endeavour to foster the preservation and interpretation of natural history sites and collections.

39. The participating States note the importance of safeguarding public and private parks and historical gardens, as works of humanity and nature, due to their historical, botanical and social interest, including their decorative and architectural elements.

40. The participating States will endeavour to safeguard and protect the archaeological sites located on their territories, including sites located under water. They will bear this aspect in mind during regional development operations which are likely to be a threat to sites which have not yet been scientifically surveyed, excavated or restored.

41. They stress the need for co-ordination of the activities of international organizations and institutions, such as the Council of Europe and UNESCO, in order to contribute to the full development of cultural co-operation among the participating States. Bearing in mind the need to avoid duplication of effort, the participating States will co-operate closely within the competent international organizations to which they belong.

(…)

98 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments Report of the CSCE Meeting of Experts on National Minorities Geneva 1991

(…)

In accordance with the relevant provisions of the Charter of Paris, the representatives of the participating States had a thorough discussion on the issues of national minorities and of the rights of persons belonging to them that reflected the diversity of situations and of the legal, historical, political and economic backgrounds. They had an exchange of views on practical experience with national minorities, in particular on national leg- islation, democratic institutions, international instruments and other possible forms of co-operation. Views were expressed on the implementation of the relevant CSCE com- mitments, and the representatives of the participating States also considered the scope for the improvement of relevant standards. They also considered new measures aimed at improving the implementation of the aforementioned commitments.

A number of proposals were submitted for consideration by the Meeting and, following their deliberations, the representatives of the participating States adopted this Report.

The text of the Report of the Geneva Meeting of Experts on National Minorities will be published in each participating State, which will disseminate it and make it known as widely as possible.

The representatives of the participating States note that the Council will take into account the summing up of the Meeting, in accordance with the Charter of Paris for a New Europe.

I.

Recognizing that their observance and full exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms, including those of persons belonging to national minorities, are the founda- tion of the New Europe,

Reaffirming their deep conviction that friendly relations among their peoples, as well as peace, justice, stability and democracy, require that the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 99 Geneva 1991

religious identity of national minorities be protected, and conditions for the promotion of that identity be created,

Convinced that, in States with national minorities, democracy requires that all per- sons, including those belonging to national minorities, enjoy full and effective equal- ity of rights and fundamental freedoms and benefit from the rule of law and democratic institutions,

Aware of the diversity of situations and constitutional systems in their countries, and therefore recognizing that various approaches to the implementation of CSCE commit- ments regarding national minorities are appropriate,

Mindful of the importance of exerting efforts to address national minorities issues, par- ticularly in areas where democratic institutions are being consolidated and questions relating to national minorities are of special concern,

Aware that national minorities form an integral part of the society of the States in which they live and that they are a factor of enrichment of each respective State and society,

Confirming the need to respect and implement fully and fairly their undertakings in the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms as set forth in the international instruments by which they may be bound,

Reaffirming their strong determination to respect and apply, to their full extent, all their commitments relating to national minorities and persons belonging to them in the Hel- sinki Final Act, the Madrid Concluding Document and the Vienna Concluding Doc- ument, the Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE, the Document of the Cracow Symposium on the Cultural Her- itage as well as the Charter of Paris for a New Europe, the participating States present below the summary of their conclusions.

The representatives of the participating States took as the fundamental basis of their work the commitments undertaken by them with respect to national minorities as con- tained in the relevant adopted CSCE documents, in particular those in the Charter of Paris for a New Europe and the Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Confer- ence on the Human Dimension of the CSCE, which they fully reaffirmed.

II.

The participating States stress the continued importance of a thorough review of imple- mentation of their CSCE commitments relating to persons belonging to national minor- ities.

They emphasize that human rights and fundamental freedoms are the basis for the pro- tection and promotion of rights of persons belonging to national minorities. They fur- ther recognize that questions relating to national minorities can only be satisfactorily resolved in a democratic political framework based on the rule of law, with a function-

100 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Geneva 1991

ing independent judiciary. This framework guarantees full respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, equal rights and status for all citizens, including persons belonging to national minorities, the free expression of all their legitimate interests and aspirations, political pluralism, social tolerance and the implementation of legal rules that place effective restraints on the abuse of governmental power.

Issues concerning national minorities, as well as compliance with international obliga- tions and commitments concerning the rights of persons belonging to them, are mat- ters of legitimate international concern and consequently do not constitute exclusively an internal affair of the respective State.

They note that not all ethnic, cultural, linguistic or religious differences necessarily lead to the creation of national minorities.

III.

Respecting the right of persons belonging to national minorities to effective partici- pation in public affairs, the participating States consider that when issues relating to the situation of national minorities are discussed within their countries, they them- selves should have the effective opportunity to be involved, in accordance with the deci- sion-making procedures of each State. They further consider that appropriate demo- cratic participation of persons belonging to national minorities or their representatives in decision-making or consultative bodies constitutes an important element of effective participation in public affairs.

They consider that special efforts must be made to resolve specific problems in a con- structive manner and through dialogue by means of negotiations and consultations with a view to improving the situation of persons belonging to national minorities. They recognize that the promotion of dialogue between States, and between States and per- sons belonging to national minorities, will be most successful when there is a free flow of information and ideas between all parties. They encourage unilateral, bilateral and multilateral efforts by governments to explore avenues for enhancing the effectiveness of their implementation of CSCE commitments relating to national minorities.

The participating States further consider that respect for human rights and fundamen- tal freedoms must be accorded on a non-discriminatory basis throughout society. In areas inhabited mainly by persons belonging to a national minority, the human rights and fundamental freedoms of persons belonging to that minority, of persons belong- ing to the majority population of the respective State, and of persons belonging to other national minorities residing in these areas will be equally protected.

They reconfirm that persons belonging to national minorities have the right freely to express, preserve and develop their ethnic, cultural, linguistic or religious identity and to maintain and develop their culture in all its aspects, free of any attempts at assimila- tion against their will.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 101 Geneva 1991

They will permit the competent authorities to inform the Office for Free Elections of all scheduled public elections on their territories, including those held below national level. The participating States will consider favourably, to the extent permitted by law, the presence of observers at elections held below the national level, including in areas inhabited by national minorities, and will endeavour to facilitate their access.

IV.

The participating States will create conditions for persons belonging to national minor- ities to have equal opportunity to be effectively involved in the public life, economic activities, and building of their societies.

In accordance with paragraph 31 of the Copenhagen Document, the participating States will take the necessary measures to prevent discrimination against individuals, particu- larly in respect of employment, housing and education, on the grounds of belonging or not belonging to a national minority. In that context, they will make provision, if they have not yet done so, for effective recourse to redress for individuals who have experi- enced discriminatory treatment on the grounds of their belonging or not belonging to a national minority, including by making available to individual victims of discrimination a broad array of administrative and judicial remedies.

The participating States are convinced that the preservation of the values and of the cul- tural heritage of national minorities requires the involvement of persons belonging to such minorities and that tolerance and respect for different cultures are of paramount importance in this regard. Accordingly, they confirm the importance of refraining from hindering the production of cultural materials concerning national minorities, includ- ing by persons belonging to them.

The participating States affirm that persons belonging to a national minority will enjoy the same rights and have the same duties of citizenship as the rest of the population.

The participating States reconfirm the importance of adopting, where necessary, spe- cial measures for the purpose of ensuring to persons belonging to national minorities full equality with the other citizens in the exercise and enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms. They further recall the need to take the necessary measures to protect the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of national minorities on their territory and create conditions for the promotion of that identity; any such meas- ures will be in conformity with the principles of equality and non-discrimination with respect to the other citizens of the participating State concerned.

They recognize that such measures, which take into account, inter alia, historical and territorial circumstances of national minorities, are particularly important in areas where democratic institutions are being consolidated and national minorities issues are of special concern.

Aware of the diversity and varying constitutional systems among them, which make no single approach necessarily generally applicable, the participating States note with

102 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Geneva 1991

interest that positive results have been obtained by some of them in an appropriate democratic manner by, inter alia:

• advisory and decision-making bodies in which minorities are represented, in particu- lar with regard to education, culture and religion;

• elected bodies and assemblies of national minority affairs;

• local and autonomous administration, as well as autonomy on a territorial basis, including the existence of consultative, legislative and executive bodies chosen through free and periodic elections;

• self-administration by a national minority of aspects concerning its identity in situa- tions where autonomy on a territorial basis does not apply;

• decentralized or local forms of government;

• bilateral and multilateral agreements and other arrangements regarding national minorities;

• for persons belonging to national minorities, provision of adequate types and levels of education in their mother tongue with due regard to the number, geographic settle- ment patterns and cultural traditions of national minorities;

• funding the teaching of minority languages to the general public, as well as the inclu- sion of minority languages in teacher-training institutions, in particular in regions inhabited by persons belonging to national minorities;

• in cases where instruction in a particular subject is not provided in their territory in the minority language at all levels, taking the necessary measures to find means of recognizing diplomas issued abroad for a course of study completed in that language;

• creation of government research agencies to review legislation and disseminate infor- mation related to equal rights and non-discrimination;

• provision of financial and technical assistance to persons belonging to national minor- ities who so wish to exercise their right to establish and maintain their own educa- tional, cultural and religious institutions, organizations and associations;

• governmental assistance for addressing local difficulties relating to discriminatory practices (e.g. a citizens relations service);

• encouragement of grassroots community relations efforts between minority commu- nities, between majority and minority communities, and between neighbouring com- munities sharing borders, aimed at helping to prevent local tensions from arising and address conflicts peacefully should they arise; and

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 103 Geneva 1991

• encouragement of the establishment of permanent mixed commissions, either inter- State or regional, to facilitate continuing dialogue between the border regions con- cerned.

The participating States are of the view that these or other approaches, individually or in combination, could be helpful in improving the situation of national minorities on their territories.

V.

The participating States respect the right of persons belonging to national minorities to exercise and enjoy their rights alone or in community with others, to establish and maintain organizations and associations within their country, and to participate in international non-governmental organizations.

The participating States reaffirm, and will not hinder the exercise of, the right of per- sons belonging to national minorities to establish and maintain their own educational, cultural and religious institutions, organizations and associations.

In this regard, they recognize the major and vital role that individuals, non-governmen- tal organizations, and religious and other groups play in fostering cross-cultural under- standing and improving relations at all levels of society, as well as across international frontiers.

They believe that the first-hand observations and experience of such organizations, groups, and individuals can be of great value in promoting the implementation of CSCE commitments relating to persons belonging to national minorities. They therefore will encourage and not hinder the work of such organizations, groups and individuals and welcome their contributions in this area.

VI.

The participating States, concerned by the proliferation of acts of racial, ethnic and reli- gious hatred, anti-semitism, xenophobia and discrimination, stress their determination to condemn, on a continuing basis, such acts against anyone.

In this context, they reaffirm their recognition of the particular problems of Roma (gypsies). They are ready to undertake effective measures in order to achieve full equal- ity of opportunity between persons belonging to Roma ordinarily resident in their State and the rest of the resident population. They will also encourage research and studies regarding Roma and the particular problems they face.

They will take effective measures to promote tolerance, understanding, equality of opportunity and good relations between individuals of different origins within their country.

104 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Geneva 1991

Further, the participating States will take effective measures, including the adoption, in conformity with their constitutional law and their international obligations, if they have not already done so, of laws that would prohibit acts that constitute incitement to vio- lence based on national, racial, ethnic or religious discrimination, hostility or hatred, including anti-semitism, and policies to enforce such laws.

Moreover, in order to heighten public awareness of prejudice and hatred, to improve enforcement of laws against hate-related crime and otherwise to further efforts to address hatred and prejudice in society, they will make efforts to collect, publish on a regular basis, and make available to the public, data about crimes on their respective territories that are based on prejudice as to race, ethnic identity or religion, including the guidelines used for the collection of such data. These data should not contain any personal information.

They will consult and exchange views and information at the international level, includ- ing at future meetings of the CSCE, on crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice and hate.

VII.

Convinced that the protection of the rights of persons belonging to national minori- ties necessitates free flow of information and exchange of ideas, the participating States emphasize the importance of communication between persons belonging to national minorities without interference by public authorities and regardless of frontiers. The exercise of such rights may be subject only to such restrictions as are prescribed by law and are consistent with international standards. They reaffirm that no one belonging to a national minority, simply by virtue of belonging to such a minority, will be subject to penal or administrative sanctions for having had contacts within or outside his/her own country.

In access to the media, they will not discriminate against anyone based on ethnic, cul- tural, linguistic or religious grounds. They will make information available that will assist the electronic mass media in taking into account, in their programmes, the eth- nic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of national minorities.

They reaffirm that establishment and maintenance of unimpeded contacts among per- sons belonging to a national minority, as well as contacts across frontiers by persons belonging to a national minority with persons with whom they share a common eth- nic or national origin, cultural heritage or religious belief, contributes to mutual under- standing and promotes good-neighbourly relations.

They therefore encourage transfrontier co-operation arrangements on a national, regional and local level, inter alia, on local border crossings, the preservation of and vis- its to cultural and historical monuments and sites, tourism, the improvement of traffic, the economy, youth exchange, the protection of the environment and the establishment of regional commissions.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 105 Geneva 1991

They will also encourage the creation of informal working arrangements (e.g. work- shops, committees both within and between the participating States) where national minorities live, to discuss issues of, exchange experience on, and present proposals on, issues related to national minorities.

With a view to improving their information about the actual situation of national minorities, the participating States will, on a voluntary basis distribute, through the CSCE Secretariat, information to other participating States about the situation of national minorities in their respective territories, as well as statements of national pol- icy in that respect.

The participating States will deposit with the CSCE Secretariat copies of the contri- butions made in the Plenary of the CSCE Meeting of Experts on National Minorities which they wish to be available to the public.

VIII.

The participating States welcome the positive contribution made by the representa- tives of the United Nations and the Council of Europe to the proceedings of the Geneva Meeting of Experts on National Minorities. They note that the work and activities of these organizations will be of continuing relevance to the CSCE’s consideration of national minorities issues.

The participating States note that appropriate CSCE mechanisms may be of relevance in addressing questions relating to national minorities. Further, they recommend that the third Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE consider expanding the Human Dimension Mechanism. They will promote the involvement of individuals in the protection of their rights, including the rights of persons belonging to national minorities.

Finally, the representatives of the participating States request the Executive Secretary of the Meeting to transmit this Report to the third Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE.

(…)

106 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments Document of the Moscow Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE Moscow 1991

(…)

The participating States renew their commitment to implement fully all the princi- ples and provisions of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, of the Charter of Paris for a New Europe and of the other CSCE documents relating to the human dimension, including, in particular, the Document of the Copen- hagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE, and are deter- mined to achieve still further progress in the implementation of these provisions, as full respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and the development of societies based on pluralistic democracy and the rule of law are prerequisites for a lasting order of peace, security, justice and co-operation in Europe.

In this context, the participating States underlined that, in accordance with the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe and the Charter of Paris for a New Europe, the equal rights of peoples and their right to self-determination are to be respected in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations and the relevant norms of international law, including those relating to territorial integrity of States.

At the Moscow Meeting views were expressed by the participating States on the imple- mentation of their commitments in the field of the human dimension. They consid- ered that the degree of compliance with the commitments contained in the relevant provisions of the CSCE documents had shown further substantial improvement since the Copenhagen Meeting. They also considered that, in spite of the significant progress made, serious threats to and violations of CSCE principles and provisions continue to exist and have a sobering effect on the assessment of the over all situation in Europe. In particular, they deplored acts of discrimination, hostility and violence against persons or groups on national, ethnic or religious grounds. The participating States therefore expressed the view that, for the full realization of their commitments relating to the human dimension, continued efforts are still required which should benefit substan- tially from the profound political changes that have occurred.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 107 Moscow 1991

The participating States emphasize that issues relating to human rights, fundamen- tal freedoms, democracy and the rule of law are of international concern, as respect for these rights and freedoms constitutes one of the foundations of the international order. They categorically and irrevocably declare that the commitments undertaken in the field of the human dimension of the CSCE are matters of direct and legitimate con- cern to all participating States and do not belong exclusively to the internal affairs of the State concerned. They express their determination to fulfil all of their human dimen- sion commitments and to resolve by peaceful means any related issue, individually and collectively, on the basis of mutual respect and co-operation. In this context they rec- ognize that the active involvement of persons, groups, organizations and institutions is essential to ensure continuing progress in this direction.

The participating States express their collective determination to further safeguard human rights and fundamental freedoms and to consolidate democratic advances in their territories. They also recognize a compelling need to increase the CSCE’s effec- tiveness in addressing human rights concerns that arise in their territories at this time of profound change in Europe.

In order to strengthen and expand the human dimension mechanism described in the section on the human dimension of the CSCE in the Concluding Document of the Vienna Meeting and to build upon and deepen the commitments set forth in the Doc- ument of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE, the participating States adopt the following:

I

(1) The participating States emphasize that the human dimension mechanism described in paragraphs 1 to 4 of the section on the human dimension of the CSCE in the Vienna Concluding Document constitutes an essential achievement of the CSCE process, hav- ing demonstrated its value as a method of furthering respect for human rights, fun- damental freedoms, democracy and the rule of law through dialogue and co-opera- tion and assisting in the resolution of specific relevant questions. In order to improve further the implementation of the CSCE commitments in the human dimension, they decide to enhance the effectiveness of this mechanism and to strengthen and expand it as outlined in the following paragraphs.

(2) The participating States amend paragraphs 42.1 and 42.2 of the Document of the Copenhagen Meeting to the effect that they will provide in the shortest possible time, but no later than ten days, a written response to requests for information and to rep- resentations made to them in writing by other participating States under paragraph 1 of the human dimension mechanism. Bilateral meetings, as referred to in paragraph 2 of the human dimension mechanism, will take place as soon as possible, and as a rule within one week of the date of the request.

108 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Moscow 1991

(3) A resource list comprising up to three experts appointed by each participating State will be established without delay at the CSCE Institution*. The experts will be eminent persons, preferably experienced in the field of the human dimension, from whom an impartial performance of their functions may be expected.

The experts will be appointed for a period of three to six years at the discretion of the appointing State, no expert serving more than two consecutive terms. Within four weeks after notification by the CSCE Institution of the appointment, any participating State may make reservations regarding no more than two experts to be appointed by another participating state. In such case, the appointing State may, within four weeks of being notified of such reservations, reconsider its decision and appoint another expert or experts; if it confirms the appointment originally intended, the expert concerned cannot take part in any procedure with respect to the State having made the reservation without the latter’s express consent

The resource list will become operational as soon as 45 experts have been appointed.

(4) A participating State may invite the assistance of a CSCE mission, consisting of up to three experts, to address or contribute to the resolution of questions in its territory relating to the human dimension of the CSCE. In such case, the State will select the per- son or persons concerned from the resource list. The mission of experts will not include the participating State’s own nationals or residents or any of the persons it appointed to the resource list or more than one national or resident of any particular State.

The inviting State will inform without delay the CSCE Institution when a mission of experts is established, which in turn will notify all participating States. The CSCE insti- tutions will also, whenever necessary, provide appropriate support to such a mission.

(5) The purpose of a mission of experts is to facilitate resolution of a particular question or problem relating to the human dimension of the CSCE. Such mission may gather the information necessary for carrying out its tasks and, as appropriate, use its good offices and mediation services to promote dialogue and co-operation among interested parties. The State concerned will agree with the mission on the precise terms of reference and may thus assign any further functions to the mission of experts, inter alia, fact-finding and advisory services, in order to suggest ways and means of facilitating the observance of CSCE commitments.

(6) The inviting State will co-operate fully with the mission of experts and facilitate its work. It will grant the mission all the facilities necessary for the independent exercise of its functions. It will, inter alia, allow the mission, for the purpose of carrying out its tasks, to enter its territory without delay, to hold discussions and to travel freely therein, to meet freely with officials, non-governmental organizations and any group or person from whom it wishes to receive information. The mission may also receive information in confidence from any individual, group or organization on questions it is addressing. The members of such missions will respect the confidential nature of their task.

* The Council will take the decision on the institution.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 109 Moscow 1991

The participating States will refrain from any action against persons, organizations or institutions on account of their contact with the mission of experts or of any publicly available information transmitted to it. The inviting State will comply with any request from a mission of experts to be accompanied by officials of that State if the mission con- siders this to be necessary to facilitate its work or guarantee its safety.

(7) The mission of experts will submit its observations to the inviting State as soon as possible, preferably within three weeks after the mission has been established. The inviting State will transmit the observations of the mission, together with a description of any action it has taken or intends to take upon it, to the other participating States via the CSCE Institution no later than three weeks after the submission of the observa- tions.

These observations and any comments by the inviting State may be discussed by the Committee of Senior Officials, which may consider any possible follow-up action. The observations and comments will remain confidential until brought to the attention of the Senior Officials. Before the circulation of the observations and any comments, no other mission of experts may be appointed for the same issue.

(8) Furthermore, one or more participating States, having put into effect paragraphs 1 or 2 of the human dimension mechanism, may request that the CSCE Institution inquire of another participating State whether it would agree to invite a mission of experts to address a particular, clearly defined question on its territory relating to the human dimension of the CSCE. If the other participating State agrees to invite a mis- sion of experts for the purpose indicated, the procedure set forth in paragraphs 4 to 7 will apply.

(9) If a participating State (a) has directed an enquiry under paragraph 8 to another par- ticipating State and that State has not established a mission of experts within a period of ten days after the enquiry has been made, or (b) judges that the issue in question has not been resolved as a result of a mission of experts, it may, with the support of at least five other participating States, initiate the establishment of a mission of up to three CSCE rapporteurs. Such a decision will be addressed to the CSCE Institution, which will notify without delay the State concerned as well as all the other participat- ing States.

(10) The requesting State or States may appoint one person from the resource list to serve as a CSCE rapporteur. The requested State may, if it so chooses, appoint a further rapporteur from the resource list within six days after notification by the CSCE Insti- tution of the appointment of the rapporteur. In such case the two designated rappor- teurs, who will not be nationals or residents of, or persons appointed to the resource list by any of the States concerned, will by common agreement and without delay appoint a third rapporteur from the resource list. In case they fail to reach agreement within eight days, a third rapporteur who will not be a national or resident of, or a person appointed to the resource list by any of the States concerned, will be appointed from the resource list by the ranking official of the CSCE body designated by the Council. The provisions

110 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Moscow 1991

of the second part of paragraph 4 and the whole of paragraph 6 also apply to a mission of rapporteurs.

(11) The CSCE rapporteur(s) will establish the facts, report on them and may give advice on possible solutions to the question raised. The report of the rapporteur(s), containing observations of facts, proposals or advice, will be submitted to the participating State or States concerned and, unless all the States concerned agree otherwise, to the CSCE Institution no later than three weeks after the last rapporteur has been appointed. The requested State will submit any observations on the report to the CSCE Institution, unless all the States concerned agree otherwise, no later than three weeks after the sub- mission of the report.

The CSCE Institution will transmit the report, as well as any observations by the requested State or any other participating State, to all participating States without delay. The report may be placed on the agenda of the next regular meeting of the Committee of Senior Officials, which may decide on any possible follow-up action. The report will remain confidential until after that meeting of the Committee. Before the circulation of the report no other rapporteur may be appointed for the same issue.

(12) If a participating State considers that a particularly serious threat to the fulfilment of the provisions of the CSCE human dimension has arisen in another participating State, it may, with the support of at least nine other participating States, engage the pro- cedure set forth in paragraph 10. The provisions of paragraph 11 will apply.

(13) Upon the request of any participating State the Committee of Senior Officials may decide to establish a mission of experts or of CSCE rapporteurs. In such case the Com- mittee will also determine whether to apply the appropriate provisions of the preced- ing paragraphs.

(14) The participating State or States that have requested the establishment of a mission of experts or rapporteurs will cover the expenses of that mission. In case of the appoint- ment of experts or rapporteurs pursuant to a decision of the Committee of Senior Offi- cials, the expenses will be covered by the participating States in accordance with the usual scale of distribution of expenses. These procedures will be reviewed by the Hel- sinki Follow-up Meeting of the CSCE.

(15) Nothing in the foregoing will in any way affect the right of participating States to raise within the CSCE process any issue relating to the implementation of any CSCE commitment, including any commitment relating to the human dimension of the CSCE.

(16) In considering whether to invoke the procedures in paragraphs 9 and 10 or 12 regarding the case of an individual, participating States should pay due regard to whether that individual’s case is already sub judice in an international judicial proce- dure.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 111 Moscow 1991

Any reference to the Committee of Senior Officials in this document is subject to the decision of that Committee and the Council.

II

(17) The participating States

(17.1) - condemn unreservedly forces which seek to take power from a representative government of a participating State against the will of the people as expressed in free and fair elections and contrary to the justly established constitutional order;

(17.2) - will support vigorously, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, in case of overthrow or attempted overthrow of a legitimately elected government of a participating State by undemocratic means, the legitimate organs of that State uphold- ing human rights, democracy and the rule of law, recognizing their common commit- ment to countering any attempt to curb these basic values;

(17.3) - recognize the need to make further peaceful efforts concerning human rights, democracy and the rule of law within the context of security and co-operation in Europe, individually and collectively, to make democratic advances irreversible and pre- vent any falling below the standards laid down in the principles and provisions of the Final Act, the Vienna Concluding Document, the Document of the Copenhagen Meet- ing, the Charter of Paris for a New Europe and the present document.

(18) The participating States recall their commitment to the rule of law in the Docu- ment of the Copenhagen Meeting and affirm their dedication to supporting and advanc- ing those principles of justice which form the basis of the rule of law. In particular, they again reaffirm that democracy is an inherent element in the rule of law and that plural- ism is important in regard to political organizations.

(18.1) Legislation will be formulated and adopted as the result of an open process reflect- ing the will of the people, either directly or through their elected representatives.

(18.2) Everyone will have an effective means of redress against administrative decisions, so as to guarantee respect for fundamental rights and ensure legal integrity.

(18.3) To the same end, there will be effective means of redress against administrative regulations for individuals affected thereby.

(18.4) The participating States will endeavour to provide for judicial review of such reg- ulations and decisions.

(19) The participating States

(19.1) - will respect the internationally recognized standards that relate to the independ- ence of judges and legal practitioners and the impartial operation of the public judicial service including, inter alia, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Inter- national Covenant on Civil and Political Rights;

112 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Moscow 1991

(19.2) - will, in implementing the relevant standards and commitments, ensure that the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed and enshrined in the constitution or the law of the country and is respected in practice, paying particular attention to the Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, which, inter alia, provide for

(i) prohibiting improper influence on judges;

(ii) preventing revision of judicial decisions by administrative authorities, except for the rights of the competent authorities to mitigate or commute sentences imposed by judges, in conformity with the law;

(iii) protecting the judiciary’s freedom of expression and association, subject only to such restrictions as are consistent with its functions;

(iv) ensuring that judges are properly qualified, trained and selected on a non-discrimi- natory basis;

(v) guaranteeing tenure and appropriate conditions of service, including on the matter of promotion of judges, where applicable;

(vi) respecting conditions of immunity;

(vii) ensuring that the disciplining, suspension and removal of judges are determined according to law.

(20) For the promotion of the independence of the judiciary, the participating States will

(20.1) - recognize the important function national and international associations of judges and lawyers can perform in strengthening respect for the independence of their members and in providing education and training on the role of the judiciary and the legal profession in society;

(20.2) - promote and facilitate dialogue, exchanges and co-operation among national associations and other groups interested in ensuring respect for the independence of the judiciary and the protection of lawyers;

(20.3) - co-operate among themselves through, inter alia, dialogue, contacts and exchanges in order to identify where problem areas exist concerning the protection of the independence of judges and legal practitioners and to develop ways and means to address and resolve such problems;

(20.4) - co-operate on an ongoing basis in such areas as the education and training of judges and legal practitioners, as well as the preparation and enactment of legislation intended to strengthen respect for their independence and the impartial operation of the public judicial service.

(21) The participating States will

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 113 Moscow 1991

(21.1) - take all necessary measures to ensure that law enforcement personnel, when enforcing public order, will act in the public interest, respond to a specific need and pursue a legitimate aim, as well as use ways and means commensurate with the circum- stances, which will not exceed the needs of enforcement;

(21.2) - ensure that law enforcement acts are subject to judicial control, that law enforce- ment personnel are held accountable for such acts, and that due compensation may be sought, according to domestic law, by the victims of acts found to be in violation of the above commitments.

(22) The participating States will take appropriate measures to ensure that education and information regarding the prohibition of excess force by law enforcement person- nel as well as relevant international and domestic codes of conduct are included in the training of such personnel.

(23) The participating States will treat all persons deprived of their liberty with human- ity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person and will respect the internationally recognized standards that relate to the administration of justice and the human rights of detainees.

(23.1) The participating States will ensure that

(i) no one will be deprived of his liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedures as are established by law;

(ii) anyone who is arrested will be informed promptly in a language which he under- stands of the reason for his arrest, and will be informed of any charges against him;

(iii) any person who has been deprived of his liberty will be promptly informed about his rights according to domestic law;

(iv) any person arrested or detained will have the right to be brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorized by law to determine the lawfulness of his arrest or detention, and will be released without delay if it is unlawful;

(v) anyone charged with a criminal offence will have the right to defend himself in per- son or through legal assistance of his own choosing or, if he has not sufficient means to pay for legal assistance, to be given it free when the interests of justice so require;

(vi) any person arrested or detained will have the right, without undue delay, to notify or to require the competent authority to notify appropriate persons of his choice of his arrest, detention, imprisonment and whereabouts; any restriction in the exercise of this right will be prescribed by law and in accordance with international standards;

(vii) effective measures will be adopted, if this has not already been done, to provide that law enforcement bodies do not take undue advantage of the situation of a detained or imprisoned person for the purpose of compelling him to confess, or otherwise to incriminate himself, or to force him to testify against any other person;

114 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Moscow 1991

(viii) the duration of any interrogation and the intervals between them will be recorded and certified, consistent with domestic law;

(ix) a detailed person or his counsel will have the right to make a request or complaint regarding his treatment, in particular when torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrad- ing treatment has been applied, to the authorities responsible for the administration of the place of detention and to higher authorities, and when necessary, to appropriate authorities vested with reviewing or remedial power;

(x) such request or complaint will be promptly dealt with and replied to without undue delay; if the request or complaint is rejected or in case of inordinate delay, the complain- ant will be entitled to bring it before a judicial or other authority; neither the detained or imprisoned person nor any complainant will suffer prejudice for making a request or complaint;

(xi) anyone who has been the victim of an unlawful arrest or detention will have a legally enforceable right to seek compensation.

(23.2) The participating States will

(i) endeavour to take measures, as necessary, to improve the conditions of individuals in detention or imprisonment;

(ii) pay particular attention to the question of alternatives to imprisonment.

(24) The participating States reconfirm the right to the protection of private and fam- ily life, domicile, correspondence and electronic communications. In order to avoid any improper or arbitrary intrusion by the State in the realm of the individual, which would be harmful to any democratic society, the exercise of this right will be subject only to such restrictions as are prescribed by law and are consistent with internationally rec- ognized human rights standards. In particular, the participating States will ensure that searches and seizures of persons and private premises and property will take place only in accordance with standards that are judicially enforceable.

(25) The participating States will

(25.1) - ensure that their military and paramilitary forces, internal security and intel- ligence services, and the police are subject to the effective direction and control of the appropriate civil authorities;

(25.2) - maintain and, where necessary, strengthen executive control over the use of military and paramilitary forces as well as the activities of the internal security and intelligence services and the police;

(25.3) - take appropriate steps to create, wherever they do not already exist, and main- tain effective arrangements for legislative supervision of all such forces, services and activities.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 115 Moscow 1991

(26) The participating States reaffirm the right to freedom of expression, including the right to communication and the right of the media to collect, report and disseminate information, news and opinions. Any restriction in the exercise of this right will be pre- scribed by law and in accordance with international standards. They further recognize that independent media are essential to a free and open society and accountable sys- tems of government and are of particular importance in safeguarding human rights and fundamental freedoms.

(26.1) They consider that the print and broadcast media in their territory should enjoy unrestricted access to foreign news and information services. The public will enjoy sim- ilar freedom to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by pub- lic authority regardless of frontiers, including through foreign publications and foreign broadcasts. Any restriction in the exercise of this right will be prescribed by law and in accordance with international standards.

(26.2) The participating States will not discriminate against independent media with respect to affording access to information, material and facilities.

(27) The participating States

(27.1) - express their intention to co-operate in the field of constitutional, administrative, commercial, civil and social welfare laws and their relevant areas, in order to develop, particularly in States where they do not yet exist, legal systems based on respect for human rights, the rule of law and democracy;

(27.2) - to this end, envisage the continuation and enhancement of bilateral and multi- lateral legal and administrative co-operation, inter alia, in the following fields:

• development of an efficient administrative system;

• assistance in formulating law and regulations;

• training of administrative and legal staff;

• exchange of legal works and periodicals.

(28) The participating States consider it important to protect human rights and funda- mental freedoms during a state of public emergency, to take into account the relevant provisions of the Document of the Copenhagen Meeting, and to observer the interna- tional conventions to which they are parties.

(28.1) The participating States reaffirm that a state of public emergency is justified only by the most exceptional and grave circumstances, consistent with the State’s interna- tional obligations and CSCE commitments. A state of public emergency may not be used to subvert the democratic constitutional order, nor aim at the destruction of inter- nationally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms. If recourse to force cannot be avoided, its use must be reasonable and limited as far as possible.

116 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Moscow 1991

(28.2) A state of public emergency may be proclaimed only by a constitutionally lawful body, duly empowered to do so. In cases where the decision to impose a state of public emergency may be lawfully taken by the executive authorities, that decision should be subject to approval in the shortest possible time or to control by the legislature.

(28.3) The decision to impose a state of public emergency will be proclaimed officially, publicly, and in accordance with provisions laid down by law. The decision will, where possible, lay down territorial limits of a state of public emergency. The State concerned will make available to its citizens information, without delay, about which measures have been taken. The state of public emergency will be lifted as soon as possible and will not remain in force longer than strictly required by the exigencies of the situation.

(28.4) A de facto imposition or continuation of a state of public emergency not in accordance with provisions laid down by law is not permissible.

(28.5) The participating States will endeavour to ensure that the normal functioning of the legislative bodies will be guaranteed to the highest possible extent during a state of public emergency.

(28.6) The participating States confirm that any derogation from obligations relating to human rights and fundamental freedoms during a state of public emergency must remain strictly within the limits provided for by international law, in particular the rel- evant international instruments by which they are bound, especially with respect to rights from which there can be no derogation.

(28.7) The participating States will endeavour to refrain from making derogations from those obligations from which, according to international conventions to which they are parties, derogation is possible under a state of public emergency. Measures dero- gating from such obligations must be taken in strict conformity with the procedural requirements laid down in those instruments. Such measures will neither go further nor remain in force longer than strictly required by the exigencies of the situation; they are by nature exceptional and should be interpreted and applied with restraint. Such measures will not discriminate solely on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language, reli- gion, social origin or of belonging to a minority.

(28.8) The participating States will endeavour to ensure that the legal guarantees nec- essary to uphold the rule of law will remain in force during a state of public emergency. They will endeavour to provide in their law for control over the regulations related to the state of public emergency, as well as the implementation of such regulations.

(28.9) The participating States will endeavour to maintain freedom of expression and freedom of information, consistent with their international obligations and commit- ments, with a view to enabling public discussion on the observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms as well as on the lifting of the state of public emergency. They will, in conformity with international standards regarding the freedom of expression, take no measures aimed at barring journalists from the legitimate exercise of their pro- fession other than those strictly required by the exigencies of the situation.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 117 Moscow 1991

(28.10) When a state of public emergency is declared or lifted in a participating State, the State concerned will immediately inform the CSCE Institution* of this decision, as well as of any derogation made from the State’s international human rights obligations. The Institution will inform the other participating States without delay.

(29) The participating States, recognizing their common interest in promoting contacts and the exchange of information amongst Ombudsmen and other institutions entrusted with similar functions of investigating individual complaints of citizens against public authorities, note with appreciation an offer by Spain to host a meeting of Ombudsmen.

(30) The participating States suggest that the appropriate CSCE fora consider expand- ing the functions of the Office for Free Elections to enable it to assist in strengthening democratic institutions within the participating States.

(31) The participating States acknowledge the extensive experience and expertise of the Council of Europe in the field of human rights. They welcome its contribution to strengthening democracy in Europe, including its readiness to make its experience available to the CSCE.

III

(32) The participating States reaffirm their enduring commitment to the principles and provisions of the Final Act, the Vienna Concluding Document, and other relevant CSCE documents in which they undertook, inter alia, to respect human rights and fun- damental freedoms and to ensure that they are guaranteed for all without distinction of any kind.

(33) The participating States will remove all legal and other restrictions with respect to travel within their territories for their own nationals and foreigners, and with respect to residence for those entitled to permanent residence, except those restrictions which may be necessary and officially declared for military, safety, ecological or other legit- imate government interests, in accordance with their national laws, consistent with CSCE commitments and international human rights obligations. The participating States undertake to keep such restrictions to a minimum.

(34) The participating States will adopt, where appropriate, all feasible measures to pro- tect journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions, particularly in cases of armed conflict, and will co-operate to that effect. These measures will include tracing mission journalists, ascertaining their fate, providing appropriate assistance and facili- tating their return to their families.

(35) The participating States reaffirm that guaranteeing the freedom of artistic creation and preserving the cultural heritage form part of the human dimension of the CSCE. They consider that independent intellectual and cultural life is crucial for the mainte- nance of free societies and democratic institutions. They will implement their commit-

* The Council will take the decision on the institution.

118 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Moscow 1991

ments in the cultural field, as laid down in the Document of the Cracow Symposium on the Cultural Heritage, and express the view that cultural issues, including cultural free- dom, creativity and co-operation, should be further considered in the CSCE.

(36) The participating States recall their commitment in the Vienna Concluding Docu- ment to keep the question of capital punishment under consideration and reaffirm their undertakings in the Document of the Copenhagen Meeting to exchange information on the question of the abolition of the death penalty and to make available to the public information regarding the use of the death penalty.

(36.1) They note

(i) that the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Polit- ical Rights aiming at the abolition of the death penalty entered into force on 11 July 1991;

(ii) that a number of participating States have recently taken steps towards the abolition of capital punishment;

(iii) the activities of several non-governmental organizations concerning the question of the death penalty.

(37) The participating States confirm the provisions and commitments of all CSCE doc- uments, in particular the Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE, concerning questions relating to national minor- ities and the rights of persons belonging to them, and the Report of the Geneva CSCE Meeting of Experts on National Minorities, and call for their full and early implemen- tation. They believe that, in particular, the use of the new and expanded CSCE mecha- nisms and procedures will contribute to further protection and promotion of the rights of persons belonging to national minorities.

(38) The participating States recognize the need to ensure that the rights of migrant workers and their families lawfully residing in the participating States are respected and underline their right to express freely their ethnic, cultural, religious and linguis- tic characteristics. The exercise of such rights may be subject to such restrictions as are prescribed by law and are consistent with international standards.

(38.1) They condemn all acts of discrimination on the ground of race, colour and ethnic origin, intolerance and xenophobia against migrant workers. They will, in conformity with domestic law and international obligations, take effective measures to promote tol- erance, understanding, equality of opportunity and respect for the fundamental human rights of migrant workers and adopt, if they have not already done so, measures that would prohibit acts that constitute incitement to violence based on national, racial, eth- nic or religious discrimination, hostility or hatred.

(38.2) They will adopt appropriate measures that would enable migrant workers to par- ticipate in the life of the society of the participating States.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 119 Moscow 1991

(38.3) They note that issues which concern the human dimension of migrant workers residing on their territory could, as any other issue of the human dimension, be raised under the human dimension mechanism.

(38.4) They recommend that the CSCE in its future work on the human dimension con- sider appropriate means to hold focused discussions on all issues regarding migrant workers, including, inter alia, familiarization with the language and social life of the country concerned.

(39) The participating States will

(39.1) - increase their preparedness and co-operate fully to enable humanitarian relief operations to be undertaken speedily and effectively;

(39.2) - take all necessary steps to facilitate speedy and unhindered access to the affected areas for such relief operations;

(39.3) - make the necessary arrangements for those relief operations to be carried out.

(40) The participating States recognize that full and true equality between men and women is a fundamental aspect of a just and democratic society based on the rule of law. They recognize that the full development of society and the welfare of all its mem- bers require equal opportunity for full and equal participation of men and women. In this context they will

(40.1) - ensure that all CSCE commitments relating to the protection and promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms are applied fully and without discrimination with regard to sex;

(40.2) - comply with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimina- tion against Women (CEDAW), if they are parties, and, if they have not already done so, consider ratifying or acceding to this Convention; States that have ratified or acceded to this Convention with reservations will consider withdrawing them;

(40.3) - effectively implement the obligations in international instruments to which they are parties and take appropriate measures to implement the United Nations Nai- robi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women (FLS);

(40.4) - affirm that it is their goal to achieve not only de jure but de facto equality of opportunity between men and women and to promote effective measures to that end;

(40.5) - establish or strengthen national machinery, as appropriate, for the advancement of women in order to ensure that programmes and policies are assessed for their impact on women;

(40.6) - encourage measures effectively to ensure full economic opportunity for women, including non-discriminatory employment policies and practices, equal access to edu- cation and training, and measures to facilitate combining employment with family

120 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Moscow 1991

responsibilities for female and male workers; and will seek to ensure that any structural adjustment policies or programmes do not have an adversely discriminatory effect on women;

(40.7) - seek to eliminate all forms of violence against women, and all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women including by ensuring adequate legal prohibitions against such acts and other appropriate measures;

(40.8) - encourage and promote equal opportunity for full participation by women in all aspects of political and public life, in decision-making processes and in international co-operation in general;

(40.9) - recognize the vital role women and women’s organizations play in national and international efforts to promote and enhance women’s rights by providing, inter alia, direct services and support to women and encouraging a meaningful partnership between governments and these organizations for the purpose of advancing equality for women;

(40.10) - recognize the rich contribution of women to all aspects of political, cultural, social and economic life and promote a broad understanding of these contributions, including those made in the informal and unpaid sectors;

(40.11) - take measures to encourage that information regarding women and women’s rights under international and domestic law is easily accessible;

(40.12) - develop educational policies, consistent with their constitutional systems, to support the participation of women in all areas of study and work, including non-tradi- tional areas, and encourage and promote a greater understanding of issues relating to equality between men and women;

(40.13) - ensure the collection and analysis of data to assess adequately, monitor and improve the situation of women; these data should not contain any personal informa- tion.

(41) The participating States decide

(41.1) - to ensure protection of the human rights of persons with disabilities;

(41.2) - to take steps to ensure the equal opportunity of such persons to participate fully in the life of their society;

(41.3) - to promote the appropriate participation of such persons in decision-making in fields concerning them;

(41.4) - to encourage services and training of social workers for the vocational and social rehabilitation of persons with disabilities;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 121 Moscow 1991

(41.5) - to encourage favourable conditions for the access of persons with disabilities to public buildings and services, housing, transport, and cultural and recreational activi- ties.

(42) The participating States

(42.1) - affirm that human rights education is fundamental and that it is therefore essen- tial that their citizens are educated on human rights and fundamental freedoms and the commitment to respect such rights and freedoms in domestic legislation and interna- tional instruments to which they may be parties;

(42.2) - recognize that effective human rights education contributes to combating intol- erance, religious, racial and ethnic prejudice and hatred, including against Roma, xeno- phobia and anti-semitism;

(42.3) - will encourage their competent authorities responsible for education pro- grammes to design effective human rights related curricula and courses for students at all levels, particularly students of law, administration and social sciences as well as those attending military, police and public service schools;

(42.4) - will make information on all CSCE human dimension provisions available to their educators;

(42.5) - will encourage organizations and educational establishments to co-operate in drawing up and exchanging human rights programmes at the national as well as the international level;

(42.6) - will seek to ensure that activities undertaken with a view to promoting human rights education in the broader sense take into account experience, programmes and forms of co-operation within existing international governmental and non-governmen- tal bodies, such as the United Nations and the Council of Europe.

(43) The participating States will recognize as NGOs those which declare themselves as such, according to existing national procedures, and will facilitate the ability of such organizations to conduct their national activities freely on their territories; to that effect they will

(43.1) - endeavour to seek ways of further strengthening modalities for contacts and exchanges of views between NGOs and relevant national authorities and governmen- tal institutions;

(43.2) - endeavour to facilitate visits to their countries by NGOs from within any of the participating States in order to observe human dimension conditions;

(43.3) - welcome NGO activities, including, inter alia, observing compliance with CSCE commitments in the field of the human dimension;

122 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Moscow 1991

(43.4) - allow NGOs, in view of their important function within the human dimen- sion of the CSCE, to convey their views to their own governments and the governments of all the other participating States during the future work of the CSCE on the human dimension.

(43.5) During the future work of the CSCE on the human dimension, NGOs will have the opportunity to distribute written contributions on specific issues of the human dimension of the CSCE to all delegations.

(43.6) The CSCE Secretariat will, within the framework of the resources at its disposal, respond favourably to requests by NGOs for non-restricted documents of the CSCE.

(43.7) Guidelines for the participation of NGOs in the future work of the CSCE on the human dimension might, inter alia, include the following:

(i) NGOs should be allotted common space at such meeting sites or in their immedi- ate vicinity for their use as well as reasonable access, at their own expense, to technical facilities, including photocopying machines, telephones and fax machines;

(ii) NGOs should be informed and briefed on openness and access procedures in a timely manner;

(iii) delegations to CSCE meetings should be further encouraged to include or invite NGO members.

The participating States recommend that the Helsinki Follow-up Meeting consider establishing such guidelines.

(…)

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 123 Prague Document on Further Development of CSCE Institutions and Structures (Second Meeting of the Council of Ministers) Prague 1992

(…)

III

Human dimension

6. The Ministers agreed that monitoring and promoting progress in the human dimen- sion remains a key function of the CSCE.

7. Issues related to the human dimension will therefore be considered by the Council or the Committee of Senior Officials whenever necessary.

8. In addition, meetings of a short duration may also be decided upon by the Commit- tee of Senior Officials to address clearly defined issues. Results of such meetings will be submitted to the Council through the Committee of Senior Officials for consideration or decisions as required.

9. In order to extend practical co-operation among participating States in the human dimension, the Ministers decided to give additional functions to the Office for Free Elections which will henceforth be called the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.

10. Under the general guidance of the CSO, the Office should, inter alia:

• organize a short CSCE meeting at the seat of the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights to address implementation of CSCE human dimension commit- ments every year in which a follow-up meeting does not take place. The Helsinki Fol- low-up Meeting will work out the organizational modalities for such meetings;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 125 Prague 1992

• serve as an institutional framework for sharing and exchanging information on availa- ble technical assistance, expertise, and national and international programmes aimed at assisting the new democracies in their institution-building;

• facilitate contacts between those offering such resources and those wishing to make use of them;

• develop co-operation with the Council of Europe in order to make use of its database of such resources and services;

• establish contacts with non-governmental organizations active in the field of demo- cratic institution-building, with a view to enabling interested participating States to make use of their extensive resources and expertise;

• facilitate co-operation in training and education in disciplines relevant to democratic institutions;

• organize meetings and seminars among all participating States on subjects related to the building and revitalization of democratic institutions, such as a short seminar on free media and, at an appropriate time, one on migration. These meetings and semi- nars will be held in Warsaw unless otherwise decided.

11. In order to avoid duplication of work specially in the fields enumerated above, the Ministers directed the Office to work closely with other institutions active in the field of democratic institution-building and human rights, particularly the Council of Europe and the European Commission for Democracy through Law.

12. The CSO will on an annual basis examine the need for meetings and seminars on the human dimension and democratic institutions and will establish a work programme.

13. The Ministers requested the Helsinki Follow-up Meeting to further specify the task of the Warsaw Office and to decide how the human dimension activities of the CSCE may be further carried forward.

14. The Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights is designated as the CSCE institution charged with the tasks in connection with expert and rapporteur missions according to the Document of the Moscow Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE.

15. The Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights will be connected to the CSCE communications network.

IV

Safeguarding human rights, democracy and the rule of law

16. The Council decided, in order to develop further the CSCE’s capability to safeguard human rights, democracy and the rule of law through peaceful means, that appropriate

126 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Prague 1992

action may be taken by the Council or the Committee of Senior Officials, if necessary in the absence of the consent of the State concerned, in cases of clear, gross and uncor- rected violations of relevant CSCE commitments. Such actions would consist of politi- cal declarations or other political steps to apply outside the territory of the State con- cerned. This decision is without prejudice to existing CSCE mechanisms.

17. The Council requested the Helsinki Follow-up Meeting to consider further modali- ties in applying this decision.

VIII

Non-Governmental Organizations

42. The Council requests the Helsinki Follow-up Meeting to strengthen relations between the

CSCE and non-governmental organizations, in order to increase the role of non-gov- ernmental organizations in implementing CSCE goals and commitments. In particular, the Follow-up Meeting will develop opportunities and procedures for meaningful non- governmental organization involvement in the CSCE and possibilities for non-govern- mental organizations to communicate with CSCE structures and institutions, recalling inter alia the texts on non-governmental organizations agreed by the Sofia and Moscow Meetings and by the Oslo Seminar.

(…)

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 127 Helsinki Document: The Challenges of Change (Summit of Heads of State or Government) Helsinki 1992

Helsinki Summit Declaration Promises and Problems of Change

(…)

6. We welcome the commitment of all participating States to our shared values. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the rights of persons belonging to national minorities, democracy, the rule of law, economic liberty, social justice and environmental responsibility are our common aims. They are immutable. Adherence to our commitments provides the basis for participation and co-operation in the CSCE and a cornerstone for further development of our societies.

7. We reaffirm the validity of the guiding principles and common values of the Helsinki Final Act and the Charter of Paris, embodying responsibilities of States towards each other and of governments towards their people. These are the collective conscience of our community. We recognize our accountability to each other for complying with them. We underline the democratic rights of citizens to demand from their govern- ments respect for these values and standards.

8. We emphasize that the commitments undertaken in the field of the human dimension of the CSCE are matters of direct and legitimate concern to all participating States and do not belong exclusively to the internal affairs of the State concerned. The protection and promotion of the human rights and fundamental freedoms and the strengthening of democratic institutions continue to be a vital basis for our comprehensive security.

(…)

12. This is a time of promise but also a time of instability and insecurity. Economic decline, social tension, aggressive nationalism, intolerance, xenophobia and ethnic con- flicts threaten stability in the CSCE area. Gross violations of CSCE commitments in the

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field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, including those related to national minorities, pose a special threat to the peaceful development of society, in particular in new democracies.

There is still much work to be done in building democratic and pluralistic societies, where diversity is fully protected and respected in practice. Consequently, we reject racial, ethnic and religious discrimination in any form. Freedom and tolerance must be taught and practised.

(…)

14. In times of conflict the fulfilment of basic human needs is most at risk. We will exert every effort to ensure that they are met and that humanitarian commitments are respected. We will strive to relieve suffering by humanitarian cease-fires and to facili- tate the delivery of assistance under international supervision, including its safe pas- sage. We recognize that the refugee problems resulting from these conflicts require the co-operation of all of us. We express our support for and solidarity with those coun- tries which bear the brunt of the refugee problems resulting from these conflicts. In this context we recognize the need for co-operation and concerted action.

(…)

We are further developing our possibilities for peaceful settlement of disputes.

21. Our approach is based on our comprehensive concept of security as initiated in the Final Act. This concept relates the maintenance of peace to the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It links economic and environmental solidarity and co- operation with peaceful inter-State relations. This is equally valid in managing change as it was necessary in mitigating confrontation.

(…)

26. We restate our unreserved condemnation of all acts, methods and practices of ter- rorism. We are determined to enhance our co-operation to eliminate this threat to security, democracy and human rights. To this end, we will take measures to prevent in our territories criminal activities that support acts of terrorism in other States. We will encourage exchange of information concerning terrorist activities. We will seek further effective avenues for co-operation as appropriate. We will also take the necessary steps at a national level to fulfil our international obligations in this field.

27. Illicit trafficking in drugs represents a danger to the stability of our societies and democratic institutions. We will act together to strengthen all forms of bilateral and multilateral co-operation in the fight against illicit trafficking in drugs and other forms of international organized crime.

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Helsinki Decisions I. Strengthening CSCE Institutions and Structures

(…)

Assistance to the Chairman-in-Office

(…)

Personal representatives (22) When dealing with a crisis or a conflict, the Chairman-in-Office may, on his/her own responsibility, designate a personal representative with a clear and precise mandate in order to provide support. The Chairman-in-Office will inform the CSO of the inten- tion to appoint a personal representative and of the mandate. In reports to the Council/ CSO, the Chairman-in-Office will include information on the activities of the personal representative as well as any observations or advice submitted by the latter.

High Commissioner on National Minorities (23) The Council will appoint a High Commissioner on National Minorities. The High Commissioner provides “early warning” and, as appropriate, “early action” at the ear- liest possible stage in regard to tensions involving national minority issues that have the potential to develop into a conflict within the CSCE area, affecting peace, stability, or relations between participating States. The High Commissioner will draw upon the facilities of the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) in War- saw.

(…)

Implementation reviews (26) Thorough review of the implementation of CSCE commitments will continue to play a prominent role in CSCE activities, thus enhancing co-operation among partici- pating States.

(27) Reviews of implementation will be held regularly at review conferences as well as at special meetings convened for this purpose at the ODIHR and the CPC, and when the CSO convenes as the Economic Forum as provided for in the relevant CSCE docu- ments.

(28) These reviews of implementation will be of a co-operative nature, comprehensive in scope and at the same time able to address specific issues.

(29) The participating States will be invited to offer contributions on their implemen- tation experience, with particular reference to difficulties encountered, and to pro- vide their views of implementation throughout the CSCE area. Participating States are encouraged to circulate descriptions of contributions in advance of the meeting.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 131 Helsinki 1992

(30) Reviews should offer the opportunity to identify action which may be required to address problems. Meetings at which reviews of implementation take place may draw to the attention of the CSO any suggestions for measures to improve implementation which they deem advisable.

(…)

II. CSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities

(1) The participating States decide to establish a High Commissioner on National Minorities.

Mandate (2) The High Commissioner will act under the aegis of the CSO and will thus be an instrument of conflict prevention at the earliest possible stage.

(3) The High Commissioner will provide “early warning” and, as appropriate, “early action” at the earliest possible stage in regard to tensions involving national minority issues which have not yet developed beyond an early warning stage, but, in the judge- ment of the High Commissioner, have the potential to develop into a conflict within the CSCE area, affecting peace, stability or relations between participating States, requiring the attention of and action by the Council or the CSO.

(4) Within the mandate, based on CSCE principles and commitments, the High Com- missioner will work in confidence and will act independently of all parties directly involved in the tensions.

(5a) The High Commissioner will consider national minority issues occurring in the State of which the High Commissioner is a national or a resident, or involving a national minority to which the High Commissioner belongs, only if all parties directly involved agree, including the State concerned.

(5b) The High Commissioner will not consider national minority issues in situations involving organized acts of terrorism.

(5c) Nor will the High Commissioner consider violations of CSCE commitments with regard to an individual person belonging to a national minority.

(6) In considering a situation, the High Commissioner will take fully into account the availability of democratic means and international instruments to respond to it, and their utilization by the parties involved.

(7) When a particular national minority issue has been brought to the attention of the CSO, the involvement of the High Commissioner will require a request and a specific mandate from the CSO.

132 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1992

Profile, appointment, support (8) The High Commissioner will be an eminent international personality with long- standing relevant experience from whom an impartial performance of the function may be expected.

(9) The High Commissioner will be appointed by the Council by consensus upon the recommendation of the CSO for a period of three years, which may be extended for one further term of three years only.

(10) The High Commissioner will draw upon the facilities of the ODIHR in Warsaw, and in particular upon the information relevant to all aspects of national minority ques- tions available at the ODIHR.

Early warning (11) The High Commissioner will:

(11a) collect and receive information regarding national minority issues from sources described below (see Supplement paragraphs (23)-(25));

(11b) assess at the earliest possible stage the role of the parties directly concerned, the nature of the tensions and recent developments therein and, where possible, the poten- tial consequences for peace and stability within the CSCE area;

(11c) to this end, be able to pay a visit, in accordance with paragraph (17) and Supple- ment paragraphs (27)-(30), to any participating State and communicate in person, sub- ject to the provisions of paragraph (25), with parties directly concerned to obtain first- hand information about the situation of national minorities.

(12) The High Commissioner may during a visit to a participating State, while obtaining first-hand information from all parties directly involved, discuss the questions with the parties, and where appropriate promote dialogue, confidence and co-operation between them.

Provision of early warning (13) If, on the basis of exchanges of communications and contacts with relevant parties, the High Commissioner concludes that there is a prima facie risk of potential conflict (as set out in paragraph (3)) he/she may issue an early warning, which will be communi- cated promptly by the Chairman-in-Office to the CSO.

(14) The Chairman-in-Office will include this early warning in the agenda for the next meeting of the CSO. If a State believes that such an early warning merits prompt con- sultation, it may initiate the procedure set out in Annex 2 of the Summary of Conclu- sions of the Berlin Meeting of the Council (“Emergency Mechanism”).

(15) The High Commissioner will explain to the CSO the reasons for issuing the early warning.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 133 Helsinki 1992

Early action (16) The High Commissioner may recommend that he/she be authorized to enter into further contact and closer consultations with the parties concerned with a view to pos- sible solutions, according to a mandate to be decided by the CSO. The CSO may decide accordingly.

Accountability (17) The High Commissioner will consult the Chairman-in-Office prior to a departure for a participating State to address a tension involving national minorities. The Chair- man-in-Office will consult, in confidence, the participating State(s) concerned and may consult more widely.

(18) After a visit to a participating State, the High Commissioner will provide strictly confidential reports to the Chairman-in-Office on the findings and progress of the High Commissioner’s involvement in a particular question.

(19) After termination of the involvement of the High Commissioner in a particular issue, the High Commissioner will report to the Chairman-in-Office on the findings, results and conclusions. Within a period of one month, the Chairman-in-Office will consult, in confidence, on the findings, results and conclusions the participating State(s) concerned and may consult more widely. Thereafter the report, together with possible comments, will be transmitted to the CSO.

(20) Should the High Commissioner conclude that the situation is escalating into a con- flict, or if the High Commissioner deems that the scope for action by the High Com- missioner is exhausted, the High Commissioner shall, through the Chairman-in-Office, so inform the CSO.

(21) Should the CSO become involved in a particular issue, the High Commissioner will provide information and, on request, advice to the CSO, or to any other institution or organization which the CSO may invite, in accordance with the provisions of Chapter III of this document, to take action with regard to the tensions or conflict.

(22) The High Commissioner, if so requested by the CSO and with due regard to the requirement of confidentiality in his/her mandate, will provide information about his/ her activities at CSCE implementation meetings on Human Dimension issues.

Supplement Sources of information about national minority issues

(23) The High Commissioner may:

(23a) collect and receive information regarding the situation of national minorities and the role of parties involved therein from any source, including the media and non-gov- ernmental organizations with the exception referred to in paragraph (25);

134 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1992

(23b) receive specific reports from parties directly involved regarding developments concerning national minority issues. These may include reports on violations of CSCE commitments with respect to national minorities as well as other violations in the con- text of national minority issues.

(24) Such specific reports to the High Commissioner should meet the following require- ments:

• they should be in writing, addressed to the High Commissioner as such and signed with full names and addresses;

• they should contain a factual account of the developments which are relevant to the situation of persons belonging to national minorities and the role of the parties involved therein, and which have taken place recently, in principle not more than 12 months previously. The reports should contain information which can be sufficiently substantiated.

(25) The High Commissioner will not communicate with and will not acknowledge communications from any person or organization which practises or publicly condones terrorism or violence.

Parties directly concerned (26) Parties directly concerned in tensions who can provide specific reports to the High Commissioner and with whom the High Commissioner will seek to communicate in person during a visit to a participating State are the following:

(26a) governments of participating States, including, if appropriate, regional and local authorities in areas in which national minorities reside;

(26b) representatives of associations, non-governmental organizations, religious and other groups of national minorities directly concerned and in the area of tension, which are authorized by the persons belonging to those national minorities to represent them. Conditions for travel by the High Commissioner

(27) Prior to an intended visit, the High Commissioner will submit to the participat- ing State concerned specific information regarding the intended purpose of that visit. Within two weeks the State(s) concerned will consult with the High Commissioner on the objectives of the visit, which may include the promotion of dialogue, confidence and co-operation between the parties. After entry the State concerned will facilitate free travel and communication of the High Commissioner subject to the provisions of para- graph (25) above.

(28) If the State concerned does not allow the High Commissioner to enter the country and to travel and communicate freely, the High Commissioner will so inform the CSO.

(29) In the course of such a visit, subject to the provision of paragraph (25) the High Commissioner may consult the parties involved, and may receive information in confi-

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 135 Helsinki 1992

dence from any individual, group or organization directly concerned on questions the High Commissioner is addressing. The High Commissioner will respect the confiden- tial nature of the information.

(30) The participating States will refrain from taking any action against persons, organ- izations or institutions on account of their contact with the High Commissioner.

High Commissioner and involvement of experts (31) The High Commissioner may decide to request assistance from not more than three experts with relevant expertise in specific matters on which brief, specialized investiga- tion and advice are required.

(32) If the High Commissioner decides to call on experts, the High Commissioner will set a clearly defined mandate and time-frame for the activities of the experts.

(33) Experts will only visit a participating State at the same time as the High Commis- sioner. Their mandate will be an integral part of the mandate of the High Commissioner and the same conditions for travel will apply.

(34) The advice and recommendations requested from the experts will be submitted in confidence to the High Commissioner, who will be responsible for the activities and for the reports of the experts and who will decide whether and in what form the advice and recommendations will be communicated to the parties concerned. They will be non- binding. If the High Commissioner decides to make the advice and recommendations available, the State(s) concerned will be given the opportunity to comment.

(35) The experts will be selected by the High Commissioner with the assistance of the ODIHR from the resource list established at the ODIHR as laid down in the Document of the Moscow Meeting.

(36) The experts will not include nationals or residents of the participating State con- cerned, or any person appointed by the State concerned, or any expert against whom the participating State has previously entered reservations. The experts will not include the participating State’s own nationals or residents or any of the persons it appointed to the resource list, or more than one national or resident of any particular State.

Budget (37) A separate budget will be determined at the ODIHR, which will provide, as appro- priate, logistical support for travel and communication. The budget will be funded by the participating States according to the established CSCE scale of distribution. Details will be worked out by the Financial Committee and approved by the CSO.

IV. Relations with International Organizations, Relations with Non- Participating States, Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

(1) The new tasks before the CSCE require clearer relations and closer contacts with international organizations, in particular with the United Nations, and non-participat-

136 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1992

ing States. The CSCE remains at the same time a process whose activities go far beyond formal relations among governments to involve citizens and societies of the partici- pating States. Successful efforts to build a lasting peaceful and democratic order and to manage the process of change require more structured and substantive input from groups, individuals, States and organizations outside the CSCE process.

To this end, the participating States have decided as follows:

Relations with international organizations (2) The participating States, reaffirming their commitments to the Charter of the United Nations as subscribed to by them, declare their understanding that the CSCE is a regional arrangement in the sense of Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations and as such provides an important link between European and global security. The rights and responsibilities of the United Nations Security Council remain unaf- fected in their entirety.

(3) Recalling the relevant decisions of the Prague Document, the participating States will improve contact and practical co-operation with appropriate international organi- zations.

(4) They may accordingly agree to invite presentations by those international organiza- tions and institutions mentioned in the Prague Document and others, as appropriate.

(5) Those organizations, institutions and others as agreed may be invited to attend CSCE meetings and seminars as guests of honour with appropriate name-plates.

(6) They will make full use of the information exchange under paragraph 44 of the Prague Document.

Relations with non-participating Mediterranean States (7) Recalling the provisions of the Final Act and other CSCE relevant documents and consistent with established practice, the non-participating Mediterranean States will continue to be invited to contribute to CSCE activities.

(8) Measures to widen the scope of co-operation with non-participating Mediterranean States are set forth in Chapter X.

Relations with non-participating States (9) In accordance with paragraph 45 of the Prague Document, the participating States intend to deepen their co-operation and develop a substantial relationship with non- participating States, such as Japan, which display an interest in the CSCE, share its prin- ciples and objectives, and are actively engaged in European co-operation through rele- vant organizations.

(10) To this end, Japan will be invited to attend CSCE meetings, including those of Heads of State and Government, the CSCE Council, the Committee of Senior Officials

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 137 Helsinki 1992

and other appropriate CSCE bodies which consider specific topics of expanded consul- tation and co-operation.

(11) Representatives of Japan may contribute to such meetings, without participating in the preparation and adoption of decisions, on subjects in which Japan has a direct inter- est and/or wishes to co-operate actively with the CSCE.

Increasing openness of CSCE activities, promoting understanding of the CSCE, expanding the role of NGOs (12) The participating States will increase the openness of the CSCE institutions and structures and ensure wide dissemination of information on the CSCE.

(13) To this end:

• the Chairman-in-Office assisted by the CSCE Secretariat will arrange briefings on the political consultation process;

• the CSCE institutions will, within existing budgets, provide information to the public and organize public briefings on their activities;

• the Secretariat will facilitate the flow of information to and contacts with the media, bearing in mind that CSCE policy issues remain the responsibility of participating States.

(14) The participating States will provide opportunities for the increased involvement of non-governmental organizations in CSCE activities.

(15) They will, accordingly:

• apply to all CSCE meetings the guidelines previously agreed for NGO access to cer- tain CSCE meetings;

• make open to NGOs all plenary meetings of review conferences, ODIHR seminars, workshops and meetings, the CSO when meeting as the Economic Forum, and human rights implementation meetings, as well as other expert meetings. In addition each meeting may decide to open some other sessions to attendance by NGOs;

• instruct Directors of CSCE institutions and Executive Secretaries of CSCE meetings to designate an “NGO liaison person” from among their staff;

• designate, as appropriate, one member of their Foreign Ministries and a member of their delegations to CSCE meetings to be responsible for NGO liaison;

• promote contacts and exchanges of views between NGOs and relevant national authorities and governmental institutions between CSCE meetings;

• facilitate during CSCE meetings informal discussion meetings between representa- tives of participating States and of NGOs;

138 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1992

• encourage written presentations by NGOs to CSCE institutions and meetings, titles of which may be kept and provided to the participating States upon request;

• provide encouragement to NGOs organizing seminars on CSCE-related issues;

• notify NGOs through the CSCE institutions of the dates of future CSCE meetings, together with an indication, when possible, of the subjects to be addressed, as well as, upon request, the activations of CSCE mechanisms which have been made known to all participating States.

(16) The above provisions will not be applied to persons or organizations which resort to the use of violence or publicly condone terrorism or the use of violence.

(17) The participating States will use all appropriate means to disseminate as widely as possible within their societies knowledge of the CSCE, its principles, commitments and activities.

(18) The concept of a CSCE Prize will be considered.

VI. The Human Dimension

(1) The participating States conducted a useful review of implementation of CSCE com- mitments in the Human Dimension. They based their discussion on the new commu- nity of values established among them, as set forth by the Charter of Paris for a New Europe and developed by the new standards created within the CSCE in recent years. They noted major progress in complying with Human Dimension commitments, but recognized developments of serious concern and thus the need for further improve- ment.

(2) The participating States express their strong determination to ensure full respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, to abide by the rule of law, to promote the principles of democracy and, in this regard, to build, strengthen and protect democratic institutions, as well as to promote tolerance throughout society. To these ends, they will broaden the operational framework of the CSCE, including by further enhancing the ODIHR, so that information, ideas, and concerns can be exchanged in a more concrete and meaningful way, including as an early warning of tension and potential conflict. In doing so, they will focus their attention on topics in the Human Dimension of partic- ular importance. They will therefore keep the strengthening of the Human Dimension under constant consideration, especially in a time of change.

(3) In this regard, the participating States adopt the following:

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Framework for monitoring compliance with CSCE commitments and for promoting co-operation in the human dimension

(4) In order to strengthen and monitor compliance with CSCE commitments as well as to promote progress in the Human Dimension, the participating States agree to enhance the framework of their co-operation and to this end decide the following:

Enhanced role of the ODIHR

(5) Under the general guidance of the CSO and in addition to its existing tasks as set out in the Charter of Paris for a New Europe and in the Prague Document on Further Development of CSCE Institutions and Structures, the ODIHR will, as the main institu- tion of the Human Dimension:

(5a) assist the monitoring of implementation of commitments in the Human Dimen- sion by:

• serving as a venue for bilateral meetings under paragraph 2 and as a channel for infor- mation under paragraph 3 of the Human Dimension Mechanism as set out in the Vienna Concluding Document;

• receiving any comments from States visited by CSCE missions of relevance to the Human Dimension other than those under the Human Dimension Mechanism; it will transmit the report of those missions as well as eventual comments to all participating States with a view to discussion at the next implementation meeting or review confer- ence;

• participating in or undertaking missions when instructed by the Council or the CSO;

(5b) act as a clearing-house for information on:

• a state of public emergency according to paragraph 28.10 of the Document of the Mos- cow Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension;

• resource lists, and assistance, e.g. in the field of censuses or on democracy at a local and regional level, and the holding of national seminars on such issues;

(5c) assist other activities in the field of the Human Dimension, including the building of democratic institutions by:

• fulfilling the tasks as defined in the “Programme of co-ordinated support to recently admitted participating States”;

• arranging “Seminars on the democratic process” at the request of participating States. The same procedural provisions as set out in the “Programme of co-ordinated support for recently admitted participating States” will also apply to these seminars;

• contributing, within the resources at its disposal, to the preparation of seminars at the request of one or more participating States;

140 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1992

• providing, as appropriate, facilities to the High Commissioner on National Minori- ties;

• communicating, as appropriate, with relevant international and non-governmental organizations;

• consulting and co-operating with relevant bodies of the Council of Europe and those associated with it, and examining how they can contribute, as appropriate, to the ODIHR’s activities. The ODIHR will also, at the request of participating States, sup- ply them with information about programmes within the framework of the Council of Europe which are open to all participating States.

(6) The activities on Human Dimension issues undertaken by the ODIHR may, inter alia, contribute to early warning in the prevention of conflicts.

Human Dimension Mechanism

(7) In order to align the Human Dimension Mechanism with present CSCE structures and institutions the participating States decide that:

Any participating State which deems it necessary may provide information on situa- tions and cases which have been the subject of requests under paragraphs 1 or 2 of the chapter entitled the “Human Dimension of the CSCE” of the Vienna Concluding Doc- ument or on the results of those procedures, to the participating States through the ODIHR — which can equally serve as a venue for bilateral meetings under paragraph 2 — or diplomatic channels. Such information may be discussed at Meetings of the CSO, at implementation meetings on Human Dimension issues and review conferences.

(8) Procedures concerning the covering of expenses of expert and rapporteur missions of the Human Dimension Mechanism may be considered by the next review conference in the light of experience gained.

Implementation

Implementation meetings on Human Dimension Issues

(9) Every year in which a review conference does not take place, the ODIHR will organ- ize a three-week meeting at expert-level of all participating States at its seat to review implementation of CSCE Human Dimension commitments. The meeting will perform the following tasks:

(9a) a thorough exchange of views on the implementation of Human Dimension com- mitments, including discussion on the information provided in accordance with para- graph 4 of the Human Dimension Mechanism and on the Human Dimension aspects of the reports of CSCE missions, as well as the consideration of ways and means of improving implementation;

(9b) an evaluation of the procedures for monitoring compliance with commitments.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 141 Helsinki 1992

(10) The implementation meeting may draw to the attention of the CSO measures to improve implementation which it deems necessary.

(11) The implementation meeting will not produce a negotiated document.

(12) Written contributions and information material will be of a non-restricted or restricted character as indicated by the submitting State.

(13) Implementation meetings will be organized to meet in formal and informal ses- sions. All formal sessions will be open. In addition, the participating States may decide, on a case-by-case basis, to open informal sessions.

(14) The Council of Europe, the European Commission for Democracy through Law and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), as well as other relevant international organizations and institutions will be encouraged by the imple- mentation meeting to attend and make contributions.

(15) Non-governmental organizations having relevant experience in the field of the Human Dimension are invited to make written presentations to the implementation meeting, e.g. through the ODIHR, and may be invited by the implementation meeting, on the basis of their written presentations, to address specific questions orally as appro- priate.

(16) During two half days in the course of the implementation meeting no formal ses- sion will be scheduled in order to provide better opportunities for possible contacts with NGOs. To this purpose, a hall at the meeting site will be placed at the disposal of NGOs.

CSCE Human Dimension seminars

(17) Under the general guidance of the CSO, the ODIHR will organize CSCE Human Dimension seminars which will address specific questions of particular relevance to the Human Dimension and of current political concern. The CSO will establish an annual work programme including the titles and dates of such seminars. The agenda and modalities of each seminar will be approved by the CSO at the latest three months before the seminar. In doing so, the CSO will take into account views expressed by the ODIHR. Unless otherwise decided, seminars will be held at the seat of the ODIHR and will not exceed one week. The work programme will take into account work by relevant international organizations and institutions.

(18) These seminars will be organized in an open and flexible manner. Relevant inter- national organizations and institutions may be invited to attend and to make contribu- tions. So may NGOs with relevant experience. Independent experts attending the semi- nar as members of national delegations will also be free to speak in their own capacity.

(19) CSCE seminars will be organized to meet in formal and informal sessions. All for- mal sessions will be open. In addition, the participating States may decide, on a case-by- case basis, to open informal sessions.

142 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1992

(20) CSCE seminars will not produce a negotiated document or follow-up programmes.

(21) Contributions by independent experts will be of a non-restricted character.

(…)

Enhanced commitments and co-operation in the Human Dimension

National minorities

The participating States

(23) Reaffirm in the strongest terms their determination to implement in a prompt and faithful manner all their CSCE commitments, including those contained in the Vienna Concluding Document, the Copenhagen Document and the Geneva Report, regarding questions relating to national minorities and rights of persons belonging to them;

(24) Will intensify in this context their efforts to ensure the free exercise by persons belonging to national minorities, individually or in community with others, of their human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the right to participate fully, in accordance with the democratic decision-making procedures of each State, in the polit- ical, economic, social and cultural life of their countries including through democratic participation in decision-making and consultative bodies at the national, regional and local level, inter alia, through political parties and associations;

(25) Will continue through unilateral, bilateral and multilateral efforts to explore fur- ther avenues for more effective implementation of their relevant CSCE commitments, including those related to the protection and the creation of conditions for the promo- tion of the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of national minorities;

(26) Will address national minority issues in a constructive manner, by peaceful means and through dialogue among all parties concerned on the basis of CSCE principles and commitments;

(27) Will refrain from resettling and condemn all attempts, by the threat or use of force, to resettle persons with the aim of changing the ethnic composition of areas within their territories;

Indigenous populations

The participating States

(29) Noting that persons belonging to indigenous populations may have special prob- lems in exercising their rights, agree that their CSCE commitments regarding human rights and fundamental freedoms apply fully and without discrimination to such per- sons.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 143 Helsinki 1992

Tolerance and non-discrimination

The participating States

(30) Express their concern over recent and flagrant manifestations of intolerance, dis- crimination, aggressive nationalism, xenophobia, anti-semitism and racism and stress the vital role of tolerance, understanding and co-operation in the achievement and pres- ervation of stable democratic societies;

(…)

(32) Will consider adhering to the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, if they have not already done so;

(33) Will consider taking appropriate measures within their constitutional framework and in conformity with their international obligations to assure to everyone on their territory protection against discrimination on racial, ethnic and religious grounds, as well as to protect all individuals, including foreigners, against acts of violence, including on any of these grounds. Moreover, they will make full use of their domestic legal proc- esses, including enforcement of existing laws in this regard;

(34) Will consider developing programmes to create the conditions for promoting non- discrimination and cross-cultural understanding which will focus on human rights education, grass-roots action, cross-cultural training and research;

(35) Reaffirm, in this context, the need to develop appropriate programmes addressing problems of their respective nationals belonging to Roma and other groups traditionally identified as Gypsies and to create conditions for them to have equal opportunities to participate fully in the life of society, and will consider how to co-operate to this end.

Migrant workers

The participating States

(36) Restate that human rights and fundamental freedoms are universal, that they are also enjoyed by migrant workers wherever they live and stress the importance of imple- menting all CSCE commitments on migrant workers and their families lawfully resid- ing in the participating States;

(37) Will encourage the creation of conditions to foster greater harmony in relations between migrant workers and the rest of the society of the participating State in which they lawfully reside. To this end, they will seek to offer, inter alia, measures to facilitate the familiarization of migrant workers and their families with the languages and social life of the respective participating State in which they lawfully reside so as to enable them to participate in the life of the society of the host country;

(38) Will, in accordance with their domestic policies, laws and international obliga- tions seek, as appropriate, to create the conditions for promoting equality of oppor-

144 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1992

tunity in respect of working conditions, education, social security and health services, housing, access to trade unions as well as cultural rights for lawfully residing and work- ing migrant workers.

Refugees and displaced persons

The participating States

(39) Express their concern over the problem of refugees and displaced persons;

(40) Emphasize the importance of preventing situations that may result in mass flows of refugees and displaced persons and stress the need to identify and address the root causes of displacement and involuntary migration;

(41) Recognize the need for international co-operation in dealing with mass flows of refugees and displaced persons;

(42) Recognize that displacement is often a result of violations of CSCE commitments, including those relating to the Human Dimension;

(43) Reaffirm the importance of existing international standards and instruments related to the protection of and assistance to refugees and will consider acceding to the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the Protocol, if they have not already done so;

(44) Recognize the importance of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refu- gees and the International Committee of the Red Cross, as well as of non-governmen- tal organizations involved in relief work, for the protection of and assistance to refugees and displaced persons;

(45) Welcome and support unilateral, bilateral and multilateral efforts to ensure protec- tion of and assistance to refugees and displaced persons with the aim of finding dura- ble solutions;

(…)

International humanitarian law

The participating States

(47) Recall that international humanitarian law is based upon the inherent dignity of the human person;

(48) Will in all circumstances respect and ensure respect for international humanitar- ian law including the protection of the civilian population;

(49) Recall that those who violate international humanitarian law are held personally accountable;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 145 Helsinki 1992

(50) Acknowledge the essential role of the International Committee of the Red Cross in promoting the implementation and development of international humanitarian law, including the Geneva Conventions and their relevant Protocols;

(51) Reaffirm their commitment to extend full support to the International Commit- tee of the Red Cross, as well as to the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, and to the United Nations organizations, particularly in times of armed conflict, respect their pro- tective emblems, prevent the misuse of these emblems and, as appropriate, exert all efforts to ensure access to the areas concerned;

(52) Commit themselves to fulfilling their obligation to teach and disseminate informa- tion about their obligations under international humanitarian law.

Democracy at a local and regional level

The participating States

(53) Will endeavour, in order to strengthen democratic participation and institution building and in developing co-operation among them, to share their respective experi- ence on the functioning of democracy at a local and regional level, and welcome against this background the Council of Europe information and education network in this field;

(54) Will facilitate contacts and encourage various forms of co-operation between bod- ies at a local and regional level.

Nationality

The participating States

(55) Recognize that everyone has the right to a nationality and that no one should be deprived of his/her nationality arbitrarily;

(56) Underline that all aspects of nationality will be governed by the process of law. They will, as appropriate, take measures, consistent with their constitutional framework not to increase statelessness;

(57) Will continue within the CSCE the discussion on these issues.

Capital punishment

The participating States

(58) Confirm their commitments in the Copenhagen and Moscow Documents con- cerning the question of capital punishment.

Free media

The participating States

146 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Helsinki 1992

(59) Direct the ODIHR to organize a CSCE Human Dimension Seminar on Free Media, to be held in 1993. The goal of the Seminar will be to encourage the discussion, demon- stration, establishment of contacts and exchange of information between governmental representatives and media practitioners.

Education

The participating States

(60) Would welcome, in view of the importance of education as to the dissemination of the ideas of democracy, human rights and democratic institutions, especially in a period of change, the organization to this end of a seminar entitled “Education: Struc- tures, Policies and Strategies” by the Council of Europe, open to all participating States.

Compilation of Human Dimension commitments

The participating States

(61) Welcome the drawing up of compilations of existing CSCE Human Dimension commitments in order to promote greater understanding for the implementation of these commitments.

Domestic implementation guidelines

The participating States

(62) Will promote, where appropriate, the drawing up of guidelines to assist the effec- tive implementation of domestic legislation on human rights issues related to CSCE commitments.

(…)

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 147 Document of the Third Meeting of the CSCE Council of Ministers Stockholm 1992

Summary of Conclusions of the Stockholm Council Meeting Shaping a New Europe — the Role of the CSCE

(…)

The Ministers expressed their continuing commitment to use the CSCE to consolidate human rights, democracy, the rule of law and economic freedom as the foundation for peace, security and stability and to prevent, manage and solve conflicts in the CSCE area.

The Ministers condemned the extended use of force in Europe which has bred ever more violence and hatred. They strongly rejected continuing flagrant violations of human rights. They committed themselves to act to counter the growing manifesta- tions of racism, anti-semitism and all forms of intolerance in the CSCE area.

(…)

Important aspects of the CSCE strategy include:

(…)

• Emphasizing the CSCE’s ability to provide early warning through the appointment of a High Commissioner on National Minorities who will enjoy the full political support of all participating States;

• Active use of missions and representatives as part of preventive diplomacy to promote dialogue, stability and provide for early warning;

• Effective use of missions and representatives in crisis areas as part of a strategy of con- sultation, negotiation and concerted action to limit conflicts before they become vio- lent;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 149 Stockholm 1992

• Co-operating, as appropriate, with international organizations and with individual participating States to ensure that the broad spectrum of CSCE mechanisms and pro- cedures, including peacekeeping, can be applied;

• Increased efforts at treating the root causes of conflicts by applying all aspects of the human dimension of the CSCE and by involving non-governmental organizations and individual citizens more directly in the work of the CSCE;

• Making all governments accountable to each other for their behaviour towards their citizens and towards neighbouring States and holding individuals personally account- able for war crimes and acts in violation of international humanitarian law;

(…)

Decisions (…)

2. The CSCE as a Community of Values

The CSCE’s comprehensive concept of security relates peace, security and prosper- ity directly to the observance of human rights and democratic freedoms. Many of the present problems are linked to the failure to observe CSCE commitments and princi- ples.

The human dimension mechanisms of the CSCE are being used increasingly as a major foundation for the CSCE’s efforts at early warning and conflict prevention. Their fur- ther elaboration and utilization will strengthen considerably the CSCE’s ability to pur- sue the root causes of tensions and to refine its mechanisms for early warning on poten- tially dangerous situations.

The Ministers welcomed the strengthened role of the Office for Democratic Institu- tions and Human Rights and the appointment of the High Commissioner on National Minorities as especially useful steps towards integrating the human dimension more fully into the political consultations and concerted action of the participating States (…) They expressed the hope that newly-admitted participating States would make particu- lar use of the opportunities provided by these institutions.

Compliance with CSCE commitments is of fundamental importance. Monitoring of compliance provides governments of participating States with crucial information on which they can formulate policy (…)

The Ministers expressed their profound concern at the recent manifestations of aggres- sive nationalism, xenophobia, anti-semitism, racism and other violations of human rights. Violations of international humanitarian law and CSCE principles and commit- ments, such as “ethnic cleansing”, or mass deportation, endangered the maintenance of peace, security and democracy and will not be tolerated. They were convinced that

150 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Stockholm 1992

increased attention should be paid by the CSCE, and in particular by the Commit- tee of Senior Officials and the High Commissioner on National Minorities, to these threats to human rights and fundamental freedoms. The CSO will report on this issue to the Council of Ministers at its next Meeting, when the Council will consider devel- opments.

The Ministers also stressed the important role the Human Dimension of the CSCE should play in longer-term conflict prevention. They underlined the need for positive action aimed at fostering understanding, tolerance and national and local preventive action. They emphasized the importance of direct contact between experts, govern- mental and non-governmental, through the series of Human Dimension seminars suc- cessfully begun by the CSCE Seminar on Tolerance (…)

The increasing problem of refugees and displaced persons is an issue of major con- cern to all participating States, particularly in conflicts where the fulfilment of basic human needs is most at risk. The Ministers deplored the plight of civil populations most affected in such conflicts and called on all participating States to contribute to a con- certed effort to share the common burden. All Governments are accountable to each other for their behaviour towards their citizens and towards their neighbours. Individu- als are to be held personally accountable for war crimes and acts in violation of interna- tional humanitarian law.

(…)

3. High Commissioner on National Minorities

The Council appointed Mr. Max van der Stoel as CSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM) to strengthen the CSCE’s capacity for early warning and preven- tive diplomacy. The High Commissioner will act within the mandate laid down in the Helsinki Document. The Ministers expressed their support for the High Commissioner and their readiness to co-operate with him in the execution of his complex but cru- cial task of identifying and containing at the earliest possible stage tensions involving national minority issues which have the potential to develop into a conflict within the CSCE area.

The Ministers encouraged the High Commissioner to analyse carefully potential areas of tension, to visit any participating State and to undertake wide-ranging discussions at all levels with parties directly involved in the issues. In this context, the High Com- missioner may discuss the questions with the parties and, where appropriate, promote dialogue, confidence and co-operation between them at all levels, to enhance political solutions in line with CSCE principles and commitments.

The Ministers undertook to provide the High Commissioner with relevant information at their disposal on national minority issues, fully respecting the independence of the High Commissioner in accordance with the mandate.

(…)

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 151 Document of the Fourth Meeting of the CSCE Council of Ministers Rome 1993

CSCE and the New Europe - Our Security is indivisible (…)

The Ministers expressed deep concern that threats to peace and stability proliferate and that crises, widespread violence and open confrontations persist. They strongly condemned the increasing violations of human rights and humanitarian law and the attempt of countries to acquire territories by the use of force. The increasing flow of refugees and appalling human suffering caused by armed conflicts must be urgently alleviated. The Ministers reiterated the personal accountability of those responsible for crimes against humanity.

Despite these events, there is encouraging progress in human rights, democracy and the rule of law in several parts of the CSCE area. The Ministers expressed satisfaction with the spread of free elections and development of democratic institutions registered in many participating States. The Ministers intended to ensure that the CSCE provided appropriate support for these efforts.

(…)

The Ministers stressed the need to make wider use of CSCE capabilities in early warn- ings and preventive diplomacy and to further integrate the human dimension in this endeavour. They commended the contribution of the High Commissioner on National Minorities to the development of these capabilities.

They furthermore welcomed an increased role of the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights in the human dimension, as well as the contributions of the CSCE missions in the field of conflict prevention and crisis management. The goal of further efforts should be to improve abilities to address potential crises at an early stage.

(…)

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 153 Rome 1993

To give substance and direction to their commitments, the Ministers have agreed on an action programme to be implemented through the decisions which they have adopted today.

These decisions, inter alia, address the following issues:

(…)

(c) The role of the High Commissioner for National Minorities will be enhanced.

(d) The human dimension will be further integrated into the CSCE political consulta- tion process: the ODIHR will be reinforced.

(…)

(j) The role of the CSCE in combating aggressive nationalism, racism, chauvinism, xen- ophobia and anti-semitism will be strengthened.

Decisions of the Rome Council Meeting (…)

III. High Commissioner on National Minorities

Bearing in mind the close interrelationship between questions relating to national minorities and conflict prevention, the Ministers encouraged the High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM) to pursue his activities under his Mandate. They rec- ognized the HCNM as an innovative and effective asset in early warning and preventive diplomacy. The Ministers stressed the importance of participating States co-operating fully with the High Commissioner and supporting follow-up and implementation of his recommendations. They welcomed the decision by the CSO to increase the resources available to the HCNM.

IV. The Human Dimension

1. The Ministers reiterated that human dimension issues are fundamental to the com- prehensive security concept of the CSCE. They noted that adherence to human dimen- sion commitments remains to be consolidated in large parts of the CSCE area, and expressed particular concern that civilians continue to be the victims of atrocities in ongoing conflicts in the CSCE area. Concerned by the root causes of tension stemming from historical prejudices, the Ministers called for efforts, inter alia, through educa- tion, to promote tolerance and consciousness of belonging to a system of common val- ues. The Ministers stressed that implementation of human dimension commitments must be a focus of attention in the CSCE’s conflict prevention efforts.

2. To this end the Ministers decided to strengthen the instruments of conflict preven- tion and early warning which are available within the human dimension of the CSCE. They emphasized the need in this context for enhanced co-operation and co-ordination

154 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Rome 1993

with relevant international organizations such as the Council of Europe, as well as with non-governmental organizations.

The following decisions were taken:

3. The political consultation process and CSCE missions

• In order to further political consideration and action under the human dimension, the decision-making bodies of the CSCE will consider human dimension issues on a reg- ular basis as an integral part of deliberations relating to European security. Resources and information will be made available by the ODIHR in support of such considera- tion.

• Further emphasis will be given to human dimension issues in mandates of CSCE mis- sions as well as in the follow-up of mission reports. To this end the ODIHR will be given an enhanced role in the preparation of CSCE missions, inter alia, in providing information and advice to missions in accordance with its expertise.

• In the context of conflict prevention and crisis management, the issue of mass migra- tion, namely displaced persons and refugees, will be addressed, as appropriate, by the CSO and the Permanent Committee of the CSCE, taking into account the role of other relevant international bodies.

4. Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights

The Ministers decided to strengthen the ODIHR’s functions and operations. Inter alia, the ODIHR will enhance its activities under its mandate in the following areas:

• the building of an expanded database of experts in fields relevant to the human dimension. Participating States and non-governmental organizations are requested to inform the ODIHR of experts available in fields relevant to the human dimension;

• enhancement of its role in comprehensive election monitoring;

• strengthened co-operation with relevant international organizations in order to co- ordinate activities and identify possible areas of joint endeavour;

• receiving information provided by NGOs having relevant experience in the human dimension field;

• serving as a point of contact for information provided by participating States in accordance with CSCE commitments;

• disseminating general information on the human dimension, and international humanitarian law.

The Ministers determined that in order to fulfil its new tasks, the ODIHR should be granted additional resources. They requested the CSO to consider the financial and administrative implications of strengthening the ODIHR as outlined above.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 155 Rome 1993

5. Streamlining the Moscow Mechanism

Recognizing the Moscow Mechanism as a significant inter-governmental instrument for follow-up within the human dimension, the Ministers agreed to develop its effec- tiveness and promote its use, by expanding the resource list and shortening time-frames under the mechanism. Also the Permanent Committee of the CSCE will be empow- ered to trigger the mechanism as well as to take follow-up action based on rappor- teur’s reports. To this end it was decided to modify the mechanism in accordance with annex A.

6. Building on the work of the Implementation Meeting on Human Dimension Issues and the Human Dimension Seminars

• The Ministers attached significance to the outcome of the first Implementation Meet- ing on Human Dimension Issues, as well as the human dimension seminars con- ducted. The results of the Implementation Meeting of Human Dimension Issues were welcomed and the CSO and the Permanent Committee of the CSCE were tasked to consider relevant follow-up to them.

• Enhanced follow-up by the political bodies of the CSCE based on summaries of meet- ings and seminars in the human dimension will be sought. The ODIHR, in consulta- tion with interested participating States, is invited to present further proposals for appropriate follow-up action resulting from human dimension seminars to forthcom- ing CSO or Permanent Committee meetings.

• The Ministers expressed their appreciation of the work carried out at the Seminar on Free Media to stimulate editorially independent broadcast media and a free press. They reiterated their commitment to safeguard freedom of expression, a basic human right, and stressed the necessity of independent media for a free and open society. To this end the Ministers decided that better use should be made of the CSCE human dimension instruments to promote open and diverse media, including exploring the possibility of utilizing CSCE missions.

(…)

VIII. Integration of recently admitted Participating States

(…)

2. The Ministers underlined the importance of the Human Dimension in the further integration of the recently admitted participating States. While many of these States are in a difficult period of political and economic transition, the Ministers expressed their expectation that the recently admitted participating States would do their utmost to ensure the implementation in their countries of all CSCE principles and commit- ments, also in times of crisis. They commended the role played by the ODIHR in help- ing to build democratic institutions in the recently admitted participating States. They requested the ODIHR to intensify its efforts to identify and implement co-operation

156 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Rome 1993

projects with these States within the framework of the Programme or Co-ordinated Support. They noted also the important contribution made by the Human Dimension seminars organized by the ODIHR to increased understanding of the problems arising from the process of integration. They agreed on the importance of making full use of the experience gained at these seminars.

(…)

X. Declaration on Aggressive Nationalism, Racism, Chauvinism, Xenophobia and Anti-Semitism

1. Recalling their decisions taken at the Stockholm Council Meeting, the Ministers noted with deep concern the growing manifestations of aggressive nationalism, such as territorial expansionism, as well as racism, chauvinism, xenophobia and anti-semitism. These run directly counter to the principles and commitments of the CSCE.

2. The Ministers also noted that these phenomena can lead to violence, secessionism by the use of force and ethnic strife, and in their worst instances to the barbaric practices of mass deportation, ethnic cleansing and violence against innocent civilians.

3. Aggressive nationalism, racism, chauvinism, xenophobia and anti-semitism create ethnic, political and social tensions within and between States. They also undermine international stability and worldwide efforts to place universal human rights on a firm foundation.

4. The Ministers focused attention on the need for urgent action to enforce the strict observance of the norms of international humanitarian law, including the prosecution and punishment of those guilty of war crimes and other crimes against humanity.

5. The Ministers agreed that the CSCE must play an important role in these efforts. The clear standards of behaviour reflected in CSCE commitments include active support for the equal rights of all individuals in accordance with international law and for the pro- tection of national minorities.

6. The Ministers decided to keep this issue high on the agenda of the CSCE and there- fore decided:

• to task the Permanent Committee to study possible follow-up actions;

• to invite the High Commissioner on National Minorities, in light of his mandate, to pay particular attention to all aspects of aggressive nationalism, racism, chauvinism, xenophobia and anti-semitism;

• to request the ODIHR to pay special attention to these phenomena and to apply resources as necessary on addressing these problems.

(…)

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 157 Rome 1993

Annex A The procedures in paragraphs 3, 7, 11, 13 and 14 of the 1991 Document of the Moscow Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE are modified to read as follows (all changes have been underlined):

(3) A resource list comprising up to six experts appointed by each participating State will be established without delay at the CSCE Institution. The experts will be eminent persons, including where possible experts with experience related to national minor- ity issues, preferably experienced in the field of the human dimension, from whom an impartial performance of their functions may be expected.

The experts will be appointed for a period of three to six years at the discretion of the appointing State, no expert serving more than two consecutive terms. Within four weeks after notification by the CSCE Institution of the appointment, any participating State may make reservations regarding no more than two experts to be appointed by another participating State. In such case, the appointing State may, within four weeks of being notified of such reservations, reconsider its decision and appoint another expert or experts; if it confirms the appointment originally intended, the expert concerned cannot take part in any procedure with respect to the State having made the reservation without the latter’s express consent.

The resource list will become operational as soon as 45 experts have been appointed.

(7) The mission of experts will submit its observations to the inviting State as soon as possible, preferably within three weeks after the mission has been established. The inviting State will transmit the observations of the mission, together with a description of any action it has taken or intends to take upon it, to the other participating States via the CSCE Institution no later than two weeks after the submission of the observations.

These observations and any comments by the inviting State may be discussed by the Committee of Senior Officials, which may consider any possible follow-up action. The observations and comments will remain confidential until brought to the attention of the Senior Officials. Before the circulation of the observations and any comments, no other mission of experts may be appointed for the same issue.

(11) The CSCE rapporteur(s) will establish the facts, report on them and may give advice on possible solutions to the question raised. The report of the rapporteur(s), containing observations of facts, proposals or advice, will be submitted to the participating State or States concerned and, unless all the States concerned agree otherwise, to the CSCE Institution no later than two weeks after the last rapporteur has been appointed. The requested State will submit any observations on the report to the CSCE Institution, unless all the States concerned agree otherwise, no later than two weeks after the sub- mission of the report.

The CSCE Institution will transmit the report, as well as any observations by the requested State or any other participating State, to all participating States without delay.

158 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Rome 1993

The report will be placed on the agenda of the next regular meeting of the Committee of Senior Officials or of the Permanent Committee of the CSCE, which may decide on any possible follow-up action. The report will remain confidential until after that meet- ing of the Committee. Before the circulation of the report no other rapporteur may be appointed for the same issue.

(13) Upon the request of any participating State the Committee of Senior Officials or the Permanent Committee of the CSCE may decide to establish a mission of experts or of CSCE rapporteurs. In such case the Committee will also determine whether to apply the appropriate provisions of the preceding paragraphs.

(14) The participating State or States that have requested the establishment of a mission of experts or rapporteurs will cover the expenses of that mission. In case of the appoint- ment of experts or rapporteurs pursuant to a decision of the Committee of Senior Offi- cials or of the Permanent Committee of the CSCE, the expenses will be covered by the participating States in accordance with the usual scale of distribution of expenses. These procedures will be reviewed by the Helsinki Follow-up Meeting of the CSCE.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 159 Budapest Document: Towards a Genuine Partnership in a New Era (Summit of Heads of State or Government) Budapest 1994

Budapest Summit Declaration (…)

7. (…) The CSCE’s democratic values are fundamental to our goal of a community of nations with no divisions, old or new, in which the sovereign equality and the independ- ence of all States are fully respected, there are no spheres of influence and the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all individuals, regardless of race, colour, sex, lan- guage, religion, social origin or of belonging to a minority, are vigorously protected.

(…)

14. We confirm the significance of the Human Dimension in all the activities of the CSCE. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, democracy and the rule of law is an essential component of security and co-operation in the CSCE region. It must remain a primary goal of CSCE action. Periodic reviews of implementation of our com- mitments, fundamental throughout the CSCE, are critical in the Human Dimension. The enhanced capabilities of the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights will continue to assist participating States, in particular those in transition. We under- line the importance of human contacts in overcoming the legacy of old divisions.

(…)

Budapest Decisions I. Strengthening the CSCE

1. The new era of security and co-operation in Europe has led to a fundamental change in the CSCE and to a dramatic growth in its role in shaping our common security area. To reflect this the CSCE will henceforth be known as the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). The change in name will be effective on 1 January

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 161 Budapest 1994

1995. As of this date, all references to the CSCE will henceforth be considered as refer- ences to the OSCE.

(…)

3. The Heads of State or Government have directed that the future role and functions of the CSCE will include the following:

(…)

5. - to ensure full implementation of all CSCE commitments;

(…)

11. - to develop further CSCE work in the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and other areas of the human dimension;

(…)

14. To accomplish these objectives, the CSCE will function as follows:

15. The next Meeting of Heads of State or Government will take place in 1996 in Lisbon preceded by a preparatory meeting. The Summit will decide on the frequency of future Summit meetings.

16. The Ministerial Council (formerly the CSCE Council) as the central decision-mak- ing and governing body of the CSCE will meet, as a rule, towards the end of every term of chairmanship at the level of Foreign Ministers.

17. The Senior Council (replacing the Committee of Senior Officials) will meet in Prague twice a year, at the minimum. An additional meeting will be held before the Ministerial Council Meeting. The Senior Council will discuss and set forth policy and broad budg- etary guidelines. The participating States are encouraged to be represented at the level of political directors or at a corresponding level. The Senior Council will also be con- vened as the Economic Forum.

18. The Permanent Council (formerly the Permanent Committee) will be the regular body for political consultation and decision-making. It can also be convened for emer- gency purposes. It will meet in Vienna and be composed of the permanent representa- tives of the participating States.

19. Overall responsibility for executive action will remain with the Chairman-in-Office (CIO). The CIO will continue to take full advantage of his/her mandate, inter alia, by dispatching personal representatives. The CIO will be assisted by the Troika. The term of chairmanship will normally last one calendar year.

20. The Secretary General will continue to take full advantage of his/her mandate and in support of the CIO will be more actively involved in all aspects of the management of the CSCE. He/she participates in Troika ministerial meetings.

162 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Budapest 1994

21. The continuation of the activities of the High Commissioner on National Minorities will be supported and his/her resources will be enhanced. The participating States will increase their efforts to implement his/her recommendations.

22. The work of CSCE missions will be given political support and follow-up from the Permanent Council. In order to ensure the fulfilment of their tasks, the necessary human and financial resources will be committed by the participating States.

23. The CSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights will be strength- ened in playing an important role in CSCE activities.

24. The CIO will continue to maintain close contacts and an active dialogue with the Parliamentary Assembly (PA). The CIO will draw the recommendations of the PA to the attention of the Permanent Council and inform the PA on the activities of the CSCE.

25. The current mode of review of implementation of all CSCE commitments will be maintained. The review meeting before each Summit will be held in Vienna.

(…)

IV. Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security

Preamble

The participating States of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE),

Recognizing the need to enhance security co-operation, including through the further encouragement of norms of responsible and co-operative behaviour in the field of secu- rity,

Confirming that nothing in this Code diminishes the validity and applicability of the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations or of other provisions of international law,

Reaffirming the undiminished validity of the guiding principles and common values of the Helsinki Final Act, the Charter of Paris and the Helsinki Document 1992, embody- ing responsibilities

of States towards each other and of governments towards their people, as well as the validity of other CSCE commitments,

Have adopted the following Code of Conduct on politico-military aspects of security:

I 1. The participating States emphasize that the full respect for all CSCE principles embodied in the Helsinki Final Act and the implementation in good faith of all com- mitments undertaken in the CSCE are of fundamental importance for stability and

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 163 Budapest 1994

security, and consequently constitute a matter of direct and legitimate concern to all of them.

2. The participating States confirm the continuing validity of their comprehensive con- cept of security, as initiated in the Final Act, which relates the maintenance of peace to the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It links economic and envi- ronmental co-operation with peaceful inter-State relations.

(…)

II 6. The participating States will not support terrorist acts in any way and will take appro- priate measures to prevent and combat terrorism in all its forms. They will co-operate fully in combating the threat of terrorist activities through implementation of interna- tional instruments and commitments they agree upon in this respect. They will, in par- ticular, take steps to fulfil the requirements of international agreements by which they are bound to prosecute or extradite terrorists.

(…)

VI 17. The participating States commit themselves to co-operate, including through devel- opment of sound economic and environmental conditions, to counter tensions that may lead to conflict. The sources of such tensions include violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms and of other commitments in the human dimension; manifesta- tions of aggressive nationalism, racism, chauvinism, xenophobia and anti-semitism also endanger peace and security.

18. The participating States stress the importance both of early identification of poten- tial conflicts and of their joint efforts in the field of conflict prevention, crisis manage- ment and peaceful settlement of disputes.

19. In the event of armed conflict, they will seek to facilitate the effective cessation of hostilities and seek to create conditions favourable to the political solution of the con- flict. They will co-operate in support of humanitarian assistance to alleviate suffering among the civilian population, including facilitating the movement of personnel and resources dedicated to such tasks.

VII 20. The participating States consider the democratic political control of military, para- military and internal security forces as well as of intelligence services and the police to be an indispensable element of stability and security. They will further the integration of their armed forces with civil society as an important expression of democracy.

21. Each participating State will at all times provide for and maintain effective guidance to and control of its military, paramilitary and security forces by constitutionally estab- lished authorities vested with democratic legitimacy. Each participating State will pro-

164 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Budapest 1994

vide controls to ensure that such authorities fulfil their constitutional and legal respon- sibilities. They will clearly define the roles and missions of such forces and their obliga- tion to act solely within the constitutional framework.

22. Each participating State will provide for its legislative approval of defence expendi- tures. Each participating State will, with due regard to national security requirements, exercise restraint in its military expenditures and provide for transparency and public access to information related to the armed forces.

23. Each participating State, while providing for the individual service member’s exer- cise of his or her civil rights, will ensure that its armed forces as such are politically neu- tral.

24. Each participating State will provide and maintain measures to guard against acci- dental or unauthorized use of military means.

25. The participating States will not tolerate or support forces that are not accountable to or controlled by their constitutionally established authorities. If a participating State is unable to exercise its authority over such forces, it may seek consultations within the CSCE to consider steps to be taken.

26. Each participating State will ensure that in accordance with its international com- mitments its paramilitary forces refrain from the acquisition of combat mission capa- bilities in excess of those for which they were established.

27. Each participating State will ensure that the recruitment or call-up of personnel for service in its military, paramilitary and security forces is consistent with its obligations and commitments in respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

28. The participating States will reflect in their laws or other relevant documents the rights and duties of armed forces personnel. They will consider introducing exemptions from or alternatives to military service.

29. The participating States will make widely available in their respective countries the international humanitarian law of war. They will reflect, in accordance with national practice, their commitments in this field in their military training programmes and regulations.

30. Each participating State will instruct its armed forces personnel in international humanitarian law, rules, conventions and commitments governing armed conflict and will ensure that such personnel are aware that they are individually accountable under national and international law for their actions.

31. The participating States will ensure that armed forces personnel vested with com- mand authority exercise it in accordance with relevant national as well as international law and are made aware that they can be held individually accountable under those laws for the unlawful exercise of such authority and that orders contrary to national and

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 165 Budapest 1994

international law must not be given. The responsibility of superiors does not exempt subordinates from any of their individual responsibilities.

32. Each participating State will ensure that military, paramilitary and security forces personnel will be able to enjoy and exercise their human rights and fundamental freedoms as reflected in CSCE documents and international law, in conformity with relevant constitutional and legal provisions and with the requirements of service.

33. Each participating State will provide appropriate legal and administrative proce- dures to protect the rights of all its forces personnel.

VIII 34. Each participating State will ensure that its armed forces are, in peace and in war, commanded, manned, trained and equipped in ways that are consistent with the provi- sions of international law and its respective obligations and commitments related to the use of armed forces in armed conflict, including as applicable the Hague Conventions of 1907 and 1954, the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the 1977 Protocols Additional thereto, as well as the 1980 Convention on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons.

35. Each participating State will ensure that its defence policy and doctrine are consist- ent with international law related to the use of armed forces, including in armed con- flict, and the relevant commitments of this Code.

36. Each participating State will ensure that any decision to assign its armed forces to internal security missions is arrived at in conformity with constitutional procedures. Such decisions will prescribe the armed forces’ missions, ensuring that they will be per- formed under the effective control of constitutionally established authorities and sub- ject to the rule of law. If recourse to force cannot be avoided in performing internal security missions, each participating State will ensure that its use must be commensu- rate with the needs for enforcement. The armed forces will take due care to avoid injury to civilians or their property.

37. The participating States will not use armed forces to limit the peaceful and lawful exercise of their human and civil rights by persons as individuals or as representatives of groups nor to deprive them of their national, religious, cultural, linguistic or ethnic identity.

IX 38. Each participating State is responsible for implementation of this Code. If requested, a participating State will provide appropriate clarification regarding its implementation of the Code. Appropriate CSCE bodies, mechanisms and procedures will be used to assess, review and improve if necessary the implementation of this Code.

166 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Budapest 1994

X 39. The provisions adopted in this Code of Conduct are politically binding. Accordingly, this Code is not eligible for registration under Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations. This Code will come into effect on 1 January 1995.

40. Nothing in this Code alters the nature and content of the commitments undertaken in other CSCE documents.

41. The participating States will seek to ensure that their relevant internal documents and procedures or, where appropriate, legal instruments reflect the commitments made in this Code.

42. The text of the Code will be published in each participating State, which will dis- seminate it and make it known as widely as possible.

VIII. The Human Dimension

Introduction

1. In their review of implementation of CSCE commitments in the human dimension, the participating States based their discussion on the community of values established among them, which is reflected in the high standards created within the CSCE. Dur- ing the discussion, it was noted that major progress had been made in compliance with human dimension commitments. The participating States acknowledged, however, that there was a serious deterioration in some areas and a need for action against the contin- uing violations of human rights and manifestations of aggressive nationalism, such as territorial expansionism, as well as racism, chauvinism, xenophobia and anti-semitism, which continue to cause human suffering.

2. Human rights and fundamental freedoms, the rule of law and democratic institutions are the foundations of peace and security, representing a crucial contribution to con- flict prevention, within a comprehensive concept of security. The protection of human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to national minorities, is an essential foundation of democratic civil society. Neglect of these rights has, in severe cases, con- tributed to extremism, regional instability and conflict. The participating States con- firmed that issues of implementation of CSCE commitments are of legitimate and com- mon concern to all participating States, and that the raising of these problems in the co- operative and result-oriented spirit of the CSCE was therefore a positive exercise. They undertook to encourage implementation of CSCE commitments through enhanced dialogue, implementation reviews and mechanisms. They will broaden the operational framework of the CSCE, in particular by enhancing the Office for Democratic Institu- tions and Human Rights (ODIHR), increasing its involvement in the work of the Per- manent Council and mission activity, and furthering co-operation with international organizations and institutions active in human dimension areas.

3. The participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) was a welcome addi- tion to the implementation review. In their statements, these organizations contrib-

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 167 Budapest 1994

uted ideas and raised issues of concern for participating States to take into considera- tion. They also informed the participating States of their activities, such as in the area of conflict prevention and resolution. The experience of the Budapest Review Confer- ence invites further consideration with regard to promoting within the CSCE the dia- logue between governments and NGOs of the participating States, in addition to State- to-State dialogue.

4. Reaffirming their commitments in the human dimension, the participating States, while considering it essential to concentrate their efforts on the implementation of existing CSCE commitments, decide to enhance the framework of their co-operation and to this end adopt the following:

Enhancing Compliance with CSCE Commitments and Promoting Co-operation and Dialogue in the Human Dimension

Enhancing implementation

5. Building on the implementation review structures in the Helsinki Document 1992 and to improve human dimension implementation, the participating States will use the Permanent Council for an enhanced dialogue on the human dimension and for possi- ble action in cases of non-implementation. To this end, the participating States decide that human dimension issues will be regularly dealt with by the Permanent Council. They will draw more widely on the possibilities offered by the Moscow Mechanism for examining or promoting the solution of questions relating to the human dimension on their territory.

6. They encourage the Chairman-in-Office to inform the Permanent Council of serious cases of alleged non-implementation of human dimension commitments, including on the basis of information from the ODIHR, reports and recommendations of the High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM), or reports of the head of a CSCE mis- sion and information from the State concerned.

7. The participating States reconfirm their appreciation for the HCNM, who has, fully in line with his mandate, been able to focus on, and to successfully address a number of national minority issues, taking also into account specific situations of participating States and of parties directly concerned. They encourage the HCNM to continue his present activities, and support him on taking up new and further ones, including those related to his recommendations. They will increase their efforts to implement these rec- ommendations.

Role of the ODIHR

8. The ODIHR, as the main institution of the human dimension, in consultation with the Chairman-in-Office, will, acting in an advisory capacity, participate in discussions of the Senior Council and the Permanent Council, by reporting at regular intervals on its activities and providing information on implementation issues. It will provide sup- porting material for the annual review of implementation and, where necessary, clarify

168 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Budapest 1994

or supplement information received. Acting in close consultation with the Chairman- in-Office, the Director of the ODIHR may propose further action.

9. The participating States recognize the need for enhanced co-operation through the ODIHR with other international organizations and institutions active in the human dimension, including among others the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, for the exchange of information, including reports, and for further developing of future-oriented activities, such as outlined in the present document.

10. The participating States decide to

• enhance the CSCE’s co-operation with other international organizations and institu- tions, in particular UNHCR and IOM, with a view to contributing to UNHCR’s prepa- ration of a regional conference to address the problems of refugees, displaced persons, other forms of involuntary displacement and returnees in the countries of the Com- monwealth of Independent States (CIS) and other interested neighbouring States, by establishing, after consultation in the informal Financial Committee, a temporary position, financed by voluntary contributions for a migration expert;

• task the ODIHR to act as a clearing-house for the exchange of information on media issues in the region, and encourage governments, journalists and NGOs to provide the ODIHR with information on the situation of the media.

11. The ODIHR will be consulted on a CSCE mission’s mandate before adoption and will contribute to the follow-up of mission reports as decided by the Permanent Coun- cil. The ODIHR’s knowledge of experts on the human dimension should be used to help to staff CSCE missions. These missions will also designate a mission member to liaise with the ODIHR and with NGOs on human dimension issues.

12. The ODIHR will play an enhanced role in election monitoring, before, during and after elections. In this context, the ODIHR should assess the conditions for the free and independent functioning of the media.

The participating States request that co-ordination between the various organizations monitoring elections be improved, and task the ODIHR to consult all relevant organi- zations in order to develop a framework for co-ordination in this field.

In order to enhance election monitoring preparations and procedures, the ODIHR will also devise a handbook for election monitors and set up a rolling calendar for upcom- ing elections.

13. The provisions mentioned in the human dimension chapter of this document do not in any way constitute a change in the mandate of either the ODIHR or the HCNM.

ODIHR seminars

14. The number of large-scale human dimension seminars will as a rule be reduced to two per year. They will focus on topics which are of the broadest interest. There will be

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 169 Budapest 1994

more emphasis on regional seminars. Where appropriate they will form part of the Pro- gramme of Co-ordinated Support. These seminars should seek full participation from States in the region in which they are held. The ODIHR is requested to present to the Permanent Council a report on how to increase the effectiveness of human dimension seminars. Whilst these seminars will not produce a negotiated document, particular attention should be given to improving follow-up.

15. A large number of possible subjects for seminars, both large-scale and regional, was suggested during the Review Conference. The Executive Secretariat kept a list, which will be passed on to the Permanent Council. In conformity with the relevant provisions of the Helsinki Document 1992, the Permanent Council will establish an annual work programme including the titles, dates and venues of such seminars, taking into account the advice of the ODIHR and the HCNM.

16. The participating States welcomed the offer of Romania to host an International Seminar on Tolerance in Bucharest under the auspices of the ODIHR and the Council of Europe, in co-operation with UNESCO, in the context of the 1995 International Year of Tolerance.

Role of NGOs

17. The participating States and CSCE institutions will provide opportunities for increased involvement of NGOs in CSCE activities as foreseen in Chapter IV of the Hel- sinki Document 1992. They will search for ways in which the CSCE can best make use of the work and information provided by NGOs. The Secretary General is requested to make a study on how participation of NGOs can be further enhanced.

Commitments and Co-operation

Rule of law

18. The participating States emphasize that all action by public authorities must be con- sistent with the rule of law, thus guaranteeing legal security for the individual.

They also emphasize the need for protection of human rights defenders and look for- ward to the completion and adoption, in the framework of the United Nations, of the draft declaration on the “Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamen- tal Freedoms”.

Capital punishment

19. The participating States reconfirm their commitments in the Copenhagen and Mos- cow Documents concerning the question of capital punishment.

170 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Budapest 1994

Prevention of torture

20. The participating States strongly condemn all forms of torture as one of the most flagrant violations of human rights and human dignity. They commit themselves to strive for its elimination. They recognize the importance in this respect of interna- tional norms as laid down in international treaties on human rights, in particular the United Nations Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. They also recognize the impor- tance of national legislation aimed at eradicating torture. They commit themselves to inquire into all alleged cases of torture and to prosecute offenders. They also commit themselves to include in their educational and training programmes for law enforce- ment and police forces specific provisions with a view to eradicating torture. They con- sider that an exchange of information on this problem is an essential prerequisite. The participating States should have the possibility to obtain such information. The CSCE should in this context also draw on the experience of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and other Cruelly Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment established by the Commission on Human Rights of the United Nations and make use of information pro- vided by NGOs.

National minorities

21. The participating States confirm their determination consistently to advance the implementation of the provisions of the Final Act and all other CSCE documents relat- ing to the protection of the rights of persons belonging to national minorities. They commend the work of the HCNM in this field.

22. The participating States welcome the international efforts to improve protection of the rights of persons belonging to national minorities. They take note of the adop- tion, within the Council of Europe, of a Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities, which builds upon CSCE standards in this context. They stressed that the Convention is also open — by invitation — to signature by States which are not members of the Council of Europe and they may consider examining the possibility of becoming parties to this Convention.

Roma and Sinti

23. The participating States decide to appoint within the ODIHR a contact point for Roma and Sinti (Gypsies) issues. The ODIHR will be tasked to:

• act as a clearing-house for the exchange of information on Roma and Sinti (Gypsies) issues, including information on the implementation of commitments pertaining to Roma and Sinti (Gypsies);

• facilitate contacts on Roma and Sinti (Gypsies) issues between participating States, international organizations and institutions and NGOs;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 171 Budapest 1994

• maintain and develop contacts on these issues between CSCE institutions and other international organizations and institutions.

To fulfil these tasks, the ODIHR will make full use of existing resources. In this con- text they welcome the announcement made by some Roma and Sinti (Gypsies) organi- zations of their intention to make voluntary contributions.

24. The participating States welcome the activities related to Roma and Sinti (Gypsies) issues in other international organizations and institutions, in particular those under- taken in the Council of Europe.

Tolerance and non-discrimination

25. The participating States condemn manifestations of intolerance, and especially of aggressive nationalism, racism, chauvinism, xenophobia and anti-semitism, and will continue to promote effective measures aimed at their eradication. They request the ODIHR to continue to pay special attention to these phenomena, collecting informa- tion on their various manifestations in participating States. They will seek to strengthen or adopt appropriate legislation to this end and take the necessary measures to ensure that existing legislation is effectively implemented, in a way that would deter manifes- tations of these phenomena. They also stress that action to combat these phenomena should be seen as an integral part of integration policy and education. They condemn all crimes committed in the pursuit of so-called “ethnic cleansing” and will continue to give their effective support to the International War Crimes Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague.

26. They commend the Council of Europe’s plan of action on racism, xenophobia, anti- semitism and intolerance. In following up the Rome Council’s Declaration, CSCE insti- tutions will explore possibilities for joint work with the Council of Europe, as well as the United Nations and other international organizations.

27. Reaffirming their commitment to ensure freedom of conscience and religion and to foster a climate of mutual tolerance and respect between believers of different com- munities as well as between believers and non-believers, they expressed their concern about the exploitation of religion for aggressive nationalist ends.

Migrant workers

28. The participating States reconfirm that human rights are universal and indivisible. They recognized that the protection and promotion of the rights of migrant workers have their human dimension. They underline the right of migrant workers to express freely their ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic characteristics. The exercise of such rights may be subject to such restrictions as are prescribed by law and consistent with international standards.

172 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Budapest 1994

29. They decided that appropriate measures should be taken to better prevent racist attacks and other manifestations of violent intolerance against migrant workers and their families.

30. They reconfirm their condemnation of all acts of discrimination on the ground of race, colour and ethnic origin, intolerance and xenophobia against migrant workers. They will, in conformity with domestic law and international obligations, continue to take effective measures to this end.

31. They will continue to promote the integration of migrant workers in the societies in which they are lawfully residing. They recognize that a successful process of integration also depends on its active pursuit by the migrants themselves and decided therefore to encourage them in this regard.

Migration

32. The participating States express their concern at mass migratory movements in the CSCE region, including millions of refugees and displaced persons, due mainly to war, armed conflict, civil strife and grave human rights violations. Taking into account the Rome Council Decisions 1993, they decide to expand their co-operation with appropri- ate international bodies in this respect.

They take note of efforts undertaken by UNHCR to prepare a regional conference to address the problems of refugees, displaced persons, other forms of involuntary dis- placement and returnees in the countries of the CIS and other interested neighbour- ing States.

International humanitarian law

33. The participating States deeply deplore the series of flagrant violations of interna- tional humanitarian law that occurred in the CSCE region in recent years and reaffirm their commitment to respect and ensure respect for general international humanitar- ian law and in particular for their obligations under the relevant international instru- ments, including the 1949 Geneva Conventions and their additional protocols, to which they are a party.

34. They emphasize the potential significance of a declaration on minimum humanitar- ian standards applicable in all situations and declare their willingness to actively par- ticipate in its preparation in the framework of the United Nations. They commit them- selves to ensure adequate information and training within their military services with regard to the provisions of international humanitarian law and consider that relevant information should be made available.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 173 Budapest 1994

35. They highly value the developing co-operation between the CSCE and the Interna- tional Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), in particular in the case of CSCE missions, and welcome the readiness of the ICRC to develop this co-operation and commit them- selves to further extend support to the ICRC, in particular by strengthening contacts already established between CSCE missions and the ICRC’s delegations in the field.

Freedom of expression/Free media

36. The participating States reaffirm that freedom of expression is a fundamental human right and a basic component of a democratic society. In this respect, independent and pluralistic media are essential to a free and open society and accountable systems of government. They take as their guiding principle that they will safeguard this right.

37. They condemn all attacks on and harassment of journalists and will endeavour to hold those directly responsible for such attacks and harassment accountable.

38. They further note that fomenting hatred and ethnic tension through the media, especially by governments, can serve as an early warning of conflict.

Freedom of movement/Human contacts/Cultural heritage

39. The participating States will further encourage and facilitate human contacts, cul- tural and educational exchanges and co-operate in accordance with CSCE provisions. They will continue to implement their commitments in the cultural field, as laid down in the Document of the Cracow Symposium on the Cultural Heritage of the CSCE Par- ticipating States and other relevant CSCE documents. They will encourage public and private efforts aimed at the preservation of the cultural heritage in their States.

40. They will encourage administrative authorities dealing with citizens of other States to fully implement the CSCE commitments concerning travel and will refrain from degrading treatment and other outrages against personal dignity. They will also con- sider the need for elaborating a document compiling relevant CSCE provisions.

41. The Permanent Council will explore the possibility of holding informal meetings on the issues mentioned in the two preceding paragraphs.

Programme of Co-ordinated Support

42. The participating States, taking into account the progress achieved through the implementation of the Programme of Co-ordinated Support during the past two years under the co-ordination of the ODIHR, have decided that this programme should con- tinue. The ODIHR and the Secretary General will continue to arrange meetings and seminars on CSCE-related matters to enable interested States to fulfil their CSCE com- mitments more easily. The participating States will continue to include representatives of these States in government-sponsored internships, study and training programmes so that levels of experience, knowledge and expertise can be raised.

174 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Budapest 1994

43. They agreed that the ability of the ODIHR to provide in-depth expertise on human dimension issues under the Programme of Co-ordinated Support should be further developed. In order to respond to requests for advice by newly independent States concerned on all aspects of democratization, they decided that using experts-at-large within the framework of the Programme of Co-ordinated Support would be a useful enhancement of the ODIHR’s role.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 175 Lisbon Document (Summit of Heads of State or Government) Lisbon 1996

Lisbon Summit Declaration (…)

3. We reaffirm the OSCE principles as set forth in the Helsinki Final Act and other OSCE commitments. We believe that observance of all these principles and implemen- tation of all commitments need to be improved and constantly reviewed. We recognize that serious risks and challenges, such as those to our security and sovereignty, con- tinue to be of major concern. We are committed to address them.

4. Respect for human rights remains fundamental to our concept of democracy and to the democratization process enshrined in the Charter of Paris. We are determined to consolidate the democratic gains of the changes that have occurred since 1989 and peacefully manage their further development in the OSCE region. We will co-operate in strengthening democratic institutions.

9. The OSCE’s comprehensive approach to security requires improvement in the imple- mentation of all commitments in the human dimension, in particular with respect to human rights and fundamental freedoms. This will further anchor the common values of a free and democratic society in all participating States, which is an essential foun- dation for our common security. Among the acute problems within the human dimen- sion, the continuing violations of human rights, such as involuntary migration, and the lack of full democratization, threats to independent media, electoral fraud, manifes- tations of aggressive nationalism, racism, chauvinism, xenophobia and anti-Semitism, continue to endanger stability in the OSCE region. We are committed to continuing to address these problems.

10. Against the background of recent refugee tragedies in the OSCE region and tak- ing into account the issue of forced migration, we again condemn and pledge to refrain from any policy of “ethnic cleansing” or mass expulsion. Our States will facilitate the return, in safety and in dignity, of refugees and internally displaced persons, according to international standards. Their reintegration into their places of origin must be pur-

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 177 Lisbon 1996

sued without discrimination. We commend the work of the ODIHR Migration Advi- sor and express support for his continuing activities to follow up on the Programme of Action agreed at the May 1996 Regional Conference to address the problems of refu- gees, displaced persons, other forms of involuntary displacement and returnees in the relevant States.

11. Freedom of the press and media are among the basic prerequisites for truly demo- cratic and civil societies. In the Helsinki Final Act, we have pledged ourselves to respect this principle. There is a need to strengthen the implementation of OSCE commitments in the field of the media, taking into account, as appropriate, the work of other inter- national organizations. We therefore task the Permanent Council to consider ways to increase the focus on implementation of OSCE commitments in the field of the media, as well as to elaborate a mandate for the appointment of an OSCE representative on freedom of the media to be submitted not later than to the 1997 Ministerial Council.

(…)

Lisbon Declaration on a Common and Comprehensive Security Model for Europe for the Twenty-First Century 1. We, the Heads of State or Government of the States participating in the OSCE and meeting in Lisbon, believe that history has offered us an unprecedented opportunity. Freedom, democracy and co-operation among our nations and peoples are now the foundation for our common security. We are determined to learn from the tragedies of the past and to translate our vision of a co-operative future into reality by creating a common security space free of dividing lines in which all States are equal partners.

2. We face serious challenges, but we face them together. They concern the security and sovereignty of States as well as the stability of our societies. Human rights are not fully respected in all OSCE States.

Ethnic tension, aggressive nationalism, violations of the rights of persons belonging to national minorities, as well as serious difficulties of economic transition, can threaten stability and may also spread to other States. Terrorism, organized crime, drug and arms trafficking, uncontrolled migration and environmental damage are of increasing concern to the entire OSCE community.

3. Drawing strength from our diversity, we shall meet these challenges together, through the OSCE and in partnership with other international organizations. Our approach is one of co-operative security based on democracy, respect for human rights, fundamen- tal freedoms and the rule of law, market economy and social justice. It excludes any quest for domination. It implies mutual confidence and the peaceful settlement of dis- putes.

(…)

178 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Lisbon 1996

5. We recognize that, within the OSCE, States are accountable to their citizens and responsible to each other for their implementation of OSCE commitments.

6. We jointly commit ourselves:

• to act in solidarity to promote full implementation of the principles and commit- ments of the OSCE enshrined in the Helsinki Final Act, the Charter of Paris and other CSCE/OSCE documents;

(…)

10. (…) our task now is to enhance our co-operation for the future. To this end:

• We encourage bilateral or regional initiatives aimed at developing relations of good neighbourliness and co-operation. In this context, the OSCE could explore a menu of confidence- and security-building measures in support of regional security processes. We shall continue to follow the implementation of the Pact on Stability in Europe. Regional round tables can be a useful means of preventive diplomacy.

• As an important contribution to security we reaffirm our determination to fully respect and implement all our commitments relating to the rights of persons belong- ing to national minorities. We reaffirm our will to co-operate fully with the High Commissioner on National Minorities. We are ready to respond to a request by any participating State seeking solutions to minority issues on its territory.

(…)

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 179 Document of the Sixth Meeting of the Ministerial Council Copenhagen 1997

II. Decisions of the Copenhagen Ministerial Council Meeting (…)

Decision on the Appointment of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media

The Ministerial Council,

In accordance with Permanent Council Decision No. 193, and taking into account the recommendation of the Chairman-in-Office,

- Decides to appoint Mr. Freimut Duve as OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media for a period of three years, with effect from 1 January 1998.

Annex

Permanent Council Decision No. 193

5 November 1997

Mandate of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media

1. The participating States reaffirm the principles and commitments they have adhered to in the field of free media. They recall in particular that freedom of expression is a fun- damental and internationally recognized human right and a basic component of a dem- ocratic society and that free, independent and pluralistic media are essential to a free and open society and accountable systems of government. Bearing in mind the princi- ples and commitments they have subscribed to within the OSCE, and fully committed to the implementation of paragraph 11 of the Lisbon Summit Declaration, the partici- pating States decide to establish, under the aegis of the Permanent Council, an OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media. The objective is to strengthen the implemen- tation of relevant OSCE principles and commitments as well as to improve the effec-

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 181 Copenhagen 1997

tiveness of concerted action by the participating States based on their common values. The participating States confirm that they will co-operate fully with the OSCE Repre- sentative on Freedom of the Media. He or she will assist the participating States, in a spirit of co-operation, in their continuing commitment to the furthering of free, inde- pendent and pluralistic media.

2. Based on OSCE principles and commitments, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media will observe relevant media developments in all participating States and will, on this basis, and in close co-ordination with the Chairman-in-Office, advocate and promote full compliance with OSCE principles and commitments regarding free- dom of expression and free media. In this respect he or she will assume an early-warn- ing function. He or she will address serious problems caused by, inter alia, obstruc- tion of media activities and unfavourable working conditions for journalists. He or she will closely co-operate with the participating States, the Permanent Council, the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), the High Commissioner on National Minorities and, where appropriate, other OSCE bodies, as well as with national and international media associations.

3. The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media will concentrate, as outlined in this paragraph, on rapid response to serious non-compliance with OSCE principles and commitments by participating States in respect of freedom of expression and free media. In the case of an allegation of serious non-compliance therewith, the OSCE Rep- resentative on Freedom of the Media will seek direct contacts, in an appropriate man- ner, with the participating State and with other parties concerned, assess the facts, assist the participating State, and contribute to the resolution of the issue. He or she will keep the Chairman-in-Office informed about his or her activities and report to the Per- manent Council on their results, and on his or her observations and recommendations.

4. The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media does not exercise a juridical func- tion, nor can his or her involvement in any way prejudge national or international legal proceedings concerning alleged human rights violations. Equally, national or interna- tional proceedings concerning alleged human rights violations will not necessarily pre- clude the performance of his or her tasks as outlined in this mandate.

5. The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media may collect and receive informa- tion on the situation of the media from all bona fide sources. He or she will in partic- ular draw on information and assessments provided by the ODIHR. The OSCE Repre- sentative on Freedom of the Media will support the ODIHR in assessing conditions for the functioning of free, independent and pluralistic media before, during and after elec- tions.

6. The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media may at all times collect and receive from participating States and other interested parties (e.g. from organizations or institutions, from media and their representatives, and from relevant NGOs) requests, suggestions and comments related to strengthening and further developing compliance with relevant OSCE principles and commitments, including alleged serious instances

182 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Copenhagen 1997

of intolerance by participating States which utilize media in violation of the principles referred to in the Budapest Document, Chapter VIII, paragraph 25, and in the Deci- sions of the Rome Council Meeting, Chapter X. He or she may forward requests, sug- gestions and comments to the Permanent Council, recommending further action where appropriate.

7. The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media will also routinely consult with the Chairman-in-Office and report on a regular basis to the Permanent Council. He or she may be invited to the Permanent Council to present reports, within this mandate, on specific matters related to freedom of expression and free, independent and plural- istic media. He or she will report annually to the Implementation Meeting on Human Dimension Issues or to the OSCE Review Meeting on the status of the implementa- tion of OSCE principles and commitments in respect of freedom of expression and free media in OSCE participating States.

8. The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media will not communicate with and will not acknowledge communications from any person or organization which practises or publicly condones terrorism or violence.

9. The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media will be an eminent international personality with long-standing relevant experience from whom an impartial perform- ance of the function would be expected. In the performance of his or her duty the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media will be guided by his or her independent and objective assessment regarding the specific paragraphs composing this mandate.

10. The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media will consider serious cases aris- ing in the context of this mandate and occurring in the participating State of which he or she is a national or resident if all the parties directly involved agree, including the participating State concerned. In the absence of such agreement, the matter will be referred to the Chairman-in-Office, who may appoint a Special Representative to address this particular case.

11. The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media will co-operate, on the basis of regular contacts, with relevant international organizations, including the United Nations and its specialized agencies and the Council of Europe, with a view to enhanc- ing co-ordination and avoiding duplication

12. The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media will be appointed in accord- ance with OSCE procedures by the Ministerial Council upon the recommendation of the Chairman-in-Office after consultation with the participating States. He or she will serve for a period of three years which may be extended under the same procedure for one further term of three years.

13. The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media will be established and staffed in accordance with this mandate and with OSCE Staff Regulations. The OSCE Repre- sentative on Freedom of the Media, and his or her Office, will be funded by the par-

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 183 Copenhagen 1997

ticipating States through the OSCE budget according to OSCE financial regulations. Details will be worked out by the informal Financial Committee and approved by the Permanent Council.

14. The Office of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media will be located in Vienna.

184 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments Document of the Seventh Meeting of the Ministerial Council Oslo 1998

III. Decisions of the Oslo Ministerial Council Meeting (…)

Decision on Enhancement of the OSCE’s Operational Capabilities regarding Roma and Sinti Issues

The Ministerial Council,

Bearing in mind the existing OSCE commitments regarding Roma and Sinti, and

Recalling the decision taken by the Budapest Summit to appoint within the ODIHR a

Contact Point for Roma and Sinti (Gypsies) Issues,

1. Decides to enhance the capability of the OSCE regarding those issues by strengthen- ing the existing ODIHR Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues. Among its priorities will be:

• to enhance the OSCE’s interaction with the governments of the participating States, with representatives of Roma and Sinti communities, as well as with international organizations, initiatives and NGOs relevant to Roma and Sinti issues, and in particu- lar to secure further mutual reinforcement of co-operation with the Co-ordinator for Roma in the Council of Europe with a view to avoiding duplication of effort, including the establishment of regular consultations with those organizations, initiatives and NGOs in order to develop synergies and common approaches designed to facilitate full integration of Roma and Sinti communities into the societies they live in, while preserving their identity;

• to enhance co-operation among OSCE institutions and mission/field presences with respect to Roma and Sinti, if applicable;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 185 Oslo 1998

• to develop, on the basis of input from participating States, the OSCE institutions, and in particular the HCNM, Roma and Sinti communities, NGOs, and international organizations and other institutions and initiatives, a work programme which should include, inter alia, seminars, workshops and clearing houses;

• to collect information from the participating States on legislative and other measures related to the situation of Roma and Sinti with a view to making it available to the OSCE community, as well as to other interested international organizations, and to elaborating additional reports on the situation of Roma and Sinti in the OSCE area.

2. Further decides that the Contact Point should deal solely with matters concerning Roma and Sinti.

3. Tasks the Permanent Council with devising appropriate ways to ensure adequate resources to implement this decision.

186 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments Istanbul Document (Summit of Heads of State or Government) Istanbul 1999

Istanbul Summit Declaration (…)

2. (…) We reiterate unreservedly our commitment to respect human rights and fun- damental freedoms and to abstain from any form of discrimination. We also reiterate our respect for international humanitarian law. We pledge our commitment to inten- sify efforts to prevent conflicts in the OSCE area, and when they occur to resolve them peacefully. We will work closely with other international organizations and institutions on the basis of the Platform for Co-operative Security, which we adopted as a part of our Charter.

(…)

6. (…) We underline the importance of respect for the rule of law and of vigorous efforts to fight organised crime and corruption, which constitute a great threat to economic reform and prosperity. We remain committed to the return of refugees and internally displaced persons, in particular minority return.

7. (…) We look forward to faster progress towards the return of refugees and displaced persons and the implementation of relevant international standards, particularly those related to equal treatment without regard to ethnicity, freedom of the media, and free and fair elections (…)

26. With a large number of elections ahead of us, we are committed to these being free and fair, and in accordance with OSCE principles and commitments. This is the only way in which there can be a stable basis for democratic development. We appreciate the role of the ODIHR in assisting countries to develop electoral legislation in keep- ing with OSCE principles and commitments, and we agree to follow up promptly ODI- HR’s election assessments and recommendations. We value the work of the ODIHR and the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly — before, during and after elections — which fur- ther contributes to the democratic process. We are committed to secure the full right of

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 187 Istanbul 1999

persons belonging to minorities to vote and to facilitate the right of refugees to partici- pate in elections held in their countries of origin. We pledge to ensure fair competition among candidates as well as parties, including through their access to the media and respect for the right of assembly.

27. We commit ourselves to ensuring the freedom of the media as a basic condition for pluralistic and democratic societies. We are deeply concerned about the exploitation of media in areas of conflict to foment hatred and ethnic tension and the use of legal restrictions and harassment to deprive citizens of free media. We underline the need to secure freedom of expression, which is an essential element of political discourse in any democracy. We support the Office of the Representative on Freedom of the Media in its efforts to promote free and independent media.

28. In the year of the 10th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and putting the OSCE’s Copenhagen commitments into practice, we commit ourselves to actively promote children’s rights and interests, especially in conflict and post-conflict situations. We will regularly address the rights of children in the work of the OSCE (…) We will pay particular attention to the physical and psychological well- being of children involved in or affected by armed conflict.

(…)

30. We reaffirm our commitment to ensure that laws and policies fully respect the rights of persons belonging to national minorities, in particular in relation to issues affect- ing cultural identity. Specifically, we emphasize the requirement that laws and poli- cies regarding the educational, linguistic and participatory rights of persons belonging to national minorities conform to applicable international standards and conventions. We also support the adoption and full implementation of comprehensive anti-discrim- ination legislation to promote full equality of opportunities for all. We commend the essential work of the High Commissioner on National Minorities. We reaffirm that we will increase our efforts to implement the recommendations of the High Commissioner on National Minorities.

31. We deplore violence and other manifestations of racism and discrimination against minorities, including the Roma and Sinti. We commit ourselves to ensure that laws and policies fully respect the rights of Roma and Sinti and, where necessary, to promote anti- discrimination legislation to this effect. We underline the importance of careful atten- tion to the problems of the social exclusion of Roma and Sinti. These issues are prima- rily a responsibility of the participating States concerned. We emphasize the important role that the ODIHR Contact Point for Roma and Sinti issues can play in providing sup- port. A further helpful step might be the elaboration by the Contact Point of an action plan of targeted activities, drawn up in co-operation with the High Commissioner on National Minorities and others active in this field, notably the Council of Europe.

32. In line with our commitment to ensure full equality between women and men, we look forward to an early approval and implementation of an OSCE gender action plan.

188 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Istanbul 1999

(…)

37. We have in the Charter reaffirmed our commitment to the rule of law and stressed the need to combat corruption. We task the Permanent Council to examine how best to contribute to efforts to combat corruption, taking into account efforts of other organi- zations such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Coun- cil of Europe and the United Nations. The results of this work will be reported to the 2000 Ministerial Meeting.

(…)

Charter for European Security (…)

I. Our Common Challenges

2. The last decade of the twentieth century has brought great achievements in the OSCE area, co-operation has replaced previous confrontation, but the danger of conflicts between States has not been eliminated. We have put Europe’s old divisions behind us, but new risks and challenges have emerged. Since we signed the Charter of Paris it has become more obvious that threats to our security can stem from conflicts within States as well as from conflicts between States. We have experienced conflicts which have often resulted from flagrant violations of OSCE norms and principles. We have witnessed atrocities of a kind we had thought were relegated to the past. In this decade it has become clear that all such conflicts can represent a threat to the security of all OSCE participating States.

3. We are determined to learn from the dangers of confrontation and division between States as well as from tragedies of the last decade. Security and peace must be enhanced through an approach which combines two basic elements, we must build confidence among people within States and strengthen co-operation between States. Therefore, we will strengthen existing instruments and develop new ones to provide assistance and advice. We will reinforce our efforts to ensure full respect for human rights and funda- mental freedoms, including the rights of persons belonging to national minorities. In parallel, we will strengthen our capacity to enhance confidence and security between States. We are determined to develop the means at our disposal to settle peacefully dis- putes between them.

4. International terrorism, violent extremism, organized crime and drug trafficking rep- resent growing challenges to security. Whatever its motives, terrorism in all its forms and manifestations is unacceptable. We will enhance our efforts to prevent the prepa- ration and financing of any act of terrorism on our territories and deny terrorists safe havens. The excessive and destabilizing accumulation and uncontrolled spread of small arms and light weapons represent a threat to peace and security. We are committed to strengthening our protection against these new risks and challenges; strong demo- cratic institutions and the rule of law are the foundation for this protection. We are also

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 189 Istanbul 1999

determined to co-operate more actively and closely with each other to meet these chal- lenges.

5. Acute economic problems and environmental degradation may have serious impli- cations for our security. Co-operation in the fields of economy, science and technology and the environment will be of critical importance. We will strengthen our responses to such threats through continued economic and environmental reforms, by stable and transparent frameworks for economic activity and by promoting market econo- mies, while paying due attention to economic and social rights. We applaud the unprec- edented process of economic transformation taking place in many participating States. We encourage them to continue this reform process, which will contribute to security and prosperity in the entire OSCE area. We will step up our efforts across all dimen- sions of the OSCE to combat corruption and to promote the rule of law.

6. We confirm that security in areas nearby, in particular in the Mediterranean area as well as areas in direct proximity to participating States, such as those of Central Asia, is of increasing importance to the OSCE. We recognize that instability in these areas cre- ates challenges that directly affect the security and prosperity of OSCE States.

II. Our Common Foundations

7. We reaffirm our full adherence to the Charter of the United Nations, and to the Hel- sinki Final Act, the Charter of Paris and all other OSCE documents to which we have agreed. These documents represent our common commitments and are the founda- tion for our work. They have helped us to bring about an end to the old confrontation in Europe and to foster a new era of democracy, peace and solidarity throughout the OSCE area. They established clear standards for participating States’ treatment of each other and of all individuals within their territories. All OSCE commitments, without exception, apply equally to each participating State. Their implementation in good faith is essential for relations between States, between governments and their peoples, as well as between the organizations of which they are members. Participating States are accountable to their citizens and responsible to each other for their implementation of their OSCE commitments. We regard these commitments as our common achievement and therefore consider them to be matters of immediate and legitimate concern to all participating States.

(…)

9. We will build our relations in conformity with the concept of common and compre- hensive security, guided by equal partnership, solidarity and transparency. The security of each participating State is inseparably linked to that of all others. We will address the human, economic, political and military dimensions of security as an integral whole.

(…)

190 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Istanbul 1999

III. Our Common Response

(…)

Solidarity and Partnership

14. Peace and security in our region is best guaranteed by the willingness and ability of each participating State to uphold democracy, the rule of law and respect for human rights. We individually confirm our willingness to comply fully with our commitments. We also have a joint responsibility to uphold OSCE principles. We are therefore deter- mined to co-operate within the OSCE and with its institutions and representatives and stand ready to use OSCE instruments, tools and mechanisms. We will co-operate in a spirit of solidarity and partnership in a continuing review of implementation. Today we commit ourselves to joint measures based on co-operation, both in the OSCE and through those organizations of which we are members, in order to offer assistance to participating States to enhance their compliance with OSCE principles and commit- ments. We will strengthen existing co-operative instruments and develop new ones in order to respond efficiently to requests for assistance from participating States. We will explore ways to further increase the effectiveness of the Organization to deal with cases of clear, gross and continuing violations of those principles and commitments.

(…)

Our Institutions

17. The Parliamentary Assembly has developed into one of the most important OSCE institutions continuously providing new ideas and proposals. We welcome this increas- ing role, particularly in the field of democratic development and election monitoring. We call on the Parliamentary Assembly to develop its activities further as a key compo- nent in our efforts to promote democracy, prosperity and increased confidence within and between participating States.

18. The Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), the High Com- missioner on National Minorities (HCNM) and the Representative on Freedom of the Media are essential instruments in ensuring respect for human rights, democracy and the rule of law. The OSCE Secretariat provides vital assistance to the Chairman- in-Office and to the activities of our Organization, especially in the field. We will also strengthen further the operational capacities of the OSCE Secretariat to enable it to face the expansion of our activities and to ensure that field operations function effec- tively and in accordance with the mandates and guidance given to them.

(…)

The Human Dimension

19. We reaffirm that respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, democracy and the rule of law is at the core of the OSCE’s comprehensive concept of security. We commit ourselves to counter such threats to security as violations of human rights and

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 191 Istanbul 1999

fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief and manifestations of intolerance, aggressive nationalism, racism, chauvinism, xeno- phobia and anti-semitism.

The protection and promotion of the rights of persons belonging to national minori- ties are essential factors for democracy, peace, justice and stability within, and between, participating States. In this respect we reaffirm our commitments, in particular under the relevant provisions of the Copenhagen 1990 Human Dimension Document, and recall the Report of the Geneva 1991 Meeting of Experts on National Minorities. Full respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to national minori- ties, besides being an end in itself, may not undermine, but strengthen territorial integ- rity and sovereignty.

Various concepts of autonomy as well as other approaches outlined in the above-men- tioned documents, which are in line with OSCE principles, constitute ways to preserve and promote the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of national minorities within an existing State. We condemn violence against any minority. We pledge to take measures to promote tolerance and to build pluralistic societies where all, regardless of their ethnic origin, enjoy full equality of opportunity. We emphasize that questions relating to national minorities can only be satisfactorily resolved in a democratic politi- cal framework based on the rule of law.

We reaffirm our recognition that everyone has the right to a nationality and that no one should be deprived of his or her nationality arbitrarily. We commit ourselves to con- tinue our efforts to ensure that everyone can exercise this right. We also commit our- selves to further the international protection of stateless persons.

20. We recognize the particular difficulties faced by Roma and Sinti and the need to undertake effective measures in order to achieve full equality of opportunity, consist- ent with OSCE commitments, for persons belonging to Roma and Sinti. We will rein- force our efforts to ensure that Roma and Sinti are able to play a full and equal part in our societies, and to eradicate discrimination against them.

21. We are committed to eradicating torture and cruel, inhumane or degrading treat- ment or punishment throughout the OSCE area. To this end, we will promote legisla- tion to provide procedural and substantive safeguards and remedies to combat these practices. We will assist victims and co-operate with relevant international organiza- tions and non-governmental organizations, as appropriate.

22. We reject any policy of ethnic cleansing or mass expulsion. We reaffirm our com- mitment to respect the right to seek asylum and to ensure the international protection of refugees as set out in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol, as well as to facilitate the voluntary return of refugees and internally dis- placed persons in dignity and safety. We will pursue without discrimination the reinte- gration of refugees and internally displaced persons in their places of origin.

192 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Istanbul 1999

In order to enhance the protection of civilians in times of conflict, we will seek ways of reinforcing the application of international humanitarian law.

23. The full and equal exercise by women of their human rights is essential to achieve a more peaceful, prosperous and democratic OSCE area. We are committed to making equality between men and women an integral part of our policies, both at the level of our States and within the Organization.

24. We will undertake measures to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women, and to end violence against women and children as well as sexual exploitation and all forms of trafficking in human beings. In order to prevent such crimes we will, among other means, promote the adoption or strengthening of legislation to hold accounta- ble persons responsible for these acts and strengthen the protection of victims. We will also develop and implement measures to promote the rights and interests of children in armed conflict and post-conflict situations, including refugees and internally displaced children. We will look at ways of preventing forced or compulsory recruitment for use in armed conflict of persons under 18 years of age.

25. We reaffirm our obligation to conduct free and fair elections in accordance with OSCE commitments, in particular the Copenhagen Document 1990. We recognize the assistance the ODIHR can provide to participating States in developing and implement- ing electoral legislation. In line with these commitments, we will invite observers to our elections from other participating States, the ODIHR, the OSCE Parliamentary Assem- bly and appropriate institutions and organizations that wish to observe our election proceedings. We agree to follow up promptly the ODIHR’s election assessment and rec- ommendations.

26. We reaffirm the importance of independent media and the free flow of information as well as the public’s access to information. We commit ourselves to take all necessary steps to ensure the basic conditions for free and independent media and unimpeded transborder and intra-State flow of information, which we consider to be an essential component of any democratic, free and open society.

27. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can perform a vital role in the promo- tion of human rights, democracy and the rule of law. They are an integral component of a strong civil society. We pledge ourselves to enhance the ability of NGOs to make their full contribution to the further development of civil society and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

(…)

Rule of Law and Fight against Corruption

33. We reaffirm our commitment to the rule of law. We recognize that corruption poses a great threat to the OSCE’s shared values. It generates instability and reaches into many aspects of the security, economic and human dimensions. Participating States pledge to strengthen their efforts to combat corruption and the conditions that foster it, and to

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 193 Istanbul 1999

promote a positive framework for good government practices and public integrity. They will make better use of existing international instruments and assist each other in their fight against corruption. As part of its work to promote the rule of law, the OSCE will work with NGOs that are committed to a strong public and business consensus against corrupt practices.

IV. Our Common Instruments

Enhancing our Dialogue

(…)

36. Reflecting our spirit of solidarity and partnership, we will also enhance our political dialogue in order to offer assistance to participating States, thereby ensuring compli- ance with OSCE commitments. To encourage this dialogue, we have decided, in accord- ance with established rules and practices, to make increased use of OSCE instruments, including:

(…)

• Organizing training programmes aimed at improving standards and practices, inter alia, within the fields of human rights, democratization and the rule of law;

• Addressing matters regarding compliance with OSCE commitments at OSCE review meetings and conferences as well as in the Economic Forum;

(…)

OSCE Field Operations

(…)

38. The development of OSCE field operations represents a major transformation of the Organization that has enabled the OSCE to play a more prominent role in promoting peace, security and compliance with OSCE commitments. Based on the experience we have acquired, we will develop and strengthen this instrument further in order to carry out tasks according to their respective mandates, which may, inter alia, include the fol- lowing:

(…)

• Observing compliance with OSCE commitments and providing advice or recommen- dations for improved compliance;

• Assisting in the organization and monitoring of elections;

• Providing support for the primacy of law and democratic institutions and for the maintenance and restoration of law and order;

194 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Istanbul 1999

(…)

• Providing support in the rehabilitation and reconstruction of various aspects of society.

(…)

Police-related Activities

44. We will work to enhance the OSCE’s role in civilian police-related activities as an integral part of the Organization’s efforts in conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation. Such activities may comprise:

- Police monitoring, including with the aim of preventing police from carrying out such activities as discrimination based on religious and ethnic identity;

- Police training, which could, inter alia, include the following tasks:

- Improving the operational and tactical capabilities of local police services and reform- ing paramilitary forces;

- Providing new and modern policing skills, such as community policing, and anti-drug, anti-corruption and anti-terrorist capacities;

- Creating a police service with a multi-ethnic and/or multi-religious composition that can enjoy the confidence of the entire population;

- Promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms in general.

(…)

45. We shall also promote the development of independent judicial systems that play a key role in providing remedies for human rights violations as well as providing advice and assistance for prison system reforms. The OSCE will also work with other interna- tional organizations in the creation of political and legal frameworks within which the police can perform its tasks in accordance with democratic principles and the rule of law.

Peacekeeping

46. We remain committed to reinforcing the OSCE’s key role in maintaining peace and stability throughout our area. The OSCE’s most effective contributions to regional secu- rity have been in areas such as field operations, post-conflict rehabilitation, democrati- zation, and human rights and election monitoring. We have decided to explore options for a potentially greater and wider role for the OSCE in peacekeeping. Reaffirming our rights and obligations under the Charter of the United Nations, and on the basis of our existing decisions, we confirm that the OSCE can, on a case-by-case basis and by con- sensus, decide to play a role in peacekeeping, including a leading role when participat- ing States judge it to be the most effective and appropriate organization. In this regard,

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 195 Istanbul 1999

it could also decide to provide the mandate covering peacekeeping by others and seek the support of participating States as well as other organizations to provide resources and expertise. In accordance with the Platform for Co-operative Security, it could also provide a co-ordinating framework for such efforts.

(…)

VI. Conclusion

51. This Charter will benefit the security of all participating States by enhancing and strengthening the OSCE as we enter the twenty-first century. Today we have decided to develop its existing instruments and to create new tools. We will use them fully to pro- mote a free, democratic and secure OSCE area (…)

196 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments Document of the Eighth Meeting of the Ministerial Council Vienna 2000

Decisions of the Vienna Ministerial Council Meeting Decision on Enhancing the OSCE’S Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings

The Ministerial Council,

Bearing in mind the Charter for European Security, which commits participating States “to undertake measures to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women, and to end violence against women and children as well as sexual exploitation and all forms of trafficking in human beings” and to “promote the adoption or strengthening of legisla- tion to hold accountable persons responsible for these acts and strengthening the pro- tection of victims”,

Recalling the OSCE commitments on combating the traffic in human beings contained in the Moscow Document of 1991,

Recognizing that trafficking in human beings is an increasing problem and convinced of the necessity for the OSCE to enhance its efforts to combat trafficking in human beings throughout the OSCE region, including in conflict and post‑conflict situations, and to contribute to national, regional and international anti‑trafficking efforts in defence of human rights and the fight against transnational organized crime,

1. Reaffirms that trafficking in human beings is an abhorrent human rights abuse and a serious crime that demands a more comprehensive and co‑ordinated response from participating States and the international community, as well as a more coherent and co‑operative approach among countries, in particular those of origin, transit and des- tination;

2. Welcomes the adoption, by the United Nations General Assembly, of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Chil- dren, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organ-

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 197 Vienna 2000

ized Crime as well as the definition of trafficking in persons contained therein and calls upon all participating States to sign and ratify the United Nations Protocol as well as the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, on the Sale of Chil- dren, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography;

3. Recognizes the primary responsibility of participating States in combating trafficking based on an integrated and co‑ordinated approach which includes prevention of traf- ficking, protection of victims and prosecution of traffickers and their accomplices;

4. Stresses the role of national parliaments in the enactment, among others, of laws nec- essary to combat trafficking in human beings and welcomes articles 106 and 107 of the Parliamentary Assembly’s Bucharest Declaration on trafficking in persons;

5. Agrees to strengthen the activities of the OSCE to combat trafficking and emphasizes the need for intensified co‑operation between different OSCE institutions as well as between the OSCE and other international organizations, such as relevant United Na- tions agencies, the International Organization for Migration, the Council of Europe, the European Union and Interpol;

6. Supports the work of the Stability Pact Task Force on Trafficking in Human Beings and calls in particular for the governments of the region concerned to play an active role in the Task Force;

7. Calls on OSCE institutions, in particular the ODIHR, and field operations, to develop and implement anti‑trafficking programmes and to promote co‑ordinated efforts in the areas of prevention, prosecution and protection, in co‑operation with non‑governmen- tal organizations as well as international organizations and other relevant institutions;

8. Undertakes to raise awareness, including with assistance from the ODIHR, non‑gov- ernmental organizations and other relevant institutions, through, where necessary, establishing training programmes among public officials, including law enforcement, judiciary, consular and immigration officials, about all aspects of trafficking;

9. Commits to take necessary measures, including by adopting and implementing legis- lation, to criminalize trafficking in human beings, including appropriate penalties, with a view to ensuring effective law enforcement response and prosecution. Such legislation should take into account a human rights approach to the problem of trafficking, and include provision for the protection of the human rights of victims, ensuring that vic- tims of trafficking do not face prosecution solely because they have been trafficked;

10. Will consider adopting legislative or other appropriate measures, such as shelters, which permit victims of trafficking in persons to remain in their territories, temporar- ily or permanently, in appropriate cases; and establishing appropriate repatriation proc- esses for the victims of trafficking, with due regard to their safety, including the provi- sion of documents; and developing policies concerning the provision of economic and social benefits to victims as well as their rehabilitation and reintegration in society;

198 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Vienna 2000

11. Encourages the nomination, where appropriate, of governmental representatives on trafficking to co‑ordinate national activities and to ensure regional and international co‑operation and to make this contact information available to other participating States;

12. Recognizes that OSCE field operations, within the legal framework of the host coun- tries, can have a valuable role to play in the fight against trafficking, including by regular monitoring and reporting and assisting State authorities through, inter alia, promoting dialogue and acting as a bridge between governments and non‑governmental organiza- tions; and institutions, in resolving individual trafficking cases; and calls on field opera- tions to strengthen co‑operation among themselves;

13. Calls on the OSCE Secretariat, in co‑operation with the ODIHR, to intensify anti‑trafficking training in its induction programmes for OSCE field personnel in order to enhance their capacity to monitor, report and respond to the problem of traffick- ing through regular OSCE activities; and to raise awareness within OSCE institutions and among OSCE personnel of the problems of trafficking; these training programmes should also be made available to participating States and other international organiza- tions;

14. Welcomes the further development of the OSCE Secretariat’s Code of Conduct for OSCE Mission Members to include provisions on trafficking in human beings and other human rights abuses, looks forward to its speedy implementation by all OSCE structures and institutions, requests heads of OSCE field operations to take appropri- ate measures if members of their staff use trafficking victims, and encourages all other international bodies, where appropriate, to adopt similar standards and practices.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 199 Document of the Ninth Meeting of the Ministerial Council Bucharest 2001

Bucharest Ministerial Declaration (…)

2. We resolutely condemn all acts of terrorism. Terrorism, whatever its motivation or origin, has no justification. No cause can justify the purposeful targeting of innocent people. In the fight against terrorism, there is no neutrality.

3. Reflecting the OSCE’s solidarity, the Ministerial Council has adopted today a decision and Action Plan on Terrorism. We reiterate that the struggle against terrorism is not a war against religions or peoples. We reaffirm our commitment to protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms.

4. We are determined to protect our citizens from new challenges to their security while safeguarding the rule of law, individual liberties, and the right to equal justice under law. Organized crime, illicit traffic in drugs and arms, and trafficking in human beings, affect the security, economy and social structure of all participating States. The Ministerial Council supports enhanced efforts and greater international co-operation to combat these challenges, and urges participating States who have not yet done so to become parties to the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols.

(…)

12. We also renew our commitment to relations founded on sovereign equality, mutual respect, co-operation, and support for democracy. We are determined to build our rela- tions in conformity with the concept of common and comprehensive security, guided by equal partnership, solidarity and transparency. We remain committed to an OSCE community from Vancouver to Vladivostok, whole, free, and at peace, that responds through concerted efforts to challenges to peace and stability.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 201 Bucharest 2001

II. Decision on Combating Terrorism and the Bucharest Plan of Action for Combating Terrorism

The 55 participating States of the OSCE stand united against terrorism, a scourge of our times.

The OSCE participating States resolutely condemn the barbaric acts of terrorism that were committed against the United States on 11 September 2001. They represented an attack on the whole of the international community, and on people of every faith and culture. These heinous deeds, as well as other terrorist acts in all forms and manifesta- tions, committed no matter when, where or by whom, are a threat to international and regional peace, security and stability. There must be no safe haven for those perpetrat- ing, financing, harbouring or otherwise supporting those responsible for such criminal acts. Terrorism, whatever its motivation or origin, has no justification.

The OSCE participating States will not yield to terrorist threats, but will combat them by all means in accordance with their international commitments. This will require a long and sustained effort, but they take strength from their broad coalition, reaching from Vancouver to Vladivostok. They will defend freedom and protect their citizens against acts of terrorism, fully respecting international law and human rights. They firmly reject identification of terrorism with any nationality or religion and reconfirm the norms, principles and values of the OSCE.

The OSCE participating States pledge to reinforce and develop bilateral and multilateral co-operation within the OSCE, with the United Nations and with other international and regional organizations, in order to combat terrorism in all its forms and manifesta- tions, wherever and by whomever committed. As a regional arrangement under Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations, the OSCE is determined to contribute to the fulfilment of international obligations as enshrined, inter alia, in United Nations Secu- rity Council resolution 1373 (2001), and will act in conformity with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. The OSCE participating States pledge to become parties to all 12 United Nations conventions and protocols related to terror- ism as soon as possible. They call for a speedy finalization of negotiations for a Compre- hensive United Nations Convention on International Terrorism.

The OSCE participating States have come together in political solidarity to take joint action. They look forward to the substantive contribution that the Bishkek International Conference on Enhancing Security and Stability in Central Asia, to be held on 13 and 14 December 2001, can render to global anti-terrorism efforts, and will support, also through technical assistance, the Central Asian partners, on their request, in counter- ing external threats related to terrorism.

To that end, the OSCE Ministerial Council adopts The Bucharest Plan of Action for Combating Terrorism, annexed to this Decision.

202 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Bucharest 2001

Annex

The Bucharest Plan of Action for Combating Terrorism

I. Goal of the Action Plan

1. Terrorism is a threat to international peace and security, in the OSCE area as else- where. The OSCE stands ready to make its contribution to the fight against terror- ism in close co-operation with other organizations and fora. This contribution will be consistent with the Platform for Co-operative Security and will benefit from interac- tion between global and regional anti-terrorism efforts under the aegis of the United Nations. The OSCE participating States commit their political will, resources and prac- tical means to the implementation of their obligations under existing international ter- rorism conventions and pledge themselves to intensify national, bilateral and multilat- eral efforts to combat terrorism.

2. In contribution to the world-wide efforts to combat terrorism, the OSCE will seek to add value on the basis of the specifics of the Organization, its strengths and com- parative advantages: its comprehensive security concept linking the politico-military, human and economic dimensions; its broad membership; its experience in the field; and its expertise in early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management, post-conflict rehabilitation and building democratic institutions. In addition, many effective coun- ter-terrorism measures fall into areas in which the OSCE is already active and profi- cient, such as police training and monitoring, legislative and judicial reform, and bor- der monitoring.

3. The aim of the Action Plan is to establish a framework for comprehensive OSCE action to be taken by participating States and the Organization as a whole to combat terrorism, fully respecting international law, including the international law of human rights and other relevant norms of international law. The Action Plan seeks to expand existing activities that contribute to combating terrorism, facilitate interaction between States and, where appropriate, identify new instruments for action. The Action Plan, which recognizes that the fight against terrorism requires sustained efforts, will identify activities to be implemented immediately as well as over the medium and long term.

II. International legal obligations and political commitments

4. United Nations conventions and United Nations Security Council resolutions(UNSCR) constitute the global legal framework for the fight against terrorism. UNSCR 1269 (1999), 1368, 1373 and 1377 (2001), along with the 12 relevant United Nations con- ventions and protocols on anti-terrorism issues, provide the basis for this framework and include a number of specific elements of combating terrorism. In addition, a range of OSCE documents, including Summit declarations from Helsinki to Istanbul, spell out the OSCE’s commitment to fight terrorism, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations. The widest and most comprehensive participation in and implementa- tion of existing instruments and commitments to combat terrorism by the participating States must be pursued and ensured.

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5. Participating States: Pledge themselves to apply efforts to become parties to all 12 United Nations conventions and protocols relating to terrorism, by 31 December, 2002, if possible, recognizing the important role that parliamentarians may play in ratifica- tion and other anti-terrorism legislative processes. States are encouraged to inform the Permanent Council of steps taken in this regard. Will participate constructively in the ongoing negotiations at the United Nations on a Comprehensive Convention against International Terrorism and an International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, with a view to their early and successful conclusion.

6. Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR): Will, on formal request by interested participating States and where appropriate, offer technical assist- ance/advice on legislative drafting necessary for the ratification of international instru- ments, in close co-operation with other organizations, including the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (UNODCCP).

7. Participating States: Will consider how the OSCE may draw upon best practices and lessons learned from other relevant groups, organizations, institutions and fora in areas such as police and judicial co-operation; prevention and suppression of the financing of terrorism; denial of other means of support; border controls including visa and docu- ment security; and access by law enforcement authorities to information.

8. The participating States will also use the Forum for Security Co-operation (FSC) to strengthen their efforts in combating terrorism through full and timely implementa- tion of all relevant measures agreed by the OSCE. To this end they will enhance imple- mentation of existing politico-military commitments and agreements, in particular the Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security and the Document on Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW).

The FSC will examine the relevance of its other documents to the fight against terror- ism, and will assess whether there is a need to develop additional norms and measures. The Security Dialogue may serve as a suitable basis for regular consultations on these issues within the FSC.

The participating States will submit responses to the Code of Conduct Questionnaire that provide further transparency on international, regional and national commitments in combating terrorism, especially relevant United Nation conventions and resolutions. The FSC will consider ways to fully implement the Document on SALW, inter alia, Sec- tion V on early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management, and post-conflict reha- bilitation. The FSC will examine the possibility of enhancing transparency on national marking systems, exports and imports, and national stockpile management and secu- rity procedures, primarily by reviewing the information thus exchanged and developing best practice guides. The follow-up conference on the Code of Conduct and the SALW workshop, both of which will take place in 2002, could further enhance the application of these documents in combating terrorism.

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III. Preventive action against terrorism in the OSCE area

9. No circumstance or cause can justify acts of terrorism. At the same time, there are various social, economic, political and other factors, including violent separatism and extremism, which engender conditions in which terrorist organizations are able to recruit and win support. The OSCE’s comprehensive approach to security provides comparative advantages in combating terrorism by identifying and addressing these factors through all relevant OSCE instruments and structures.

10. Institution building, strengthening the rule of law and state authorities: ODIHR: Will continue and increase efforts to promote and assist in building democratic institu- tions at the request of States, inter alia by helping to strengthen administrative capacity, local and central government and parliamentary structures, the judiciary, ombudsman institutions and civil society. Will facilitate exchanges of best practices and experience between participating States in this regard. Will continue to develop projects to solidify democratic institutions, civil society and good governance.

11. Promoting human rights, tolerance and multi-culturalism: Participating States/ Permanent Council/ODIHR/High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM)/ Representative on Freedom of the Media: Will promote and enhance tolerance, co-exist- ence and harmonious relations between ethnic, religious, linguistic and other groups as well as constructive co-operation among participating States in this regard. Will pro- vide early warning of and appropriate responses to violence, intolerance, extremism and discrimination against these groups and, at the same time, promote their respect for the rule of law, democratic values and individual freedoms. Will work to ensure that persons belonging to national minorities have the right freely to express, preserve and develop their ethnic, cultural, linguistic or religious identity.

12. Representative on Freedom of the Media: Will consider developing projects aimed at supporting tolerance towards people of other convictions and beliefs through the use of the media. Will promote measures aimed at preventing and fighting aggressive nation- alism, racism, chauvinism, xenophobia and anti-Semitism in the media. Will continue to encourage pluralistic debate and increased media attention to promoting tolerance of ethnic, religious, linguistic and cultural diversity and will, in this context, promote broad public access to media as well as monitor hate speech.

13. Addressing negative socio-economic factors: Participating States/Secretariat: Will aim to identify economic and environmental issues that undermine security, such as poor governance; corruption; illegal economic activity; high unemployment; wide- spread poverty and large disparities; demographic factors; and unsustainable use of natural resources; and will seek to counter such factors with the assistance, on their request, of the Office of the Co-ordinator of OSCE Economic and Environmental Activ- ities (OCEEA), acting, among other things, as a catalyst for action and co-operation.

14. Preventing violent conflict and promoting peaceful settlement of disputes: Drawing on all its capacities, the OSCE will continue and intensify work aimed at early

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warning and appropriate response, conflict prevention, crisis management and post- conflict rehabilitation; will strengthen its ability to settle conflicts; will increase efforts to find lasting solutions to unresolved conflicts, including through promotion of the rule of law and crime prevention in such conflict zones through increased co-operation with the United Nations, the European Union and other international organizations; and will further develop its rapid deployment capability (REACT) in crisis situations.

15. Addressing the issue of protracted displacement: Participating States/ODIHR/ HCNM/Representative on Freedom of the Media: Will explore strengthened OSCE potential for contributing to durable solutions, supporting and closely co-operating with other relevant organizations, primarily the Office of the United Nations High Commis- sioner for Refugees. Will closely monitor situations of protracted displacement.

16. Strengthening national anti-terrorism legislation: Participating States: Will com- mit themselves to implementing all the obligations they have assumed under relevant conventions and protocols relating to terrorism as well as the United Nations Conven- tion against Transnational Organized Crime and its additional protocols, sharing infor- mation and methods in this regard and considering ways and means of co-operation in implementation at bilateral, OSCE-wide and sub-regional meetings.

17. OSCE Parliamentary Assembly: Will continue its efforts to promote dialogue among OSCE parliamentarians with a view to strengthening legislation essential in combat- ing terrorism.

18. ODIHR: Will, on request by interested participating States and where appropriate, offer technical assistance/advice on the implementation of international anti-terrorism conventions and protocols as well as on the compliance of this legislation with interna- tional standards, in accordance with Permanent Council decisions, and will seek co- operation with other organizations, especially the UNODCCP, to this end. Will con- sider facilitating contacts between national experts to promote exchange of informa- tion and best practices on counter-terrorism legislation.

19. Supporting law enforcement and fighting organized crime: Participating States: Noting the close connection between terrorism and transnational organized crime, illicit trafficking in drugs, money laundering and illicit arms trafficking, will take the necessary steps to prevent in their territory illegal activities of persons, groups or organ- izations that instigate, finance, organize, facilitate or engage in perpetration of acts of terrorism or other illegal activities directed at the violent overthrow of the political regime of another participating State. Will afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in providing information in connection with criminal investigations or crim- inal extradition proceedings relating to terrorist acts, in accordance with their domestic law and international obligations.

20. Permanent Council: Will consider arranging regular meetings of law enforcement officials of participating States and, where applicable, of OSCE experts with relevant experience in the field to exchange best practices and ways of improving co-operation.

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21. Secretariat: Will assist participating States, on their request, through measures to combat trafficking in human beings, drugs and small arms and light weapons, in accord- ance with relevant Permanent Council decisions, and will undertake efforts to assist in facilitating increased border monitoring, where appropriate. Will further assist partic- ipating States, on the request and with their agreement, through provision of advice and assistance on restructuring and/or reconstruction of police services; monitoring and training of existing police services, including human rights training; and capacity building, including support for integrated or multi-ethnic police services. Will, to this end, reinforce its existing police-related activities in conflict prevention, crisis manage- ment and post-conflict rehabilitation.

22. ODIHR: Will provide continued advice to participating States, at their request, on strengthening domestic legal frameworks and institutions that uphold the rule of law, such as law enforcement agencies, the judiciary and the prosecuting authorities, bar associations and defence attorneys. Will expand its efforts to combat trafficking in human beings and to support victims of trafficking. Will, where appropriate, support prison reform and improvements in criminal procedure.

23. Representative on Freedom of the Media: Will co-operate in supporting, on request, the drafting of legislation on the prevention of the abuse of information technology for terrorist purposes, ensuring that such laws are consistent with commitments regarding freedom of expression and the free flow of information.

24. Suppressing the financing of terrorism: Participating States: Will, within the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Suppression of Financing of Ter- rorism and UNSCR 1373 (2001), take action to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorism, criminalize the wilful provision or collection of funds for terrorist purposes, and freeze terrorist assets also bearing in mind UNSCR 1267 (1999). Will, in accord- ance with their domestic legislation and obligations under international law, provide early response to requests for information by another participating State and relevant international organizations.

25. Participating States/Secretariat: Will, in the realm of the Economic and Environ- mental activities for 2002, also consider ways of combating economic factors which may facilitate the emergence of terrorism, economic consequences of terrorism as well as financial support for terrorists. Will consider how the OSCE may contribute, within the framework of its work on transparency and the fight against corruption, to the wider international effort to combat terrorism. Will consider taking on a catalytic role in pro- viding targeted projects for the training of the personnel of domestic financial institu- tions in counter-terrorism areas, inter alia on monitoring of financial flows and on pre- vention of money laundering. Participating States will participate constructively in the forthcoming negotiations at the United Nations on a global instrument against corrup- tion, with a view to their early and successful conclusion.

26. Preventing movement of terrorists: Participating States: Will prevent the move- ment of terrorist individuals or groups through effective border controls and controls on

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issuance of identity papers and travel documents, as well as through measures for ensur- ing the security of identity papers and travel documents and preventing their counter- feiting, forgery and fraudulent use. Will apply such control measures fully respecting their obligations under international refugee and human rights law. Will, through the proper application of the exclusion clauses contained in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol, ensure that asylum is not granted to persons who have participated in terrorist acts. Will provide for the timely detention and prosecution or extradition of persons charged with terrorist acts, in accordance with their obligations under international and national law.

IV. Action under the Platform for Co-operative Security - Co-operation with other organizations

27. The United Nations is the framework for the global fight against terrorism. Close co- operation and co-ordination between all relevant actors must be secured. The OSCE can take on a co-ordinating role for inter- and intra-regional initiatives. The OSCE reaches out through close contacts to non-governmental organizations (NGOs), civil society and parliamentarians, creating an ever-closer network for the international coa- lition against terrorism.

28. Participating States/Secretariat: Will strengthen co-operation and information exchanges, both formally and informally, with other relevant groups, organizations, and institutions involved in combating terrorism. Will strengthen co-operation with the European Union on analysis and early warning and reinforce synergy with the Stabil- ity Pact for South Eastern Europe and the Central European Initiative in areas relevant to combating terrorism. Will promote dialogue within the OSCE area on issues relating to new threats and challenges. Will broaden dialogue with partners outside the OSCE area, such as the Mediterranean Partners for Co-operation and Partners for Co-oper- ation in Asia, the Shanghai Co-operation Organization, the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia, the Organization of the Islamic Confer- ence, the Arab League, the African Union, and those States bordering on the OSCE area to exchange best practices and lessons learned in counter-terrorism efforts for applica- tion within the OSCE area.

V. Follow-up

29. The “Bishkek International Conference on Enhancing Security and Stability in Cen- tral Asia: Strengthening Comprehensive Efforts to Counter Terrorism”, to be held on 13 and 14 December 2001 in Bishkek, will be a first opportunity to:

• discuss among a broad range of participants, on the basis of the present Action Plan, concrete experiences and best practices in combating international terrorism and

• due to the specific security challenges to which this region is exposed, apply relevant provisions of this Action Plan for practical support to participating States in Central Asia, including financial and technical assistance in concrete areas of their interest.

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30. The Secretary General will, by 27 December 2001, report to the United Nations Counter Terrorism Committee on action on combating terrorism taken by the OSCE, and will thereafter inform the United Nations as appropriate. In addition, he will reg- ularly inform the Permanent Council about OSCE activities under this Plan of Action. He will prepare a report for submission to the next OSCE Ministerial Council/Summit on activities of OSCE bodies in the anti-terrorism field, and thereafter as requested by the Permanent Council. 31. Each OSCE body called upon to take action under this Plan will prepare, for submission to the Permanent Council, a “road map” for implementa- tion of these tasks, including a timetable, resource implications, and indication of activ- ities requiring further Permanent Council decisions.

On the basis of information provided by other OSCE bodies, the Secretariat will prepare an indicative assessment of the administrative and financial implications of this Plan of Action, including the possible need for establishing an anti-terrorism unit or focal point within the Secretariat, and make recommendations for the approval by the Permanent Council of necessary resources within the 2002 budget. The Permanent Council, acting, inter alia, through the Chairman-in-Office and assisted by the Secretariat, will monitor the implementation of this Action Plan. It will further identify sources for assistance in implementing counter-terrorism measures, including expert teams, and possible addi- tional tasking by the Permanent Council of OSCE field presences in close co-operation and agreement with host governments.

(…)

V. Decisions of the Bucharest Ministerial Council Meeting

Decision No. 5

The Ministerial Council,

Reaffirming its concern about manifestations of aggressive nationalism, racism, chau- vinism, xenophobia, anti-semitism and violent extremism, wherever they may occur,

Reiterating its determination to implement all OSCE commitments on taking measures in this regard,

Calls on participating States to promote tolerance and non-discrimination also through awareness raising campaigns and education;

Calls on OSCE institutions, particularly the ODIHR, the High Commissioner on National Minorities, and the Representative on Freedom of the Media, to pay increased attention to manifestations of aggressive nationalism, racism, chauvinism, xenophobia, anti-semitism and violent extremism, to countering intolerance and discrimination on the ground of racial or ethnic origin, religious, political or other opinion and to foster- ing respect for rule of law, democratic values, human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression, thought, conscience, religion or belief;

Tasks the Permanent Council to consider developing further measures in this regard.

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Decision No. 6

The Ministerial Council,

Reiterating its commitment to combat all forms of trafficking in human beings, which affects all participating States,

Affirming its commitment to developing co-operation and interaction among partici- pating States on anti-trafficking measures and related crimes,

Calls on participating States to sign and ratify the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and its Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Traf- ficking in Persons, especially Women and Children;

Welcomes the successful completion of the OSCE’s Code of Conduct and Anti-Traffick- ing Guidelines and their dissemination to the OSCE staff;

Reaffirms its support for the work of the ODIHR, field operations and Stability Pact Task Force on combating trafficking in Human Beings;

Encourages information exchange with a view to strengthening investigation, law enforcement and crime prevention;

Calls on participating States to accelerate taking the necessary measures to fulfil their Vienna ministerial commitments which include prevention of trafficking, protection of victims and prosecution of traffickers and their accomplices.

Decision No. 7

The Ministerial Council,

Noting the conclusions of the Bucharest Conference on Equal Opportunities for Roma and Sinti,

Expressing its support for the work of the Contact Point on Roma and Sinti Issues and its commitment to strengthening the Contact Point,

Tasks the ODIHR to elaborate an Action Plan of targeted activities as mandated by the Istanbul Summit, as one of the ways the ability of the Contact Point can be strength- ened to assist participating States in fulfilling their commitments to improve the situa- tion of Roma and Sinti, and to submit it to the Permanent Council;

Encourages the Contact Point on Roma and Sinti Issues to continue its work in close co- operation with participating States, Council of Europe and other relevant organizations and to inform the Permanent Council of these matters.

Decision No. 8

The Ministerial Council,

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Recognizing that equality of women and men is essential to sustainable democracy and stability in the OSCE region,

Convinced of women’s potential to contribute to conflict prevention, reconciliation and peace-building processes,

Confirming the commitment to protect and promote the rights of women and being aware of the vulnerability of women especially in conflict and post-conflict situations,

Determined to combat all forms of violence against women, including domestic vio- lence,

Recognizing the need for rehabilitation centres for women affected by violence, Wel- coming the fact that during this year the OSCE has given more attention to the problem of violence against women, which affects all OSCE participating States,

Calls for the implementation of the Action Plan on Gender Issues;

Tasks the Permanent Council to consider how the OSCE can contribute to preventing violence against women.

Decision No. 9

Police-Related Activities The Ministerial Council,

Reaffirming the understanding at the Istanbul Summit that new risks and challenges to security have arisen globally and in the OSCE area, and that these new challenges - international terrorism, violent extremism, organized crime and drug trafficking as well as the excessive and destabilizing accumulation and uncontrolled spread of small arms and light weapons - represent growing challenges to security;

Reaffirming the Istanbul commitment to co-operate more actively and closely with each other to meet these challenges, and to strengthen protection against these new risks and challenges;

Noting the commitment at Istanbul to meet common challenges, and the understand- ing that strong democratic institutions and the rule of law are the foundation for pro- tection against these new risks and challenges;

Affirming that effective policing is essential to uphold the rule of law and to defend democratic institutions;

Also affirming that greater co-operation between and among participating States in police-related activities can contribute to meeting these new risks and challenges;

Recalling the undertaking by OSCE participating States at the Istanbul Summit to expand the ability to carry out police-related activities in order to assist in maintain- ing the primacy of law;

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Recalling also the commitments contained in Articles 44 and 45 of the Istanbul Char- ter for European Security to enhance the OSCE’s role in civilian police-related activities as an integral part of the Organization’s efforts in conflict prevention, crisis manage- ment and post-conflict rehabilitation;

Recalling as well the Istanbul commitment to promote the development of independ- ent judicial systems that play a key role in providing remedies for human rights viola- tions as well as providing advice and assistance for prison system reforms, and to work with other international organizations in the creation of political and legal frameworks within which the police can perform its tasks in accordance with democratic principles and the rule of law;

Pursuant to the Decision of the Ministerial Council of 28 November 2000 on police- related activities, and taking note of the discussion at the meeting of police experts held in Vienna on 28 and 29 June 2001;

Noting the Decision of the Ministerial Council of 4 December 2001 on combating ter- rorism, and the pledge therein of all OSCE participating States to reinforce and develop bilateral and multilateral co-operation within the OSCE, with the United Nations and with other international and regional organizations, in order to combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, wherever and by whomever committed, in accordance with their international commitments;

Also acknowledging the role of law enforcement in furthering the Decision of the Min- isterial Council of 28 November 2000 on enhancing the OSCE’s efforts to combat traf- ficking in human beings, and in implementing the Forum for Security Co-operation Decision of 24 November 2000 on the OSCE Document on Small Arms and Light Weapons;

And noting the increase in requests from participating States to the OSCE for assist- ance in police-related activities, and the recent expansion of the Organization’s efforts to monitor police activities and to provide police training, including in multi-ethnic and/or multi-religious police services, in crisis or post-conflict situations;

1. Agrees that in developing plans for OSCE police-related activities in meeting new security challenges and in enhancing OSCE police-related activities directed to conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation, the OSCE will:

• strive to ensure continuity in institution building and functional transition from and disengagement of international assistance;

• explore and build on the role of police training, particularly integrated police training, in creating police services that can enjoy the confidence of the entire population, and as a confidence-building measure; and,

• examine the options and conditions for an OSCE role in law enforcement.

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2. Decides to reinforce the OSCE’s existing police-related activities in conflict preven- tion, crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation including, at the request of participating States and with their agreement, through provision of advice and assist- ance on restructuring and/or reconstruction of police services; monitoring and train- ing of existing police services, including training regarding human rights and funda- mental freedoms; and capacity building, including support for integrated or multi-eth- nic police services, where appropriate.

3. Decides to increase and promote co-operation among participating States in coun- tering new security challenges, including by:

- at the request of participating States and with their agreement, and, as necessary in accordance with current OSCE procedures, on the decision of the Permanent Council, providing and co-ordinating OSCE police training, including at the subregional level, with a view to:

• improving operational and tactical policing capacities;

• enhancing key policing skills, including respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and, as appropriate, dealing with the criminal aspects of illegal migration; and,

• increasing community policing, anti-drug, anti-corruption and anti-terrorist capaci- ties; and,

- at the request of participating States and with their agreement:

• providing advice or arranging for the provision of expert advice on requirements for effective policing (needs assessments) and how to meet them, including by facilitating or identifying funding to implement such advice from the OSCE; from its participat- ing States through extra-budgetary funding; or from other relevant international or regional organizations; and,

• encouraging where appropriate the exchange of information among and between par- ticipating States regarding lessons learned and best policing practices in countering these new security challenges.

4. In support of the above activities and undertakings, in accordance with the Platform for Co-operative Security, the OSCE will:

• convene as appropriate and preferably annually meetings of police experts from OSCE participating States, and representatives of other relevant specialized international and regional organizations;

• ensure that OSCE activities in police-related issues are conducted in co-ordination with other relevant actors and organizations, including reviewing and if possible enhancing compatibility with subregional, regional and international efforts, with a

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view to maximizing efficiency and benefit to the Organization, the host participating State, and to avoiding gaps, duplication or overlapping of competencies; and,

• promote the capabilities and capacities of the Organization in designing, conduct- ing and managing effective OSCE police training, monitoring and capacity build- ing, including through the development of links to other relevant organizations and national agencies as well as the principal humanitarian aid agencies.

5. In keeping with the above undertakings, participating States commit to:

• enhance co-operation on police-related issues between and among themselves in order to address new risks and challenges to their security, both bilaterally and multi- laterally, and, where appropriate, through increased contacts between relevant bodies; and,

• share OSCE expertise and lessons learned in police-related activities with other rele- vant international organizations of which they are members with a view to more effec- tive international action to address these new risks and challenges to security.

6. The Permanent Council will review annually OSCE police-related activities, on the basis of an annual report on OSCE police-related activities from the Secretary Gen- eral, with a view, inter alia, to considering how these activities might best contribute to addressing challenges to security, and to decide appropriate follow-up action in accord- ance with OSCE procedures.

214 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments Document of the Tenth Meeting of the Ministerial Council Porto 2002

I. Porto Ministerial Declaration Responding to Change

1. We, the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the participating States of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, have met in Porto and reaffirmed our deter- mination to work together to protect our peoples from existing and emerging threats to security. The evolving political, security and economic environment creates new chal- lenges for the OSCE. As we advance in the new century, we see these challenges more clearly and the OSCE’s unique contribution to an international community in which all nations and individuals can feel secure becomes ever more valuable. We have a his- toric opportunity to consolidate lasting peace, prosperity and democracy throughout a Europe which is becoming ever more united.

2. We reaffirm our commitment to promote security and co-operation throughout an OSCE area with no dividing lines, by building mutual confidence and working together to resolve security issues in a spirit of transparency and partnership. Our efforts will be complemented by those of other international organizations and institutions with which we will co-operate closely, on the basis of the Platform for Co-operative Security.

3. At the same time, our Organization must develop new responses to the changing nature of the threats to our security, embracing and enhancing all three dimensions of our comprehensive approach. Our efforts to promote peace and stability must go hand in hand with our determination to ensure full respect for human rights, fundamental freedoms and the rule of law, and to reinforce the conditions essential for sustainable development in all our States.

4. Terrorism, as recent terrorist acts like the hostage-taking in Moscow demonstrate, remains a threat to individual and global security. The Charter on Preventing and Com- bating Terrorism which we have adopted today sets out the principles of our common approach to terrorism. Last year, in Bucharest, following the events of 11 September, we

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adopted a Plan of Action for Combating Terrorism, and today we have decided to fur- ther intensify our efforts to implement it.

5. In order to ensure that the OSCE can effectively respond to present and future demands, we have concluded that it should continue to develop during 2003 a strat- egy to address threats to security and stability in the twenty-first century. The OSCE Annual Security Review Conference, on which we have decided today, will provide a framework for enhancing security dialogue and for reviewing security work undertaken by the OSCE and its participating States. We have also decided to review the OSCE role in peacekeeping operations, with a view to assessing the OSCE’s capacity and identify- ing options for its involvement in this field.

6. Good policing can make a major contribution to security and stability. We confirm that the OSCE should continue to develop its capacity to assist participating States wishing to strengthen their policing skills and we encourage participating States to pro- vide the necessary resources.

(…)

8. The Human Dimension remains at the core of the activities of the Organization. The new modalities for the OSCE Human Dimension Implementation meetings adopted this year will further enhance the effectiveness of the work of the Organization and its institutions. We have agreed to revise and update the OSCE Plan of Activities to Com- bat Trafficking in Human Beings. The promotion of tolerance and non-discrimination, on which we have adopted a separate decision, is a high priority. We have also adopted a decision on election commitments and we will co-operate further in this field.

9. We recognize the significant contribution of our institutions and field operations, through their dedicated staff, in putting into practice the goals and principles of our Organization, in co-operation with host States. We task the Permanent Council to con- sider, as appropriate, ways of further improving the functioning and effectiveness of field operations.

II. OSCE Charter on Preventing and Combating Terrorism The OSCE participating States, firmly committed to the joint fight against terrorism,

1. Condemn in the strongest terms terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, com- mitted no matter when, where or by whom and reiterate that no circumstance or motive can justify acts of or support for terrorism;

2. Firmly reject identification of terrorism with any nationality or religion and reaffirm that action against terrorism is not aimed against any religion, nation or people;

3. Recognize that terrorism requires a co-ordinated and comprehensive response and that acts of international terrorism, as stated in the United Nations Security Council

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resolution 1373 (2001), constitute a threat to international and regional peace and secu- rity;

4. Declare that acts, methods and practices of terrorism, as well as knowingly providing assistance to, acquiescing in, financing, planning and inciting such acts, are contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations and the OSCE;

5. Consider of utmost importance to complement the ongoing implementation of OSCE commitments on terrorism with a reaffirmation of the fundamental and timeless prin- ciples on which OSCE action has been undertaken and will continue to be based in the future, and to which participating States fully subscribe;

6. Reaffirm their commitment to take the measures needed to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms, especially the right to life, of everyone within their jurisdiction against terrorist acts;

7. Undertake to implement effective and resolute measures against terrorism and to conduct all counter-terrorism measures and co-operation in accordance with the rule of law, the United Nations Charter and the relevant provisions of international law, international standards of human rights and, where applicable, international human- itarian law;

8. Reaffirm that every State is obliged to refrain from harbouring terrorists, organizing, instigating, providing active or passive support or assistance to, or otherwise sponsor- ing terrorist acts in another State, or acquiescing in organized activities within its terri- tory directed towards the commission of such acts;

9. Will co-operate to ensure that any person who wilfully participates in financing, planning, preparing or perpetrating terrorist acts, or in supporting such acts, is brought to justice and, to that end, will afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in providing information in connection with criminal investigations or criminal extradi- tion proceedings relating to terrorist acts, in accordance with their domestic law and international obligations;

10. Will take appropriate steps to ensure that asylum is not granted to any person who has planned, facilitated or participated in terrorist acts, in conformity with relevant provisions of national and international law, and through the proper application of the exclusion clauses contained in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol;

11. Recognize that the relevant United Nations conventions and protocols, and United Nations Security Council resolutions, in particular United Nations Security Council resolution 1373 (2001), constitute the primary international legal framework for the fight against terrorism;

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12. Recognize the importance of the work developed by the United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee and reaffirm the obligation and willingness of participating States and the OSCE to co-operate with this Committee;

13. Recall the OSCE’s role as a regional arrangement under Chapter VIII of the United Nations Charter, and its obligations in this context to contribute to the global fight against terrorism;

14. Recall their Decision on Combating Terrorism and its Plan of Action for Combating Terrorism, adopted at the Ninth Meeting of the OSCE Ministerial Council in Bucharest and reaffirm the commitments contained therein;

15. Take note with satisfaction of the Declaration and the Programme of Action adopted at the Bishkek International Conference on Enhancing Security and Stability in Central Asia: Strengthening Comprehensive Efforts to Counter Terrorism, held on 13 and 14 December 2001;

16. Reiterate the commitment undertaken in the framework of the Charter for Euro- pean Security, including the Platform for Co-operative Security, adopted at the Istanbul Summit, to co-operate more actively and closely with each other and with other inter- national organizations to meet threats and challenges to security;

17. Underscore that the prevention of and fight against terrorism must be built upon a concept of common and comprehensive security and enduring approach, and commit to using the three dimensions and all the bodies and institutions of the OSCE to assist participating States, at their request, in preventing and combating terrorism in all its forms;

18. Undertake to fulfil their obligation, in accordance with the United Nations conven- tions, protocols and Security Council resolutions, as well as other international com- mitments, to ensure that terrorist acts and activities that support such acts, includ- ing the financing of terrorism, are established as serious criminal offences in domes- tic laws;

19. Will work together to prevent, suppress, investigate and prosecute terrorist acts, including through increased co-operation and full implementation of the relevant inter- national conventions and protocols relating to terrorism;

20. Are convinced of the need to address conditions that may foster and sustain terror- ism, in particular by fully respecting democracy and the rule of law, by allowing all citi- zens to participate fully in political life, by preventing discrimination and encouraging intercultural and inter-religious dialogue in their societies, by engaging civil society in finding common political settlement for conflicts, by promoting human rights and tol- erance and by combating poverty;

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21. Acknowledge the positive role the media can play in promoting tolerance and under- standing among religions, beliefs, cultures and peoples, as well as for raising awareness of the threat of terrorism;

22. Commit themselves to combat hate speech and to take the necessary measures to prevent the abuse of the media and information technology for terrorist purposes, ensuring that such measures are consistent with domestic and international law and OSCE commitments;

23. Will prevent the movement of terrorist individuals or groups through effective bor- der controls and controls relating to the issuance of identity papers and travel docu- ments;

24. Recognize the need to complement international co-operation by taking all neces- sary measures to prevent and suppress, in their territories through all lawful means, assistance to, and the financing and preparation of, any acts of terrorism, and to crim- inalize the wilful provision or collection of funds for terrorist purposes, in the frame- work of their obligations under the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and relevant Security Council resolutions;

25. Reaffirm their commitment to fulfil their international obligations, as set out in United Nations Security Council resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1390 (2002), and in par- ticular to freeze the assets of those designated by the Committee established pursuant to United Nations Security Council resolution 1267 (1999);

26. Note with concern the links between terrorism and transnational organized crime, money laundering, trafficking in human beings, drugs and arms, and in this regard emphasize the need to enhance co-ordination and to develop co-operative approaches at all levels in order to strengthen their response to these serious threats and challenges to security and stability;

27. Declare their determination to use in good faith all relevant instruments availa- ble within the politico-military dimension of the OSCE, as represented by the Forum for Security Co-operation, and emphasize the importance of fully implementing these instruments in particular, the Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Secu- rity and the OSCE Document on Small Arms and Light Weapons;

28. Reaffirm that arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation remain indispensa- ble elements of co-operative security between States; that they can also make an essen- tial contribution by reducing the risk of terrorists gaining access to weapons and mate- rials of mass destruction and their means of delivery;

Express determination to combat the risk posed by the illicit spread of and access to conventional weapons, including small arms and light weapons;

Will make every effort to minimize those dangers through national efforts and through strengthening and enhancing the existing multilateral instruments in the fields of arms

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 219 Porto 2002

control, disarmament and non-proliferation including the OSCE Principles Governing Non-Proliferation and to support their effective implementation and, where applicable, universalization.

III. Declaration on Trafficking in Human Beings I.

We, the members of the Ministerial Council of the OSCE, declare that trafficking in human beings represents a dangerous threat to security in the OSCE area and beyond.

We declare that trafficking in human beings and other modern forms of slavery consti- tute an abhorrent violation of the dignity and rights of human beings.

We recognize that trafficking in human beings represents a serious and rapidly expand- ing area of transnational organized crime, generating huge profits for criminal networks that may also be associated with criminal acts such as trafficking in drugs and arms, as well as smuggling of migrants.

We recall and reaffirm our full adherence to the OSCE’s commitments to combating trafficking in human beings, as reflected in the Moscow Document of 1991, the Char- ter for European Security adopted in Istanbul in 1999, Ministerial Council Decision No. 1 adopted in Vienna in 2000, Permanent Council Decision No. 426 and Ministerial Council Decision No. 6 adopted in Bucharest in 2001, and declare our determination to strengthen co-operation in addressing trafficking in human beings in countries of ori- gin, transit and destination.

We reaffirm our determination to combat all forms of trafficking in human beings and call on States that have not done so to consider ratifying or acceding to the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and to its supplementary Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, and to take into account the definition of trafficking in human beings given in the said Protocol.

We declare that ratification and full implementation of both these instruments would enhance the international and national legal framework and enforcement capacities for combating trafficking in human beings. We strongly encourage States to consider con- current ratification and full implementation of the Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, also supplementing the above-mentioned Convention.

We reaffirm our support for the ODIHR’s Anti-Trafficking and Gender Issues units and favour an increased involvement of the ODIHR’s Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues. We also reaffirm our support for OSCE field operations and the OSCE Secretar- iat, especially the OSCE Adviser on Gender Issues. We commend them for their com- prehensive approach and for facilitating national efforts in prevention of trafficking in human beings, prosecution of its perpetrators and protection and assistance to victims.

220 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Porto 2002

We also support the work of the Stability Pact Task Force on Trafficking in Human Beings under the auspices of the OSCE. We commend its role as a driving force for the promotion of regional co-operation and the development of relevant initiatives.

II.

We recognize the need to address root causes of trafficking and to reduce the economic and social inequalities and disadvantages, which also provoke illegal migration, and which may be exploited by organized criminal networks for their profit. We also recog- nize the need to fight corruption, which facilitates the operation of such networks. We recommend that the Office of the Co-ordinator of OSCE Economic and Environmen- tal Activities play an increased role in addressing all economic aspects of trafficking in human beings.

We recognize that, in countries of destination, demand for the activities of persons traf- ficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation, forced labour, slavery or other practices similar to slavery is an integral factor in trafficking in human beings. We urge countries of destination to take measures to effectively address such a demand as a key element in their strategy for effectively preventing and combating trafficking in human beings, and to exercise zero tolerance towards sexual exploitation, slavery and all forms of exploita- tion of forced labour, irrespective of its nature.

We are deeply concerned about reports of involvement by some mission members of international organizations in activities related to trafficking in human beings, par- ticularly in post-conflict countries. We reiterate the importance of Permanent Coun- cil Decision No. 426, of 12 July 2001, on trafficking in human beings and encourage the adoption and implementation of relevant measures such as the .OSCE Code of Conduct for Mission Members.. We will not tolerate international staff members being involved in any illegal activities, inciting this criminal trade or behaving in contravention of this Code of Conduct. We commit ourselves to take all practicable measures to ensure the accountability of international staff members to their respective national, and when appropriate local, authorities for such activities.

We express our concern about the increase in trafficking in minors and, recognizing the special needs of children, we support more research and exchange of information on trafficking in children and, with due regard to the best interest of the child as the pri- mary consideration in all actions concerning children, call for the elaboration of special measures to protect trafficked minors from further exploitation, mindful of their psy- chological and physical well-being.

We will strive for adequate measures to prevent trafficking in human beings in our countries, taking the form, inter alia, of target-oriented awareness raising campaigns and education in countries of origin and transit, directed in particular towards youth and other vulnerable groups, and will seek to develop appropriate campaigns in coun- tries of destination, to organize training for relevant officials and government employ-

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 221 Porto 2002

ees in the areas of law enforcement, border control, criminal justice and social services, and to recommend full co-operation with NGOs in this field.

We will strive to render assistance and protection to the victims of trafficking, espe- cially women and children, and to this end, when appropriate, to establish effective and inclusive national referral mechanisms, ensuring that victims of trafficking do not face prosecution solely because they have been trafficked. The dignity and human rights of victims must be respected at all times. We will consider adopting appropriate measures, such as shelters, and establishing appropriate repatriation processes for the victims of trafficking, with due regard to their safety, including the provision of documents; and developing policies concerning the provision of economic and social benefits to victims, as well as their rehabilitation and reintegration in society.

We recognize that intensified co-operation among relevant actors in countries of ori- gin, transit and destination plays a critical role in the return programmes for victims of trafficking and facilitates their reintegration. Therefore, we encourage all organizations providing assistance to victims, including NGOs, to further develop such co-operation.

We will consider adopting legislative or other measures that permit victims of traffick- ing to remain in our territory, temporarily or permanently, in appropriate cases, and giving consideration to humanitarian and compassionate factors.

We call on participating States to enhance international co-operation in combating transnational organized crime, including criminal acts such as trafficking in drugs and arms, as well as smuggling of migrants. Such co-operation should include international law enforcement bodies, such as Europol and Interpol, as well as the Southeast Euro- pean Co-operative Initiative (SECI), with a view to investigating and prosecuting those responsible for trafficking in human beings in accordance with domestic law and, where applicable, international obligations. In this regard, we ask that the Senior Police Adviser should devote increased attention to the fight against trafficking in human beings.

We reiterate the need for national strategies in order to unite efforts directed towards combating trafficking in human beings and to enhance co-ordination among national, international and regional organizations in this field. This need could be met through measures such as appointing inter-ministerial bodies and national co-ordinators or, as appropriate, other relevant bodies or mechanisms.

III.

We agree to intensify co-operation, based on a multidimensional approach, among the relevant OSCE structures and institutions, as well as among the OSCE and other rele- vant international organizations and actors, including the United Nations and its spe- cialized agencies, the Council of Europe, the European Union and the International Organization for Migration, and task the Permanent Council with examining how bet- ter to assure such a co-operation with a view to combating trafficking in human beings.

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We task the Permanent Council, through the informal Working Group on Gender Equality and Anti-Trafficking in Human Beings, with revising the Proposed OSCE Action Plan 2000 for Activities to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings and to elabo- rate a new draft for further appropriate action by 25 July 2003.

We task the Chairmanship-in-Office and the Permanent Council with using existing OSCE bodies and fora to exchange information, review commitments and share best practices on combating trafficking in human beings, as well as with promoting regular participation by experts representing relevant national institutions and bodies, as well as representatives of partner international organizations and NGOs.

(…)

V. Decisions of the Porto Ministerial Council Meeting Decision No. 1

Implementing the OSCE Commitments and Activities on Combating Terrorism

The Ministerial Council,

Notes the Secretary General’s comprehensive report on the actions of OSCE bodies and institutions to combat terrorism, including implementation of the Bucharest Plan of Action for Combating Terrorism and the Bishkek Programme of Action;

Decides that all OSCE participating States, bodies and institutions shall continue on an urgent basis to implement and ensure the effectiveness of their Bucharest commit- ments;

Reaffirms the commitment of all participating States to become parties as soon as pos- sible to all 12 United Nations conventions and protocols related to terrorism and wel- comes the steps undertaken by participating States that have already completed these procedures;

Commit themselves to work towards the successful conclusion of negotiations on new universal instruments in this field, presently under way within the United Nations and confirms their readiness to consider, in co-ordination with the United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee, requests for technical assistance and capac- ity building with a view to advancing the ratification and implementation of United Nations and other relevant instruments on terrorism;

Recognizing the danger posed by weapons of mass destruction in the hands of terror- ists, urges all States to co-operate on negotiations underway at the United Nations on an International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, and at the International Atomic Energy Agency on a protocol to the United Nations Conven- tion on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 223 Porto 2002

Welcomes the activities undertaken by the Forum for Security Co-operation, as reported by its Chairperson, in line with its Road Map and urges the Forum for Security Co-operation to continue to be seized with the matter of combating terrorism within its mandate and competencies;

Encourages the Co-ordinator for OSCE Economic and Environmental Activities to con- tinue to pursue programmes in co-operation and co-ordination with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to support participating States. efforts to strengthen their ability to prevent and suppress terrorist financing;

Welcomes the decision in July 2002 (PC.DEC/487) that all participating States will com- plete the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) self-assessments on compliance with the Eight Special Recommendations on Terrorist Financing and notes with approval the OSCE’s 88 per cent response rate to date. Commits to take steps towards speedy imple- mentation of the Financial Action Task Force’s Eight Special Recommendations on ter- rorist financing;

Recalls the Personal Representative of the Chairman-in-Office for Preventing and Com- bating Terrorism’s recommendation that the OSCE pursue activities inter alia in polic- ing, border security, anti-trafficking and suppressing terrorist financing. Requests that interested donors consider providing the necessary resources to implement OSCE projects for combating terrorism;

Decides that the OSCE participating States, bodies and institutions will intensify their efforts and their collective commitment to combat terrorism and the conditions that may foster and sustain it by exploiting its strengths and comparative advantages: its comprehensive approach to security; its expertise in early-warning, conflict preven- tion, crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation; its wide ranging repertoire of proven confidence- and security-building measures and its expertise in capacity build- ing.

Decision No. 2

Development of an OSCE Strategy to Address Threats to Security and Stability in the Twenty-First Century

The Ministerial Council,

Guided by the Bucharest Ministerial Declaration (2001) and, in particular, paragraph 8 on the development of an OSCE strategy to address threats to security and stability in the twenty-first century,

Recalling OSCE documents and decisions, including the Charter for European Security adopted at the Istanbul Summit, which identify risks and challenges to security, and reaffirming the commitment of the participating States to co-operate in a spirit of soli- darity in countering them on the basis of the United Nations Charter, norms and prin- ciples of international law and commitments taken upon within the OSCE,

224 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Porto 2002

Bearing in mind the need to further the concept of the common comprehensive and indivisible security, based on sovereign equality and solidarity of the States,

Reconfirming the importance of the OSCE role in setting up effective co-operative mechanisms to address threats to security and stability in the Euro-Atlantic area and in broadening to this end the dialogue within the OSCE as well as its co-operation and partnership with other international, regional and subregional organizations and insti- tutions on the basis of the Platform for Co-operative Security,

Committed to reinforcing the effectiveness of security-related activities across all three dimensions of the OSCE in line with developing European and global processes,

Taking into account the discussions initiated by the Portuguese Chairmanship on developing a future OSCE Strategy and the contributions of the participating States,

Has decided as follows:

• To task the Permanent Council to continue its work to develop, during the year of 2003, a comprehensive OSCE Strategy to address threats to security and stability in the twenty-first century and to request the Forum for Security Co-operation to make its own contribution to this work, within its competencies and mandate.

This Strategy will, inter alia:

• Identify threats to our common security and stability and analyse their changing nature and main causes;

• Address the role of the OSCE bodies, institutions and field operations and their co- ordinated approach to countering threats to security and stability;

• Set out how the OSCE can prevent or counter threats to security and stability and contribute to relevant international efforts. It should in particular:

• Adapt or supplement, where necessary, the existing instruments and mechanisms of co-operation within the OSCE;

• Establish enhanced forms of co-operation with other organizations and institutions in this area;

• Improve the OSCE’s response to participating States. needs in capacity building rele- vant to countering threats to security and stability, taking into account the interests of all participating States.

In this context the participating States will use the OSCE Annual Security Review Con- ference, inter alia, to review the implementation of this Strategy.

The Ministerial Council also decides:

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 225 Porto 2002

• That the work on the Strategy will be carried out in a special working group of the Permanent Council in close co-operation with the Forum for Security Co-operation and in accordance with the Bucharest Ministerial Decision No. 3 on Fostering the Role of the OSCE as a Forum for Political Dialogue. The progress on the work will be reviewed, when necessary, at the special meetings of the Permanent Council and the Forum for Security Co-operation, including their joint meetings.

Decision No. 3

Annual Security Review Conference

The Ministerial Council,

Restating the OSCE’s concept of common, comprehensive, and indivisible security,

Acknowledging the requirement to reinforce the effectiveness of security activities across all three dimensions of the OSCE,

Reaffirming the OSCE’s role as a primary organization for the peaceful settlement of disputes within its region and as a key instrument for early warning, conflict preven- tion, crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation, as well as its nature as an inclusive and comprehensive organization for consultation, decision-making and co- operation in its region,

Taking into account the Bucharest Plan of Action for Combating Terrorism and the Bishkek Programme of Action, the OSCE Charter on Preventing and Combating Ter- rorism, as well as the Charter for European Security adopted at the Istanbul Summit and ongoing work to elaborate an OSCE strategy to address threats to security and sta- bility in the twenty-first century,

Emphasizing the increased importance of international co-operation and political dia- logue among participating States and with other international, regional and subregional organizations in response to threats to our common security,

Mindful of the danger conflicts in various regions in the OSCE area pose to all partici- pating States,

Recalling the Bucharest Ministerial Decision No. 3 on Fostering the Role of the OSCE as a Forum for Political Dialogue,

Acknowledging the role of the Forum for Security Co-operation as the OSCE body for, inter alia, negotiation of arms control, disarmament and confidence- and security- building and for the assessment of the implementation of agreed measures,

Considering the role of the annual Economic Forum and its preparatory and follow-up seminars for reviewing OSCE activities in the economic and environmental dimension of security,

226 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Porto 2002

Taking into account the role of the Human Dimension Implementation Meetings, Review Conferences, the Supplementary Human Dimension Meetings and the annual Human Dimension Seminar for reviewing the implementation of commitments in the human dimension of security,

Stressing the need to strike a proper balance among the three dimensions of the OSCE,

Determined to complement and not to duplicate or replace the activities of other OSCE bodies and institutions, including the Annual Implementation Assessment Meeting,

Decides to establish an Annual Security Review Conference, with the following pur- pose and modalities:

I. Purpose To provide a framework for enhancing security dialogue and for reviewing security work undertaken by the OSCE and its participating States, inter alia:

• Implementation of an OSCE strategy to address threats to security and stability in the twenty-first century;

• Implementation of OSCE commitments in combating terrorism;

• Politico-military aspects of security;

• Implementation of OSCE decisions and activities in the area of early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management, and post-conflict rehabilitation;

• The security-related activities in OSCE institutions and field operations;

• OSCE police-related activities;

• Other security-related issues, including regional issues, which are dealt with by the OSCE.

The Conference may also provide an opportunity to exchange views on issues related to arms control and confidence- and security-building measures, including the CFE and Open Skies treaties.

In addition, the Conference should also promote the exchange of information and co- operation with relevant international and regional organizations and institutions.

II. Modalities The Security Review Conference will meet annually, in Vienna unless otherwise decided. The meeting will last for 2 to 3 days, and will be held before the summer recess. Delegations of participating States will be encouraged to be reinforced at senior level from capitals.

The Conference will be chaired by a representative of the Chairmanship-in-office, with Forum for Security Co-operation involvement as appropriate.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 227 Porto 2002

The date, agenda and meeting-specific modalities of the Conference will be annually decided by the Permanent Council, taking into account the recommendation of the Forum for Security Co-operation.

The Conference can formulate recommendations to be provided to the Permanent Council and, as appropriate, to the Forum for Security Co-operation, for further con- sideration.

The contribution of the Forum for Security Co-operation to this Conference will be made in accordance with its procedures, mandate and competences.

Relevant officials of OSCE bodies and institutions shall be invited by the Permanent Council to report to the Conference on their security-related activities and areas for further action.

Relevant international and regional organizations and institutions will be invited to participate as determined by the Permanent Council.

The OSCE established rules of procedure shall apply in the Annual Security Review Conference.

Decision No. 6

Tolerance and Non-Discrimination

The Ministerial Council,

Recalling the principles of human rights and the inherent dignity of the human being, freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief that underpin the general provisions of the OSCE human dimension commitments,

Recalling the Charter for European Security, Istanbul Summit 1999, which reaffirms full adherence to the Charter of the United Nations, and to the Helsinki Final Act, the Charter of Paris and all other OSCE documents,

Recalling Decision No. 5 by the Ministerial Council at its Ninth Meeting in Bucharest reaffirming its concern about manifestation of aggressive nationalism, racism, chauvin- ism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism and violent extremism, wherever they may occur,

Reiterating that democracy and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms are essential safeguards of tolerance and non-discrimination and constitute important factors for stability, security, co-operation and peaceful development throughout the entire OSCE region, and that conversely tolerance and non-discrimination are impor- tant elements in the promotion of human rights,

Reaffirming the internationally recognized prohibition of discrimination, without adverse distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion or belief, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status,

228 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Porto 2002

Recalling the continuing work of the OSCE structures and institutions in the field of promoting human rights, tolerance, non-discrimination and multiculturalism, in par- ticular by the human dimension meetings and activities, projects and programmes including those of participating States,

Stressing the positive role of multicultural and inter-religious dialogue in creating bet- ter understanding among nations and peoples,

Noting that promoting tolerance and non-discrimination can also contribute to elimi- nating the basis for hate speech and aggressive nationalism, racism, chauvinism, xeno- phobia, anti-Semitism and violent extremism,

Recognizing the responsibility of participating States for promoting tolerance and non- discrimination,

1.(a) Condemns in strongest terms all manifestations of aggressive nationalism, racism, chauvinism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism and violent extremism, as well as hate speech and occurrences of discrimination based on religion or belief;

(b) Undertakes to further promote multicultural, interethnic and inter-religious dia- logue in which governments and civil society will be encouraged to participate actively;

(c) Also undertakes to further promote the rights of persons belonging to national minorities;

2. Decides to intensify efforts to maintain and strengthen tolerance and non-discrim- ination, with the assistance of OSCE institutions and in co-operation with relevant international organizations and civil society, by such means as the exchanges of infor- mation and best practice;

3. Calls on participating States, which have not yet done so, to consider ratifying the international instruments, which address the problem of discrimination and calls for full compliance with the obligations assumed therein;

4. Commits to take appropriate measures, in conformity with respective constitutional systems, at national, regional and local levels to promote tolerance and non-discrimina- tion as well as to counter prejudices and misrepresentation, particularly in the field of education, culture and information;

5. Condemns, in particular, discrimination on religious grounds and undertakes to endeavour to prevent and protect against attacks directed at any religious group, whether on persons or on places of worship or religious objects;

6. Condemns in particular the recent increase in anti-Semitic incidents in the OSCE area, recognizing the role that the existence of anti-Semitism has played throughout history as a major threat to freedom;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 229 Porto 2002

7. Also condemns the recent increase in acts of discrimination and violence against Muslims in the OSCE area and rejects firmly the identification of terrorism and extrem- ism with a particular religion or culture;

8. Decides to take strong public positions against hate speech and other manifestations of aggressive nationalism, racism, chauvinism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism and violent extremism, as well as occurrences of discrimination based on religion or belief;

9. Calls on relevant authorities of participating States to investigate promptly and impartially acts of violence, especially where there are reasonable grounds to suspect that they were motivated by aggressive nationalism, racism, chauvinism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism and violent extremism, as well as attacks motivated by hatred against a particular religion or belief, and to prosecute those responsible in accordance with domestic law and consistent with relevant international standards of human rights;

10. Tasks the Permanent Council to consider further enhancement of the Contact Point on Roma and Sinti Issues in the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR);

11. Urges the convening of separately designated human dimension events on issues addressed in this decision, including on the topics of anti-Semitism, discrimination and racism and xenophobia;

12. Tasks the Chairmanship-in-Office and the Permanent Council in close co-opera- tion with the ODIHR, the High Commissioner on National Minorities and the Repre- sentative on Freedom of the Media to ensure an effective follow-up of the present deci- sion, through increased use of tools already available to the OSCE, including the annual human dimension meetings and seminars.

Decision No. 7

Election Commitments

The Ministerial Council,

Recalling the provisions of the 1990 Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Con- ference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE,

Noting that additional commitments, reflected in the 1996 Lisbon Summit Declaration, the 1999 Istanbul Summit Declaration and the 2001 Bucharest Ministerial Declaration, have supplemented those provisions,

Reaffirming the determination to implement these commitments,

Acknowledging that democratic elections can be conducted under a variety of electoral systems,

230 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Porto 2002

Recognizing the ODIHR’s expertise in assisting participating States in the implementa- tion of election-related commitments,

Taking into account PC Decision No. 509, on international standards and commit- ments: a practical guide to democratic elections best practice,

Calls upon participating States to strengthen their response to the ODIHR’s recom- mendations following election observations,

Tasks the Permanent Council to consider the need to elaborate additional commitments on elections, in the spirit of enhanced co-operation with other international organiza- tions, as well as among participating States, and to report to the next Ministerial Coun- cil meeting.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 231 Document of the Eleventh Meeting of the Ministerial Council Maastricht 2003

I. OSCE Strategy to Address Threats to Security and Stability in the Twenty-First Century 1. The evolving security environment in the early twenty-first century creates new chal- lenges for all, including for the OSCE. The OSCE will meet such challenges on the basis of important strengths, namely its broad membership, from North America to Europe and parts of Asia, and its multidimensional concept of common, comprehensive, co- operative and indivisible security. The Organization remains committed to a free, dem- ocratic and more integrated OSCE area without dividing lines.

2. Respect for and compliance with international law and the principles of the Charter of the United Nations remain central to efforts to prevent and combat threats to stabil- ity and security. The United Nations Security Council bears primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security and continues to play a crucial role in contributing to security and stability in the OSCE region. Compliance with OSCE norms, principles and commitments, from the Helsinki Final Act onwards, is an inte- gral part of this framework. This Strategy aims to contribute to a more cohesive and effective international system for responding to global threats and challenges.

Threats to security and stability in the twenty-first century

3. The OSCE was instrumental in paving the way for security and stability across the OSCE region towards the end of the twentieth century, and has contributed to impor- tant democratic transformation in the OSCE area. Co-operation has now replaced pre- vious confrontation. Threats to security and stability in the OSCE region are today more likely to arise as negative, destabilizing consequences of developments that cut across the politico-military, economic and environmental and human dimensions, than from any major armed conflict. At the same time, unresolved conflicts still exist in the OSCE area that continue to be of deep concern. The search for negotiated solutions to these must remain an urgent matter.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 233 Maastricht 2003

4. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, democracy and the rule of law is at the core of the OSCE’s comprehensive concept of security. Strong democratic insti- tutions and the rule of law play an important role in preventing threats from arising. Weak governance, and a failure by States to secure adequate and functioning demo- cratic institutions that can promote stability, may in themselves constitute a breeding ground for a range of threats. Equally, systematic violations of human rights and funda- mental freedoms, including the rights of persons belonging to national minorities, can give rise to a wide range of potential threats.

5. Socio-economic and environmental factors may affect security and stability as well. Globalization, liberalization and technological change offer new opportunities for trade, growth and development, but have not benefited all participating States equally, thus contributing in some cases to deepening economic disparities between as well as within States. The outcome of globalization depends on policy choices adopted by gov- ernments and international institutions and on the responses of the private sector and civil society. Environmental degradation is also of growing concern. Demographic fac- tors and widespread degradation of health are other potential challenges to security.

6. Lack of openness and transparency in politico-military matters can have serious neg- ative consequences. Failure to comply in a full and timely manner with existing arms control, disarmament, non-proliferation and confidence- and security-building agree- ments and instruments may further affect common security significantly.

7. Threats may also arise from the actions of terrorists and other criminal groups. Ter- rorist acts in recent years have fully borne out the growing challenge of such threats and the priority that must be given to preventing and combating them. Furthermore, threats often do not arise from within a single State, but are transnational in character. They affect the security of all States in the OSCE area and the stability of our societies. At the same time, the OSCE region is increasingly exposed to threats originating out- side it, and developments within our own region may similarly have consequences for adjacent areas.

8. Against this background, it is clear that the OSCE’s comprehensive approach to secu- rity, covering the politico-military, economic and environmental and human dimen- sions retains its full validity and should be maintained and further strengthened. Our analysis of the pattern of threats has highlighted a range of issues within this frame- work on which we need to focus particular attention as part of our efforts to reinforce our response.

9. Threats emerging from inter-State and intra-State conflicts remain the broadest cat- egory of threat to participating States and to individuals. Such conflicts, wherever they take place, may also pose a risk to neighbouring areas and may give rise to instability and other types of threats, such as terrorism, proliferation of weapons of mass destruc- tion, excessive and destabilizing accumulation and uncontrolled spread of small arms and light weapons (SALW), human rights violations, mass expulsion, deterioration of the socio-economic situation, and illegal migration. Non-compliance with interna-

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tional law and with OSCE norms and principles, as well as a range of factors within the politico-military, economic and environmental and human dimensions lie behind the immediate causes of violent conflict.

10. Terrorism is one of the most important causes of instability in the current security environment. It seeks to undermine the very values that unite the participating States in the OSCE area. Terrorism will remain a key challenge to peace and stability and to State power, particularly through its ability to use asymmetric methods to bypass traditional security and defence systems. There is no justification for terrorism whatsoever. At the same time, terrorism requires a global approach, addressing its manifestations as well as the social, economic and political context in which it occurs.

11. Globalization and technological advances have increased the scope and extent of the threat that organized crime constitutes. Moreover, organized crime often runs paral- lel with terrorism, regarding both actors and methods. Smuggling of migrants and traf- ficking in human beings, illicit traffic in narcotic drugs, in small arms and light weap- ons as well as in sensitive materials and technologies, are other criminal activities that may pose a threat to stability and security, both inside and outside the OSCE area. Open borders and free movement of persons and goods are beneficial to international co-operation, but also present growing challenges, including illegal migration.

12. Practices related to discrimination and intolerance both threaten the security of individuals and may give rise to wider-scale conflict and violence. They can have their root in issues such as ethnic and religious tensions, aggressive nationalism, chauvinism and xenophobia, and may also stem from racism, anti-Semitism and violent extremism, as well as lack of respect for the rights of persons belonging to national minorities.

13. The mobility of migrant populations and the emergence of societies with many coexisting cultures in all parts of the OSCE region present growing opportunities as well as challenges. Failure to integrate societies and failure also by everyone who resides in them to respect the rights of all can undermine stability.

14. Deepening economic and social disparities, lack of rule of law, weak governance in public and corporate spheres, corruption, widespread poverty and high unemployment are among the economic factors, which threaten stability and security. They can pro- vide a breeding ground for other major threats. Environmental degradation, unsustain- able use of natural resources, mismanagement of wastes and pollution affect ecologi- cal systems and have a substantial negative impact on the health, welfare, stability and security of States. Ecological disasters may also have such effects. Problems of govern- ance connected to these factors have a direct undermining effect and at the same time reduce the capacity to ensure sustainable economic and social development as well as to effectively address economic and environmental challenges and threats to security and stability.

15. Many of the threats of a politico-military nature, including those addressed by existing OSCE documents, such as destabilizing accumulations of conventional weap-

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onry, illicit transfers of arms, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, remain of great concern to the OSCE participating States. Among the threats that have either changed in nature or impact or are new altogether, armed threats posed by ter- rorists and other criminal groups require particular attention. Equally, attention should be given to potential challenges stemming from the changing character of armed con- flicts.

16. In a changing security environment, threats are evolving, and not all threats will be foreseeable. The OSCE framework for permanent political dialogue, and in particular the Annual Security Review Conference (ASRC), will help to identify, analyse and react to new threats as they emerge.

The OSCE response

17. The OSCE response will be multidimensional and will not occur in a vacuum. The Organization will build on its unique strengths, expertise and capabilities and pro- vide an effective framework for co-operation with other international actors in order to address threats in a co-ordinated and complementary way, which avoids duplication and maintains focus. The Charter for European Security and its Platform for Co-opera- tive Security was adopted in Istanbul in 1999 in order to strengthen security and stabil- ity in the region and improve operational capabilities in a transformation of the OSCE to meet unprecedented challenges. It remains fully valid.

18. The prime responsibility for providing security for their citizens lies with individ- ual participating States. The participating States are accountable to their citizens and responsible to each other for implementation of their OSCE commitments. The OSCE stands ready to offer assistance and advice as well as to foster co-operation between participating States towards this end. Co-operation between participating States in the spirit of solidarity, partnership and transparency is basic to security in the OSCE area and should reflect mutual interest and respect. Each participating State has an equal right to security.

19. The OSCE is a forum for political and security dialogue, for setting consensually based, politically binding norms and principles and for promoting their implementa- tion. The Permanent Council and the Forum for Security Co-operation, within its com- petencies and mandate, are central to this role. It will be further strengthened and the process of political consultation and transparency within the Organization enhanced. The dialogue and the norms and standards that underpin it are directed towards pre- venting threats from arising. They also encourage the development of democratic insti- tutions and of inclusive societies, able to deal more effectively and co-operatively with emerging threats.

20. The OSCE will continue to be an active player across its region, using its institu- tions — the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), the High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM), and the Representative on Freedom of the Media (RFM) — its field operations and its Secretariat to the full. They are impor-

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tant instruments in assisting all participating States to implement their commitments, including respect for human rights, democracy and the rule of law. In all relevant activi- ties, possibilities for strengthening co-operation with the Parliamentary Assembly, and through it, national parliaments will be actively pursued.

21. Recognizing the significant contributions of the institutions and field operations in putting into practice the goals and principles of the Organization, the OSCE is consid- ering ways of further improving the functioning and effectiveness of field operations and developing new tools if necessary.

22. The overall capacity of OSCE to identify, analyse and take co-ordinated action in response to threats needs to be further consolidated. More attention should be paid to the early warning functions in the Secretariat, institutions and field operations, and fol- low-up to early warning should be strengthened. Special mechanisms for early warning and peaceful settlement of conflicts as well as the tool of rapid expert assistance and co- operation teams, REACT, continue to be at the disposal of the OSCE. The early warning and conflict prevention activities of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly represent a val- uable contribution to these efforts.

23. As threats originating or evolving in adjacent regions are of increasing importance, the OSCE will intensify its co-operation with its Mediterranean and Asian Partners for Co-operation, by early identification of areas of common interest and concern and pos- sibilities for further co-ordinated action. We will encourage them to voluntarily imple- ment the principles and commitments of the OSCE and will co-operate with them in this as appropriate. As a first step towards increased dialogue, we will invite all our Part- ners for Co-operation to participate on a more frequent basis as observers in Permanent Council and Forum for Security Co-operation meetings. The OSCE will also consider ways in which OSCE norms, principles, commitments and values could be shared with other regions, in particular neighbouring areas. Contacts with organizations in those areas will be further developed.

(…)

27. Conflict prevention and post-conflict rehabilitation involve substantial efforts by the Organization in close co-operation with participating States in order to promote and assist in building democratic institutions and the rule of law, inter alia, by supporting capacity building and helping to strengthen authorities at all levels and parliamentary structures, independent judiciaries and free civil societies and media.

Addressing terrorism and threats arising from other criminal activities

Terrorism

28. UN conventions and protocols as well as UN Security Council resolutions consti- tute the global legal framework for combating terrorism. In support of this, the OSCE has through decisions in 2001 and 2002 established a structure for comprehensive action by participating States and the Organization to address, as a main priority, the

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threat of terrorism, its manifestations and conditions that may foster and sustain it. An operational part of this framework is the Action against Terrorism Unit in the OSCE Secretariat.

29. OSCE counter-terrorism activities focus, inter alia, on border security and manage- ment, policing, the combating of trafficking and suppression of terrorist financing. Spe- cial attention will be given to capacity building and other assistance in the sphere of counter-terrorism. The important challenge of implementing effective measures against terrorism in full accordance with the rule of law and international law, including human rights law, is also addressed. Such measures include denying safe havens to terrorists and eliminating conditions in which terrorists may recruit and gain support. They also aim at preventing terrorists from increasing their capabilities, including by prevent- ing terrorists from gaining access to SALW and other conventional weapons as well as WMD and associated technologies. Close interaction with other relevant international organizations and bodies, in particular the UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee (UN CTC) and the UN Office on Drugs and Crimes (UNODC), is sought through joint meetings, contacts at all levels and specific programmes and projects.

30. The OSCE has also decided to establish a Counter-Terrorism Network to promote the strengthening of co-ordination of counter-terrorism measures and information sharing between OSCE participating States and to support and supplement the work of the UN CTC in implementing Security Council resolution 1373.

Threats arising from other criminal activities

31. The OSCE will step up its work to combat organized crime. Regular meetings of police experts from OSCE participating States and representatives of other relevant spe- cialized international and regional organizations would constitute an important contri- bution in this respect. In particular, the OSCE will further increase its attention to the growing threat of trafficking. An OSCE Action Plan on Trafficking in Human Beings has been adopted. The OSCE Document on SALW remains a key instrument for com- bating trafficking in and proliferation of SALW in all its aspects. Its implementation will be further strengthened. The OSCE will continue the collaborative efforts already underway with the UNODC to address the issue of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs. An effective and comprehensive international approach to dealing with this issue needs to be developed.

32. The Strategic Police Matters Unit was set up to improve the capacity of participat- ing States to address threats posed by criminal activity and to assist them in upholding the rule of law. The aim is to enhance key policing skills, including respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. The OSCE will, at the request of participating States, increase its focus on assistance to authorities, including at the local level, on fighting crime and criminal networks and will define and develop core competencies for police activities such as training and capacity-building activities.

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33. The OSCE will intensify its efforts to address such issues as smuggling of migrants and illegal migration.

34. A comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach is required to effectively pre- vent and combat corruption in all its forms. The OSCE, in close co-ordination with the UNODC and other relevant international organizations and financial institutions, will contribute to reducing corruption across the OSCE region.

35. Threats of terrorism and organized crime are often interlinked, and synergetic approaches to deal with them will be further explored. Cross-border movement of per- sons, resources and weapons as well as trafficking for the purpose of financing and pro- viding logistic support play an increasing role for terrorist activities. The OSCE is com- mitted to addressing these problems and to strengthening its capacities to promote open and secure borders, inter alia, through the elaboration of an OSCE Border Secu- rity and Management Concept in order to enhance capacity building and mutually ben- eficial inter-State co-operation.

Addressing threats related to discrimination and intolerance

36. Discrimination and intolerance are among the factors that can provoke conflicts, which undermine security and stability. Based on its human dimension commitments, the OSCE strives to promote conditions throughout its region in which all can fully enjoy their human rights and fundamental freedoms under the protection of effective democratic institutions, due judicial process and the rule of law. This includes secure environments and institutions for peaceful debate and expression of interests by all individuals and groups of society. Civil society has an important role to play in this regard, and the OSCE will continue to support and help strengthen civil society organ- izations.

37. The participating States, the OSCE bodies and institutions, the Secretariat and many OSCE field operations are engaged in activities directed against threats related to discrimination and intolerance, including those deriving from religious and eth- nic tensions combined with violent extremism. They also perform a significant early warning function. The annual Human Dimension Implementation Meeting and other events within the human dimension provide opportunities to discuss threats related to discrimination and intolerance and to make recommendations on possible actions to address these threats. While fully respecting freedom of expression, the OSCE will strive to combat hate crime which can be fuelled by racist, xenophobic and anti-Semitic propaganda on the Internet.

38. The participating States and OSCE bodies and institutions are committed to step- ping up their efforts to counter threats arising from discrimination and intolerance. Harmonious relations between ethnic, religious, linguistic and other groups and the rights of persons belonging to national minorities will be actively promoted, as will equal opportunities for women and men. Violence, intolerance, extremism and dis- crimination against these groups, including migrant workers, asylum seekers and

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 239 Maastricht 2003

other immigrants, must be counteracted and persons responsible for such actions held accountable. At the same time, the respect of persons belonging to such groups for the rule of law, democratic values and individual freedoms is essential.

39. In this context, the OSCE recognizes the particular difficulties faced by Roma and Sinti and the need to undertake effective measures in order to eradicate discrimination against them and to achieve equality of opportunity, consistent with OSCE commit- ments. Therefore, the OSCE has adopted an Action Plan on Improving the Situation of Roma and Sinti within the OSCE Area.

40. The OSCE’s efforts will in particular be targeted at the younger generation in order to build up their understanding of the need for tolerance and the importance of recon- ciliation and peaceful coexistence. Their outlook and perspective on the future are key. Where appropriate, the OSCE will therefore take on a stronger role in the field of educa- tion. An area such as human rights education would deserve particular attention.

41. Full use will be made of ODIHR’s monitoring capacity, and operational co-operation with other monitoring bodies in such areas as data collection, information sharing and joint analysis will be promoted in order to have the fullest picture of developments. This will enable the OSCE to efficiently target work towards areas of highest priority.

(…)

Co-operation with other international organizations and institutions

52. No single State or organization can, on its own, meet the challenges facing us today. Co-ordination of the efforts of all relevant organizations is therefore essential. The OSCE’s interaction with other organizations and institutions is based on the Platform for Co-operative Security. In it, participating States have pledged themselves to seek to develop political and operational coherence among all the bodies dealing with security, both in responding to specific threats and in formulating responses to new threats and challenges. In an evolving security situation, more needs to be done to attain that basic goal, drawing upon the strengths and advantages of each organization.

53. Our co-operation with other organizations and institutions currently encompasses political dialogue, co-ordination, and structured co-operation on thematic or regional issues across the OSCE region, based on common values and objectives. It is important to intensify interaction at both the political and the working levels. Co-operation and co-ordination on practical matters and projects should be strengthened, both at head- quarters and in the field. Contacts between envoys and special representatives should be encouraged, as should the development of shared strategies and joint fact-finding.

54. The OSCE seeks to expand its relations with all organizations and institutions that are concerned with the promotion of comprehensive security within the OSCE area, and has established regular patterns of consultation at both the technical and the polit- ical levels with a number of them, inter alia, the UN, EU, NATO and the Council of Europe. The OSCE needs to remain flexible in order to be able to co-operate with dif-

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ferent organizations as their capabilities and focus may change over time, with develop- ments in perceptions of threat and organizational capacities.

55. As a regional arrangement under Chapter VIII of the United Nations Charter, the OSCE is a forum for co-operation with sub-regional organizations in its area. It will continue to organize information-sharing and co-ordination meetings on specific top- ics with these organizations and institutions. Practical measures aimed at sharing rel- evant OSCE experience with other regional organizations should also continue. The OSCE will be ready to consider supporting initiatives and plans elaborated in other forums to improve co-operation in combating threats, as it has done in giving support to the implementation of UN conventions against terrorism.

56. The OSCE has developed strong substantive interaction with non-governmental organizations whose contributions to the overall efforts of the Organization remain sig- nificant. This interaction should be further strengthened.

57. Such co-operation on issues across the whole spectrum of threats covered by the Strategy should be enhanced. More effort should be devoted to enhancing the func- tioning of the Platform for Co-operative Security in order to meet common threats more effectively and efficiently. To accomplish this, it will be proposed to establish a new ad-hoc consultative mechanism, in consultation with other international organ- izations and institutions, as part of the overall effort to jointly analyse and cope with threats. The OSCE offers this tool as a flexible framework for consultation by initiat- ing contacts with relevant organizations and institutions as a specific threat arises or intensifies. More regular information-sharing meetings with interested organizations and institutions and the establishment of contact points would be other ways of further intensifying co-operation.

Conclusion

58. In this Strategy, we have identified a number of threats to our common security and stability. We have given strategic directions to our activities aimed at preventing and combating these threats. The Permanent Council and the Forum for Security Co-oper- ation together with the institutions, field operations and Secretariat are tasked to con- tribute to the implementation of and follow-up to the Strategy within their competen- cies and mandates. An efficient and effective response will require a cohesive and co- ordinated approach by all OSCE bodies and institutions. The Chairmanship-in-Office will be responsible on behalf of the Ministerial Council and the Permanent Council for the co-ordination of, and consultations on, the implementation of the Strategy. The ASRC will provide a regular opportunity to review the Strategy and its implementa- tion and to identify and analyse threats and challenges as they emerge. Equally, it will be an occasion to initiate development of additional OSCE response measures and of the Strategy itself as necessary. Our response also needs to be integrated with those of other organizations and institutions. We will focus on areas and issues where the OSCE can make a real difference. We seek the contribution of a strengthened OSCE to meet

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the threats and challenges facing the whole OSCE area, and to improve human security, thereby making a difference in the life of the individual — the aim of all our efforts.

II. OSCE Strategy Document for the Economic and Environmental Dimension (…)

1.6 Deepening economic and social disparities, lack of the rule of law, weak governance, corruption, widespread poverty and high unemployment are among the factors that contribute to global threats such as terrorism, violent extremism, transnational organ- ized crime, and also to illegal economic activities, including money-laundering, traffick- ing of all kinds, and illegal migration. Inter-State and intra-State conflicts, in their turn, impede regional economic co-operation and development and undermine the security, inter alia, of communications and energy transport routes.

(…)

2. Our response and action

(…)

2.2 Strengthening good governance

2.2.1 Good public and corporate governance and strong institutions are essential foun- dations for a sound economy, which can attract investments, and thereby enable States to reduce poverty and inequality, to increase social integration and opportunities for all and to protect the environment. Good governance at all levels contributes to prosperity, stability and security. Peace, good international relations, the security and stability of the State and the security and safety of the individual within the State, based on the rule of law and respect for human rights, are crucial for the creation of the climate of confi- dence which is essential to ensure positive economic and social development.

2.2.2 Good governance is of critical importance for all the participating States, and we are agreed to work on a national basis, with the support of relevant international insti- tutions, to strengthen good governance in all its aspects and to develop methods of co- operation to assist each other in achieving it.

2.2.3 Achieving good governance requires a comprehensive and long-term strategic approach, so that successes in one area are not undermined by weaknesses in others. We will co-operate in the development of our strategies for good governance and will share experience regarding best practices.

Promoting transparency and combating corruption 2.2.4 Transparency in public affairs is an essential condition for the accountability of States and for the active participation of civil society in economic processes. Trans- parency increases the predictability of, and confidence in an economy that is function- ing on the basis of adequate legislation and with full respect for the rule of law. Free

242 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Maastricht 2003

and pluralistic media which enjoy maximum editorial independence from political and financial pressure have an important role to play in ensuring such transparency.

2.2.5 We will make our governments more transparent by further developing processes and institutions for providing timely information, including reliable statistics, about issues of public interest in the economic and environmental fields to the media, the busi- ness community, civil society and citizens, with a view to promoting a well-informed and responsive dialogue. This is essential for decision-making which is responsive to changing conditions and to the needs and wishes of the population.

2.2.6. Transparency is also important for the exposure and prosecution of all forms of corruption, which undermines our economies and our societies. In addition to trans- parency, the fight against corruption requires the adoption by the participating States of a comprehensive and long-term anti-corruption strategy.

2.2.7 We agree to make the elimination of all forms of corruption a priority. We will consider accession to, encourage ratification of, and support full implementation of, international conventions and other instruments in the field of combating corruption, in particular those developed by the Council of Europe and the Organisation for Eco- nomic Co-operation and Development (OECD). We welcome the adoption of the UN Convention against corruption and look forward to its early signature, ratification and entry into force.

Improving the management of public resources 2.2.8 Another component of good governance is the effective management of public resources by strong and well-functioning institutions, a professional and effective civil service and sound budgetary processes. Good management of public resources, includ- ing revenue collection, budget formation and execution and public procurement, is par- ticularly important in order to provide the best possible public and social services. We will seek to provide a solid financial basis for our public administration systems and to further strengthen their effectiveness and efficiency at all levels.

(…)

Social conditions 2.2.13 Good governance and sustainable development imply policies and systems that promote social partnership and cohesion. We will work for improved access for all to basic social benefits, such as affordable health services, pensions and education, and for adequate levels of protection of socially vulnerable groups, and the prevention of social exclusion.

2.2.14 We are determined to take measures to improve social conditions, including by identifying and targeting vulnerable groups in society, providing adequate and effective safety nets, strengthening health services, increasing employment opportunities and implementing rehabilitation programmes.

(…)

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2.3 Ensuring sustainable development

2.3.3 We support the efforts of the participating States to implement policies of poverty reduction and sustainable development, including the national poverty reduction pro- grammes in countries with economies in transition. We will encourage the provision of the necessary advice and assistance by international organizations and institutions hav- ing the relevant expertise and resources.

IV. Decisions of the Ministerial Council Decision No. 2/03

Combating Trafficking in Human Beings

The Ministerial Council,

Reaffirming the commitments that participating States have adhered to in the field of combating trafficking in human beings, especially the 2000 Vienna Ministerial Coun- cil Decision No. 1, the 2001 Bucharest Ministerial Council Decision No. 6, and the 2002 Porto Ministerial Declaration,

Recalling furthermore Permanent Council Decision No. 557 of 24 July 2003 on the adoption of the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, which pro- vides participating States with a comprehensive toolkit to combat trafficking in human beings through a multidimensional approach, covering protection of victims, preven- tion of trafficking in human beings, and prosecution of those who facilitate or commit the crime,

With the goal of enhancing the OSCE’s efforts in fighting trafficking in human beings,

1. Decides to endorse the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings as annexed to this Decision; and

2. Establishes, under the aegis of the Permanent Council, an OSCE mechanism to provide assistance to participating States to combat trafficking in human beings. The mechanism will consist of two parts, complementing the activities of each other: a Spe- cial Representative appointed by the Chairmanship-in-Office, and a special unit in the OSCE Secretariat,

The mechanism is set up to:

(a) Assist OSCE participating States in the implementation of commitments and full usage of recommendations proposed by the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings;

(b) Ensure co-ordination of OSCE efforts in combating trafficking in human beings across all three dimensions of the OSCE;

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(c) Strengthen co-ordination among the relevant authorities of the participating States and between the OSCE and other relevant organizations;

(d) Raise the public and political profile of the combat against trafficking in human beings;

(e) Operate in the whole OSCE area and as appropriate, assist the participating States, in a spirit of co-operation and following consultations with the respective authorities of the relevant participating States in aiming at the implementation of their commitments in combating human trafficking;

(f) Provide and facilitate advice and technical assistance in the field of legislation as well as policy development, together, as necessary, with other OSCE structures engaged in this field;

(g) Be ready to offer advice to senior level authorities representing the legislative, judi- cial, and executive branches in participating States and discuss with them the imple- mentation of the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings and com- mitments in the field of combating trafficking in human beings. In specific cases call- ing for special attention, seek direct contacts, in an appropriate manner with the par- ticipating State concerned and discuss the provisions of advice and concrete assistance, if needed;

(h) Co-operate with National Rapporteurs or other national mechanisms established by participating States for co-ordinating and monitoring the anti-trafficking activities of State institutions. It will also co-operate with relevant Non-Governmental Organi- zations of the participating States. Furthermore, it will assume responsibility within the OSCE for hosting and facilitating meetings for the exchange of information and experi- ence between national co-ordinators, representatives designated by participating States, or experts on combating trafficking in human beings;

(i) Closely co-operate and co-ordinate with the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) and other OSCE Institutions, the Secretary General, rele- vant structures of the Secretariat including the Office of the Co-ordinator for OSCE Economic and Environmental Activities (OCEEA), the Strategic Police Matters Unit (SPMU), the Senior Gender Adviser, as well as, where appropriate, the OSCE field oper- ations. The mechanism will draw on the expertise within these OSCE structures, and will see that duplication is avoided. Participate when appropriate in the work of the Informal Working Group on Gender Equality and Anti-Trafficking in Human Beings;

(j) Co-operate and co-ordinate with relevant international actors such as the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the United Nations High Commissioner for Ref- ugees, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the International Labour Organization, as well as the International Organization for Migration, the International Centre for Migration Policy Develop- ment, the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Stability Pact Task Force on

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 245 Maastricht 2003

Trafficking in Human Beings, the Council of Baltic Sea States, the Southeast European Co-operative Initiative, Interpol and Europol;

3. Affirms that the Special Representative will be politically accountable to, and will report regularly and when appropriate to the Permanent Council. It will function in accordance with Decision No. 8 of the Tenth Meeting of the Ministerial Council in Porto;

4. Calls on the Chairmanship-in-Office to appoint as Special Representative a promi- nent personality with relevant expertise, according to OSCE procedures, following con- sultations with participating States through the Preparatory Committee on his or her mandate. In order to ensure continuity for the Special Representative to carry out his or her responsibilities initially for at least the duration of two successive Chairmanships, the Chairmanship-in-Office will consult with the next incoming Chairmanship-in- Office on this appointment, and the next incoming Chairmanship-in-Office will, within its prerogative, undertake to prolong the Special Representative’s duties for the duration of that Chairmanship-in-Office, in accordance with Decision No. 8 of the Tenth Minis- terial Council Meeting in Porto;

5. Tasks the Permanent Council to establish the above-mentioned special unit, as a part of the OSCE Secretariat, with contracted or seconded staff. The Special Representative will have the capacity of the special unit at his or her full disposal in order to effectively implement the above-mentioned tasks;

6. Agrees that both parts of the mechanism will be funded by the participating States through the OSCE Unified Budget in accordance with existing procedures. The ACMF will elaborate, in consultation with the Chairmanship-in-Office and the Secretary Gen- eral, administrative and funding modalities for the mechanism and submit its recom- mendations to the Permanent Council for approval in time for their inclusion into the OSCE 2004 Unified Budget.

Annex to Decision No. 2/03

OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings

I. Objectives and purposes of the Action Plan

1. The Action Plan intends to provide participating States with a comprehensive toolkit to help them implement their commitments to combating THB. It aims to provide par- ticipating States with a follow-up mechanism, which will also promote co-ordination between individual participating States, both within the OSCE structures and with other international organizations. The Action Plan adopts a multidimensional approach to combating trafficking in human beings. It addresses the problem comprehensively, covering protection of victims, the prevention of THB and the prosecution of those who facilitate or commit the crime. It provides recommendations as to how participating States and relevant OSCE institutions, bodies and field operations may best deal with

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political, economic, legal, law enforcement, educational and other aspects of the prob- lem.

2. The Action Plan is further intended to assist participating States in employing these tools by drawing upon existing regional experience gained through the implementation of such concrete initiatives and measures as those undertaken by the Stability Pact Task Force on Trafficking in Human Beings in South Eastern Europe.

3. A comprehensive approach to trafficking in human beings requires a focus on bring- ing to justice those responsible for this crime, and on carrying out effective measures to prevent it, while maintaining a humanitarian and compassionate approach in rendering assistance to its victims.

II. Definition of trafficking in human beings

The Action Plan is based on the following definition contained in Article 3 of the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transna- tional Organized Crime:

“Trafficking in persons shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbour- ing or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coer- cion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vul- nerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploita- tion shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs”.

The OSCE Ministerial Council in its Decision No. 6 (2001) called on participating States to sign and ratify the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organ- ized Crime, and its Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children.

III. Investigation, law enforcement and prosecution

Commitments of participating States related to investigation, law enforcement and pros- ecution have been undertaken in the Ministerial Declaration on Trafficking in Human Beings adopted in Porto in 2002, the Bucharest Plan of Action for Combating Terrorism of 2001, the Ministerial Decision No. 6 adopted in Bucharest in 2001, and the Ministe- rial Decision on Enhancing the OSCE’s Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings adopted in Vienna in 2000. In these documents the participating States also agreed on the role of the OSCE in this field.

Recommended action at the national level

1. Criminalization

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1.1 Adopting such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offences the conduct set forth in Article 3 of the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Chil- dren, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.

1.2 Adopting such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offences:

• Attempting to commit this criminal offence;

• Participating as an accomplice in this criminal offence;

• Organizing or directing other persons to commit this criminal offence.

1.3 Adopting such measures as may be necessary to establish the liability of legal per- sons for trafficking offences in addition to the liability of natural persons. Subject to the legal principles of the participating State, the liability of legal persons may be criminal, civil and/or administrative.

1.4 Making legislative provisions for effective and proportionate criminal penalties, including imprisonment, that take into account the serious nature of this crime. Where appropriate, legislation should provide for additional penalties to be applied to persons found guilty of trafficking in aggravating circumstances, such as in the case of offences involving trafficking in children or offences committed by or involving the complicity of State officials.

1.5 Considering legislative provisions for confiscation of the instruments and proceeds of trafficking and related offences, specifying, where not inconsistent with national leg- islation, that the confiscated proceeds of trafficking will be used for the benefit of vic- tims of trafficking. Giving consideration to the establishment of a compensation fund for victims of trafficking and the use of the confiscated assets to help finance such a fund.

1.6 Ensuring that trafficking, its constitutive acts and related offences constitute extra- ditable offences under national law and extradition treaties.

1.7 Adopting such legislative and other measures to establish as criminal offences acts of active or passive corruption of public officials, as referred to in Articles 8 and 9 of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.

1.8 Ensuring that victims of trafficking are not subject to criminal proceedings solely as a direct result of them having been trafficked.

2. Law enforcement response

2.1 Fully implementing anti-trafficking and related measures set out in legislation.

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2.2 Establishing special anti-trafficking units — comprising both women and men — with advanced training in investigating offences involving sexual assault or involving children, in order to promote competence, professionalism and integrity.

2.3 Building capacity in the anti-corruption field.

2.4 Developing community-policing programmes: raising levels of trust between the police and the public in order, inter alia, to contribute to the acquisition of information relating to trafficking and to increase the willingness of victims to report offences.

2.5 Enhancing co-operation between law enforcement investigating bodies in order to establish the possibly criminal, trafficking-related origins of suspicious assets.

2.6 Providing not only the resources and training for developing intelligence-led polic- ing for the management and analysis of crime and criminal information, but also the other advanced skills and equipment necessary for law enforcement bodies to carry out their anti-trafficking tasks.

2.7 Encouraging investigators and prosecutors to carry out investigations and prose- cutions without relying solely and exclusively on witness testimony. Exploring alterna- tive investigative strategies to preclude the need for victims to be required to testify in court.

2.8 Taking practicable measures to ensure that OSCE mission members who are behav- ing in breach of the OSCE Code of Conduct for Mission Members and other regulations face prescribed sanctions, including, as appropriate, disciplinary and criminal proceed- ings.

2.9 Targeting corruption of local law enforcement as a matter of priority, and ensur- ing that appropriate disciplinary and criminal proceedings are undertaken against law enforcement authorities found to be engaged in corrupt practices related to trafficking in human beings.

3. Law enforcement co-operation and information exchange between participating States

3.1 Co-operating closely with one another and consistent with their respective domes- tic legal and administrative systems, to enhance the effectiveness of law enforcement action in combating the offences covered by this Action Plan. Promoting similar co- operation and co-ordination between law enforcement agencies within States.

3.2 Adopting, in particular, effective measures

• To enhance and where necessary to establish channels of communication between participating States;

• To co-operate on inquiries regarding offences covered by this Action Plan;

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• To provide, when appropriate, items or evidence necessary for analytical or investiga- tive purposes;

• To facilitate effective co-ordination between their competent authorities, agencies and services and to promote the exchange of personnel and other experts, including, sub- ject to bilateral agreements or arrangements between the participating States con- cerned, the posting of liaison officers;

• To exchange information on specific means and methods used by organized criminal groups, including, where applicable, routes and conveyances and the use of false iden- tities, altered or forged documents or other means of concealing their activities;

• To co-ordinate administrative and other measures considered appropriate for the early identification of the offences covered by this Action Plan.

3.3 Concluding agreements on bilateral and multilateral law enforcement co-operation to facilitate exchange of information.

3.4 Undertaking efforts to develop common standards for the collection of statistical data.

4. Assistance and protection of witnesses and victims in the criminal justice system

4.1 Taking appropriate measures within participating States’ means, including legisla- tive ones, to provide effective protection from potential retaliation or intimidation for witnesses in criminal proceedings who give testimony concerning offences covered by this Action Plan and, as appropriate, for their relatives and other persons close to them.

4.2 Sensitizing law enforcement authorities and officials to their responsibility for ensuring the safety and immediate well-being of victims of THB.

4.3 Ensuring data protection and the victim’s right to privacy, also in the course of data collection and analysis.

4.4 Facilitating the victim’s participation as a witness in the investigation and court hearings or other criminal proceedings by providing him/her with the possibility of relocation as a form of witness protection.

4.5 Providing legal counselling for victims when they are in the process of deciding whether or not to testify in court.

4.6 Permitting NGOs to support victims in court hearings, if it is not inconsistent with national legislation.

5. Training

5.1 Providing or improving training for border officials, law enforcement officials, judges, prosecutors, immigration and other relevant officials in all aspects of traffick- ing in persons.

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5.2 Giving, in such training programs, consideration to human rights and child- and gender-sensitive issues, and encouraging co-operation with non-governmental organi- zations, other relevant organizations and other elements of civil society.

6. Border measures

6.1 Considering taking measures that permit, in accordance with its domestic law, the denial of entry, the revocation of visas or possibly the temporary detention of persons implicated in committing offences as defined by the legislation in force.

6.2 Considering strengthening co-operation among border control agencies by, inter alia, establishing and maintaining direct channels of communication.

7. Security and control of documents

7.1 Taking such measures as may be necessary, within available means, to ensure that travel or identity documents issued by or on behalf of participating States are of such quality that they cannot easily be misused, readily falsified or unlawfully altered, repli- cated or issued.

8. Legitimacy and validity of documents

8.1 At the request of another participating State and in accordance with its domestic law, verifying within a reasonable time the legitimacy and validity of travel or identity documents issued or purporting to have been issued in its name, where there are rea- sonable grounds to suspect their usage for trafficking in persons.

Action for OSCE Institutions and Bodies

9. Legislative review and reform

9.1 The ODIHR, and where appropriate the field operations, will continue to promote and support legislative review and reform efforts in compliance with international standards.

9.2 The OSCE will further develop co-operation with other relevant partners and organ- izations.

10. Law enforcement response

10.1 The OSCE Strategic Police Matters Unit will further promote the concept of com- munity policing.

10.2 The Strategic Police Matters Unit and the Office of the OSCE Co-ordinator of Eco- nomic and Environmental Activities (OCEEA) will facilitate the exchange of informa- tion between participating States on best practices to be used by relevant investigating units to check the possibly criminal and trafficking-related origin of suspicious assets.

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10.3 The OCEEA will further work together with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Global Programme against Money Laundering and use its good offices to promote the organization of workshops on tackling money-laundering in interested participating States.

10.4 As part of its assistance in the development of National Referral Mechanisms the ODIHR will continue to promote and encourage co-operation between law enforce- ment and civil society.

11. Disciplinary response

11.1 The Office of Internal Oversight is requested to maintain data on investigations into offences related to trafficking in human beings by mission members and all subse- quent related actions taken thereon. The Secretary General is requested to report regu- larly to the Permanent Council on measures taken to implement regulations in cases of breaches of the Code of Conduct while respecting the privacy of alleged perpetrators.

12. Training

12.1 The ODIHR and the OSCE Strategic Police Matters Unit will continue to develop training materials targeted at law enforcement authorities on trafficking and sex crimes investigation, consult with the International Law Enforcement Academy (ILEA) in Budapest regarding possibilities for incorporating this training into ILEA programs, identify law enforcement trainers to conduct training, and facilitate funding training sessions for law enforcement authorities in OSCE participating States.

12.2 While international partners such as the International Centre for Migration Pol- icy Development and the International Organization for Migration provide basic police training on how to respond to allegations of trafficking, and others such as the United Nations Development Programme provide advanced training, additional training needs to be provided on dealing with particular aspects of sexual crime, e.g. sexual abuse of children. The OSCE Strategic Police Matters Unit will provide such training in co-oper- ation with the United Nations Children’s Fund and other relevant organizations.

13. Security and control of documents

13.1 The relevant OSCE bodies, in particular the Anti-Terrorism Unit, will continue to facilitate workshops focusing on detecting documents used for illegal purposes in rela- tion to trafficking in human beings, detecting false travel documents being used for entry of trafficked persons, and improving non-technical means of detection, such as interview techniques. In addition, workshops will focus on means of protecting free- dom of movement of persons across the border, within the restrictions that are consist- ent with relevant OSCE commitments.

IV. Prevention of trafficking in human beings

Commitments of participating States related to prevention have been undertaken in the Ministerial Declaration on Trafficking in Human Beings adopted in Porto in 2002,

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the OSCE Permanent Council Decision No. 426 of 2001, the Ministerial Decision on Enhancing the OSCE’s Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings adopted in Vienna in 2000, the OSCE Action Plan for Gender Issues approved by the Permanent Council in 2000, the Charter for European Security adopted in Istanbul in 1999, the Document of the Moscow Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE adopted in Moscow in 1991, the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co- operation in Europe adopted in Helsinki in 1975. In the above-mentioned documents the participating States also agreed on the role of the OSCE in this field.

Recommended action at the national level

1. Data collection and research

1.1 Collecting separate data related to women, men and children victims of trafficking, and improving research into and analysis of subjects such as the character and scale of THB and the trafficking and exploitation mechanisms deployed by the organized crimi- nal groups, in order to develop effective and well-targeted prevention measures on traf- ficking in human beings. Promoting more research and exchange of information on trafficking in children.

1.2 Identifying the most vulnerable segments of the population and developing specially designed awareness-raising campaigns for them.

1.3 Conducting more far-reaching analysis of the root causes of THB, its demand and supply factors, its networks and its economic consequences, and its link with illegal migration.

2. Border measures

2.1 Without prejudice to international commitments in relation to the free movement of people, strengthening, to the extent possible, border controls as may be necessary to prevent and detect THB.

2.2 Adopting legislative or other appropriate measures to prevent, as far as possible, means of transport operated by commercial carriers from being used in committing offences, as defined by the provisions against trafficking.

2.3 Where appropriate, and without prejudice to applicable international conventions, obliging commercial carriers, including any transportation company or the owner or operator of any means of transport, to ascertain that all passengers are in possession of valid travel documents. In accordance with domestic law, taking the necessary meas- ures to provide for sanctions in case of violation.

3. Economic and social policies aimed at addressing root causes of THB

3.1 In countries of origin:

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• Considering as priority goals: the fostering of social-economic and political stability, and the reduction both of migration caused by deep poverty and of supply factors of trafficking. Policies followed in pursuit of these goals should also promote both eco- nomic development and social inclusion;

• Improving children’s access to educational and vocational opportunities and increas- ing the level of school attendance, in particular by girls and minority groups;

• Enhancing job opportunities for women by facilitating business opportunities for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Organizing SMEs training courses, and targeting them particularly at high-risk groups.

3.2 In countries of destination:

• Implementing measures to reduce “the invisibility of exploitation”. A multi-agency programme of monitoring, administrative controls and intelligence gathering on the labour markets, and, where applicable, on the sex industry, will contribute greatly to this objective;

• Considering the liberalization by governments of their labour markets with a view to increasing employment opportunities for workers with a wide range of skills levels;

• Addressing the problem of unprotected, informal and often illegal labour, with a view to seeking a balance between the demand for inexpensive labour and the possibilities of regular migration;

• Tackling underground economic activities which undermine economies and enhance trafficking.

3.3 Whether in countries of origin or countries of destination:

• Taking measures to raise levels of social protection and to create employment oppor- tunities for all;

• Taking appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the field of employment in order to ensure, on a basis of gender equality, the right to equal pay for equal work and the right to equality in employment opportunities;

• Addressing all forms of discrimination against minorities;

• Developing programmes that offer livelihood options and include basic education, lit- eracy, communication and other skills, and reduce barriers to entrepreneurship;

• Encouraging gender sensitization and education on equal and respectful relationships between the sexes, thus preventing violence against women;

• Ensuring that policies are in place which allow women equal access to and control over economic and financial resources;

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• Promoting flexible financing and access to credit, including micro-credit with low interest;

• Promoting good governance and transparency in economic transactions;

• Adopting or strengthening legislative, educational, social, cultural or other measures, and, where applicable, penal legislation, including through bilateral and multilateral co-operation, to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of per- sons, especially women and children, and that leads to trafficking.

4. Awareness-raising

4.1 Undertaking, in co-operation with civil society and NGOs, information campaigns to generate public awareness about trafficking in its various forms, including the meth- ods employed by traffickers and the risks to victims.

4.2 Increasing awareness about trafficking among immigration authorities and consular and diplomatic personnel so that they use this knowledge in their daily contacts with potential victims.

4.3 Encouraging national embassies to disseminate information on relevant national legislation such as family law, labour law and immigration law as is of interest to poten- tial migrants, including through NGOs.

4.4 Increasing awareness of other relevant target groups, including policy makers, law enforcement officers, and other relevant professionals such as medical, social services and employment officials, and in the private sector, to THB, to enhance their readiness to address it adequately and to strengthen their institutional capacity to counter it.

4.5 Encouraging the consular and visa sections of the diplomatic missions to use printed and other materials in their work with at-risk individuals.

4.6 Raising awareness of the media. The perception of the problem of trafficking in human beings brought forward by the media should include a clear explanation of the phenomenon and a realistic portrayal of the victims. To maximize public knowledge and awareness, anti-trafficking campaigns should be conducted with media profession- als.

4.7 Targeting awareness-raising campaigns also at the most vulnerable groups, includ- ing persons belonging to national minorities, children, migrants and internally dis- placed persons (IDPs).

4.8 Extending awareness-raising campaigns to smaller towns and villages whose popu- lations may be at particular risk.

4.9 Working in schools and universities as well as directly with families to reach young people and to raise their awareness about trafficking.

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4.10 Addressing, also through the media, the need to reduce the demand for the activ- ities of persons trafficked for sexual exploitation, forced labour, slavery or other prac- tices similar to slavery and, in this connection, promoting zero tolerance towards all forms of trafficking.

4.11 Establishing well-publicized telephone “hotlines” in the countries of origin, transit and destination, which should serve three purposes: to act as an independent source of advice and guidance to potential victims who may be considering job opportunities or other offers to go abroad, to act as a first point of contact providing access to a referral mechanism for victims of THB, and, furthermore, to facilitate the anonymous report- ing of cases or suspected cases of THB.

5. Legislative measures

5.1 Adopting or reviewing laws, administrative controls and procedures relating to the licensing and operation of sectors of business that, according to intelligence, may be involved in trafficking, such as employment, tourist, au pair, adoption or mail-order bride agencies, as well as hotels and escort services.

5.2 Ensuring that measures adopted for the purpose of preventing and combating traf- ficking in persons do not have an adverse impact on the rights and dignity of persons, including their freedom of movement.

Action for OSCE Institutions and Bodies

6. Data collection and research

6.1 Enhancing data collection and research on trafficking in persons, particularly on trafficking in children, by building on past research and engaging in exchanges with the United Nations Children’s Fund and other relevant actors.

6.2 Tasking ODIHR’s Contact Point on Roma and Sinti with continuing to gather data regarding trafficking in human beings, especially children, and its effects on Roma and Sinti communities.

7. Addressing root causes of THB

7.1 The OCEEA will support the promotion and the development of national public information resource centres to allow individuals to check the legitimacy of businesses, particularly those advocating employment abroad, while avoiding overlap with exist- ing Chambers of Commerce facilities or other business registration offices. The OCEEA can function as an intermediary, collecting examples of best practices on easily acces- sible legitimacy checks and distributing them to interested participating States and/or OSCE field operations.

7.2 The OCEEA will continue to promote SMEs training and to target it in particular at high-risk groups, including by assisting in the development of legislation to reduce bar- riers to the establishment of SMEs.

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7.3 The OCEEA should develop programmes to tackle economic factors that increase the vulnerability of women and minorities to trafficking, including discrimination in the workplace and lack of access to credit.

8. Awareness-raising

8.1 The ODIHR and, where appropriate, field operations will continue to contribute to research efforts as well as promoting and carrying out awareness-raising initiatives in co-operation with relevant partners throughout the OSCE region.

8.2 The Press and Public Information Section will help to raise media awareness of OSCE activities in the field of trafficking. The ODIHR will enhance training activi- ties with regard to the responsibility of the media for dealing with the topic of traffick- ing in a sensitive manner and without reinforcing negative stereotypes. Training will stress the complexity of the trafficking phenomenon and the need for a comprehensive response.

8.3 In order to ensure that staff of OSCE field operations do not engage in or in any way knowingly facilitate trafficking in human beings, and to fulfil the norms contained in part 4 of the OSCE Code of Conduct which is an integral part of the Staff Regulations, the Secretary General will draft comprehensive staff instructions for review by the Per- manent Council no later than 15 November 2003.

8.4 The OSCE Training Co-ordinator, the Senior Adviser on Gender Issues and the Senior Security Co-ordinator will continue to use the induction course to develop and implement staff training on gender issues, trafficking in human beings and on relevant regulations and guidelines, in co-operation with the ODIHR, and to organize special workshops in the field. Heads of field operations will ensure that attendance at such training courses will be compulsory for all staff.

8.5 The OCEEA will help to mobilize and strengthen the private sector’s efforts to com- bat trafficking in human beings by raising awareness, and by identifying and dissemi- nating best practices, such as self-regulation, policy guidelines and codes of conduct.

V. Protection and assistance

The OSCE commitments related to protection and assistance to the victims of traffick- ing in human beings have been undertaken in the Ministerial Declaration on Traffick- ing in Human Beings adopted in Porto in 2002, the Ministerial Decision No. 6 adopted in Bucharest in 2001, the Ministerial Decision No. 1 adopted in Vienna in 2000, the Charter for European Security adopted in Istanbul in 1999.

Recommended action at the national level

1. Data collection and research

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1.1 Collecting data through the exchange and analysis of best practices and other infor- mation regarding effective protection of and assistance to victims of trafficking in the OSCE participating States.

2. Legislative measures

2.1 Considering the need for adopting legislation which will provide the legal basis for rendering assistance and protection to victims of THB, especially during pre-trial inves- tigations and in court proceedings.

2.2 Ratifying, or acceding to, and fully implementing the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Chil- dren, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.

3. National Referral Mechanisms (NRM)*

3.1 Establishing National Referral Mechanisms by creating a co-operative framework within which participating States fulfil their obligations to protect and promote the human rights of the victims of THB in co-ordination and strategic partnership with civil society and other actors working in this field.

3.2 Providing guidance to facilitate the accurate identification and appropriate treat- ment of the victims of THB, in ways which respect the views and dignity of the persons concerned.

3.3 Combining the efforts of law-enforcement bodies, including specially established anti-trafficking units and police at local level, officials of migration and border services, social protection units, medical institutions, as well as NGOs and other civil society institutions as the most relevant actors to be involved in NRM activities.

3.4 Establishing appropriate mechanisms to harmonize victim assistance with investi- gative and prosecutorial efforts.

3.5 Drawing special attention to the need for enhanced co-operation between the police and NGOs in identifying, informing and protecting victims of THB.

3.6 Linking the activities of NRMs with those of inter-ministerial bodies, national co- ordinators, NGOs and other relevant national institutions to form a cross-sectoral and multidisciplinary team capable of developing and monitoring the implementation of anti-trafficking policies.

4. Shelters

4.1 Establishing shelters, run by governmental bodies, NGOs, or other institutions of civil society to meet the needs of trafficked persons; these shelters are to provide safety,

* The ODIHR’s [National Referral Mechanisms: A Practical Handbook] may serve as a useful source of advice and information regarding the role of NRMs in rendering assistance and protection to victims of THB).

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access to independent advice and counselling in a language known by the victim, first- hand medical assistance, and an opportunity for reflection delay after the experienced trauma. Shelters may be established on the basis of already existing facilities such as crisis centres for women.

4.2 Providing access to shelters for all victims of trafficking, regardless of their readi- ness to co-operate with authorities in investigations.

4.3 Giving special attention to ensuring security for personnel of such shelters, confi- dentiality of information obtained, and safety and privacy for victims of THB.

4.4 Using shelters to provide the kind of training opportunities for victims of THB which will facilitate their future reintegration, employment and independence, as well as improving their competitive capabilities after the experienced trauma.

5. Provision of documents

5.1 Ensuring provision of documents, if necessary, as a first step to clarifying the vic- tim’s identity and status in countries of destination, thus making it possible to proceed with options of assistance in appropriate cases, such as repatriation, preferably volun- tary, provision of a temporary or permanent residence permit, and/or legalization of employment.

5.2 Enhancing co-operation amongst law enforcement bodies in the countries of origin, transit and destination, and responsible officials of all institutions involved in the resto- ration of rights of victims of THB, including the personnel of embassies and consulates of participating States in order to facilitate the speedy verification of personal data and the avoidance of undue or unreasonable delay.

5.3 Informing identified victims of THB of their right to access to diplomatic and con- sular representatives of their country of nationality.

6. Provision of social assistance

6.1 Developing social assistance and integration programmes, including legal counsel- ling in a language known by the victim, medical and psychological assistance and access to health care, to be made available either in shelters or other relevant institutions.

6.2 Considering, where not inconsistent with national legislation, legal measures to allow confiscated assets to be used to supplement government funding for programmes that address the needs of victims of THB and to compensate the victims in accordance with the gravity of the crime committed against them.

7. Repatriation, rehabilitation and reintegration

7.1 Assisting the victims of THB in — preferably — voluntary repatriation to the coun- try of origin with due regard for their safety and that of their families, and without undue or unreasonable delay.

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7.2 Ensuring due process in all return and removal proceedings, taking into account a humanitarian and compassionate approach.

7.3 Considering contributing to the rehabilitation and social reintegration of victims of THB by providing them with social and economic benefits.

7.4 Raising media awareness of the need to safeguard privacy by avoiding public disclo- sure of the identity of victims of THB, or publication of confidential information inimi- cal to victims’ security or to the cause of justice in criminal proceedings.

8. Provision of a reflection delay and temporary or permanent residence permits

8.1 Considering the introduction of a reflection delay to give the victim due time to decide whether or not to act as a witness.

8.2 Considering on a case-by-case basis, if appropriate, the provision of temporary or permanent residence permits, taking into account such factors as potential dangers to victims’ safety.

8.3 Considering, if appropriate, the provision of work permits to victims during their stay in the receiving country.

9. Ensuring the right to apply for asylum

9.1 Ensuring that anti-trafficking laws, policies, programmes and interventions do not affect the right of all persons, including victims of THB, to seek and enjoy asylum from persecution in accordance with international refugee law, in particular through effec- tive application of the principle of non-refoulement.

10. Protection of children

10.1 Ensuring that the special needs of children and the best interests of the child are fully taken into account when deciding upon appropriate housing, education and care. In appropriate cases, if there is no direct threat to the safety of the child, providing the children with access to the State educational system.

10.2 Deciding on the repatriation of a child victim of THB only after having taken account of all the circumstances of the specific case and if there is a family or special institution in the country of origin to ensure the child’s safety, protection, rehabilitation and reintegration.

10.3 Considering the provisions outlined in the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Guidelines for the Protection of Unaccompanied Minors when elaborating policies targeted at this risk group, and in particular for those who are not in possession of identification documents.

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10.4 Using bilateral and/or regional agreements on fundamental principles of good reception of unaccompanied children in order to combine efforts targeted at the pro- tection of children.

10.5 Ratifying or acceding to, and fully implementing, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography.

Action for OSCE Institutions and Bodies

11. National Referral Mechanism

11.1 Enhancing the activities of the OSCE, especially the ODIHR, in assisting partici- pating States, upon their request, in establishing the NRM.

11.2 Tasking the OSCE Strategic Police Matters Unit, together with the ODIHR, with the further development of guidelines or a manual on the identification of suspected victims and of evidence of THB, in order to assist participating States, as appropriate.

12. Reintegration

12.1 The OCEEA will facilitate contacts between public and private actors with a view to encouraging the business community to offer job opportunities to victims of traffick- ing.

13. Protection of children

13.1 The OSCE as a whole shall give special attention to the issue of trafficking in chil- dren and to recognizing the vulnerability of unaccompanied children. Efforts should be made to develop co-operation with specialized international agencies, especially the United Nations Children’s Fund and relevant international NGOs, on expert meetings, research and the development of guidelines promoting the best interest of the child.

14. Training

14.1 Tasking the OSCE Training Co-ordinator, the Senior Adviser on Gender Issues and the Senior Security Co-ordinator in co-operation with the ODIHR with develop- ing information material on how to assist victims of trafficking, especially children, in response to requests either from individuals or governmental and non-governmental bodies, and with providing relevant training for OSCE mission members. The material might also be disseminated to military personnel, peacekeepers and other international staff in the field.

14.2 Tasking the ODIHR with the collection and dissemination of information on meas- ures, training programmes and materials already in place in OSCE participating States.

15. Legislative measures

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15.1 In co-ordination with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the Coun- cil of Europe and other relevant actors, the ODIHR will continue to assist participat- ing States, upon their request, in bringing their national legislation into compliance with international norms and standards, particularly by promoting a humanitarian and compassionate approach to the victims of THB.

VI. Follow-up and co-ordinating mechanisms

Besides monitoring the implementation of the OSCE commitments by participating States through existing OSCE mechanisms, including the annual Human Dimension Implementation Meeting, Review Conferences and relevant human dimension events, The Permanent Council recommends the following actions at the national level:

1. To consider appointing National Rapporteurs or other mechanisms for monitoring the anti-trafficking activities of State institutions and the implementation of national legislation requirements;

2. To consider establishing Anti-Trafficking Commissions (task forces) or similar bod- ies responsible for co-ordinating activities within a country among State agencies and NGOs, and for elaborating measures to prevent THB, to punish perpetrators of THB and to protect its victims;

3. To improve co-operation between State institutions and national NGOs active in ren- dering protection and assistance to the victims of THB, combating violence against women and children, promoting gender equality and raising awareness in human rights issues;

Furthermore, the Permanent Council:

4. Tasks the Chairmanship with conducting discussions on follow-up to this Action Plan, including augmenting current structures and examining the need for a new mech- anism, with a view to enhancing the OSCE’s efforts in fighting trafficking in human beings by raising its political profile and giving it a prominent role on the issue, as well as better co-ordinating work among the three dimensions of the OSCE;

5. Tasks the OSCE relevant structures with hosting and facilitating annual meetings in Vienna of national co-ordinators, representatives or experts on combating trafficking, to monitor the process of the implementation of the OSCE Action Plan. This will pro- vide them with a chance to build networks, exchange information, and outline priori- ties for co-operation;

6. Urges the pursuit of close interaction between the OSCE Secretariat, its institutions and its field operations, to assist participating States, where appropriate, in implement- ing the current Action Plan;

7. Tasks the ODIHR with rendering necessary technical assistance to participat- ing States, when appropriate, in developing National Anti-Trafficking Plans of Action,

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including legislative and other assistance measures aimed at effective prevention and combating trafficking and protection of victims;

8. Tasks OSCE institutions and bodies with engaging in more extensive regular exchange of information, data collection and research with relevant international organizations;

9. Tasks the ODIHR with the further development of its clearing-house function for the exchange of information, contacts, materials and good practices and with the enhance- ment of its project activities.

Decision No. 3/03

Action Plan on Improving the Situation of Roma and Sinti within the OSCE Area

The Ministerial Council,

Committed to respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without adverse distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion or belief, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status,

Supporting the adoption and implementation of comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation to promote full equality of opportunities for all,

Recognizing the particular difficulties faced by Roma and Sinti people and the need to undertake effective measures in order to eradicate discrimination against them and to bring about equality of opportunities, consistent with OSCE commitments,

Recognizing that progress has been achieved in national legislation and in programmes for action and that substantial efforts have been undertaken by the participating States to this end,

Aware at the same time that resolute action is still required to improve the situation of the Roma and Sinti population across the OSCE region,

Noting the rich cultural, linguistic and historical diversity among Roma and Sinti peo- ple within the OSCE area, as well as the diversity of national structures and traditions in the OSCE area,

Noting the outcome of important recent governmental and non-governmental confer- ences and initiatives on Roma and Sinti in Europe, including, inter alia, the launching of a Decade of Roma Inclusion and the possible creation of a European Forum for Roma and Travellers,

Convinced that Roma and Sinti populations should have an ever-increasing degree of ownership of the policies focusing on them,

Decides to endorse the Action Plan on Improving the Situation of Roma and Sinti within the OSCE Area, adopted by the Permanent Council in its Decision No. 566 on 27 November 2003, and annexed to this Decision.

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Annex to Decision No. 3/03

Action Plan on Improving the Situation of Roma and Sinti within the OSCE Area

I. Scope and objectives

1. The Action Plan is intended to reinforce the efforts of the participating States and rel- evant OSCE institutions and structures aimed at ensuring that Roma and Sinti people are able to play a full and equal part in our societies, and at eradicating discrimination against them.

2. The Action Plan relies on the framework of international and regional human rights law, existing OSCE commitments and examples of best practices from countries throughout Europe, where these are in place, and aims at fostering such practices else- where. The special measures foreseen by the Action Plan with a view to improving the situation of Roma and Sinti people are based on the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination*.

3. Both the participating States and OSCE institutions are called upon to implement the Action Plan. Roma and Sinti communities in the participating States are invited to draw upon and contribute actively to the implementation of the Action Plan’s provisions.

II. General context: for Roma, with Roma

4. Each national policy or implementation strategy should: (1) respond to the real prob- lems, needs and priorities of Roma and Sinti communities; (2) be comprehensive; (3) introduce a balanced and sustainable approach to combining human rights goals with social policies; and (4) maximize Roma ownership of the policies that affect them. At the same time, national policies or implementation strategies should be adapted and implemented according to the specific needs of Roma and Sinti populations in partic- ular situations in participating States. Implementation strategies should also include mechanisms to ensure that national policies are implemented at the local level.

5. The guiding principle in the efforts of participating States and relevant OSCE institu- tions should be that each policy and implementation strategy should be elaborated and implemented with the active participation of Roma and Sinti communities. It is essen- tial to ensure real participation by Roma and Sinti people in all the decisions that affect their lives. Roma and Sinti people should work alongside local, national and interna- tional authorities in the development of these strategies. Equally, Roma communities should be equal partners and should share the responsibility for the betterment of their welfare.

* 1 Article I, paragraph 4 reads: “Special measures taken for the sole purpose of securing adequate advancement of certain racial or ethnic groups or individuals requiring such protection as may be necessary in order to ensure such groups or individuals equal enjoyment or exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms shall not be deemed racial discrimination, provided, however, that such measures do not, as a consequence, lead to the maintenance of separate rights for different racial groups and that they shall not be continued after the objectives for which they were taken have been achieved.”

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6. The particular situation of Roma and Sinti women should be taken into account in the design and implementation of all policies and programmes. Where consultative and other mechanisms exist to facilitate Roma and Sinti people’s participation in such pol- icy-making processes, women should be able to participate on an equal basis with men. Roma women’s issues should be systematically mainstreamed in all relevant policies designed for the population as a whole.

III. Combating racism and discrimination

In order to counter prejudice against Roma and Sinti and to effectively elaborate and implement policies to combat discrimination and racial violence, the following actions are recommended:

Legislation and law enforcement

Recommended action by participating States:

7. Consider ratifying the relevant international treaties as soon as possible, if they have not already done so, inter alia, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.

8. Adopt and implement effective anti-discrimination legislation to combat racial and ethnic discrimination in all fields, including, inter alia, access to housing, citizenship and residence, education, employment, health and social services. Involve Roma and Sinti representatives in the design, implementation and evaluation processes.

9. The anti-discrimination legislation should ensure:

• Prohibition of both direct and indirect racial discrimination;

• Imposition of effective, proportionate and dissuasive sanctions for discriminatory acts or practices;

• Imposition of heavier sentences for racially motivated crimes by both private individu- als and public officials;

• Equal access to effective remedies (judicial, administrative, conciliation or mediation procedures).

10. It should be ensured that national legislation prohibits all kinds of discriminatory acts and that all cases of suspected discrimination are thoroughly and objectively inves- tigated.

11. Create, where appropriate, specialized institutions to ensure the implementation of such legislation, as well as domestic mechanisms to monitor and report regularly and with transparency on the progress achieved in its implementation. Encourage partici- pation of Roma and Sinti representatives in such bodies, whose work should be accessi- ble to the public.

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12. Develop, where necessary, comprehensive national strategies or action plans to improve the situation of Roma and Sinti people, which include specific measures to tackle discrimination in all fields of life.

13. Assess on a regular basis, especially at the local level, the results of these strategies and involve Roma and Sinti communities in the evaluation process.

14. Endeavour, by encouraging a genuine dialogue or consultations or through other appropriate means, to improve the relations between Roma and Sinti people and other inhabitants, with a view to promoting tolerance and overcoming prejudices and nega- tive stereotypes on both sides.

15. Document, consistent with national and international standards on the protection of data, all types and relevant cases of discrimination in order to better assess the situa- tion and respond to the needs of Roma and Sinti people.

16. Ensure the vigorous and effective investigation of acts of violence against Roma and Sinti people, especially where there are reasonable grounds to suspect that they were racially motivated, and prosecute those responsible in accordance with domestic law and consistent with relevant standards of human rights.

17. Ensure no impunity for perpetrators of discriminatory or violent acts, inter alia, by taking prompt and effective investigative and punitive action on the part of the police.

18. Facilitate access to justice for Roma and Sinti people through measures such as legal aid and the provision of information in the Romani language.

19. Take into account in all measures and programmes, the situation of Roma and Sinti women, who are often victims of discrimination on the basis of both ethnicity and sex. Recommended action by OSCE institutions and structures:

20. The ODIHR and, where appropriate, other OSCE institutions and structures, includ- ing OSCE field operations, will assist participating States, at their request, in developing anti-discrimination legislation, as well as in establishing anti-discrimination bodies.

21. The HCNM, within its mandate, will continue to follow the development of anti-dis- crimination legislation and provide advice and assistance to the participating States in this respect, as appropriate.

22. Upon request, the ODIHR will provide advice on how a participating State’s exist- ing mechanisms, such as ombudsman offices, commissions for combating discrimina- tion, police disciplinary commissions, and other relevant bodies can alleviate tensions between Roma and Sinti and non-Roma communities.

23. The ODIHR/Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues (CPRSI) will promote better relations between Roma and Sinti non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the participating States.

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24. The ODIHR-CPRSI will serve as a clearing house on initiatives undertaken by par- ticipating States and facilitate exchanges of information on best practices.

25. The ODIHR-CPRSI will, in close co-operation with participating States, Roma and Sinti communities, and where possible with other international organizations, and in full respect of the laws on the protection of personal data, collect documentation for the purpose of developing more precisely targeted policies.

Police Recommended action by participating States:

26. Develop policies that promote awareness among law-enforcement institutions regarding the situation of Roma and Sinti people and that counter prejudice and nega- tive stereotypes.

27. Develop training programmes to prevent excessive use of force and to promote awareness of and respect for human rights.

28. Develop policies: (1) to improve relations between Roma and Sinti communities and the police, so as to prevent police abuse and violence against Roma and Sinti people; and (2) to improve trust and confidence in the police among Roma and Sinti people.

29. Develop policies and procedures to ensure an effective police response to racially motivated violence against Roma and Sinti people.

30. Assess the gap between international standards on police and currently existing national practices in consultation with national police forces, NGOs and representa- tives of Roma and Sinti communities.

31. Elaborate, where appropriate, and in close partnership with international organiza- tions and Roma NGOs, policy statements, codes of conduct, practical guidance manu- als and training programmes.

32. Encourage Roma and Sinti people to work in law-enforcement institutions as a sus- tainable means of promoting tolerance and diversity.

Recommended action by OSCE institutions and structures:

33. The Strategic Police Matters Unit in the Secretariat and the ODIHR will assist par- ticipating States in developing programmes and confidence-building measures — such as community policing — to improve the relations between Roma and Sinti people and the police, particularly at the local level.

34. The ODIHR-CPRSI and the Strategic Police Matters Unit will, within their respec- tive mandates, produce a compilation of police “best practices” in the OSCE region with respect to policing and Roma and Sinti communities.

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35. The HCNM, the ODIHR-CPRSI and the Strategic Police Matters Unit will assist the participating States in developing codes of conduct to prevent racial profiling and improve interethnic relations.

Mass Media Recommended action by participating States:

36. Launch information and awareness-raising campaigns with a view to countering prejudices and negative stereotypes of Roma and Sinti people.

37. In order to foster freedom of expression, encourage training of Roma and Sinti jour- nalists and their employment in media outlets with a view to facilitating wider access to the media for Roma and Sinti people.

38. Encourage the media to show positive aspects and present a balanced portrayal of Roma life, refrain from stereotyping Roma and Sinti people and avoid inciting tension between various ethnic groups. Organize round tables between media representatives and Roma and Sinti representatives to promote this objective.

Recommended action by OSCE institutions and structures:

39. In co-operation with the ODIHR as well as relevant international organizations, the Representative on Freedom of the Media (RFOM) should consider how the OSCE could contribute to the establishment of a European Roma Radio which would broad- cast throughout Europe. The ODIHR and the RFOM should organize public debates, anti-discrimination campaigns and joint training programmes with and for the media.

40. The RFOM should consider facilitating training seminars for Roma journalists.

41. The ODIHR-CPRSI and the RFOM will organize round tables with journalists on the image that Roma and Sinti communities have in society.

42. The HCNM will continue to elaborate and disseminate guidelines for policy-makers on the use of the State broadcast media in multicultural communities, aimed, inter alia, at encouraging support for minority broadcasters, including Roma and Sinti broadcast- ers, and improving their access to the media.

IV. Addressing socio-economic issues

Action is required to ensure that Roma and Sinti people enjoy social and economic rights on a par with others. Measures at the grass-roots level, particularly those origi- nating from Roma groups themselves, are particularly needed in order to promote the integration of Roma and Sinti people into social and economic life and to combat their isolation and poverty. The OSCE and its participating States should continue to facili- tate such integration.

Housing and living conditions Recommended action by participating States:

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43. Put in place mechanisms and institutional procedures to clarify property rights, resolve questions of ownership and regularize the legal status of Roma and Sinti people living in circumstances of unsettled legality (e.g., Roma neighbourhoods lacking land rights or which are not included in the urban plans of the main locality; families and houses without legal residence status in settlements where the people have been living de facto for decades).

44. Involve Roma and Sinti people in the design of housing policies, as well as in the construction, rehabilitation and/or maintenance of public housing projects meant to benefit them. Ensure that housing projects do not foster ethnic and/or racial segrega- tion.

45. Consider the possibility of guaranteeing loans to participating States that may be available from international organizations and financial institutions for low-income housing projects.

46. Promote the option of co-operative housing schemes for Roma communities and provide appropriate training for the maintenance of such facilities.

Recommended action by OSCE institutions and structures:

47. The ODIHR-CPRSI and the Office of the Co-ordinator of OSCE Economic and Envi- ronmental Activities (OCEEA) are encouraged to play a larger role in facilitating the provision of information about and access to resources made available by foreign donors for specific projects, particularly those generated by Roma and Sinti groups, addressing the social and economic development of Roma and Sinti communities. Unemployment and economic problems

Recommended action by participating States:

48. Promote increased representation of qualified Roma and Sinti people in public employment.

49. Develop training programmes to prepare under-represented groups such as Roma and Sinti for employment in local public administration and other areas, and develop policies to encourage employment of the graduates of these programmes as civil serv- ants.

50. Reassess the impact of subsidized employment programmes, paying particular attention to their educational components, to ensure that these will aim to increase the competitiveness of Roma and Sinti people on the labour market.

51. Develop policies and programmes, including vocational training, to improve the marketable skills and employability of Roma and Sinti people, particularly young peo- ple and women.

52. Adopt social policies that strengthen incentives to seek employment, as a sustaina- ble way to avoid dependency on social benefits.

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Recommended action by OSCE institutions and structures:

53. At the request of participating States, the OCEEA, together with relevant interna- tional organizations, will contribute to developing approaches designed to overcome obstacles and discrimination that prevent Roma and Sinti people from fulfilling their potential in the economic sphere.

54. At the request of participating States, the ODIHR-CPRSI and the OCEEA will sup- port development of the employability and entrepreneurial skills of Roma and Sinti peo- ple through the establishment of training and retraining programmes in participat- ing States. Successful practices, particularly relating to the development of entrepre- neurial skills and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) (e.g., the Youth Entrepre- neurship Seminars programme) could be adapted to the needs of Roma and Sinti peo- ple. The OCEEA could also facilitate economic and social insertion by acting as a cata- lyst for support by partner organizations and financial institutions of micro-credit pro- grammes, in the form of small loans for the establishment of small-scale businesses.

55. The OCEEA, working in close contact and in co-operation with other international organizations, so as to avoid overlapping, can assist governments in assessing the impact of economic policies and processes on Roma and Sinti communities (by developing pol- icy performance/assessment indicators).

56. The ODIHR-CPRSI and the OCEEA will draw upon the research developed by UNDP and other agencies to assess the needs of Roma and Sinti people with a view to fostering policies that take into account the extent and nature of their specific needs in each participating State.

57. In co-ordination with relevant international organizations (in particular UNDP and the World Bank), the ODIHR-CPRSI and the OCEEA will examine ways to stimulate better access by Roma and Sinti people to regular training programmes. Workshops or round-table discussions tailored to the needs of Roma and Sinti people can be organ- ized, with a view to informing and educating community members regarding the eco- nomic and social rights of individuals and entrepreneurs.

Health care Recommended action by participating States:

58. Ensure that Roma and Sinti people have access to health care services on a non-dis- criminatory basis.

59. Promote awareness about the specific needs of the Roma and Sinti population amongst health care personnel.

60. Address the high incidence of disease and malnutrition among Roma communities.

61. Encourage access by Roma and Sinti populations to general public health services at an early stage by:

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(a) Informing Roma and Sinti people about the availability of such services and telling them how to take advantage of them;

(b) Strengthening the confidence of Roma and Sinti people towards public health care providers, including through: punishing incidents of direct or indirect discrimination experienced by Roma and Sinti; training health care workers to understand relevant aspects of Roma culture; and supporting mediators who can play an important role in bridging the gap between Roma communities and public health care service providers.

62. Pay special attention to the health of women and girls, inter alia, by:

(a) Promoting and/or developing programmes aimed at providing information on health care (including nutrition, neonatal care and domestic violence, etc.);

(b) Improving access to gynaecological health care, including prenatal, delivery and postnatal health care services, inter alia, through the provision of information and training.

63. Pay special attention to the health of Roma and Sinti children through the provision of appropriate paediatric care, including preventive measures such as offering vaccina- tions in Roma settlements.

Recommended action by OSCE institutions and structures:

64. In co-operation with other international organizations and NGOs, the ODIHR will draw upon existing research data to identify socio-economic, political and cultural fac- tors that have an impact on the health status of particular Roma and Sinti populations, and will advise participating States regarding public health programmes which would respond to needs identified.

65. The ODIHR-CPRSI and, where appropriate, other OSCE institutions and structures, including OSCE field operations, will assist participating States in launching educa- tional initiatives to help Roma and Sinti people make full use of regular health services. They will, inter alia, collect, produce and disseminate relevant information on good practices.

66. The ODIHR-CPRSI will pay special attention to ensuring that Roma and Sinti peo- ple have access to programmes aimed at prevention and/or treatment of drug abuse and addiction and AIDS and related diseases.

V. Improving access to education

Education is a prerequisite to the participation of Roma and Sinti people in the politi- cal, social and economic life of their respective countries on a footing of equality with others. Strong immediate measures in this field, particularly those that foster school attendance and combat illiteracy, should be assigned the highest priority both by deci- sion-makers and by Roma and Sinti communities. Educational policies should aim to

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 271 Maastricht 2003

integrate Roma and Sinti people into mainstream education by providing full and equal access at all levels, while remaining sensitive to cultural differences.

Recommended action by participating States:

67. Ensure that national legislation includes adequate provisions banning racial segre- gation and discrimination in education and provides effective remedies for violations of such legislation.

68. Consult Roma and Sinti representatives when designing educational policies affect- ing them.

69. Actively promote equal opportunities in the field of education for Roma and Sinti children, particularly by providing them with language-related or other assistance.

70. Take special measures to enhance the quality and effectiveness of education for Roma and Sinti children. Encourage increased representation of Roma and Sinti people among school teachers.

71. Include Roma history and culture in educational texts, with particular consideration given to the experience of Roma and Sinti people during the Holocaust.

72. Consider measures to ensure the respect, protection and promotion of the Romani language and its teaching, and of Roma culture as an integral part of the Roma and Sinti cultural heritage.

73. Develop and implement comprehensive school desegregation programmes aim- ing at: (1) discontinuing the practice of systematically routing Roma children to special schools or classes (e.g., schools for mentally disabled persons, schools and classes exclu- sively designed for Roma and Sinti children); and (2) transferring Roma children from special schools to mainstream schools.

74. Allocate financial resources for the transfer of the Roma children to mainstream education and for the development of school support programmes to ease the transition to mainstream education.

75. Facilitate Roma children’s access to mainstream education by taking measures such as:

(a) Taking measures to eradicate manifestations of prejudice against Roma and Sinti people in schools;

(b) Training of educators regarding multicultural education and ways of dealing with ethnically mixed classes;

(c) Developing strategies to gain wider community support for the desegregation of schools;

272 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Maastricht 2003

(d) Providing support to bridge the gap between Roma and Sinti children and other pupils, including through pre-school programmes designed to prepare Roma and Sinti children for primary school;

(e) Providing support to increase the number of mediators/trainers and teachers from within the Roma communities.

76. Develop and implement anti-racist curricula for schools, and anti-racism campaigns for the media.

77. Develop policies that address the full range of factors which contribute to low- school attendance by Roma and Sinti children. This includes, inter alia, ensuring that Roma and Sinti families have the necessary documentation for registration as any other inhabitants.

78. Consider elaborating social support programmes for low-income Roma families with school-aged children.

79. Promote regular school attendance by Roma and Sinti children, inter alia, through the involvement of family and social mediators, the promotion of awareness by Roma and Sinti parents and elders of their responsibility to facilitate children’s school attend- ance and, in particular, equal access to education for girls.

80. Pay special attention to providing Roma and Sinti girls with equal opportunities for educational and social inclusion and develop programmes to counter their particularly high drop-out rate.

81. Consider developing appropriate programmes for those who have not completed primary school or are illiterate.

82. Develop, where necessary, scholarship programmes for Roma students and encour- age their increased participation in existing scholarship programmes.

83. Encourage computer literacy among Roma and Sinti people through the setting up of information web-sites.

84. Evaluate periodically the effectiveness of educational policies.

Recommended action by OSCE institutions and structures:

85. The HCNM will encourage participating States to comply with their commitments to provide free and equal access to public education to all members of society, and will encourage them to take steps to improve the situation of Roma and Sinti people in this respect.

86. The HCNM will continue to provide guidance on educational models, curriculum content and the teaching of, or in, the mother tongue, including the Romani language.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 273 Maastricht 2003

VI. Enhancing participation in public and political life

Roma and Sinti people face special challenges in their efforts to participate in the pub- lic — and particularly the political — life of their respective countries. Low levels of education and, in certain cases, discrimination against them contribute substantially to the under-representation of Roma and Sinti people at all levels of government. Roma and Sinti people have an equal right to participate in public affairs. This includes the rights to vote, stand for election, participate in public affairs and form political parties without discrimination. Efforts made in recent years to foster Roma political participa- tion should be encouraged, particularly those originating from the Roma groups them- selves.

Recommended action by participating States:

87. Participating States must be proactive in ensuring that Roma and Sinti people, like any other inhabitants, have all the necessary documents, including birth certificates, identity documents and health insurance certificates. In resolving problems related to the lack of basic documents, participating States are strongly advised to work in part- nership with Roma and Sinti civil organizations.

88. Participating States are encouraged to take into account the following basic condi- tions for ensuring effective participation by Roma and Sinti people in public and politi- cal life:

— Early involvement:

Any initiative relating to Roma and Sinti people should involve them at the earliest stages in the development, implementation and evaluation phases;

— Inclusiveness:

Roma and Sinti people should be included in formal consultative processes, and the effectiveness of mechanisms established for their participation in shaping major policy initiatives should be ensured by involving them in a broadly representative process;

— Transparency:

Programmes and proposals should be circulated sufficiently in advance of decision- making deadlines to allow for meaningful analysis and input from representatives of Roma and Sinti communities;

— Meaningful participation by Roma and Sinti people at all levels of government:

Participation by Roma and Sinti people in local government is essential for the effective implementation of policies affecting them;

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— Ownership:

Roma and Sinti people play an essential and irreplaceable role in ensuring that the right to participate in the political process is observed in practice.

89. Elected officials should establish close working relations with Roma and Sinti com- munities.

90. Establish mechanisms to ensure equal, direct and open communication between Roma and Sinti representatives and government authorities, including advisory and consultative bodies.

91. Facilitate interaction between political leaders at the local and national levels and diverse Roma groups.

92. Organize election-awareness campaigns so as to increase participation of the Roma electorate in elections.

93. Ensure that Roma voters can make free and informed choices in elections.

94. Take measures to guarantee the equal voting rights of women, including by enforc- ing prohibitions on so-called “family voting”.

95. Encourage Roma and Sinti people to engage more actively in public service, includ- ing, where necessary, through the introduction of special measures to promote their participation in the civil service.

96. Encourage the representation of Roma and Sinti people in elected and appointed office at all levels of government.

97. Empower and integrate Roma and Sinti individuals into decision-making processes of States and localities as elected representatives of their communities and as citizens of their respective countries.

98. Promote Roma women’s participation in public and political life; Roma women should be able to participate on an equal basis with men in consultative and other mechanisms designed to increase access to all areas of public and political life.

Recommended action by OSCE institutions and structures:

99. The ODIHR and, where appropriate, other OSCE institutions and structures, includ- ing OSCE field operations, will develop programmes aimed at fostering the registration necessary for full political participation.

100. The ODIHR-CPRSI should help to organize training for and by Roma NGOs, including media organizations, for wider Roma communities on the issues of demo- cratic processes and participation.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 275 Maastricht 2003

101. The ODIHR and, where appropriate, other OSCE institutions and structures, including OSCE field operations, will develop and implement voter education and voter registration programmes.

102. The ODIHR will act as a catalyst for exchanges of information and best practices among participating States and other international organizations.

103. The ODIHR will continue and strengthen the practice of examining the involve- ment of Roma people in voting and election processes, and will continue the practice of including Roma and Sinti experts in its election observation missions in the OSCE area.

104. The HCNM, within its mandate, will continue to advise States on appropriate ways and means of facilitating the participation of Roma and Sinti people in all areas of pub- lic life.

105. The ODIHR-CPRSI and, where appropriate, other OSCE institutions and struc- tures, including OSCE field operations, will design programmes that encourage Roma and Sinti representatives to stand as candidates for elected bodies or will identify crea- tive solutions that would ensure the participation of Roma and Sinti representatives in national and local decision-making processes.

106. The ODIHR will devote particular attention to activities aimed at increasing access by Roma women to all areas of public and political life.

VII. Roma and Sinti in crisis and post-crisis situations

The participating States have an obligation to ensure that, even in crisis and post-crisis situations, all the fundamental rights, including the rights of refugees deriving from rel- evant international instruments, in particular the 1951 Convention relating to the Sta- tus of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol, are secured without discrimination. They take into account the UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement as a useful frame- work for the work of the OSCE and their endeavours in dealing with internal displace- ment.

Recommended action by participating States:

107. Consult Roma and Sinti populations when defining crisis situations in order to facilitate adequate procedures and to identify specific geographical areas from which refugees and internally displaced persons flee, as well as to ensure that the specific situ- ation of Roma and Sinti people are addressed.

108. Ensure that Roma and Sinti populations in a forced displacement situation (refu- gees and IDPs) are duly registered and provided with the relevant documents.

109. The participating States should ensure that programmes are in place to promote informed choice regarding the decision of Roma and Sinti refugees and IDPs concern- ing durable solutions to their situations, including the exercise of their right to safe,

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decent and sustainable return. Such programmes should provide concrete information regarding each subject of concern to refugees and IDPs and should be made available in the relevant languages.

110. Ensure that Roma and Sinti refugees are treated in accordance with the relevant international norms and standards of protection, and in a non-discriminatory manner.

111. Make use of the ODIHR’s role in conflict prevention and identification of areas of early intervention, and draw on the expertise of the OSCE HCNM in this regard.

112. Pay special attention to the needs of Roma and Sinti women and children in cri- sis and post-crisis situations, particularly by providing them with access to health care, housing and schooling.

Recommended action by OSCE institutions and structures:

113. The ODIHR will make use of its specific role in addressing conflict prevention and identifying areas of potential crisis requiring early intervention.

114. In accordance with its mandate, the ODIHR-CPRSI is called upon to respond effec- tively to crisis situations by, inter alia, co-operating with relevant governments, inter- governmental bodies and international organizations, in particular the UNHCR, to ensure protection of Roma communities at risk.

115. The ODIHR-CPRSI will raise awareness among public officials, journalists and oth- ers of the situation of Roma and Sinti people in crisis or conflict areas.

116. The ODIHR will assume a proactive role in analysing measures undertaken by par- ticipating States relating to Roma and Sinti people and offer its advice with a view to better tackling those elements of tension in particular local contexts which may evolve, if not prevented, into open conflict situations.

117. The HCNM will continue to exercise his mandate of conflict prevention at the ear- liest possible stage.

VIII. Enhancing co-operation and co-ordination with other international organizations and NGOs

Given the increased attention being paid to issues concerning Roma and Sinti people by various international organizations, co-ordination and co-operation is required to avoid duplication of effort. With a view to ensuring effective implementation of the Action Plan, the OSCE, and in particular the ODIHR, will closely co-operate with interna- tional organizations and non-governmental organizations.

118. The ODIHR-CPRSI will continue to participate actively in the Informal Contact Group on Roma of the Intergovernmental Organisations1.

1 The Informal Contact Group on Roma of the Intergovernmental Organisations is composed of representatives from OSCE/ODIHR, the Council of Europe, the European Commission and the European Union.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 277 Maastricht 2003

119. The strengthening and up-grading of this informal body will be agreed upon and implemented in co-operation with all the relevant partners, particularly by ensuring the inclusion of representatives of OSCE participating States. Regular meetings of the Informal Contact Group at the expert level, or a higher level when deemed necessary, will be considered with a view to furthering this aim.

120. The Informal Contact Group should establish common orientations and priorities, as well as better co-ordination and co-operation in order to avoid duplication of effort.

121. The ODIHR-CPRSI will seek to consolidate the “International Roma Contact Group”2 and will further contribute to the Council of Europe’s initiative for a possible European Forum for Roma and Travellers.

122. The ODIHR-CPRSI will provide information and co-ordination services to rele- vant national and international institutions, and will facilitate dialogue among them and with Roma NGOs.

123. The ODIHR-CPRSI will seek to develop relations with Roma and Sinti organiza- tions and help them to co-ordinate their efforts and resources, both within individual States and across borders, and to avail themselves fully of opportunities provided by existing national and international policies affecting Roma and Sinti people.

124. The ODIHR-CPRSI will draw upon the experience and input of existing monitor- ing projects developed by other international organizations.

IX. The ODIHR Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues

125. Where necessary, the ODIHR-CPRSI will facilitate information-sharing among OSCE participating States that have developed or are seeking to improve national poli- cies on Roma and Sinti people.

126. Upon request, ODIHR-CPRSI will advise participating States on future policies related to Roma and Sinti people and will stimulate debates between governments and Roma NGOs.

127. The ODIHR-CPRSI will support capacity-building for Roma and Sinti NGOs.

128. The ODIHR-CPRSI will establish a database of best practices in OSCE participat- ing States.

129. The ODIHR-CPRSI should assume a proactive role in analysing measures under- taken by participating States, as well as in particular situations and incidents relating to Roma and Sinti people. Towards this end CPRSI will establish and develop direct con- tacts with participating States and will offer advice and opinions to them.

2 The International Roma Contact Group was established in October 2000 at the initiative of the ODIHR Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues. The Contact Group includes representatives of the International Romani Union, the Roma National Congress, elected Romani representatives, Romani experts and the ODIHR- CPRSI.

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130. Governments concerned will co-operate with the ODIHR-CPRSI in identifying effective solutions to crisis situations.

131. The ODIHR-CPRSI will provide Roma and Sinti communities with more informa- tion on OSCE resources and activities.

132. In co-operation with relevant OSCE institutions and structures, the ODIHR will develop appropriate action aimed at tackling the root causes of trafficking in human beings, especially in children, and raise awareness of its consequences among Roma and Sinti communities.

X. Implementation: review and assessment

133. The implementation of the Action Plan’s provisions will be reviewed at the Human Dimension Implementation Meetings, Review Conferences and other relevant human dimension events.

134. Drawing on the outcome of the above-mentioned meetings, as well as on input from the consolidated Informal Contact Group on Roma of the Intergovernmental Organisations and the International Roma Contact Group, the Director of the ODIHR will report to the Permanent Council, which may recommend to participating States and OSCE institutions priorities for co-operation and co-ordination.

135. The Permanent Council will periodically organize informal briefings by the Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues on the areas covered by the present Action Plan in order to assess the impact at the national and local levels of the measures foreseen by it.

136. With a view to facilitating the implementation review process, OSCE participating States are encouraged to provide information on recent developments in the situation of Roma and Sinti people and/or measures inspired by this Action Plan at the Human Dimension Implementation Meetings, prior to Review Conferences and to the Perma- nent Council, where appropriate.

137. All relevant OSCE institutions and structures, including OSCE field operations, will continue to interact closely with participating States in order to assist them in implementing the Action Plan.

138. The ODIHR-CPRSI will disseminate information on this Plan to Roma and Sinti communities and organizations as well as to other international organizations.

139. In order to enable ODIHR-CPRSI to carry out the tasks entrusted to it in the present Action Plan, the OSCE Permanent Council will address providing adequate human and financial resources. The details will be worked out by the Advisory Committee on Man- agement and Finance and will be submitted to the Permanent Council.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 279 Maastricht 2003

Decision No. 4/03

Tolerance and Non-Discrimination

The Ministerial Council,

Recognizing that respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, democracy and the rule of law are at the core of the OSCE’s comprehensive concept of security,

Recalling its commitments in the field of the human dimension, enshrined in the Helsinki Final Act, the Charter of Paris for a New Europe, the Charter for European Security(Istanbul Summit, 1999) and all other relevant OSCE documents and deci- sions,

Recalling Decision No. 6 on Tolerance and Non-discrimination, adopted at the Tenth Meeting of the Ministerial Council in Porto on 7 December 2002,

Reaffirming its commitment to promote tolerance and combat discrimination, and its concern about all manifestations of aggressive nationalism, racism, chauvinism, xeno- phobia, anti-Semitism and violent extremism in all participating States, as well as dis- crimination based, inter alia, on race, color, sex, language, religion or belief, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status,

Urging the relevant authorities in all participating States to continue to condemn pub- licly, at the appropriate level and in the appropriate manner, violent acts motivated by discrimination and intolerance,

Affirming its commitment to increase its efforts for the promotion of tolerance and non-discrimination in all fields,

Welcoming the work done by the OSCE during 2003,

1. Commits itself to promote the implementation of the Action Plan on Improving the Situation of Roma and Sinti within the OSCE Area;

2. Decides to enhance the efforts being made to increase women’s participation and the role of women in furthering democratization and economic development, and to con- sider integrating the provisions of the OSCE Action Plan on Gender Issues where appli- cable into national policies. Further decides to enhance its efforts to achieve gender bal- ance at all levels within the OSCE, taking full account also in this respect of the prin- ciple of recruiting staff from all participating States on a fair basis. Reiterates that the OSCE encourages female candidates to apply for OSCE positions;

3. Decides to follow up the work started at the OSCE Conference on Anti-Semitism, held in Vienna on 19 and 20 June 2003 and welcomes the offer by Germany to host a second OSCE conference on this subject in Berlin on 28 and 29 April 2004;

280 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Maastricht 2003

4. Decides to follow up the work started at the OSCE Conference on Racism, Xeno- phobia and Discrimination, held in Vienna on 4 and 5 September 2003 and welcomes the offer by Belgium to host a second OSCE conference on this subject in Brussels in autumn 2004;

5. Tasks the Permanent Council to further discuss, in addition to the two above-men- tioned conferences, ways and means of increasing the efforts of the OSCE and the par- ticipating States for the promotion of tolerance and non-discrimination in all fields;

6. Encourages all participating States to collect and keep records on reliable informa- tion and statistics on hate crimes, including on forms of violent manifestations of rac- ism, xenophobia, discrimination, and anti-Semitism, as discussed and recommended in the above-mentioned conferences. Recognizing the importance of legislation to com- bat hate crimes, participating States will inform the ODIHR about existing legislation regarding crimes fuelled by intolerance and discrimination, and, where appropriate, seek the ODIHR’s assistance in the drafting and review of such legislation;

7. Tasks the ODIHR, in full co-operation, inter alia, with the United Nations Commit- tee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (UNCERD), the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) and the European Monitoring Center on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC), as well as relevant NGOs, with serving as a collection point for information and statistics collected by participating States, and with reporting reg- ularly on these issues, including in the format of the Human Dimension Implementa- tion Meeting, as a basis for deciding on priorities for future work. The ODIHR will, inter alia, promote best practices and disseminate lessons learned in the fight against intol- erance and discrimination;

8. Recognizes the need to combat hate crimes, which can be fuelled by racist, xenopho- bic, and anti-Semitic propaganda on the internet. We welcome the offer by France to host in Paris in 2004 a forward-looking event, fully respecting the rights to freedom of information and expression, on the relationship between propaganda on the internet and hate crimes;

9. Affirms the importance of freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief, and con- demns all discrimination and violence, including against any religious group or individ- ual believer. Commits to ensure and facilitate the freedom of the individual to profess and practice a religion or belief, alone or in community with others, where necessary through transparent and non-discriminatory laws, regulations, practices and policies. Encourages the participating States to seek the assistance of the ODIHR and its Panel of Experts on Freedom of Religion or Belief. Emphasizes the importance of a contin- ued and strengthened interfaith and intercultural dialogue to promote greater toler- ance, respect and mutual understanding;

10. Ensures the advancement of the implementation of the OSCE commitments on national minorities, and recognizes the importance of the recommendations of the High Commissioner on National Minorities on education, public participation, and lan-

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 281 Maastricht 2003

guage, including on its use in broadcast media, and the relevant recommendations of the Representative on Freedom of the Media in this regard;

11. Undertakes to combat discrimination against migrant workers. Further under- takes to facilitate the integration of migrant workers into the societies in which they are legally residing. Calls on the ODIHR to reinforce its activities in this respect;

12. Undertakes, in this context, to combat, subject to national legislation and interna- tional commitments, discrimination, where existing, against asylum seekers and refu- gees, and calls on the ODIHR to reinforce its activities in this respect;

13. Takes into account the UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement as a useful framework for the work of the OSCE and the endeavors of participating States in deal- ing with internal displacement;

14. Decides that the OSCE in addressing the issues contained in this document will increase its efforts towards the younger generation in order to build up their under- standing of the need for tolerance. Human rights education merits particular attention;

15. Decides to intensify the co-operation of the OSCE with relevant international organ- izations such as the United Nations, the Council of Europe and the European Union, as well as with civil society and relevant non-governmental organizations to promote tol- erance and non-discrimination;

16. Tasks the Permanent Council, the ODIHR, the HCNM and the RFoM, in close co- operation with the Chairmanship-in-Office, with ensuring an effective follow-up to the relevant provisions of the present decision, and requests the Permanent Council to address the operational and funding modalities for the implementation of this decision.

Decision No. 5/03

Elections

The Ministerial Council,

Reaffirming the provisions of the Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Confer- ence on the Human Dimension of the CSCE (1990),

Noting that relevant provisions of the Lisbon Summit Declaration (1996) and the Istan- bul Summit Declaration (1999) have supplemented those commitments,

Reaffirming its determination to implement these commitments,

Recalling Decision No. 7 adopted at the Tenth Meeting of the OSCE Ministerial Coun- cil in Porto in 2002,

282 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Maastricht 2003

Acknowledging that democratic elections can be conducted under a variety of different electoral systems and laws,

Recognizing the ODIHR’s expertise in assisting participating States in the implementa- tion of election-related commitments and standards,

Welcoming the continuing efficient co-operation between the ODIHR and the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly in election monitoring,

Welcoming the document “Existing Commitments for Democratic Elections in OSCE Participating States: A Progress Report” (ODIHR.GAL/39/03), which was prepared by the ODIHR and submitted to the participating States in June of this year,

Recognizing in particular the need for confidence by the electorate in the entire process, for transparency of election procedures, and for accountability on the part of authori- ties conducting elections, calls upon participating States to further enhance their co- operation with the ODIHR in this field,

Tasks the ODIHR to consider ways to improve the effectiveness of its assistance to par- ticipating States in following up recommendations made in ODIHR election-observa- tion reports and inform the Permanent Council on progress made in fulfilling this task;

Tasks the Permanent Council, drawing on expertise from the ODIHR, to consider the need for additional commitments on elections, supplementing existing ones, and report to the next Ministerial Council.

Decision No. 6/03

Terms of Reference for the OSCE Counter-Terrorism Network

The Ministerial Council,

Acknowledging the need to strengthen the co-ordination of counter-terrorism meas- ures and information sharing between OSCE participating States and within their cap- itals,

Recalling Decision No. 1 (MC(10).DEC/1 of 7 December 2002) of the Tenth Meeting of the Ministerial Council, on implementing the OSCE commitments and activities on combating terrorism,

Decides to establish the OSCE Counter-Terrorism Network (CTN) in accordance with the terms of reference for the Network contained in the annex to this decision.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 283 Maastricht 2003

Annex to Decision No. 6/03

OSCE COUNTER-TERRORISM NETWORK

TERMS OF REFERENCE

The primary purpose of the OSCE Counter-Terrorism Network (CTN) is to promote the strengthening of co-ordination of counter-terrorism measures and information-shar- ing between OSCE participating States. In particular, it aims to strengthen the liaison between the delegations of participating States, counter-terrorism officials in capitals and the OSCE Action against Terrorism Unit (ATU).* The Network facilitates timely exchanges of information on counter-terrorism programmes, training and legal devel- opments initiated by the OSCE and participating States, as well as on open-source anal- yses concerning trends in terrorist phenomena. The primary emphasis will be placed on supporting and supplementing the work of the United Nations Security Council Coun- ter-Terrorism Committee in implementing Security Council resolution 1373. The CTN is not intended to be a conduit for intelligence or other sensitive information, nor does it seek to duplicate functions of other international and regional law-enforcement net- works.

Responsibilities of the ATU

1. Inform participating States of bilateral as well as multilateral training opportuni- ties related to counter-terrorism matters, and work with principal liaisons to take full advantage of such programmes.

2. Co-ordinate and facilitate OSCE counter-terrorism activities, including capacity- building assistance programmes, training and contingency-preparedness workshops, with a view to effectively utilizing resources and averting duplication.

3. Respond to information and requests for action from principal liaisons in a timely manner.

4. Ensure that, through the delegations, the principal liaisons are kept fully informed of developments regarding significant counter-terrorism matters that affect the OSCE region, by means of regular distribution by email of an ATU newsletter and of regular updates of the OSCE ATU home page.

5. Co-ordinate with the principal liaison, through the delegation concerned, when an OSCE ATU official travels to a participating State in connection with terrorism-related matters.

*The United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) has supported the development of such regional networks to strengthen co-operation and co-ordination. The Secretariat of the Inter-American Committee against Terrorism (CICTE), within the Organization of American States, has already developed a regional hemispheric network of national points of contact. The ATU is grateful for and acknowledges CICTE’s advice and assistance in developing the OSCE Counter-Terrorism Network.

284 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Maastricht 2003

Responsibilities of principal liaisons

1. Ensure that communications from the ATU reach the appropriate government offices, and that responses to the ATU are forwarded in a timely manner.

2. Provide information to the ATU about significant national developments regarding action to combat terrorism, including new counter-terrorism legislation4, counter-ter- rorism training or assistance programmes and examples of national “best practices”.

3. Communicate information on seminars, workshops and conferences related to coun- ter-terrorism concerns that participating States may host, and that are open to outside participation.

4. Serve as the principal co-ordinator for OSCE anti-terrorism seminars, workshops and conferences involving the principal liaison’s participating State.

5. Co-ordinate, prioritize and communicate, on behalf of the participating State con- cerned, training and assistance needs and requests related to counter-terrorism matters that the OSCE might support or facilitate.

4 The OSCE ATU relies on official notifications of ratification through the web sites of the relevant depositories of anti-terrorism instruments for the most accurate informa- tion on ratification.

Means of communication and support

The ATU will, where possible and appropriate, use Internet-based technologies to com- municate with principal liaisons and others on the CTN, with email being the most common tool. Principal liaisons are, however, encouraged to consult the OSCE and CTC web sites regularly. As needed, the ATU will recommend meetings of principal liaisons to participating States, subject to authorization by the Permanent Council and availability of funding, either on the margins of other annual OSCE meetings such as the Annual Security Review Conference, or as a separate event. One P-1 contracted position will be added to the ATU staff in 2004 to support the development and main- tenance of the CTN.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 285 Document of the Twelfth Meeting of the Ministerial Council Sofia 2004

I. Sofia Ministerial Statement on Preventing and Combating Terrorism 1. We, the members of the Ministerial Council of the OSCE, having met together in Sofia, declare our resolute and unconditional condemnation of terrorist acts, in par- ticular those committed in 2004 in Spain, Uzbekistan, Turkey and Russia, where in the city of Beslan terrorists brutally and callously killed innocent and defenceless children. We grieve the loss of hundreds of human lives and express our profound solidarity with victims of acts of terrorism and their families. These acts have vividly exposed terror- ism’s inhuman nature. We express our solidarity with the States not participating in our Organization which were also attacked by terrorists.

Reiterating that terrorism constitutes one of the most serious threats to peace and secu- rity and considering that acts of terrorism seriously impair the enjoyment of human rights, we reaffirm our commitment to protect the enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms, especially the right to life, of everyone within our jurisdiction against terrorist acts. We re-emphasize our determination to combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, as a crime that has no justification, whatever its motivation or origin, and to conduct this fight with respect for the rule of law and in accordance with our obligations under international law, in particular international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law.

2. We underscore the leading role of the United Nations in the comprehensive fight against terrorism. We reaffirm obligations and commitments adopted by our States in the field of combating terrorism within the United Nations, including resolutions 1267 (1999), 1373 (2001), 1456 (2003), 1535 (2004), 1540 (2004) and 1566 (2004) of the United Nations Security Council, as well as resolution 58/187 of the United Nations General Assembly, and we support the resolution 2004/87 of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. We also reaffirm obligations and commitments adopted within other international organizations of which we are members.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 287 Sofia 2004

We welcome the importance attributed by UN Security Council resolution 1566 (2004) to the role of relevant international, regional and subregional organizations in strength- ening international co-operation in the fight against terrorism and the call for intensi- fied interaction with the United Nations.

We underline our determination to support the important efforts of the UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee and of its Executive Directorate. We commit to hold ourselves to the highest possible standards of implementation of the 12 United Nations conventions and protocols related to terrorism. We also renew our call for co- operation on an expedited basis in resolving all outstanding issues with a view to adopt- ing by consensus the draft comprehensive convention on international terrorism and the draft international convention for the suppression of acts of nuclear terrorism.

We remain committed to the anti-terrorism OSCE decisions, in particular the commit- ments contained in the Bucharest Plan of Action for Combating Terrorism, the OSCE Charter on Preventing and Combating Terrorism and the OSCE Strategy to Address Threats to Security and Stability in the Twenty-First Century.

Our countries reaffirm their commitment to swift and full implementation of these decisions and arrangements throughout the OSCE area.

3. We welcome the OSCE’s efforts in the field of combating terrorism, including the decisions adopted in 2004, and support the work of the Action against Terrorism Unit of the OSCE Secretariat.

We are convinced that the package of practical decisions that we adopt and welcome today*, and their further implementation will increase the level of security and stability in the OSCE area. These decisions will help ensure implementation of our obligations under international law to prevent and combat terrorism.

4. We intend to step up OSCE activities and measures to prevent and combat terrorism and to address all the factors which engender conditions in which terrorist organiza- tions are able to recruit and win support.

We reaffirm that the OSCE efforts to counter terrorist threats should be taken in all OSCE dimensions, the security dimension, including the politico-military area, the economic and environmental dimension, and the human dimension. Based on the com- mon, comprehensive and indivisible approach to security, our Organization could make further substantial contributions to global anti-terrorist efforts.

We are convinced that respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms is an impor- tant element of ensuring peace and stability and prevention of terrorism. We acknowl-

* Permanent Council Decision No. 617 on Further Measures to Suppress Terrorist Financing (1 July 2004). Permanent Council Decision No. 618 on Solidarity with Victims of Terrorism (1 July 2004). Ministerial Decision on Combating the Use of the Internet for Terrorist Purposes. Ministerial Decision on Enhancing Container Security. Ministerial Decision on Reporting Lost/Stolen Passports to Interpol’s ASF-STD.

288 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Sofia 2004

edge that effective prevention of and fight against terrorism require the involvement of civil society in our countries.

We are determined to further strengthen our interaction at both bilateral and multilat- eral levels in various formats in order to forestall the threat of terrorism in the OSCE area and in the world. We will actively co-operate to find and bring to justice the perpe- trators, organizers, supporters and sponsors of terrorist acts.

We also will continue to develop interaction and dialogue on the issues of preventing and combating terrorism with the Mediterranean and Asian Partners for Co-opera- tion.

II. Ministerial Declaration on the Sixtieth Anniversary of the End of World War II The year 2005 marks the sixtieth anniversary of the end of the battles of World War II. We mourn the tens of millions of people who lost their lives, as victims of the war, the Holocaust, occupations and acts of repression. We honour all those who fought for the victory of humanity against dictatorship, oppression and aggression. Time will not diminish the meaning of their sacrifice. We welcome the UN General Assembly resolu- tion on the commemoration of the sixtieth anniversary of the end of World War II.

Reflecting on our desire to prevent the recurrence of such a European and international catastrophe, we hail the progress that has been made in the past sixty years in overcom- ing the tragic legacy of World War II, towards achieving global peace and security, rec- onciliation, international and regional co-operation and the promotion of democratic values, human rights and fundamental freedoms, in particular through the United Nations and the establishment of regional organizations. We stress the important role that the CSCE and OSCE have played in this regard in the past three decades.

Recalling the Helsinki Final Act, the Charter of Paris for a New Europe, the Charter for European Security, and other agreed OSCE documents we shall spare no effort to avoid the emergence of new dividing lines in the OSCE area, and to eliminate sources of hos- tility, tensions and confrontation. We are determined to continue our collective efforts with a view of creating a common and indivisible space of security in the OSCE area, based on democracy, the rule of law, economic prosperity, social justice, and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the rights of persons belonging to national minorities.

We have learned from history the danger of intolerance, discrimination, extremism and hatred on ethnic, racial and religious grounds. We are committed to combat these threats, including through the OSCE, and we reject any attempts to justify them.

We strongly condemn any denial of the Holocaust. We condemn all forms of ethnic cleansing. We confirm our adherence to the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide adopted on 9 December 1948. We call on the participating States to take every possible action to ensure that attempts to commit

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 289 Sofia 2004

genocide are prevented today and in the future. The perpetrators of such crimes should be brought to justice.

New times have brought new threats and challenges, one of the most dangerous of which is terrorism. We will fight this threat together, by uniting our efforts and resources, and defending common principles. We will work, inter alia, through the OSCE, to combat terrorism and other threats and challenges to security.

We are convinced that the peaceful resolution of all existing conflicts, the observance of the norms of international law, the aims and principles of the UN Charter, the ful- filment of commitments contained in the Helsinki Final Act and other agreed OSCE documents are the best way to pay tribute to those who struggled for peace, freedom, democracy and human dignity, to commemorate all victims of World War II, to over- come the past, and to save present and future generations from the scourge of war and violence.

IV. Decisions of the Ministerial Council Decision No. 3/04

Combating the Use of the Internet for Terrorist Purposes

The Ministerial Council,

Recognizing United Nations Security Council resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1566 (2004) as milestones of the international legal framework for the fight against terrorism, Deter- mined to further intensify efforts in the implementation of existing OSCE commit- ments on combating terrorism, as reflected in the OSCE Charter on Preventing and Combating Terrorism, Porto Ministerial Council Decision No. 1 on implementing the OSCE commitments and activities on combating terrorism, the Bucharest Plan of Action for Combating Terrorism and the OSCE Strategy to Address Threats to Security and Stability in the Twenty-First Century,

Recalling the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (November 2001), and other relevant works developed in this forum, as well as the results of the Council of Europe Conference on the Challenge of Cybercrime,

Recalling the OSCE Meeting on the Relationship Between Racist, Xenophobic and Anti- Semitic Propaganda on the Internet and Hate Crimes (Paris, 15 and 16 June 2004),

Concerned by the extent of use of the Internet by terrorist organizations:

• To identify and to recruit potential members,

• To collect and transfer funds,

• To organize terrorist acts,

290 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Sofia 2004

• To incite terrorist acts in particular through the use of propaganda,

Decides that participating States will exchange information on the use of the Inter- net for terrorist purposes and identify possible strategies to combat this threat, while ensuring respect for international human rights obligations and standards, including those concerning the rights to privacy and freedom of opinion and expression;

Tasks the Secretary General to organize in 2005, in co-operation with Interpol and other interested international organizations, an expert workshop to exchange informa- tion on the extent of this threat, as well as on the existing legal framework and institu- tional tools, and to consider concrete measures to enhance international co-operation on this issue.

Decision No. 11/04

Combating Corruption

The Ministerial Council,

Reiterating that corruption represents one of the major impediments to the prosperity and sustainable development of the participating States, that undermines their stability and security and threatens the OSCE’s shared values,

Determined to further intensify efforts in the implementation of existing OSCE com- mitments on combating corruption, as reflected in the Charter for European Security adopted at the 1999 OSCE Istanbul Summit and the OSCE Strategy Document for the Economic and Environmental Dimension adopted in Maastricht in 2003,

Reaffirming its commitment to make the elimination of all forms of corruption a pri- ority and to implement effective and resolute measures against corruption, including through the implementation of relevant national legislation and programmes,

Recalling that the fight against corruption requires the adoption by the participating States of a comprehensive and long-term anti-corruption strategy,

Acknowledging the important work on this issue done by other international organi- zations, in particular by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the Council of Europe (CoE) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Devel- opment (OECD),

Recognizing that the United Nations Convention against Corruption, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 31 October 2003 in New York, marks a major step forward in international co-operation against corruption and provides the opportunity for a global response to the problem,

Encourages the OSCE participating States, which have not yet done so, to sign and rat- ify the United Nations Convention against Corruption as soon as possible, in order to ensure its rapid entry into force, and implement it fully.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 291 Sofia 2004

Tasks the OSCE Secretariat, in particular the Office of the Co-ordinator of OSCE Eco- nomic and Environmental Activities (OCEEA), upon the request of the OSCE partici- pating States, to provide support in mobilizing technical assistance, including necessary expertise and resources, from relevant competent international organizations, with due regard to their respective mandates, in the ratification or/and the implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption.

Decision No. 12/04

Tolerance and Non-Discrimination

The Ministerial Council,

Recognizing that respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, democracy and the rule of law are at the core of the OSCE comprehensive concept of security,

Recalling its commitments in the field of the human dimension, enshrined in the Hel- sinki Final Act, the Charter of Paris for a New Europe, the Charter for European Secu- rity (Istanbul Summit, 1999) and all other relevant OSCE documents and decisions,

Recalling Decision No. 4/03 on Tolerance and Non-Discrimination, adopted at the Elev- enth Meeting of the Ministerial Council in Maastricht on 2 December 2003,

Welcoming the work done by the OSCE during 2004 in promoting tolerance and non- discrimination,

1. Appreciates the Declaration made by the OSCE Chairman-in-Office at the OSCE Conference on Anti-Semitism held in Berlin on 28 and 29 April 2004 — “Berlin Decla- ration” and the Declaration made by the OSCE Chairman-in-Office at the OSCE Con- ference on Tolerance and the Fight Against Racism, Xenophobia and Discrimination held in Brussels on 13 and 14 September 2004 — “Brussels Declaration”;

2. Endorses the Permanent Council Decisions on Combating Anti-Semitism (PC. DEC/607) and on Tolerance and the Fight against Racism, Xenophobia and Discrimina- tion (PC.DEC/621) and the Permanent Council Decision on Promoting Tolerance and Media Freedom on the Internet (PC.DEC/633), annexed to this decision;

3. Further decides to intensify efforts for the implementation of these three decisions, which include commitments in the fields of, inter alia, education, media, legislation, law enforcement, migration and religious freedom;

4. Decides to follow up the work started in 2003 and continued with the OSCE Con- ference on Anti-Semitism, (Berlin on 28 and 29 April 2004), the OSCE Meeting on the Relationship Between Racist, Xenophobic and anti-Semitic Propaganda on the Inter- net and Hate Crimes, held in Paris on 16 and 17 June 2004, and the OSCE Conference on Tolerance and the Fight against Racism, Xenophobia and Discrimination, (Brussels on 13 and 14 September 2004). Also welcomes the offer by Spain to host in Cordoba in June 2005 the OSCE Conference on anti- Semitism and on Other Forms of Intolerance;

292 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Sofia 2004

5. Welcomes the intention of the Chairman-in-Office to appoint, in accordance with Porto Ministerial Council Decision No. 8, three personal representatives as part of the overall fight of the OSCE in combating discrimination and promoting tolerance. The personal representatives will have their costs covered by extra-budgetary contributions

Annex to Decision No. 12/04 Permanent Council Decision No. 607

Combating Anti-Semitism

(PC.DEC/607 of 22 April 2004)

The Permanent Council,

Taking into account the forthcoming OSCE Conference on Anti-Semitism in Berlin on 28 and 29 April 2004,

Reaffirming the participating States’ existing commitments related to combating anti- Semitism, and

In order to reinforce our common efforts to combat anti-Semitism across the OSCE region,

Decides,

1. The participating States commit to:

• Strive to ensure that their legal systems foster a safe environment free from anti- Semitic harassment, violence or discrimination in all fields of life;

• Promote, as appropriate, educational programmes for combating anti-Semitism;

• Promote remembrance of and, as appropriate, education about the tragedy of the Hol- ocaust, and the importance of respect for all ethnic and religious groups;

• Combat hate crimes, which can be fuelled by racist, xenophobic and anti-Semitic propaganda in the media and on the Internet;

• Encourage and support international organization and NGO efforts in these areas;

• Collect and maintain reliable information and statistics about anti-Semitic crimes, and other hate crimes, committed within their territory, report such information peri- odically to the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), and make this information available to the public;

• Endeavour to provide the ODIHR with the appropriate resources to accomplish the tasks agreed upon in the Maastricht Ministerial Decision on Tolerance and Non-Dis- crimination;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 293 Sofia 2004

• Work with the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly to determine appropriate ways to review periodically the problem of anti-Semitism;

• Encourage development of informal exchanges among experts in appropriate fora on best practices and experiences in law enforcement and education;

2. To task the ODIHR to:

• Follow closely, in full co-operation with other OSCE institutions as well as the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (UNCERD), the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), the European Moni- toring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) and other relevant international institutions and NGOs, anti-Semitic incidents in the OSCE area making use of all reli- able information available;

• Report its findings to the Permanent Council and to the Human Dimension Imple- mentation Meeting and make these findings public. These reports should also be taken into account in deciding on priorities for the work of the OSCE in the area of intoler- ance;

• Systematically collect and disseminate information throughout the OSCE area on best practices for preventing and responding to anti-Semitism and, if requested, offer advice to participating States in their efforts to fight anti-Semitism;

3. To ask the Chairman-in-Office to bring this decision to the attention of the partici- pants of the upcoming Conference in Berlin and to incorporate it into his declaration concluding the Conference;

4. To forward this decision to the Ministerial Council for endorsement at its Twelfth Meeting.

Annex to Decision No. 12/04 Permanent Council Decision No. 621

Tolerance and the Fight against Racism, Xenophobia and Discrimination

(PC.DEC/621 of 29 July 2004)

The Permanent Council,

Taking into account the forthcoming OSCE Conference on Tolerance and the Fight against Racism, Xenophobia and Discrimination in Brussels on 13 and 14 September 2004, Recalling the Maastricht Ministerial Council Decision on Tolerance and Non- Discrimination (MC.DEC/4/03), the OSCE Conference on anti-Semitism in Berlin on 28 and 29 April 2004 as well as the OSCE Meeting on the Relationship between Racist, Xenophobic and anti-Semitic Propaganda on the Internet and Hate Crimes in Paris on 16 and 17 June 2004 and their results,

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Reaffirming the participating States’ existing commitments related to the promotion of tolerance and non-discrimination, and

In order to reinforce our common efforts to fight manifestations of intolerance across the OSCE region,

Decides,

1. The participating States commit to:

• Consider enacting or strengthening, where appropriate, legislation that prohibits dis- crimination based on, or incitement to hate crimes motivated by, race, colour, sex, lan- guage, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status;

• Promote and enhance, as appropriate, educational programmes for fostering tolerance and combating racism, xenophobia and discrimination;

• Promote and facilitate open and transparent interfaith and intercultural dialogue and partnerships towards tolerance, respect and mutual understanding and ensure and facilitate the freedom of the individual to profess and practice a religion or belief, alone or in community with others, including through transparent and non-discrimi- natory laws, regulations, practices and policies;

• Take steps to combat acts of discrimination and violence against Muslims in the OSCE area;

• Take steps, in conformity with their domestic law and international obligations, against discrimination, intolerance and xenophobia against migrants and migrant workers;

• Consider undertaking activities to raise public awareness of the enriching contribu- tion of migrants and migrant workers to society;

• Combat hate crimes, which can be fuelled by racist, xenophobic and anti-Semitic propaganda in the media and on the Internet, and appropriately denounce such crimes publicly when they occur;

• Consider establishing training programmes for law enforcement and judicial officials on legislation and enforcement of legislation relating to hate crimes;

• Encourage the promotion of tolerance, dialogue, respect and mutual understanding through the Media, including the Internet;

• Encourage and support international organization and NGO efforts in these areas;

• Collect and maintain reliable information and statistics about hate crimes motivated by racism, xenophobia and related discrimination and intolerance, committed within their territory, report such information periodically to the OSCE Office for Demo-

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cratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) and make this information available to the public;

• Examine the possibility of establishing within countries appropriate bodies to pro- mote tolerance and to combat racism, xenophobia, discrimination or related intoler- ance, including against Muslims, and anti-Semitism;

• Endeavour to provide the ODIHR with the appropriate resources to accomplish the tasks agreed upon in the Maastricht Ministerial Decision on Tolerance and Non-Dis- crimination;

• Work with the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly to determine appropriate ways to review periodically the problems of racism, xenophobia and discrimination;

• Encourage development of informal exchanges among experts in appropriate fora on best practices and experiences in law enforcement and education;

2. To task the ODIHR to:

• Follow closely, in full co-operation with other OSCE institutions as well as the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (UNCERD), the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR), the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), the European Moni- toring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) and other relevant international institutions and NGOs, incidents motivated by racism, xenophobia, or related intoler- ance, including against Muslims, and anti-Semitism in the OSCE area making use of all reliable information available;

• Report its findings to the Permanent Council and to the Human Dimension Imple- mentation Meeting and make these findings public. These reports should also be taken into account in deciding on priorities for the work of the OSCE in the area of intoler- ance;

• Systematically collect and disseminate information throughout the OSCE area on best practices for preventing and responding to racism, xenophobia and discrimination and, if requested, offer advice to participating States in their efforts to fight racism, xenophobia and discrimination;

• Support the ability of civil society and the development of partnerships to address racism, xenophobia, discrimination or related intolerance, including against Muslims, and anti-Semitism;

3. To ask the Chairman-in-Office to bring this decision to the attention of the partici- pants of the upcoming Conference in Brussels and to incorporate it into his declaration concluding the Conference;

4. To forward this decision to the Ministerial Council for endorsement at its Twelfth Meeting.

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Annex to Decision No. 12/04 Permanent Council Decision No. 633

Promoting Tolerance and Media Freedom on the Internet

(PC.DEC/633 of 11 November 2004)

The Permanent Council,

Reaffirming the commitments made at the Ministerial Council Meeting in Maastricht to combat hate crimes, which can be fuelled by racist, xenophobic and anti-Semitic propaganda on the Internet,

Reaffirming the importance of fully respecting the right to the freedoms of opinion and expression, which include the freedom to seek, receive and impart information, which are vital to democracy and in fact are strengthened by the Internet,

Recalling the commitments to collect and maintain reliable information and statistics about hate crimes motivated by racism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism and related discrim- ination and intolerance, to report such information periodically to the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) and to make this information available to the public, as contained in the Permanent Council Decisions on Combat- ing Anti-Semitism (PC.DEC/607) and on Tolerance and the Fight against Racism, Xen- ophobia and Discrimination (PC.DEC/621),

Stressing the importance of promoting tolerance, mutual respect, dialogue and under- standing, including through the Media and the Internet within strategies based on a variety of measures,

Decides that:

1. Participating States should take action to ensure that the Internet remains an open and public forum for freedom of opinion and expression, as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and to foster access to the Internet both in homes and in schools;

2. Participating States should investigate and, where applicable, fully prosecute violence and criminal threats of violence, motivated by racist, xenophobic, anti-Semitic or other related bias on the Internet;

3. Participating States should train law enforcement agents and prosecutors on how to address crimes motivated by racist, xenophobic, anti-Semitic or other related bias on the Internet and should share information on successful training programmes as part of the exchange of best practices;

4. The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media will continue an active role in promoting both freedom of expression and access to the Internet and will continue to observe relevant developments in all the participating States. The Representative will

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advocate and promote OSCE principles and commitments. This will include early warning when laws or other measures prohibiting speech motivated by racist, xeno- phobic, anti-Semitic or other related bias are enforced in a discriminatory or selective manner for political purposes which can lead to impeding the expression of alternative opinions and views;

5. Participating States should study the effectiveness of laws and other measures regu- lating Internet content, specifically with regard to their effect on the rate of racist, xeno- phobic and anti-Semitic crimes;

6. Participating States should encourage and support analytically rigorous studies on the possible relationship between racist, xenophobic and anti-Semitic speech on the Internet and the commission of crimes motivated by racist, xenophobic, anti-Semitic or other related bias;

7. The OSCE will foster exchanges directed toward identifying effective approaches for addressing the issue of racist, xenophobic and anti-Semitic propaganda on the Internet that do not endanger the freedom of information and expression. The OSCE will create opportunities, including during the annual Human Dimension Implementation Meet- ing, to promote sharing of best practices;

8. Participating States should encourage the establishment of programmes to educate children and youth about expression motivated by racist, xenophobic, anti-Semitic or other related bias they may encounter on the Internet. Also, as appropriate, participat- ing States and Internet service providers should take steps to increase parental aware- ness of widely available filtering software that enables parents to exercise greater super- vision and control over their children’s use of the Internet. Materials on successful edu- cational programmes and filtering software should be widely disseminated as part of the exchange of best practices;

9. Participating States should welcome continued and increased efforts by NGOs to monitor the Internet for racist, xenophobic and anti-Semitic content, as well as NGOs’ efforts to share and publicize their findings.

Decision No. 13/04

The Special Needs for Child Victims of Trafficking for Protection and Assistance

The Ministerial Council,

Reaffirming the strong commitments of participating States in the field of combating trafficking in human beings, in particular the 2000 Vienna Ministerial Council Deci- sion No. 1, the 2002 Porto Ministerial Declaration on Trafficking in Human Beings and the 2003 Maastricht Ministerial Decision No. 2/03 which endorses the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, and establishes, under the aegis of the Permanent Council, an OSCE mechanism to provide assistance to participating States

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to combat trafficking in human beings, consisting of a Special Representative appointed by the Chairman-in Office, and a special unit in the Secretariat,

Recalling the 1990 Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE in Copenha- gen, which inter alia declared that: “The participating States decide to accord particular attention to the recognition of the rights of the child, his civil rights and his individual freedoms, his economic, social and cultural rights, and his right to special protection against all forms of violence and exploitation”,

Recalling the principles of protection and respect for human rights as reflected in the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and its related 2000 Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, the 2000 United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Per- sons,

Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, as well as the 1993 Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption,

Mindful of the primary responsibility of participating States in combating trafficking based on an integrated and co-ordinated approach which includes prevention of traf- ficking, protection of victims and prosecution of traffickers and their accomplices,

Reaffirming that the general principles of, inter alia, the best interests of the child, non- discrimination, participation and survival and development provide the framework for all actions concerning children,

Dedicated to further strengthening the efforts by the OSCE to combat trafficking in human beings, and to continue an active implementation of the Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, as well as to continue the Organization’s support to the participating States, on their request, in carrying out their respective national activities in this field,

Taking into account in particular the recommendations in the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings that the OSCE shall give special attention to the issue of trafficking in children, and also recognizing the vulnerability of unaccompa- nied and separated children,

Mindful that participating States are committed to protect children from all forms of violence, including sexual exploitation of children, and stressing the importance of respecting their special needs for protection and assistance, and the opportunity for the child to be heard,

Stressing that measures to combat trafficking in children should have a gender perspec- tive and be non-discriminatory,

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Underlining that the best interests of the child shall be the primary consideration in decisions taken with regard to trafficked children, including through ensuring repre- sentation, as appropriate, for child victims,

Aware of the need for an effective child assistance and protection framework as well as awareness-raising to counter the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of per- sons, especially women and children, and which makes children more vulnerable to being trafficked,

1. Decides to enhance OSCE efforts aimed at preventing children from being trafficked, protecting and assisting child victims of trafficking, and prosecuting those who traf- fic in children, taking into account the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings;

2. Encourages participating States to strengthen relevant governmental structures for children. Also encourages participating States to intensify actions, as appropriate, in line with the relevant recommendations for participating States in the OSCE Action Plan on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings to counter factors which contribute to making children particularly vulnerable to trafficking in human beings including: dis- crimination, based, inter alia, on race, sex, religion or belief, national or social origin, birth or other status; exploitation, as defined in the OSCE Action Plan on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings; poverty; lack of education and displacement;

3. Agrees to strengthen countering demand, including combating child sex tourism. In this context, also invites the participating States to consider, inter alia, elaboration of legal measures aimed at prosecution of their citizens for the sexual exploitation of chil- dren, including if such exploitation has taken place in another country;

4. Task the Permanent Council through the Informal Working Group on Gender Equal- ity and anti-Trafficking, with support provided, inter alia, by the Special Representa- tive on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, and other relevant OSCE structures to elaborate an addendum to the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, contributing to its implementation, on addressing the special needs of child vic- tims of trafficking for protection and assistance, including a summary of best practices, by 31 July for further appropriate action;

5. Invites the Informal Working Group to start this work based on commitments made by participating States under existing international conventions to which they are Par- ties, in order to address appropriately the need to provide special protection measures for children, taking into account the best interests and welfare of the child.

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Decision No. 14/04

2004 OSCE Action Plan for the Promotion of Gender Equality

The Ministerial Council,

Recalling that at the OSCE Istanbul Summit in 1999, the Heads of State or Government declared that “The full and equal exercise by women of their human rights is essential to achieve a more peaceful, prosperous and democratic OSCE area. We are committed to making equality between men and women an integral part of our policies, both at the level of our States and within the Organization,”3

Recalling the 2000 Action Plan for Gender Issues 4 which was established “in order to ensure that the OSCE commitments concerning equality in rights and equality of opportunity for women and men are taken into account by participating States and in the practical work of OSCE institutions and field mission,”

Recognizing that equal rights of women and men and the protection of their human rights are essential to peace, sustainable democracy, economic development and there- fore to security and stability in the OSCE region,

Recalling the Beijing Platform for Action adopted by the Fourth World Conference on Women and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly in 2000, entitled “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty- first century”,

Recalling UN Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) 5 , which calls for full and equal participation of women in decision making with regard to conflict prevention as well as in post-conflict reconstruction, and stressing the importance of their full and equal participation and involvement in all efforts for the maintenance and promotion of peace and security,

Mindful of the need to appropriately reflect a gender perspective in the activities con- ducted under the auspices of the OSCE, and for participating States to take all neces- sary measures to encourage gender awareness raising and to promote equality in rights and full and equal participation of women and men in society, the aim being to promote the practice of gender equality and gender-mainstreaming6 in the OSCE area, which is essential to comprehensive security,

3 Charter for European Security, paragraph 23. 4 PC.DEC/353 of 1 June 2000. 5 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4213th meeting, on 31 October 2000. 6 “Mainstreaming a gender perspective is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas and at all levels. It is a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality.” See Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-Second Session, Supplement No. 3 (A/52/3/Rev.1), chapter IV, paragraph 4.

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Stressing the need for the OSCE to develop further and strengthen a continuous and sustainable gender-mainstreaming process, to promote a gender-sensitive and profes- sional working environment and management culture, and efforts towards gender bal- ance in staffing in particular on a professional level, in accordance with the OSCE Staff Regulations,

Decides to endorse the 2004 Action Plan for the Promotion of Gender Equality adopted by the Permanent Council in its Decision No. 638 on 2 December 2004, and annexed to this Decision.

Annex to Decision No. 14/04

2004 OSCE Action Plan for the Promotion of Gender Equality

“The peace and welfare of the world require maximum participation of women on equal terms with men in all fields.”*

1. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, democracy, and the rule of law is at the core of the OSCE’s comprehensive concept of security. The Charter for Euro- pean Security adopted at the OSCE Istanbul Summit declares that: “The full and equal exercise by women of their human rights is essential to achieve a more peaceful, pros- perous and democratic OSCE area. We are committed to making equality between men and women an integral part of our policies, both at the level of our States and within the Organization.”

2. As a regional arrangement under Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations, the OSCE is a key instrument for early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation in its region. In the OSCE area, it has become increas- ingly evident that security, democracy, and prosperity are closely linked. Economic lib- erty, social justice, and environmental responsibility are indispensable for prosperity. For the Organization to carry out its tasks and achieve its goals it is crucial that, in co- operation with participating States, it invests in its human capital.

3. Effective gender-mainstreaming with the goal of achieving gender equality, is impor- tant if full use is to be made of the human capital in the OSCE area. Gender equality contributes to comprehensive security, which is a goal of OSCE activities in all three dimensions. Gender-mainstreaming is a way of contributing to attaining this goal. The gender perspective should therefore be taken into account in the Organization’s activi- ties, projects and programmes, in order for the Organization to achieve gender equal- ity within its own operations as well as in the participating States. It is the joint respon- sibility of the participating States, the Chairman-in-Office, the Secretary General, and the Heads of institutions and missions to promote equality between women and men as an integral element of policies and practices of the OSCE. In this effort it shall be borne in mind that if gender equality is to become a reality in any area and at any level of soci- ety, both men and women will benefit from such a change.

* United Nations General Assembly resolution 34/180 of 18 December 1979 (CEDAW).

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I. General Context

Status of implementation of the 2000 Action Plan

4. The 2000 OSCE Action Plan for Gender Issues* called for increased efforts to achieve equal treatment of women and men within the Organization in all areas, including per- sonnel recruitment, and the inclusion of a gender perspective in the activities of the Organization. It succeeded in raising awareness of the need to promote gender equality within the OSCE through the activities by the Secretariat, institutions and field oper- ations, and by participating States. There are nevertheless shortcomings in the imple- mentation of the 2000 Action Plan, especially in the fields of training, management, and recruitment, and in the overall practice of gender-mainstreaming throughout the OSCE as well as within participating States.

5. The 2000 Gender Action Plan stipulated that opportunities for women in the OSCE should be enhanced and a professional working environment should be promoted. The Chairman-in-Office, participating States and the Secretariat were asked to take positive action to promote and appoint women candidates in the OSCE’s institutions and also in the field activities, and all participating States were called upon to make substantial efforts to nominate women, particularly at management level.

Representation of women in the OSCE continues, however, to be low, in particular at senior and policy-making levels, and has in fact decreased in recent years. There is a continuing lack of representation or under-representation of women from certain coun- tries, in particular from participating States with economies in transition. Statistics indicate that women candidates may have less chance of being employed by the Organ- ization than men**.

The biannual statistics and annual reports issued by the Secretary General on the imple- mentation of the 2000 Action Plan for Gender Issues have not been addressed by the Permanent Council, and the implementation of the 2000 Action Plan has not been ade- quately monitored.

6. Another priority set in the 2000 Gender Action Plan was that all new mission staff should receive training on gender issues, and that OSCE institutions were to incorpo- rate a gender perspective in their staff training. General training on gender awareness has been implemented and efforts have been made to provide for a professional working environment. Since 2000, every mission has nominated a mediator and annual train-

* Decision No. 353 by the Permanent Council on 1 June 2000 (PC.DEC/353). ** Gender-Disaggregated Statistics of the OSCE Secretariat, institutions and missions, SEC.GAL/208/03, 21 November 2003. Concerning post-table posts, women make up 44 per cent of the general service level staff, on the professional level the overall representation is 25 per cent and has in fact decreased over the last years. Of all the candidates who applied for fixed-term posts in the period of January 2003 to September 2003 (9,566) 69 per cent were men and 31 per cent women; in the same period, however, of all selected candidates (50) 72 per cent were men and only 28 per cent were women. For the 34 vacancies issued for P-posts, women constituted 33 per cent of applicants, 23 per cent of interviewed candidates and 12 per cent of selected candidates. Of all nominated candidates for secondment in the first six months of 2003 (2,135), 30 per cent (641) were women and 70 per cent (1,494) were men. However, only 10 per cent (62) of these women were deployed to Missions, while 18 per cent (272) of the nominated men were accepted and deployed.

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ing has been organized for these persons by the Secretariat. Nevertheless, training and sensitization of managers on gender issues, and on the responsibilities of all staff within their tasks and subject areas in this regard, has not produced the expected results, nor has the goal of a professional environment yet been attained.

7. The 2000 Gender Action Plan furthermore stipulated that a comprehensive frame- work would be established for gender-mainstreaming projects, and that data and research materials on gender issues would be analysed and used in the design of new programmes. This process has not been developed with due continuity. Moreover, gen- der advisers and focal points have not been sufficiently involved in the development of new policies and programmes.

8. Gender-mainstreaming requires consistent, systematic, attention to gender perspec- tives in the activities of the Organization based on a cross-dimensional approach, and also adequate monitoring and review mechanisms. A new and strengthened Action Plan is called for, setting out goals and clearly assigned accountabilities, in order to reinforce the dedicated efforts of participating States to implement their commitments.

II. Goals and Objectives

9. The 2004 Action Plan for the Promotion of Gender Equality aims to set out the pri- orities of the OSCE in promoting gender equality, in the Organization and in all partic- ipating States, and to ensure the monitoring of its implementation. In order to achieve these goals, the plan will address the activities, policies, projects and programmes of the Organization concerning gender-mainstreaming, as well as assistance by the OSCE to participating States in promoting gender equality. Such assistance could be directed at the implementation of international commitments in the gender area, as well as the development of national programmes and policies.

10. The following objectives will be given priority:

(a) Within the OSCE:

• Providing specific training programmes for OSCE staff on gender awareness and sen- sitization to gender equality in their daily work, and programmes to strengthen efforts to ensure consistent gender-mainstreaming in policies and programmes, as well as review and assessment mechanisms;

• Promoting a professional and gender-sensitive management culture and working envi- ronment;

• Applying strengthened and innovative recruitment strategies in the OSCE to promote equal opportunities for all, and to ensure that well-qualified women are identified and attracted, in conformity with the Staff Regulations, reference PC.DEC/550/Corr.1 of 27 June 2003, the aim being to increase the number of women working in the OSCE at senior levels;

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• Encouraging participating States to submit more female candidates for positions in the OSCE, in particular at senior and policy-making levels, the aim being to achieve a continuous improvement in the ratio between men and women at all levels;

• Achieving the effective gender-mainstreaming of OSCE activities and policies, as well as of the activities and policies of participating States.

(b) To assist the participating States in:

• Defining priority areas for OSCE structures to assist OSCE States in implementing their respective commitments;

• Outlining some best practices for the promotion of the equality of women and men in participating States;

• Highlighting and promoting the role of women in conflict prevention and peace recon- struction processes;

• Providing a framework structure to ensure that gender issues, including the imple- mentation of this Action Plan, are regularly discussed and reviewed.

III. Promoting Gender Equality in the OSCE

(A) Gender-mainstreaming the structures and working environment, and gender- mainstreaming in recruitment

Training 11. In order to achieve the objectives outlined in this Action Plan, the OSCE shall expand existing training opportunities and institute new training programmes in accordance with the OSCE training strategy for 2005–2007* and the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings.** In this context, the General Orientation Programme at the Secretariat, the Human Dimension Induction Course at the ODIHR and additional induction courses or workshops in the field shall contain two specifically tailored mod- ules, as appropriate:

• The first module shall deal with the training of all OSCE officials in gender aware- ness and mainstreaming a gender perspective in their everyday work. This module, appropriately tailored to each staff category in order to meet their specific needs, shall explain the principle of gender equality, the tools that exist to achieve this goal, and the reasons why it is important for the Organization to mainstream a gender perspec- tive in its activities. The module shall be action-oriented and interactive and include information regarding tasks and responsibilities described in this Action Plan as well

* SEC.GAL/118/04/Rev.5, 27 July 2004. ** MC.DEC/2/03 Annex, p.12, Awareness-raising. 8.4.: “The OSCE Training Co-ordinator, the Senior Adviser on Gender Issues and the Senior Security Co-ordinator will continue to use the induction course to develop and implement staff training on gender issues, trafficking in human beings and on relevant regulations and guidelines, in co-operation with the ODIHR, and to organize special workshops in the field. Heads of field operations will ensure that attendance at such training courses will be compulsory for all staff.”

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as in relevant provisions, in particular those regarding accountability of all staff. All categories of staff shall be included in such training. Training can also be provided in the field if necessary, to ensure that locally-hired staff are able to attend.

(a) Specific modules on combating domestic violence and trafficking in human beings will be included in training programmes, in particular those designed for police and border monitors.

(b) Heads of institutions and missions and Directors, shall exercise leadership in facili- tating staff training, to ensure equal opportunities for both women and men to partici- pate. They will also receive information on OSCE policies concerning gender issues, in particular complaint procedures.

• The second module shall address the gender-mainstreaming of OSCE programmes, projects, and technical co-operation activities in order to ensure consistent integra- tion of a gender equality perspective. This means reviewing and enacting policies and measures specifically for the purpose of achieving equality by actively taking gender perspectives into account at the planning, reporting, implementation and evaluation 12. Review and assessment provisions shall be included in all training programmes in order to measure their effectiveness at regular intervals.

13. The OSCE Training Co-ordinator is tasked to design and implement the staff train- ing dimension of this action plan in close co-operation with gender units and gender focal points in the Organization and supported by the network of focal points respon- sible for training.

Management 14. The Secretary General, and Heads of institutions and missions shall exercise strong and active leadership in building sustainable gender awareness in the Organization and shall intensify their efforts towards achieving a gender-sensitive and professional work- ing environment and management culture. Such a working environment shall also be promoted by all OSCE officials, in particular by staff in a supervisory role. When man- agement positions are being filled, importance should be attached to finding people who demonstrate gender-sensitive attitudes and understanding of the importance of an inclusive corporate culture. The Director for the Department of Human Resources shall be responsible for reviewing and if necessary strengthening the policy of the OSCE against harassment, including sexual harassment. He/she will disseminate information and raise staff awareness of the problem of harassment in working life and of the meas- ures available to combat and prevent it, and will encourage victims to come forward with their complaints.

15. Performance appraisals of managers will include an evaluation of their sensitivity to gender equality. For this purpose a gender-equality scoreboard, containing details of measures that can be compared across all services, shall be developed by the Depart- ment of Human Resources.

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16. The OSCE’s organizational regulations, rules, directives, and instructions shall be reviewed by participating States and/or the Secretariat, to incorporate gender-main- streaming aspects, when called for.

17. Heads of institutions, heads of missions and directors in the Secretariat will chair regular meetings with staff to review the integration of and consideration to be paid to gender aspects in the work of their respective structure and to encourage all staff to gender-mainstream their work.

18. The Secretariat and ODIHR will continue to engage in the active exchange of infor- mation on gender-sensitive management policies with relevant international, intergov- ernmental and regional organizations. In particular the Secretariat will intensify inter- action with the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly on gender equality. The Secretariat, institutions and missions will make this Action Plan visible.

Recruitment 19. Recruitment in the OSCE shall be based on a transparent process, subject to open competition among nationals of participating States, thereby securing the highest standards of efficiency, competence and integrity.

20. On recruitment, Regulation 3.01 of the OSCE Staff Regulations shall be fully imple- mented, including the principle of recruiting staff from all OSCE Participating States on a fair basis.

21. Participating States are encouraged to submit more women candidates for positions in the OSCE, in particular in higher-level positions where women are underrepresented; measures to this end shall include the identification of additional national recruitment sources, and the establishment of networks with professional organizations that will assist in seeking suitable candidates. More nationals of participating States, notably women from participating States with economies in transition, should be made aware of the OSCE vacancies and encouraged to make applications.

22. Participating States are to be encouraged to develop rosters of potential women can- didates with a special emphasis on fields of expertise in which women are underrepre- sented.

23. The Chairman-in-Office and the Secretariat will be proactive in promoting the nomination of women candidates, in particular in higher-level positions, taking into account the OSCE Staff Regulations.

24. The Secretariat shall strengthen the wording of the statement in its vacancy notices encouraging women to apply.

25. The Secretariat will furthermore enhance its human resource planning in order to inform participating States as early as possible of upcoming vacancies, in order for them to be given sufficient time to search for and present qualified female candidates.

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26. The Chairman-in-Office, the Secretary General, heads of institutions, and heads of missions shall seek to improve the ratio of men and women at all levels on a continuous basis. This, including the statistics on women candidates selected, will be reviewed in the annual evaluation report on gender issues in the OSCE to be presented by the Secre- tary General in accordance with paragraph 47 below.

27. The Department of Human Resources shall conduct regular gender-mainstreamed reviews of recruitment procedures and job specifications, in order to identify possible prejudices and obstacles against female applicants, and if necessary revise the proce- dures as appropriate.

28. The Department of Human Resources will seek to ensure that in recruitment for management posts, applicants of both sexes are invited for interview where possible, and that a gender-balanced shortlist is drawn up as appropriate. The shortlist of can- didates invited for interview should contain information about the number of men and women who actually applied for the job.

29. Interview panels should, where possible, be gender-balanced.

30. The Department of Human Resources in the Secretariat will convene an annual co- ordination meeting with delegations and training/recruitment experts from capitals, to share information on profiles and skills in demand, and best practice on pre-mission training. These meetings will also discuss efforts to achieve gender balance in recruit- ment.

31. The Secretariat shall continue to prepare annual statistics showing the current dis- tribution of women and men by category of posts at each level. These statistics will include institutions and missions as well as each Department and Unit in the Secretar- iat, and will be annexed to the Secretary General’s annual evaluation report on gender issues referred to in paragraph 47 below.

(B) Mainstreaming a gender perspective into OSCE activities, policies, programmes and projects.

32. Participating States, the Secretariat, institutions and missions shall ensure that a gender perspective is integrated into OSCE activities, programmes and projects. The aim shall be to promote the practice of gender equality in the OSCE area, which is essential to comprehensive security; they shall focus in particular on women’s empow- erment and the participation of women as well as men in public, political and economic life in the context of democratic and economic processes in participating States. The gender-mainstreaming process shall also aim at overcoming negative stereotypes and at changing perceptions, as well as developing attitudes conducive to bringing about equality between women and men in all participating States.

33. Gender advisers in the Secretariat, institutions, and field operations shall be involved at an early stage when new directives, rules and regulations are being developed. In their regular reports to the Permanent Council, missions and institutions shall inform

308 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Sofia 2004

the Council on progress in their gender-mainstreaming efforts where appropriate, and also on problems, when they arise.

34. The Conflict Prevention Centre (CPC), and in particular the Project Co-ordinating Cell (PCC) will assist in ensuring that gender-equity analyses are made of new projects being developed by missions, institutions, and units in the Secretariat, and of existing projects when they are being evaluated.

35. The Secretariat and the institutions, when developing projects and programmes for participating States which are not hosting OSCE missions, shall take a gender perspec- tive into account.

36. Gender-mainstreaming of OSCE activities, policies, projects and programmes in the politico-military dimension shall also take into account obligations embodied in Security Council resolution 1325 calling for increased participation of women in, inter alia, conflict prevention and post-conflict reconstruction processes.

37. The participating States, assisted by the Chairmanship, the Secretary General and heads of institutions, shall ensure that the planning of OSCE conferences and seminars across all three dimensions will take the gender aspect into account and, as appropriate, include related topics.

38. Institutions and missions working on gender issues should, in order to make tangi- ble progress on gender-mainstreaming in OSCE activities, projects and programmes, develop concrete follow-up mechanisms in co-operation with participating States.

39. Missions will, where appropriate, establish internal gender working groups led by the gender focal point to design gender-mainstreaming strategies, monitor their imple- mentation and enhance the visibility of their gender-related activities. It is the responsi- bility of the heads of mission to position gender focal points on a sufficiently high level and to make sure that they enjoy full access to senior management.

40. The Press and Public Information Section of the Secretariat, institutions and mis- sions will encourage gender-balanced reporting, and highlight, as appropriate, meet- ings, seminars, special events, reports, case stories and developments related to the implementation of OSCE commitments on gender equality.

IV. Promoting Gender Equality in Participating States

41. Participating States, individually and collectively, bear the primary responsibility and are accountable to their citizens for the implementation of their commitments on equality of rights and equal opportunities for women and men. They have committed themselves to making equality between women and men an integral part of policies both at State level and within the Organization. They will ensure the full use of the appropriate OSCE fora for reviewing the implementation of OSCE commitments on equality between women and men.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 309 Sofia 2004

42. Participating States are therefore recommended to:

• Ensure that the Organization develops policies which effectively promote gen- der equality and that new proposals and initiatives take a gender perspective into account;

• Establish or strengthen existing mechanisms for ensuring gender equality, inter alia by making available the services of an impartial and independent person or body, such as an Ombudsman/Human Rights Commissioner, to address gender related discrimi- nation against individual citizens;

• Adhere to and fully implement the international standards and commitments they have undertaken concerning equality, non-discrimination and women’s and girls’ rights;

• Comply with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), if they are parties, or, if they have not already done so, con- sider ratifying or acceding to this Convention. States that have ratified or acceded to this Convention with reservations will consider withdrawing them. States parties to the CEDAW are also called upon to consider ratifying the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women;

• If they are parties to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimi- nation Against Women (CEDAW), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and/or the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), report regularly and on time to the respective bodies, and include women’s organizations in the preparation of their reports;

• Take further action where necessary in order to ensure a safe environment for their citizens and the right to equal protection under the law, notably by increasing activ- ities aimed at eliminating all forms of violence against women, including trafficking in human beings7, and encourage those who have not already done so to ratify and implement the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and its Pro- tocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children;

• Support national and international efforts to bring to justice those who have perpe- trated crimes against women which under applicable rules of international law are rec- ognized as war crimes or crimes against humanity, and ensure that existing national legislation on violence against women is enforced, and that new legislation is drafted where necessary;

• As recommended in the Guidelines on International Protection on Gender-Related Persecution within the context of Article 1A (2) of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and/or its 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, intro-

7 Reference is made to the Permanent Council Decision No. 557 of 24 July 2003 on the adoption of the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings.

310 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Sofia 2004

duce procedural practices, if States have not already done so, that ensure that proper consideration is given to women claimants in refugee status determination procedures and that the range of claims of gender-related persecution are accorded due recogni- tion;

• Draw on the experience of the OSCE to develop cross-dimensional gender equality policies and strategies, and include in the follow-up to such policies, inter alia, the uti- lization of gender analysis and monitoring mechanisms to assess the impact of gender policies and strategies, so that constraints on their full implementation may be identi- fied and addressed.

V. Supporting OSCE participating States in implementing relevant commitments to promoting equality between women and men

Areas of special interest to all OSCE participating States

43. The following priority areas are laid down as a basis for the OSCE Secretariat, insti- tutions and missions to use when developing plans and programmes to assist partici- pating States, upon their request, in implementing relevant commitments. All OSCE structures should endeavour to respect these priorities, as appropriate within their mandates. Countries not hosting missions are also urged to make full use of the exper- tise of the OSCE structures to assist them in promoting gender equality, as there is no country where full equality has been reached.

44. Priorities

(a) Developing projects in OSCE States not hosting missions

• In countries without missions, the ODIHR will identify projects to support measures in the areas of prevention of violence against women, promotion of women in the pub- lic, political, and economic spheres, and support for national gender-mainstreaming.

(b) Ensuring non-discriminatory legal and policy frameworks

• The ODIHR, in co-operation with other international organizations and relevant national bodies and institutions, will assist OSCE participating States in complying with international instruments for the promotion of gender equality and women’s rights, and in reviewing legislation to ensure appropriate legal guarantees for the pro- motion of gender equality in accordance with OSCE and other commitments;

• The ODIHR will assist in the development and implementation of specific programmes and activities to promote women’s rights, to increase the role of women at all levels of decision-making, and to promote equality between women and men throughout the OSCE area, particularly through education in gender awareness;

• The ODIHR will assist in the implementation and assessment of national strategies and action plans on measures to promote gender equality and gender-mainstreaming;

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 311 Sofia 2004

• The OSCE Secretariat, institutions and field operations will also assist the participat- ing States in implementing the relevant provisions and recommendations contained in the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, and the OSCE Action Plan on Improving the Situation of Roma and Sinti in the OSCE Area.

(c) Preventing violence against women*

• OSCE structures will continue to assist participating States in developing programmes and activities aimed at the prevention of all forms of gender-based violence**;

• OSCE structures will assist participating States with legislative initiatives to prevent violence against women, and will foster institution-building, strengthen co-ordination between government institutions and civil society, and raise awareness of the problem in general;

• OSCE structures will, in co-operation with participating States, address the gender dimension of proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW). SALW prolif- eration exacerbates violence against women, and a gender perspective should thus be taken into account in related endeavours;

• The Strategic Police Matters Unit (SPMU) will enhance its project development to assist participating States in reacting to sexual violence offences and in including such elements as special investigation techniques, and interview skills designated for use with victims of sexual assault including children, and information on referral mecha- nisms for victim assistance, in the police training curriculum;

• The Office of the Co-ordinator of Economic and Environmental Activities (OCEEA), and the Anti-Trafficking Assistance Unit (ATAU), while addressing underlying causes of trafficking in human beings, shall in co-ordination with relevant OSCE institu- tions and structures, assist participating States in tackling the lack of opportunities for women, female unemployment, and other gender aspects of trafficking, including the demand side of sexual and other forms of exploitation;

• The Action against Terrorism Unit (ATU) will upon request take action on the issue of the exploitation of women by terrorists to serve their own ends and propagate extrem- ist ideologies;

* Article 2(b) of the United Nations Declaration on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women states: “Violence against women shall be understood to encompass but not be limited to, the following: […] physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring within the general community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in educational institutions and elsewhere, trafficking in women and forced prostitution.” ** The United Nations resolution on “Further actions and initiatives to implement the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action” (A/RES/S-23/3) of 16 November 2000, states (paragraph 59): “Gender-based violence, such as battering and other domestic violence, sexual abuse, sexual slavery and exploitation, international trafficking in women and children, forced prostitution and sexual harassment… are incompatible with the dignity and worth of the human person…”

312 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Sofia 2004

• As negative gender stereotypes contribute to the persistence of violence against women, OSCE programmes, projects, and activities should aim at women’s empower- ment.

(d) Ensuring equal opportunity for participation of women in political and public life

• The ODIHR will assist participating States in developing effective measures to bring about the equal participation of women in democratic processes and will assist in developing best practices for their implementation;

• The ODIHR and the OSCE field operations will assist, as appropriate, in building up local capacities and expertise on gender issues as well as networks linking community leaders and politicians;

• The ODIHR will continue to assist participating States in promoting women’s political participation. It will continue, as a part of its Election Observation Mission, to moni- tor and report on women’s participation in electoral processes. When possible, addi- tionally, the ODIHR will commission and publish reports specifically analysing the situation of women in electoral processes;

• The High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM) will address specific issues relating to the participation in public and private life of women belonging to national minorities and, in policies and projects developed by his/her office, take steps neces- sary to counter the double discrimination suffered by these women, as appropriate within the context of his/her conflict prevention mandate;

• The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media (RFOM) will be alert to allega- tions of serious intolerance towards women and incitement to gender discrimination in or by the media in participating States in accordance with Chapter 6 of the mandate of the RFOM. The Representative will inform the participating States of such cases in his/her regular reports.

(e) Encouraging women’s participation in conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict reconstruction

• OSCE structures will, as appropriate within their mandate, promote the implementa- tion of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) on the role of women in, inter alia, the prevention of conflicts and post-conflict reconstruction;

• OSCE structures will, as appropriate, assist participating States in developing pro- grammes and projects aimed at bringing about equal opportunities for women to par- ticipate in efforts for the promotion of peace and security, including those conducted at grass-roots and regional levels. The empowerment of women in the political-mili- tary dimension is also essential to comprehensive security.

(f) Promoting equal opportunity for women in the economic sphere

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 313 Sofia 2004

• The OCEEA will take initiatives to increase awareness of women’s rights in the eco- nomic sphere as described in paragraph 40.6 of the Moscow Document and, as appro- priate, develop projects to implement the same;

• The OCEEA should take a gender perspective into account when implementing its tasks as outlined in the OSCE Strategy Document for the Economic and Environ- mental Dimension, adopted by the Ministerial Council in Maastricht in 2003, and the Document of the Bonn Conference on Economic Co-operation in Europe;

• The OCEEA will upon request assist participating States in formulating their eco- nomic policies on the basis of the principles set forth in the Bonn Document and the OSCE Strategy for the Economic and Environmental Dimension. In this respect the OSCE should continue and strengthen its co-operation with the United Nations Eco- nomic Commission for Europe and other organizations;

• The OCEEA will, together with participating States and missions, analyse obstacles preventing women from fulfilling their potential in the economic sphere, and develop projects that will enhance the role of women in economic activities and ensure that they are not discriminated against in this field, notably regarding access to and control over such economic and financial resources as loans, property and inheritance rights;

• The OCEEA and, as appropriate, missions should promote the development of wom- en’s entrepreneurial and other work-related skills by supporting training, retraining and special education facilities, and promoting the education and training of women and men in non-traditional subjects and jobs;

• The OCEEA will encourage international donor organizations and lending institu- tions to support projects designed to enhance the role of women in economic activi- ties or to ensure equality in employment. Projects on employment issues should high- light the principle that maternity and paternity arrangements are a key element in promoting equal opportunities and responsibility-sharing between women and men;

• OSCE structures will assist participating States in ensuring that girls and boys, as well as women and men, have equal opportunities to receive education and training.

(g) Building national mechanisms for the advancement of women

• The ODIHR will continue to provide know-how and support for the building-up of democratic institutions for advancing gender equality, such as Ombudsman’s offices at local and national levels, as appropriate;

• The ODIHR will facilitate dialogue and co-operation between civil society, media and government in promoting gender-mainstreaming.

(h) The Parliamentary Assembly is encouraged to:

• Continue to have on its agenda the issue of equal opportunities for men and women in national parliaments as well as within the OSCE and the OSCE Parliamentary

314 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Sofia 2004

Assembly, having mainstreamed the discussion of gender equality in the agenda of the Assembly’s Plenary Meetings;

• Further develop the current network of women parliamentarians through the work of the OSCE PA Special Representative on the Gender Issue, in order to promote the par- ticipation of women in political and public life at both the national and international levels;

• Ensure, with the assistance of the Special Representative, that it continues to put for- ward recommendations with regard to gender equality in its annual Declarations;

• Continue to produce, through the Gender Unit at the OSCE PA Secretariat, reports on the status of women in the OSCE area and seek to raise awareness by making such material available to all participating parliaments.

VI. General Follow-up

45. The Secretary General, heads of missions and heads of institutions, shall be account- able to the Permanent Council for the implementation of the relevant parts of this Action Plan, in accordance with their respective responsibilities.

46. The Secretary General shall before 1 October 2005, develop a plan for the imple- mentation of measures for achieving the overall aims of this Action Plan. Heads of insti- tutions shall also develop their own separate implementation plans by that date. These plans shall include concrete measures for implementing the 2004 Action Plan for the Promotion of Gender Equality, measures concerning training programmes on gender- mainstreaming of the work of OSCE officials, measures for cross-dimensional gender- mainstreaming in OSCE policies, projects and programmes, and finally management and recruitment strategies, aimed at achieving gender balance at all levels.

47. The Secretary General shall report on progress in work on gender issues in the Annual Report for 2004. The Secretary General shall thereafter present an annual eval- uation report on gender issues in the OSCE. This report will be presented to the Perma- nent Council in June each year starting in 2006. These evaluation reports will contain contributions from Departments, and from institutions and missions, on developments related to gender equality and gender-mainstreaming in the OSCE structures, includ- ing information on the plans dealt with in paragraph 46 above. They will include analy- sis of achievements in light of the requirements of this Action Plan.

48. Starting in June 2006, the Permanent Council will, on the basis of the Secretary General’s annual evaluation report on gender issues, hold an annual discussion espe- cially devoted to gender issues, covering the review and if necessary the updating of policies and strategies on gender-mainstreaming and the promotion of gender equality. This discussion should also monitor implementation of this Action Plan.

49. The need to include in co-operation with host countries a gender perspective in the mandate of the respective missions may be considered as and when appropriate.

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 315 Sofia 2004

50. The next revision of the 2004 Action Plan for the Promotion of Gender Equality will take place when the Permanent Council so decides.

51. The implementation of this Action Plan requires provision of adequate resources.

316 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments Index

A abolition of capital punishment — see death penalty alternative sentencing 115 anti-corruption — see corruption anti-Semitism 81, 88, 104-105, 122, 144, 149, 150, 154, 157, 164, 167, 172, 177, 192, 205, 209, 228, 229, 230, 235, 280, 281, 292, 293-294, 296, 297; also see tolerance and non-discrimination anti-terrorism — see terrorism anti-trafficking — see trafficking in human beings arbitrary arrest general 50, 69, 86, 114, 115 UN Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials 51 UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners 51 artistic creation 94, 118 assembly, freedom of 49, 63, 71, 86, 188 assimilation (of national minorities against their will) 79, 101 association, freedom of 48, 49, 71, 72, 78, 86, 113 asylum, right to seek 192, 260 asylum seeker 239, 282

B belief, freedom of — see freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief birthrights, human rights as 85

C capital punishment — see death penalty Charter of the United Nations 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 31, 34, 81, 87, 107, 112, 137, 163, 167, 190, 195, 202, 203, 217, 218, 224, 228, 233, 241, 290, 302

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 317 Index

children general 12, 27, 54, 252, 260, 261, 271, 277, 287, 299, 312 Convention on the Rights of the Child 73, 188, 299 education of 9, 49, 52, 61, 62, 254, 260, 272, 273, 277, 298 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography 198, 261, 299 rights of 73, 188, 193, 299 trafficking of 193, 197, 221, 222, 248, 249, 251, 253, 255, 256, 260, 261, 262, 279, 298-300, 312 citizenship — see nationality/citizenship civil and political rights general 48, 73, 77, 165, 166, 299 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 47, 50, 58, 70, 75, 77, 112, 310 civil society 164, 167, 193, 205, 208, 218, 229, 234, 239, 242, 243, 251, 252, 255, 258, 282, 289, 296, 312, 314; also see NGOs/non-governmental organizations; human rights defenders Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security 163, 204, 219 communication, right to 71, 116; also see freedom of expression, information, free media compulsory recruitment 193 compensation, right to 65, 114, 115; also see arbitrary arrest conscience, freedom of — see freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief conscientious objection 75, 76; also see freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues — see Roma and Sinti copyright 20, 58, 59, 71; also see intellectual property correspondence, protection of 57, 115 corruption 187, 189, 190, 193-194, 195, 205, 207, 213, 221, 235, 239, 242, 243, 248, 249, 291, 292 counter-terrorism — see terrorism creativity — see cultural rights/cultural heritage criminal procedure 69, 207; also see fair trial, right to cultural rights/cultural heritage general 20, 36, 48, 57, 60, 61, 73, 77, 80, 86, 93-98, 100, 102, 105, 118, 119, 145, 174, 272, 299 creativity 94, 119 freedom of artistic creation 94, 118 intellectual and cultural life 78, 118 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 47, 70, 310

D data protection 250 death penalty (includes references to capital punishment and the right to life) general 51, 75, 119, 146, 170, 217, 287 Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 75, 119 Sixth Protocol to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 75 democracy — also see elections general 67, 68, 77, 79, 85-86, 87, 88, 99, 100, 108, 112, 116, 118, 126, 129, 130, 139, 140, 146, 147, 149, 150, 153, 161, 164, 177, 178, 188, 190, 191, 192, 193, 201, 211, 215, 218, 228, 234, 237, 280, 289, 290, 292, 297, 301, 302 democratic institutions 77, 88, 91, 99,100, 102, 118, 126, 129, 130, 139, 140, 147, 153, 156, 167, 177, 189, 194, 203, 205, 211, 234, 236, 237, 239, 314

318 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Index

political pluralism 65, 67, 68, 79, 86, 101, 107, 112 right of the citizens to take part in governing 70 separation of powers 68 demonstration, right of 71; also see assembly, freedom of derogation clauses 77, 117, 118 detention, arbitrary — see arbitrary arrest disabilities, persons with 27, 62, 95, 121, 122, 272 discrimination — see tolerance and non-discrimination; Roma and Sinti; women’s rights displaced persons 145, 151, 155, 169, 173, 177, 178, 187, 192, 193, 206, 255, 276, 282, 300; also see asylum, right to seek; asylum seekers; migration; refugees UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement 276, 282 domicile, protection of 115

E economic and social rights general 190, 268, 270 employment 9, 10, 12, 37, 48, 53, 77, 87, 102, 120, 205, 235, 242, 243, 254, 255, 256, 259, 265, 269, 312, 314 health 48, 77, 145, 234, 235, 243, 259, 265, 270-271, 274, 277 housing 9, 37, 48, 77, 102, 122, 145, 260, 265, 268, 269, 277 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 47, 70, 310 social justice 65, 77, 85, 87, 129, 178, 289, 302 social security 9, 12, 36, 48, 77, 145 education general 9, 12, 13, 23, 24-29, 30, 36, 37, 38, 40-41, 48, 52, 56, 57, 61-62, 73, 77, 78, 79, 80, 89, 102, 103, 104, 113, 114, 121, 126, 145, 146, 147, 174, 188, 240, 254, 260, 265, 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 282, 311, 314 access to education 9, 12, 25, 40, 52, 61, 120, 243, 254, 271-272, 273, 314 human rights education 48, 74, 122, 147, 171, 240, 282 relating to tolerance and non-discrimination 82, 122, 144, 154, 172, 209, 229, 282, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298; also see tolerance and non-discrimination relating to trafficking in human beings 221, 247, 255, 300; also see trafficking in human beings religious education 49, 80; also see freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief right to education 48, 77 effective remedies, right to 48, 55, 69, 70, 73, 82, 86, 102, 192, 195, 212, 265, 272 elections general 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 86, 90, 91, 102, 103, 112, 153, 182, 187, 188, 193, 216, 230, 231, 274, 275, 276, 282-283 election observation 71, 90, 91, 102, 155, 169, 187, 191, 193, 194, 195, 231, 276, 283, 313 voter education 276 electronic communications, protection of 115 emergency, public — see state of public emergency; derogation clauses employment — see economic and social rights equal rights of men and women — see women’s rights equal rights of peoples — see self-determination ethnic cleansing 150, 157, 172, 177, 192, 289; also see tolerance and non-discrimination

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 319 Index

European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms general 70, 88 Sixth Protocol to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 75 exile, arbitrary 50; also see arbitrary arrest expansion, territorial — see territorial expansionism extremism 167, 189, 205, 209, 211, 228, 229, 230, 235, 239, 242, 280, 289; also see tolerance and non-discrimination

F fair trial, right to 48, 69, 86 family life, respect for 115 family reunification 11, 12, 37, 52, 54, 55 forced recruitment — see compulsory recruitment forced labour 65, 221, 247, 256; also see trafficking in human beings freedom of artistic creation — see cultural rights/cultural heritage freedom of assembly — see assembly, freedom of freedom of association, see association, freedom of freedom of expression, information, free media general 71, 86, 93, 94, 113, 116, 117, 156, 174, 181, 182, 183, 188, 207, 209, 239, 268, 281, 291, 297, 298 freedom of the press/free media 59, 78, 116, 126, 146, 147, 156, 169, 174, 177, 178, 181, 182, 183, 187, 188 journalists — see working conditions Representative on Freedom of the Media 178, 181-184, 188, 191, 205, 206, 207, 209, 230, 236, 268, 282, 297, 313 right to know and act upon one’s rights 5, 35, 47, 72, 86 freedom of information — see freedom of expression, information, free media freedom of movement 10, 12, 50, 56, 76, 86, 88, 174, 235, 252, 253, 256; also see migration freedom of the media — see freedom of expression, information, free media freedom of the press — see freedom of expression, information, free media freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief general 4, 47, 50, 72, 86, 192, 209, 228, 281 conscientious objection 75, 76 religious education — see education free flow of information — see freedom of expression, information, free media free media — see freedom of expression, information, free media

G gender, gender issues — see women’s rights genocide general 290 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 289 gypsies — see Roma and Sinti

320 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Index

H hate crime 105, 239, 281, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 297; also see tolerance and non-discrimination health — see economic and social rights heritage, cultural — see cultural rights/cultural heritage High Commissioner on National Minorities — see national minorities Holocaust 272, 289, 293 housing — see economic and social rights human contacts 10-14, 37-38, 53-58, 62, 67, 68, 76, 161, 174 human dimension mechanisms general 82, 83, 88, 106, 108, 110, 120, 140, 141, 150 Moscow mechanism 108-111, 156, 168 Vienna mechanism 62, 108 Mechanism to Assist Participating States in Combating Trafficking in Human Beings 244-246 Counter-Terrorism Network 238, 283-285 other mechanisms 126-127, 131, 293 humanitarian law — see international humanitarian law human rights defenders 170 human rights education — see education human rights institutions — see ombudsmen and national human rights institutions

I impartiality — see independence of the judiciary implementation — see obligation to implement imprisonment, arbitrary — see arbitrary arrest incarceration, arbitrary — see arbitrary arrest independence of the judiciary 79, 101, 113 indigenous populations 143 information, freedom of — see freedom of expression, information, free media intellectual property 58, 59, 65, 71, 94 internally displaced persons — see displaced persons; migration international humanitarian law general 145-146, 150, 151, 153, 155, 157, 165, 173-174, 187, 193, 287 1949 Geneva Conventions and their additional protocols 146, 166, 173 international law, generally recognized principles of 6 international law, obligations under — see obligations under international law, conflict between Islamophobia — see Muslims, intolerance towards; tolerance and non-discrimination

J judiciary, independence of — see independence of the judiciary journalists — see freedom of expression, information, free media; working conditions

L legal profession, independence of — see independence of the judiciary life, right to — see death penalty

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 321 Index

M mass deportation/expulsion 150, 157, 177, 192, 234; also see tolerance and non-discrimination mechanisms, human dimension — see human dimension mechanisms media, freedom of the — see freedom of expression, information, free media medical practices, arbitrary 51, 74; also see torture migration 8, 9, 126, 145, 155, 169, 173, 177, 178, 213, 220, 221, 222, 234, 235, 239, 240, 242, 253, 254, 255, 258, 292; also see asylum, right to seek; asylum seekers; displaced persons; freedom of movement; refugees migrant workers 8-10, 21, 36, 52, 76, 89, 119, 120, 144-145, 172-173, 239, 282, 295 military service, exemption from — see conscientious objection minorities — see national minorities Moscow mechanism 108-111, 156, 168 movement, freedom of — see freedom of movement multi-culturalism 205, 229, 268, 272; also see tolerance and non-discrimination Muslims, intolerance towards 230, 295, 296; also see tolerance and non-discrimination

N nationalism, aggressive 129, 144, 150, 154, 157, 164, 167, 172, 177, 178, 192, 205, 209, 228, 229, 230, 235, 280; also see tolerance and non-discrimination nationality/citizenship 102, 146, 192, 202, 216, 259, 265; also see statelessness, stateless persons national minorities general 5, 24, 29, 35, 50, 57, 59, 61, 79, 80, 81, 86, 88, 94, 99-106, 119, 129, 130, 133, 134, 135, 143, 154, 157, 167, 171, 178, 179, 188, 189, 192, 205, 229, 234, 235, 239, 254, 255, 257, 281, 289, 313 High Commissioner on National Minorities 131, 132-136, 141, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 157, 163, 168, 179, 182, 188, 191, 205, 209, 230, 236, 281, 313 NGOs/non-governmental organizations 14, 18, 24, 39, 56, 59, 72, 73, 75, 79, 80, 90, 97, 104, 109, 119, 122, 123, 126, 127, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 145, 150, 155, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 182, 185, 186, 192, 193, 194, 198, 199, 208, 222, 223, 241, 250, 251, 255, 258, 261, 262, 266, 267, 271, 275, 277, 278, 281, 282, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298; also see civil society non-applicability of the non-intervention principle 108, 129, 163-164 non-discrimination — see tolerance and non-discrimination non-intervention principle 4; also see non-applicability of the non-intervention principle

O obligation to implement 190, 236, 309; also see derogation clauses obligations under international law, conflict between 6 ODIHR, Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights 125, 126, 131, 133, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 147, 150, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 161, 163, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175, 178, 182, 185, 187, 188, 191, 193, 198, 199, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 220, 230, 231, 236, 240, 245, 251, 252, 256, 257, 258, 261, 262, 263, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 281, 282, 283, 293, 294, 296, 297, 305, 307, 311, 313, 314 Office for Free Elections 90, 102, 118, 125; also see ODIHR ombudsmen and national human rights institutions 118, 205, 266, 310, 314

322 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Index

P persecution 81, 88, 260, 311; also see tolerance and non-discrimination political parties — see association, freedom of political pluralism — see democracy populations, indigenous — see indigenous populations press, freedom of — see freedom of expression, information, free media presumption of innocence — see fair trial, right to prison prison reform 195, 207, 212 treatment of prisoners, prisoners’ rights 51, 114, 115; also see torture private life, respect for 115 property rights 65, 72, 81, 86, 269, 314 prostitution 121, 247, 312; also see women’s rights; children psychiatric or other medical practices, arbitrary 51, 74; also see torture public emergency — see state of public emergency; also see derogation clauses punishment capital — see death penalty degrading — see torture

R racism — see tolerance and non-discrimination recruitment, forced — see compulsory recruitment redress, effective means of — see effective remedies, right to refugees — also see migration general 50, 130, 145, 151, 153, 155, 169, 173, 177, 178, 187, 188, 192, 193, 206, 208, 217, 245, 260, 276, 277, 282, 287, 310, 311 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees 145, 192, 208, 217, 276, 310 non-refoulement 260 religion, freedom of — see freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief religious education — see education remedies, effective — see effective remedies, right to Representative on Freedom of the Media 178, 181-184, 188, 191, 205, 206, 207, 209, 230, 236, 268, 282, 297, 313; also see freedom of expression, information, free media residence, freedom of — see freedom of movement restrictions to human rights, legitimate — see derogation clauses returnees 169, 173, 178; also see migration reunification of families — see family reunification right to life — see death penalty Roma and Sinti general 81, 104, 122, 144, 171, 172, 185-186, 188, 192, 210, 220, 230, 240, 256, 263-279, 280, 312 Action Plan on Improving the Situation of Roma and Sinti within the OSCE Area 240, 263-279 Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues (CPRSI) 171, 185, 188, 220, 266-271, 275-279 rule of law 65, 67, 68, 70, 78, 79, 81, 85-86, 87, 88, 93, 100, 107, 108, 112, 116, 117, 120, 126-127, 129, 139, 149, 153, 161, 166, 167, 170, 178, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193-194, 195, 201, 205, 206, 207, 209, 211, 212, 215, 217, 218, 234, 235, 237, 238, 239, 340, 242, 280, 287, 289, 292, 302

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 323 Index

S self-determination, right of 5, 46, 87, 107 separation of powers — see democracy sexual exploitation — see children; women’s rights Sinti and Roma — see Roma and Sinti slavery 220, 221, 247, 256, 312 social justice — see economic and social rights social rights — see economic and social rights social security — see economic and social rights statelessness, stateless persons 146, 192; also see nationality/citizenship state obligation — see obligation to implement state of public emergency 77, 116-118, 140 strike, right to 72; also see association, freedom of

T territorial expansionism 157, 167; also see tolerance and non-discrimination terrorism 34, 44, 46, 47, 70, 89, 130, 132, 135, 139, 164, 178, 183, 189, 201, 202-214, 215, 216-220, 223-224, 226, 227, 230, 234, 235, 237-239, 241, 242, 247, 252, 283-285, 287-289, 290-291, 312 Bucharest Plan of Action for Combating Terrorism 202-214, 216, 218, 223, 226, 247, 288, 290 Charter on Preventing and Combating Terrorism 215, 216-220, 226, 288, 290 Convention on the Suppression of Financing of Terrorism 207 Counter-Terrorism Network 238, 283-285 OSCE Action against Terrorism Unit (ATU) 238, 284, 288, 312 thought, freedom of — see freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief tolerance and non-discrimination general 49, 79, 82, 86, 93, 96, 97, 101, 102, 104, 119, 122, 129, 130, 139, 144, 149, 151, 154, 170, 172, 173, 183, 192, 205, 209, 216, 218, 219, 228-230, 235, 239-240, 266, 267, 280-282, 289, 292-298 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 144, 264, 265 torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment general 51, 74, 86, 115, 171, 174, 192 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 51, 74, 171 European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 171 UN Committee against Torture 74 UN Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruelly Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 171 trade in human beings — see trafficking in human beings trade unions 35, 65, 71, 72, 78, 79, 145; also see association, freedom of trafficking in human beings general 193, 197-199, 201, 207, 210, 216, 219, 220-223, 238, 242, 244-263, 279, 298-300, 305, 306, 310, 312 Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 197, 201, 206, 210, 220, 247, 248, 258, 299, 310 National Referral Mechanisms 222, 252, 258, 261

324 OSCE Human Dimension Commitments  Index

OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings 244, 245, 246-263, 298-300, 305, 310, 312 Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air 220 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children 197, 210, 220, 247, 248, 258, 299, 310 treatment, degrading — see torture tribunal, independent — see independence of the judiciary

U United Nations conventions and protocols — see relevant subject entry Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5, 35, 50, 58, 77, 112, 297 universality of human rights 5, 34, 43, 47, 79, 88, 144, 157, 172

V Vienna mechanism 62, 108 violence against children 73, 193, 197, 262, 299, 312 against minorities — see tolerance and non-discrimination against women — see women’s rights vocational training 9, 29, 52, 73, 121, 254, 269

W women’s rights Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 49, 120, 310 equal rights of men and women 35, 48, 49, 120, 121, 188, 193, 211, 223, 245, 254, 262, 301-316 OSCE Action Plan for the Promotion of Gender Equality 301-316 OSCE Action Plan on Gender Issues 211, 280, 301 protection against all forms of violence 121, 193, 197, 211, 254, 262, 271, 306, 310, 311, 312-313 sexual exploitation 193, 197, 221, 247, 256, 312; also see trafficking in human beings working conditions general 65, 77, 145 for journalists 16-17, 38, 39, 58, 182 workers, migrant — see migrant workers workers’ rights 35, 65, 71, 72

X xenophobia 81, 88, 104, 119, 122, 129, 144, 150, 154, 157, 164, 167, 172, 173, 177, 192, 205, 209, 228, 229, 230, 235, 280, 281, 292, 294, 295, 296, 297; also see tolerance and non-discrimination

Y youth, young people 13, 23, 29, 38, 52, 53, 56, 57, 60, 73, 89, 98, 105, 221, 240, 255, 269, 270, 282, 298

OSCE Human Dimension Commitments 325

ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬСТВА ОБСЕ В ОБЛАСТИ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ Том II Сборник документов в хронологическом порядке

второе издание

БДИПЧ ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬСТВА ОБСЕ В ОБЛАСТИ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ Том II

Сборник документов в хронологическом порядке

второе издание Опубликовано Бюро ОБСЕ по демократическим институтам и правам человека (БДИПЧ) Aleje Ujazdowskie 19 00-557 Warsaw Poland www.osce.org/odihr

© ОБСЕ/БДИПЧ 2006 г.

Все права защищены. Содержание этой публикации можно без ограничений использовать и воспроизводить в образовательных или других некоммерческих целях при обязательном упоминании ОБСЕ/БДИПЧ в качестве источника.

ISBN 83-60190-09-7

Дизайн: Нона Реутер

Отпечатано в Польше: Poligrafus Andrzej Adamiak

БДИПЧ выражает благодарность государствам-участникам за оказанную поддержку при издании этой книги. Содержание

Заключительный акт Совещания по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе Хельсинки 1975 г. 1

Итоговый документ мадридской встречи 1980 г. (Вторая Встреча в рамках дальнейших шагов) Мадрид 1983 г. 35

Документ стокгольмской конференции по мерам укрепления доверия и безопасности и разоружению в Европе Стокгольм 1986 г. 45

Итоговый документ венской встречи 1986 г. (Третья Встреча в рамках дальнейших шагов) Вена 1989 г. 47

Доклад о выводах и рекомендациях совещания по защите окружающей среды София 1989 г. (принят в Вене 1990 г.) 69

Документ боннской конференции по экономическому сотрудничеству в Европе Бонн 1990 г. 71

Документ копенгагенского совещания Конференции по человеческому измерению СБСЕ Копенгаген 1990 г. 73

Парижская Хартия для новой Европы Париж 1990 г. 93

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Содержание

Документ краковского симпозиума по культурному наследию государств-участников СБСЕ Краков 1991 г. 101

Доклад совещания экспертов СБСЕ по вопросам национальных меньшинств Женева 1991 г. 109

Документ московского совещания Конференции по человеческому измерению СБСЕ Москва 1991 г. 119

Пражский документ о дальнейшем развитии институтов и структур СБСЕ (Второе совещание совета) Прага 1992 г. 139

Хельсинкский документ: Вызов времени перемен (Встреча на высшем уровне) Хельсинки 1992 г. 143

Документ третьей встречи Совета министров Стокгольм 1992 г. 167

Документ четвертой встречи Совета министров Рим 1993 г. 171

Будапештский документ: на пути к подлинному партнерству в новую эпоху (Встреча на высшем уровне) Будапешт 1994 г. 179

Лиссабонский документ (Встреча на высшем уровне) Лиссабон 1996 г. 197

Документ шестой встречи Совета министров Копенгаген 1997 г. 201

Документ седьмой встречи Совета министров Осло 1998 г. 205

Стамбульский документ (Встреча на высшем уровне) Стамбул 1999 г. 207

Документ восьмой встречи Совета министров Вена 2000 г. 219

vi Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Содержание

Документ девятой встречи Совета министров Бухарест 2001 г. 223

Документ десятой встречи Совета министров Порту 2002 г. 241

Документ одиннадцатой встречи Совета министров Маастрихт 2003 г. 261

Документ двенадцатой встречи Совета министров София 2004 г. 325

Указатель 361

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения vii Заключительный акт Совещания по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе Хельсинки 1975 г.

(…)

Высокие Представители государств-участников торжественно приняли следую- щее:

Вопросы, относящиеся к безопасности в Европе подтверждая свою цель содействия улучшению отношений между ними и обес- печения условий, в которых их народы могут жить в условиях подлинного и про- чного мира, будучи ограждены от любой угрозы или покушения на их безопас- ность;

убежденные в необходимости прилагать усилия к тому, чтобы делать разрядку как непрерывным, так и все более жизнеспособным и всесторонним процессом, всеобщим по охвату, и в том, что претворение в жизнь результатов Совещания по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе будет одним из крупнейших вкладов в этот процесс;

считая, что солидарность между народами, как и общность стремления госу- дарств-участников к достижению целей, как они выдвинуты Совещанием по безо- пасности и сотрудничеству в Европе, должны вести к развитию лучших и более тесных отношений между ними во всех областях и, таким образом, к преодоле- нию противостояния, проистекающего из характера их отношений в прошлом, и к лучшему взаимопониманию;

памятуя о своей общей истории и признавая, что существование общих элемен- тов в их традициях и ценностях может помогать им в развитии их отношений, и исполненные желания изыскивать, полностью принимая во внимание своеобра- зие и разнообразие их позиций и взглядов, возможности объединять их усилия с тем, чтобы предолевать недоверие и укреплять доверие, разрешать проблемы, которые их разделяют, и сотрудничать в интересах человечества;

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

признавая неделимость безопасности в Европе, как и свою общую заинтересован- ность в развитии сотрудничества во всей Европе и между собой, и выражая свое намерение предпринимать соответственно усилия;

признавая тесную связь между миром и безопасностью в Европе и в мире в целом и сознавая необходимость для каждого из них вносить свой вклад в укрепление международного мира и безопасности и в содействие основным правам, экономи- ческому и социальному прогрессу и благополучию всех народов;

приняли следующее:

1. (a) Декларация принципов, которыми государства-участники будут руководствоваться во взаимных отношениях

Государства-участники,

подтверждая свою приверженность миру, безопасности и справедливости и про- цессу развития дружественных отношений и сотрудничества;

признавая, что эта приверженность, отражающая интересы и чаяния народов, воплощает для каждого государства-участника ответственность сейчас и в буду- щем, повысившуюся в результате опыта прошлого;

подтверждая, в соответствии с их членством в Организации Объединенных Наций и в соответствии с целями и принципами Организации Объединенных Наций, свою полную и активную поддержку Организации Объединенных Наций и повышению ее роли и эффективности в укреплении международного мира, безопасности и справедливости и в содействии решению международных про- блем, как и развитию дружественных отношений и сотрудничества между госу- дарствами;

выражая свою общую приверженность принципам, которые изложены ниже и которые находятся в соответствии с Уставом Организации Объединенных Наций, а также свою общую волю действовать, в применении этих принципов, в соот- ветствии с целями и принципами Устава Организации Объединенных Наций;

заявляют о своей решимости уважать и применять в отношениях каждого из них со всеми другими государствами-участниками, независимо от их политических, экономических и социальных систем, а также их размера, географического поло- жения и уровня экономического развития, следующие принципы, которые все имеют первостепенную важность и которыми они будут руководствоваться во взаимных отношениях:

I. Суверенное равенство, уважение прав, присущих суверенитету

Государства-участники будут уважать суверенное равенство и своеобразие друг друга, а также все права, присущие их суверенитету и охватываемые им, в число которых входит, в частности, право каждого государства на юридическое равенс-

 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

тво, на территоральную целостность, на свободу и политическую независимость. Они будут также уважать право друг друга свободно выбирать и развивать свои политические, социальные, экономические и культурные системы, равно как и право устанавливать свои законы и административные правила.

В рамках международного права все государства-участники имеют равные права и обязанности. Они будут уважать право друг друга определять и осуществлять по своему усмотрению их отношения с другими государствами согласно между- народному праву и в духе настоящей Декларации. Они считают, что их границы могут изменяться, в соответствии с международным правом, мирным путем и по договоренности. Они имеют также право принадлежать или не принадлежать к международным организациям, быть или не быть участником двусторонних или многосторонних договоров, включая право быть или не быть участником союз- ных договоров; они также имеют право на нейтралитет.

II. Неприменение силы или угрозы силой

Государства-участники будут воздерживаться в их взаимных, как и вообще в их международных отношениях от применения силы или угрозы силой как против территориальной целостности, или политической независимости любого госу- дарства, так и каким-либо другим образом, несовместимым с целями Объединен- ных Наций и с настоящей Декларацией. Никакие соображения не могут исполь- зоваться для того, чтобы обосновывать обращение к угрозе силой или к ее приме- нению в нарушение этого принципа.

Соответственно, государства-участники будут воздерживаться от любых дейс- твий, представляющих собой угрозу силой или прямое или косвенное примене- ние силы против другого государства-участника. Равным образом, они будут воз- держиваться от всех проявлений силы с целью принуждения другого государс- тва-участника к отказу от полного осуществления его суверенных прав. Равным образом, они будут также воздерживаться в их взаимных отношениях от любых актов репрессалий с помощью силы.

Никакое такое применение силы или угрозы силой не будет использоваться как средство урегулирования споров или вопросов, которые могут вызвать споры, между ними.

III. Нерушимость границ

Государства-участники рассматривают как нерушимые все границы друг друга, так и границы всех государств в Европе, и поэтому они будут воздерживаться сей- час и в будущем от любых посягательств на эти границы.

Они будут, соответственно, воздерживаться также от любых требований или действий, направленных на захват и узурпацию части или всей территории любого государства-участника.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

IV. Территориальная целостность государств

Государства-участники будут уважать территориальную целостность каждого из государств-участников.

В соответствии с этим они будут воздерживаться от любых действий, несовмес- тимых с целями и принципами Устава Организации Объединенных Наций, про- тив территориальной целостности, политической независимости или единства любого государства-участника и, в частности, от любых таких действий, пред- ставляющих собой применение силы или угрозу силой.

Государства-участники будут, равным образом, воздерживаться от того, чтобы превращать территорию друг друга в объект военной оккупации или других пря- мых или косвенных мер применения силы в нарушении международного права или в объект приобретения с помощью таких мер или угрозы их осуществления. Никакая оккупация или приобретение такого рода не будет признаваться закон- ной.

V. Мирное урегулирование споров

Государства-участники будут разрешать споры между ними мирными средствами таким образом, чтобы не подвергать угрозе международный мир и безопасность и справедливость.

Они будут добросовестно и в духе сотрудничества прилагать усилия к тому, чтобы в короткий срок прийти к справедливому решению, основанному на международ- ном праве.

В этих целях они будут использовать такие средства, как переговоры, обследова- ние, посредничество, примирение, арбитраж, судебное разбирательство или иные мирные средства по их собственному выбору, включая любую процедуру урегули- рования, согласованную до возникновения споров, в которых они были бы сто- ронами.

В случае, если стороны в споре не достигнут разрешения спора путем одного из вышеупомянутых мирных средств, они будут продолжать искать взаимно согла- сованные пути мирного урегулирования спора.

Государства-участники, являющиеся сторонами в споре между ними, как и другие государства-участники, будут воздерживаться от любых действий, которые могут ухудшить положение в такой степени, что будет поставлено под угрозу поддержа- ние международного мира и безопасности, и тем самым сделать мирное урегули- рование спора более трудным.

VI. Невмешательство во внутренние дела

Государства-участники будут воздерживаться от любого вмешательства, прямого или косвенного, индивидуального или коллективного во внутренние или вне-

 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

шние дела, входящие во внутреннюю компетенцию другого государства-участ- ника, независимо от их взаимоотношений.

Они будут, соответственно, воздерживаться от любой формы вооруженного вме- шательства или угрозы такого вмешательства против другого государства-участ- ника.

Они будут точно так же при всех обстоятельствах воздерживаться от любого дру- гого акта военного или политического, экономического или другого принужде- ния, направленного на то, чтобы подчинить своим собственным интересам осу- ществление другим государством-участником прав, присущих его суверенитету, и таким образом обеспечить себе преимущества любого рода.

Соответственно они будут, в том числе, воздерживаться от оказания прямой или косвенной помощи террористической деятельности или подрывной или другой деятельности, направленной на насильственное свержение режима другого госу- дарства-участника.

VII. Уважение прав человека и основных свобод, включая свободу мысли, совести, религии и убеждений

Государства-участники будут уважать права человека и основные свободы, вклю- чая свободу мысли, совести, религии и убеждений, для всех, без различия расы, пола, языка и религии.

Они будут поощрять и развивать эффективное осуществление гражданских, политических, экономических, социальных, культурных и других прав и свобод, которые все вытекают из достоинства, присущего человеческой личности, и явля- ются существенными для ее свободного и полного развития.

В этих рамках государства-участники будут признавать и уважать свободу лич- ности исповедовать, единолично или совместно с другими, религию или веру, действуя согласно велению собственной совести.

Государства-участники, на чьей территории имеются национальные меньшинс- тва, будут уважать право лиц, принадлежащих к таким меньшинствам, на равенс- тво перед законом, будут предоставлять им полную возможность фактического пользования правами человека и основными свободами и будут таким образом защищать их законные интересы в этой области.

Государства-участники признают всеобщее значение прав человека и основных свобод, уважение которых является существенным фактором мира, справедли- вости и благополучия, необходимых для обеспечения развития дружественных отношений и сотрудничества между ними, как и между всеми государствами.

Они будут постоянно уважать эти права и свободы в своих взаимных отношениях и будут прилагать усилия, совместно и самостоятельно, включая сотрудничество

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

с Организацией Объединенных Наций, в целях содействия всеобщему и эффек- тивному уважению их.

Они подтверждают право лиц знать свои права и обязанности в этой области и поступать в соответствии с ними.

В области прав человека и основных свобод государства-участники будут дейс- твовать в соответствии с целями и принципами Устава ООН и Всеобщей декла- рацией прав человека. Они будут также выполнять свои обязательства, как они установлены в международных декларациях и соглашениях в этой области, вклю- чая в том числе Международные пакты о правах человека, если они ими связаны.

VIII. Равноправие и право народов распоряжаться своей судьбой

Государства-участники будут уважать равноправие и право народов распоря- жаться своей судьбой, действуя постоянно в соответствии с целями и принци- пами Устава ООН и соответствующими нормами международного права, вклю- чая те, которые относятся к территориальной целостности государств.

Исходя из принципа равноправия и права народов распоряжаться своей судьбой, все народы всегда имеют право в условиях полной свободы определять, когда и как они желают, свой внутренний и внешний политический статус без вмеша- тельства извне и осуществлять по своему усмотрению свое политическое, эконо- мическое, социальное и культурное развитие.

Государства-участники подтверждают всеобщее значение уважения и эффектив- ного осуществления равноправия и права народов распоряжаться своей судьбой для развитя дружественных отношений между ними, как и между всеми государс- твами; они напоминают также о важности исключения любой формы нарушения этого принципа.

IX. Сотрудничество между государствами

Государства-участники будут развивать свое сотрудничество друг с другом, как и со всеми государствами, во всех областях в соответствии с целями и принципами Устава ООН. Развивая свое сотрудничество, государства-участники будут прида- вать особое значение областям, как они определены в рамках Совещания по безо- пасности и сотрудничеству в Европе, причем каждый из них будет вносить свой вклад в условиях полного равенства.

Они будут стремиться, развивая свое сотрудничество как равные, содействовать взаимопониманию и доверию, дружественным и добрососедским отношениям между собой, международному миру, безопасности и справедливости. Они будут, равным образом, стремиться, развивая свое сотрудничество, повышать благо- состояние народов и способствовать претворению в жизнь их чаяний, исполь- зуя, в частности, выгоды, вытекающие из расширяющегося взаимного ознакомле- ния и их прогресса и достижений в экономической, научной, технической, соци-

 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

альной, культурной и гуманитарной областях. Они будут предпринимать шаги по содействию условиям, благоприятствующим тому, чтобы делать эти выгоды доступными для всех; они будут учитывать интересы всех в сокращении разли- чий в уровнях экономического развития и, в частности, интересы развивающихся стран во всем мире.

Они подтверждают, что правительства, учреждения, организации и люди могут играть соответствующую и положительную роль в содействии достижению этих целей их сотрудничества.

Они будут стремиться, расширяя свое сотрудничество, как это определено выше, развивать более тесные отношения между собой на лучшей и более прочной основе на благо народов.

Х. Добросовестное выполнение обязательств по международному праву

Государства-участники будут добросовестно выполнять свои обязательства по международному праву, как и те обязательства, которые вытекают из общепри- знанных принципов и норм международного права, так и те обязательства, кото- рые вытекают из соответствующих международному праву договоров или других соглашений, участниками которых они являются.

При осуществлении своих суверенных прав, включая право устанавливать свои законы и административные правила, они будут сообразовываться со своими юридическими обязательствами по международному праву; они будут, кроме того, учитывать должным образом и выполнять положения Заключительного акта Совещания по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе.

Государства-участники подтверждают, что в том случае, когда обязательства чле- нов Организации Объединенных Наций по Уставу Организации Объединенных Наций окажутся в противоречии с их обязательствами по какому-либо договору или другому международному соглашению, преимущественную силу имеют их обязательства по Уставу, в соответствии со статьей 103 Устава ООН.

Все принципы, изложенные выше, имеют первостепенную важность, и, следова- тельно, они будут одинаково и неукоснительно применяться при интерпретации каждого из них с учетом других.

Государства-участники выражают свою решимость полностью уважать и приме- нять эти принципы, как они изложены в настоящей Декларации, во всех аспек- тах к их взаимным отношениям и сотрудничеству с тем, чтобы обеспечить каж- дому государству-участнику преимущества, вытекающие из уважения и примене- ния этих принципов всеми.

Государства-участники, учитывая должным образом изложенные выше при- нципы и, в частности, первую фразу десятого принципа, “Добросовестное выпол- нение обязательств по международному праву”, отмечают, что настоящая Декла-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

рация не затрагивает их прав и обязательств, как и соответствующих договоров и других соглашений и договоренностей.

Государства-участники выражают убеждение в том, что уважение этих принци- пов будет способствовать развитию нормальных и дружественных отношений и прогрессу сотрудничества между ними во всех областях. Они также выражают убеждение в том, что уважение этих принципов будет способствовать развитию политических контактов между ними, которые, в свою очередь, будут содейство- вать лучшему взаимному пониманию их позиций и взглядов.

Государства-участники заявляют о своем намерении осуществлять свои отноше- ния со всеми другими государствами в духе принципов, изложенных в настоящей Декларации.

(b) Вопросы, относящиеся к претворению в жизнь некоторых из принципов, изложенные выше

Государства-участники,

подтверждая, что они будут уважать и претворять в жизнь положение о неприме- нении силы или угрозы силой, и убежденные в необходимости сделать его дейс- твенным законом международной жизни,

заявляют, что они будут уважать и выполнять в их отношениях друг с другом, в том числе следующие положения, которые находятся в соответствии с Деклара- цией принципов, которыми государства-участники будут руководствоваться во взаимных отношениях:

• Претворять в жизнь и выражать всеми путями и во всех формах, которые они сочтут подходящими, обязанность воздерживаться от угрозы силой или ее при- менения в отношениях друг с другом.

• Воздерживаться от какого-либо применения вооруженных сил, несовместимого с целями и принципами Устава ООН и положениями Декларации принципов, которыми государства-участники будут руководствоваться во взаимных отно- шениях, против другого государства-участника, в особенности от вторжения или нападения на его территорию.

• Воздерживаться от всех проявлений силы с целью принуждения другого госу- дарства-участника к отказу от полного осуществления его суверенных прав.

• Воздерживаться от любого акта экономического принуждения, направленного на подчинение своим интересам осуществления другим государством-участни- ком прав, присущих его суверенитету, и обеспечение себе таким образом при- емуществ любого рода.

 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

• Принимать эффективные меры, которые в силу их охвата и характера являются шагами в направлении достижения в конечном итоге всеобщего и полного разо- ружения под строгим и эффективным международным контролем.

• Содействовать всеми средствами, которые каждое из них сочтет подходящими, созданию атмосферы доверия и уважения между народами, отвечающей их обя- занности воздерживаться от пропаганды агрессивных войн или любого приме- нения силы или угрозы силой, несовместимыми с целями Объединенных Наций и с Деклараций принципов, которыми государства-участники будут руководс- твоваться во взаимных отношениях, против другого государства-участника.

• Прилагать все усилия к тому, чтобы разрешить любые споры между ними, про- должение которых могло бы угрожать поддержанию международного мира и безопасности в Европе, исключительно мирными средствами, и прежде всего стараться разрешить споры при помощи мирных средств, указанных в статье 33 Устава ООН.

• Воздерживаться от любых действий, которые могли бы затруднить мирное уре- гулирование споров между государствами-участниками.

(…)

Сотрудничество в области экономики, науки и техники и окружающей среды (…)

6. Сотрудничество в других секторах

(…)

Экономические и социальные аспекты мигрирующей рабочей силы

Государствa-участники,

принимая во внимание, что перемещение рабочих-мигрантов в Европе приняло большие размеры и что оно является важным экономическим, социальным и гуманитарным фактором как в принимающих странах, так и в странах происхож- дения,

признавая, что миграция рабочих порождает также ряд экономических, социаль- ных, гуманитарных и иных проблем как в принимающих странах, так и в странах происхождения,

учитывая надлежащим образом деятельность в этой области компетентных меж- дународных организаций, в частности Международной организации труда,

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

• считают, что проблемы, возникающие в двустороннем плане в связи с миграцией рабочих в Европе, а также между государствами-участниками, должны рассмат- риваться непосредственно заинтересованными сторонами с тем, чтобы решать эти проблемы в их обоюдных интересах, в свете стремления каждого заинтере- сованного государства учитывать должным образом потребности, вызываемые его социально-экономическим положением, принимая во внимание обязан- ность каждого государства действовать в соответствии с двусторонними и мно- госторонними соглашениями, стороной которых оно является, и имея в виду следующие цели:

• поощрять усилия стран происхождения, направленные на расширение возмож- ностей занятости для своих граждан на своей территории, в частности путем развития экономического сотрудничества, отвечающего этой цели и приемле- мого для заинтересованных стран происхождения и принимающих стран;

• обеспечивать, путем сотрудничества между принимающей страной и страной происхождения, создание условий, в которых могло бы происходить упорядо- ченное перемещене рабочих, ограждая при этом их личное и социальное благо- состояние, и организовывать в соответствующих случаях набор и элементарную языковую и профессиональную подготовку рабочих-мигрантов;

• обеспечивать равноправие между рабочими-мигрантами и гражданами прини- мающих стран в том, что касается условий найма и труда, а также социального обеспечения, и следить за тем, чтобы для рабочих-мигрантов создавались удов- летворительные условия жизни, особенно в отношении жилья;

• следить, насколько это возможно, за тем, чтобы рабочие-мигранты пользова- лись теми же возможностями, что и граждане принимающей страны, в отноше- нии получения подходящей работы в случае безработицы;

• относиться благожелательно к тому, чтобы рабочие-мигранты получали профес- сиональную подготовку и, насколько это возможно, бесплатно обучались языку принимающей страны по месту работы;

• закрепить право рабочих-мигрантов по возможности регулярно получать информацию на своем родном языке как о стране происхождения, так и о при- нимающей стране;

• обеспечить детям рабочих-мигрантов, проживающих в принимающей стране, доступ к обычному для этой страны образованию на тех же условиях, что и для детей этой страны, и позволить, кроме того, преподавание родного языка, наци- ональной культуры, истории и географии;

• иметь в виду, что рабочие-мигранты, особенно получившие квалификацию, воз- вращаясь в свою страну по прошествии некоторого времени, могут способство- вать восполнению нехватки квалифицированной рабочей силы в стране проис- хождения;

10 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

• облегчать, насколько это возможно, воссоединение семей рабочих-мигрантов;

• относиться благожелательно к усилиям стран происхождения по привлечению сбережений рабочих-мигрантов с тем, чтобы в рамках их экономического разви- тия расширить соответствующие возможности для занятости, способствуя тем самым реинтеграции этих рабочих по их возвращении.

(…)

Сотрудничество в гуманитарных и других областях Государства-участники,

желая содействовать укреплению мира и взаимопонимания между народами и духовному обогащению человеческой личности без различия расы, пола, языка и религии,

сознавая, что развитие в области культуры и образования, более широкое распро- странение информации, контакты между людьми и решение гуманитарных про- блем будут содействовать достижению этих целей,

исполненные решимости поэтому сотрудничать между собой, независимо от своих политических, экономических и социальных систем, с тем, чтобы создать лучшие условия в упомянутых выше областях, развивать и укреплять существую- щие формы сотрудничества, а также разрабатывать новые пути и средства, соот- ветствующие этим целям,

убежденные, что это сотрудничество должно осуществляться при полном соблю- дени принципов, регулирующих отношения между государствами-участниками, как они изложены в соответствующем документе,

приняли следующее:

1. Контакты между людьми

Государства-участники,

рассматривая развитие контактов в качестве важного элемента в укреплении дру- жественных отношений и доверия между народами,

подтверждая в связи с их нынешними усилиями по улучшению условий в этой области важное значение, которое они придают гуманным соображениям,

желая в этом духе и впредь прилагать по мере развития разрядки усилия с целью дальнейшего прогресса в этой области

и сознавая, что относящиеся к этому вопросы должны регулироваться заинтере- сованными государствами на взаимоприемлемых условиях,

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 11 Хельсинки 1975 г.

ставят своей целью облегчать более свободное передвижение и контакты на индивидуальной и коллективной, неофициальной и официальной основе между людьми, учреждениями и организациями государств-участников и содействовать решению вопросов гуманного характера, возникающих в данной области,

заявляют о своей готовности принимать в этих целях меры, которые они сочтут подходящими, а также заключать между собой, в случае необходимости, соглаше- ния или достигать договоренностей и

выражают свое намерение в настоящее время приступить к осуществлению сле- дующего:

(a) Контакты и регулярные встречи на основе семейных связей

Имея в виду содействовать дальнейшему развитию контактов на основе семей- ных связей, государства-участники будут благожелательно рассматривать про- сьбы о поездках с целью разрешения лицам въезда на их территорию или выезда с нее на временной и, если этого пожелают, регулярной основе для встреч с чле- нами своих семей.

Заявления о временных поездках для встреч с членами своих семей будут рас- сматриваться безотносительно к стране выезда или въезда; существующий поря- док оформление проездных документов и виз будет приняться в этом духе. Офор- мление и выдача таких документов и виз будут осуществляться в разумные сроки; в случаях срочной надобности – таких, как серьезная болезнь, смерть – во вне- очередном порядке. Они предпримут шаги, которые могут оказаться необходи- мыми, для обеспечения приемлемого уровня сборов за выдачу официальных про- ездных документов и виз.

Они подтверждают, что подача просьбы, относящейся к контактам на основе семейных связей, не будет приводить к изменению прав и обязанностей лица, подавшего просьбу, или членов их семьи.

(b) Воссоединение семей

Государства-участники будут в позитивном и гуманном духе рассматривать про- сьбы лиц, которые желают воссоединиться с членами своей семьи, уделяя осо- бое внимание ходатайствам срочного характера, таким как ходатайства, поступа- ющие от больных или престарелых.

Они будут рассматривать эти просьбы по возможности быстрее.

Они будут в случае необходимости снижать сборы, взимаемые в связи с этими просьбами, чтобы обеспечить их умеренный уровень.

Неудовлетворенные просьбы о воссоединении семей могут быть поданы вновь на соответствующем уровне и будут рассматриваться через непродолжительный период времени властями соответственно страны проживания или принимаю-

12 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

щей страны; при таких обстоятельствах сборы будут взиматься только в случае удовлетворения просьбы.

Лица, просьбы которых о воссоединении семей удовлетворены, могут привозить с собой или отправлять вещи домашнего обихода и личного потребления; с этой целью государства-участники будут использовать все возможности, содержащи- еся в существующих правилах.

Пока члены одной и той же семьи не воссоединятся, встречи и контакты между ними могут осуществляться в соответствии с порядком для контактов на основе семейных связей.

Государства-участники будут поддерживать усилия обществ Красного Креста и Красного Полумесяца, занимающихся проблемами воссоединения семей.

Они подтверждают, что подача просьбы о воссоединении семей не будет приво- дить к изменению прав и обязанностей лица, подавшего просьбу, или членов его семьи.

Принимающее государство-участник будет проявлять соответствующую заботу о трудоустройстве лиц из других государств-участников, приезжающих в это госу- дарство на постоянное жительство в рамках воссоединения семей с его граж- данами, и заботиться о том, чтобы им предоставлялись равные с собственными гражданами возможности для получения образования, медицинской помощи и социального обеспечения.

(c) Браки между гражданами различных государств

Государства-участники будут благожелательно и на основе гуманных соображе- ний изучать просьбы о разрешениях на выезд и въезд лиц, которые решили всту- пить в брак с гражданином другого государства-участника.

Оформление и выдача документов, требуемых для указанных выше целей и для вступления в брак, будут осуществляться в соответствии с положениями, приня- тыми в отношении воссоединения семей.

При рассмотрении просьб от уже вступивших в брак супругов из различных госу- дарств-участников о предоставлении возможности им и несовершеннолетним детям от их брака переносить их постоянное местожительство в государство, в котором обычно проживает один из них, государства-участники будут также при- менять положения, принятые в отношении воссоединения семей.

(d) Поездки по личным или профессиональным причинам

Государства-участники намереваются способствовать более широким возмож- ностям осуществления их гражданами поездок по личным или профессиональ- ным причинам, и в этих целях они намерены, в частности:

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 13 Хельсинки 1975 г.

• постепенно упрощать и гибко применять порядок выезда и въезда;

• облегчать порядок передвижения граждан из других государств-участников по их территории с должным учетом требований безопасности.

Они будут стремиться постепенно снижать, где это необходимо, сборы за визы и официальные проездные документы.

Они намереваются изучать, в случае необходимости, средства совершенствова- ния двусторонней практики консульского обслуживания, в том числе юридичес- кой и консульской помощи, включая, насколько это целесообразно, заключение многосторонних или двусторонних консульских конвенций или других соответс- твующих соглашений и договоренностей.

Они подтверждают, что религиозные культы, учреждения и организации, дейс- твующие в конституционных рамках государств-участников, и их представители могут в сфере их деятельности осуществлять между ними контакты и встречи и обмениваться информацией.

(e) Улучшение условий для туризма на индивидуальной или коллективной основе

Государства-участники считают, что туризм содействует более полным знаниям о жизни, культуре и истории других стран, росту взаимопонимания между наро- дами, улучшению контактов и более широкому использованию досуга. Они наме- реваются способствовать развитию туризма на индивидуальной или коллектив- ной основе и, в частности, имеют в виду:

• содействовать поездкам в свои страны, поощряя предоставление соответствую- щих возможностей, а также упрощение и ускорение необходимых формальнос- тей, относящихся к таким поездкам;

• расширять на основе соответствующих соглашений или договоренностей, где необходимо, сотрудничество в деле развития туризма, рассматривая, в част- ности, в двустороннем плане возможные пути увеличения информации, отно- сящейся к поездкам в другие страны, приему и обслуживанию туристов и другие соответствующие вопросы, представляющие взаимный интерес.

(f) Встречи между молодежью

Государства-участники намереваются содействовать развитию контактов и обме- нов между молодежью, поощряя:

• расширение обменов и контактов на краткосрочной или долгосрочной основе между трудящейся, проходящей профессиональную подготовку или учащейся молодежью посредством двусторонних или многосторонних соглашений или регулярных программ во всех случаях, где это представляется возможным;

14 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

• изучение их молодежными организациями вопроса о возможных соглашениях, относящихся к формам многостороннего молодежного сотрудничества;

• соглашения или регулярные программы, относящиеся к организации обмена студентами, международных молодежных семинаров, курсов профессиональ- ного обучения и курсов по изучению иностранных языков;

• дальнейшее развитие молодежного туризма и предоставление для этой цели соответствующих льгот;

• развитие, где возможно, обменов, контактов и сотрудничества на двусторон- ней или многосторонней основе между их организациями, представляющими широкие слои трудящейся, проходящей профессиональную подготовку и уча- щейся молодежи;

• осознание молодежью важности развития взаимопонимания, укрепления дру- жественных отношений и доверия между народами.

(g) О спорте

В целях расширения существующих связей и сотрудничества в области спорта государства-участники будут поощрять соответствующие контакты и обмены, включая спортивные встречи и соревнования всех видов, проводимые на основе общепринятых международных правил, положений и практики.

(h) Расширение контактов

В порядке дальнейшего развития контактов между государственными учрежде- ниями, неправительственными и общественными организациями, включая жен- ские, государства-участники будут облегчать проведение встреч, а также поездки делегаций, групп и отдельных лиц.

2. Информация

Государствa-участники,

сознавая потребность во все более широком знании и понимании различных аспектов жизни других государств-участников,

отмечая вклад этого процесса в рост доверия между народами,

желая с развитием взаимопонимания между государствами-участниками и с дальнейшим улучшением отношений между ними продолжать и дальше усилия с целью прогресса в этой области,

отмечая важное значение распространения информации из других государств- участников и лучшего ознакомления с такой информацией,

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 15 Хельсинки 1975 г.

подчеркивая поэтому существенную и влиятельную роль печати, радио, телевиде- ния, кино и телеграфных агентств и журналистов, работающих в этих областях;

ставят своей целью облегчать более свободное и широкое распространение всех форм информации, поощрять сотрудничество в области информации и обмен информацией с другими странами и улучшать условия, в которых журналисты из одного государства-участника осуществляют свою профессиональную деятель- ность в другом государстве-участнике, и

выражают свое намерение, в частности:

(a) Улучшение распространения, доступа и обмена информацией

(i) Устная информация

• Способствовать распространению устной информации путем поощрения лек- ций и лекционных поездок видных деятелей и специалистов из других госу- дарств-участников, а также обмена мнениями типа круглого стола, семинаров, симпозиумов, летних курсов, конгрессов и других двусторонних и многосто- ронних встреч.

(ii) Печатная информация

• Cпособствовать улучшению распространения на их территории газет и печат- ных изделий, периодических и непериодических, из других государств-участни- ков. В этих целях:

они будут поощрять свои фирмы и компетентные организации заключать согла- шения и контракты, направленные на постепенное увеличение количества и числа наименований газет и печатных изданий, импортируемых из других государств- участников. Желательно, чтобы в этих соглашениях и контрактах упоминались, в частности, условия скорейшей доставки, использование обычно существующих в каждой стране каналов распространения ее печатных изданий и газет, а также согласованные между сторонами формы и способы платежных расчетов, позволя- ющие осуществление целей этих соглашений и контрактов;

• там, где это окажется необходимым, они будут принимать соответствующие меры для осуществления вышеизложенных целей и положений соглашений и контрактов.

• Способствовать улучшению доступа общественности к печатным изданиям, периодическим и непериодическим, импортируемым на указанной выше основе. В частности:

• они будут поощрять расширение числа точек, где будут продаваться такие изда- ния;

16 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

• они будут облегчать предложение таких периодических изданий во время про- ведения конгрессов, конференций, официальных визитов и других международ- ных мероприятий и туристам во время туристического сезона;

• они будут расширять возможность подписки на основе правил, свойственных каждой стране;

• они будут улучшать возможность предоставления во временное пользование и для чтения этих изданий в крупных публичных библиотеках и их читальных залах, а также в университетских библиотеках.

Они намерены улучшать возможности ознакомления с бюллетенями официаль- ной информации, выпускаемыми дипломатическими представительствами и рас- пространяемыми этими представительствами на основе договоренностей, при- емлемых для заинтересованных сторон.

(iii) Кино-, радио- и телевизионная информация

• Способствовать улучшению распространения кино-, радио- и телевизионной информации. В этих целях:

• они будут поощрять расширение показа и передачи более разнообразной информации, записанной на пленку, из других государств-участников, иллюс- трирующей различные аспекты жизни в их странах и получаемой на основе таких соглашений или договоренностей, которые могут быть необходимы между непосредственно заинтересованными организациями и фирмами;

• они будут облегчать импорт компетентными организациями и фирмами запи- санных на пленку аудиовизуальных материалов из других государств-участ- ников.

Государства-участники отмечают расширение распространения радиоинформа- ции и выражают надежду на продолжение этого процесса, так чтобы это отвечало интересам взаимопонимания между народами и целям, определенным настоя- щим Совещанием.

(b) Cотрудничество в области информации

• Поощрять сотрудничество в области информации на основе кратко- или долго- срочных соглашений или договоренностей. В частности:

• они будут способствовать более широкому сотрудничеству между органами массовой информации, в том числе между телеграфными агентствами, изда- тельствами и издательскими организациями;

• они будут способствовать сотрудничеству между радиовещательными и теле- визионными организациями, как государственными, так и частными, наци- ональными и международными, в частности путем обмена прямыми или в

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 17 Хельсинки 1975 г.

записи радио- и телевизионными программами, совместного производства и распространения таких программ;

• они будут поощрять встречи и контакты как между журналистскими органи- зациями, так и между журналистами государств-участников;

• они будут благоприятно относиться к возможности достижения договорен- ностей между периодическими изданиями, включая газеты, государств-участ- ников об обмене статьями и их публикации;

• они будут поощрять обмен технической информацией, а также организацию совместных исследований и проведение встреч специалистов по обмену опы- том и мнениями в области печати, радио и телевидения.

(c) Улучшение условий работы журналистов

Государства-участники, стремясь к улучшению условий, в которых журна- листы одного из государств-участников осуществляют свою профессиональную деятельность в другом государстве-участнике, имеют в виду, в частности:

• изучать в благожелательном духе в подходящие и разумные сроки просьбы жур- налистов о выдаче виз;

• предоставлять постоянно аккредитованным журналистам государств-участни- ков на основе договоренности многократные въездные-выездные визы на опре- деленный срок;

• облегчать выдачу аккредитованным журналистам государств-участников раз- решений на проживание в стране их временного пребываня и, если и когда тако- вые необходимы, других полагающихся им официальных документов;

• облегчать на основе взаимности процедуры оформления поездок журналистов государств-участников по стране, в которой они осуществляют свою професси- ональную деятельность и постепенно предоставлять большие возможности для таких поездок при соблюдении правил, связанных с наличием районов, закры- тых по соображениям безопасности;

• обеспечивать, чтобы на просьбы таких журналистов о подобных поездках давался ответ по возможности быстро, с учетом срока запроса;

• увеличивать возможности личного общения журналистов государств-учас- тников с источниками их информации, включая организации и официальные учреждения;

• предоставлять журналистам государств-участников право ввоза, лишь при условии последующего вывоза, технического оборудования (фото-, кино-, маг-

18 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

нитофонного, радио- и телевизионного-, необходимого для выполнения их про- фессиональной деятельности;*)

• предоставлять журналистам других государств-участников, будь то постоянно или временно аккредитованным, возможность передавать полностью, в обыч- ном порядке и быстро через признанные государствами-участниками каналы в представляемые ими органы информации результаты их профессиональ- ной деятельности, включая магнитофонные записи и непроявленную пленку, с целью опубликования или передачи по радио или телевидению.

Государства-участники подтверждают, что журналисты не могут подвергаться выдворению или иным образом наказываться в результате законного осущест- вления их профессиональной деятельности. В случае выдворения аккредитован- ного журналиста он будет информирован о причинах этого и может обращаться с просьбой о пересмотре его дела.

3. Сотрудничество и обмены в области культуры

Государства-участники,

считая, что культурные обмены и сотрудничество содействуют лучшему взаи- мопониманию между людьми и между народами и способствуют таким образом упрочению согласия между государствами,

подтверждая уже согласованные в многостороннем плане выводы в этой области, в частности на Межправительственной конференции по политике в области куль- туры в Европе, организованной ЮНЕСКО в июне 1972 года в Хельсинки, на кото- рой выявился интерес к активному участию самых широких слоев общества во все более многообразной культурной жизни,

желая с развитием взаимного доверия и дальнейшим улучшением отношений между государствами-участниками продолжать и дальше усилия с целью про- гресса в этой области,

выражая готовность в этом духе к существенному увеличению их культурных обменов как в том, что касается людей, так и в том, что касается произведений, и к развитию между ними активного сотрудничества как на двусторонней, так и мно- госторонней основе во всех областях культуры,

будучи убежденными, что такое укрепление их взаимоотношений будет содейс- твовать обогащению соответствующих культур при уважении самобытности каждой, а также укреплению между ними сознания общих ценностей при даль- нейшем развитии культурного сотрудничества с другими странами мира,

* Признавая, то во многих случаях иностранными журналистами используется соответствующий местный персонал, государства-уастники отмечают, то изложенные выше положения применялись бы при соблюдении подходящих правил к лицам из других государств-участников, которые регулярно и в силу своей профессии работают в качестве техников, фотографов и операторов печати, радио, телевидения или кино.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 19 Хельсинки 1975 г.

заявляют о том, что они совместно ставят перед собой следующие цели:

а) развивать взаимную информацию с целью лучшего ознакомления с достижени- ями культуры друг друга,

b) улучшать материальные возможности обменов и распространения культурных ценностей,

с) благоприятствовать доступу всех к соответствующим достижениям культуры,

d) развивать контакты и сотрудничество между деятелями культуры,

е) изыскивать новые области и формы культурного сотрудничества,

демонстрируют тем самым их общее стремление предпринимать постепенные последовательные долгосрочные действия для достижения целей настоящей декларации; и

выражают свое намерение в настоящее время приступить к осуществлению сле- дующего:

Расширение связей

Расширять и улучшать на различных уровнях сотрудничество и связи в области культуры, в частности:

• заключать в соответствующих случаях соглашения на двусторонней или мно- госторонней основе, предусматривающие расширение связей между компетен- тными государственными учреждениями и неправительственными организа- циями в области культуры, а также между деятелями культуры, учитывая необ- ходимость как гибкости, так и наиболее полного использования существую- щих соглашений, и имея в виду, что соглашения, а также другие договоренности являются важным средством развития культурного сотрудничества и обменов;

• содействовать развитию непосредственных связей и сотрудничества между соответствующими государственными учреждениями и неправительствен- ными организациями, включая там, где это необходимо, такие связи и сотруд- ничество, которые осуществляются на основе специальных соглашений и дого- воренностей;

• поощрять непосредственные контакты и связи между деятелями культуры, включая там, где это необходимо, такие контакты и связи, которые осуществля- ются на основе специальных соглашений и договоренностей.

Взаимное ознакомление

Принимать в пределах их компетенции на двух- и многосторонней основе подхо- дящие меры, направленные на более широкое и полное взаимное ознакомление их народов с достижениями в различных областях культуры, в том числе:

20 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

• совместно изучить, в случае необходимости с привлечением соответствующих международных организаций, возможность создания в Европе и структуры инс- титута данных в области культуры, который собирал бы поступающие от стран- участниц данные и предоставлял их своим корреспондентам по их запросам, и созвать с этой целью совещание экспертов из заинтересованных государств;

• рассмотреть, в случае необходимости совместно с соответствующими между- народными организациями, пути создания в Европе каталога документальных фильмов культурного или научного характера государств-участников;

• благоприятствовать более частому показу выставок книг и изучить возможность регулярного проведения в Европе крупной выставки книг государств-участни- ков;

• способствовать систематическому обмену между соответствующими учреж- дениями и издательствами каталогами имеющихся книг, а также рекламными материалами, по возможности, о всех готовящихся к выпуску публикациях и стимулировать обмен материалами между издательствами энциклопедической литературы с целью улучшения отображения каждой страны;

• совместно изучать вопросы расширения и улучшения обмена информацией в различных областях культуры, в таких, как театр, музыка, библиотечное дело, а также сохранение и реставрация культурных ценностей.

Обмен и распространение

Содействовать улучшению возможностей для обменов и распространения куль- турных ценностей подходящими способами, в частности:

• изучать возможности гармонизации и уменьшения обложений, связанных с международным обменом на коммерческой основе книгами и другими материа- лами культурного характера, а также новые способы страхования произведений искусства на выставках за рубежом и снижения риска повреждения или утраты, которым подвержены эти произведения в связи с их перемещением;

• облегчать прохождение таможенных формальностей в совместимые с календа- рем художественных мероприятий в отношении произведений искусства и рек- визита, перечисленных в списках, согласованных между организаторами этих мероприятий;

• поощрять встречи между представителями компетентных организаций и соот- ветствующих фирм в целях изучения входящих в их ведение мер, таких, как упрощение оформления заказов, сроков поставок и условий платежей, которые могли бы облегчить международный обмен книгами на коммерческой основе;

• содействовать предоставлению во временное пользование фильмов и обмену ими между их научно-исследовательскими кинематографическими институ- тами и фильмотеками;

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• поощрять обмен информацией между заинтересованными сторонами о мероп- риятиях культурного характера, запланированных для проведения в государс- твах-участниках в областях, где это является наиболее подходящим, таких, как музыка, театр и изобразительное искусство, с тем, чтобы способствовать состав- лению и изданию календаря таких мероприятий, если необходимо, с помощью соответствующих международных организаций;

• благоприятствовать изучению последствий, которые предвидимое развитие и возможная гармонизация между заинтересованными сторонами технических средств, используемых для распространения культуры, могли бы иметь для раз- вития культурного сотрудничества и обменов, имея при этом в виду сохранение разнообразия и самобытности их соответствующих культур;

• поощрять в рамках их культурной политики подходящими для них способами дальнейшее развитие интереса к культурному достоянию других государств- участников, сознавая, что каждая культура имеет достоинства и ценность;

• заботиться о полном и эффективном применении международных соглашений и конвенций об авторском праве и о распространении культурных ценностей, в которых они участвуют или к которым они решили бы присоединиться в буду- щем.

Доступ

Содействовать более полному взаимному доступу всех к достижениям – произ- ведениям, опыту, исполнительскому искусству – в различных областях культуры их стран и с этой целью предпринимать возможные усилия в соответствии с их компетенцией, в частности:

• содействовать дальнейшему расширению распространения книг и художествен- ных произведений, в частности, такими путями, как:

• способствовать при полном учете международных конвенций по авторскому праву, в которых они участвуют, международным контактам и связям между авторами и издательствами, а также другими учреждениями культуры, имея в виду более полный взаимный доступ к достижению культуры;

• рекомендовать, чтобы издательства при определении тиражей учитывали также запросы из других государств-участников и чтобы права на продажу, где это возможно, могли предоставляться в других государствах-участниках по согласованию между заинтересованными сторонами нескольким торговым организациям стран-импортеров;

• поощрять компетентные организации и соответствующие фирмы заключать соглашения и контракты и содействовать таким путем постепенному увели- чению количества и разнообразия произведений авторов других государств-

22 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

участников, имеющихся в наличии в оригинале и в переводах в их библиоте- ках и книжных магазинах;

• содействовать увеличению там, где это будет признано подходящим, числа пунктов, в которых будут продаваться в оргинале импортируемые по соглаше- ниям и контрактам книги авторов других государств-участников и переводы;

• поощрять расширение перевода произведений в области литературы и в дру- гих областях культурной деятельности с языков других государств-участни- ков, в частности произведений, созданных на менее распространенных язы- ках, а также издания и распространения переводных произведений с помо- щью таких, например, мер, как:

• содействие более регулярным контактам между заинтересованными изда- тельствами;

• развитие их усилий в подготовке и совершенствовании переводчиков;

• оказание содействия подходящими средствами издательствам их стран в публикации переводных произведений;

• поощрение обмена между издателями и заинтересованными учреждени- ями списками книг, которые могли бы быть переведены;

• содействие профессиональной деятельности и сотрудничеству переводчи- ков их стран;

• проведение совместного изучения путей дальнейшего развития перевода и распространения переводных произведений,

• улучшать и расширять книгообмен и обмен библиографиями и библиогра- фическими карточками между библиотеками;

• иметь в виду другие подходящие мероприятия, которые позволяли бы, когда необходимо, по взаимному согласию между заинтересованными сторонами, способствовать доступу к достижениям культуры друг друга, в частности в области книжного дела;

• содействовать соответствующим образом более широкому использованию средств массовой информации в целях лучшего взаимного ознакомления с их культурной жизнью;

• стремиться улучшать необходимые условия для рабочих-мигрантов и их семей, с тем, чтобы они могли сохранять связи со своей национальной культурой и осваиваться в новой культурной среде;

• поощрять компетентные организации и фирмы к более широкому отбору и про- кату художественных и документальных кинофильмов других государств-учас-

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тников, а также содействовать более частым некоммерческим показам, таким, как премьеры, кинонедели и фестивали, уделяя должное внимание фильмам тех стран, киноискусство которых менее известно;

• содействовать подходящими средствами расширению возможностей для работы специалистов из других государств-участников с материалами культур- ного характера из кино- и аудиовизуальных архивов в рамках правил, существу- ющих для работы с такими архивными материалами;

• поощрять совместное изучение заинтересованными организациями – с привле- чением, в соответствующих случаях, компетентных международных организа- ций – целесообразности и условий создания перечня их телевизионных филь- мов-программ культурного характера, а также средств быстрого просмотра в целях облегчения их отбора и возможного приобретения.

Контакты и сотрудничество

Способствовать подходящими средствами развитию контактов и сотрудничества в различных областях культуры, в частности между творческими работниками и деятелями культуры, а именно стремясь:

• благоприятствовать поездкам и встречам деятелей культуры, включая там, где это необходимо, такие поездки и встречи, которые осуществляются на основе соглашений, контрактов или других специальных договоренностей и которые относятся к их культурному сотрудничеству;

• поощрять таким путем контакты между творческими работниками, исполните- лями и художественными коллективами в целях совместной работы, ознаком- ления с их произведениями в других государствах-участниках или обмена мне- ниями по вопросам, относящимся к их совместной деятельности;

• поощрять, когда необходимо, путем соответствующих договоренностей, обмены стажерами и специалистами и предоставление стипендий для подготовки и совершенствования в различных областях культуры, таких, как искусство и архитектура, музейное и библиотечное дело, литературоведение и литератур- ный перевод, и содействовать созданию благоприятных условий приема в их соответствующих учреждениях;

• содействовать обмену опытом в подготовке персонала, занимающегося органи- зационной деятельностью в области культуры, а также преподавателей и спе- циалистов в таких областях, как театр, опера, балет, музыка и изобразительное искусство;

• продолжать поощрять организацию международных встреч творческих работ- ников, и в частности молодых творческих работников, по актуальным вопросам художественного и литературного творчества, представляющим интерес для совместного рассмотрения;

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• изучать другие возможности развития обменов и сотрудничества между деяте- лями культуры в целях лучшего взаимного ознакомления с культурной жизнью государств-участников.

Области и формы сотрудничества

Поощрять поиски новых областей и форм культурного сотрудничества, содейс- твуя в этих целях заключению между заинтересованными сторонами, где это необходимо, соответствующих соглашений и договоренностей, и в этой связи благоприятствовать:

• совместному изучению вопросов политики в области культуры, в частности ее социальных аспектов, а также ее связи с политикой в области планирования, градостроительства, образования, окружающей среды и культурных аспектов туризма;

• обмену знаниями по вопросам культурного разнообразия, с тем, чтобы способс- твовать таким образом лучшему пониманию заинтересованными сторонами такого разнообразия там, где оно встречается;

• обмену информацией и, где это является подходящим, встречам экспертов, под- готовке и осуществлению исследовательских программ и проектов, а также их совместной оценке и распространению результатов по названным выше вопро- сам;

• таким формам культурного сотрудничества и дальнейшему проведению таких совместных мероприятий, как:

• международные мероприятия в области изобразительного искусства, кино, театра, балета, музыки, народного творчества и т.д.; книжные ярмарки и выставки, совместные постановки спектаклей в оперных и драматических театрах, а также выступления солистов, инструментальных ансамблей, оркес- тров, хоровых и других художественных коллективов, в том числе самоде- ятельных, уделяя должное внимание организации международных культур- ных мероприятий молодежи и обмену молодыми артистами;

• включение произведений писателей и композиторов других государств-участ- ников в репертуар солистов и художественных коллективов;

• подготовка, перевод и издание статей, очерков, монографий, а также книг по невысоким ценам и сборников по изобразительному искусству и литературе, способствующих улучшению ознакомления с соответствующими достиже- ниями культуры, предусматривая в этих целях встречи между экспертами и представителями издательств;

• совместное производство и обмен фильмами, а также теле- и радиопрограм- мами, содействуя, в частности, встречам между продюсерами, техническими специалистами и представителями государственных учреждений в целях

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выявления благоприятных условий осуществления конкретных совместных проектов и способствуя созданию, в области совместного производства, меж- дународных съемочных групп;

• организация конкурсов в области архитектуры и градостроительства, имея в виду возможность осуществления лучших проектов и образования там, где это возможно, международных групп;

• осуществление совместных проектов сохранения, реставрации и возрожде- ния произведений искусства, исторических и археологических памятников и мест, представляющих культурный интерес, с участием в подходящих слу- чаях международных организаций правительственного и неправительствен- ного характера, а также частных учреждений – компетентных и осуществляю- щих деятельность в этой области – предусматривая в этих целях:

• периодические встречи экспертов заинтересованных сторон для разра- ботки необходимых предложений, имея в виду необходимость рассмотре- ния этих вопросов в более широком социальном и экономическом контек- сте;

• опубликование статей в соответствующих периодических изданиях в целях ознакомления с наиболее значительными достижениями и нововве- дениями и их сопоставления между государствами-участниками;

• совместное изучение в целях улучшения и возможной гармонизации раз- личных систем, применяемых для составления перечней и каталогов исто- рических памятников и мест культурного характера в их странах;

• изучение возможности организации международных курсов по подготовке реставраторов различных специальностей.

***

Национальные меньшинства или региональные культуры. Государства-учас- тники, признавая вклад, который национальные меньшинства или региональ- ные культуры могут вносить в сотрудничество между ними в различных областях культуры, намерены в случае, когда на их территории имеются такие меньшинс- тва или культуры, способствовать этому вкладу с учетом законных интересов их членов.

4. Сотрудничество и обмены в области образования

Государства-участники,

сознавая, что развитие отношений международного характера в области образо- вания и науки способствует лучшему взаимопониманию, полезно всем народам и благотворно для грядущих поколений,

26 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

готовые содействовать дальнейшему развитию обменов знаниями и опытом, а также контактов между организациями, учреждениями и деятелями образования и науки на основе специальных договоренностей, где таковые необходимы,

желая укреплять связи между учебными и научными учреждениями, а также поощрять сотрудничество между ними в областях, представляющих общий инте- рес, в частности в тех, в которых уровень знаний и ресурсов требует международ- ного объединения усилий, и

убежденные, что прогресс в этих областях должен сопровождаться и поддержи- ваться более широким знанием иностранных языков,

выражают в этих целях свое намерение, в частности:

(a) Расширение связей

Расширять и улучшать на различных уровнях сотрудничество и связи в области образования и науки, в частности, путем:

• заключения в соответствующих случаях соглашений – на двусторонней или многосторонней основе, – предусматривающих сотрудничество и обмены между государственными учреждениями, неправительственными организациями и деятелями образования и науки, учитывая при этом необходимость как гиб- кости, так и более полного использования существующих соглашений и догово- ренностей;

• содействия установление непосредственной договоренности между универси- тетами и другими высшими учебными заведениями и научными учреждениями в рамках межправительственных соглашений в соответствующих случаях;

• поощрения непосредственных контактов и связей между деятелями образова- ния и науки, включая такие, которые осуществляются на основе специальных соглашений или договоренностей там, где последние необходимы.

(b) Доступ и обмены

Улучшать доступ на взаимоприемлемых условиях для студентов, преподавате- лей и ученых государств-участников в учебные, культурные и научные учрежде- ния друг друга и развивать обмены между этими учреждениями во всех областях, представляющих общий интерес, в частности, путем:

• расширения обмена информацией о возможностях обучения и специальностях, открытых для иностранных участников, а также об условиях приема и пребыва- ния;

• содействия поездкам студентов, преподавателей и ученых из одних государств- участников в другие для учебы, преподавания, научной работы, а также для луч- шего ознакомления с достижениями образования, науки и культуры друг друга;

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• поощрения предоставления студентам, преподавателям и ученым других госу- дарств-участников стипендий для обучения, преподавания или проведения научной работы в их странах;

• разработки, развития или поощрения программ, предусматривающих более широкие обмены студентами, преподавателями и учеными, включая организа- цию симпозиумов, семинаров, совместных проектов и обмен учебной и научной информацией, такой, как университетские издания и библиотечные материалы;

• содействия эффективному осуществлению таких мероприятий и программ путем своевременного направления ученым, преподавателям и студентам более подробной информации относительно их приема в университеты и институты и предусмотренных для них программ; обеспечения им возможности пользо- ваться соответствующими учебными, научными и открытыми архивными мате- риалами; содействия их поездкам внутри принимающего государства, осущест- вляемым как в учебных или научных целях, так и в форме каникулярных туров на основе обычного порядка;

• содействия более глубокому анализу проблем сравнимости и эквивалентности ученых степеней и дипломов посредством поощрения обмена информацией относительно организации, продолжительности и содержания обучения, срав- нения методов оценки уровней знаний и научной квалификации и, где возможно, достижения взаимного признания ученых степеней и дипломов либо на основе правительственных соглашений, где это необходимо, либо на основе непосредс- твенных договоренностей между университетами и другими высшими учеб- ными заведениями и научными учреждениями;

• рекомендации, кроме того, соответствующим международным организациям, чтобы они умножили свои усилия, направленные на достижение общеприемле- мого решения проблем сравнимости и эквивалентности ученых степеней и дип- ломов.

(c) Наука

В пределах своей компетенции расширять и улучшать сотрудничество и обмены в области науки, в частности:

Развивать на двусторонней или многосторонней основе обмен и распространение научной информации и документации такими путями, как:

• более широкое предоставление этой информации ученым и научным работни- кам других государств-участников, например путем участия в международных системах научной информации или посредством других соответствующих дого- воренностей;

28 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

• расширение и улучшение обмена образцами и другими научными материалами, в частности используемыми при фундаментальных исследованиях в областях естественных наук и медицины;

• обращение к научным учреждениям и университетам полнее и регулярнее информировать друг друга относительно их текущих и будущих исследований в областях, представляющих общий интерес.

Способствовать расширению связей, а также непосредственных контактов между университетами, научными учреждениями, научными обществами и между уче- ными и научными работниками, включая те, которые осуществляются, где это необходимо, на основе специальных соглашений или договоренностей такими путями, как:

• дальнейшее развитие обменов учеными и научными работниками и поощрение созыва подготовительных совещаний или рабочих групп по научно-исследова- тельским темам, представляющим общий интерес;

• поощрение создания объединенных коллективов ученых для осуществления исследовательских проектов на основе договоренностей между научными инс- титутами нескольких стран;

• содействие подготовке и успешному проведению международных конференций и семинаров и участию в них своих ученых и научных работников;

• возможность созыва, кроме того, в недалеком будущем “Научного форума", пред- ставляющего собой встречу ведущих деятелей науки государств-участников для обсуждения комплексных проблем, имеющих общий интерес в области совре- менного и будущего развития науки, и для содействия дальнейшему расшире- нию контактов, связей и обмена информацией между научными учреждениями и между учеными;

• возможный созыв в ближайшее время совещания экспертов, представляю- щих государства-участники и их национальные научные учреждения, для под- готовки “Научного форума” при консультации с соответствующими междуна- родными организациями, такими, как ЮНЕСКО и Европейская экономическая комиссия ООН;

• изучение в надлежащее время дальнейших шагов, которые могли бы быть пред- приняты в отношении “Научного форума”.

Развивать в области научных исследований на двусторонней или многосторон- ней основе координацию программ, выполняемых в государствах-участниках, и организацию совместных программ, в частности в нижепроводимых секторах, где могут оказаться необходимыми совместные усилия ученых и использование в определенных случаях дорогостоящего или уникального оборудования. Наиме- нования перечисленных областей в этих секторах приводятся в качестве иллюс-

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трации, а конкретные проекты должны впоследствии определяться потенциаль- ными партнерами в государствах-участниках с учетом вклада, который мог бы быть сделан соответствующими международными организациями и научными учреждениями:

• точные и естественные науки, в частности фундаментальные исследования в таких областях, как математика, физика, теоретическая физика, геофизика, химия, биология, экология и астрономия;

• медицина, в частности фундаментальные исследования онкологических и сер- дечно-сосудистых заболеваний, изучение эндемических заболеваний в развива- ющихся странах, а также исследования в области социальной медицины, каса- ющиеся главным образом профессиональных заболеваний, восстановления тру- доспособности лиц с физическими недостатками и помощи матери, ребенку и престарелым;

• гуманитарные и социальные науки, такие, как история, география, философия, психология, педагогика, лингвистика, социология, юридические, политические и экономические науки; сравнительные исследования социальных, социально- экономических и культурных явлений, представляющих общий интерес для государств-участников, в частности проблем окружающей человека среды и раз- вития городов, а также научные исследования в области методов сохранения и реставрации памятников и произведений искусства.

(d) Иностранные языки и цивилизации

Поощрять изучение иностранных языков и цивилизаций в качестве важного средства для расширения общения между народами, для их лучшего ознакомле- ния с культурой каждой страны, а также для укрепления международного сотруд- ничества и с этой целью стимулировать в пределах своей компетенции дальней- шее развитие и улучшение обучения иностранным языкам и разнообразие их выбора на различных уровнях обучения, обращая надлежащее внимание на менее распространенные или менее изучаемые языки, и в частности:

• усиливать сотрудничество, направленное на улучшение качества преподавания иностранных языков путем обмена информацией и опытом разработки и при- менения современных эффективных методов обучения и технических средств, приспособленных к нуждам различных категорий обучающихся, включая методы ускоренного обучения, и иметь в виду возможность проведения на двус- торонней или многосторонней основе исследований новых методов обучения иностранным языкам;

• поощрять сотрудничество между соответствующими учреждениями на двусто- ронней или многосторонней основе в целях более полного использования воз- можностей современных средств обучения иностранным языкам, осуществляе- мое, например, в форме сравнительных исследований, проводимых их специа- листами, и, при наличии договоренности, в форме обменов или передачи аудио-

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визуальных материалов, а также матералов, используемых при написании учеб- ников, и информации о новых типах технической аппаратуры, применяемой при обучении языкам;

• поощрять сотрудничество между экспертами в области лексикографии в целях определения необходимых терминологических эквивалентов, особенно в области научных и технических дисциплин, с тем, чтобы содействовать обще- нию между научными учреждениями и специалистами;

• содействовать более широкому распространению изучения иностранных язы- ков в средних учебных заведениях различных типов и увеличению возможности выбора из большего числа европейских языков и в этой связи рассматривать, где это уместно, возможности расширения набора и подготовки преподавателей и организации необходимых учебных групп;

• поощрять предоставление в высших учебных заведениях большего выбора язы- ков для студентов-лингвистов и расширение возможностей для других студен- тов изучать различные иностранные языки, а также содействовать, где это жела- тельно, организации лекций по языку и цивилизации – на основе специальных договоренностей, где это необходимо, – проводимых иностранными преподава- телями, в частности из тех европейских государств, языки которых менее рас- пространены или менее изучаются;

• содействовать в рамках образования взрослых дальнейшей разработке специа- лизированных программ, отвечающих разносторонним интересам и потребнос- тям, для обучения иностранным языкам граждан своих стран и для обучения языку принимающей страны интересующихся этим взрослых граждан из дру- гих стран и поощрять в этой связи сотрудничество между заинтересованными учреждениями, например в создании программ для обучения по радио и теле- видению или ускоренными методами, а также, где это желательно, в определе- нии конкретного назначения таких программ, имея в виду достижение сравни- мых уровней подготовки по языкам;

• поощрять сочетание, где это уместно, обучения иностранным языкам с изуче- нием соответствующих цивилизаций, а также прилагать дальнейшие усилия для стимулирования интереса к изучению иностранных языков, включая под- ходящие внеклассные меропрятия.

(е) Методы преподавания

Содействовать на двусторонней или многосторонней основе обмену опытом относительно методов обучения, применяемых на всех уровнях образования, в том числе тех, которые используются в непрерывном образовании и при обуче- нии взрослых, а также обмену учебными материалами, в частности, путем:

• дальнейшего развития различных форм контактов и сотрудничества в разных областях педагогической науки, например посредством сравнительных или сов-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 31 Хельсинки 1975 г.

местных исследований, проводимых заинтересованными учреждениями, или обмена информацией о результатах педагогических экспериментов;

• расширения обменов информацией о методах обучения, применяемых в раз- личных системах образования, и о результатах исследований процессов усвое- ния знаний учащимися и студентами с учетом соответстующего опыта различ- ных типов специальных учебных заведений;

• содействия обменам опытом относительно организации и функционирования образования, предназначенного для взрослых, включая периодическое про- должение обучения, осуществления связей между этими и другими формами и уровнями образования, а также относительно способов сочетания образования, включая профессиональное и техническое, с потребностями экономического и социального развития в их странах;

• поощрения обменов опытом воспитания молодежи, а также взрослых в духе взаимопонимания между народами, уделяя особое внимание важным пробле- мам человечества, решение которых требует общего подхода и более широкого международного сотрудничества;

• поощрения обменов учебными матералами – включая школьные учебники, имея в виду возможность содействовать взаимному ознакомлению и способствовать представлению в таких учебниках каждой страны, – а также обменов информа- цией о технических нововведениях в области образования.

***

Национальные меньшинства или региональные культуры. Государства-учас- тники, признавая вклад, который национальные меньшинства или региональ- ные культуры могут вносить в сотрудничество между ними в различных облас- тях образования, намерены в случае, когда на их территории имеются такие мень- шинства или культуры, способствовать этому вкладу с учетом законных интере- сов их членов.

Дальнейшие шаги после Совещания Государства-участники,

рассмотрев и оценив прогресс, достигнутый на Совещании по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе,

считая далее, что в более широком мировом контексте, Совещание является важной частью процесса упрочения безопасности и развития сотрудничества в Европе и что его результаты внесут значительный вклад в этот процесс,

намереваясь претворять в жизнь положения Заключительного акта Совещания, с тем, чтобы придать полную действенность его результатам и тем самым про-

32 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1975 г.

двигать вперед процесс упрочения безопасности и развития сотрудничества в Европе,

убежденные, что для достижения целей, преследуемых Совещанием, они должны прилагать новые односторонние, двусторонние и многосторонние усилия и про- должать в соответствующих формах, изложенных ниже, многосторонний про- цесс, начатый Совещанием,

1. Заявляют о своей решимости, в период после Совещания, должным образом учитывать и выполнять положения Заключительного акта Совещания:

а) в одностороннем порядке во всех случаях, которые подходят для такого дейс- твия;

b) в двустороннем порядке путем переговоров с другими государствами-участни- ками;

с) в многостороннем порядке путем встреч экспертов государств-участников, а также в рамках существующих международных организаций, таких как Европей- ская экономическая комиссия ООН и ЮНЕСКО в том, что касается сотрудничес- тва в области образования, науки и культуры;

2. Заявляют далее о своей решимости продолжать многосторонний процесс, начатый Совещанием:

а) путем проведения углубленного обмена мнениями как о выполнении положе- ний Заключительного акта и задач, определенных Совещанием, так и, в контек- сте вопросов, обсуждавшихся на нем, об улучшении их взаимоотношений, упро- чении безопасности и развитии сотрудничества в Европе, развитии процесса раз- рядки в будущем;

b) путем организации в этих целях встреч между их представителями, начиная со встречи на уровне представителей, назначенных министрами иностранных дел. Эта встреча определит соответствующие условия для проведения других встреч, которые могли бы включать последующие встречи подобного рода и возможность нового совещания;

3. Первая из встреч, упомянутых выше, состоится в Белграде в 1977 г. Подгото- вительная встреча для организации этой встречи состоится в Белграде 15 июня 1977 г. Подготовительная встреча примет решение о дате, продолжительности, повестке дня и других условиях встречи представителей, назначенных минист- рами иностранных дел;

4. Правила процедуры, рабочие методы и шкала распределения расходов данного Совещания будут, mutatis mutandis, применяться к встречам, предусмотренным выше в параграфах 1 (с), 2 и 3. Все вышеуказанные встречи будут проводиться в государствах-участниках в порядке ротации. Обслуживание техническим секре- тариатом будет обеспечиваться принимающей страной.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 33 Хельсинки 1975 г.

Подлинник настоящего Заключительного акта, составленный на английском, испанском, итальянском, немецком, русском и французском языках, будет пере- дан правительству Финляндской Республики, которое будет хранить его в своих архивах. Каждое из государств-участников получит от правительства Финлянд- ской Республики заверенную копию настоящего Заключительного акта.

Текст настоящего Заключительного акта будет опубликован в каждом государс- тве-участнике, которое распространит его и обеспечит возможно более широкое ознакомление с ним.

К правительству Финляндской Республики обращается просьба направить Гене- ральному секретарю Организации Объединенных Наций текст настоящего Заключительного акта, который не подлежит регистрации на основании статьи 102 Устава Организации Объединенных Наций, с целью его распространения среди всех членов Организации в качестве официального документа Организа- ции Объединенных Наций.

К правительству Финляндской Республики обращается также просьба направить текст настоящего Заключительного акта Генеральному директору ЮНЕСКО и Исполнительному секретарю Европейской экономической комиссии ООН.

В удостоверение всего этого нижеподписавшиеся Высокие Представители госу- дарств-участников, сознавая высокое политическое значение, которое придается ими результатам Совещания, и заявляя об их решимости действовать в соответс- твии с положениями, содержащимися в изложенных выше текстах, поставили свои подписи под настоящим Заключительным актом.

(…)

34 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения Итоговый документ мадридской встречи 1980 г. (Вторая Встреча в рамках дальнейших шагов) Мадрид 1983 г.

Вопросы, относящиеся к безопасности в Европе Государства-участники выражают свою решимость

• прилагать новые усилия к тому, чтобы делать разрядку эффективным, а также непрерывным, все более жизнеспособным и всесторонним процессом, всеоб- щим по охвату, в соответствии с обязательством по Заключительному акту;

• искать решения неурегулированных проблем мирными средствами;

• последовательно выполнять все положения Заключительного акта, и в част- ности строго и неукоснительно уважать и осуществлять на практике все десять принципов, содержащихся в Декларации принципов, которыми государства- участники руководствуются во взаимных отношениях, независимо от их поли- тических, экономических и социальных систем, а также их размера, географи- ческого положения и уровня экономического развития, включая их привержен- ность осуществлению своих отношений со всеми другими государствами в духе этих принципов;

• развивать отношения взаимного сотрудничества, дружбы и доверия, воздержи- ваясь от любых действий, которые, находясь в противоречии с Заключительным актом, могли бы повредить таким отношениям;

• поощрять подлинные усилия по выполнению Заключительного акта;

• прилагать подлинные усилия в направлении сдерживания усиливающегося наращивания вооружений, а также в направлении укрепления доверия и безо- пасности и содействия разоружению.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 35 Мадрид 1983 г.

Принципы

Они вновь подтверждают свою решимость полностью уважать и применять эти принципы и, соответственно, содействовать всеми мерами как в законодатель- ном плане, так и на практике повышению их действенности. Они считают, что одной из таких мер могло бы явиться отражение в законодательстве – таким спо- собом, который соответствует практике и процедурам каждой страны, – изло- женных в Заключительном акте десяти принципов.

Они признают важность того, чтобы договоры и соглашения, заключаемые госу- дарствами-участниками, отражали соответствующие принципы и согласовыва- лись с ними и в подходящих случаях содержали ссылки на них.

Государства-участники вновь подтверждают необходимость того, чтобы неприме- нение силы или угрозы силой, как закон международной жизни, строго и эффек- тивно соблюдалось. С этой целью они подчеркивают свою обязанность согласно соответствующим положениям Заключительного акта действовать соответс- твенно.

Государства-участники осуждают терроризм, в том числе терроризм в междуна- родных отношениях, как ставящий под угрозу или уносящий жизни ни в чем не повинных людей или иным образом подвергающий опасности права человека и основные свободы, и подчеркивают необходимость принятия решительных мер по борьбе с ним. Они выражают свою решимость принимать эффективные меры по предотвращению и пресечению актов терроризма как на национальном уровне, так и посредством международного сотрудничества, включая соответс- твующие двусторонние и многосторонние соглашения, и соответственно расши- рять и укреплять взаимное сотрудничество в борьбе с такими актами. Они согла- шаются делать это в соответствии с Уставом Организации Объединенных Наций, Декларацией Организации Объединенных Наций о принципах международного права, касающихся дружественных отношений и сотрудничества между государс- твами, и хельсинкским Заключительным актом.

В контексте борьбы против актов терроризма они будут принимать все соответс- твующие меры к тому, чтобы воспрепятствовать использованию их соответству- ющих территорий с целью подготовки, организации или совершения террористи- ческой деятельности, включая направленную против других государств-участни- ков и их граждан. Это распространяется также на меры по запрещению на их тер- риториях незаконной деятельности лиц, групп и организаций, которые подстре- кают, организуют акты терроризма или участвуют в их совершении.

Государства-участники подтверждают, что они будут воздерживаться от оказания прямой или косвенной помощи террористической деятельности или подрывной или другой деятельности, направленной на насильственное свержение режима другого государства-участника. Соответственно они будут воздерживаться, в том

36 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Мадрид 1983 г.

числе, от финансирования, поощрения и подстрекательства любой такой деятель- ности или проявления терпимости к ней.

Они выражают свою решимость сделать все от них зависящее для обеспечения необходимой безопасности всех официальных представителей и лиц, которые участвуют на их территориях в деятельности в рамках дипломатических, кон- сульских или иных официальных отношений.

Они подчеркивают, что все государства-участники признают в Заключитель- ном акте всеобщее значение прав человека и основных свобод, уважение которых является существенным фактором мира, справедливости и благополучия, необ- ходимых для обеспечения развития дружественных отношений и сотрудничества между ними, как и между всеми государствами.

Государства-участники подчеркивают свою решимость поощрять и развивать эффективное осуществление прав человека и основных свобод, которые все выте- кают из достоинства, присущего человеческой личности, и являются существен- ными для ее свободного и полного развития, и обеспечивать постоянный и ощу- тимый прогресс в соответствии с Заключительным актом в целях дальнейшего и устойчивого продвижения в этой области во всех государствах-участниках, неза- висимо от их политических, экономических и социальных систем.

Они равным образом подчеркивают свою решимость совершенствовать свои законы и административные правила в области гражданских, политических, эко- номических, социальных, культурных и других прав человека и основных свобод; они также подчеркивают свою решимость обеспечивать эффективное осущест- вление этих прав и свобод.

Они напоминают о праве лиц знать свои права и обязанности в области прав человека и основных свобод и поступать в соответствии с ними, как оно вопло- щено в Заключительном акте, и будут принимать необходимые меры в своих стра- нах в целях эффективного обеспечения этого права.

Государства-участники подтверждают, что они будут признавать, уважать и, кроме того, соглашаются принимать меры, необходимые для обеспечения свободы лич- ности исповедовать, единолично или совместно с другими, религию или веру, действуя согласно велению собственной совести.

В этом контексте они будут проводить консультации во всех случаях, когда это необходимо, с религиозными культами, учреждениями и организациями, кото- рые действуют в конституционных рамках своих стран.

Они будут благожелательно рассматривать ходатайства религиозных объедине- ний верующих, исповедующих или готовых исповедовать свою веру в конститу- ционных рамках своих государств, о предоставлении статуса, предусматривае- мого в их странах для религиозных культуов, учреждений и организаций.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 37 Мадрид 1983 г.

Они также подчеркивают важность постоянного прогресса в обеспечении уваже- ния прав лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам, и их фактичес- кого пользования этими правами, а также в защите их законных интересов, как предусматривается в Заключительном акте.

Они подчеркивают важность обеспечения равноправия мужчин и женщин; соот- ветственно, они соглашаются принимать все необходимые меры для поощрения одинаково эффективного участия мужчин и женщин в политической, экономи- ческой, социальной и культурной жизни.

Государства-участники будут обеспечивать право трудящихся свободно создавать и вступать в профессиональные союзы, право профессиональных союзов сво- бодно осуществлять свою деятельность и другие права, как они изложены в соот- ветствующих международных актах. Они отмечают, что эти права будут осущест- вляться при соблюдении законодательства государства и в соответствии с обя- зательствами государства по международному праву. Они будут поощрять долж- ным образом прямые контакты и связь между такими профессиональными сою- зами и их представителями.

Они подтверждают, что правительства, учреждения, организации и люди могут играть соответствующую и положительную роль в содействии достижению выше- упомянутых целей их сотрудничества.

Они подтверждают особое значение Всеобщей декларации прав человека, Между- народных пактов о правах человека и других соответствующих международных документов в их совместных и самостоятельных усилиях по поощрению и раз- витию всеобщего уважения прав человека и основных свобод; они обращаются с призывом ко всем государствам-участникам действовать в соответствии с этими международными документами, а к тем государствам-участникам, которые этого еще не сделали, рассмотреть возможность присоединения к Пактам.

Они соглашаются благожелательно рассматривать использование двусторонних встреч “круглого стола”, проводимых на добровольной основе между делегаци- ями, составленными каждым государством-участником, для обсуждения вопро- сов прав человека и основных свобод в соответствии с согласованной повесткой дня в духе взаимного уважения в целях достижения большего взаимопонимания и сотрудничества, основанного на положениях Заключительного акта.

Они решают созвать совещание экспертов государств-участников по вопросам, касающимся уважения в их государствах прав человека и основных свобод во всех их аспектах, как воплощено в Заключительном акте.

(…)

38 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Мадрид 1983 г.

Сотрудничество в области экономики, науки и техники и окружающей среды (…)

Государства-участники, в контексте положений Заключительного акта, касаю- щихся мигрирующей рабочей силы в Европе, отмечают, что развитие мировой экономики в последнее время затронуло положение рабочих-мигрантов. В этой связи государства-участники выражают пожелание, чтобы принимающие страны и страны происхождения, руководствуясь духом взаимной заинтересованности и сотрудничества, интенсифицировали свои контакты, имея в виду дальнейшее улучшение общего положения рабочих-мигрантов и их семей, в частности в том, что касается защиты прав человека, включая их экономические, социальные и культурные права, принимая особенно во внимание специальные проблемы миг- рантов второго поколения. Они будут также стремиться обеспечивать или содейс- твовать – в тех случаях, когда существуют разумные потребности, – соответству- ющему преподаванию языка и культуры страны происхождения.

Государства-участники рекомендуют, чтобы, наряду с другими мерами по облегче- нию социальной и экономической реинтеграции возвращающихся рабочих-миг- рантов, была обеспечена соответствующими законодательными средствами или взаимными соглашениями выплата пенсий, полагающихся или установленных в соответствии с системами социального обеспечения, к которым такие рабочие допущены в стране пребывания.

(...)

Сотрудничество в гуманитарных и других областях Государства-участники,

Напоминая о вводных частях главы о сотрудничестве в гуманитарных и других областях Заключительного акта, включая те, которые относятся к развитию вза- имопонимания между ними и разрядки, и те, которые относятся к прогрессу в сфере обменов в области культуры и образования, более широкому распростране- нию информации, контактам между людьми и решению гуманитарных проблем, Решая продолжать и расширять сотрудничество в этих областях и достигать более полного использования возможностей, предоставляемых Заключительным актом, Соглашаются в настоящее время осуществлять следующее: Контакты между людьми Государства-участники будут благожелательно рассматривать просьбы, относя- щиеся к контактам и регулярным встречам на основе семейных связей, воссоеди- нению семей и бракам между гражданами различных государств, и принимать по ним решения в таком духе.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 39 Мадрид 1983 г.

Они будут принимать решения по таким просьбам в срочных случаях для семей- ных встреч по возможности быстрее, в случаях воссоединения семей и браков между гражданами различных государств – в обычном порядке в течение шести месяцев, в случаях других семейных встреч – в постепенно сокращающиеся сроки.

Они подтверждают, что подача или возобновление просьбы в этих случаях не будет приводить к изменению прав и обязанностей лиц, подавших просьбу, или членов их семей, в частности, что касается трудоустройства, жилья, местожитель- ства, заботы об иждивенцах, в вопросах получения социальных, экономических или образовательных льгот, а также иных прав и обязанностей, вытекающих из законов и административных правил соответствующего государства-участника.

Государства-участники будут предоставлять необходимую информацию о про- цедуре, предназначенной для лиц, подающих заявления в этих случаях, и о пра- вилах, которые подлежат соблюдению, а также по просьбе заявителя, предостав- лять соответствующие формы.

Они будут, где это необходимо, постепенно снижать сборы, взимаемые в связи с подачей указанных просьб, включая стоимость виз и паспортов, с тем, чтобы довести их до умеренного уровня в отношении к среднемесячному доходу в соот- ветствующем государстве-участнике.

Лица, подавшие просьбы, будут информированы так быстро, как это возможно, о принятом решении. В случаях отказа лица, подавшие просьбы, будут также информированы об их праве возобновить подачу просьбы через разумно непро- должительный период времени.

Государства-участники подтверждают свое обязательство полностью выполнять положения, касающиеся дипломатических и других официальных миссий и кон- сульских представительств других государств-участников, содержащиеся в соот- ветствующих многосторонних и двусторонних конвенциях, и облегчать нормаль- ное функционирование этих миссий. Доступ посетителей в эти миссии будет обеспечиваться с должным учетом необходимых требований безопасности этих миссий.

Они также подтверждают свою готовность предпринять в рамках своей компе- тенции разумные шаги, включая в соответствующих случаях необходимые меры безопасности, с целью обеспечения удовлетворительных словий для деятель- ности в рамках взаимного сотрудничества на своей территории, например, для спортивных и культурных мероприятий, в которых принимают участие граждане других государств-участников.

Государства-участники будут стремиться в соответствующих случаях улучшать условия предоставления юридической, консульской и медицинской помощи гражданам других государств-участников, временно находящимся на их терри- тории по личным или профессиональным причинам, принимая должным обра-

40 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Мадрид 1983 г.

зом во внимание соответствующие многосторонние или двусторонние конвен- ции или соглашения.

Они будут и далее применять соответствующие положения Заключительного акта так, чтобы религиозные культы, учреждения, организации и их представи- тели могли, в сфере своей деятельности, развивать контакты и встречи между собой и обмениваться информацией.

Государства-участники будут поощрять контакты и обмены между молодежью и содействовать расширению сотрудничества между их молодежными организаци- ями. Они будут благоприятствовать проведению среди молодежи и молодежных организаций мероприятий в области образования, культуры и других подобных мероприятий и форм деятельности. Они будут также поощрять изучение проблем, относящихся к подрастающему поколению. Государства-участники будут содейс- твовать развитию молодежного туризма, индивидуального или коллективного, на основе соглашений, когда это необходимо, в том числе способствуя предостав- лению соответствующих льгот транспортными властями и туристскими органи- зациями государств-участников или льгот, подобных тем, которые предоставля- ются железнодорожными властями, участвующими в системе “Интер-Рейл”.

Информация

Государства-участники будут и далее поощрять более свободное и широкое рас- пространение печатных материалов, периодических и непериодических, импор- тируемых из других государств-участников, а также увеличение числа мест, где такие публикации находятся в общей продаже. Эти публикации будут также доступны в читальных залах крупных публичных библиотек и подобных учреж- дений.

В частности, чтобы способствовать улучшению распространения печатной инфор- мации государства-участники будут поощрять контакты и переговоры между их компетентными фирмами и организациями с целью заключения долгосроч- ных соглашений и контрактов, направленных на увеличение количества и числа наименований газет и других публикаций, импортируемых из других государств- участников. Они считают желательным, чтобы розничные цены на иностранные публикации не были чрезмерными по отношению к ценам в стране их происхож- дения.

Они подтвержают свое намерение согласно соответствующим положениям Заключительного акта расширять возможности общественности осуществлять подписку.

Они будут благоприятствовать дальнейшему расширению сотрудничества между средствами массовой информации и их представителями, особенно между редак- циями агентств печати, газет, радио и телевизионных организаций, а также кино- компаний. Они будут поощрять более регулярный обмен новостями, статьями, приложениями, радиопередачами, а также обмен между редакциями с целью луч-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 41 Мадрид 1983 г.

шего ознакомления с соответствующей практикой. На основе взаимности они будут улучшать материальные и технические средства, предоставляемые посто- янно или временно аккредитованным корреспондентам телевидения и радио. Помимо этого, они будут облегчать непосредственные контакты между журна- листами так же, как контакты в рамках профессиональных организаций.

Они будут принимать без чрезмерной задержки решения по просьбам о визах для журналистов и вновь рассматривать в разумные сроки просьбы, в которых было отказано. Кроме того, на журналистов, желающих совершить поездку по личным причинам, а не с целью профессиональной деятельности, распространяется тот же режим, что и на других посетителей из той же страны.

Они будут предоставлять постоянно аккредитованным корреспондентам и чле- нам их семей, живущим с ними, многократные въездные и выездные визы сроком на один год.

Государства-участники будут изучать возможность предоставления на основе, где это необходимо, двусторонних договоренностей аккредитации и соответствую- щих условий журналистам из других государств-участников, постоянно аккреди- тованным в третьих странах. Они будут способствовать поездкам журналистов из других государств-участников по своей территории, в частности, принимая конкретные меры, где это необходимо, чтобы предоставлять им более широкие возможности для поездок, за исключением районов, закрытых по соображениям безопасности. Они будут информировать журналистов заранее, когда это воз- можно, если новые районы будут закрываться по соображениям безопасности.

Они будут и далее расширять возможности и, когда необходимо, улучшать усло- вия для журналистов из других государств-участников для установления и под- держания личных контактов и связей с их источниками информации.

Они будут, как правило, разрешать, чтобы журналисты радио и телевидения по их просьбе сопровождались собственными звуко- и кинооператорами и использо- вали собственное оборудование.

Равным образом, журналисты могут иметь с собой справочные материалы, вклю- чая личные заметки и досье, которые будут использоваться строго для их профес- сиональных целей*.

Государства-участники будут, когда необходимо, облегчать создание и функцио- нирование в своих столицах пресс-центров или учреждений, осуществляющих те же функции, открытых для местной и иностранной прессы, с подходящими усло- виями для работы последней.

* В этом контексте существует понимание, что ввоз печатных материалов может регулироваться мест- ными правилами, которые будут применяться с должным учетом потребности журналистов в соответс- твующих рабочих материалах.

42 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Мадрид 1983 г.

Они будут также рассматривать другие пути и средства оказания помощи жур- налистам из других государств-участников и таким образом давать им возмож- ность решать практические проблемы, с которыми они могут столкнуться.

Сотрудничество и обмены в области культуры

Они будут стремиться посредством осуществления надлежащих мер предостав- лять соответствующую информацию о возможностях, обеспечиваемых двусто- ронними культурными соглашениями и программами, заинтересованным лицам, учреждениям и неправительственным организациям, содействуя таким образом их эффективному выполнению.

Государства-участники будут далее поощрять более широкое распространение книг, фильмов и других форм и средств культурного выражения из других госу- дарств-участников и доступ к ним, улучшая с этой целью подходящими средс- твами на двусторонней и многосторонней основе условия международного ком- мерческого и некоммерческого обмена их культурными ценностями, в частности путем постепенного снижения таможенного обложения на такие предметы.

Государства-участники будут стремиться поощрять перевод, издание и распро- странение работ в области литературы и других областях культурной деятель- ности из других государств-участников, особенно на менее распространенных языках, путем облегчения сотрудничества между издательствами, в частности путем обмена списками книг, которые могли бы быть переведены, а также другой соответствующей информацией.

Они будут содействовать развитию контактов, сотрудничеству и совместным проектам государств-участников, что касается защиты, сохранения и регистра- ции исторического наследия и памятников и взаимоотношений между человеком, окружающей средой и этим наследием; они выражают интерес к возможности созыва межправительственной конференции по этим вопросам в рамках ЮНЕ- СКО.

Государства-участники будут поощрять их радио- и телевизионные организации продолжать расширять показ культурных и художественных достижений других государств-участников на основе двусторонних и многосторонних соглашений между этими организациями, предусматривающих, в частности, обмены инфор- мацией о подготовленных программах, трансляции представлений и программ из других государств-участников, совместные постановки, приглашение из дру- гих стран дирижеров и постановщиков, а также оказание взаимной помощи груп- пам, осуществляющим съемки фильмов, посвященных культуре.

(…)

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 43 Мадрид 1983 г.

Сотрудничество и обмены в области образования

Государства-участники будут содействовать достижению правительственных и неправительственных договоренностей и соглашений в областях образования и науки, в осуществлении которых будут принимать участие учебные и другие ком- петентные учреждения.

Государства-участники будут способствовать дальнейшему улучшению обменов студентами, преподавателями и учеными, их доступу к открытым информаци- онным материалам в соответствии с действующими в каждой стране законами и административными правилами. В этом контексте они будут содействовать поездкам ученых, преподавателей и студентов внутри принимающего государс- тва, установлению ими контактов с их научными коллегами, а также поощрять библиотеки, высшие учебные заведения и подобные институты на их территории, делать доступными каталоги и перечни открытых архивных материалов ученым, преподавателям и студентам других государств-участников.

Они будут поощрять более регулярный обмен информацией о программах науч- ной подготовки, курсах и семинарах молодых ученых и облегчать более широкое участие в этой деятельности молодых ученых из различных государств-участни- ков. Они обратятся с призывом к соответствующим национальным и междуна- родным организациям и учреждениям оказать поддержку там, где это целесооб- разно, осуществлению такой учебной деятельности.

(…)

Государства-участники будут благоприятствовать расширению возможностей по преподаванию и изучению менее широко распространенных или изучаемых евро- пейских языков. Они будут с этой целью стимулировать в рамках своей компетен- ции организацию и посещение летних университетских и других курсов, предо- ставление стипендий переводчикам и укрепление лингвистических факультетов, включая, в случае необходимости, обеспечение новых возможностей для изуче- ния этих языков.

Государства-участники выражают свою готовность интенсифицировать обмены между собой и в рамках компетентных международных организаций учебными материалами, школьными учебниками, картами, библиографиями и другими образовательными материалами с целью содействовать лучшему взаимному зна- нию и облегчить более полное представление о своих соответствующих странах.

44 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения Документ стокгольмской конференции по мерам укрепления доверия и безопасности и разоружению в Европе Стокгольм 1986 г.

(…)

Неприменение силы или угрозы силой (…)

(18) Государства-участники подчеркивают свою приверженность Заключитель- ному акту и необходимость полного выполнения всех его положений, что будет продвигать вперед процесс упрочения безопасности и развития сотрудничества в Европе, содействуя тем самым международному миру и безопасности в мире в целом.

(19) Они подчеркивают свою приверженность всем принципам Декларации при- нципов, которыми государства-участники будут руководствоваться во взаимных отношениях, и заявляют о своей решимости уважать и применять их на практике, независимо от их политических, экономических и социальных систем, а также их размера, географического положения и уровня экономического развития.

(20) Все эти десять принципов имеют первостепенную важность и, следовательно, они будут одинаково и неукоснительно применяться при интерпретации каждого из них с учетом других.

(21) Уважение и применение этих принципов будет способствовать развитию дру- жественных отношений и сотрудничества между государствами-участниками во всех областях, охватываемых положениями Заключительного акта.

(22) Они вновь подтверждают свою приверженность основополагающему при- нципу суверенного равенства государств и подчеркивают, что все государства имеют равные права и обязанности в рамках международного права.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 45 Стокгольм 1986 г.

(23) Они подтверждают всеобщее значение прав человека и основных свобод. Ува- жение и эффективное осуществление этих прав и свобод является существенным фактором международного мира, справедливости и безопасности, а также разви- тия дружественных отношений и сотрудничества между ними, как и между всеми государствами, как изложено в Декларации принципов, которыми государства- участники будут руководствоваться во взаимных отношениях.

(24) Они подтверждают, что в более широком контексте безопасности в мире безопасность в Европе тесно связана с безопасностью в районе Средиземноморья в целом; в этом контексте они подтверждают свое намерение развивать добро- соседские отношения со всеми государствами в этом регионе с должным учетом взаимности и в духе принципов, содержащихся в Декларации принципов, кото- рыми государства-участники будут руководствоваться во взаимных отношениях, с тем, чтобы содействовать доверию и безопасности и добиваться того, чтобы мир возобладал в этом регионе в соответствии с положениями, содержащимися в раз- деле Заключительного акта о Средиземноморье.

(25) Они подчеркивают необходимость принятия решительных мер по предо- твращению и борьбе с терроризмом, включая терроризм в международных отно- шениях. Они выражают свою решимость принимать эффективные меры как на национальном уровне, так и посредством международного сотрудничества по предотвращению и пресечению всех актов терроризма. Они будут принимать все соответствующие меры к тому, чтобы воспрепятствовать использованию их соот- ветствующих территорий с целью подготовки, организации или совершения тер- рористической деятельности. Это распространяется также на меры по запреще- нию на их территориях незаконной деятельности, включая подрывную деятель- ность, лиц, групп и организаций, которые подстрекают, организуют акты терро- ризма или участвуют в их совершении, включая направленные против других государств и их граждан.

46 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения Итоговый документ венской встречи 1986 г. (Третья Встреча в рамках дальнейших шагов) Вена 1989 г.

(…)

Вопросы, относящиеся к безопасности в Европе Государства-участники выражают свою решимость:

• развивать нынешние позитивные изменения в их отношениях с тем, чтобы сде- лать разрядку жизнеспособным, всесторонним и подлинным процессом, всеоб- щим по охвату;

• принять на себя ответственность за выполнение полностью обязательств, содер- жащихся в Заключительном акте и других документах СБСЕ;

• наращивать свои усилия в поисках решения проблем, отягощающих их отноше- ния, и в целях укрепления гарантий международного мира и безопасности;

• содействовать сотрудничеству и диалогу между ними, обеспечивать эффектив- ное осуществление прав человека и основных свобод и облегчать контакты и общение между людьми;

• прилагать новые усилия в целях достижения дальнейшего прогресса в укрепле- нии доверия и безопасности и содействия разоружению.

Принципы

(1) Государства-участники вновь подтверждают свою приверженность всем десяти принципам, изложенным в содержащейся в Заключительном акте Декла- рации принципов, которыми государства-участники руководствуются во взаим- ных отношениях, а также свою решимость уважать их и применять их на прак- тике. Государства-участники подтверждают, что все эти принципы имеют пер- востепенную важность и, следовательно, они будут одинаково и неукоснительно применяться при интерпретации каждого из них с учетом других.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 47 Вена 1989 г.

(2) Они подчеркивают, что уважение и полное применение этих принципов, а также строгое соблюдение всех вытекающих из них обязательств по СБСЕ имеют большое политическое значение и существенно важны для укрепления доверия и безопасности, равно как и для развития их дружественных отношений и их сотрудничества во всех областях.

(3) В этом контексте они подтверждают, что будут уважать право друг друга сво- бодно выбирать и развивать свои политические, социальные, экономические и культурные системы, равно как и право устанавливать свои законы, администра- тивные правила, практику и определять политику. Осуществляя эти права, они будут обеспечивать, чтобы их законы, административные правила, практика и политика сообразовывались с их обязательствами по международному праву и были гармонизированы с положениями Декларации принципов и другими обяза- тельствами по СБСЕ.

(4) Они подтверждают также, что, исходя из принципа равноправия и права наро- дов распоряжаться своей судьбой и согласно соответствующим положениям Заключительного акта, все народы всегда имеют право в условиях полной сво- боды определять, когда и как они желают, свой внутренний и внешний полити- ческий статус без вмешательства извне и осуществлять по своему усмотрению свое политическое, экономическое, социальное и культурное развитие.

(…)

(8) Государства-участники безоговорочно осуждают как преступные все акты, методы и практику терроризма, где бы и кем бы они ни совершались, включая те, которые ставят под угрозу дружественные отношения между государствами и их безопасность, и соглашаются в том, что терроризм не может быть оправдан ни при каких обстоятельствах.

(9) Они выражают свою решимость добиваться искоренения терроризма как на двусторонней основе, так и путем многостороннего сотрудничества, в осо- бенности на таких международных форумах, как Организация Объединенных Наций, Международная организация гражданской авиации и Международная морская организация, и согласно соответствующим положениям Заключитель- ного акта и мадридского Итогового документа.

(10) Будучи убеждены в том, что меры на национальном уровне необходимо соче- тать с укреплением международного сотрудничества, государства-участники выражают свое намерение:

(10.1) проводить твердую политику в ответ на требования террористов;

(10.2) укреплять и развивать двустороннее и многостороннее сотрудничество между собой с целью предотвращения терроризма и борьбы с ним, а также повы- шать эффективность существующего сотрудничества на двустороннем уровне

48 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Вена 1989 г.

или в рамках групп государств, в том числе посредством обмена информацией в надлежащих случаях;

(10.3) предотвращать на своих территориях незаконную деятельность лиц, групп или организаций, которые подстрекают, организуют или участвуют в актах тер- роризма или подрывной или другой деятельности, направленной на насильствен- ное свержение режима другого государства-участника;

(10.4) принимать эффективные меры по предотвращению и пресечению актов терроризма, направленных против дипломатических или консульских предста- вителей, и против терроризма, который влечет за собой нарушения Венских кон- венций о дипломатических и консульских сношениях, в частности их положений, относящихся к дипломатическим и консульским привилегиям и иммунитетам;

(10.5) обеспечить выдачу или судебное преследование лиц, причастных к терро- ристическим актам, и тесно сотрудничать в случаях конкурирующей юрисдик- ции, когда заинтересованными оказываются несколько государств, действуя в обоих случаях согласно соответствующим международным соглашениям;

(10.6) рассмотреть вопрос о том, чтобы стать, если они этого еще не сделали, учас- тниками соответствующих международных конвенций, касающихся пресечения актов терроризма;

(10.7) продолжать работу в соответствующих международных органах в целях совершенствования и расширения мер борьбы против терроризма и обеспечения того, чтобы возможно большее число государств присоединилось к соответству- ющим соглашениям и действовало в соответствии с ними.

(11) Они подтверждают, что будут уважать права человека и основные свободы, включая свободу мысли, совести, религии и убеждений, для всех, без различия расы, пола, языка и религии. Они также подтверждают всеобщее значение прав человека и основных свобод, уважение которых является существенным фактором мира, справедливости и безопасности, необходимых для обеспечения развития дружественных отношений и сотрудничества между ними, как и между всеми государствами.

(12) Они выражают свою решимость гарантировать эффективное осуществление прав человека и основных свобод, которые все вытекают из достоинства, прису- щего человеческой личности, и являются существенными для ее свободного и полного развития. Они признают, что все гражданские, политические, экономи- ческие, социальные, культурные и другие права и свободы имеют первостепенное значение и должны полностью осуществляться всеми надлежащими способами.

(13) В этой связи они будут:

(13.1) совершенствовать свои законы, административные правила и политику в области гражданских, политических, экономических, социальных, культурных и

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 49 Вена 1989 г.

других прав человека и основных свобод и применять их на практике с тем, чтобы гарантировать эффективное осуществление этих прав и свобод;

(13.2) рассматривать вопрос о присоединении к Международному пакту о граж- данских и политических правах, Международному пакту об экономических, соци- альных и культурных правах, Факультативному протоколу к Пакту о гражданских и политических правах и другим соответствующим международным инструмен- там, если они этого еще не сделали;

(13.3) публиковать и распространять тексты Заключительного акта, мадридского Итогового документа и настоящего Документа, а также тексты любых соответс- твующих международных инструментов в области прав человека с целью обеспе- чить наличие этих документов в их полном виде, возможно более широкое озна- комление с ними и доступ к ним всех лиц в своих странах, в частности через сеть публичных библиотек;

(13.4) эффективно обеспечивать право лиц знать свои права и обязанности в этой области и поступать в соответствии с ними, и с этой целью публиковать и делать доступными все законы, административные правила и процедуры, относящиеся к правам человека и основным свободам;

(13.5) уважать право своих граждан, самостоятельно или совместно с другими, вносить активный вклад в развитие и защиту прав человека и основных свобод;

(13.6) поощрять обсуждение в школах и других учебных заведениях вопросов раз- вития и защиты прав человека и основных свобод;

(13.7) обеспечивать в пределах своей территории каждому, подлежащему их юрис- дикции, права человека и основные свободы без какого бы то ни было различия, как то в отношении расы, цвета кожи, пола, языка, религии, политических или иных убеждений, национального или социального происхождения, имуществен- ного положения, рождения или иного обстоятельства;

(13.8) обеспечивать, чтобы ни лицо, осуществляющее, выражающее намерение осуществить или стремящееся осуществить эти права и свободы, ни кто-либо из членов его семьи не были вследствие этого подвергнуты дискриминации в какой- либо форме;

(13.9) обеспечивать, чтобы эффективные средства правовой защиты, а также пол- ная информация о них были доступны тем, кто заявляет, что их права человека и основные свободы были нарушены; они будут, в частности, эффективно приме- нять следующие средства правовой защиты:

• право лица апеллировать к исполнительным, законодательным, судебным или административным органам;

50 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Вена 1989 г.

• право на справедливое и публичное разбирательство в разумные сроки в неза- висимом и беспристрастном суде, включая право выдвигать юридическую аргу- ментацию и быть представленным адвокатом по своему выбору;

• право быть быстро и официально уведомленным о решении, принятом по любой апелляции, включая юридические основания, на которых основывалось реше- ние. Эта информация будет предоставляться, как правило, в письменной форме и во всяком случае так, чтобы позволить лицу эффективно воспользоваться дру- гими доступными средствами правовой защиты.

(14) Государства-участники признают, что содействие развитию экономических, социальных, культурных прав, так же как и гражданских и политических прав, имеет первостепенное значение для человеческого достоинства и для достиже- ния законных стремлений каждой личности. Они будут поэтому продолжать свои усилия с целью обеспечить постепенно полное осуществление экономи- ческих, социальных и культурных прав всеми надлежащими способами, в част- ности путем принятия законодательных мер. В этой связи они будут уделять осо- бое внимание проблемам в области занятости, жилья, социального обеспечения, здравоохранения, образования и культуры. Они будут содействовать постоян- ному прогрессу в осуществлении всех прав и свобод в своих странах, равно как и в развитии отношений между собой и с другими государствами с тем, чтобы каж- дый действительно пользовался в полной мере своими экономическими, соци- альными и культурными правами, а также своими гражданскими и политичес- кими правами.

(15) Государства-участники подтверждают свою решимость обеспечивать мужчи- нам и женщинам равные права. Соответственно они будут принимать все необхо- димые меры, включая законодательные, в целях поощрения равно эффективного участия мужчин и женщин в политической, экономической, социальной и куль- турной жизни. Они рассмотрят возможность присоединения к Конвенции о лик- видации всех форм дискриминации в отношении женщин, если они этого еще не сделали.

(16) С целью обеспечить свободу личности и исповедовать религию или веру госу- дарства-участники будут, среди прочего:

(16.1) принимать эффективные меры по предотвращению и ликвидации дискри- минации лиц или объединений на почве религии или убеждений в отношении признания, осуществления и пользования правами человека и основными свобо- дами во всех областях гражданской, политической, экономической, социальной и культурной жизни и по обеспечению действительного равенства между верую- щими и неверующими;

(16.2) способствовать климату взаимной терпимости и уважения между верую- щими различных объединений, а также между верующими и неверующими;

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 51 Вена 1989 г.

(16.3) предоставлять по их просьбе объединениям верующих, исповедующих или готовых исповедовать свою веру в конституционных рамках своих государств, признание статуса, предусмотренного для них в их соответствующих странах;

(16.4) уважать право этих религиозных объединений:

• основывать и содержать свободно доступные места богослужений или собра- ний;

• организовываться в соответствии со своей собственной иерархической и инсти- туционной структурой;

• выбирать, назначать и заменять свой персонал согласно своим соответствую- щим требованиям и стандартам, а также любым свободно достигнутым догово- ренностям между ними их государством;

• испрашивать и получать добровольные финансовые и другие пожертвования;

(16.5) вступать в консультации с религиозными культами, учреждениями и орга- низациями с целью достижения лучшего понимания потребностей религиозных свобод;

(16.6) уважать право каждого давать и получать религиозное образование на языке по своему выбору или индивидуально, или совместно с другими;

(16.7) в этом контексте уважать, среди прочего, свободу родителей обеспечивать религиозное и нравственное воспитание своих детей в соответствии со своими собственными убеждениями;

(16.8) разрешать подготовку религиозного персонала в соответствующих заведе- ниях;

(16.9) уважать право верующих и религиозных объединений приобретать и использовать священные книги, религиозные издания на языке по своему выбору и другие предметы и материалы, относящиеся к исповедованию религии или веры, и владеть ими;

(16.10) разрешать религиозным культам, учреждениям и организациям произво- дить, импортировать и распространять религиозные издания и материалы;

(16.11) благожелательно рассматривать заинтересованность религиозных объеди- нений в участии в общественном диалоге, в том числе через средства массовой информации.

(17) Государства-участники признают, что осуществление вышеупомянутых прав, относящихся к свободе религии или убеждений, может подлежать лишь таким ограничениям, которые установлены законом и совместимы с их обязательс- твами по международному праву и их международными обязательствами. Они

52 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Вена 1989 г.

будут обеспечивать в своих законах и административных правилах и при их при- менении полное и эффективное осуществление свободы мысли, совести, религии или убеждений.

(18) Государства-участники будут предпринимать непрерывные усилия по осу- ществлению положений Заключительного акта и мадридского Итогового доку- мента, касающихся национальных меньшинств. Они будут принимать все необхо- димые законодательные, административные, юридические и другие меры, а также применять соответствующие международные инструменты, которыми они могут быть связаны, для обеспечения защиты прав человека и основных свобод лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам на их территории. Они будут воздерживаться от любой дискриминации в отношении таких лиц и способство- вать осуществлению их законных интересов и чаяний в области прав человека и основных свобод.

(19) Они будут защищать и создавать условия для поощрения этнической, куль- турной, языковой и религиозной самобытности национальных меньшинств на своей территории. Они будут уважать свободное осуществление прав лицами, принадлежащими к таким меньшинствам, и обеспечивать их полное равенство с другими.

(20) Государства-участники будут полностью уважать право каждого:

• на свободу передвижения и местожительства в пределах границ каждого госу- дарства и

• покидать любую страну, включая свою собственную, и возвращаться в свою страну.

(21) Государства-участники будут обеспечивать, чтобы осуществление вышеупо- мянутых прав не могло быть объектом никаких ограничений, кроме тех, которые предусмотрены законом и совместимы с их обязательствами по международному праву, в частности по Международному пакту о гражданских и политических правах, и их международными обязательствами, в частности по Всеобщей декла- рации прав человека. Эти ограничения носят характер исключений. Государства- участники будут обеспечивать, чтобы этими ограничениями не злоупотребляли и чтобы они применялись не произвольно, а так, чтобы обеспечивалось эффектив- ное осуществление этих прав.

(22) В этом контексте они будут разрешать всем беженцам, которые того поже- лают, возвращаться в безопасности домой.

(23) Государства-участники будут:

(23.1) обеспечивать, чтобы никто не подвергался произвольному аресту, содержа- нию под стражей или ссылке;

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 53 Вена 1989 г.

(23.2) обеспечивать, чтобы со всеми лицами, содержащимися под стражей или в заключении, обращались гуманно и с уважением достоинства, присущего челове- ческой личности;

(23.3) соблюдать принятые ООН минимальные стандартные правила обращения с заключенными, а также принятый ООН Кодекс поведения должностных лиц по поддержанию правопорядка;

(23.4) запрещать пытки и другие виды жестокого, бесчеловечного или унижаю- щего человеческое достоинство обращения и наказания и принимать эффектив- ные законодательные, административные, судебные и другие меры по предотвра- щению такой практики и наказанию за нее;

(23.5) рассматривать вопрос о присоединении к Конвенции против пыток и дру- гих жестоких, бесчеловечных или унижающих достоинство видов обращения или наказания, если они этого еще не сделали;

(23.6) защищать лиц от любой психиатрической или другой медицинской прак- тики, которая нарушает права человека и основные свободы, и принимать эффек- тивные меры по предупреждению такой практики и наказанию за нее.

(24) В том, что касается вопроса о смертной казни, государства-участники отме- чают, что в некоторых из них смертная казнь была отменена. В государствах-учас- тниках, в которых смертная казнь не отменена, смертный приговор может быть вынесен только за самые тяжкие преступления в соответствии с законом, дейс- твовавшим в момент совершения преступления, и не вопреки их международным обязательствам. Этот вопрос будет оставаться на рассмотрении. В этом контексте государства-участники будут сотрудничать в рамках соответствующих междуна- родных организаций.

(25) С целью развития взаимопонимания и доверия, содействия дружественным и добрососедским отношениям, укрепления международного мира, безопасности и справедливости и улучшения выполнения своих обязательств по СБСЕ государс- тва-участники будут развивать и впредь сотрудничество и содействовать диалогу между ними во всех областях и на всех уровнях на основе полного равенства. Они соглашаются, что полное уважение и применение Принципов и выполнение дру- гих положений документов СБСЕ будут улучшать их отношения и содействовать развитию их сотрудничества. Они будут воздерживаться от любых действий, не совместимых с положениями Заключительного акта и других документов СБСЕ, и признают, что любое такое действие нанесло бы ущерб отношениям между ними и препятствовало бы развитию сотрудничества между ними.

(26) Они подтверждают, что правительства, учреждения, организации и лица могут играть соответствующую и положительную роль в содействии достиже- нию целей их сотрудничества и полному осуществлению Заключительного акта. С этой целью они будут уважать право лиц наблюдать за осуществлением и спо- собствовать выполнению положений документов СБСЕ и присоединяться к дру-

54 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Вена 1989 г.

гим с этой целью. Они будут облегчать прямые контакты и связи между этими лицами, организациями и учреждениями внутри государств-участников и между государствами-участниками и устранять, там где они существуют, законодатель- ные и административные препятствия, не совместимые с положениями докумен- тов СБСЕ. Они будут также принимать эффективные меры с целью облегчения доступа к информации о выполнении положений документов СБСЕ и облегчения свободного выражения взглядов по этим вопросам.

(…)

Сотрудничество в области экономики, науки и техники и окружающей среды (…)

Сотрудничество в других секторах

(…)

(40) Государства-участники подчеркивают необходимость эффективного осу- ществления положений Заключительного акта и мадридского Итогового доку- мента, касающихся рабочих-мигрантов и их семей в Европе. Они просят прини- мающие страны и страны происхождения предпринять усилия с тем, чтобы улуч- шать в дальнейшем экономические, социальные, культурные и другие условия жизни рабочих-мигрантов и их семей, законно проживающих в принимающих странах. Они рекомендуют, чтобы принимающие страны и страны происхожде- ния содействовали двустороннему сотрудничеству между ними в соответству- ющих областях с целью способствовать реинтеграции рабочих-мигрантов и их семей, возвращающихся в страну происхождения.

(41) Государства-участники, согласно соответствующим обязательствам, взятым ими по Заключительному акту и мадридскому Итоговому документу, будут благо- желательно рассматривать ходатайства о воссоединении семей, а также о семей- ных контактах и поездках рабочих-мигрантов из других государств-участников, законно проживающих в принимающих странах.

(42) Государства-участники будут обеспечивать, чтобы рабочие-мигранты из дру- гих государств-участников и их семьи могли свободно пользоваться благами своей национальной культуры, сохранять ее и иметь доступ к культуре принима- ющей страны.

(43) С целью обеспечения эффективного равенства возможностей между детьми рабочих-мигрантов и детьми своих граждан в отношении доступа ко всем видам и уровням образования, государства-участники подтверждают свою готовность принять меры, необходимые для более полного использования и улучшения воз- можностей получения образования. Кроме того, они будут поощрять или облег-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 55 Вена 1989 г.

чать там, где имеется разумная потребность, дополнительное преподавание для детей рабочих-мигрантов на их родных языках.

(44) Государства-участники признают, что вопросы рабочих-мигрантов имеют свое человеческое измерение.

(45) Государства-участники признают, что экономические и технологические изменения остро ощущаются на рабочем месте. Они подчеркивают свою готов- ность поощрять сотрудничество в области политики, касающейся профессио- нальной подготовки, путем расширения обмена информацией и опытом с целью повышения образовательного уровня, профессиональных знаний и навыков, а также способности к адаптации персонала, занятого в промышленности и тор- говле.

(46) Государства-участники признают важность содействия вовлечению моло- дежи в профессиональную жизнь. Они будут поэтому продолжать свои усилия с тем, чтобы обеспечить необходимые условия для образования и профессиональ- ной подготовки молодежи и содействовать созданию возможностей для заня- тости молодежи в различных секторах экономики. Они будут продолжать свои усилия с целью создания условий для повышения уровня научных и культурных знаний своих граждан, особенно молодежи, и облегчать им доступ к достиже- ниям в области естественных и общественных наук, а также культуры.

(…)

Сотрудничество в гуманитарных и других областях Государства-участники,

Считая, что сотрудничество в гуманитарных и других областях является сущест- венным фактором для развития их отношений,

Соглашаясь, что их сотрудничество в этих областях должно осуществляться при полном уважении принципов, которыми государства-участники руководствуются во взаимных отношениях, как они изложены в Заключительном акте, а также положений мадридского Итогового документа и настоящего Документа, касаю- щихся этих принципов,

Подтверждая, что, выполняя положения относительно сотрудничества в гумани- тарных и других областях в рамках их законов и административных правил, они будут обеспечивать, чтобы эти законы и административные правила соответство- вали их обязательствам по международному праву и были гармонизированы с их обязательствами по СБСЕ,

Признавая, что выполнение соответствующих положений Заключительного акта и мадридского Итогового документа требует продолжения и активизации уси- лий,

56 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Вена 1989 г.

Приняли и будут выполнять следующее:

Контакты между людьми

(1) При выполнении положений Заключительного акта, мадридского Итогового документа и настоящего Документа о контактах между людьми они будут пол- ностью уважать свои обязательства по международному праву, как указывается в подразделе настоящего Документа, посвященном принципам, в частности о том, что каждый свободен покидать любую страну, включая свою собственную, и возвращаться в свою страну, а также их международные обязательства в этой области.

(2) Они будут обеспечивать, чтобы их политика в отношении въезда на их терри- торию была в полной мере совместима с целями, изложенными в соответству- ющих положениях Заключительного акта, мадридского Итогового документа и настоящего Документа.

(3) Они предпримут необходимые шаги с целью найти по возможности быст- рее, но в любом случае в течение шести месяцев, решения в отношении всех хода- тайств, основанных на положениях Заключительного акта и мадридского Итого- вого документа о контактах между людьми, по которым не будут приняты реше- ния к завершению Венской встречи.

(4) Впоследствии они будут проводить регулярные обзоры, с тем, чтобы обеспе- чить такое положение, при котором все ходатайства, основанные на положениях о контактах между людьми Заключительного акта и других вышеуказанных доку- ментов СБСЕ, рассматривались сообразно с этими положениями.

(5) Они будут принимать решения в отношении ходатайств, касающихся встреч на основе семейных связей в соответствии с Заключительным актом и другими вышеупомянутыми документами СБСЕ, в возможно кратчайшие сроки и в рам- ках обычной практики в течение одного месяца.

(6) Таким же образом они будут принимать решения в отношении ходатайств, касающихся воссоединения семей или заключения браков между гражданами различных государств, в рамках обычной практики в течение трех месяцев.

(7) Благожелательно рассматривая ходатайства, касающиеся встреч на основе семейных связей, они будут должным образом учитывать пожелания заявителя, в особенности в отношении сроков и достаточной продолжительности таких встреч и в отношении поездок вместе с другими членами его семьи с целью сов- местных семейных встреч.

(8) Благожелательно рассматривая ходатайства, касающиеся встреч на основе семейных связей, они будут также разрешать поездки менее близких родственни- ков и поездки к менее близким родственникам.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 57 Вена 1989 г.

(9) Благожелательно рассматривая ходатайства, касающиеся воссоединения семей или заключения браков между гражданами различных государств, они будут ува- жать пожелания заявителей в отношении страны назначения, которая готова их принять.

(10) Они будут уделять особое внимание решению проблем, касающихся воссо- единения несовершеннолетних детей с их родителями. В этой связи и на основе соответствующих положений Заключительного акта и других вышеупомянутых документов СБСЕ они будут обеспечивать:

• чтобы ходатайство об этом, поданное в то время, пока ребенок является несо- вершеннолетним, рассматривалось благожелательно и быстро с целью осущест- вить воссоединение без задержки; и

• чтобы были приняты соответствующие меры с целью защиты интересов и бла- госостояния таких детей.

(11) Они будут рассматривать возможности для постепенного уменьшения и в конечном итоге отмены любых возможных требований относительно получе- ния лицами, совершающими поездки, местной валюты в количестве, превышаю- щем фактические расходы, отдавая предпочтение лицам, совершающим поездки с целью семейных встреч. Они будут предоставлять таким лицам возможность на практике ввозить или вывозить с собой личные вещи или подарки.

(12) Они будут уделять незамедлительное внимание ходатайствам о поездках неотложного гуманитарного характера и рассматривать их благожелательно сле- дующим образом:

• они будут принимать в течение трех рабочих дней решения по ходатайствам, касающимся поездок к серьезно больному или находящемуся при смерти члену семьи, поездок для участия в похоронах члена семьи или поездок лиц, нуждаю- щихся в срочном медицинском лечении, необходимость которого засвидетель- ствована, или лиц, критическое состояние или неизлечимая болезнь которых могут быть установлены;

• они будут принимать по возможности быстрее решения по ходатайствам, каса- ющимся поездок серьезно больных или престарелых, а также других поездок срочного гуманитарного характера;

• Они будут наращивать усилия своих местных, региональных и центральных властей, занимающихся осуществлением вышеизложенного, и обеспечивать, чтобы сборы за предоставление режима первоочередности таким ходатайствам не превышали фактически понесенных расходов.

(13) При рассмотрении ходатайств о поездках с целью семейных встреч, воссо- единения семей или браков между гражданами различных государств они будут обеспечивать, чтобы действия или упущения со стороны членов семьи заявителя

58 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Вена 1989 г.

не сказывались негативно на правах заявителя, как они изложены в соответству- ющих международных инструментах.

(14) Они будут обеспечивать, чтобы все документы, необходимые для ходатайств, основанных на положениях о контактах между людьми Заключительного акта и других вышеупомянутых документов СБСЕ, были легко доступны для заявителя. Документы будут оставаться в силе на протяжении всей процедуры рассмотре- ния ходатайства. В случае возобновления ходатайства документы, ранее подан- ные заявителем в связи с предыдущими ходатайствами, будут приниматься во внимание.

(15) Они будут упрощать практику и постепенно сокращать административ- ные требования в отношении ходатайств, основанных на положениях о контак- тах между людьми Заключительного акта и других вышеупомянутых документов СБСЕ.

(16) Они будут обеспечивать, чтобы в тех случаях, когда ходатайства, основанные на положениях о контактах между людьми Заключительного акта и других выше- упомянутых документов СБСЕ, отклоняются по причинам, определенным в соот- ветствующих международных инструментах, заявителю было быстро предостав- лено в письменной форме официальное извещение о том, на каких основаниях было вынесено такое решение. Как правило и во всех случаях, когда об этом поп- росит заявитель, ему будет предоставлена необходимая информация о процедуре использования любых действующих административных или судебных средств правовой защиты в отношении принятого решения, доступных ему согласно вышеупомянутым международным инструментам. В случаях, касающихся выезда за границу для постоянного проживания, такая информация будет предостав- ляться как часть вышеупомянутого официального извещения.

(17) Если в этом контексте ходатайство отдельного лица о поездке за границу было отклонено по соображениям государственной безопасности, они будут обеспечи- вать, чтобы в пределах строго обоснованных сроков любое ограничение на поез- дку этого лица было как можно более кратковременным и не применялось про- извольным образом. Они будут также обеспечивать, чтобы заявитель имел воз- можность для того, чтобы отказ был вновь рассмотрен в течение шести месяцев и, в случае необходимости, через регулярные промежутки времени впоследствии, так чтобы любые изменения в обстоятельствах, связанных с отказом, таких, как период времени, прошедший с момента, когда заявитель в последний раз выпол- нял работу или обязанности, связанные с государственной безопасностью, при- нимались во внимание. Прежде чем приступить к выполнению такой работы или таких обязанностей, лицо будет официально извещено о том, может ли это ска- заться и каким образом на возможном ходатайстве о такой поездке.

(18) В течение одного года после завершения Венской встречи они опубликуют и сделают легко доступными, где это еще не сделано, все их законы и подзакон-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 59 Вена 1989 г.

ные акты, касающиеся передвижения отдельных лиц по их территории и поездок между государствами.

(19) Благожелательно рассматривая ходатайства, основанные на положениях о контактах между людьми Заключительного акта и других вышеупомянутых доку- ментов СБСЕ, они будут обеспечивать их своевременное рассмотрение для того, в частности, чтобы должным образом учитывать важные семейные, личные или профессиональные соображения, имеющие значение для заявителя.

(20) Они будут благожелательно рассматривать ходатайства о поездках за гра- ницу без различия какого-либо рода, как-то: расы, цвета кожи, пола, языка, рели- гии, политических или иных убеждений, национального или социального про- исхождения, имущественного положения, рождения, возраста или иного обсто- ятельства. Они будут обеспечивать, чтобы отказ не сказывался на ходатайствах, поданных другими лицами.

(21) Они будут в большей мере содействовать поездкам на индивидуальной или коллективной основе по личным или профессиональным причинам и в турис- тических целях, таким, как поездки делегаций, групп и отдельных лиц. С этой целью они будут сокращать до минимума время рассмотрения ходатайств о таких поездках.

(22) Они будут уделять серьезное внимание предложениям о заключении согла- шений относительно выдачи многократных въездных виз и взаимного упроще- ния визовых формальностей, а также изучать возможности для взаимного упраз- днения въездных виз на основе соглашений между ними.

(23) Они будут рассматривать возможности присоединения к соответствую- щим многосторонним инструментам, а также заключения, если это необходимо, дополнительных или других двусторонних соглашений с целью совершенствова- ния мер по обеспечению эффективной консульской, юридической и медицинской помощи гражданам других государств-участников, временно находящимся на их территории.

(24) Они будут принимать любые необходимые меры с целью обеспечить, где это еще не сделано, чтобы гражданам других государств-участников, временно нахо- дящимся на их территории по личным или профессиональным причинам, в том числе с целью участия в мероприятиях в области культуры, науки и образования, была гарантирована должная личная безопасность.

(25) Они будут содействовать и поощрять установление и поддержание пря- мых личных контактов между их гражданами, а также между представителями их учреждений и организаций на основе поездок между государствами и других средств общения.

(26) Они будут содействовать таким контактам и сотрудничеству между своими народами посредством таких мер, как прямые спортивные обмены на местном и

60 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Вена 1989 г.

региональном уровне, беспрепятственное заключение и осуществление догово- ренностей о породненных городах, а также обмены студентами и преподавате- лями.

(27) Они будут поощрять дальнейшее развитие прямых контактов между моло- дежью, а также между правительственными и неправительственными моло- дежными и студенческими организациями и учреждениями, заключение между такими организациями и учреждениями двусторонних и многосторонних дого- воренностей и подписание программ и проведение на двусторонней и многосто- ронней основе мероприятий и деятельности молодежи и для нее в области обра- зования, культуры и других областях.

(28) Они будут предпринимать дальнейшие усилия, чтобы содействовать поез- дкам и туризму молодежи, в частности, рекомендуя тем своим железнодорож- ным властям, которые являются членами Международного союза железных дорог (МСЖД), расширять систему Интер-Рейл для охвата всех своих европейс- ких сетей, а также рекомендуя тем своим железнодорожным властям, которые не являются членами МСЖД, рассмотреть вопрос об обеспечении таких же возмож- ностей.

(29) В соответствии с Всемирной почтовой конвенцией и Международной конвен- цией по электросвязи они будут:

• гарантировать свободу транзита почтовой связи;

• обеспечивать быструю и беспрепятственную доставку корреспонденции, вклю- чая личную почту и посылки;

• уважать конфиденциальность и неприкосновенность почтовой и телефонной связи; и

• обеспечивать условия, необходимые для быстрого соединения и непрерывае- мости телефонных разговоров, включая использование международных систем прямого набора, где они существуют, и их развитие.

(30) Они будут поощрять прямые личные контакты между гражданами их госу- дарств, в частности, облегчая поездки отдельных лиц по их странам и разрешая иностранным гражданам встречаться с их гражданами, а также останавливаться в частных домах при наличии приглашения для этого.

(31) Они будут обеспечивать, чтобы статус лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам или региональным культурам на их территориях, был равным тому статусу, которым пользуются другие граждане в том, что касается контак- тов между людьми в соответствии с Заключительным актом и другими вышеупо- мянутыми документами СБСЕ, и чтобы эти лица могли устанавливать и подде- рживать такие контакты посредством поездок и других средств общения, вклю-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 61 Вена 1989 г.

чая контакты с гражданами других государств, с которыми их объединяет общее национальное происхождение или культурное наследие.

(32) Они будут разрешать верующим, религиозным культам и их представителям, на групповой или индивидуальной основе, устанавливать и поддерживать пря- мые личные контакты и общение друг с другом в их собственных и других стра- нах, в частности посредством поездок, паломничества и участия в собраниях и других религиозных мероприятиях. В этом контексте и в той мере, в которой это соизмеримо с такими контактами и мероприятиями, тем, о ком идет речь, будет разрешаться приобретать, получать и везти с собой религиозные публикации и предметы культа, относящиеся к исповедованию их религии или веры.

(33) Они заслушали отчеты о Совещании экспертов по контактам между людьми, проходившем в Берне с 15 апреля по 26 мая 1986 года. Отмечая, что на этом Сове- щании не было согласовано никаких выводов, они восприняли откровенность обсуждения и большую степень открытости при обмене мнениями как желатель- ные явления. В этом отношении они отметили особое значение того, что внесен- ные на Совещании предложения были дополнительно рассмотрены на Венской встрече СБСЕ.

Информация

(34) Они будут продолжать прилагать усилия с целью содействовать постоянному расширению знаний и пониманию жизни в их государствах, тем самым способс- твуя росту доверия между их народами.

Они будут предпринимать дальнейшие усилия для облегчения более свободного и широкого распространения всех форм информации, поощрения сотрудничес- тва в области информации и улучшения условий работы журналистов.

В этой связи и согласно Международному пакту о гражданских и политических правах, Всеобщей декларации прав человека и их соответствующим международ- ным обязательствам относительно поиска, получения и распространения всех форм информации они будут обеспечивать, чтобы отдельные лица могли сво- бодно выбирать свои источники информации. В этом контексте они будут:

• обеспечивать, чтобы в их государствах мог осуществляться прямой и нормаль- ный прием передач радиослужб, действующих в соответствии с правилами радиовещания МСЭ; и

• разрешать отдельным лицам, учреждениям и организациям при уважении прав на интеллектуальную собственность, включая авторское право, получать, обла- дать, воспроизводить и распространять информационные материалы всякого рода.

62 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Вена 1989 г.

С этой целью они будут устранять любые ограничения, не совместимые с выше- упомянутыми обязательствами по международному праву и международными обязательствами.

(35) Они будут использовать все возможности, предоставляемые современными средствами связи, включая кабельную и спутниковую, для обеспечения более сво- бодного и более широкого распространения всех форм информации. Они будут также поощрять сотрудничество и обмены между их соответствующими учреж- дениями, организациями и техническими экспертами и работать в направлении гармонизации технических стандартов и норм. Они будут учитывать воздействие этих современных средств связи на их средства массовой информации.

(36) Они будут обеспечивать на практике, чтобы официальные информационные бюллетени могли свободно распространяться на их территории дипломатичес- кими и другими официальными миссиями и консульскими представительствами других государств-участников.

(37) Они будут поощрять радио- и телевизионные организации осуществлять на основе договоренностей между ними, особенно в странах проведения, пря- мую передачу программ и дискуссий с участием представителей различных госу- дарств, а также трансляцию выступлений и интервью политических и других деятелей государств-участников.

(38) Они будут поощрять радио- и телевизионные организации освещать различ- ные аспекты жизни в других государствах-участниках и увеличивать число теле- мостов между их странами.

(39) Напоминая, что законное осуществление журналистами своей профессио- нальной деятельности не поставит их перед угрозой выдворения и не приведет каким-либо другим образом к их наказанию, они будут воздерживаться от при- нятия ограничительных мер, таких, как лишение журналиста аккредитации или выдворение его из-за содержания репортажей журналиста или его органа инфор- мации.

(40) Они будут обеспечивать, чтобы журналисты, включая тех, которые пред- ставляют средства массовой информации других государств-участников, при осуществлении ими такой деятельности могли свободно искать доступ к обще- ственным и частным источникам информации и поддерживать контакты с ними, а также чтобы уважалась их потребность в профессиональной конфиденциаль- ности.

(41) Они будут уважать авторское право журналистов.

(42) На основе соглашений между ними там, где это необходимо, и в целях регу- лярного поступления репортажей они будут предоставлять аккредитацию, где это потребуется, и многократные въездные визы журналистам из других госу- дарств-участников, независимо от их постоянного места проживания. На этой

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 63 Вена 1989 г.

основе они сократят до максимум двух месяцев период для предоставления как аккредитации, так и многократных въездных виз журналистам.

(43) Они будут облегчать работу иностранных журналистов, предоставляя по просьбе соответствующую информацию относительно практических вопросов, таких, как правила ввоза, налоги и жилье.

(44) Они будут обеспечивать, чтобы официальные пресс-конференции и, в случае целесообразности, другие подобные официальные мероприятия для прессы были также открыты для иностранных журналистов после их аккредитации, где она требуется.

(45) Они будут обеспечивать на практике, чтобы лица, принадлежащие к нацио- нальным меньшинствам или региональным культурам на их территории, могли распространять информацию на своем родном языке, иметь к ней доступ и обме- ниваться ею.

(…)

Сотрудничество и обмены в области культуры

(47) Они будут способствовать и в полной мере осуществлять их культурное сотрудничество, в том числе посредством выполнения любых соответствующих двусторонних и многосторонних соглашений, заключенных между ними в раз- личных областях культуры.

(48) Они будут поощрять неправительственные организации, интересующиеся вопросами культуры, участвовать совместно с государственными учреждениями в разработке и осуществлении этих соглашений и конкретных проектов, а также в разработке практических мер, касающихся культурного обмена и сотрудничес- тва.

(49) Они будут способствовать созданию по взаимному согласию культурных инс- титутов или центров других государств-участников на своей территории. Будет обеспечиваться беспрепятственный доступ общественности в такие институты или центры, а также их нормальное функционирование.

(50) Они будут обеспечивать беспрепятственный доступ общественности к куль- турным мероприятиям, организуемым на их территории лицами или учрежде- ниями из других государств-участников, и обеспечивать организаторам возмож- ность использования всех доступных в принимающей стране средств для рекла- мирования таковых.

(51) Они будут облегчать и поощрять прямые личные контакты в области куль- туры как на индивидуальной, так и на коллективной основе, а также контакты между учреждениями культуры, ассоциациями творческих работников и артис- тов-исполнителей и другими организациями с целью расширения возможностей

64 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Вена 1989 г.

для их граждан непосредственно знакомиться с творческой деятельностью дру- гих государств-участников у себя и в этих государствах.

(52) Они будут обеспечивать беспрепятственное обращение произведений искус- ства и других предметов культуры, подлежащее лишь таким ограничениям, кото- рые направлены на сохранение их культурного наследия, основаны на уважении прав на интеллектуальную и художественную собственность или вытекают из их международных обязательств в отношении обращения культурной собствен- ности.

(53) Они будут поощрять сотрудничество и совместное художественное твор- чество лиц из различных государств-участников, занимающихся культурной деятельностью; содействовать, когда это целесообразно, конкретным инициа- тивам таких лиц, учреждений и организаций в этих целях и поощрять участие молодежи в таких инициативах. В этом контексте они будут поощрять проведение встреч и симпозиумов, выставок, фестивалей и гастролей ансамблей или трупп, а также исследовательских и учебных программ, в которых могут свободно участ- вовать и вносить свой вклад также и лица из других государств-участников.

(54) Замена лиц или групп, приглашенных для участия в культурных мероприя- тиях, будет осуществляться лишь в исключительных случаях и с предваритель- ного согласия приглашающей стороны.

(55) Они будут поощрять проведение кинонедель, включая, если это целесооб- разно, встречи артистов и экспертов, а также лекции о кинематографическом искусстве; облегчать и поощрять прямые контакты между кинорежиссерами и продюсерами с целью совместного производства фильмов и поощрять сотрудни- чество в области защиты киноматериалов и обмен технической информацией и публикациями о кинематографии.

(56) Они будут изучать возможности компьютеризации библиографий и катало- гов произведений культуры и постановок в стандартной форме, а также их рас- пространения.

(57) Они будут поощрять музеи и художественные галереи развивать прямые связи, в частности для организации выставок, включая предоставление во вре- менное пользование произведений искусства, и для обмена каталогами.

(58) Они возобновят свои усилия по осуществлению всех положений Заключи- тельного акта и мадридского Итогового документа, касающихся менее распро- страненных языков. Они также будут поощрять инициативы, нацеленные на уве- личение числа и улучшение качества литературных переводов с этих языков и на них, в частности путем проведения семинаров с участием переводчиков, авторов и издателей, публикации словарей и, где это целесообразно, обмена переводчи- ками на основе выделения стипендий.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 65 Вена 1989 г.

(59) Они будут обеспечивать, чтобы лица, принадлежащие к национальным мень- шинствам или региональным культурам на их территории, могли сохранять и развивать свою собственную культуру во всех ее аспектах, включая язык, лите- ратуру и религию, и чтобы они могли сохранять свои культурные и исторические памятники и объекты.

(…)

(61) Должным образом учитывая своеобразие и разнообразие их соответствую- щих культур, они будут поощрять усилия, направленные на изучение общих черт и обеспечение лучшего понимания своего культурного наследия. Соответственно они будут поощрять инициативы, которые могут способствовать улучшению зна- ний о культурном наследии других государств-участников во всех его формах, включая региональные аспекты и народное творчество.

(…)

Сотрудничество и обмены в области образования

(63) Они будут обеспечивать для всех доступ к различным видам и уровням обра- зования без дискриминации по признаку расы, цвета кожи, пола, языка, религии, политических или иных убеждений, национального или социального происхож- дения, имущественного положения, рождения или иного обстоятельства.

(64) С целью поощрения более широкого сотрудничества в области науки и обра- зования они будут содействовать беспрепятственному общению между универси- тетами и другими высшими учебными заведениями и исследовательскими инс- титутами. Они будут также содействовать прямым личным контактам, вклю- чая контакты посредством поездок, между учеными, исследователями и другими лицами, занятыми в этих областях.

(65) Они будут также обеспечивать беспрепятственный доступ ученым, препода- вателям и студентам из других государств-участников к открытым информаци- онным материалам, имеющимся в публичных архивах, библиотеках, исследова- тельских институтах и аналогичных учреждениях.

(66) Они будут содействовать обменам школьниками между их странами на основе двусторонних договоренностей, где это необходимо, включая встречи и прожива- ние в семьях принимающей страны в их домах, с целью ознакомления школьни- ков с жизнью, традициями и образованием в других государствах-участниках.

(67) Они будут поощрять их соответствующие правительственные учреждения или учебные заведения включать, где это целесообразно, Заключительный акт в целом в учебные программы школ и университетов.

(68) Они будут обеспечивать, чтобы лица, принадлежащие к национальным мень- шинствам или региональным культурам на их территориях, могли давать или получать знания о своей собственной культуре, в том числе посредством пере-

66 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Вена 1989 г.

дачи родителями своим детям языковой, религиозной и культурной самобыт- ности.

(69) Они будут поощрять их радио- и телевизионные организации информиро- вать друг друга о создании ими образовательных программ и рассматривать воз- можности для обмена такими программами.

(70) Они будут поощрять прямые контакты и сотрудничество между соответству- ющими правительственными учреждениями или организациями в области обра- зования и науки.

(71) Они будут поощрять дальнейшее сотрудничество и контакты между специ- ализированными учреждениями и экспертами в области образования и восста- новления нормальных способностей у детей с физическими или умственными недостатками.

Человеческое измерение СБСЕ Государства-участники,

Памятуя об обязательствах, взятых по Заключительному акту и другим докумен- там СБСЕ относительно уважения всех прав человека и основных свобод, кон- тактов между людьми и других связанных с этим вопросов гуманитарного харак- тера,

Признавая необходимость улучшить выполнение своих обязательств по СБСЕ и их сотрудничество в этих областях, ниже именуемых как человеческое измере- ние СБСЕ,

На основе принципов и положений Заключительного акта и других соответству- ющих документов СБСЕ решили:

1. обмениваться информацией и отвечать на запросы об информации и на пред- ставления, сделанные им другими государствами-участниками по вопросам, относящимся к человеческому измерению СБСЕ. Такие обращения могут быть направлены по дипломатическим каналам или адресованы любому органу, назна- ченному для этих целей;

2. проводить двусторонние встречи с другими государствами-участниками, кото- рые того пожелают, с целью изучения вопросов, относящихся к человеческому измерению СБСЕ, включая ситуации и конкретные случаи, имея в виду разре- шить их. Время и место таких встреч будут определяться по взаимной договорен- ности по дипломатическим каналам;

3. что любое государство-участник, которое сочтет это необходимым, может при- влекать внимание других государств-участников по дипломатическим каналам к ситуациям и случаям, касающимся человеческого измерения СБСЕ, включая

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 67 Вена 1989 г.

те, вопрос о которых был поднят на двусторонних встречах, предусмотренных в пункте 2;

4. что любое государство-участник, которое сочтет это необходимым, может пре- доставлять информацию об обмене информацией и ответах на его запросы об информации и на представления (пункт 1) и о результатах двусторонних встреч (пункт 2), включая информацию относительно ситуаций и конкретных случаев на совещаниях Конференции по человеческому измерению, а также на следующих основных встречах СБСЕ.

(…)

68 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения Доклад о выводах и рекомендациях совещания по защите окружающей среды София 1989 г. (принят в Вене 1990 г.)

(…)

Государства-участники вновь заявляют о своем уважении права отдельных лиц, групп и организаций, занимающихся проблемами окружающей среды, свободно выражать свои мнения, объединяться с другими, проводить мирные собрания, а также получать, публиковать и распространять информациию об этих проблемах, без правовых и административных препятствии, несовместимых с положениями СБСЕ. Эти отдельные лица, группы и организации имеют право участвовать в публичном обсуждении проблем окружающей среды, а также устанавливать и поддерживать прямые и независимые контакты на национальном и международном уровнях.

(…)

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 69 Документ боннской конференции по экономическому сотрудничеству в Европе Бонн 1990 г.

(…) Государства-участники,

(…)

признавая взаимосвязь политического плюрализма и рыночной экономики и будучи приверженными принципам, касающимся:

• многопартийной демократии, основанной на свободных, периодических и истинных выборах;

• правового государства и равной защиты со стороны закона для всех на основе уважения прав человека и эффективных, доступных и справедливых правовых систем;

• экономической деятельности, которая соответственно утверждает человеческое достоинство и свободна от принудительного труда, от дискриминации трудя- щихся по признакам расы, пола, языка, по политическим взглядам или вероис- поведанию или от лишения трудящихся права свободно создавать независимые профсоюзы или вступать в них;

будут стремиться достичь или придерживаться следующего:

(…)

• политики, способствующей установлению социальной справедливости и улуч- шению условий жизни и труда;

(…)

• полного признания и защиты всех форм собственности, в том числе частной собственности, и права граждан владеть и пользоваться ими, а также прав на интеллектуальную собственность;

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 71 Бонн 1990 г.

• права на быструю, справедливую и эффективную компенсацию в случае изъятия частной собственности для использования в интересах общества;

(…)

72 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения Документ копенгагенского совещания Конференции по человеческому измерению СБСЕ Копенгаген 1990 г.

(…)

Государства-участники с большим удовлетворением приветствуют коренные политические изменения, которые произошли в Европе после проведения в Париже в 1989 году первого Совещания Конференции по человеческому измере- нию СБСЕ. Они отмечают, что процесс СБСЕ существенно содействовал этим изменениям и что эти события, в свою очередь, в значительной степени продви- нули выполнение положений Заключительного акта и других документов СБСЕ.

Они признают, что плюралистическая демократия и правовое государство явля- ются существенно необходимыми для обеспечения уважения всех прав человека и основных свобод, развития контактов между людьми и решения других связан- ных с этим вопросов гуманитарного характера. Поэтому они приветствуют выра- женную всеми государствами-участниками приверженность идеалам демократии и политическому плюрализму, а также их общую решимость строить демократи- ческие общества на основе свободных выборов и верховенства закона.

На Копенгагенском совещании государства-участники рассмотрели вопрос о выполнении своих обязательств в сфере человеческого измерения. Они выразили мнение, что степень соблюдения обязательств, содержащихся в соответствующих положениях документов СБСЕ, существенно возросла после проведения Париж- ского совещания. Они, однако, также выразили мнение о том, что необходимо предпринять дальнейшие шаги для полного выполнения своих обязательств, относящихся к человеческому измерению.

Государства-участники выражают свою убежденность в том, что полное уваже- ние прав человека и основных свобод и развитие обществ, основанных на плю- ралистической демократии и верховенстве закона, является необходимым усло- вием для обеспечения прогресса в деле создания стабильной обстановки про- чного мира, безопасности, справедливости и сотрудничества, которую они стре-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 73 Копенгаген 1990 г.

мятся утвердить в Европе. Поэтому они подтверждают свое обязательство в пол- ной мере выполнять все положения Заключительного акта и других документов СБСЕ, относящихся к сфере человеческого измерения, и берут на себя обязатель- ство наращивать и далее уже достигнутый прогресс.

Они признают, что сотрудничество между ними, а также активное участие отде- льных лиц, групп, организаций и учреждений существенно необходимы для обес- печения постоянного продвижения к их общим целям.

В целях содействия уважению прав человека и основных свобод и их осущест- влению, развитию контактов между людьми и решению других связанных с этим вопросов гуманитарного характера государства-участники пришли к согласию относительно следующего:

I

(1) Государства-участники выражают свою убежденность в том, что защита и поощрение прав человека и основных свобод является одной из основополагаю- щих целей правления, и подтверждают, что признание этих прав и свобод явля- ется основой свободы, справедливости и мира.

(2) Они преисполнены решимости поддерживать и развивать эти принципы спра- ведливости, которые составляют основу правового государства. Они считают, что правовое государство означает не просто формальную законность, которая обеспечивает регулярность и последовательность в достижении и поддержа- нии демократического порядка, но и справедливость, основанную на признании и полном принятии высшей ценности человеческой личности и гарантируемую учреждениями, образующими структуры, обеспечивающие ее наиболее полное выражение.

(3) Они подтверждают, что демократия является неотъемлемым элементом пра- вового государства. Они признают важность плюрализма в отношении полити- ческих организаций.

(4) Они подтверждают, что будут уважать право друг друга свободно выбирать и развивать в соответствии с международными стандартами в области прав чело- века свои политические, социальные, экономические и культурные системы. Осу- ществляя это право, они будут обеспечивать, чтобы их законы, административ- ные правила, практика и политика сообразовывались с их обязательством по международному праву и были гармонизированы с положениями Декларации принципов и другими обязательствами по СБСЕ.

(5) Они торжественно заявляют, что к числу элементов справедливости, которые существенно необходимы для полного выражения достоинства, присущего чело- веческой личности, и равных и неотъемлемых прав всех людей относятся следу- ющие:

74 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Копенгаген 1990 г.

(5.1) свободные выборы, проводимые через разумные промежутки времени путем тайного голосования или равноценной процедуры свободного голосования в условиях, которые обеспечивают на практике свободное выражение мнения изби- рателями при выборе своих представителей;

(5.2) представительная по своему характеру форма правления, при которой испол- нительная власть подотчетна избранным законодательным органам или избира- телям;

(5.3) обязанность правительства и государственных властей соблюдать конститу- цию и действовать совместимым с законом образом;

(5.4) четкое разделение между государством и политическими партиями; в част- ности, политические партии не будут сливаться с государством;

(5.5) деятельность правительства и администрации, а также судебных органов осуществляется в соответствии с системой, установленной законом. Уважение такой системы должно быть обеспечено;

(5.6) вооруженные силы и полиция находятся под контролем гражданских влас- тей и подотчетны им;

(5.7) права человека и основные свободы будут гарантироваться законом и соот- ветствовать обязательствам по международному праву;

(5.8) законы, принятые по завершении соответствующей гласной процедуры, и административные положения публикуются, что является условием их примене- ния. Эти тексты будут доступны для всех;

(5.9) все люди равны перед законом и имеют право без какой бы то ни было дис- криминации на равную защиту со стороны закона. В этой связи закон запрещает любую дискриминацию и гарантирует всем лицам равную и эффективную защиту от дискриминации по какому бы то ни было признаку;

(5.10) каждый человек будет обладать эффективными средствами правовой защиты против административных решений, с тем, чтобы гарантировалось ува- жение основных прав и обеспечивалось ненанесение ущерба правовой системе;

(5.11) административные решения, направленные против какого-либо лица, будут полностью обоснованными и должны, как правило, содержать указание на имею- щиеся обычные средства правовой защиты;

(5.12) независимость судей и беспристрастное функционирование государствен- ной судебной службы обеспечиваются;

(5.13) независимость адвокатов признается и защищается, в частности в том, что касается условий их приема на работу и практики;

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 75 Копенгаген 1990 г.

(5.14) нормы, касающиеся уголовного процесса, будут содержать четкое определе- ние компетенции в отношении разбирательства и мер, которые предшествуют и сопровождают такое разбирательство;

(5.15) каждое арестованное или задержанное по уголовному обвинению лицо имеет право, с тем, чтобы можно было вынести решение относительно закон- ности его ареста или задержания, быть в срочном порядке доставленным к судье или другому должностному лицу, уполномоченному законом осуществлять такую функцию;

(5.16) каждый человек имеет право при рассмотрении любого предъявленного ему уголовного обвинения или при определении его прав и обязанностей в каком- либо гражданском процессе на справедливое и открытое разбирательство ком- петентным, независимым и беспристрастным судом, созданным на основании закона;

(5.17) любое лицо, преследуемое в судебном порядке, имеет право защищать себя лично или без промедления через посредство выбранного им самим защитника, или, если это лицо не располагает достаточными средствами для оплаты услуг защитника, на безвозмездное получение таких услуг, когда этого требуют инте- ресы правосудия;

(5.18) никто не будет обвинен, судим или осужден за какое-либо уголовное пре- ступление, если только оно не предусмотрено законом, который ясно и четко определяет элементы этого преступления;

(5.19) каждый считается невиновным, пока виновность его не будет доказана согласно закону;

(5.20) считая важным вклад международно-правовых инструментов в области прав человека в обеспечение верховенства закона на национальном уровне, госу- дарства-участники подтверждают, что они рассмотрят вопрос о присоединении к Международному пакту о гражданских и политических правах, к Международ- ному пакту об экономических, социальных и культурных правах и к другим соот- ветствующим международно-правовым инструментам, если они еще не сделали этого;

(5.21) с тем, чтобы дополнить внутренние меры правовой защиты и лучше обес- печивать уважение государствами-участниками принятых на себя междуна- родных обязательств, государства-участники рассмотрят вопрос о присоедине- нии к региональной или универсальной международной конвенции, касающейся защиты прав человека, такой как Европейская конвенция о правах человека или Факультативный протокол к Международному пакту о гражданских и политичес- ких правах, которые предусматривают процедуры правовой защиты отдельных лиц в международных органах.

76 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Копенгаген 1990 г.

(6) Государства-участники заявляют, что воля народа, выражаемая свободно и честно в ходе периодических и подлинных выборов, является основой власти и законности любого правительства. Государства-участники соответственно ува- жают право своих граждан принимать участие в управлении страной непос- редственно или через представителей, избираемых ими свободно в ходе чест- ного избирательного процесса. Они признают свою ответственность за защиту и охрану в соответствии со своими законами, своими обязательствами по меж- дународному праву в области прав человека и своими международными обяза- тельствами свободно установленный путем волеизъявления народа демократи- ческий порядок от деятельности отдельных лиц, групп или организаций, которые используют или отказываются отвергнуть терроризм или насилие, направленные на свержение этого порядка или такого порядка в другом государстве-участнике.

(7) Для того, чтобы воля народа служила основой власти правительства, государс- тва-участники

(7.1) проводят свободные выборы с разумной периодичностью, как это установ- лено законом;

(7.2) допускают, чтобы все мандаты по крайней мере в одной палате националь- ного законодательного органа были объектом свободной состязательности кан- дидатов в ходе всенародных выборов;

(7.3) гарантируют взрослым гражданам всеобщее и равное избирательное право;

(7.4) обеспечивают, чтобы голосование проводилось тайно или применялась рав- ноценная процедура свободного голосования и чтобы подсчет голосов и сообще- ние о нем были честными, а официальные результаты были опубликованы;

(7.5) уважают право граждан добиваться политических или государственных пос- тов в личном качестве или в качестве представителей политических партий или организаций без дискриминации;

(7.6) уважают право отдельных лиц и групп лиц создавать в условиях полной сво- боды свои политические партии или другие политические организации и предо- ставляют таким политическим партиям и организациям необходимые юриди- ческие гарантии, позволяющие им соревноваться друг с другом на основе равенс- тва перед законом и органами власти;

(7.7) обеспечивают, чтобы закон и государственная политика допускали проведе- ние политических кампаний в атмосфере свободы и честности, в которой ника- кие административные действия, насилие или запугивание не удерживали бы партии и кандидатов от свободного изложения своих взглядов и оценок, а также не мешали бы избирателям знакомиться с ними и обсуждать их или голосовать свободно, не опасаясь наказания;

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(7.8) обеспечивают, чтобы не устанавливались какие-либо юридические или адми- нистративные барьеры для беспрепятственного доступа к средствам массовой информации на недискриминационной основе для всех политических группиро- вок и отдельных лиц, желающих принять участие в избирательном процессе;

(7.9) обеспечивают, чтобы кандидаты, получившие необходимое число голосов, определенное законом, надлежащим образом вступали в должность и могли оста- ваться в должности до истечения срока своих полномочий или до их прекраще- ния иным образом, который регулируется законом в соответствии с демократи- ческими парламентскими и конституционными процедурами.

(8) Государства-участники считают, что присутствие наблюдателей, как инос- транных, так и национальных, может повысить авторитетность избиратель- ного процесса для государств, в которых проводятся выборы. Поэтому они при- глашают наблюдателей от любых других государств-участников СБСЕ и любых соответствующих частных учреждений и организаций, которые пожелают этого, наблюдать за ходом их национальных выборов в объеме, допускаемом законом. Они также будут стремиться содействовать такому же доступу к избирательным процессам, проводимым на более низком, чем общенациональный уровне. Такие наблюдатели будут брать на себя обязательство не вмешиваться в избирательный процесс.

II

(9) Государства-участники подтверждают, что

(9.1) каждый человек имеет право на свободу выражения своего мнения, включая право на общение. Это право включает свободу придерживаться своего мнения и получать и распространять информацию и идеи без вмешательства со стороны государственных властей и независимо от государственных границ. Осуществле- ние этого права может быть предметом лишь таких ограничений, которые пред- писаны законом и соответствуют международным стандартам. В частности, не будет установлено никаких ограничений на доступ к средствам для размноже- ния документов всех видов и на их использование при соблюдении, тем не менее, прав, касающихся интеллектуальной собственности, включая авторское право;

(9.2) каждый человек имеет право на мирные собрания и демонстрации. Любые ограничения, которые могут быть установлены в отношении осуществления этих прав, предписываются законом и соответствуют международным стандартам;

(9.3) право на ассоциацию гарантируется. Право создавать и, в зависимости от общего права профсоюза определять свое членство, свободно вступать в про- фсоюз, гарантируется. Эти права исключают любой предварительный контроль. Свобода ассоциации для рабочих, включая свободу забастовок, гарантируется с ограничениями, предписанными законом и соответствующими международным стандартам;

78 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Копенгаген 1990 г.

(9.4) каждый человек имеет право на свободу мысли, совести и религии. Это право включает свободу менять религию или убеждения и свободу исповедовать свою религию или веру как индивидуально, так и совместно с другими, публично или частным образом путем отправления культа, обучения и выполнения рели- гиозных и ритуальных обрядов. Осуществление этих прав подлежит лишь таким ограничениям, которые предписаны законом и соответствуют международным стандартам;

(9.5) они будут уважать право каждого человека покидать любую страну, вклю- чая свою собственную, и возвращаться в свою страну в соответствии с междуна- родными обязательствами государства по международному праву и обязательс- твами по СБСЕ. Ограничения этого права будут носить характер весьма редких исключений, будут считаться необходимыми лишь в тех случаях, когда они отве- чают конкретной общественной потребности, преследуют законную цель и сораз- мерны этой цели и не будут предметом злоупотребления или произвольного при- менения;

(9.6) каждый человек имеет право на мирное использование своей собственности индивидуально либо совместно с другими. Никто не может быть лишен своей собственности, за исключением случаев, определяемых общественными интере- сами, и на условиях, предусмотренных законом и соответствующих международ- ным обязательствам и обязательствам по международному праву.

(10) Подтверждая свое обязательство эффективно обеспечивать право отде- льного лица знать права человека и основные свободы и поступать в соответс- твии с ними и самостоятельно или совместно с другими вносить активный вклад в их развитие и защиту, государства-участники заявляют о своем обязательстве:

(10.1) уважать право каждого самостоятельно или совместно с другими запраши- вать, получать и передавать свободно мнения и информацию о правах человека и основных свободах, включая право распространять и публиковать такие мнения и информацию;

(10.2) уважать право каждого самостоятельно или совместно с другими изучать и обсуждать вопросы соблюдения прав человека и основных свобод и готовить и обсуждать соображения относительно улучшения защиты прав человека и более совершенных средств обеспечения соблюдения международных стандартов в области прав человека;

(10.3) обеспечивать, чтобы отдельным лицам было разрешено осуществлять право на ассоциацию, включая право создавать, присоединяться и эффективно участ- вовать в деятельности неправительственных организаций, которые стремятся поощрять и защищать права человека и основные свободы, включая профсоюзы и группы по наблюдению за соблюдением прав человека;

(10.4) разрешать членам таких групп и организаций иметь беспрепятственный доступ и поддерживать связь с подобными органами в своих странах и за их пре-

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делами и с международными организациями, обмениваться мнениями, подде- рживать контакты и сотрудничать с такими группами и организациями и испра- шивать, получать и использовать с целью поощрения и защиты прав человека и основных свобод добровольные финансовые взносы из национальных и междуна- родных источников, как это предусматривается законом.

(11) Государства-участники заявляют далее, что в случаях, когда, как утверж- дается, имело место нарушение прав человека и основных свобод, имеющиеся эффективные средства правовой защиты включают

(11.1) право отдельного лица запрашивать и получать адекватную юридическую помощь;

(11.2) право отдельного лица запрашивать и получать помощь от других в защите прав человека и основных свобод и помогать другим в защите прав человека и основных свобод;

(11.3) право отдельных лиц или групп, действующих от их имени, поддерживать связь с международными органами, наделенными компетенцией получать и рас- сматривать информацию, касающуюся утверждений о нарушении прав человека.

(12) Государства-участники, желая обеспечить большую открытость в выполне- нии обязательств, взятых на себя в разделе о человеческом измерении СБСЕ вен- ского Итогового документа, постановляют принять в качестве меры по укрепле- нию доверия присутствие наблюдателей, направляемых государствами-участни- ками, и представителей неправительственных организаций и других заинтересо- ванных лиц на судебных процессах, как это предусматривается в национальном законодательстве и международном праве; при этом понимается, что судебные процессы могут быть закрытыми (in camera) лишь при наличии обстоятельств, предписанных законом и соответствующих обязательствам по международному праву и международным обязательствам.

(13) Государства-участники принимают решение уделять особое внимание при- знанию прав ребенка, его гражданских прав и личных свобод, его экономичес- ких, социальных и культурных прав и его права на особую защиту от всех видов насилия и эксплуатации. Они рассмотрят вопрос о присоединении, если они еще не сделали этого, к Конвенции о правах ребенка, которая была открыта для под- писания государствами 26 января 1990 года. Они признают в своем внутреннем законодательстве права ребенка, зафиксированные в международных соглаше- ниях, сторонами которых они являются.

(14) Государства-участники соглашаются поощрять создание в своих стра- нах условий для обучения студентов и учащихся из других государств-участни- ков, включая лиц, проходящих профессионально-техническую подготовку. Они также соглашаются содействовать поездкам молодежи из своих стран для полу- чения образования в других государствах-участниках и в этих целях поощрять заключение, где это необходимо, двусторонних и многосторонних соглашений

80 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Копенгаген 1990 г.

между их соответствующими правительственными учреждениями, организаци- ями и учебными заведениями.

(15) Государства-участники будут действовать таким образом, чтобы облег- чать передачу осужденных лиц и побуждать те государства-участники, которые не являются сторонами Конвенции о передаче осужденных лиц, подписанной в Страсбурге 21 ноября 1983 года, рассмотреть вопрос о присоединении к этой Кон- венции.

(16) Государства-участники

(16.1) подтверждают свое обязательство запретить пытки и другие жестокие, бес- человечные или унижающие достоинство виды обращения и наказания, принять эффективные законодательные, административные, судебные и другие меры для предотвращения такой практики и наказания за нее, защищать отдельных лиц от какой-либо психиатрической или иной медицинской практики, которая нару- шает права человека и основные свободы, и принять эффективные меры для пре- дотвращения такой практики и наказания за нее;

(16.2) намереваются в срочном порядке рассмотреть вопрос о присоединении к Конвенции против пыток и других жестоких, бесчеловечных или унижающих достоинство видов обращения и наказания, если они еще не сделали этого, и при- знании компетенции Комитета против пыток в соответствии со статьями 21 и 22 Конвенции и снятии оговорок относительно компетенции Комитета в соответс- твии со статьей 20;

(16.3) подчеркивают, что никакие исключительные обстоятельства, будь то состо- яние войны или угроза войны, внутренняя политическая нестабильность или любое другое чрезвычайное положение, не могут служить оправданием пыток;

(16.4) будут обеспечивать, чтобы образование и информация относительно запре- щения пыток полностью включались в подготовку работников гражданских и военных правоохранительных органов медицинского персонала, государствен- ных служащих и других лиц, которые могут иметь дело с содержанием под стра- жей, ведением допроса или обращением с любым лицом, подвергшимся какой- либо форме ареста, задержания или тюремного заключения;

(16.5) будут систематически рассматривать правила, инструкции, методы и прак- тику ведения допроса, а также условия содержания под стражей и обращения с лицами, подвергшимися какой-либо форме ареста, задержания или тюремного заключения на любой территории под их юрисдикцией, с тем, чтобы не допустить каких-либо случаев пыток;

(16.6.) будут в первоочередном порядке принимать для рассмотрения и прове- дения надлежащих действий, отвечающих согласованным мерам и процедурам эффективного выполнения обязательств, относящихся к человеческому измере- нию СБСЕ, любые случаи пыток и других бесчеловечных или унижающих досто-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 81 Копенгаген 1990 г.

инство видов обращения и наказания, о которых им стало известно по официаль- ным каналам или из какого-либо иного надежного источника информации;

(16.7) будут действовать при том понимании, что сохранение и гарантия жизни и безопасности любого лица, подвергающегося какой-либо форме пыток и дру- гих бесчеловечных или унижающих человеческое достоинство видов обращения и наказания, будет единственным критерием при определении срочности и пер- воочередности при применении надлежащих средств для исправления положе- ния; и поэтому рассмотрение любых случаев пыток и других бесчеловечных или унижающих достоинство видов обращения и наказания в рамках любого другого международного органа или механизма не может служить основанием для того, чтобы воздержаться от рассмотрения и проведения надлежащих действий в соот- ветствии с согласованными мерами и процедурами эффективного выполнения обязательств, относящихся к человеческому измерению СБСЕ.

(17) Государства-участники

(17.1) напоминают о принятом по венскому Итоговому документу обязательс- тве оставить вопрос о смертной казни на рассмотрении и сотрудничать в рамках соответствующих международных организаций;

(17.2) напоминают в этом контексте о принятии Генеральной Ассамблеей Органи- зации Объединенных Наций 15 декабря 1989 года второго Факультативного про- токола к Международному пакту о гражданских и политических правах, имею- щего целью отмену смертной казни;

(17.3) отмечают ограничения и гарантии в отношении применения смертной казни, которые были приняты международным сообществом, в частности в ста- тье 6 Международного пакта о гражданских и политических правах;

(17.4) отмечают положения шестого Протокола к Европейской конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод, касающиеся отмены смертной казни;

(17.5) отмечают принятые в последнее время рядом государств-участников меры по отмене смертной казни;

(17.6) отмечают деятельность некоторых неправительственных организаций по вопросу о смертной казни;

(17.7) будут обмениваться информацией в рамках Конференции по человеческому измерению по вопросу об отмене смертной казни и продолжать рассматривать этот вопрос;

(17.8) будут предоставлять общественности информацию относительно примене- ния смертной казни.

(18) Государства-участники

82 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Копенгаген 1990 г.

(18.1) отмечают, что Комиссия по правам человека Организации Объединенных Наций признала право каждого отказываться от военной службы по убеждениям совести;

(18.2) отмечают меры, принятые в последнее время рядом государств-участников, с тем, чтобы разрешать освобождать от обязательной военной службы на основа- нии отказа по убеждениям совести;

(18.3) отмечают деятельность некоторых неправительственных организаций в связи с отказом от обязательной военной службы по убеждениям совести;

(18.4) соглашаются рассмотреть вопрос о введении, где это еще не было сде- лано, различных форм альтернативной службы, которые совместимы с мотивами отказа по убеждениям совести, причем такие формы альтернативной службы в принципе не будут связаны со службой в боевых частях или будут иметь граждан- ский характер, будут общественно полезными и не будут носить характера какого- либо наказания;

(18.5) сделать информацию по этому вопросу доступной общественности;

(18.6) оставят на рассмотрении в рамках Конференции по человеческому изме- рению соответствующие вопросы, связанные с освобождением от обязательной военной службы, где таковая существует, отдельных лиц на основании отказа от службы в вооруженных силах по убеждениям совести и будут обмениваться информацией по этим вопросам.

(19) Государства-участники подтверждают, что более свободное передвижение и контакты между их гражданами имеют важное значение в контексте защиты и развития прав человека и основных свобод. Они будут обеспечивать, чтобы их политика в отношении въезда на их территории в полной мере соответство- вала целям, изложенным в соответствующих положениях Заключительного акта, мадридского Итогового документа и венского Итогового документа. Подтверж- дая свою решимость не отступать от обязательств, содержащихся в документах СБСЕ, они обязуются полностью выполнять и совершенствовать нынешние обя- зательства в области контактов между людьми, в том числе на двусторонней и многосторонней основе. В этом контексте они будут:

(19.1) стремиться осуществлять процедуры въезда на их территории, включая выдачу виз, паспортный и таможенный контроль, добросовестно и без неоправ- данных задержек. Там, где это необходимо, они будут сокращать сроки принятия решений о выдаче виз, а также упрощать практику и сокращать административ- ные требования в отношении ходатайств о получении виз;

(19.2) обеспечивать при рассмотрении ходатайств о получении виз, чтобы этот процесс проходил как можно быстрее для того, чтобы, в частности, должным образом учитывались важные семейные, личные или профессиональные сообра- жения, особенно в случаях срочного гуманитарного характера;

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 83 Копенгаген 1990 г.

(19.3) стараться, там где это необходимо, снижать сборы, связанные с ходатайс- твами о выдаче виз до самого низкого возможного уровня;

(20) Заинтересованные государства-участники будут консультироваться и, где это целесообразно, сотрудничать при рассмотрении проблем, которые могут возник- нуть в результате возросшего передвижения людей.

(…)

(22) Государства-участники подтверждают, что защита и поощрение прав рабо- чих-мигрантов имеют свое человеческое измерение. В этом контексте они

(22.1) соглашаются, что защита и поощрение прав рабочих-мигрантов является задачей всех государств-участников и как таковые они должны рассматриваться в рамках процесса СБСЕ;

(22.2) подтверждают свое обязательство полностью обеспечивать в своем внут- реннем законодательстве права рабочих-мигрантов, предусмотренные междуна- родными соглашениями, участниками которых они являются;

(22.3) считают, что в будущих международных инструментах, касающихся прав рабочих-мигрантов, они должны учитывать тот факт, что данный вопрос важен для них всех;

(22.4) выражают свою готовность изучить на будущих совещаниях СБСЕ соответс- твующие аспекты дальнейшего поощрения прав рабочих-мигрантов и их семей.

(23) Государства-участники подтверждают выраженную ими в венском Итого- вом документе убежденность в том, что поощрение экономических, социальных и культурных прав, а также гражданских и политических прав имеет первостепен- ное значение для обеспечения человеческого достоинства и реализации законных чаяний каждого человека. Они также подтверждают принятое ими в Документе боннской Конференции по экономическому сотрудничеству в Европе обязательс- тво относительно содействия поощрению социальной справедливости и улучше- ния условий жизни и труда. В контексте продолжения своих усилий в целях пос- тепенного достижения полной реализации экономических, социальных и куль- турных прав всеми надлежащими способами они будут уделять особое внимание проблемам в области занятости, обеспечения жильем, социального обеспечения, здравоохранения, образования и культуры.

(24) Государства-участники будут обеспечивать, чтобы осуществление всех прав человека и основных свобод, изложенных выше, не могло быть объектом ника- ких ограничений, кроме тех, которые предусмотрены законом и соответствуют их обязательствам по международному праву, в частности по Международному пакту о гражданских и политических правах, и их международными обязатель- ствами, в частности по Всеобщей декларации прав человека. Эти ограничения носят характер исключений. Государства-участники будут обеспечивать, чтобы

84 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Копенгаген 1990 г.

этими ограничениями не злоупотребляли и чтобы они применялись не произ- вольно, а так, чтобы обеспечивалось эффективное осуществление этих прав.

Любое ограничение прав и свобод в демократическом обществе должно быть увязано с одной из целей применяемого закона и должно быть строго соразмерно предназначению этого закона.

(25) Государства-участники подтверждают, что любое отступление от обяза- тельств, относящихся к правам человека и основным свободам, в условиях чрез- вычайного положения должно оставаться строго в пределах, предусмотренных международным правом, в частности, соответствующими международными инс- трументами, участниками которых они являются, особенно в том, что касается прав, от которых не может быть отступлений. Они также подтверждают, что

(25.1) меры, представляющие собой отступление от таких обязательств, должны приниматься в строгом соответствии с процедурными требованиями, изложен- ными в этих инструментах;

(25.2) введение чрезвычайного положения должно быть объявлено официально, публично и в соответствии с положениями, закрепленными законом;

(25.3) меры, представляющие собой отступление от обязательств, будут строго ограничиваться рамками, которых требует острота положения;

(25.4) такие меры не повлекут за собой дискриминации исключительно на основе расовой принадлежности, цвета кожи, пола, языка, религии, социального проис- хождения или принадлежности к меньшинству.

III

(26) Государства-участники признают, что жизнеспособная демократия зависит от существования как составной части национальной жизни демократичских ценностей и практики, а также широго круга демократических институтов. Они будут поэтому поощрять, облегчать и, там где это целесообразно, поддерживать совместные практические усилия и обмен информацией, идеями и опытом между ними и в рамках прямых контактов и сотрудничества между отдельными лицами, группами и организациями в областях, включающих следующее:

• конституционные право, реформы и развитие,

• законодательство о выборах, проведение выборов и наблюдении за ними,

• создание судов и правовых систем и управление ими,

• развитие беспристрастной и эффективной государственной службы, в рамках которой прием на работу и продвижение по службе основываются на системе учета личных достоинств работников,

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 85 Копенгаген 1990 г.

• проведение законов в жизнь,

• местное управление и децентрализация,

• доступ к информации и обеспечение конфиденциальности,

• формирующиеся политические партии и их роль в плюралистических обще- ствах,

• свободные и независимые профсоюзы,

• кооперативные движения,

• развитие других форм свободной ассоциации и групп, преследующих обще- ственные интересы,

• журналистика, независимые средства массовой информации, интеллектуальная и культурная жизнь,

• преподавание знаний о демократических ценностях, институтах и практике в учебных заведениях, а также обеспечения атмосферы свободного познания.

Такие усилия могут охватывать спектр сотрудничества в рамках человеческого измерения СБСЕ, включая обучение, обмен информацией, книгами и учебными материалами, совместные программы и проекты, научные и профессиональные обмены и конференции, стипендии, субсидии на научные исследования, предо- ставление экспертных знаний и консультативных услуг, деловые и научные кон- такты и программы.

(27) Государства-участники будут также содействовать созданию и укреплению независимых национальных институтов в области прав человека и верховенс- тва закона, которые могут также выступать в качестве центров координации и сотрудничества между такими институтами в государствах-участниках. Они предлагают поощрять сотрудничество между парламентариями государств-учас- тников, в том числе через существующие межпарламентские ассоциации и, в час- тности, через совместные комиссии, телевизионные дебаты с участием парламен- тариев, встречи и обсуждения за “круглым столом”. Они будут также поощрять существующие учреждения, такие как организации системы Организации Объ- единенных Наций и Совет Европы, к продолжению и расширению начатой ими работы в этой области.

(28) Государства-участники признают важный опыт Совета Европы в области прав человека и основных свобод и соглашаются изучить дальнейшие пути и средства, позволяющие Совету Европы внести свой вклад в человеческое измерение СБСЕ. Они соглашаются, что характер этого вклада мог бы быть изучен в дальнейшем на одном из будущих форумов СБСЕ.

(…)

86 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Копенгаген 1990 г.

IV

(30) Государства-участники признают, что вопросы, относящиеся к националь- ным меньшинствам, могут быть удовлетворительным образом решены только в демократических политических рамках, основанных на верховенстве закона, в условиях функционирования независимой судебной системы. Эти рамки гаран- тируют полное уважение прав человека и основных свобод, равные права и поло- жение всех граждан, свободное выражение всех их законных интересов и чая- ний, политический плюрализм, социальную терпимость и выполнение правовых норм, ставящих эффективные препятствия на пути злоупотребления государс- твенной властью.

Они также признают важную роль неправительственных организаций, включая политические партии, профсоюзы, организации по правам человека и религиоз- ные группы, в поощрении терпимости, культурного многообразия и в решении вопросов, относящихся к национальным меньшинствам.

Они далее подтверждают, что уважение прав лиц, принадлежащих к националь- ным меньшинствам, как части общепризнанных прав человека, является сущест- венным фактором мира, справедливости, стабильности и демократии в государс- твах-участниках.

(31) Лица, принадлежащие к национальным меньшинствам, имеют право полно- стью и эффективно осуществлять свои права человека и основные свободы без какой-либо дискриминации и в условиях полного равенства перед законом.

Государства-участники примут, в случае необходимости, специальные меры с целью гарантировать лицам, принадлежащим к национальным меньшинствам, полное равенство с другими гражданами в осуществлении прав человека и основ- ных свобод и пользовании ими.

(32) Принадлежность лица к национальному меньшинству является предметом его личного выбора, и никакие неблагоприятные последствия не могут возникать из осуществления такого выбора.

Лица, принадлежащие к национальным меньшинствам, имеют право свободно выражать, сохранять и развивать свою этническую культурную, языковую или религиозную самобытность и поддерживать и развивать свою культуру во всех ее аспектах, не подвергаясь каким-либо попыткам ассимиляции вопреки своей воли. В частности, они имеют право:

(32.1) свободно пользоваться своим родным языком в личной и общественной жизни;

(32.2) создавать и поддерживать свои собственные образовательные, культурные и религиозные учреждения, организации или ассоциации, которые могут искать

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добровольную финансовую и другую помощь, а также государственную подде- ржку в соответствии с национальным законодательством;

(32.3) исповедовать свою религию, в том числе приобретать, обладать и исполь- зовать религиозные материалы и осуществлять религиозную деятельность в области образования на своем родном языке;

(32.4) устанавливать и поддерживать беспрепятственные контакты между собой в пределах своей страны, а также через границы с гражданами других государств, с которыми они имеют общее этническое или национальное происхождение, куль- турное наследие или религиозные верования;

(32.5) распространять информацию, иметь доступ к ней и обмениваться инфор- мацией на своем родном языке;

(32.6) создавать и поддерживать организации или ассоциации в пределах своей страны и участвовать в деятельности международных неправительственных организаций.

Лица, принадлежащие к национальным меньшинствам, могут осуществлять свои права и пользоваться ими на индивидуальной основе, а также совместно с дру- гими членами своей группы. Для лица, принадлежащего к национальному мень- шинству, не может возникать никаких неблагоприятных последствий по причине осуществления или неосуществления любого из таких прав.

(33) Государства-участники будут защищать этническую, культурную, языко- вую и религиозную самобытность национальных меньшинств на своей террито- рии и создавать условия для поощрения этой самобытности. Они будут прини- мать необходимые меры с этой целью после проведения надлежащих консульта- ций, включая контакты с организациями или ассоциациями таких меньшинств, в соответствии с процедурой принятия решений каждого государства.

Любые такие меры будут соответствовать принципам равенства и недискримина- ции в отношении других граждан соответствующих государств-участников.

(34) Государства-участники будут стремиться гарантировать, чтобы лица, прина- длежащие к национальным меньшинствам, вне зависимости от необходимости изучать официальный язык или официальные языки соответствующего государс- тва, имели надлежащие возможности для обучения своему родному языку или на своем родном языке, а также, там где это возможно и необходимо, для его исполь- зования в государственных органах в соответствии с применяемым националь- ным законодательством.

В контексте преподавания истории и культуры в учебных заведениях они также будут учитывать историю и культуру национальных меньшинств.

(35) Государства-участники будут уважать право лиц, принадлежащих к нацио- нальным меньшинствам, на эффективное участие в государственных делах, вклю-

88 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Копенгаген 1990 г.

чая участие в делах, относящихся к защите и поощрению самобытности таких меньшинств.

Государства-участники отмечают усилия, предпринятые с целью защиты и созда- ния условий для поощрения этнической, культурной, языковой и религиозной самобытности определенных национальных меньшинств путем создания в качес- тве одного из возможных средств для достижения этих целей, в соответствии с политикой заинтересованного государства, надлежащих местных или автоном- ных органов управления, отвечающих конкретным историческим и территори- альным условиям таких меньшинств.

(36) Государства-участники признают особую важность развития конструктив- ного сотрудничества между ними по вопросам национальных меньшинств. Такое сотрудничество имеет своей целью содействие взаимопониманию и доверию, дружественным и добрососедским отношениям, международному миру, безопас- ности и справедливости.

Каждое государство-участник будет содействовать климату взаимного уваже- ния, понимания, сотрудничества и солидарности между всеми лицами, прожи- вающими на его территории, без различия этнического или национального про- исхождения или религии и будут поощрять решение проблем с помощью диалога, основанного на принципах верховенства закона.

(37) Ни одно из этих положений не может толковаться как подразумевающее какое- либо право заниматься любой деятельностью или осуществлять любое действие вопреки целям и принципам Устава Организации Объединенных Наций, другим обязательствам по международному праву или положениям Заключительного акта, включая принцип территориальной целостности государств.

(38) Государства-участники в своих усилиях по защите и поощрению прав лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам, будут в полной мере соблюдать свои обязательства согласно существующим конвенциям по правам человека и другим соответствующим международным инструментам и рассмотрят вопрос о присоединении к соответствующим конвенциям, если они этого еще не сделали, включая конвенции, предусматривающие право отдельных лиц на жалобу.

(39) Государства-участники будут тесно сотрудничать в компетентных между- народных организациях, членами которых они являются, включая Организа- цию Объединенных Наций и, в соответствующих случаях, Совет Европы, с уче- том проводимой ими работы в отношении вопросов, касающихся национальных меньшинств.

Они рассмотрят вопрос о созыве совещания экспертов для всестороннего обсуж- дения вопроса о национальных меньшинствах.

(40) Государства-участники четко и безоговорочно осуждают тоталитаризм, расо- вую и этническую ненависть, антисемитизм, ксенофобию и дискриминацию про-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 89 Копенгаген 1990 г.

тив кого бы то ни было, а также преследование по религиозным и идеологическим мотивам. В этом контексте они также признают особые проблемы роман (цыган).

Они заявляют о своем твердом намерении активизировать усилия по борьбе с этими явлениями во всех их формах и поэтому

(40.1) будут принимать эффективные меры, включая, в соответствии с их консти- туционными системами и их международными обязательствами, принятие таких законов, которые могут быть необходимы для обеспечения защиты от любых актов, которые представляют собой подстрекательство к насилию против лиц или групп, основанное на национальной, расовой, этнической или религиозной дискриминации, враждебности или ненависти, включая антисемитизм;

(40.2) возьмут на себя обязательство принять надлежащие и соответствующие меры для защиты лиц или групп, которые могут подвергаться угрозам или актам дискриминации, враждебности или насилия в результате их расовой, этнической, культурной, языковой или религиозной самобытности, и для защиты их собс- твенности;

(40.3) будут принимать эффективные меры в соответсвии с их конституционными системами, на национальном, региональном и местном уровнях для содействия взаимопониманию и терпимости, особенно в областях образования, культуры и информации;

(40.4) будут стремиться обеспечивать, чтобы в рамках задач по образованию уде- лялось особое внимание проблеме расовых предрассудков и ненависти и укреп- лению уважения к различным цивилизациям и культурам;

(40.5) будут признавать право каждого лица на эффективные средства правовой защиты и будут стремиться признавать, в соответствии с национальным законо- дательством, право заинтересованных лиц и групп выступать с жалобами и под- держивать жалобы по поводу актов дискриминации, включая акты расизма и ксе- нофобии;

(40.6) рассмотрят вопрос о присоединении, если они этого еще не сделали, к меж- дународным инструментам, в которых рассматривается проблема дискримина- ции, и будут обеспечивать полное выполнение взятых по ним обязательств, вклю- чая обязательства, касающиеся представления периодических докладов;

(40.7) рассмотрят также вопрос о признании тех международных механизмов, которые позволяют государствам и отдельным лицам направлять сообщения, касающиеся дискриминации, в международные органы.

V

(41) Государства-участники подтверждают свою приверженность человеческому измерению СБСЕ и подчеркивают его важность как составной части сбалансиро- ванного подхода к безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе. Они согласны в том,

90 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Копенгаген 1990 г.

что Конференция по человеческому измерению СБСЕ и механизм человеческого измерения, как они определены в разделе о человеческом измерении СБСЕ венс- кого Итогового документа, продемонстрировали свою ценность как методы про- движения их диалога и сотрудничества и содействия решению соответствующих конкретных вопросов. Они выражают свою убежденность в том, что эти методы должны получить свое продолжение и развитие как составная часть углубляюще- гося процесса СБСЕ.

(42) Государства-участники признают необходимость дальнейшего повышения эффективности процедур, как они определены в пунктах 1-4 раздела о человечес- ком измерении СБСЕ венского Итогового документа, и с этой целью постанов- ляют:

(42.1) давать в как можно более короткие сроки, но не позднее чем через четыре недели, письменные ответы на запросы об информации и на представления, сде- ланные им в письменном виде другими государствами-участниками в соответс- твии с пунктом 1;

(42.2) что двусторонние встречи, предусмотренные пунктом 2, будут проводиться по возможности скорее, как правило, в течение трех недель со дня представления запроса;

(42.3) воздерживаться в ходе двусторонних встреч, проводимых в соответствии с пунктом 2, от постановки вопроса о ситуациях и случаях, не связанных с предме- том этих встреч, если только обе стороны не договорятся об этом.

(43) Государства-участники изучили практические предложения о новых мерах, направленных на улучшение выполнения обязательств, относящихся к челове- ческому измерению СБСЕ. В этой связи они рассмотрели предложения, касаю- щиеся направления наблюдателей для изучения ситуаций и конкретных случаев, назначения докладчиков для проведения расследования и внесения предложений относительно соответствующих решений, создания Комитета по человеческому измерению СБСЕ, расширения участия отдельных лиц, организаций и учрежде- ний в механизме человеческого измерения и развития двусторонних и многосто- ронних усилий с целью содействия решению соответствующих вопросов.

Они решают продолжить всесторонее обсуждение на последующих соответству- ющих форумах СБСЕ этих и других предложений, направленных на укрепление механизма человеческого измерения, и рассмотреть вопрос о принятии, в контек- сте дальнейшего развития процесса СБСЕ, надлежащих новых мер. Они согласны в том, что эти меры должны способствовать достижению дальнейшего эффектив- ного прогресса, содействовать предотвращению конфликтов и доверию в области человеческого измерения СБСЕ.

(…)

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 91 Парижская Хартия для новой Европы Париж 1990 г.

(…)

Новая эра демократии, мира и единства Мы, Главы государств и правительств государств-участников Совещания по безо- пасности и сотрудничеству в Европе, собрались в Париже в период глубоких пере- мен и исторических ожиданий. Эра конфронтации и раскола Европы закончи- лась. Мы заявляем, что отныне наши отношения будут основываться на взаимном уважении и сотрудничестве.

Европа освобождается от наследия прошлого. Храбрость мужчин и женщин, сила воли народов и мощь идей хельсинкского Заключительного акта открыли новую эпоху демократии, мира и единства в Европе.

Наше время – это время осуществления тех надежд и ожиданий, которые жили в сердцах наших народов на протяжении десятилетий: твердая приверженность демократии, основанной на правах человека и основных свободах; процветание через экономическую свободу и социальную справедливость и равная безопас- ность для всех наших стран.

Десять Принципов Заключительного акта будут нашей путеводной звездой в про- движении к этому желанному будущему, подобно тому, как они освещали наш путь к улучшению отношений на протяжении последних пятнадцати лет. Полное выполнение всех обязательств по СБСЕ должно служить основой для тех иници- атив, которые мы предпринимаем теперь с тем, чтобы дать возможность нашим народам жить в соответствии с их чаяниями.

Права человека, демократия и верховенство закона

Мы обязуемся строить, консолидировать и укреплять демократию как единс- твенную систему правления в наших странах. В этом начинании мы будем руко- водствоваться следующим:

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 93 Париж 1990 г.

Права человека и основные свободы с рождения принадлежат всем людям, они неотъемлемы и гарантируются законом. Их защита и содействие им – первейшая обязанность правительства. Их уважение – существенная гарантия против обла- дающего чрезмерной властью государства. Их соблюдение и полное осуществле- ние – основа свободы, справедливости и мира.

Демократическое правление основывается на воле народа, выражаемой регулярно в ходе свободных и справедливых выборов. В основе демократии лежит уважение человеческой личности и верховенства закона. Демократия является наилучшей гарантией свободы выражения своего мнения, терпимости по отношению ко всем группам в обществе и равенства возможностей для каждого человека.

Демократия, имеющая представительный и плюралистический характер, влечет за собой подотчетность избирателям, обязательство государственных властей соблюдать законы и беспристрастное отправление правосудия. Никто не должен стоять над законом.

Мы подтверждаем, что без какой-либо дискриминации

каждый человек имеет право на:

• свободу мысли, совести, религии и убеждений,

• свободу выражения своего мнения,

• свободу ассоциации и мирных собраний,

• свободу передвижения;

никто не будет:

• подвергаться произвольному аресту или содержанию под стражей,

• подвергаться пыткам или другим видам жестокого, бесчеловечного или унижа- ющего человеческое достоинство обращения и наказания;

каждый имеет также право:

• знать свои права и поступать в соответствии с ними,

• участвовать в свободных и справедливых выборах,

• на справедливое и открытое судебное разбирательство в случае предъявления ему обвинения в совершении преступления,

• владеть собственностью единолично или совместно с другими и заниматься индивидуальным предпринимательством,

• пользоваться своими экономическими, социальными и культурными правами.

94 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Париж 1990 г.

Мы подтверждаем, что этническая, культурная, языковая и религиозная само- бытность национальных меньшинств будет защищена, и что лица, принадлежа- щие к национальным меньшинствам, имеют право свободно выражать, сохранять и развивать эту самобытность без какой-либо дискриминации и в условиях пол- ного равенства перед законом.

Мы будем обеспечивать, чтобы каждый человек пользовался доступом к эффек- тивным средствам правовой защиты, национальным или международным, про- тив любого нарушения его прав.

Полное соблюдение настоящих положений является тем фундаментом, на кото- ром мы будем стремиться строить новую Европу.

Наши государства будут сотрудничать и оказывать друг другу поддержку с целью сделать демократические завоевания необратимыми.

Экономическая свобода и ответственность

Экономическая свобода, социальная справедливость и ответственное отношение к окружающей среде абсолютно необходимы для процветания.

Свободная воля личности, осуществляемая в условиях демократии и защищае- мая верховенством закона, составляет необходимую основу для успешного эко- номического и социального развития. Мы будем поощрять такую экономическую деятельность, которая осуществляется при уважении и утверждении человечес- кого достоинства.

Свобода и политический плюрализм являются необходимыми элементами нашей общей цели – развития рыночной экономики в направлении устойчивого эконо- мического роста, процветания, социальной справедливости, увеличения заня- тости и эффективного использования экономических ресурсов. Успешный пере- ход к рыночной экономике стран, предпринимающих усилия в этом направле- нии, имеет важное значение и отвечает интересам всех нас. Он позволит нам под- няться на более высокий уровень благосостояния, что является нашей общей целью. Мы будем сотрудничать в решении этой задачи.

Сохранение окружающей среды – совместная обязанность всех наших стран. Поддерживая усилия, предпринимаемые в этой области на национальном и реги- ональном уровнях, мы также должны иметь в виду острую потребность в совмес- тных действиях на более широкой основе.

Дружественные отношения между государствами-участниками

(…)

С целью поддержания и укрепления демократии, мира и единства в Европе мы торжественно провозглашаем нашу полную приверженность десяти принципам хельсинкского Заключительного акта. Мы подтверждаем непреходящую цен-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 95 Париж 1990 г.

ность этих десяти принципов и нашу решимость осуществлять их на практике. Все принципы применяются одинаково и неукоснительно при интерпретации каждого из них с учетом других. Они составляют основу наших отношений.

(…)

Наши отношения будут покоиться на нашей общей приверженности демократи- ческим ценностям, а также правам человека и основным свободам. Мы убеждены, что для укрепления мира и безопасности наших государств абсолютно необхо- димы развитие демократии и уважение и эффективное осуществление прав чело- века. Мы вновь подтверждаем равноправие народов и их право распоряжаться своей судьбой в соответствии с Уставом Организации Объединенных Наций и соответствующими нормами международного права, включая те, которые отно- сятся к территориальной целостности государств.

(…)

Ориентиры на будущее Исходя из нашей твердой приверженности полному соблюдению всех принципов и положений СБСЕ, мы принимаем сейчас решение придать новый импульс сба- лансированному и всестороннему развитию нашего сотрудничества в целях удов- летворения нужд и чаяний наших народов.

Человеческое измерение

Мы заявляем, что наше уважение прав человека и основных свобод неизменно. Мы будем полностью соблюдать и развивать положения, касающиеся человечес- кого измерения СБСЕ.

Руководствуясь Документом Копенгагенского совещания Конференции по чело- веческому измерению, мы будем сотрудничать в целях укрепления демократичес- ких институтов и обеспечения верховенства закона. С этой целью мы принимаем решение провести семинар экспертов в Осло с 4 по 15 ноября 1991 года.

Исполненные решимости способствовать богатому вкладу национальных мень- шинств в жизнь наших обществ, мы обязуемся и впредь улучшать их положение. Мы вновь подтверждаем нашу глубокую убежденность в том, что дружественные отношения между нашими народами, а также мир, справедливость, стабильность и демократия требуют того, чтобы этническая, культурная, языковая и религи- озная самобытность национальных меньшинств была защищена и чтобы созда- вались условия для поощрения этой самобытности. Мы заявляем, что вопросы, касающиеся национальных меньшинств, могут решаться удовлетворительным образом только в демократических политических рамках. Мы признаем далее, что права лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам, должны полно- стью уважаться как часть всеобщих прав человека. Сознавая неотложную пот- ребность в активизации сотрудничества в вопросах, касающихся национальных

96 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Париж 1990 г.

меньшинств, а также в улучшении их защиты, мы принимаем решение провести с 1 по 19 июля 1991 года в Женеве совещание экспертов по вопросам националь- ных меньшинств.

Мы выражаем свою решимость бороться против всех форм расовой и этнической ненависти, антисемитизма, ксенофобии и дискриминации в отношении кого бы то ни было, а также преследования по религиозным и идеологическим мотивам.

В соответствии с нашими обязательствами по СБСЕ мы подчеркиваем, что сво- бодное передвижение наших граждан и контакты между ними, а также свобод- ный поток информации и идей имеют важнейшее значение для сохранения и раз- вития свободных обществ и процветающих культур. Мы приветствуем развитие туризма и расширение поездок граждан наших стран друг к другу.

Механизм человеческого измерения доказал свою полезность, и поэтому мы исполнены решимости расширять его путем включения новых процедур, пре- дусматривающих, в частности, услуги экспертов или коллегии видных деятелей, обладающих опытом в вопросах прав человека, которые могут быть поставлены в рамках данного механизма. В контексте данного механизма мы будем обеспе- чивать участие отдельных лиц в защите их прав. Поэтому мы заявляем о нашей твердой приверженности дальнейшему расширению наших обязательств в этой области, в частности на московском совещании Конференции по человеческому измерению, без ущерба для обязательств по существующим международным инс- трументам, участниками которых могут быть наши государства.

Мы признаем важный вклад Совета Европы в дело содействия правам человека и принципам демократии и верховенства закона, а также в развитие сотрудничес- тва в области культуры. Мы приветствуем шаги, предпринятые некоторыми госу- дарствами-участниками в целях вступления в Совет Европы и присоединения к его Европейской конвенции о правах человека. Мы также приветствуем готов- ность Совета Европы передать свой опыт СБСЕ.

Безопасность

(…)

Мы безоговорочно осуждаем как преступные все акты, методы и практику тер- роризма и выражаем свою решимость сотрудничать в целях его искоренения как на двусторонней основе, так и путем многостороннего сотрудничества. Мы также будем совместно бороться с незаконным оборотом наркотиков.

(…)

Культура

Мы признаем важнейший вклад нашей общей европейской культуры и разделяе- мых нами ценностей в преодоление раскола на континенте. Поэтому мы подчер-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 97 Париж 1990 г.

киваем свою приверженность свободе творчества, а также защите и развитию нашего культурного и духовного наследия во всем его богатстве и разнообразии.

Ввиду недавних изменений в Европе мы подчеркиваем возросшее значение кра- ковского симпозиума и с заинтересованностью ожидаем рассмотрения на нем основных направлений активизации сотрудничества в области культуры. Мы приглашаем Совет Европы внести вклад в работу этого симпозиума.

В целях содействия более глубокому взаимному ознакомлению наших народов мы выступаем за создание культурных центров в городах других государств-учас- тников, а также за более активное сотрудничество в аудиовизуальной области и более широкий обмен в сфере музыки, театра, литературы и искусства.

Мы принимаем решение приложить особые усилия в нашей национальной поли- тике в целях содействия более глубокому взаимопониманию, в частности среди молодежи, посредством культурных обменов, сотрудничества во всех областях образования и, более конкретно, посредством преподавания и подготовки на языках других государств-участников. Мы намерены рассмотреть первые резуль- таты этой деятельности на Хельсинкской встрече в рамках дальнейших шагов в 1992 году.

Рабочие-мигранты

Мы признаем, что проблемы рабочих-мигрантов и их семей, законно прожива- ющих в принимающих странах, имеют экономические, культурные и социаль- ные аспекты, а также свое человеческое измерение. Мы вновь подтверждаем, что защита их прав и содействие им, а также выполнение соответствующих междуна- родных обязательств является нашим общим делом.

(…)

Неправительственные организации

Мы напоминаем о важной роли, которую неправительственные организации, религиозные и иные группы и отдельные лица играют в достижении целей СБСЕ, и будем и впредь содействовать их деятельности, направленной на осуществле- ние государствами-участниками обязательств по СБСЕ. Для выполнения своей важной задачи эти организации, группы и отдельные лица должны быть надле- жащим образом вовлечены в деятельность и новые структуры СБСЕ.

Новые структуры и институты процесса СБСЕ (…)

Мы принимаем решение создать в Варшаве Бюро по свободным выборам для содействия контактам и обмену информацией о выборах в государствах-участни- ках.

98 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Париж 1990 г.

(…)

Дополнительный документ об осуществлении определенных положений, содержащихся в парижской Хартии для новой Европы Ниже излагаются процедуры и организационные условия, которые касаются определенных положений, содержащихся в Парижской хартии для новой Европы, подписанной в Париже 21 ноября 1990 года.

I. Организационные положения

(…)

G. Бюро по свободным выборам

1. Функции Бюро по свободным выборам будут заключаться в содействии контак- там и обмену инфомрацией о выборах в государствах-участниках. Таким образом Бюро будет способствовать выполнению пунктов 6, 7 и 8 Документа Копенгагенс- кого совещания Конференции по человеческому измерению СБСЕ (соответствую- щие положения содержатся в приложении I).

2. С этой целью Бюро будет:

• собирать информацию, в том числе информацию, предоставляемую компетен- тными органами государств-участников, о времени проведения, процедуре и официальных результатах запланированных национальных выборов в государс- твах-участниках, а также сообщения групп наблюдателей за выборами и предо- ставлять их по соответствующей просьбе правительствам, парламентам и заин- тересованным частным организациям;

• оказывать содействие контактам между правительствами, парламентами или частными организациями, желающими принять участие в наблюдении за выбо- рами, и компетентными органами государств, в которых должны состояться выборы;

• организовывать по просьбе государств-участников семинары или другие встречи, касающиеся процедуры выборов и демократических институтов, и слу- жить местом их проведения.

3. Бюро будет принимать во внимание деятельность других учреждений в этой области и сотрудничать с ними.

4. Бюро будет выполнять и другие задачи, порученные ему Советом.

5. В состав Бюро будут входить следующие сотрудники:

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 99 Париж 1990 г.

• Директор, который будет нести ответственность перед Советом через Комитет старших должностных лиц;

• один сотрудник;

• административный технический персонал, нанимаемый Директором Бюро.

100 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения Документ краковского симпозиума по культурному наследию государств- участников СБСЕ Краков 1991 г.

(…)

Государства-участники выражают свою глубокую убежденность в том, что они совместно пользуются общими ценностями, созданными историей и основан- ными, среди прочего, на уважении личности, свободы совести, религии или веро- исповедания, свободы самовыражения, признании важности духовных и куль- турных ценностей, приверженности верховенству закона, терпимости и откры- тости для диалога с представителями других культур.

Они принимают к сведению взаимозависимость между культурной жизнью и бла- госостоянием своих народов, а также особую важность этой взаимозависимости для демократических стран в том, что касается перехода к рыночной экономике. Они поощряют оказание поддержки в соответствии с уже принятыми обязаннос- тями и непрерывной помощи этим странам в сохранении и охране их культур- ного наследия.

Государства-участники уважают незаменимую самобытность всех своих куль- тур и будут стремиться содействовать непрерывному культурному диалогу между собой и с другими странами мира. Они вновь подтверждают свою убежденность в том, что уважение культурного многообразия способствует взаимопониманию и проявлению терпимости отдельных людей и их групп.

Они считают, что региональные аспекты культуры должны сами по себе служить фактором взаимопонимания между людьми.

Региональное культурное многообразие является отражением богатства общей культурной самобытности государств-участников. Ее сохранение и охрана спо- собствуют созданию демократической, мирной и объединенной Европы.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 101 Краков 1991 г.

Вновь подтверждая свою приверженность полному осуществлению положений, касающихся культурных аспектов Хельсинкского заключительного акта и других документов СБСЕ, государства-участники соглашаются о нижеследующем:

I. Культура и свобода 1. Государства-участники особо подчеркивают, что уважение прав человека и основных свобод является необходимым условием всестороннего развития культурного творчества.

2. Государственные и общественные органы будут воздерживаться от посягатель- ства на свободу художественного творчества.

3. Государства-участники обязуются содействовать свободному и беспрепятс- твенному развитию художественного творчества и защищать его; они признают важную роль отдельных деятелей культуры в обществе и будут уважать и защи- щать целостность творческого труда.

4. Они признают, что правительствам необходимо обеспечивать равновесие между их двойной обязанностью оказывать содействие деятельности в области культуры и гарантировать свободу такой деятельности.

5. Они признают далее, что, учитывая разнообразие деятельности в области куль- туры в государствах-участниках, существует много путей, которые имеются в рас- поряжении правительств для эффективного решения проблем, касающихся куль- турного наследия.

6. Государства-участники подтверждают свою приверженность свободе самовы- ражения и в связи с осуществлением этой свободы в области искусства и куль- туры заявляют следующее:

6.1. Издание письменных материалов, исполнение и трансляция музыкальных, театральных и аудиовизуальных произведений, а также проведение выставок живописи и скульптуры не будут являться объектом ограничений или вмеша- тельства со стороны государства за исключением тех случаев, когда такие огра- ничения предписываются внутренним законодательством и полностью соответс- твуют международным нормам.

6.2. Они выражают свое убеждение в том, что существование в области искус- ства и культуры различных независимых от государства средств распростране- ния, таких, как издательства, радиовещательные, кинематографические и телеви- зионные организации, театры и галереи, способствует обеспечению плюрализма и свободы художественного и культурного выражения.

7. Государства-участники подтверждают свою приверженность обеспечению беспрепятственного доступа к культуре и договариваются о следующем:

102 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Краков 1991 г.

7.1. При условии надлежащего соблюдения прав интеллектуальной собственности любое лицо или независимая организация пользуется правом иметь в собствен- ности, использовать и воспроизводить любые виды материалов культурного характера, такие, как книги, издания и аудиовизуальные записи, а также средства их воспроизведения.

8. Государства-участники полны решимости содействовать расширению взаим- ных знаний об их соответствующих культурах. Исходя из этого они будут поощ- рять сотрудничество и обмены во всех областях культуры и творческой деятель- ности.

9. Государства-участники выражают свою убежденность в том, что культурную жизнь обогащают региональные и местные культуры, включая культуры, связан- ные с национальными меньшинствами.

II. Культура и наследие 10. Государства-участники выражают свою глубокую убежденность в том, что культурное наследие каждого из них представляет собой неотъемлемую часть их цивилизации, памяти и общей истории, которая должна быть передана будущим поколениям.

11. Государства-участники принимают к сведению определения археологичес- ких ценностей культурного наследия и архитектурного наследия, содержащиеся в соответствующих международных документах Совета Европы и ЮНЕСКО.

12. Одним из важнейших элементов культурного наследия, который может быть передан будущим поколениям, является полное и регулярное документальное отражение достопримечательных мест, структур, культурных ландшафтов, объ- ектов и культурных систем, включая исторические, религиозные и культурные памятники в том виде, в котором они существуют в настоящее время.

13. Государства-участники признают также в качестве важнейших элементов своего общего культурного наследия наследие тех культур, которые по причине языковых барьеров, климата или географической отдаленности, малочислен- ности населения или поворотов истории и политических обстоятельств не имели к себе широкого доступа.

14. Государства-участники будут делать все возможное для охраны культурного наследия в соответствии с международными договоренностями и своим внут- ренним законодательством в этой области.

15. Государства-участники будут уделять внимание сохранению, развитию и вос- становлению культурного наследия при разработке мероприятий в области куль- туры, экологии и регионального и городского планирования. Они отмечают далее важность увязки отдельных проектов сохранения с их аутентичным городским или сельским окружением в тех случаях, когда это необходимо и возможно.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 103 Краков 1991 г.

16. Государства-участники признают важность обеспечения наиболее широкого доступа к их культурному наследию. При этом, в частности, они будут уделять внимание потребностям инвалидов.

16.1. Они будут делать все возможное для защиты культурного наследия от ущерба, который может быть нанесен ему в результате его использования и доступа к нему широкой общественности.

16.2. Они будут способствовать осознанию общественностью значения наследия и необходимости его охраны.

16.3. Они будут стремиться во всех возможных случаях облегчать доступ иссле- дователей и ученых к соответствующим основополагающим документам и архи- вным материалам.

17. Государства-участники с признательностью отмечают роль неправительствен- ных ассоциаций в расширении осведомленности и культурном наследии и необ- ходимости его охраны.

18. Для обеспечения эффективного и всестороннего сохранения культурного наследия большую роль играет партнерство на местном, региональном и наци- ональном уровнях между различными группами как частного, так и государс- твенного сектора. Сохранению и разъяснению важности культурных ценностей и культурного наследия различных групп будет способствовать привлечение этих групп к этой работе, что позволит обеспечить терпимое и уважительное отноше- ние к различным культурам, имеющее огромное значение.

19. Государства-участники признают полезность и важность обмена информа- цией о сохранении культурного наследия и отмечают, что использование на наци- ональном и многонациональном уровнях банков данных может внести большой вклад в эту работу.

III. Основные области сохранения и сотрудничества 20. Государства-участники будут содействовать начальному и углубленному обу- чению кадров различным специальностям и ремеслам в области сохранения и восстановления культурного наследия, а также его рационального использова- ния. Они договариваются знакомить друг друга с любыми важными событиями в этой области и осуществлять взаимное сотрудничество.

20.1. Для обеспечения постоянной охраны культурного наследия необходимо распространение опыта и знаний, особенно утрачиваемых знаний, связанных с культурным наследием, путем подготовки кадров, обмена сотрудниками, проведения исследований и издания технических публикаций. Исходя из этого они подтверждают свое стремление содействовать двусторонним и многосторонним обменам обучающимися кадрами и специалистами.

104 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Краков 1991 г.

20.2. Государствам-участникам следует предложить соответствующим професси- ональным организациям составить национальный реестр высококвалифициро- ванных специалистов, знакомых с вопросами охраны и сохранения культурного наследия, и облегчать контакты таких лиц с потребителями их услуг как на наци- ональном, так и на международном уровнях.

21. Государства-участники будут обмениваться данными о принимаемых ими мерах в области культурного наследия, в частности в отношении методов, средств и возможностей, обеспечиваемых новыми технологиями.

22. Государства-участники будут стремиться обмениваться своими знаниями и опытом в области издания и распространения печатных и аудиовизуальных мате- риалов.

22.1. В целях расширения осведомленности общественности о важности сохра- нения культурного наследия государства-участники будут предоставлять данные, которые помогут радио- и телестанциям, а также прессе распространять инфор- мацию в этой области.

23. Они будут делать все возможное для улучшения условий хранения уязвимых материалов культуры, таких, как бумага, кинопленка и запатентованные звуковые материалы, для разработки национальных программ сохранения уязвимого куль- турного наследия и установления общеприемлемых норм для всех видов носите- лей информации о культуре, с тем, чтобы обеспечить сохранность таких матери- алов культуры.

24. Государства-участники будут поощрять установление связей между цент- рами информации и банками данных в областях культуры, с тем, чтобы облегчить обмен информацией между ними.

25. С целью лучшего понимания культурных ценностей тех стран, языки которых менее широко используются, государства-участники будут поощрять распростра- нение знаний об этих языках и обучение им, в частности путем перевода и изда- ния литературных произведений этих стран. Следует также рассмотреть вопрос об организации международных курсов подготовки сотрудников средств мас- совой информации и кадров в области культуры, которые могут способствовать лучшему пониманию менее широко используемых языков и менее широко извес- тных культур.

26. Признавая важный вклад религиозных культов, институтов и организаций в создание культурного наследия, государства-участники будут тесно сотрудничать с ними в области сохранения культурного наследия и уделять должное внимание памятникам и объектам религиозного происхождения, чьи местные общины их больше не используют или больше не существуют в данном районе.

27. Учитывая важную роль, которую региональные аспекты культуры могут играть в формировании связей между людьми за пределами национальных гра-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 105 Краков 1991 г.

ниц, государства-участники будут способствовать региональному сотрудничес- тву на уровне местных и национальных властей, а также неправительственных организаций с целью установления добрососедских отношений.

28. Государства-участники будут уделять должное внимание развитию наследия народных культур прошлого, включая коренные и местные культуры и содейство- вать развитию современной народной культуры в рамках своих общих усилий в области сохранения, изучения и охраны культурного наследия и расширения вза- имной осведомленности о нем. Государства-участники отмечают важность иссле- дования и необходимости развития различных форм проявления культур про- шлого и настоящего: обычаи символического характера, технические объекты и знания, народное искусство и языки.

29. Государства-участники будут также уделять внимание более поздним вкла- дам в культурное наследие (искусство, включая архитектурные произведения, 20 века).

30. Государства-участники будут сотрудничать в области предотвращения неза- конного оборота произведений культуры, например, путем рассмотрения воп- роса о присоединении к соответствующим международным документам.

31. Государства-участники будут стремиться к сохранению и охране таких памят- ников и памятных мест, включая наиболее известные концентрационные лагеря, а также соответствующие архивы, которые свидетельствуют о трагических собы- тиях нашего общего прошлого. Такие шаги необходимо предпринять с тем, чтобы эти события остались в памяти, способствовали ознакомлению с ними настоя- щих и будущих поколений и чтобы таким образом можно было гарантировать, что они никогда не повторятся.

32. Разъяснение значения вызывающих особые чувства памятных мест с уче- том социального и культурного разнообразия может служить в качестве важного средства формирования терпимости и взаимопонимания между людьми.

33. Государства-участники признают, что при определении приоритетов сохране- ния необходимо принимать во внимание как подлинные ценности культурного наследия, его относительную степень разрушения, так и культурно-исторический аспект. В этой связи они будут стремиться там, где это целесообразно, содейство- вать использованию карт риска, обмену информацией и организации практику- мов на местах, к работе которых весьма уместно также привлекать молодые поко- ления.

34. Государства-участники принимают во внимание тот факт, что сохранение ста- туса памятников и памятных мест, связанных с их историей и культурой, где бы они ни находились, представляет собой неотъемлемую часть общих усилий в рамках СБСЕ по сохранению общего культурного наследия.

106 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Краков 1991 г.

35. Государства-участники считают, что необходимо принимать согласованные меры по защите общего культурного наследия от нанесения ему ущерба в резуль- тате вредного экологического воздействия. С этой целью они рассмотрят вопрос создания сетей или присоединения к уже существующим сетям для сбора дан- ных и координации исследований. Они будут стремиться координировать при- нятие политических решений и принимать конкретные меры к уменьшению вли- яния на общее культурное наследие загрязнения воздуха и других разрушающих его факторов.

36. В целях охраны культурных объектов в городской среде государства-учас- тники примут меры для защиты архитектурных комплексов от последствий загрязнения в экологически уязвимых городах, восстановления, сохранения и обновления исторических городских центров, а также охраны и защиты объектов культуры от нанесения им ущерба в результате нарастающего потока туристов.

37. Государства-участники отмечают важность защиты ландшафтов культурного значения, особенно в селах и сельских районах, от чреватых опасностями изме- нений в структуре экономической деятельности и воздействия загрязнения с уде- лением особого внимания защите жилищ и целостных ансамблей повседневной среды обитания человека.

38. Учитывая вклад, который история естественной природы может внести в наше понимание современного мира и его развитие в будущем, государства-участники будут стремиться совершенствовать методы сохранения и разъяснения важности естественных исторических мест и коллекций.

39. Государства-участники отмечают важность охраны общественных и частных парков, а также исторических садов как плодов труда человека и природы по сооб- ражениям их исторической, ботанической и социальной важности, в том числе их декоративных и архитектурных отличительных особенностей.

40. Государства-участники будут стремиться охранять и защищать археологичес- кие объекты, находящиеся на их территории, в том числе под водой. Они будут учитывать этот аспект при проведении мероприятий в целях регионального раз- вития, которые, по всей вероятности, могут угрожать объектам, которые еще не были исследованы наукой, обнаружены археологическими раскопками или вос- становлены.

41. Они подчеркивают необходимость в координации мероприятий международ- ных организаций и учреждений, таких, как Совет Европы и ЮНЕСКО, в целях оказания содействия всестороннему развитию культурного сотрудничества между государствами-участниками. Принимая во внимание необходимость избе- гать дублирования усилий, государства-участники будут тесно сотрудничать с компетентными международными организациями, членами которых они явля- ются.

(…)

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 107 Доклад совещания экспертов СБСЕ по вопросам национальных меньшинств Женева 1991 г.

(…)

На основе соответствующих положений Парижской хартии представители госу- дарств-участников провели углубленное обсуждение вопросов национальных меньшинств и прав лиц, принадлежащих к ним, которые отражают разнообра- зие ситуаций и правовых, исторических, политических и экономических условий. Они обменялись мнениями о практическом опыте в области национальных мень- шинств, в частности о национальном законодательстве, демократических инсти- тутах, международных инструментах и других возможных формах сотрудничес- тва. Были высказаны мнения о выполнении соответствующих обязательств по СБСЕ, и представителями государств-участников были также рассмотрены воз- можности совершенствования соответствующих стандартов. Они также обсу- дили новые меры, направленные на улучшение выполнения указанных выше обя- зательств.

На рассмотрение Совещания был представлен ряд предложений, и после их обсуждения представители государств-участников приняли настоящий доклад.

Текст доклада женевского Совещания экспертов по вопросам национальных меньшинств будет опубликован в каждом государстве-участнике, которое рас- пространит его и обеспечит возможно более широкое ознакомление с ним.

Представители государств-участников отмечают, что в соответствии с Парижс- кой хартией для новой Европы Совет примет во внимание итоги работы Совеща- ния.

I.

Признавая, что соблюдение и полное осуществление ими прав человека и основ- ных свобод, включая права и свободы лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам, является основой новой Европы,

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 109 Женева 1991 г.

вновь подтверждая свою глубокую убежденность в том, что дружественные отно- шения между их народами, а также мир, справедливость, стабильность и демок- ратия требуют того, чтобы этническая, культурная, языковая и религиозная само- бытность национальных меньшинств была защищена, и чтобы создавались усло- вия для поощрения этой самобытности,

будучи убеждены, что демократия в государствах, в которых имеются националь- ные меньшинства, требует того, чтобы все лица, включая лица, принадлежащие к национальным меньшинствам, полностью и эффективно на основе равенства пользовались правами и основными свободами и преимуществами, обеспечивае- мыми верховенством закона и демократическими институтами,

сознавая разнообразие ситуаций и конституционных систем в их странах и, сле- довательно, признавая существование различных подходов к выполнению обяза- тельств по СБСЕ в отношении национальных меньшинств,

учитывая важность осуществления усилий для решения вопросов национальных меньшинств, особенно в областях, в которых демократические институты еще консолидируются, а вопросы, касающиеся национальных меньшинств, вызывают особую озабоченность,

сознавая, что национальные меньшинства составляют неотъемлемую часть обще- ства государств, в которых они живут, и что они являются фактором обогащения каждого соответствующего государства и общества,

подтверждая необходимость уважения и полного и справедливого выполнения своих обязательств в области прав человека и основных свобод, содержащихся в международных инструментах, участниками которых они могут являться,

вновь подтверждая свою твердую решимость соблюдать и в полной мере выпол- нять все свои обязательства, касающиеся национальных меньшинств и принадле- жащих к ним лиц, в соответствии с хельсинкским Заключительным актом, мад- ридским Итоговым документом и венским Итоговым документом, Документом Копенгагенского совещания Конференции по человеческому измерению СБСЕ, Документом Краковского симпозиума по культурному наследию, а также Париж- ской хартией для новой Европы, государства-участники представляют ниже крат- кое изложение сделанных ими выводов.

В качестве фундаментальной основы своей работы представители государств- участников взяли обязательства, принятые ими в отношении национальных мень- шинств, которые содержатся в соответствующих документах, принятых СБСЕ, в частности обязательства по Парижской хартии для новой Европы и Документу Копенгагенского совещания Конференции по человеческому измерению СБСЕ, которые они полностью вновь подтверждают.

110 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Женева 1991 г.

II.

Государства-участники подчеркивают необходимость дальнейшего тщательного обзора выполнения их обязательств по СБСЕ в отношении лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам.

Они подчеркивают, что права человека и основные свободы составляют основу защиты и поощрения прав лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам. Они признают далее, что вопросы, относящихся к национальным меньшинствам, могут быть удовлетворительным образом решены только в демократических политических рамках, основанных на верховенстве закона, в условиях функцио- нирования независимой судебной системы. Эти рамки гарантируют полное ува- жение прав человека и основных свобод, равные права и положение всех граждан, включая лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам, свободное выра- жение всех их законных интересов и чаяний, политический плюрализм, социаль- ную терпимость и выполнение правовых норм, ставящих эффективные препятс- твия на пути злоупотребления государственной властью.

Вопросы, касающиеся национальных меньшинств, а также соблюдение обяза- тельств по международному праву и международных обязательств в отношении прав принадлежащих к ним лиц, являются вопросами, вызывающими законную международную озабоченность и, следовательно, не являются исключительно внутренним делом соответствующего государства.

Они отмечают, что не все этнические, культурные, языковые или религиозные различия обязательно ведут к возникновению национальных меньшинств.

III.

Уважая право лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам, на эффек- тивное участие в государственных делах, государства-участники считают, что в тех случаях, когда вопросы, касающиеся положения национальных меньшинств, обсуждаются в их странах, им самим следует предоставлять возможность эффек- тивно участвовать в этом процессе в соответствии с процедурами принятия реше- ний каждого государства. Они считают далее, что важным элементом эффектив- ного участия в государственных делах является соответствующее демократичес- кое участие лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам, или их пред- ставителей в работе директивных или консультативных органов.

Они считают, что должны быть предприняты специальные усилия с целью реше- ния конкретных проблем конструктивным образом и на основе диалога посредс- твом переговоров и консультаций, с тем, чтобы улучшить положение лиц, прина- длежащих к национальным меньшинствам. Они признают, что содействие диа- логу между государствами и между государствами и лицами, принадлежащими к национальным меньшинствам, окажется наиболее успешным при наличии сво- бодного потока информации и идей между всеми сторонами. Они поощряют односторонние, двусторонние и многосторонние усилия правительств по изуче-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 111 Женева 1991 г.

нию возможностей повышения эффективности выполнения ими обязательств по СБСЕ, касающихся национальных меньшинств.

Государства-участники считают далее, что уважение прав человека и основных свобод должно осуществляться на недискриминационной основе в рамках всего общества. На территориях, населенных в основном лицами, принадлежащими к национальному меньшинству, будут равным образом защищены права человека и основные свободы лиц, принадлежащих к этому меньшинству, лиц, принадлежа- щих к большинству населения соответствующего государства, и лиц, принадле- жащих к другим национальным меньшинствам, проживающим на этих террито- риях.

Они подтверждают, что лица, принадлежащие к национальным меньшинствам, имеют право свободно выражать, сохранять и развивать свою этническую, куль- турную, языковую или религиозную самобытность и поддерживать и развивать свою культуру во всех ее аспектах, не подвергаясь каким-либо попыткам ассими- ляции вопреки их воле.

Они будут разрешать компетентным органам информировать Бюро по свобод- ным выборам о всех запланированных выборах в государственные органы на их территориях, включая выборы, проводимые на более низком, чем общенаци- ональный, уровне. Государства-участники будут благоприятно рассматривать, насколько это допускается законом, присутствие наблюдателей на выборах, про- водимых на более низком, чем общенациональный, уровне, включая выборы на территориях, населенных национальными меньшинствами, и будут стремиться облегчать им доступ.

IV.

Государства-участники будут создавать условия для обеспечения равной воз- можности лицам, принадлежащим к национальным меньшинствам, эффективно участвовать в государственной жизни, экономической деятельности и развитии их обществ.

В соответствии с пунктом 31 Копенгагенского документа государства-участники примут необходимые меры для предотвращения дискриминации в отношении отдельных лиц, особенно в том, что касается занятости, жилья и образования, по причине принадлежности или непринадлежности к какому-либо националь- ному меньшинству. В этом контексте они обеспечат возможность, если они еще не сделали этого, для использования эффективных средств правовой защиты отде- льными лицами, подвергшихся дискриминационному обращению по причине их принадлежности или непринадлежности к какому-либо национальному мень- шинству, включая предоставление конкретным жертвам дискриминации широго круга административных и судебных средств правовой защиты.

Государства-участники убеждены, что сохранение ценностей и культурного насле- дия национальных меньшинств требует участия лиц, принадлежащих к таким

112 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Женева 1991 г.

меньшинствам, и что терпимость и уважение различных культур имеют в этой связи важнейшее значение. С учетом этого они подтверждают важность возде- рживаться от создания препятствий в области производства культурных матери- алов, касающихся национальных меньшинств, в том числе лицами, принадлежа- щими к ним.

Государства-участники подтверждают, что лица, принадлежащие к националь- ным меньшинствам, будут иметь такие же права и такие же обязанности граждан, как и остальная часть населения.

Государства-участники вновь подтвреждают важность принятия, там где это необ- ходимо, специальных мер с целью обеспечения лицам, принадлежащим к нацио- нальным меньшинствам, полного равенства с другими гражданами в осуществле- нии и использовании прав человека и основных свобод. Они напоминают далее о необходимости принятия необходимых мер для защиты этнической, культурной, языковой и религиозной самобытности национальных меньшинств на их терри- тории и создания условий для поощрения такой самобытности; любые подобные меры будут приниматься в соответствии с принципами равенства и недискрими- нации в отношении других граждан соответствующего государства-участника.

Они признают, что такие меры, учитывающие, в частности, исторические и терри- ториальные условия национальных меньшинств, особенно важны там, где демок- ратические институты еще консолидируются, а вопросы национальных мень- шинств вызывают особую озабоченность.

Учитывая разнообразие и различие своих конституционных систем, в резуль- тате чего использование одного какого-либо общего подхода не является обяза- тельным, государства-участники отмечают с интересом, что некоторыми из них достигнуты соответствующим демократическим путем положительные резуль- таты посредством, в частности,

• консультативных и директивных органов, в которых представлены меньшинс- тва, в частности, в том, что касается образования, культуры и религии;

• выборных органов и ассамблей по делам национальных меньшинств;

• местных и автономных органов управления, а также автономии на территори- альной основе, включая существование консультативных, законодательных и исполнительных органов, избираемых на основе свободных и периодических выборов;

• самоуправления национального меньшинства в тех аспектах, которые касаются его самобытности, в ситуациях, когда не существует автономии на территори- альной основе;

• децентрализованных или местных форм правления;

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 113 Женева 1991 г.

• двусторонних и многосторонних соглашений и других договоренностей, касаю- щихся национальных меньшинств;

• предоставления лицам, принадлежащим к национальным меньшинствам, доступа к соответствующим видам и уровням обучения на их родном языке с уделением должного внимания численности, географическим структурам рас- селения и культурным традициям национальных меньшинств;

• финансирования преподавания языков меньшинств широкой общественности, а также включения языков меньшинств в программы педагогических учеб- ных заведений, в частности в районах, населенных лицами, принадлежащими к национальным меньшинствам;

• в тех случаях, когда обучение по какой-либо конкретной дисциплине не может быть обеспечено на их территории на всех уровнях на языке меньшинств, путем принятия необходимых мер для определения способов признания дипломов, выданных за границей по завершении обучения на этом языке;

• создания государственных исследовательских учреждений для рассмотрения законодательства и распространения информации, касающейся равных прав и недискриминации;

• предоставления финансовой и технической помощи лицам, принадлежащим к национальным меньшинствам, которые желают этого, для осуществления их права на создание и поддержание своих собственных образовательных, куль- турных и религиозных учреждений, организаций или ассоциаций;

• государственной помощи для преодоления местных трудностей, связанных с дискриминационной практикой (например, служба взаимоотношений между гражданами);

• поощрения усилий по установлению межобщинных отношений на низовом уровне между общинами меньшинств, между общинами большинства населения и меньшинств, и между соседними общинами в приграничных районах с целью содействия предотвращению возникновения напряженности на местах и мир- ного урегулирования конфликтов в случае их возникновения; и

• поощрения создания постоянных смешанных комиссий, либо межгосударствен- ных, либо региональных, с целью поддержки постоянного диалога между соот- ветствующими приграничными районами.

Государства-участники считают, что эти и другие подходы, индивдуально или в сочетании, могли бы содействовать улучшению положения национальных мень- шинств на их территориях.

114 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Женева 1991 г.

V.

Государства-участники уважают право лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам, осуществлять свои права и пользоваться ими на индивидуальной основе или совместно с другими гражданами, создавать и поддерживать органи- зации и ассоциации в пределах своей страны и участвовать в деятельности меж- дународных неправительственных организаций.

Государства-участники вновь подтверждают право лиц, принадлежащих к нацио- нальным меньшинствам, создавать и поддерживать свои собственные образова- тельные, культурные и религиозные учреждения, организации и ассоциации и не будут препятствовать осуществлению этого права.

В этой связи они признают ту жизненно важную роль, которую играют отдельные лица, неправительственные организации и религиозные и другие группы в деле оказания содействия взаимопониманию между различными культурами и улуч- шения отношений на всех уровнях общества, а также через международные гра- ницы.

Они считают, что непосредственные наблюдения и опыт таких организаций, групп и отдельных лиц могут оказаться весьма полезными для поощрения выпол- нения обязательств по СБСЕ, касающихся лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам. Поэтому они будут поддерживать работу таких организаций, групп и отдельных лиц, не будут препятствовать ей и будут приветствовать их вклады в этой области.

VI.

Государства-участники, будучи обеспокоены ростом числа проявлений расовой, этнической и религиозной ненависти, антисемитизма, ксенофобии и дискрими- нации, подчеркивают свою решимость неизменно осуждать такие проявления в отношении кого бы то ни было.

В этом контексте они вновь заявляют о своем признании особых проблем роман (цыган). Они готовы принять эффективные меры для достижения полного равенс- тва возможностей между лицами, принадлежащими к романам, обычно прожи- вающим в их государстве, и остальным населением. Они будут также поощрять исследования и изыскания, касающиеся роман и тех особых проблем, с которыми они сталкиваются.

Они будут принимать эффективные меры для поощрения терпимости, взаимо- понимания и равенства возможностей, и добрых взаимоотношений между имею- щими различное происхождение отдельными лицами в пределах их страны.

Государства-участники будут также принимать эффективные меры, включая при- нятие, в соответствии с их конституционным правом и их международными обязательствами, если они еще не сделали этого, законов, которые запрещали

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 115 Женева 1991 г.

бы акты, представляющие собой подстрекательство к насилию, основанному на национальной, расовой, этнической или религиозной дискриминации, враждеб- ности или ненависти, включая антисемитизм, проводить политику, направлен- ную на обеспечение соблюдения таких законов.

Кроме того, с целью более полного осознания общественностью предрассудков и ненависти, совершенствования соблюдения законов о преступлениях, связан- ных с ненавистью, а также с целью осуществления иных дальнейших усилий по преодолению ненависти и предрассудков в обществе, они будут прилагать усилия с целью сбора, издания на регулярной основе и предоставления в распоряжение общественности данных о преступлениях на своих соответствующих террито- риях, в основе которых лежат предрассудки в отношении расы, этнического про- исхождения или религии, включая руководящие принципы, используемые для сбора таких данных. Эти данные не должны содержать информации о конкрет- ных лицах.

Они будут консультироваться и обмениваться мнениями и информацией на меж- дународном уровне, в том числе на будущих совещаниях СБСЕ, о преступлениях, которые свидетельствуют о наличии предрассудков и ненависти.

VII.

Будучи убеждены, что для защиты прав лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам, необходим свободный поток информации и обмен идеями, госу- дарства-участники подчеркивают значение общения между лицами, принадлежа- щими к национальным меньшинствам, без вмешательства со стороны государс- твенных властей и независимо от государственных границ. Осуществление таких прав может подвергаться лишь тем ограничениям, которые предусмотрены по закону и соответствуют международным стандартам. Они вновь подтверждают, что ни одно лицо, принадлежащее к национальному меньшинству, не будет под- вергнуто уголовным или административным санкциям, только лишь в силу своей принадлежности к такому меньшинству, за контакты в его/ее собственной стране или за ее пределами.

В области доступа к средствам информации они не будут проводить дискрими- нацию в отношении кого-либо на основании этнической, культурной, языковой или религиозной принадлежности. Они будут предоставлять информацию, кото- рая будет помогать электронным средствам массовой информации учитывать в своих программах этническую, культурную, языковую и религиозную самобыт- ность национальных меньшинств.

Они вновь подтверждают, что установление и поддержание беспрепятствен- ных контактов между лицами, принадлежащими к национальному меньшиснс- тву, а также контактов через границы лицами, принадлежащими к националь- ному меньшинству, с лицами, с которыми они имеют общее этническое или наци- ональное происхождение, культурное наследие или религиозные верования, спо- собствуют взаимопониманию и содействуют добрососедским отношениям.

116 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Женева 1991 г.

Поэтому они будут поощрять договоренности о трансграничном сотрудничес- тве на национальном, региональном и местном уровне, в частности, по вопросам пересечения границ местными жителями, сохранения и посещения культурных и исторических памятников и мест, туризма, улучшения транспортного сообщения, экономики, молодежных обменов, защиты окружающей среды и создания регио- нальных комиссий.

Они также будут поощрять создание неофициальных рабочих структур (напри- мер, семинаров, комитетов, как в рамках государств-участников, так и между государствами-участниками) там, где проживают национальные меньшинства, для обсуждения, обмена опытом и представления предложений по вопросам, касающимся национальных меньшинств.

С целью улучшения своей информации о фактическом положении национальных меньшинств государства-участники будут на добровольной основе направлять через Секретариат СБСЕ информацию другим государствам-участникам о фак- тическом положении национальных меньшинств на их соответствующих терри- ториях, а также заявления по вопросам национальной политики в этом отноше- нии.

Государства-участники сдадут на хранение в Секретариат СБСЕ экземпляры вкладов, сделанных в ходе пленарных заседний Совещания экспертов СБСЕ по вопросам национальных меньшинств, которые они хотят сделать доступными для общественности.

VIII.

Государства-участники приветствуют положительный вклад, сделанный предста- вителями Организации Объединенных Наций и Совета Европы, в работу женев- ского Совещания экспертов по вопросам национальных меньшинств. Они отме- чают, что работа и деятельность этих организаций будут и далее учитываться в процессе рассмотрения вопросов национальных меньшинств в рамках СБСЕ.

Государства-участники отмечают возможность использования соответствующих механизмов СБСЕ при решении вопросов, связанных с национальными мень- шинствами. Они также рекомендуют рассмотреть вопрос о расширении меха- низма человеческого измерения на третьем совещании Конференции по челове- ческому измерению СБСЕ. Они будут поощрять участие отдельных лиц в защите их прав, включая права лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам.

В заключение представители государств-участников просят Исполнительного секретаря Совещания передать настоящий доклад третьему совещанию Конфе- ренции по человеческому измерению СБСЕ.

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Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 117 Документ московского совещания Конференции по человеческому измерению СБСЕ Москва 1991 г.

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Государства-участники вновь заявляют о своей приверженности полному осу- ществлению всех принципов и положений Заключительного акта Совещания по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе, Парижской хартии для новой Европы и других документов СБСЕ, относящихся к человеческому измерению, включая, в частности, Документ Копенгагенского совещания Конференции по человечес- кому измерению СБСЕ, и полны решимости достичь еще большего прогресса в осуществлении этих положений, поскольку полное уважение прав человека и основных свобод и развитие обществ, основанных на плюралистической демок- ратии и верховенстве закона, является необходимым условием для создания ста- бильной обстановки прочного мира, безопасности, справедливости и сотрудни- чества в Европе.

В этом контексте государства-участники подчеркнули, что в соответствии с Заключительным актом Совещания по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе и Парижской хартией для новой Европы равноправие народов и их право на само- определение должны уважаться согласно Уставу Организации Объединенных Наций и соответствующим нормам международного права, включая нормы, каса- ющиеся территориальной целостности государств.

На Московском совещании государства-участники высказали свои точки зрения по вопросу выполнения обязательств в области человеческого измерения. Они выразили мнение, что после Копенгагенского совещания наблюдалось дальней- шее существенное улучшение положения с выполнением обязательств, содержа- щихся в соответствующих положениях документов СБСЕ. Они также выразили мнение, что, несмотря на достигнутый значительный прогресс, по прежнему существуют серьезные угрозы для принципов положений СБСЕ и происходят их нарушения, что заставляет трезво оценивать общую обстановку в Европе. В част- ности, они выразили сожаление по поводу актов дискриминации, враждебности

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 119 Москва 1991 г.

и насилия против лиц или групп по национальному, этническому или религиоз- ному признаку. В этой связи государства-участники выразили мнение, что для полной реализации своих обязательств, относящихся к человеческому измере- нию, по-прежнему необходимы неослабные усилия, которым в значительной мере должны способствовать происшедшие глубокие политические изменения.

Государства-участники подчеркивают, что вопросы, касающиеся прав человека, основных свобод, демократии и верховенства закона, носят международный характер, поскольку соблюдение этих прав и свобод составляет одну из основ международного порядка. Они категорически и окончательно заявляют, что обя- зательства, принятые ими в области человеческого измерения СБСЕ, являются вопросами, представляющими непосредственный и законный интерес для всех государств-участников и не относятся к числу исключительно внутренних дел соответствующего государства. Они заявляют о своей решимости выполнять все свои обязательства в области человеческого измерения и решать мирными средствами, индивидуально или совместно, любые связанные с ними вопросы на основе взаимного уважения и сотрудничества. В этом контексте они признают, что активное участие отдельных лиц, групп, организаций и учреждений исклю- чительно важно для обеспечения постоянного продвижения в этом направлении.

Государства-участники выражают свою коллективную решимость и далее охра- нять права человека и основные свободы и укреплять демократические достиже- ния на своих территориях. Они также признают настоятельную необходимость повысить эффективность СБСЕ при рассмотрении проблем прав человека, возни- кающих на их территориях в настоящий период, характеризующийся глубокими преобразованиями в Европе.

С целью укрепления и расширения механизма человеческого измерения, изло- женного в разделе венского Итогового документа, посвященном человеческому измерению СБСЕ, а также развития и углубления обязательств, содержащихся в Документе Копенгагенского совещания Конференции по человеческому измере- нию СБСЕ, государства-участники принимают следующее:

I

(1) Государства-участники подчеркивают, что механизм человеческого измере- ния, изложенный в пунктах 1–4 посвященного человеческому измерению СБСЕ раздела венского Итогового документа, является важным достижением процесса СБСЕ, доказавшим свою ценность как средства обеспечения большего уважения прав человека, основных свобод, демократии и верховенства закона путем диа- лога и сотрудничества, а также содействия решению конкретных относящихся к этой области вопросов. В целях дальнейшего улучшения выполнения обяза- тельств СБСЕ в области человеческого измерения они постановляют повысить эффективность этого механизма, а также укрепить и расширить его таким обра- зом, как это изложено в следующих пунктах.

120 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Москва 1991 г.

(2) Государства-участники вносят изменения в пункты 42.1 и 42.2 Документа Копенгагенского совещания в отношении того, что они будут давать в возможно короткий срок, но не позднее чем через десять дней, письменный ответ на запросы об информации и представления, с которыми к ним в письменном виде обратятся другие государства-участники согласно пункту 1 механизма человеческого изме- рения. Двусторонние встречи, о которых говорится в пункте 2 механизма чело- веческого измерения, проводятся, по возможности, в кратчайшие сроки, как пра- вило, в течение недели после получения запроса.

(3) В институте СБСЕ* без задержек будет составлен список кандидатов, включа- ющий до трех экспертов от каждого государства-участника. В качестве экспертов должны выступать известные специалисты, желательно имеющие опыт в области человеческого измерения, которые могли бы беспристрастно выполнять свои функции.

Эксперты назначаются на срок от трех до шести лет по усмотрению назначающего государства, при этом ни один эксперт не может выполнять свои функции более двух сроков подряд. В течение четырех недель после уведомления институтом СБСЕ о назначении любое государство-участник может сделать оговорки в отно- шении не более чем двух экспертов, подлежащих назначению другим государс- твом-участником. В этом случае назначающее государство может в течение четы- рех недель с момента уведомления об этих оговорках пересмотреть свое реше- ние и назначить другого эксперта или экспертов; если же оно подтвердит перво- начально намеченное назначение, то соответствующий эксперт не может прини- мать участие в каких-либо процедурах в отношении сделавшего оговорку госу- дарства без прямого согласия такого государства.

Использование списка кандидатов начинается после назначения 45 экспертов.

(4) Государство-участник может воспользоваться помощью миссии СБСЕ в составе до трех экспертов для рассмотрения или содействия решению на его тер- ритории вопросов, относящихся к человеческому измерению СБСЕ. В этом слу- чае государство выбирает из списка кандидатов соответствующее лицо или лиц. В миссию экспертов не могут включаться собственные граждане или резиденты этого государства-участника, любые предложенные им в список кандидатов лица или же более одного гражданина или резидента любого конкретного государс- тва.

Приглашающее государство без задержек информирует институт СБСЕ об обра- зовании миссии экспертов, который в свою очередь уведомляет все государства- участники. Институты СБСЕ в необходимых случаях также оказывают такой мис- сии надлежащую поддержку.

(5) Целью миссии экспертов является содействие решению конкретного вопроса или проблемы, относящихся к человеческому измерению СБСЕ. Такая миссия

* Решение относительно такого института будет принято Советом.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 121 Москва 1991 г.

может собирать информацию, необходимую для выполнения ее задач, и в над- лежащих случаях использовать добрые и посреднические услуги для содействия диалогу и сотрудничеству между заинтересованными сторонами.

Соответствующее государство четко согласовывает с миссией ее полномочия и таким образом может возлагать на миссию экспертов выполнение любых допол- нительных функций, в частности установление фактов и консультативное обслу- живание, в целях рекомендации путей и средств содействия соблюдению обяза- тельств СБСЕ.

(6) Приглашающее государство в полной мере сотрудничает с миссией экспер- тов и облегчает ее работу. Оно создает для миссии все необходимые условия для независимого осуществления ею своих функций. Оно, в частности, без задержек предоставляет миссии для выполнения ею своих задач возможность въехать на свою территорию, проводить там обсуждения и свободно передвигаться по ней, беспрепятственно встречаться с должностными лицами, неправительственными организациями и любыми группами или лицами, от которых она захочет полу- чить информацию. Миссия может также конфиденциально получать информа- цию от любого лица, группы или организации по рассматриваемым ею вопросам. Члены такой миссии соблюдают конфиденциальный характер своей задачи.

Государства-участники воздерживаются от любых действий против лиц, органи- заций или институтов из-за их контактов с миссией экспертов или любой пере- данной ей открытой информации. Приглашающее государство выполняет любые просьбы миссии экспертов относительно сопровождения ее должностными лицами этого государства, если миссия сочтет это необходимым для облегчения своей работы или обеспечения своей безопасности.

(7) Миссия экспертов как можно скорее представляет свои соображения пригла- шающему государству, желательно в течение трех недель после образования мис- сии. Приглашающее государство направляет соображения миссии наряду с изло- жением любых мер, которые оно приняло или намеревается принять по этому вопросу, другим государствам-участникам через институт СБСЕ не позднее чем через три недели после представления соображений.

Эти соображения и любые замечания приглашающего государства могут обсуж- даться Комитетом старших должностных лиц, который может рассмотреть воп- рос о любых возможных последующих мерах.

Конфиденциальный характер соображений и замечаний сохраняется до тех пор, пока они не будут доведены до сведения старших должностных лиц. До распро- странения соображений и любых замечаний, по тому же вопросу не может быть назначена другая миссия экспертов.

(8) Кроме того, одно или несколько государств-участников, осуществившие пун- кты 1 или 2 механизма человеческого измерения, могут запросить институт СБСЕ выяснить у другого государства-участника, согласно ли оно пригласить миссию

122 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Москва 1991 г.

экспертов для рассмотрения на своей территории конкретного четко определен- ного вопроса, относящегося к человеческому измерению СБСЕ. Если другое госу- дарство-участник соглашается пригласить миссию экспертов для указанной цели, то применяется процедура, изложенная в пунктах 4–7.

(9) Если какое-либо государство-участник (а) направило запрос в соответствии с пунктом 8 другому государству-участнику и это государство не образовало мис- сию экспертов в течение десяти дней после поступления запроса или (b) считает, что рассматриваемый вопрос не был разрешен в результате направления миссии экспертов, оно может при поддержке не менее пяти других государств-участни- ков приступить к формированию миссии в составе до трех докладчиков СБСЕ. Такое решение направляется институту СБСЕ, который без задержек уведомляет соответствующее государство, а также все другие государства-участники.

(10) Запрашивающее государство или государства могут назначить одного чело- века из списка кандидатов для выполнения функции докладчика СБСЕ. Запра- шиваемое государство может, если оно примет такое решение в течение шести дней после уведомления институтом СБСЕ о назначении докладчика, назна- чить из списка кандидатов еще одного докладчика. В этом случае оба назначен- ных докладчика, которые не могут быть гражданами или резидентами любого из соответствующих государств, а также лицами, предложенными этими госу- дарствами в список кандидатов, по общему согласию без задержек назначают из списка кандидатов третьего докладчика. Если в течение восьми дней они не достигнут согласия, третий докладчик, который не может быть гражданином или резидентом любого из соответствующих государств или предложенным ими в список кандидатов лицом, назначается из списка кандидатов высшим должност- ным лицом органа СБСЕ, назначенного Советом.

Положения второй части пункта 4 и всего пункта 6 применяются также к миссии докладчиков.

(11) Докладчик(и) СБСЕ устанавливают факты, составляют по ним доклад и могут давать рекомендации относительно возможных решений поднятого вопроса. Доклад докладчика (докладчиков), содержащий изложение фактов, предложения или рекомендации, представляется соответствующему государству-участнику или соответствующим государствам-участникам и, если все соответствующие государства не договорятся об ином, институту СБСЕ не позднее чем через три недели после назначения последнего докладчика. Запрашиваемое государство представляет институту СБСЕ любые соображения по докладу, если все соответствующие государства не договорятся об ином, не позднее чем через три недели после его представления.

Институт СБСЕ без задержек направляет доклад, а также любые соображения запрашиваемого или любого другого государства-участника всем государствам- участникам. Вопрос о докладе может быть включен в повестку дня следующего очередного заседания Комитета старших должностных лиц, который может при-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 123 Москва 1991 г.

нять решение о любых возможных последующих действиях. Конфиденциаль- ный характер доклада сохраняется до завершения этого заседания Комитета. До распространения доклада, по тому же вопросу не может быть назначено других докладчиков.

(12) Если какое-либо государство-участник сочтет, что в другом государстве-учас- тнике выполнение положений, относящихся к человеческому измерению СБСЕ, находится под особо серьезной угрозой, оно может при поддержке не менее девяти других государств-участников использовать процедуру, установленную в пункте 10. В этом случае будут применяться положения пункта 11.

(13) По просьбе любого государства-участника Комитет старших должностных лиц может постановить образовать миссию экспертов или докладчиков СБСЕ. В этом случае Комитет также определяет, будут ли применяться соответствующие положения предшествующих пунктов.

(14) Государство-участник или государства-участники, обратившиеся с просьбой об образовании миссии экспертов или докладчиков, оплачивают расходы этой миссии. В случае назначения экспертов или докладчиков во исполнение решения Комитета старших должностных лиц расходы оплачиваются государствами-учас- тниками в соответствии с обычной шкалой распределения расходов. Обзор этих процедур будет произведен на Хельсинкской встрече в рамках дальнейших шагов СБСЕ.

(15) Ничто из вышеизложенного никоим образом не затрагивает права государств- участников поднимать в рамках процесса СБСЕ любые вопросы, относящиеся к выполнению любых обязательств СБСЕ, в том числе любых обязательств, отно- сящихся к человеческому измерению СБСЕ.

(16) При рассмотрении вопроса о применении изложенных в пунктах 9 и 10 или 12 процедур в отношении какого-либо лица государства-участники должны над- лежащим образом выяснить, не рассматривается ли уже дело такого лица в рам- ках какой-либо международной судебной процедуры.

Любые ссылки на деятельность Комитета старших должностных лиц в настоя- щем документе должны быть утверждены решением этого Комитета и Совета.

II

(17) Государства-участники

(17.1) безоговорочно осуждают силы, стремящиеся захватить власть у предста- вительного правительства в любом государстве-участнике вопреки воле народа, выраженной в ходе свободных и справедливых выборов, и в нарушение законно установленного конституционного строя;

(17.2) в случае свержения или попытки свержения демократически избранного законного правительства какого-либо государства-участника недемократичес-

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кими средствами будут решительно поддерживать в соответствии с Уставом Организации Объединенных Наций законные органы этого государства, стоя- щие на страже прав человека, демократии и верховенства закона, признавая свои общие обязательства противодействовать любой попытке ограничить эти осно- вополагающие ценности;

(17.3) признают необходимость предпринять, индивидуально или совместно, дальнейшие мирные усилия, касающиеся прав человека, демократии и верховенс- тва закона в контексте безопасности и сотрудничества в Европе, с целью придать демократическому прогрессу необратимый характер и не допустить каких-либо отступлений от стандартов, изложенных в принципах и положениях Заключи- тельного акта, венского Итогового документа, Документа Копенгагенского сове- щания, Парижской хартии для новой Европы и настоящего документа.

(18) Государства-участники напоминают о своей приверженности верховенству закона, выраженной в Документе Копенгагенского совещания, и подтверждают свое стремление поддерживать и развивать принципы справедливости, образу- ющие основу правового государства. В частности, они вновь подтверждают, что демократия является неотъемлемым элементом правового государства и что плю- рализм имеет большое значение для деятельности политических организаций.

(18.1) Законодательство будет разрабатываться и приниматься в результате откры- того процесса, отражающего волю народа либо непосредственно, либо через избранных им представителей.

(18.2) Каждый человек будет обладать эффективными средствами правовой защиты от административных решений, с тем, чтобы гарантировалось уважение основных прав и обеспечивалось ненанесение ущерба правовой системе.

(18.3) С этой же целью будут предусмотрены эффективные средства правовой защиты для лиц, понесших ущерб в результате действия административных положений.

(18.4) Государства-участники будут стремиться обеспечить судебный контроль за такими положениями и решениями.

(19) Государства-участники

(19.1) будут соблюдать международно признанные нормы, касающиеся независи- мости судей и юристов-практиков и беспристрастного функционирования госу- дарственной судебной службы, включая, в частности, Всеобщую декларацию прав человека и Международный пакт о гражданских и политических правах;

(19.2) при осуществлении соответствующих норм и обязательств будут обеспечивать, чтобы независимость судебных органов была гарантирована и закреплена в конституции или законодательстве страны и соблюдалась на

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практике, обращая особое внимание на Основные принципы независимости судебной системы, в которых, в частности, предусматривается:

(i) запрещение неправомерного влияния на судей;

(ii) недопущение пересмотра судебных решений административными органами, за исключением прав компетентных властей в соответствии с законом уменьшать строгость приговоров, вынесенных судьями, или смягчать их;

(iii) защита свободы слова и ассоциаций сотрудников судебных органов с учетом лишь таких ограничений, которые совместимы с осуществлением ими своих фун- кций;

(iv) обеспечение того, чтобы судьи обладали надлежащей квалификацией и подго- товкой и выбирались на недискриминационной основе;

(v) обеспечение гарантии несменяемости и надлежащих условий службы, в том числе в вопросах продвижения по службе судей, где это применимо;

(vi) соблюдение условий неприкосновенности;

(vii) обеспечение того, чтобы дисциплинарные санкции, временное отстранение от должности и увольнение судей осуществлялось в соответствии с законом.

(20) Для обеспечения независимости судебных органов государства-участники будут:

(20.1) признавать важную роль, которую национальные и международные ассо- циации судей и адвокатов могут сыграть в деле обеспечения большего уважения независимости своих членов, а также образования и профессиональной подго- товки в вопросах роли судебных органов и юристов в обществе;

(20.2) содействовать и способствовать диалогу, обменам и сотрудничеству между национальными ассоциациями и другими группами, заинтересованными в обес- печении уважения независимости судебных органов и защиты адвокатов;

(20.3) сотрудничать между собой, в частности путем диалога, контактов и обме- нов, с целью выявления проблемных областей в вопросах защиты независимости судей и юристов-практиков и определения путей и средств рассмотрения и разре- шения таких проблем;

(20.4) сотрудничать на постоянной основе в таких областях, как образование и профессиональная подготовка судей и юристов-практиков, а также разработка и принятие законодательства, направленного на обеспечение большего уваже- ния их независимости и беспристрастного функционирования государственной судебной службы.

(21) Государства-участники будут

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(21.1) принимать все необходимые меры для обеспечения того, чтобы сотрудники правоохранительных органов при наведении общественного порядка действо- вали в общественных интересах, с учетом конкретных потребностей и законных целей, а также использовали соразмерные обстоятельствам методы и средства, не превышающие потребностей правоохранительных действий;

(21.2) обеспечивать, чтобы правоохранительные действия подлежали судебному контролю, чтобы сотрудники правоохранительных органов несли ответствен- ность за такие действия и чтобы жертвы действий, квалифицированных как нару- шение вышеуказанных обязательств, могли в соответствии с национальным пра- вом требовать надлежащей компенсации.

(22) Государства-участники примут необходимые меры для обеспечения того, чтобы в курс подготовки сотрудников правоохранительных органов включа- лись учебные предметы и информация относительно запрещения использования сотрудниками правоохранительных органов чрезмерной силы, а также соответс- твующие международные и национальные кодексы поведения.

(23) Государства-участники будут обращаться со всеми лишенными свободы лицами гуманно и с уважением достоинства, присущего человеческой личности, и будут соблюдать международно признанные стандарты, относящиеся к отправ- лению правосудия и правам человека задержанных лиц.

(23.1) Государства-участники будут обеспечивать, чтобы:

(i) лицо могло быть лишено свободы лишь на таких основаниях и в соответствии с такими процедурами, какие установлены законом;

(ii) любое лицо, подвергающееся аресту, было информировано без задержек на доступном ему языке о причине его ареста и любых выдвигаемых против него обвинениях;

(iii) любое лишенное свободы лицо было без задержек информировано о его пра- вах в соответствии с национальным законодательством;

(iv) любое арестованное или задерженное лицо имело право без задержек пред- стать перед судьей или другим должностным лицом, правомочным определять законность его ареста или задержания, и чтобы в случае незаконного ареста оно было безотлагательно освобождено;

(v) любое лицо, обвиненное в совершении уголовного преступления, имело право защищать себя самостоятельно или с помощью адвоката по его собственному выбору или в том случае, если это лицо не располагает достаточными средствами для оплаты услуг адвоката, чтобы эти услуги были предоставлены ему бесплатно, когда того требуют интересы справедливости;

(vi) любое арестованное или задерженное лицо имело право без неоправданных задержек уведомить или просить компетентный орган уведомить соответствую-

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щих лиц по его выбору о его аресте, задержании, тюремном заключении и месте нахождения; любые ограничения в осуществлении этого права будут устанавли- ваться законом и соответствовать международным стандартам;

(vii) были приняты, если этого еще не сделано, эффективные меры по обеспече- нию того, чтобы содержание под стражей или заключение не использовалось пра- воохранительными органами в целях принуждения лица к признанию, самоого- вору или даче показаний против другого лица;

(viii) продолжительность любого допроса и перерывов между допросами заноси- лась в протокол и удостоверялась в соответствии с национальным правом;

(ix) задерженное лицо или его адвокат имели право заявить ходатайство или жалобу по поводу обращения с ним, в частности в случае пыток или другого жес- токого, бесчеловечного или унижающего достоинство обращения, в органы, ответственные за управление местом содержания под стражей, и в вышестоящие инстанции, а в случае необходимости – соответствующему органу, обладающему надзорными или иными полномочиями по исправлению положения;

(х) такое ходатайство или жалоба оперативно рассматривались и без необосно- ванной задержки на них давался ответ; в случае отклонения ходатайства или жалобы или в случае неправомерной задержки заявитель будет иметь право обра- титься с ней в судебный или другой орган; ни задержанное или находящееся в заключении лицо, ни любой другой заявитель не должны пострадать в связи с обращением с ходатайством или жалобой;

(xi) любое лицо, ставшее жертвой незаконного ареста или задержания, имело обеспеченное судебной защитой право требовать компенасации.

(23.2) Государства-участники будут

(i) стремиться принимать необходимые меры для улучшения условий, в которых находятся лица, содержащиеся под стражей или в заключении;

(ii) обращать особое внимание на проблему альтернатив тюремному заключению.

(24) Государства-участники подтверждают право на охрану личной семейной жизни, жилища, тайны переписки и электронных сообщений. Во избежание любого неправомерного или произвольного вмешательства государства в жизнь индивидуума, что могло бы нанести ущерб любому демократическому обществу, осуществление этого права будет ограничиваться только в случаях, предусмот- ренных законом и совместимых с международно признанными стандартами в области прав человека. В частности, государства-участники обеспечат, чтобы обыски и аресты лиц, а также частных помещений и имущества производились лишь в соответствии с такими нормами, которые обеспечены судебной защитой.

(25) Государства-участники будут

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(25.1) гарантировать, чтобы их вооруженные силы и военизированные формиро- вания, службы внутренней безопасности и разведки, а также полиция находи- лись под эффективным управлением и контролем соответствующих гражданских властей;

(25.2) поддерживать и, там где это необходимо, укреплять контроль исполнитель- ной власти за использованием вооруженных сил и военизированных формирова- ний, а также за деятельностью служб внутренней безопасности, разведки и поли- ции;

(25.3) принимать надлежащие меры для создания, где этого еще не сделано, и под- держания эффективных механизмов надзора законодательной власти над всеми такими силами, службами и видами деятельности.

(26) Государства-участники вновь подтверждают право на свободу выражения своего мнения, включая право на общение и право средств информации собирать, передавать и распространять информацию, новости и мнения. Любые ограниче- ния, касающиеся осуществления этого права, будут предусматриваться законом и соответствовать международным стандартам. Они признают далее, что незави- симые средства информации являются важнейшим условием для свободного и открытого общества и ответственных за свои действия государственных систем и играют особую роль в деле охраны прав человека и основных свобод.

(26.1) Они считают, что средства печати и телерадиовещания на их территории должны иметь неограниченный доступ к иностранным источникам новостей и информационным службам. Общественность будет пользоваться аналогичной свободой получения и передачи информации и идей без вмешательства со сто- роны государственных властей, независимо от границ, в том числе через иност- ранные публикации и программы телерадиовещания. Любые ограничения в осу- ществлении этого права будут устанавливаться законом и соответствовать меж- дународным стандартам.

(26.2) Государства-участники не будут допускать дискриминации в отношении независимых средств информации, в том, что касается их доступа к информации, материалам и техническим средствам.

(27) Государства-участники

(27.1) выражают намерение сотрудничать в областях, относящихся к государс- твенному, административному, торговому, гражданскому праву и праву социаль- ного обеспечения и в других соответствующих областях в целях развития право- вых систем, основанных на уважении прав человека, верховенстве закона и демок- ратии, особенно в тех государствах, где таких систем пока не существует;

(27.2) в этих целях предусматривают продолжение и расширение двустороннего и многостороннего сотрудничества в области права и управления, в том числе по следующим направлениям:

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• создание эффективной административной системы;

• содействие в разработке законов и положений;

• подготовка персонала в области управления и права;

• обмен научными работами и периодическими изданиями в области права.

(28) Государства-участники считают важным защищать права человека и основ- ные свободы в условиях чрезвычайного положения, учитывать соответствующие положения Документа Копенгагенского совещания и соблюдать международные конвенции, сторонами которых они являются.

(28.1) Государства-участники подтверждают, что чрезвычайное положение оправ- дано лишь в исключительных и самых серьезных ситуациях в соответствии с международными обязательствами этого государства и его обязательствами в рамках СБСЕ. Чрезвычайное положение не может использоваться для сверже- ния демократического конституционного строя и быть направленным на уничто- жение международно признанных прав человека и основных свобод. Если невоз- можно избежать применения силы, она должна применяться в разумных и в мак- симально возможной степени ограниченных пределах.

(28.2) Чрезвычайное положение может быть объявлено лишь законным консти- туционным органом, наделенным соответствующими полномочиями. В тех слу- чаях, когда решение о введении чрезвычайного положения может на законных основаниях приниматься органами исполнительной власти, оно должно подле- жать утверждению или контролю со стороны законодательного органа в кратчай- шие сроки.

(28.3) Решение о введении чрезвычайного положения должно быть объявлено офи- циально, публично и в соответствии с положениями, закрепленными в законе. В этом решении, в тех случаях, когда это возможно, дожны указываться территори- альные рамки действия чрезвычайного положения. Соответствующее государс- тво без задержки будет предоставлять своим гражданам информацию о приня- тых мерах. Чрезвычайное положение отменяется как можно скорее и не может оставаться в силе дольше, чем это совершенно необходимо в конкретной ситуа- ции.

(28.4) Не допускается введение или продление чрезвычайного положения де- факто в нарушение положений, закрепленных в законе.

(28.5) Государства-участники стремятся обеспечить, чтобы в период действия чрезвычайного положения в максимально возможной степени гарантировалось нормальное функционирование законодательных органов.

(28.6) Государства-участники подтверждают, что любые отступления от обяза- тельств, касающихся прав человека и основных свобод, в условиях чрезвычай- ного положения должны оставаться строго в рамках, предусмотренных междуна-

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родным правом, в частности обязательными для них соответствующими между- народными документами, в особенности в отношении прав, от которых не может быть отступлений.

(28.7) Государства-участники будут стремиться воздерживаться от любых отступ- лений от тех обязательств, от которых, в соответствии с международными кон- венциями, участниками которых они являются, такие отступления в условиях чрезвычайного положения возможны. Меры в отступление от таких обязательств должны приниматься строго в соответствии с процессуальными требованиями, закрепленными в этих документах. Такие меры не будут ни ужесточаться, ни оставаться в силе дольше, чем это совершенно необходимо в конкретной ситуа- ции; они по своему характеру являются исключительными мерами и должны тол- коваться и применяться ограничительно. Такие меры не будут приводить к диск- риминации исключительно по признаку расы, цвета кожи, пола, языка, религии, социального происхождения или принадлежности к меньшинству.

(28.8) Государства-участники будут стремиться обеспечить, чтобы правовые гарантии, необходимые для поддержания верховенства закона, оставались в силе во время чрезвычайного положения. Они будут стремиться предусмотреть в своем законодательстве контроль за постановлениями, касающимися чрезвычай- ного положения, а также за их осуществлением.

(28.9) Государства-участники будут стремиться обеспечить свободу слова и сво- боду информации, совместимые с их международными обязанностями и обяза- тельствами, с тем, чтобы общественность имела возможность обсуждать вопрос о соблюдении прав человека и основных свобод и об отмене чрезвычайного поло- жения. Они в соответствии с международными стандартами в отношении сво- боды слова не будут принимать каких-либо мер, с тем, чтобы воспрепятствовать журналистам законно осуществлять их профессиональные функции, кроме таких мер, которые совершенно необходимы в конкретной ситуации.

(28.10) Если в государстве-участнике объявляется или отменяется чрезвычайное положение, соответствующее государство будет немедленно информировать инс- титут СБСЕ* об этом решении, а также о любом отступлении от международных обязательств этого государства в области прав человека. Институт без задержки информирует другие государства-участники.

(29) Государства-участники, признавая свою общую заинтересованность в разви- тии контактов и обмена информацией между омбудсменами и другими институ- тами, на которые возложены аналогичные функции по рассмотрению жалоб отде- льных граждан на действия государственных органов, с удовлетворением отме- чают предложение Испании о проведении в этой стране встречи омбудсменов.

(30) Государства-участники предлагают, чтобы соответствующие форумы СБСЕ рассмотрели вопрос о расширении функций Бюро по свободным выборам, с тем,

* Решение относительно такого института будет принято Советом.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 131 Москва 1991 г.

чтобы оно могло оказывать помощь в укреплении демократических институтов в государствах-участниках.

(31) Государства-участники признают обширный опыт и знания, накопленные в Совете Европы в области прав человека. Они приветствуют его вклад в укрепле- ние демократии в Европе, включая его готовность передавать свой опыт СБСЕ.

III

(32) Государства-участники вновь заявляют о своей неизменной приверженности принципам и положениям хельсинкского Заключительного акта, венского Ито- гового документа и других соответствующих документов СБСЕ, в которых они взяли на себя обязательство, в частности, уважать права человека и основные сво- боды и обеспечивать их гарантию для всех без какого бы то ни было различия.

(33) Государства-участники устранят все правовые и другие ограничения в отно- шении передвижения своих и иностранных граждан в пределах их территорий и местожительства лиц, имеющих право на постоянное проживание, за исклю- чением тех ограничений, которые могут быть необходимы и официально объяв- лены исходя из военных интересов, интересов безопасности, экологии или дру- гих законных государственных интересов, в соответствии с их национальными законами, совместимыми с обязательствами в рамках СБСЕ и международными обязательствами в области прав человека. Государства-участники обязуются сво- дить такие ограничения к минимуму.

(34) Государства-участники будут принимать в надлежащих случаях все возмож- ные меры для защиты журналистов, находящихся в опасных профессиональных командировках, особенно в случаях вооруженных конфликтов, и будут сотруд- ничать в этих целях. Такие меры будут включать поиск пропавших журналистов, выяснение их судьбы, оказание необходимой помощи и содействие их возвраще- нию в свои семьи.

(35) Государства-участники подтверждают, что гарантия свободы творчества и сохранение культурного наследия являются составной частью человеческого измерения СБСЕ. Они считают, что независимая интеллектуальная и культурная жизнь играет решающую роль для существования свободных обществ и демок- ратических институтов. Они будут выполнять свои обязательства в сфере куль- туры, изложенные в Документе Краковского симпозиума по культурному насле- дию, и выражают мнение, что в рамках СБСЕ следует продолжать рассмотрение проблем культуры, в том числе свободы, творческой деятельности и сотрудничес- тва в этой области.

(36) Государства-участники напоминают о своем обязательстве в венском Итого- вом документе оставить на рассмотрении вопрос о смертной казни и подтверж- дают свои обязательства, содержащиеся в Документе Копенгагенского совеща- ния, обмениваться информацией по вопросу об отмене смертной казни и предо- ставлять общественности информацию относительно ее применения.

132 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Москва 1991 г.

(36.1) Они отмечают,

(i) что 11 июля 1991 года вступил в силу второй Факультативный протокол к Меж- дународному пакту о гражданских и политических правах, имеющий целью отмену смертной казни;

(ii) что ряд государств-участников в последнее время предприняли шаги в направ- лении отмены смертной казни;

(iii) деятельность ряда неправительственных организаций по вопросу отмены смертной казни.

(37) Государства-участники подтверждают положения и обязательства, относящи- еся к проблемам национальных меньшинств и правам принадлежащих к ним лиц, содеражщиеся во всех документах СБСЕ, в частности в Документе Копенгаген- ского совещания Конференции по человеческому измерению СБСЕ и в Докладе Женевского совещания экспертов СБСЕ по вопросам национальных меньшинств, и призывают к их полному и скорейшему выполнению. Они полагают, что, в час- тности, применение новых и расширенных механизмов и процедур СБСЕ будет способствовать дальнейшей защите и поощрению прав лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам.

(38) Государства-участники признают необходимость обеспечить уважение прав трудящихся-мигрантов и их семей, законно проживающих в государствах-учас- тниках, и особо отметить их право на свободное проявление их национальных, культурных, религиозных и языковых особенностей. Осуществление таких прав может подлежать лишь таким ограничениям, которые установлены законом и соответствуют международным стандартам.

(38.1) Они осуждают все акты дискриминации по признаку расы, цвета кожи и этнического происхождения, нетерпимости и ксенофобии в отношении трудя- щихся-мигрантов. Они будут принимать в соответствии с национальным законо- дательством и международными обязательствами эффективные меры для поощ- рения терпимости, понимания, равенства возможностей и уважения основных прав человека трудящихся-мигрантов; и примут, если они еще не сделали этого, меры по запрещению актов, представляющих собой подстрекательство к наси- лию, основанному на национальной, расовой, этнической или религиозной диск- риминации, враждебности или ненависти.

(38.2) Они примут соответствующие меры, которые бы позволили трудящимся- мигрантам принимать участие в общественной жизни государств-участников.

(38.3) Они отмечают, что вопросы, связанные с человеческим измерением трудя- щихся-мигрантов, проживающих на их территории, как и любые другие вопросы, относящиеся к человеческому измерению, могли бы быть подняты в рамках меха- низма человеческого измерения.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 133 Москва 1991 г.

(38.4) Они рекомендуют СБСЕ в своей будущей деятельности в области челове- ческого измерения рассмотреть соответствующие меры для проведения целевого обсуждения всех вопросов, касающихся трудящихся-мигрантов, в том числе воп- роса о знакомстве с языком и общественной жизнью соответствующей страны.

(39) Государства-участники будут

(39.1) повышать свою готовность и в полном объеме сотрудничать, с тем, чтобы обеспечить оперативное и эффективное проведение операций по оказанию гума- нитарной помощи;

(39.2) принимать все необходимые меры для облегчения быстрого и беспрепятс- твенного доступа в пострадавшие районы в целях проведения таких операций по оказанию помощи;

(39.3) заключать необходимые договоренности в целях осуществления таких опе- раций по оказанию помощи.

(40) Государства-участники признают, что полное и подлинное равенство между мужчинами и женщинами является существенно важным элементом справед- ливого и демократического общества, основанного на верховенстве закона. Они признают, что целостное развитие общества и повышение благополучия всех его членов требуют равных возможностей для полного и равного участия мужчин и женщин. В этом контексте они будут

(40.1) обеспечивать, чтобы все обязательства в рамках СБСЕ, относящиеся к защите и поощрению прав человека и основных свобод, применялись в полном объеме и без какой-либо дискриминации по признаку пола;

(40.2) полностью соблюдать Конвенцию о ликвидации всех форм дискримина- ции в отношении женщин, если они являются ее участниками, а если они еще не стали таковыми, они рассмотрят вопрос о ратификации этой Конвенции или о присоединении к ней; государства, которые ратифицировали эту Конвенцию или присоединились к ней с оговорками, рассмотрят вопрос об их снятии;

(40.3) эффективно осуществлять обязательства по международным договорам, сторонами которых они являются, и принимать надлежащие меры по осущест- влению Найробийских перспективных стратегий Организации Объединенных Наций в области улучшения положения женщин;

(40.4) подтвердят, что их целью является достижение не только юридического, но и фактического равенства возможностей для мужчин и женщин, а также содейс- твие принятию эффективных мер в этом направлении;

(40.5) создадут или укрепят соответствующий национальный механизм по улуч- шению положения женщин, с тем, чтобы обеспечить проведение оценки влияния программ и политики на их положение;

134 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Москва 1991 г.

(40.6) эффективно поощрять меры по обеспечению всех экономических возмож- ностей для женщин, включая отсутствие дискриминации в политике и практике найма, равный доступ к образованию и профессиональной подготовке и меры, облегчающие трудящимся женщинам и мужчинам совмещение работы и семей- ных обязанностей; и будут стремиться обеспечить, чтобы любая политика или программы, предусматривающие структурную перестройку, не имели для жен- щин дискриминационных последствий;

(40.7) стремиться покончить со всеми формами насилия в отношении женщин и со всеми формами торговли женщинами и эксплуатации женской проституции, в том числе путем принятия соответствующих юридических запретов в отношении подобных действий и других соответствующих мер;

(40.8) способствовать и содействовать равенству и самому широкому участию женщин во всех аспектах политической и общественной жизни и процессах при- нятия решений, а также в международном сотрудничестве в целом;

(40.9) признавать жизненно важную роль, которую женщины и женские органи- зации играют в национальных и международных усилиях, направленных на раз- витие и расширение прав женщин, путем предоставления, в частности, прямых услуг, а также поддержки и содействия полноценному партнерству между прави- тельствами и указанными организациями с целью обеспечения большего равенс- тва женщин;

(40.10) признавать ценный вклад женщин во все аспекты политической, культур- ной, общественной и экономической жизни и содействовать более широкому при- знанию этого вклада, в том числе в неформальном и неоплачиваемом секторах;

(40.11) принимать меры с целью содействовать обеспечению свободного доступа к информации в отношении женщин и их прав согласно международному и внут- ригосударственному праву;

(40.12) разрабатывать совместимую с их конституционными системами политику в области образования, содействовать участию женщин во всех сферах обучения и трудовой деятельности, включая нетрадиционные области, и способствовать и содействовать большему пониманию вопросов, имеющих отношение к равенству мужчин и женщин;

(40.13) обеспечивать сбор и анализ данных, с тем, чтобы надлежащим обра- зом оценить, взять под контроль и улучшить положение женщин; эти данные не должны содержать никакой информации личного характера.

(41) Государства-участники принимают решение

(41.1) обеспечивать защиту прав человека лиц, имеющих инвалидность;

(41.2) принимать меры по обеспечению таким лицам равных возможностей в пол- ном объеме участвовать в жизни общества;

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 135 Москва 1991 г.

(41.3) содействовать соответствующему участию таких лиц в принятии решений в областях, имеющих к ним отношение;

(41.4) развивать услуги и содействовать подготовке социальных работников по профессиональной и социальной реабилитации лиц, имеющих инвалидность;

(41.5) создавать благоприятные условия, обеспечивающие лицам, имеющим инва- лидность, доступ к общественным зданиям и видам обслуживания, жилым пост- ройкам, транспорту, культурной жизни и отдыху.

(42) Государства-участники

(42.1) подтверждают, что образование в области прав человека имеет основопо- лагающее значение и что в этой связи крайне важно, чтобы их граждан просве- щали относительно прав человека и основных свобод, а также обязательств ува- жать такие права и свободы, установленные в национальном законодательстве и международных договорах, участниками которых они могут являться;

(42.2) признают, что эффективное образование в области прав человека способс- твует борьбе с нетерпимостью, религиозными, расовыми и этническими предрас- судками и ненавистью, в том числе против роман, ксенофобией и антисемитиз- мом;

(42.3) будут содействовать разработке их компетентными органами, занимаю- щимися подготовкой учебных программ, эффективных учебных планов и курсов по правам человека для студентов всех уровней, особенно студентов, изучающих право, управление и общественные науки, а также учащихся военных и полицейс- ких учебных заведений и институтов государственного управления;

(42.4) будут предоставлять их преподавателям информацию о всех положениях человечекого измерения СБСЕ;

(42.5) будут поощрять сотрудничество между организациями и учебными заведе- ниями в разработке и обмене программами в области прав человека на нацио- нальном и международном уровне;

(42.6) будут стремиться к тому, чтобы в рамках мероприятий, осуществляемых в целях развития образования в области прав человека в более широком смысле, учитывался опыт, программы и формы сотрудничества в существующих между- народных правительственных и неправительственных органах, таких как Орга- низация Объединенных Наций и Совет Европы.

(43) Государства-участники будут признавать в качестве НПО организации, объ- явившие себя таковыми, согласно соответствующим национальным процедурам, и будут содействовать созданию условий для свободной деятельности таких орга- низаций на своих территориях; в этих целях они будут

136 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Москва 1991 г.

(43.1) стремиться изыскивать возможности для дальнейшего улучшения усло- вий для контактов и обменов мнениями между НПО и соответствующими нацио- нальными органами и государственными учреждениями;

(43.2) стремиться содействовать посещению их стран неправительственными организациями любого государства-участника с целью наблюдения за условиями в области человеческого измерения;

(43.3) приветствовать деятельность НПО, включая, в частности, проверку выпол- нения обязательств в рамках СБСЕ в области человеческого измерения;

(43.4) предоставлять НПО возможность, ввиду их важной роли в рамках челове- ческого измерения СБСЕ, доводить свои мнения до их собственных правительств и правительств всех других государств-участников во время будущей деятель- ности СБСЕ в области человеческого измерения.

(43.5) Во время будущей деятельности СБСЕ в области человеческого измерения НПО будет предоставлена возможность распространять письменные вклады по конкретным проблемам человеческого измерения СБСЕ среди всех делегаций.

(43.6) Секретариат СБСЕ в пределах имеющихся у него ресурсов будет удовлетво- рять просьбы НПО относительно предоставления им документов СБСЕ общего распространения.

(43.7) Руководящие принципы определяющие участие НПО в будущей деятель- ности СБСЕ в области человеческого измерения, в частности, могут включать:

(i) для нужд НПО в местах проведения совещаний или в непосредственной бли- зости от них следует выделять общие помещения, а также обеспечивать в разум- ных пределах и за их счет доступ к техническим средствам, включая фотокопи- ровальную технику, телефоны и телефаксы;

(ii) следует своевременно информировать и инструктировать НПО по вопросу об открытости и процедурах доступа;

(iii) следует и далее рекомендовать делегациям на совещаниях СБСЕ включать в свой состав или приглашать членов НПО.

Государства-участники рекомендуют Хельсинкскому совещанию в рамках даль- нейших шагов рассмотреть вопрос об установлении таких руководящих принци- пов.

(…)

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 137 Пражский документ о дальнейшем развитии институтов и структур СБСЕ (Второе совещание совета) Прага 1992 г.

(…)

III

Человеческое измерение

6. Министры согласились с тем, что наблюдение за прогрессом в области челове- ческого измерения и содействие ему остается одной из центральных задач СБСЕ.

7. Вопросы, относящиеся к человеческому измерению, будут поэтому, по мере необходимости, рассматриваться Советом или Комитетом старших должностных лиц.

8. Кроме того, Комитетом старших должностных лиц могут также приниматься решения о проведении непродолжительных встреч для рассмотрения четко опре- деленных вопросов. Результаты таких встреч будут представляться Совету через Комитет старших должностных лиц для рассмотрения или принятия решений, когда это трубется.

9. В целях расширения практического сотрудничества между государствами-учас- тниками в области человеческого измерения министры решили придать допол- нительные функции Бюро по свободным выборам, которое будет отныне имено- ваться Бюро по демократическим институтам и правам человека.

10. Под общим руководством Комитета старших должностных лиц, Бюро, в частности, следует:

• организовывать краткую встречу СБСЕ в месте расположения Бюро по демок- ратическим институтам и правам человека для рассмотрения хода выполне- ния обязательств по человеческому измерению СБСЕ каждый год, в котором не проходит встреча в рамках дальнейших шагов. Хельсинкская встреча в рам-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 139 Прага 1992 г.

ках дальнейших шагов разработает организационные формы проведения таких встреч;

• служить в качестве институционной основы для взаимного использования и обмена информацией о имеющейся в наличие технической помощи, опыта и национальных и международных программах, направленных на оказание помощи новым демократиям в становлении их институтов;

• способствовать контактам между теми, кто предлагает такие ресурсы и теми, кто хочет их использовать;

• наладить сотрудничество с Советом Европы с целью использования его базы данных о таких ресурсах и услугах;

• устанавливать контакты с неправительственными организациями, действую- щими в области становления демократических институтов, с тем, чтобы дать возможность заинтересованным государствам-участникам использовать их обширные ресурсы и опыт;

• содействовать сотрудничеству в области профессиональной подготовки и обу- чения по дисциплинам, имеющим отношение к демократическим институтам;

• организовывать совещания и семинары с участием всех государств-участников по вопросам, связанным со становлением и возрождением работы демократи- ческих институтов, такие, как короткий семинар по свободным средствам мас- совой информации в подходящие сроки, а также один семинар по вопросам миг- рации. Такие совещания и семинары будут проведены в Варшаве, если не будет принято иного решения.

11. С тем, чтобы избежать дублирования в работе, в особенности в вышепере- численных областях, министры поручили Бюро тесно сотрудничать с другими учреждениями, действующими в области становления демократических инсти- тутов и прав человека, в частности с Советом Европы и Европейской комиссией “Демократия через закон”.

12. Комитет старших должностных лиц будет на ежегодной основе рассматривать необходимость проведения совещаний и семинаров по человеческому измерению и демократическим институтам и составлять рабочую программу.

13. Министры обратились к Хельсинкской встрече в рамках дальнейших шагов с просьбой продолжить работу по уточнению задач Варшавского бюро и принять решение о том, каким образом следует продолжать деятельность СБСЕ в области человеческого измерения.

14. Бюро по демократическим институтам и правам человека предназначено слу- жить в качестве института СБСЕ, которому поручаются задачи, связанные с мис- сиями экспертов и докладчиков в соответствии с Документом Московского сове- щания Конференции по человеческому измерению СБСЕ.

140 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Прага 1992 г.

15. Бюро по демократическим институтам и правам человека будет подключено к сети связи СБСЕ.

IV

Защита прав человека, демократии и верховенства закона

16. В целях дальнейшего развития способности СБСЕ защищать права человека, демократию и верховенство закона мирными средствами Совет решил, что Сове- том или Комитетом старших должностных лиц могут быть, если необходимо – и без согласия соответствующего государства, в случаях явного, грубого и неис- правленного нарушения соответствующих обязательств по СБСЕ предприняты надлежащие действия. Такие действия будут состоять из политических заявле- ний или иных политических шагов, которые будут делаться за пределами терри- тории такого государства. Настоящее решение не нарушает существующие меха- низмы СБСЕ.

17. Совет обратился к Хельсинкской встрече в рамках дальнейших шагов продол- жить рассмотрение условий осуществления этого решения.

(…)

VIII

Неправительственные организации

42. Совет обращается к Хельсинкской встрече в рамках дальнейших шагов с про- сьбой укрепить связи между СБСЕ и неправительственными организациями, с тем, чтобы повысить роль неправительственных организаций в осуществле- нии целей и обязательств по СБСЕ. В частности, Встреча в рамках дальнейших шагов определит возможности и процедуры существенного вовлечения неправи- тельственных организаций в работу СБСЕ по соответствующим направлениям, а также возможности неправительственных организаций поддерживать связи со структурами и институтами СБСЕ, исходя, в частности, из текстов о неправи- тельственных организациях, согласованных на Софийском и Московском сове- щаниях и на Семинаре в Осло.

(…)

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 141 Хельсинкский документ: Вызов времени перемен (Встреча на высшем уровне) Хельсинки 1992 г.

Декларация хельсинкской встречи на высшем уровне Надежды и проблемы времени перемен

(…)

6. Мы приветствуем приверженность всех государств-участников нашим общим ценностям. Уважение прав человека и основных свобод, в том числе прав лиц, при- надлежащих к национальным меньшинствам, демократия и верховенство закона, экономическая свобода, социальная справедливость и ответственное отношение к окружающей среде являются нашими общими целями. Они непреложны. При- верженность нашим обязательствам обеспечивает основу для участия и сотруд- ничества в СБСЕ, является залогом дальнейшего развития наших обществ.

7. Мы вновь подтверждаем, что руководящие принципы и общие ценности, изло- женные в хельсинкском Заключительном акте и Парижской хартии, которые воп- лощают обязательства государств друг перед другом и правительств перед сво- ими народами, не утратили своей силы. Они отражают коллективную совесть нашего сообщества. Мы признаем свою ответственность друг перед другом за их выполнение. Мы подчеркиваем демократическое право граждан требовать от своих правительств уважения этих ценностей и норм.

8. Мы подчеркиваем, что обязательства, принятые в области человеческого изме- рения СБСЕ, представляют непосредственный и законный интерес для всех госу- дарств-участников и не являются исключительно внутренним делом какого-то одного государства. Защита прав человека, основных свобод и содействие их осу- ществлению, а также укрепление демократических институтов остаются жиз- ненно важной основой нашей всеобъемлющей безопасности.

(…)

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 143 Хельсинки 1992 г.

12. Нынешнее время не только вселяет надежды, оно несет нестабильность и неуверенность. Экономический спад, социальная напряженность, агрессивный национализм, нетерпимость, ксенофобия и этнические конфликты угрожают ста- бильности в регионе СБСЕ. Грубые нарушения обязательств СБСЕ в области прав человека и основных свобод, в том числе тех, которые касаются национальных меньшинств, представляют особую угрозу мирному развитию общества, в част- ности в новых демократических государствах.

Для формирования демократических и плюралистических обществ, обеспечива- ющих всестороннюю защиту многообразия и его уважение на практике, сделать предстоит еще многое. Вследствие этого мы отвергаем расовую, этническую и религиозную дискриминацию в любой форме. Свободе и терпимому отношению необходимо учиться, и их надо применять на практике.

(…)

14. В период конфликтов наибольшей угрозе подвергается удовлетворение элементарных потребностей человека. Мы будем прилагать все усилия к тому, чтобы люди были обеспечены всем необходимым, а гуманитарные обязательства выполнялись. Мы будем стремиться облегчить страдания людей путем заключения договоренностей о прекращении огня в гуманитарных целях и оказывать содействие доставке помощи под международным контролем, в том числе обеспечивая безопасность ее перевозки. Мы признаем, что проблемы беженцев, возникшие в результате этих конфликтов, требуют от всех нам сотрудничества. Мы заявляем о своей поддержке тех стран, на которые легла основная тяжесть проблемы беженцев, возникшей в результате этих конфликтов, и выражаем солидарность с этими странами. В этой связи мы признаем необходимость сотрудничества и согласованных действий.

(…)

20. Мы продолжаем развивать наши возможности в деле мирного урегулирования споров.

21. Наш подход основывается на всеобъемлющей концепции безопасности, впер- вые изложенной в Заключительном акте. Эта концепция устанавливает взаимо- связь между поддержанием мира и уважением прав человека и основных свобод. Она увязывает экономическую и экологическую солидарность и сотрудничество с мирными межгосударственными отношениями. Все это было необходимо для ослабления конфронтации и не утратило своего актуального значения для управ- ления процессом перемен сегодня.

(…)

26. Мы вновь выражаем безоговорочное осуждение всех актов, методов и прак- тики терроризма. Мы твердо намерены расширять сотрудничество с целью уст- ранения этой угрозы для безопасности, демократии и прав человека. В связи с

144 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1992 г.

этим мы примем меры для предотвращения на территории наших стран преступ- ной деятельности, осуществляемой в поддержку актов терроризма в других госу- дарствах. Мы будем поощрять обмен информацией в отношении террористи- ческой деятельности. По мере необходимости мы будем вести поиск эффектив- ных направлений дальнейшего сотрудничества. Мы также будем предпринимать необходимые шаги на национальном уровне для выполнения своих международ- ных обязательств в этой области.

27. Незаконный оборот наркотиков представляет опасность для стабильности наших общественных и демократических институтов. Мы будем совместными усилиями укреплять все виды двустороннего и многостороннего сотрудничества в борьбе против незаконного оборота наркотиков и других форм международной организованной преступности.

Хельсинкские решения I. Укрепление институтов и структур СБСЕ

(…)

Помощь действующему Председателю

(…)

Личные представители (22) При решении вопросов, связанных с кризисом или конфликтом, действую- щий Председатель может по собственному усмотрению назначить личного пред- ставителя с четким и конкретным мандатом для обеспечения поддержки. Дейс- твующий Председатель будет информировать КСДЛ о намерении назначить лич- ного представителя и о его мандате. В свои отчеты Совету/КСДЛ действующий Председатель будет включать информацию о деятельности личного представи- теля, а также любые замечания или рекомендации, представленные последним.

Верховный комиссар по делам национальных меньшинств (23) Совет назначит Верховного комиссара по делам национальных меньшинств. Верховный комиссар обеспечивает по возможности на самом раннем этапе “ран- нее предупреждение” и, в соответствующих случаях, “срочные действия” в отно- шении напряженных ситуаций, которые связаны с проблемами национальных меньшинств и которые потенциально способны перерасти в конфликт в регионе СБСЕ, затрагивающий мир, стабильность или отношения между государствами- участниками. Верховный комиссар будет использовать технические средства и возможности Бюро по демократическим институтам и правам человека (БДИПЧ) в Варшаве.

(…)

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 145 Хельсинки 1992 г.

Обзоры выполнения (26) Тщательный обзор выполнения обязательств по СБСЕ будет по-прежнему играть важную роль в деятельности СБСЕ, укрепляя тем самым сотрудничество между государствами-участниками.

(27) Обзоры выполнения будут проводиться регулярно на конференциях по обзору и на специальных совещаниях, созываемых для этой цели в БДИПЧ и ЦПК, а также в тех случаях, когда КСДЛ проводит заседания в качестве Экономи- ческого форума, как это предусмотрено в соответствующих документах СБСЕ.

(28) Эти обзоры выполнения будут носить характер совместной деятельности, будут всеобъемлющими по своему охвату и, в то же время, будут предоставлять возможность для рассмотрения конкретных проблем.

(29) Государствам-участникам будет предложено делать вклады, отражающие их опыт выполнения, с особым упором на встретившиеся в этой связи проблемы, а также сообщать свои мнения по вопросам выполнения в пределах всего региона СБСЕ. Государствам-участникам предлагается распространять материалы с опи- санием их вклада заблаговременно до проведения совещания.

(30) Обзоры должны предоставлять возможность определения действий, которые могут потребоваться для рассмотрения проблем. Совещания, на которых будет проводиться обзор выполнения, могут обращать внимание КСДЛ на любые пред- ложения по мерам, которые, по их мнению, было бы целесообразно предпринять для улучшения выполнения обязательств.

(…)

II. Верховный комиссар СБСЕ по делам национальных меньшинств

(1) Государства-участники принимают решение учредить пост Верховного комис- сара по делам национальных меньшинств.

Мандат (2) Верховный комиссар будет действовать под эгидой КСДЛ и, таким образом, способствовать предотвращению конфликтов по возможности на самом раннем этапе.

(3) Верховный комиссар будет обеспечивать, по возможности на самом раннем этапе, “раннее предупреждение” и, в соответствующих случаях, “срочные дейс- твия” в отношении связанных с проблемами национальных меньшинств напря- женных ситуаций, которые еще не вышли из стадии раннего предупреждения, но потенциально способны, по мнению Верховного комиссара, перерасти в кон- фликт в регионе СБСЕ, затрагивающий мир, стабильность или отношения между государствами-участниками, и требуют внимания и действий Совета или КСДЛ.

146 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1992 г.

(4) В рамках этого мандата, основанного на принятых в СБСЕ принципах и обя- зательствах, Верховный комиссар будет проводить работу конфиденциально и действовать независимо от всех сторон, непосредственно вовлеченных в такие напряженные ситуации.

(5а) Верховный комиссар будет рассматривать проблемы национальных мень- шинств, возникающие в том государстве, гражданином которого он является или на территории которого он постоянно проживает, а также проблемы, затрагиваю- щие национальное меньшинство, к которому он принадлежит, только при нали- чии согласия всех непосредственно причастных сторон, включая государство, о котором идет речь.

(5b) Верховный комиссар не будет рассматривать вопросы национальных мень- шинств в ситуациях, связанных с организованными актами терроризма.

(5с) Верховный комиссар не будет также рассматривать нарушения обязательств по СБСЕ в отношении отдельных лиц, принадлежащих к тому или иному нацио- нальному меньшинству.

(6) При рассмотрении той или иной ситуации Верховный комиссар будет в пол- ной мере учитывать наличие демократических средств и международных инстру- ментов для целей ее урегулирования, а также их использование заинтересован- ными сторонами.

(7) В тех случаях, когда до сведения КСДЛ доводится конкретный вопрос, каса- ющийся национального меньшинства, для подключения Верховного комиссара к рассмотрению данного вопроса потребуется соответствующая просьба и конк- ретный мандат от КСДЛ.

Общие сведения, назначение, поддержка (8) Пост Верховного комиссара будут занимать видные международные деятели с соответствующим обширным опытом, от которых можно ожидать беспристраст- ности в осуществлении порученных функций.

(9) Назначение Верховного комиссара будет производиться Советом на основе консенсуса по рекомендации КСДЛ на период в три года, который может быть продлен не более чем на один трехлетний срок.

(10) Верховный комиссар будет использовать технические средства и возмож- ности БДИПЧ в Варшаве и, в частности, имеющуюся в распоряжении БДИПЧ информацию по всем аспектам проблемы национальных меньшинств.

Раннее предупреждение (11) Верховный комиссар будет:

(11а) собирать и получать из источников, о которых говорится ниже (см. пункты (23)-(25) Дополнения), информацию по вопросам национальных меньшинств;

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(11b) осуществлять оценку, по возможности на самом раннем этапе, роли непос- редственно заинтересованных сторон, характера напряженности и связанных с ней последний событий, а также, когда это возможно, потенциальных последс- твий для мира и стабильности в регионе СБСЕ;

(11с) с этой целью иметь возможность посещать в соответствии с пунктом (17), а также пунктами (27)-(30) Дополнения любое из государств-участников и лично вступать в контакт, с учетом положений пункта (25), с непосредственно заинте- ресованными сторонами для получения из первых рук информации о положении национальных меньшинств.

(12) Во время посещения государства-участника при получении из первых рук информации от всех непосредственно участвующих сторон Верховный комиссар может обсуждать со сторонами соответствующие вопросы, и при необходимости содействовать диалогу, укреплению доверия и сотрудничеству между ними.

Обеспечение раннего предупреждения (13) Если на основе обменов сообщениями и контактов с соответствующими сто- ронами Верховный комиссар приходит к выводу о том, что налицо опасность потенциального конфликта (как это изложено в пункте (3)), он/она может высту- пить с ранним предупреждением, которое будет оперативно передано КСДЛ дейс- твующим Председателем.

(14) Действующий Председатель включит это раннее предупреждение в повес- тку дня следующей встречи КСДЛ. Если какое-либо из государств решит, что такое раннее предупреждение требует оперативного проведения консультаций, оно может прибегнуть к процедуре, изложенной в Приложении 2 Резюме выводов Берлинской встречи Совета (“Чрезвычайный механизм”).

(15) Верховный комиссар разъяснит КСДЛ причины обращения с ранним предуп- реждением.

Срочные действия (16) Верховный комиссар может рекомендовать предоставить ему/ей полномочия для установления дальнейших контактов и проведения более обстоятельных кон- сультаций с заинтересованными сторонами с целью поиска возможных решений согласно мандату, утверждаемому КСДЛ. КСДЛ может принять соответствующее решение.

Подотчетность (17) До поездки в какое-либо из государств-участников с целью рассмотре- ния напряженной ситуации, связанной с национальными меньшинствами, Вер- ховный комиссар проведет консультации с действующим Председателем. Дейс- твующий Председатель в конфиденциальном порядке проконсультируется с соответствующим(и) государством-участником (государствами-участниками), а также может провести более широкие консультации.

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(18) После посещения государства-участника Верховный комиссар представит действующему Председателю строго конфиденциальный отчет об установленных им фактах и ходе его работы по решению данного конкретного вопроса.

(19) После завершения своей работы над тем или иным конкретным вопросом Верховный комиссар представит действующему Председателю отчет об установ- ленных им фактах, результатах и выводах. В месячный срок действующий Пред- седатель в конфиденциальном порядке проведет с соответствующим(и) государс- твом-участником (государствами-участниками) консультации относительно уста- новленных фактов, результатов и выводов, а также может провести более широ- кие консультации. После этого отчет вместе с возможными замечаниями будет передан КСДЛ.

(20) Если Верховный комиссар придет к выводу, что ситуация перерастает в кон- фликт, либо сочтет, что возможности в плане приложения его усилий исчерпаны, он соответственно информирует об этом КСДЛ через действующего Председа- теля.

(21) В случае подключения КСДЛ к рассмотрению того или иного конкретного вопроса Верховный комиссар предоставит информацию, а также, по запросу, рекомендацию КСДЛ или любому другому учреждению или организации, кото- рым КСДЛ может предложить в соответствии с положениями главы III настоя- щего документа предпринять шаги в отношении данной напряженной ситуации или конфликта.

(22) Верховный комиссар при наличии соответствующей просьбы со стороны КСДЛ и с должным учетом требования о конфиденциальности осуществления его/ее мандата будет предоставлять информацию о своей деятельности на сове- щаниях СБСЕ по рассмотрению выполнения, посвященных вопросам человечес- кого измерения.

Дополнение

Источники информации по вопросам национальных меньшинств (23) Верховный комиссар может:

(23а) собирать и получать из любого источника, в том числе от средств массовой информации и неправительственных организаций, за исключением указанных в пункте (25), информацию о положении национальных меньшинств и роли при- частных к нему сторон;

(23b) получать конкретные доклады от непосредственно причастных сторон о событиях, связанных с вопросами национальных меньшинств. В их число могут входить доклады о нарушениях обязательств по СБСЕ в отношении националь- ных меньшинств, а также других нарушениях в связи с вопросами национальных меньшинств.

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(24) Такие конкретные доклады, направляемые Верховному комиссару, должны отвечать следующим требованиям:

• они должны быть представлены в письменном виде, адресованы лично Верхов- ному комиссару и подписаны, с указанием фамилии, имени и адреса полностью;

• они должны содержать фактический отчет о недавних, в основном произошед- ших не более года назад событиях, которые касаются положения лиц, прина- длежащих к национальным меньшинствам, а также роли причастных сторон. В докладах должна содержаться информация, которая может быть подкреплена достаточно убедительными фактами.

(25) Верховный комиссар не будет поддерживать контакты с любыми лицами или организациями, прибегающими к терроризму или насилию либо открыто подде- рживающими их, равно как и принимать представленные ими сообщения.

Непосредственно заинтересованные стороны (26) Непосредственно заинтересованными сторонами, вовлеченными в напря- женную ситуацию, которые могут представлять Верховному комиссару конкрет- ные доклады и с которыми Верховный комиссар будет стремиться лично всту- пить в контакт во время посещения государства-участника, являются:

(26а) правительства государств-участников, включая в соответствующих слу- чаях региональные и местные власти в районах проживания национальных мень- шинств;

(26b) представители ассоциаций, неправительственных организаций, религиоз- ных и других групп непосредственно заинтересованных и находящихся в районе напряженности национальных меньшинств, уполномоченные лицами, принадле- жащими к этим национальным меньшинствам, представлять их интересы.

Условия поездок Верховного комиссара (27) До осуществления намеченного посещения Верховный комиссар будет пре- доставлять соответствующему государству-участнику конкретную информацию о намеченной цели этого посещения. В двухнедельный срок соответствующее(ие) государство(а) проведет(ут) консультации с Верховным комиссаром в отношении задач этого посещения, которые могут включать содействие диалогу, укреплению доверия и сотрудничеству между сторонами. По прибытии Верховного комиссара соответствующее государство будет оказывать ему содействие в обеспечении бес- препятственных поездок и общения с учетом положений пункта (25), который приводится выше.

(28) Если соответствующее государство не предоставит Верховному комиссару возможность въезда в страну, а также беспрепятственного перемещения и обще- ния, то Верховный комиссар проинформирует об этом КСДЛ.

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(29) В ходе такого посещения, с учетом положений пункта (25), Верховный комис- сар может проводить консультации с участвующими сторонами и получать кон- фиденциально от любого из непосредственно заинтересованных лиц, групп или организаций информацию по вопросам, которыми занимается Верховный комис- сар. Верховный комиссар будет соблюдать конфиденциальный характер этой информации.

(30) Государства-участники будут воздерживаться от принятия каких-либо мер против лиц, организаций или учреждений по причине их контактов с Верховным комиссаром.

Верховный комиссар и участие экспертов (31) Верховный комиссар может решить запросить помощь не более чем трех экс- пертов, обладающих соответствующим специальным опытом и знаниями по кон- кретным вопросам, для решения которых требуются краткое специализирован- ное исследование и консультации.

(32) Если Верховный комиссар решит обратиться к экспертам, то он четко опреде- лит их мандат и сроки работы.

(33) Посещение экспертами государства-участника будет проходить исключи- тельно в то же время, что и его посещение Верховным комиссаром. Их мандат будет являться неотъемлемой частью мандата Верховного комиссара, а их поез- дки будут осуществляться на тех же условиях.

(34) Консультативные заключения и рекомендации, запрошенные у экспертов, будут представляться Верховному комиссару в конфиденциальном порядке, и он будет нести ответственность за деятельность и доклады экспертов и прини- мать решение о том, передавать ли консультативные заключения и рекоменда- ции заинтересованным сторонам, и если да, то в какой форме. Консультативные заключения и рекомендации не будут носить обязательного характера. Если Вер- ховный комиссар решит передать такие консультативные заключения и рекомен- дации заинтересованному(ым) государству(ам), то им будет предоставлена воз- можность высказать по ним свои соображения.

(35) Эксперты будут отбираться Верховным комиссаром при содействии БДИПЧ из списка кандидатов, составленного в БДИПЧ, как это предусмотрено в Доку- менте Московского совещания.

(36) В число экспертов не будут входить граждане заинтересованного государс- тва-участника или лица, постоянно проживающие на его территории, равно как и любое лицо, назначенное заинтересованным государством, или любой эксперт, в отношении которого этим государством-участником ранее высказывались ого- ворки. В число экспертов не будут входить собственные граждане этого государс- тва-участника или лица, постоянно проживающие на его территории, или же кто-либо из лиц, предложенных им для включения в список кандидатов, а также

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более одного гражданина конкретного государства или лица, постоянно прожи- вающего на территории любого конкретного государства.

Бюджет (37) БДИПЧ будет составлять отдельный бюджет, который будет предусматривать в соответствующих случаях материально-техническое обеспечение поездок и контактов. Финансирование бюджета будет осуществляться государствами-учас- тниками в соответствии с установленной шкалой распределения расходов СБСЕ. Конкретные положения будут проработаны Финансовым комитетом и утверж- дены КСДЛ.

(…)

IV. Отношения с международными организациями, отношения с неучаствующими государствами, роль неправительственных организаций (НПО)

(1) Стоящие перед СБСЕ новые задачи требуют более ясных отношений и более тесных контактов с международными организациями, в частности, с Организа- цией Объединенных наций и неучаствующими государствами. Вместе с тем, СБСЕ остается процессом, деятельность в рамках которого, выходя далеко за рамки официальных межправительственных отношений, охватывают граждан и обще- ства государств-участников. Для того, чтобы усилия по созданию прочного мир- ного и демократического порядка и по регулированию процесса перемен увенча- лись успехом, необходим более упорядоченный и содержательный вклад со сто- роны групп, отдельных лиц, государств и организаций, находящихся за рамками процесса СБСЕ.

С этой целью государства-участники постановили следующее:

Отношения с международными организациями (2) Государства-участники, вновь подтверждая провозглашенную ими привержен- ность Уставу Организации Объединенных наций, заявляют о своем понимании того факта, что СБСЕ представляет собой региональное соглашение по смыслу Главы VII Устава Организации Объединенных Наций и таким образом обеспе- чивает важную связь между безопасностью в Европе и во всем мире. Права и обя- занности Совета Безопасности Организации Объединенных Наций остаются в неизменном виде целиком и полностью.

(3) Ссылаясь на соответствующие решения Пражского документа, государства- участники будут улучшать связи и совершенствовать практическое сотрудничес- тво с соответствующими международными организациями.

(4) Соответственно они могут принять решение о привлечении вкладов междуна- родных организаций и институтов, упомянутых в Пражском документе, а также других сторон, в зависимости от каждого конкретного случая.

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(5) Этим организациям, институтам и другим сторонам при наличии соответс- твующего согласия может быть предложено присутствовать на встречах и семи- нарах СБСЕ в качестве почетных гостей, на столах которых будут устанавливаться соответствующие таблички.

(6) Они будут в полной мере использовать обмен информацией согласно пункту 44 Пражского документа.

Отношения с неучаствующими средиземноморскими государствами (7) С учетом положений Заключительного акта и других соответствующих доку- ментов СБСЕ и в соответствии со сложившейся практикой неучаствующим сре- диземноморским государствам будет по-прежнему предлагаться вносить вклад в деятельность СБСЕ.

(8) Меры по расширению сферы сотрудничества с неучаствующими средиземно- морскими государствами изложены в Главе Х.

Отношения с другими неучаствующими государствами (9) В соответствии с пунктом 45 Пражского документа государства-участники намереваются углублять свое сотрудничество и развивать прочные связи с неучаствующими государствами, например с Фпонией, проявляющими интерес к СБСЕ, поддерживающими его принципы и цели и активно участвующими в евро- пейском сотрудничестве в рамках соответствующих организаций.

(10) В этих целях Япония будет приглашена участвовать во встречах СБСЕ, вклю- чая встречи глав государств и правительств, встречи Совета СБСЕ, встречи Комитета старших должностных лиц и других соответствующих органов СБСЕ, посвященные рассмотрению конкретных вопросов расширения консультаций и сотрудничества.

(11) Не участвуя в подготовке и принятии решений, представители Японии могут вносить в такие встречи вклад в вопросах, к которым Япония проявляет непос- редственный интерес и/или в отношении которых желает проводить активное сотрудничество с СБСЕ.

Увеличение транспарентности в деятельности СБСЕ, содействие пониманию деятельности СБСЕ, усиление роли НПО (12) Государства-участники будут увеличивать транспарентность институтов и структур СБСЕ и обеспечивать широкое распространение информации об СБСЕ.

(13) С этой целью:

• действующий Председатель при поддержке Секретариата СБСЕ будет организо- вывать брифинги по вопросам процесса политических консультаций;

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• институты СБСЕ будут в пределах существующих бюджетов предоставлять общественности информацию и организовывать публичные брифинги о своей деятельности;

• Секретариат будет способствовать передаче информации средствам информа- ции и содействовать контактам с ними, учитывая при этом, что вопросы поли- тики СБСЕ остаются в сфере компетенции государств-участников.

(14) Государства-участники будут создавать возможности для более активного участия неправительственных организаций в деятельности СБСЕ.

(15) Они будут соответственно:

• применять ко всем встречам СБСЕ ранее согласованные руководящие при- нципы, касающиеся доступа НПО на определенные встречи СБСЕ;

• предоставлять НПО доступ на все пленарные заседания конференций по обзору, семинары, практикумы и встречи БДИПЧ, заседания КСДЛ в тех случаях, когда он собирается как Экономический форум, а также на совещания по рассмотре- нию выполнения обязательств в области прав человека и другие совещания экс- пертов. Кроме того, на каждой встрече может быть принято решение о допуске НПО на некоторые другие заседания;

• давать указания директорам институтов СБСЕ и исполнительным секретарям встреч СБСЕ назначать из числа своих сотрудников “ответственного за связь с НПО";

• назначать по мере необходимости одного из сотрудников своих министерств иностранных дел и одного из членов своих делегаций на встречах СБСЕ ответс- твенными за связь с НПО;

• развивать контакты и обмены мнениями между НПО и соответствующими национальными органами и правительственными учреждениями в период между встречами СБСЕ;

• способствовать проведению заседаний для неофициальных обсуждений между представителями государств-участников и НПО во время встреч СБСЕ;

• поощрять направление письменных представлений НПО институтам и встре- чам СБСЕ, названия которых могут сохраняться и предоставляться по запросу государствам-участникам;

• оказывать поддержку НПО, организующим семинары по вопросам, связанным с СБСЕ;

• уведомлять НПО через институты СБСЕ о сроках будущих встреч СБСЕ, указы- вая, в тех случаях, когда это возможно, предлагаемые для обсуждения вопросы,

154 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1992 г.

и предоставляя, при наличии запроса, информацию о случаях задействования механизмов СБСЕ, доведенных до сведения всех государств-участников.

(16) Приведенные выше положения не будут применяться к тем лицам или орга- низациям, которые применяют насилие, а также открыто поощряют терроризм или применение насилия.

(17) Государства-участники будут использовать все соответствующие средства для максимально возможно широкого распространения в рамках своих обществ знаний об СБСЕ, его принципах, обязательствах и деятельности.

(18) Будет изучена идея об учреждении Премии СБСЕ.

(…)

VI. Человеческое измерение

(1) Государства-участники провели полезный обзор выполнения обязательств по СБСЕ в области человеческого измерения. В своих обсуждениях они исходили из сложившейся в отношениях между ними новой общности ценностей, изложенных в Парижской хартии для новой Европы и развитых в результате установления в рамках СБСЕ в последние годы новых стандартов. Они отметили значительный прогресс в выполнении обязательств по человеческому измерению, однако при- знали, что произошли события, вызывающие серьезное беспокойство, и что, сле- довательно, необходимо дальнейшее улучшение положения дел.

(2) Государства-участники выражают свою твердую решимость обеспечить пол- ное уважение прав человека и основных свобод, действовать на основе закон- ности, проводить в жизнь принципы демократии и в этой связи создавать, укреп- лять и защищать демократические институты, а также развивать принципы тер- пимого отношения в масштабах всего общества. Для этого они будут расширять оперативную основу СБСЕ, в том числе путем дальнейшего укрепления БДИПЧ, с тем, чтобы позволить осуществлять более конкретный и наполненный реальным содержанием обмен информацией, идеями и озабоченностями, включая раннее предупреждение о возникновении напряженности и о потенциальных конфлик- тах. При этом они сосредоточат свое внимание на вопросах человеческого изме- рения, имеющих особое значение. Соответственно они будут постоянно следить за укреплением человеческого измерения, особенно в эпоху перемен.

(3) В этой связи государства-участники принимают следующее:

Концептуальная основа для наблюдения за выполнением обязательств по СБСЕ и содействия сотрудничеству в области человеческого измерения (4) В целях усиления процесса выполнения обязательств по СБСЕ и наблюдения за их выполнением, а также развития прогресса в области человеческого изме- рения государства-участники принимают решение укрепить концептуальную

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основу их сотрудничества и для осуществления этой задачи постановляют сле- дующее:

Усиление роли БДИПЧ (5) Действуя под общим руководством КСДЛ и в дополнение к своим существую- щим задачам, изложенным в Парижской хартии для новой Европы и в Пражском документе о дальнейшем развитии институтов и структур СБСЕ, БДИПЧ в качес- тве главного института в области человеческого измерения, будет:

(5а) оказывать помощь в наблюдении за выполнением обязательств в области человеческого измерения следующим образом:

• выступая в качестве места проведения двусторонних встреч в соответствии с пунктом 2, а также в качестве канала для обмена информацией в соответствии с пунктом 3 раздела по Механизму человеческого измерения, как он изложен в Итоговом документе Венской встречи;

• получая комментарии от государств, в которых побывали имеющие отношение к человеческому измерению миссии СБСЕ, не являющиеся миссиями в рамках Механизма человеческого измерения: Бюро будет направлять доклады таких миссий, а также возможные комментарии всем государствам-участникам, имея в виду их обсуждение на следующем совещании по рассмотрению выполнения или следующей конференции по обзору;

• принимая участие в миссиях или предпринимая их по поручению Совета или КСДЛ:

(5b) выступать в качестве центра информации:

• касающейся чрезвычайного положения, как это предусмотрено в пункте 28.10 Документа Московского совещания Конференции по человеческому измере- нию;

• касающейся списков кандидатов и помощи, например в области переписи насе- ления, или демократии на местном и региональном уровнях, а также проведе- ния национальных семинаров по этим вопросам;

(5с) оказывать помощь в других видах деятельности в области человеческого измерения, включая создание демократических институтов, следующим обра- зом:

• выполняя задачи, определенные в “Программе координированной помощи недавно принятым государствам-участникам";

• организуя “семинары по проблемам демократического процесса” в ответ на про- сьбы государств-участников. В отношении этих семинаров будут применяться

156 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1992 г.

те же процедурные положения, что и изложенные в “Программе координирован- ной помощи недавно принятым государствам-участникам";

• содействуя в рамках ресурсов, имеющихся в его распоряжении, подготовке семинаров по просьбе одного или нескольких государств-участников;

• предоставляя, при необходимости, технические средства и возможности Вер- ховному комиссару по делам национальных меньшинств;

• осуществляя, при необходимости, контакты с соответствующими международ- ными и неправительственными организациями;

• проводя консультации и сотрудничество с соответствующими органами Совета Европы и связанными с ним организациями, а также изучая вопрос о том, как они могут, при необходимости, способствовать деятельности БДИПЧ. БДИПЧ будет также по просьбе государств-участников пред оставлять им информацию об осуществляемых в рамках Совета Европы программах, открытых для всех государств-участников.

(6) Деятельность по вопросам человеческого измерения, осуществляемая БДИПЧ, может, в частности, способствовать раннему предупреждению в деле предотвра- щения конфликтов.

Механизм человеческого измерения (7) В целях приведения Механизма человеческого измерения в соответствие с существующими структурами и институтами СБСЕ государства-участники при- нимают следующее решение:

Любое из государств-участников, если оно считает это необходимым, может пре- доставить государствам-участникам через БДИПЧ, которое также может служить местом проведения двусторонних встреч в соответствии с пунктом 2, либо по дипломатическим каналам информацию о ситуациях и случаях, ставших пред- метом запросов по пунктам 1 и 2 главы Итогового документа Венской встречи, озаглавленной “Человеческое измерение СБСЕ”, или о результатах этих проце- дур. Такая информация может обсуждаться на встречах КСДЛ, совещаниях по рассмотрению выполнения, посвященных вопросам человеческого измерения, и конференциях по обзору.

(8) Процедуры, касающиеся покрытия расходов на миссии экспертов и доклад- чиков в рамках Механизма человеческого измерения, могут быть рассмотрены в свете накопленного опыта на следующей конференции по обзору.

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Выполнение Совещания по рассмотрению выполнения, посвященные вопросам человеческого измерения

(9) Каждый год, когда не будет проводиться конференция по обзору, БДИПЧ будет организовывать у себя в штаб-квартире трехнедельное совещание всех госу- дарств-участников на уровне экспертов для обзора выполнения обязательств по СБСЕ в области человеческого измерения. Это совещание будет выполнять следу- ющие задачи:

(9а) Проводить подробный обмен мнениями о выполнении обязательств в области человеческого измерения, включая обсуждение информации, представ- ленной в соответствии с пунктом 4 раздела по Механизму человеческого измере- ния, и тех аспектов докладов миссий СБСЕ, которые относятся к человеческому измерению, а также осуществлять рассмотрение путей и средств совершенство- вания процесса выполнения;

(9b) проводить оценку процедур наблюдения за выполнением обязательств.

(10) Совещание по рассмотрению выполнения может предложить вниманию КСДЛ меры, которые, по его мнению, необходимо принять для совершенствова- ния процесса выполнения.

(11) На совещании по рассмотрению выполнения согласованный документ подго- тавливаться не будет.

(12) Письменные вклады и информационные материалы будут предназначаться для общего или для ограниченного распространения в соответствии с указани- ями представившего их государства.

(13) Заседания совещаний по рассмотрению выполнения будут официальными и неофициальными. Все официальные заседания будут открытыми. Кроме того, государства-участники могут, в зависимости от каждого конкретного случая, принять решение о том, чтобы сделать открытыми неофициальные заседания.

(14) Совещания по рассмотрению выполнения будут предлагать Совету Европы, Европейской Комиссии “Демократия через закон”. Европейскому банку реконс- трукции и развития (ЕБРР), а также другим соответствующим международным организациям и учреждениям принять участие в заседаниях и внести вклад в их работу.

(15) Неправительственные организации, обладающие соответствующим опытом в области человеческого измерения, приглашаются делать письменные представ- ления, например через БДИПЧ, совещанию по рассмотрению выполнения и, с учетом их письменных представлений, могут быть приглашены совещанием сде- лать в соответствующих случаях устные заявления по конкретным вопросам.

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(16) В ходе совещания по рассмотрению выполнения будут выделены две поло- вины рабочего дня, когда официальные заседания проводиться не будут, чтобы предоставить дополнительные возможности для потенциальных контактов с НПО. С этой целью в месте проведения совещания в распоряжение НПО будет предоставляться зал.

Семинары по человеческому измерению СБСЕ

(17) Под общим руководством КСДЛ БДИПЧ будет организовывать семинары по человеческому измерению СБСЕ, посвященные рассмотрению конкретных воп- росов, имеющих непосредственное отношение к человеческому измерению и являющихся актуальными в политическом плане. КСДЛ будет принимать еже- годную программу работы семинаров, включая их названия и сроки проведения. Повестка дня и организационные условия каждого семинара будут утверждаться КСДЛ не позднее, чем за три месяца до его начала. При этом КСДЛ будет при- нимать во внимание мнения, высказанные БДИПЧ. В отсутствие иного решения семинары будут проводиться в штаб-квартире БДИПЧ, и их продолжительность будет составлять не более одной недели. Программа работы будет составляться с учетом работы соответствующих международных организаций и учреждений.

(18) Эти семинары будут организованы на принципах открытости и гибкости. Для участия в работе и внесения вклада на семинары могут быть приглашены соот- ветствующие международные организации и институты, а также НПО, имею- щие соответствующий опыт. Независимые эксперты, участвующие в работе семи- нара в качестве членов национальных делегаций, также будут иметь возможность выступить в личном качестве.

(19) Заседания на семинарах СБСЕ будут официальными и неофициальными. Все официальные заседания будут открытыми. Кроме того, государства-участники могут, в зависимости от каждого конкретного случая, принять решение о том, чтобы сделать открытыми неофициальные заседания.

(20) Согласованного документа либо программ дальнейших действий на семина- рах СБСЕ вырабатываться не будет.

(21) Вклады независимых экспертов будут предназначаться для общего распро- странения.

(22) Для скорейшего начала новой серии семинаров по человеческому измере- нию СБСЕ государства-участники принимают на Хельсинкской встрече в рам- ках дальнейших шагов решение о том, что БДИПЧ организует следующие четыре семинара:

• по проблемам миграции;

• по изучению конкретных проблем национальных меньшинств положительные результаты их решения;

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 159 Хельсинки 1992 г.

• по проблемам терпимости;

• по свободным средствам информации.

Эти семинары будут проведены до 31 декабря 1993 года. Повестка дня и условия проведения этих семинаров будут определены КСДЛ. Семинары по рабочим-миг- рантам и по вопросам местной демократии будут включены в первую годовую программу работы семинаров. КСДЛ будет держать в поле зрения вопросы, свя- занные с финансовыми последствиями осуществления программы семинаров.

Усиление обязательств и сотрудничества в области человеческого измерения Национальные меньшинства

Государства-участники

(23) Подтверждают самым решительным образом свое намерение выполнять без промедления и добросовестно все свои обязательства по СБСЕ, включая обяза- тельства, изложенные в Итоговом документе Венской встречи, Копенгагенском документе и Докладе Женевского совещания, в отношении вопросов, касающихся национальных меньшинств и прав принадлежащих к ним лиц.

(24) В этой связи они активизируют свои усилия по обеспечению свободного осу- ществления принадлежащими к национальным меньшинствам лицами, на инди- видуальной основе и совместно с другими, своих прав человека и основных сво- бод, включая право участвовать в полной мере в соответствии с демократичес- кими процедурами принятия решений каждого государства в политической, эко- номической, социальной и культурной жизни своих стран, в том числе на основе демократического участия в работе директивных и консультативных органов на национальном, региональном и местном уровнях, в частности, в рамках полити- ческих партий и ассоциаций.

(25) Будут продолжать изучение на основе усилий в одностороннем, двусторон- нем и многостороннем порядке дальнейших возможностей более эффективного выполнения своих соответствующих обязательств по СБСЕ, включая обязательс- тва, связанные с защитой и созданием условий для поощрения этнической, куль- турной, языковой и религиозной самобытности национальных меньшинств.

(26) Будут решать проблемы национальных меньшинств в конструктивном духе, мирными средствами и путем диалога между всеми заинтересованными сторо- нами на основе принципов и обязательств СБСЕ.

(27) Будут воздерживаться от практики переселения и осуждать все попытки осу- ществить переселение, прибегая к угрозе силой или ее применению, с целью изме- нения этнического состава районов в пределах их территорий.

160 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1992 г.

(28) Поручают БДИПЧ организовать весной 1993 года семинар СБСЕ в области человеческого измерения “Изучение конкретных проблем национальных мень- шинств: положительные результаты их решения”.

Коренное население

Государства-участники,

(29) Отмечая, что лица, принадлежащие к коренному населению, могут сталки- ваться с особыми проблемами при осуществлении своих прав, соглашаются, что их обязательства по СБСЕ в отношении прав человека и основных свобод в пол- ной мере и без дискриминации применимы к таким лицам.

Терпимость и недискриминация

Государства-участники

(30) Выражают свою обеспокоенность в связи с недавними вопиющими проявле- ниями нетерпимости, дискриминации, агрессивного национализма, ксенофобии, антисемитизма и расизма и подчеркивают важнейшую роль терпимости, взаимо- понимания и сотрудничества в деле создания и сохранения устойчивых демокра- тических обществ.

(…)

(32) Изучат возможности соблюдения Международной конвенции о ликвидации всех форм расовой дискриминации, если они еще не сделали этого.

(33) Изучат возможность принятия в рамках своих конституционных систем и в соответствии с их международными обязательствами соответствующих мер, которые обеспечивали бы для всех лиц, находящихся на их территории, защиту от дискриминации по расовым, этническим и религиозным признакам, а также защищали бы всех лиц, включая иностранцев, от актов насилия, в том числе по любому из этих признаков. Кроме того, они будут в полной мере использовать свои внутренние юридические процедуры, включая обеспечение соблюдения существующих законов в этом отношении.

(34) Изучат возможность разработки программ по созданию условий для разви- тия принципов недискриминации и углубления взаимопонимания между пред- ставителями различных культур, упор в рамках которых будет сделан на просве- тительскую деятельность в области прав человека, мероприятия, сориентирован- ные на рядовых граждан, а также на обучение и исследования в области культур- ного многообразия.

(35) Вновь подтверждают в этой связи необходимость разработки соответствую- щих программ, направленных на решение проблем их граждан, принадлежащих к общинам рома и другим группам, традиционно называемым цыганами, а также необходимость создания условий, в которых эти лица будут иметь равные воз-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 161 Хельсинки 1992 г.

можности в полной мере участвовать в жизни общества, и изучат пути сотрудни- чества для достижения этой цели.

Рабочие-мигранты

Государства-участники

(36) Вновь заявляют, что права человека и основные свободы являются всеоб- щими и что рабочие-мигранты также пользуются этими правами и свободами, независимо от места их проживания, а также подчеркивают важность выпол- нения всех обязательств по СБСЕ в отношении рабочих-мигрантов и их семей, законно проживающих на территории государств-участников.

(37) Будут способствовать созданию условий для развития более гармоничных отношений между рабочими-мигрантами и обществом государства-участника, в котором они законно проживают. С этой целью они будут, в частности, прини- мать меры, направленные на то, чтобы способствовать освоению рабочими-миг- рантами и их семьями языков и ознакомлению с общественной жизнью соот- ветствующего государства-участника, в котором они законно проживают, с тем, чтобы предоставить им возможность участвовать в жизни общества принимаю- щей страны.

(38) Будут в соответствии со своей внутренней политикой, своими внутренними законами и международными обязательствами стремиться в соответствующих случаях к созданию для законно проживающих и работающих рабочих-мигран- тов условий, способствующих обеспечению равных возможностей в том, что касается условий труда, образования, социального обеспечения и здравоохране- ния, обеспечения жильем, возможности участия в профсоюзной деятельности, а также культурных прав.

Беженцы и перемещенные лица

Государства-участники

(39) Выражают свою озабоченность в отношении проблемы беженщев и переме- щенных лиц.

(40) Указывают на важность предотвращения ситуаций, которые могут привести к массовым потокам беженщев и перемещенных лиц, и подчеркивают необходи- мость выявления и рассмотрения коренных причин перемещения и вынужден- ной миграции населения.

(41) Признают необходимость в международном сотрудничестве, направленном на решение проблем, связанных с массовыми потоками беженцев и перемещен- ных лиц.

162 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1992 г.

(42) Признают, что случаи перемещения часто являются результатом наруше- ний обязательств по СБСЕ, в том числе обязательств, связанных с человеческим измерением.

(43) Вновь подтверждают важность существующих международных стандартов и документов, касающихся защиты беженцев и оказания им помощи, и рассмотрят вопрос о присоединении к Конвенции о статусе беженцев и к Протоколу, если они еще не сделали этого.

(44) Признают важное значение деятельности Верховного комиссара Организа- ции Объединенных Наций по делам беженцев и Международного Комитета Крас- ного Креста, а также неправительственных организаций, занимающихся оказа- нием помощи, для обеспечения защиты беженцев и перемещенных лиц и оказа- ния им содействия.

(45) Приветствуют и поддерживают нацеленные на поиск долговременных реше- ний односторонние, двусторонние и многосторонние усилия по обеспечению защиты беженцев и перемещенных лиц и оказанию им помощи.

(…)

Международное гуманитарное право

Государства-участники

(47) Напоминают, что международное гуманитарное право основывается на неотъемлемом достоинстве человеческой личности.

(48) Будут при любых обстоятельствах уважать и обеспечивать уважение между- народного гуманитарного права, включая защиту гражданского населения.

(49) Напоминают, что те, кто нарушает международное гуманитарное право несут за свои действия личную ответственность.

(50) Признают существенно важную роль Международного Комитета Красного Креста в содействии осуществлению и развитию международного гуманитарного права, включая Женевские конвенции и их соответствующие Протоколы.

(51) Вновь подтверждают свое обязательство оказывать всемерную поддержку Международному Комитету Красного Креста, а также Обществам Красного Креста и Красного Полумесяца и организациям системы Организации Объеди- ненных наций, особенно в периоды вооруженных конфликтов, уважать их защит- ные эмблемы, предотвращать злоупотребление этими эмблемами и, когда это необходимо, прилагать все усилия для обеспечения доступа в соответствующие районы.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 163 Хельсинки 1992 г.

(52) Заявляют о приверженности выполнению своего обязательства вести про- светительскую деятельность и распространять информацию в отношении своих обязательств в рамках международного гуманитарного права.

Демократия на местном и региональном уровне

Государства-участники

(53) В целях усиления процесса демократического участия и становления инс- титутов и в порядке развития сотрудничества между собой будут стремиться к обмену их соответствующим опытом по проблемам функционирования демок- ратии на местном и региональном уровне, и в этой связи приветствуют деятель- ность информационной и просветительской сети Совета Европы в этой области.

(54) Будут содействовать контактам и поощрять различные формы сотрудничес- тва между соответствующими органами на местном и региональном уровнях.

Гражданство

Государства-участники

(55) Признают, что каждый человек имеет право на гражданство и что никто не может быть произвольно лишен своего гражданства.

(56) Подчеркивают, что все аспекты гражданства будут регулироваться законода- тельным процессом. При необходимости они будут принимать меры, соответс- твующие конституционному устройству их стран, с тем, чтобы число лиц без гражданства не увеличивалось.

(57) Будут продолжать обсуждение этих вопросов в рамках СБСЕ.

Смертная казнь

Государства-участники

(58) Подтверждают свои обязательства, содержащиеся в Копенгагенском и Мос- ковском документах, в отношении вопроса о смертной казни.

Свободные средства информации

Государства-участники

(59) Поручают БДИПЧ организовать семинар СБСЕ в области человеческого измерения, посвященный свободным средствам массовой информации, который состоит в 1993 году. Семинар должен будет способствовать обсуждениям, пока- зам, установлению контактов и обмену информацией между представителями государственных органов и работниками средств массовой информации.

164 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Хельсинки 1992 г.

Образование

Государства-участники,

(60) Учитывая важное значение образования для распространения идей демок- ратии, прав человека и демократического устройства, особенно в период пере- мен, будут приветствовать организацию Советом Европы с этой целью семинара “Образование: структуры, политика и стратегии”, открытого для всех государств- участников.

Сборник обязательств в области человеческого измерения

Государства-участники

(61) Приветствуют подготовку сборников существующих обязательств по СБСЕ в области человеческого измерения, призванную способствовать углублению понимания этих обязательств и таким образом их выполнению.

Руководящие принципы в области осуществления национального законодательства

Государства-участники

(62) Будут, при необходимости, способствовать разработке руководящих при- нципов для оказания содействия эффективному осуществлению национального законодательства по вопросам прав человека, относящимся к обязательствам по СБСЕ.

(…)

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 165 Документ третьей встречи Совета министров Стокгольм 1992 г.

Резюме выводов стокгольмской встречи Совета Формирование новой Европы: роль СБСЕ

(…)

Министры выразили неизменную решимость использовать СБСЕ для разви- тия прав человека, демократии, верховенства закона и экономической свободы в качестве основы мира, безопасности и стабильности в районе СБСЕ, а также пре- дотвращать, регулировать и разрешать конфликты в районе СБСЕ.

Министры осудили широкое применение силы в Европе, которое привело к даль- нейшему нарастанию насилия и ненависти. Они решительно высказались против продолжающихся грубых нарушений прав человека. Они выразили решимость противодействовать ширящимся проявлениям расизма, антисемитизма и всех форм нетерпимости в районе СБСЕ.

(…)

К важным аспектам стратегии СБСЕ относятся:

(…)

• акцентирование способности СБСЕ обеспечивать раннее предупреждение путем назначения Верховного комиссара по делам национальных меньшинств, который будет в полной мере располагать политической поддержкой всех госу- дарств-участников;

• активное использование миссий и представителей в порядке осуществления превентивной дипломатии для содействия развитию диалога и стабильности и в целях раннего предупреждения;

(…)

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 167 Стокгольм 1992 г.

• эффективное использование миссий и представителей в кризисных точках в рамках стратегии консультаций, переговоров и совместных действий с целью ограничения масштабов конфликтов, прежде чем они приобретут насильствен- ный характер;

• сотрудничество, в соответствующих случаях, с международными организаци- ями и отдельными государствами-участниками с целью обеспечить использова- ние широкого круга механизмов и процедур СБСЕ, включая поддержание мира;

• интенсификация усилий по устранению глубинных причин конфликтов с использованием всех аспектов человеческого измерения СБСЕ и с более пред- метным привлечением неправительственных организаций и отдельных граж- дан к работе СБСЕ;

• обеспечение того, чтобы все правительства отвечали друг перед другом за свои действия по отношению к их гражданам и соседним государствам и чтобы отде- льные лица несли личную ответственность за военные преступления и дейс- твия в нарушение международного гуманитарного права;

(…)

Решения (…)

2. СБСЕ как система общих ценностей

Принятая СБСЕ комплексная концепция безопасности непосредственно увязы- вает мир, безопасность и процветание с соблюдением прав человека и демократи- ческих свобод. Многие из нынешних проблем объясняются невыполнением обя- зательств и принципов СБСЕ.

Механизмы человеческого измерения СБСЕ все шире используются в качестве главной основы усилий СБСЕ по раннему предупреждению и предотвращению конфликтов. Их дальнейшее развитие и применение значительно укрепят спо- собность СБСЕ направлять свои усилия на коренные причины напряженности и совершенствовать свои механизмы раннего предупреждения о потенциально опасных ситуациях.

Министры приветствовали возросшую роль Бюро по демократическим институ- там и правам человека и назначение Верховного комиссара по делам националь- ных меньшинств в качестве особо полезных шагов в направлении более полного включения человеческого измерения в политические консультации и согласован- ные действия государств-участников. (…) Они выразили надежду, что недавно принятые государства-участники будут особо использовать возможности, предо- ставляемые этими институтами.

168 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Стокгольм 1992 г.

Выполнение обязательств в рамках СБСЕ имеет фундаментальное значение. Кон- троль за выполнением обязательств позволяет правительствам государств-учас- тников получать важнейшую информацию, на основе которой может осущест- вляться выработка политики. (…)

Министры выразили глубочайшую озабоченность недавними проявлениями агрессивного национализма, ксенофобии, антисемитизма, расизма и другими нарушениями прав человека. Нарушения международного гуманитарного права и принципов и обязательств в рамках СБСЕ, такие, как “этнические чистки” или массовая депортация, ставят под угрозу сохранение мира, безопасность и демок- ратию и являются недопустимыми. Они выразили уверенность в том, что СБСЕ и, в частности, Комитет старших должностных лиц и Верховный комиссар по делам национальных меньшинств должны уделять все большее внимание этим угрозам в отношении прав человека и основных свобод. КСДЛ представит Совету минис- тров доклад по этому вопросу на его следующей встрече, когда Совет будет рас- сматривать развитие событий.

Министры подчеркнули также важную роль, которую человеческое измерение СБСЕ должно играть в предотвращении конфликтов в более долгосрочном плане. Они указали на необходимость позитивных действий, нацеленных на развитие понимания, терпимости и превентивных действий на национальном и местном уровне. Они особо отметили значение прямых контактов между правительствен- ными и неправительственными экспертами посредством проведения ряда семи- наров по вопросам человеческого измерения, успешное начало чему было поло- жено Семинаром СБСЕ по проблемам терпимости (…)

Обостряющаяся проблема беженцев и перемещенных лиц является вопро- сом, вызывающим серьезную озабоченность всех государств-участников, осо- бенно удовлетворение основных человеческих потребностей. Министры выра- зили сожаление в связи с тяготами гражданского населения, наиболее пострадав- шего в результате подобных конфликтов, и обратились с призывом ко всем госу- дарствам-участникам внести вклад в согласованные усилия по разделению этого общего бремени. Правительства всех стран несут ответственность друг перед другом за свое поведение в отношении своих граждан и своих соседей. Отде- льные лица должны нести личную ответственность за военные преступления и действия в нарушение международного гуманитарного права.

(…)

3. Верховный комиссар по делам национальных меньшинств

Совет назначил г-на Макса ван дер Стула Верховным комиссаром СБСЕ по делам национальных меньшинств (ВКНМ) для укрепления потенциала СБСЕ в области раннего предупреждения и превентивной дипломатии. Верховный комиссар будет действовать в рамках мандата, изложенного в Хельсинкском документе. Министры высказались в поддержку Верховного комиссара и выразили готов-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 169 Стокгольм 1992 г.

ность сотрудничать с ним при решении стоящей перед ним сложной, но весьма важной задачи выявления на возможно более ранней стадии и сдерживания мас- штабов трений по вопросам, которые связаны с национальными меньшинствами и потенциально могут перерасти в конфликт в районе СБСЕ.

Министры призвали Верховного комиссара вести тщательное изучение потенци- альных районов напряженности, посещать любые государства-участники и про- водить широкие обсуждения на всех уровнях со сторонами, непосредственно вовлеченными в такие ситуации. В этой связи Верховный комиссар может обсуж- дать стоящие вопросы со сторонами и, в соответствующих случаях, содейство- вать развитию диалога, доверия и сотрудничества между ними на всех уровнях с целью содействовать достижению политических решений в соответствии с при- нципами и обязательствами, принятыми в рамках СБСЕ.

Министры обязались предоставлять Верховному комиссару имеющуюся в их рас- поряжении соответствующую информацию по вопросам национальных мень- шинств, полностью уважая независимость Верховного комиссара в соответствии с мандатом.

170 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения Документ четвертой встречи Совета министров Рим 1993 г.

СБСЕ и новая Европа – наша безопасность неделима (…)

Министры выразили глубокую озабоченность по поводу распространения угрозы миру и стабильности при сохранении кризисов, широких проявлений насилия и открытой конфронтации. Они решительно осудили все более частые случаи нару- шения прав человека и гуманитарного права, а также попытки насильственного захвата территорий со стороны некоторых стран. Необходимо в срочном порядке ослабить растущий поток беженцев и облегчить ужасные страдания людей, явля- ющиеся следствием вооруженных конфликтов. Министры вновь заявили о лич- ной ответственности лиц, виновных в преступлениях против человечности.

В то же время в некоторых частях региона СБСЕ происходит обнадеживающее укрепление прав человека, демократии и верховенства закона. Министры выра- зили удовлетворение в связи со все более широким проведением свободных выбо- ров и развитием демократических институтов, отмечаемым во многих государс- твах-участниках. Министры выразили намерение обеспечить со стороны СБСЕ соответствующую поддержку этих усилий.

(…)

Министры подчеркнули необходимость более широкого использования потенци- ала СБСЕ в области раннего предупреждения и превентивной дипломатии и боль- шей ориентации этой работы на аспект человеческого измерения. Они высоко оце- нили вклад Верховного комиссара по делам национальных меньшинств в укреп- ление этого потенциала. Они также с удовлетворением отметили возросшую роль Бюро по демократическим институтам и правам человека в вопросах человечес- кого измерения, а также вклад миссий СБСЕ в дело предотвращения конфликтов и регулирования кризисов. Дальнейшие усилия должны быть направлены на рас- ширение возможностей реагировать на потенциальные кризисы на раннем этапе.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 171 Рим 1993 г.

(…)

Для наполнения содержанием и придания направленности своим обязательс- твам министры согласовали программу действий, в основу осуществления кото- рой будут положены принятые ими сегодня решения.

Эти решения касаются, в частности, следующих вопросов.

(…)

(c) Роль Верховного комиссара по делам национальных меньшинств будет повы- шена.

(d) В процессе политических консультаций в рамках СБСЕ все в большей мере будет учитываться фактор человеческого измерения; будет осуществляться укрепление БДИПЧ.

(…)

(j) Будет укрепляться роль СБСЕ в борьбе с агрессивным национализмом, расиз- мом, шовинизмом, ксенофобией и антисемитизмом.

Решения римской встречи совета (…)

III. Верховный комиссар по делам национальных меньшинств

Учитывая тесную взаимосвязь между вопросами, касающимися национальных меньшинств и предотвращения конфликтов, министры предложили Верховному комиссару по делам национальных меньшинств (ВКНМ) продолжить свои усилия в рамках его мандата. Они признали, что ВКНМ является новаторским и эффек- тивным инструментом в области раннего предупреждения и превентивной дип- ломатии. Министры подчеркнули важность полного сотрудничества государств- участников с Верховным комиссаром, а также поддержки в деятельности по осу- ществлению предложенных им рекомендаций. Они приветствовали решение КСДЛ об увеличении ресурсов, выделяемых для ВКНМ.

IV. Человеческое измерение

1. Министры вновь заявили, что вопросы человеческого измерения являются основополагающими в принятой СБСЕ концепции всеобъемлющей безопас- ности. Они отметили, что в значительной части региона СБСЕ еще предстоит добиться более тщательного соблюдения обязательств в области человеческого измерения и выразили особую озабоченность тем, что гражданские лица по-пре- жнему становятся жертвами зверств в ходе продолжающихся конфликтов в реги- оне СБСЕ. С тревогой осознавая, что коренные причины напряженности кроются в исторических предрассудках, министры призвали предпринять усилия, в час-

172 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Рим 1993 г.

тности, в рамках просветительской деятельности, направленные на воспитание терпимости и осознание принадлежности к системе общих ценностей. Минис- тры особо отметили, что выполнение обязательств в области человеческого изме- рения должно занимать центральное место в усилиях СБСЕ по предотвращению конфликтов.

2. В этих целях министры решили укрепить механизмы предотвращения конф- ликтов и раннего предупреждения, существующие в области человеческого изме- рения СБСЕ. Они подчеркнули в этой связи необходимость расширения сотруд- ничества и координации действий с соответствующими международными орга- низациями, такими, как Совет Европы, а также с неправительственными органи- зациями.

Были приняты следующие решения:

3. Процесс политических консультаций и миссии СБСЕ

• В целях активизации диалога и конкретной деятельности в политической области в рамках человеческого измерения органы СБСЕ, ответственные за при- нятие решений, на регулярной основе будут рассматривать вопросы человечес- кого измерения; это рассмотрение будет неотъемлемой частью обсуждения про- блем европейской безопасности. БДИПЧ будет предоставлять ресурсы и инфор- мацию в интересах такого рассмотрения.

• В мандатах миссий СБСЕ, а также при дальнейшей деятельности на основе докладов миссий будет уделяться большее внимание вопросам человеческого измерения. С этой целью будет повышена роль БДИПЧ в подготовке миссий СБСЕ, в частности в том, что касается предоставления миссиям информации и рекомендаций на основе накопленных БДИПЧ знаний и опыта.

• В контексте предотвращения конфликтов и регулирования кризисов КСДЛ и Постоянный комитет СБСЕ будут в зависимости от случая рассматривать воп- рос о массовой миграции, а именно о перемещенных лицах и беженцах, с учетом роли других соответствующих международных органов.

4. Бюро по демократическим институтам и правам человека

Министры приняли решение об усилении роли и активизации деятельности БДИПЧ. В частности, БДИПЧ в соответствии со своим мандатом активизирует деятельность в следующих областях:

• создание расширенного банка данных об экспертах в областях, связанных с человеческим измерением. К государствам-участникам и неправительственным организациям обращается просьба информировать БДИПЧ о наличии экспер- тов в областях, связанных с человеческим измерением;

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 173 Рим 1993 г.

• укрепление роли БДИПЧ во всеобъемлющем наблюдении за процессом выбо- ров;

• углубление сотрудничества с соответствующими международными организаци- ями в целях координации деятельности и определения возможных областей для совместных усилий;

• получение информации от НПО, обладающих соответствующим опытом в области человеческого измерения;

• выполнение роли контактного пункта для получения информации, предостав- ляемой государствами-участниками в соответствии с обязательствами в рамках СБСЕ;

• распространение общей информации в области человеческого измерения и меж- дународного гуманитарного права.

Министры постановили, что для выполнения БДИПЧ своих новых задач ему необходимо выделить дополнительные ресурсы. Они обратились к КСДЛ с про- сьбой рассмотреть вопрос о финансовых и административных последствиях вышеупомянутого укрепления БДИПЧ.

5. Совершенствование Московского механизма

Признавая роль Московского механизма как важного межправительственного средства для осуществления намеченных мероприятий в области человеческого измерения, министры договорились повысить его эффективность и активизиро- вать его использование путем расширения списка кандидатов и сокращения сро- ков, предусмотренных механизмом. Кроме того, Постоянный комитет СБСЕ будет уполномочен приводить этот механизм в действие, а также предпринимать даль- нейшие шаги на основе докладов, подготовленных докладчиками. С этой целью было решено предусмотреть для механизма необходимые изменения в соответс- твии с Приложением А.

6. Деятельность по итогам Совещания по рассмотрению выполнения, посвящен- ного вопросам человеческого измерения, и семинаров по человеческому измере- нию

• Министры отметили важное значение результатов первого Совещания по рас- смотрению выполнения, посвященного вопросам человеческого измерения, а также проведенных семинаров в области человеческого измерения. Результаты Совещания по рассмотрению выполнения, посвященного вопросам человечес- кого измерения, получили высокую оценку, и КСДЛ, а также Постоянному коми- тету СБСЕ было поручено рассмотреть вопрос о соответствующих дальнейших шагах.

• Поставлена цель активизировать предпринимаемую политическими органами СБСЕ деятельность во исполнение положений резюме выводов совещаний и

174 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Рим 1993 г.

семинаров в области человеческого измерения. БДИПЧ предлагается в консуль- тации с заинтересованными государствами-участниками представить новые предложения о соответствующих действиях в рамках дальнейших шагов, выте- кающие из итогов семинаров в области человеческого измерения, для рассмот- рения на предстоящих встречах КСДЛ или Постоянного комитета.

• Министры дали высокую оценку работе, проделанной на семинаре по сво- бодным средствам информации, в целях поддержки творчески независимых средств радио- и телевещания и свободной прессы. Они вновь заявили о своем намерении защищать свободу выражения мнений, являющуюся одним из основ- ных прав человека, и подчеркнули необходимость в независимых средствах информации для обеспечения свободы и открытости общества. В этих целях министры приняли решение о необходимости лучшего использования механиз- мов СБСЕ в области человеческого измерения для содействия развитию откры- тых и разнообразных средств информации, в том числе изучения соответствую- щих возможностей миссий СБСЕ.

• До будапештской Конференции по обзору будут проведены семинары в области человеческого измерения по вопросам рабочих-мигрантов, демократии на мес- тном уровне и, если позволят время и ресурсы БДИПЧ, по проблемам народ- ности рома в регионе СБСЕ. Следует рассмотреть и другие темы, поднятые в ходе Совещания по рассмотрению выполнения, посвященного вопросам чело- веческого измерения, на предмет их включения в программу семинаров на 1995 год и последующий период.

(…)

VIII. Интеграция недавно принятых государств-участников

(…)

2. Министры особо отметили важность человеческого измерения в деле даль- нейшей интеграции недавно принятых государств-участников. Министры выра- зили надежду на то, что, хотя многие из недавно принятых государств-участников переживают сейчас трудный период политических и экономических преобразова- ний, они сделают все от них зависящее для обеспечения выполнения в этих стра- нах всех принципов и обязательств, принятых в рамках СБСЕ, и в период кри- зиса. Они высоко оценили роль БДИПЧ в содействии развитию демократичес- ких институтов в недавно принятых государствах-участниках. Они предложили БДИПЧ активизировать свои усилия по определению и осуществлению проектов сотрудничества с этими государствами в рамках Программы координированной помощи. Они также отметили важный вклад организованных БДИПЧ семинаров по человеческому измерению в углубление понимания проблем, возникающих в процессе интеграции. Они пришли к согласию относительно важности полней- шего использования опыта, накопленного на таких семинарах.

(…)

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 175 Рим 1993 г.

X. Декларация об агрессивном национализме, расизме, шовинизме, ксенофобии и антисемитизме

1. Напоминая о своих решениях, принятых на стокгольмской Встрече Совета, министры с глубокой озабоченностью отметили растущие проявления агрессив- ного национализма, такие, как территориальный экспансионизм, а также расизм, шовинизм, ксенофобия и антисемитизм. Они прямо противоречат принципам и обязательствам, принятым в рамках СБСЕ.

2. Министры также отметили, что эти явления могут привести к проявлению насилия, стремлению к отделению с применением силы и к раздорам на этничес- кой почве, а в наихудших случаях к варварской практике массовых депортаций, этнических чисток и насилию в отношении невинных гражданских лиц.

3. Агрессивный национализм, расизм, шовинизм, ксенофобия и антисемитизм создают обстановку этнической, политической и социальной напряженности в государствах и в отношениях между ними. Они также подрывают международ- ную стабильность и предпринимаемые во всем мире усилия с целью прочного закрепления всеобщих прав человека.

4. Министры сосредоточили внимание на необходимости срочных действий с целью прочного обеспечения строгого соблюдения норм международного гума- нитарного права, включая преследование и наказание виновных в военных пре- ступлениях и в других преступлениях против человечества.

5. Министры согласились с тем, что СБСЕ должно играть важную роль в этих усилиях. Ясные стандарты поведения, отраженные в обязательствах СБСЕ, вклю- чают активную поддержку обеспечения равных прав каждого человека в соот- ветствии с международным правом, а также защиты национальных меньшинств.

6. Министры постановили уделять этому вопросу первоочередное внимание в рамках деятельности СБСЕ и в этой связи решили:

• поручить Постоянному комитету изучить вопрос о возможных последующих шагах;

• предложить Верховному комиссару по делам национальных меньшинств в связи с его мандатом уделить особое внимание всем аспектам агрессивного национа- лизма, расизма, шовинизма, ксенофобии и антисемитизма;

• предложить БДИПЧ обратить особое внимание на подобные явления и по мере необходимости использовать ресурсы для решения этих проблем.

(…)

176 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Рим 1993 г.

Приложение A В процедуры, изложенные в пунктах 3, 7, 11, 13 и 14 Документа Московского сове- щания Конференции по человеческому измерению СБСЕ 1991 года, вносятся изменения; эти положения изложены в следующих формулировках (все измене- ния выделены подчеркиванием):

(3) В институте СБСЕ без задержек будет составлен список кандидатов, включа- ющий до трех экспертов от каждого государства-участника. В качестве экспер- тов должны выступать известные специалисты, – в том числе, при возможности, обладающие опытом в вопросах, связанных с национальными меньшинствами, – желательно имеющие опыт в области человеческого измерения, которые могли бы беспристрастно выполнять свои функции.

Эксперты назначаются на срок от трех до шести лет по усмотрению назначающего государства, при этом ни один эксперт не может выполнять свои функции более двух сроков подряд. В течение четырех недель после уведомления институтом СБСЕ о назначении любое государство-участник может сделать оговорки в отно- шении не более чем двух экспертов, подлежащих назначению другим государс- твом-участником. В этом случае назначающее государство может в течение четы- рех недель с момента уведомления об этих оговорках пересмотреть свое реше- ние и назначить другого эксперта или экспертов; если же оно подтвердит перво- начально намеченное назначение, то соответствующий эксперт не может прини- мать участие в каких-либо процедурах в отношении сделавшего оговорку госу- дарства без прямого согласия такого государства.

Использование списка кандидатов начинается после назначения 45 экспертов.

(7) Миссия экспертов как можно скорее представляет свои соображения пригла- шающему государству, желательно в течение трех недель после образования мис- сии. Приглашающее государство направляет соображения миссии наряду с изло- жением любых мер, которые оно приняло или намеревается принять по этому вопросу, другим государствам-участникам через институт СБСЕ не позднее чем через две недели после представления соображений.

Эти соображения и любые замечания приглашающего государства могут обсуж- даться Комитетом старших должностных лиц, который может рассмотреть воп- рос о любых возможных последующих мерах.

Конфиденциальный характер соображений и замечаний сохраняется до тех пор, пока они не будут доведены до сведения старших должностных лиц. До распро- странения соображений и любых замечаний не может быть назначена другая мис- сия экспертов по тому же вопросу.

(11) Докладчик(и) СБСЕ устанавливают факты, составляют по ним доклад и могут давать рекомендации относительно возможных решений поднятого воп- роса. Доклад докладчика (докладчиков), содержащий изложение фактов, предло-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 177 Рим 1993 г.

жения или рекомендации, представляется соответствующему государству-учас- тнику или соответствующим государствам-участникам и, если все соответс- твующие государства не договорятся об ином, институту СБСЕ не позднее чем через две недели после назначения последнего докладчика. Запрашиваемое госу- дарство представляет институту СБСЕ любые соображения по докладу, если все соответствующие государства не договорятся об ином, не позднее чем через две недели после его представления.

Институт СБСЕ без задержек направляет доклад, а также любые соображения запрашиваемого или любого другого государства-участника всем государствам- участникам. Вопрос о докладе будет включен в повестку дня следующего очеред- ного заседания Комитета старших должностных лиц или Постоянного комитета СБСЕ, которые могут принять решение о любых возможных последующих дейс- твиях. Конфиденциальный характер доклада сохраняется до завершения этого заседания Комитета. До распространения доклада по тому же вопросу не может быть назначено других докладчиков.

(13) По просьбе любого государства-участника Комитет старших должностных лиц или Постоянный комитет СБСЕ может принять решение об образовании миссии экспертов или докладчиков СБСЕ. В этом случае Комитет также опреде- ляет, будут ли применяться соответствующие положения предшествующих пун- ктов.

(14) Государство-участник или государства-участники, обратившиеся с просьбой об образовании миссии экспертов или докладчиков, оплачивают расходы этой миссии. В случае назначения экспертов или докладчиков во исполнение решения Комитета старших должностных лиц или Постоянного комитета СБСЕ расходы оплачиваются государствами-участниками в соответствии с обычной шкалой распределения расходов. Обзор этих процедур будет произведен на Хельсинк- ской встрече в рамках дальнейших шагов СБСЕ.

178 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения Будапештский документ: на пути к подлинному партнерству в новую эпоху (Встреча на высшем уровне) Будапешт 1994 г.

Декларация будапештской встречи на высшем уровне (…)

7. (…) Демократические ценности СБСЕ имеют основополагающее значение для реализации нашей цели построения сообщества наций, свободного как от ста- рых, так и от новых разделительных линий, в котором в полной мере уважаются суверенное равенство и независимость всех государств, не существует никаких сфер влияния и принимаются энергичные меры по защите прав человека и основ- ных свобод для всех людей независимо от расы, цвета кожи, пола, языка, религии, социального происхождения или принадлежности к какому либо меньшинству.

(…)

14. Мы подтверждаем важную роль человеческого измерения во всех видах деятельности СБСЕ. Уважение прав человека и основных свобод, демокра- тии и верховенства закона является необходимым компонентом безопасности и сотрудничества в регионе СБСЕ. Оно должно оставаться одной из главных целей деятельности СБСЕ. Чрезвычайно важное значение в области человечес- кого измерения имеют периодические обзоры выполнения наших обязательств, с самого начала играющие кардинальную роль в СБСЕ. Бюро по демократическим институтам и правам человека, возможности которого будут расширены, продол- жит оказание содействия государствам-участникам, особенно тем, которые нахо- дятся на переходном этапе. Мы подчеркиваем важность контактов между людьми в преодолении наследия былых расколов.

(…)

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 179 Будапешт 1994 г.

Будапештские решения I. Укрепление СБСЕ

1. Начавшаяся новая эпоха безопасности и сотрудничества в Европе принесла с собой коренные изменения в СБСЕ и резкое возрастание его роли в формирова- нии нашего общего пространства безопасности. Этот факт найдет отражение в новом названии СБСЕ, которое отныне будет именоваться Организацией по безо- пасности и сотрудничеству в Европе (ОБСЕ). Это новое название будет использо- ваться с 1 января 1995 года. Начиная с этой даты все упоминания о СБСЕ будут рассматриваться как упоминания об ОБСЕ.

(…)

3. Главы государств и правительств постановили, что в дальнейшем роль и функ- ции СБСЕ будут заключаться, в частности, в том, чтобы:

(…)

5. - обеспечивать полное выполнение всех обязательств, принятых в рамках СБСЕ;

(…)

11. - развивать и далее деятельность СБСЕ в сфере прав человека и основных сво- бод, а также в других областях человеческого измерения;

(…)

14. Деятельность СБСЕ по достижению этих целей будет строиться следующим образом.

15. Следующая Встреча глав государств и правительств состоится в 1996 году в Лиссабоне; ей будет предшествовать подготовительное совещание. На Встрече будет принято решение о частоте проведения дальнейших встреч на высшем уровне.

16. Совет министров (ранее Совет СБСЕ) в качестве центрального руководящего органа СБСЕ, ответственного за принятие решений, будет собираться на свои встречи на уровне министров иностранных дел, как правило, незадолго до окон- чания срока полномочий каждого Председателя.

17. Руководящий совет (РС, который заменит собой Комитет старших должност- ных лиц) будет собираться на свои встречи в Праге как минимум два раза в год. Дополнительная его встреча будет проводиться перед встречей Совета минис- тров. Руководящий совет будет обсуждать и формулировать руководящие при- нципы в области политики и общего планирования бюджета. Желательно, чтобы государства-участники были представлены в нем на уровне директоров полити-

180 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Будапешт 1994 г.

ческих департаментов или на соответствующем ему уровне. Руководящий совет будет также созываться в качестве Экономического форума.

18. Постоянный совет (ранее Постоянный комитет) будет на регулярной основе заниматься проведением политических консультаций и принятием решений. Он также может созываться при возникновении чрезвычайных обстоятельств. В состав Совета будут входить постоянные представители государств-участников, а его заседания будут проводиться в Вене.

19. Общее руководство оперативной деятельностью останется за действующим Председателем (ДП). Он будет по прежнему в полной мере использовать свои полномочия, в том числе посредством направления личных представителей. Действующий Председатель будет опираться на помощь Тройки. Срок полномо- чий Председателя будет составлять, как правило, один календарный год.

20. Генеральный секретарь будет продолжать в полной мере использовать свой мандат и в порядке оказания поддержки ДП будет более активно участвовать во всех аспектах управления деятельностью СБСЕ. Он принимает участие во встре- чах Тройки на уровне министров.

21. Будет оказываться поддержка дальнейшей деятельности Верховного комис- сара по делам национальных меньшинств, а объем выделяемых на его нужды ресурсов будет увеличен. Государства-участники будут активизировать свои уси- лия по выполнению его рекомендаций.

22. Постоянный совет будет оказывать политическую поддержку миссиям СБСЕ в их работе и принимать решения о соответствующих дальнейших шагах. Для обеспечения выполнения миссиями своих задач государства-участники будут выделять необходимые людские и финансовые ресурсы.

23. Бюро СБСЕ по демократическим институтам и правам человека будет укреп- ляться в качестве органа, играющего важную роль в деятельности СБСЕ.

24. Действующий Председатель будет продолжать поддерживать тесные кон- такты и активный диалог с Парламентской ассамблеей (ПА). Он будет выносить рекомендации ПА на рассмотрение Постоянного совета и информировать ПА о деятельности СБСЕ.

25. Существующий порядок обзора выполнения всех обязательств по СБСЕ будет сохранен. Совещание по обзору, созываемое перед каждой Встречей на высшем уровне, будет проводиться в Вене.

(…)

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 181 Будапешт 1994 г.

IV. Кодекс поведения, касающийся военно-политических аспектов безопасности

Преамбула

Государства-участники Совещания по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе (СБСЕ),

признавая необходимость расширять сотрудничество в области безопасности, в том числе путем дальнейшего поощрения соблюдения норм ответственного и основанного на сотрудничестве поведения в области безопасности,

подтверждая, что ничто в настоящем Кодексе не уменьшает актуальности и при- менимости целей и принципов Устава Организации Объединенных Наций или других положений международного права,

вновь подтверждая, что руководящие принципы и общие ценности, которые опре- делены в хельсинкском Заключительном акте, Парижской хартии и в Хельсинк- ском документе 1992 года и которые воплощают обязательства государств друг перед другом и правительств перед своими народами, равно как и другие обяза- тельства по СБСЕ ни в чем не утратили своей силы,

приняли следующий Кодекс поведения, касающийся военно-политических аспек- тов безопасности.

I 1. Государства-участники подчеркивают, что полное уважение всех принципов СБСЕ, воплощенных в хельсинкском Заключительном акте, а также добросовес- тное выполнение всех обязательств, принятых в рамках СБСЕ, имеют основопо- лагающее значение для стабильности и безопасности, и следовательно представ- ляют непосредственный и законный интерес для всех государств-участников.

2. Государства-участники подтверждают неизменную актуальность своей всеобъ- емлющей концепции безопасности, впервые изложенной в Заключительном акте, которая устанавливает взаимосвязь между поддержанием мира и уважением прав человека и основных свобод. Она увязывает экономическое и экологическое сотрудничество с мирными межгосударственными отношениями.

(…)

II 6. Государства-участники никоим образом не будут поддерживать террористи- ческие акты и будут принимать надлежащие меры для предотвращения терро- ризма и борьбы с ним во всех его формах. Они будут в полном объеме сотрудни- чать в борьбе против той угрозы, которую представляет собой террористическая деятельность, путем выполнения положений согласованных ими международно правовых документов и обязательств на этот счет. Они, в частности, будут пред-

182 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Будапешт 1994 г.

принимать шаги по выполнению требований международных соглашений, нала- гающих на них обязательства по судебному преследованию или выдаче террорис- тов.

(…)

VI 17. Государства-участники обязуются сотрудничать, в том числе путем создания здоровых экономических и экологических условий, в целях противодействия росту напряженности, способной привести к конфликту. К источникам такой напряженности относятся нарушения прав человека и основных свобод, а также других обязательств в области человеческого измерения; миру и безопасности также угрожают проявления агрессивного национализма, расизма, шовинизма, ксенофобии и антисемитизма.

18. Государства-участники подчеркивают важность раннего выявления потенци- альных конфликтов, а также своих совместных усилий в области предотвраще- ния конфликтов, регулирования кризисов и мирного урегулирования споров.

19. В случае вооруженного конфликта они будут стремиться содействовать реаль- ному прекращению военных действий и стараться создать условия, благоприят- ные для политического урегулирования конфликта. Они будут сотрудничать в оказании поддержки акциям гуманитарной помощи, направленным на облегче- ние страданий гражданского населения, включая содействие передвижению пер- сонала и ресурсов, выделенных для этих целей.

VII 20. Государства-участники рассматривают демократический политический кон- троль над военными и военизированными силами, силами внутренней безопас- ности, а также разведывательными службами и полицией как незаменимый эле- мент стабильности и безопасности. Они будут содействовать интеграции своих вооруженных сил с гражданским обществом в качестве важного проявления демократии.

21. Каждое государство-участник будет постоянно обеспечивать и поддержи- вать эффективное руководство и контроль над своими военными и военизиро- ванными силами и силами безопасности со стороны конституционно учрежден- ных органов власти, обладающих демократической легитимностью. Каждое госу- дарство-участник будет создавать рычаги, позволяющие обеспечить выполнение такими органами возложенных на них конституционных и правовых обязаннос- тей. Государства-участники будут четко определять функции и задачи таких сил, а также их обязанность действовать исключительно в конституционных рамках.

22. Каждое государство-участник будет предусматривать утверждение своим законодательным органом расходов на оборону. Каждое государство-участник, должным образом учитывая требования национальной безопасности, будет про-

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являть сдержанность в своих военных расходах и обеспечивать транспарент- ность и открытый доступ к информации, касающейся вооруженных сил.

23. Каждое государство-участник, предоставляя каждому военнослужащему воз- можность осуществлять свои гражданские права, будет обеспечивать, чтобы его вооруженные силы как таковые сохраняли политический нейтралитет.

24. Каждое государство-участник будет предусматривать и сохранять в силе меры предотвращения случайного или несанкционированного использования военных средств.

25. Государства-участники не будут допускать существования сил, неподотчет- ных их конституционно учрежденным органам власти или не контролируемых ими, и не будут поддерживать такие силы. В случае если государство-участник не в состоянии осуществлять свою власть в отношении таких сил, оно может обра- титься с просьбой о проведении консультаций в рамках СБСЕ для рассмотрения необходимых мер.

26. Каждое государство-участник будет в соответствии со своими международ- ными обязательствами обеспечивать, чтобы его военизированные силы возде- рживались от приобретения способностей к выполнению боевых задач, выходя- щих за рамки тех, для которых были созданы эти силы.

27. Каждое государство-участник будет обеспечивать, чтобы набор или призыв личного состава на службу в его военных и военизированных силах и силах безо- пасности осуществлялся в соответствии с его правовыми и иными обязательс- твами в отношении прав человека и основных свобод.

28. Государства-участники будут отражать в своих законах или других соответс- твующих документах права и обязанности личного состава вооруженных сил. Они рассмотрят вопрос о введении практики освобождения от военной службы или прохождения альтернативной службы.

29. Государства-участники будут широко распространять в своих странах доку- менты международного гуманитарного права, касающегося военных действий. Они в соответствии со своей национальной практикой будут отражать свои обя- зательства в этой области в своих военных учебных программах и правилах.

30. Каждое государство-участник будет обеспечивать, чтобы личный состав его вооруженных сил был ознакомлен с положениями международного гуманитар- ного права, международными гуманитарными правилами, нормами и обязатель- ствами, касающимися вооруженных конфликтов, а также осведомлен о том, что он несет индивидуальную ответственность согласно национальному законода- тельству и международному праву за свои действия.

31. Государства-участники будут обеспечивать, чтобы личный состав вооружен- ных сил, наделенный командными полномочиями, осуществлял их согласно

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соответствующему национальному законодательству и международному праву, а также чтобы он был осведомлен о том, что в соответствии с этими правовыми нормами он может привлекаться к индивидуальной ответственности за про- тивозаконное осуществление таких полномочий и что приказы, противореча- щие национальному законодательству и международному праву, отдаваться не должны. Ответственность вышестоящих лиц ни в коей мере не освобождает под- чиненных от их собственной индивидуальной ответственности.

32. Каждое государство-участник будет обеспечивать, чтобы личный состав воен- ных и военизированных сил и сил безопасности мог пользоваться правами чело- века и основными свободами и осуществлять их, как они отражены в документах СБСЕ и международном праве, согласно соответствующим конституционным и правовым положениям и требованиям службы.

33. Каждое государство-участник будет обеспечивать принятие соответствующих административно-правовых процедур для защиты прав личного состава всех его сил.

VIII 34. Каждое государство-участник будет обеспечивать, чтобы в условиях как мир- ного, так и военного времени руководство, укомплектование личным составом, подготовка и оснащение его вооруженных сил отвечали положениям междуна- родного права и его соответствующим правовым и иным обязательствам, каса- ющимся использования вооруженных сил в ходе вооруженного конфликта, вклю- чая, когда это применимо, Гаагские конвенции 1907 и 1954 годов, Женевские кон- венции 1949 года и дополнительные протоколы 1977 года к ним, а также Конвен- цию 1980 года о применении некоторых видов обычного оружия.

35. Каждое государство-участник будет обеспечивать, чтобы его политика и доктрина в области обороны не противоречили международно-правовым нор- мам, касающимся использования вооруженных сил, в том числе в ходе воору- женного конфликта, а также соответствующим обязательствам, содержащимся в настоящем Кодексе.

36. Каждое государство-участник будет обеспечивать, чтобы любое решение о направлении его вооруженных сил для выполнения задач в области внутренней безопасности принималось в соответствии с конституционными процедурами. В таких решениях будут определяться задачи, поставленные перед вооружен- ными силами, и будет обеспечиваться, чтобы эти задачи выполнялись под эффек- тивным контролем конституционно учрежденных органов власти и с соблюде- нием принципа верховенства закона. В случае если задачи в области внутренней безопасности не могут быть выполнены без применения силы, каждое государс- тво участник будет обеспечивать, чтобы ее применение было соизмеримо с име- ющейся потребностью в принудительных действиях. Вооруженные силы будут принимать должные меры с тем, чтобы избегать нанесения ущерба гражданским лицам или их имуществу.

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37. Государства-участники не будут использовать вооруженные силы в целях огра- ничения мирного и законного осуществления прав человека и гражданских прав лицами, действующими в личном качестве либо в качестве представителей групп, или в целях лишения этих лиц их национальной, религиозной, культурной, язы- ковой или этнической самобытности.

IX 38. Каждое государство-участник несет ответственность за соблюдение настоя- щего Кодекса. В случае поступления соответствующей просьбы государство-учас- тник будет предоставлять надлежащие разъяснения относительно выполнения им положений Кодекса. Соответствующие органы, механизмы и процедуры СБСЕ будут использоваться для оценки, обзора и, в случае необходимости, улучшения выполнения настоящего Кодекса.

Х 39. Положения, закрепленные в настоящем Кодексе поведения, носят политически обязательный характер. Соответственно, настоящий Кодекс не подлежит регист- рации согласно статье 102 Устава Организации Объединенных Наций. Настоя- щий Кодекс вступит в силу 1 января 1995 года.

40. Ничто в настоящем Кодексе не вносит изменений в характер и содержание обязательств, зафиксированных в других документах СБСЕ.

41. Государства-участники будут стремиться обеспечивать, чтобы обязательства, принятые в рамках настоящего Кодекса, находили отражение в их соответствую- щих внутренних документах и процедурах, а также, в надлежащих случаях, в их документах правового характера.

42. Текст Кодекса будет опубликован в каждом государстве-участнике, которое распространит его и обеспечит возможно более широкое ознакомление с ним.

VIII. Человеческое измерение

Введение

1. Рассматривая выполнение обязательств по СБСЕ в области человеческого изме- рения, государства-участники исходили в своих дискуссиях из достигнутой ими общности ценностей, которая нашла отражение в высоких стандартах, установ- ленных в рамках СБСЕ. В ходе обсуждения отмечался значительный прогресс, достигнутый в выполнении обязательств по человеческому измерению. В то же время государства-участники признали, что в некоторых областях положение серьезно ухудшилось и что необходимо принятие мер против продолжающихся нарушений прав человека и проявлений агрессивного национализма, в том числе территориального экспансионизма, а также расизма, шовинизма, ксенофобии и антисемитизма, которые все еще приводят к человеческим страданиям.

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2. В рамках всеобъемлющей концепции безопасности права человека и основные свободы, верховенство закона и демократические институты, решающим обра- зом способствуя предотвращению конфликтов, служат основой мира и безопас- ности. Защита прав человека, в том числе прав лиц, принадлежащих к нацио- нальным меньшинствам, представляет собой краеугольный камень демократи- ческого гражданского общества. Пренебрежение этими правами, когда оно при- обретало серьезный характер, становилось одной из причин экстремизма, регио- нальной нестабильности и конфликтов. Государства-участники подтвердили, что проблемы в области соблюдения обязательств по СБСЕ представляют законный и общий интерес для всех государств-участников и что поэтому постановка этих проблем в характерном для СБСЕ духе сотрудничества и ориентированности на достижение результатов является позитивной практикой. Они обязались стиму- лировать выполнение обязательств по СБСЕ путем повышения эффективности диалога, а также обзоров выполнения и механизмов. Они будут расширять опе- ративную основу СБСЕ, в частности, путем укрепления Бюро по демократичес- ким институтам и правам человека (БДИПЧ), повышения степени его участия в работе Постоянного совета и в деятельности миссий, а также посредством разви- тия сотрудничества c международными организациями и институтами, занима- ющимися вопросами человеческого измерения.

3. Полезным вкладом в обзор выполнения явилось участие неправительствен- ных организаций (НПО). В своих выступлениях представители этих организаций поделились своими идеями и вынесли интересующие их вопросы на рассмотре- ние государств-участников. Они также информировали государства-участники о своей деятельности, в том числе в области предотвращения и урегулирования конфликтов. Опыт Будапештской конференции по обзору дает повод для даль- нейшего рассмотрения вопроса о содействии в рамках СБСЕ диалогу между пра- вительствами и неправительственными организациями государств-участников в дополнение к межгосударственному диалогу.

4. Вновь подтверждая свои обязательства в области человеческого измерения, государства-участники, считая чрезвычайно важной задачей сосредоточить уси- лия на выполнении уже существующих обязательств по СБСЕ, в то же время дого- ворились расширить рамки своего сотрудничества и в этих целях приняли следу- ющие положения.

Повышение эффективности соблюдения обязательств по СБСЕ и содействие сотрудничеству и диалогу в области человеческого измерения

Повышение эффективности выполнения

5. Развивая предусмотренные в Хельсинкском документе 1992 года структуры для обзора выполнения, а также стремясь к совершенствованию выполнения обяза- тельств в области человеческого измерения, государства-участники будут исполь- зовать Постоянный совет для более широкого диалога по вопросам человечес-

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кого измерения и для возможного принятия мер в случаях невыполнения обяза- тельств. С этой целью государства-участники постановляют, что вопросы челове- ческого измерения будут регулярно рассматриваться Постоянным советом. Они будут шире использовать предоставляемые Московским механизмом возмож- ности для изучения вопросов человеческого измерения на их территории или для содействия их решению.

6. Они призывают действующего Председателя информировать Постоянный совет о поступивших сигналах относительно серьезных случаев невыполнения обязательств в области человеческого измерения, в том числе на основе сведе- ний, полученных от БДИПЧ, докладов и рекомендаций Верховного комиссара по делам национальных меньшинств (ВКНМ) или докладов руководителей миссий СБСЕ, а также информации, поступающей из соответствующего государства.

7. Государства-участники вновь подтверждают свою высокую оценку деятель- ности ВКНМ, которому удалось в полном соответствии с его мандатом сосре- доточить внимание на целом ряде вопросов, касающихся национальных мень- шинств, и успешно рассмотреть их, принимая при этом во внимание конкретную ситуацию, в которой находятся государства-участники и непосредственно заин- тересованные стороны.

Государства-участники призывают ВКНМ продолжать его нынешнюю деятель- ность и высказываются в поддержку проведения им работы по новым направле- ниям в развитие уже сделанного, в том числе в связи с его рекомендациями. Они будут активизировать свои усилия по выполнению этих рекомендаций.

Роль БДИПЧ

8. БДИПЧ, являющееся основным институтом в области человеческого измере- ния, будет по согласованию с действующим Председателем участвовать в качес- тве консультанта в обсуждениях, ведущихся в Руководящем совете и Постоянном совете, докладывая через регулярные промежутки времени о своей деятельности и предоставляя информацию по вопросам выполнения. Оно будет предоставлять вспомогательные материалы для ежегодного обзора выполнения и при необхо- димости давать разъяснения по полученной информации или дополнять ее. На основе тесных консультаций с действующим Председателем директор БДИПЧ может вносить предложения о последующих мерах.

9. Государства-участники признают необходимость расширения сотрудничес- тва через БДИПЧ с другими международными организациями и институтами, занимающимися вопросами человеческого измерения, в том числе с Верховным комиссаром ООН по правам человека, в целях обмена информацией, включая доклады, а также дальнейшей разработки ориентированных на будущее меропри- ятий, таких, как те, о которых говорится в настоящем документе.

10. Государства-участники постановляют:

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• укреплять сотрудничество СБСЕ с другими международными организациями и институтами, в частности с УВКБ и МОМ, с тем, чтобы вносить вклад в прово- димую УВКБ работу по подготовке региональной конференции для рассмотре- ния проблем, касающихся беженцев, перемещенных лиц, других форм вынуж- денного переселения, а также лиц, возвращающихся в места своего постоянного проживания, в странах Содружества Независимых Государств (СНГ) и в других заинтересованных соседних государствах, путем учреждения после проведе- ния консультаций в рамках неофициальной финансовой комиссии - временной, финансируемой за счет добровольных взносов должности для эксперта по воп- росам миграции;

• возложить на БДИПЧ функции центра для обмена информацией, касающейся проблем средств массовой информации в регионе; они также выражают пожела- ние, чтобы правительства, журналисты и НПО предоставляли БДИПЧ данные о положении средств информации.

11. Мандаты миссий СБСЕ будут утверждаться после консультаций с БДИПЧ, которое будет также вносить свой вклад в осуществление определенных Посто- янным советом дальнейших шагов на основе докладов миссий. При наборе пер- сонала для миссий СБСЕ следует использовать имеющиеся в БДИПЧ сведения об экспертах по вопросам человеческого измерения. Эти миссии будут, кроме того, поручать одному из своих членов поддерживать связь с БДИПЧ и с НПО по воп- росам человеческого измерения.

12. БДИПЧ будет играть более значительную роль в наблюдении за процессом выборов до их начала, в ходе них и по их окончании. В этом контексте БДИПЧ следует оценивать наличие условий для свободной и независимой деятельности средств массовой информации.

Государства-участники предлагают различным организациям, осуществляю- щим наблюдение за процессом выборов, улучшать координацию своих действий и поручают БДИПЧ проводить консультации со всеми соответствующими органи- зациями, с тем, чтобы заложить основу для координации в этой области.

Кроме того, БДИПЧ в целях совершенствования подготовки и процедур наблю- дения за процессом выборов составит пособие для наблюдателей за выборами и будет вести постоянно обновляемый календарь предстоящих выборов.

13. Положения, содержащиеся в главе настоящего Документа, посвященной чело- веческому измерению, никоим образом не изменяют ни мандата БДИПЧ, ни ман- дата ВКНМ.

Семинары БДИПЧ

14. Число крупномасштабных семинаров по человеческому измерению будет сокращено в среднем до двух в год. В центре внимания на этих семинарах будут темы, представляющие самый широкий интерес.

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Больший упор будет сделан на региональные семинары. Когда это целесообразно, они будут проводиться в качестве составной части Программы координирован- ной помощи. Следует стремиться к обеспечению участия в этих семинарах всех государств того региона, в котором они проводятся. К БДИПЧ обращается про- сьба представить Постоянному совету доклад о путях повышения эффективности семинаров по человеческому измерению. На этих семинарах согласованных доку- ментов подготавливаться не будет, однако особое внимание должно будет уде- ляться совершенствованию дальнейших шагов.

15. В ходе Конференции по обзору было предложено значительное число возмож- ных тем как для крупномасштабных, так и для региональных семинаров. Испол- нительный секретариат вел их список, который будет передан в Постоянный совет. Согласно соответствующим положениям Хельсинкского документа 1992 года Постоянный совет, учитывая рекомендации БДИПЧ и ВКНМ, будет состав- лять ежегодную программу работы с указанием названий, сроков и мест проведе- ния таких семинаров.

16. Государства-участники приветствовали предложение Румынии организо- вать в Бухаресте под эгидой БДИПЧ и Совета Европы в сотрудничестве с ЮНЕ- СКО международный семинар, посвященный проблемам терпимости, в контексте Международного года терпимости, которым провозглашен 1995 год.

Роль НПО

17. Государства-участники и институты СБСЕ будут предоставлять возможности для более широкого участия НПО в деятельности СБСЕ, как об этом говорится в главе IV Хельсинкского документа 1992 года. Они будут вести поиск путей наилуч- шего использования в интересах СБСЕ работы, проводимой НПО, и предоставля- емой ими информации. Генеральному секретарю предлагается провести изучение вопроса о возможных способах дальнейшего расширения участия НПО.

Обязательства и сотрудничество

Верховенство закона

18. Государства-участники подчеркивают, что все действия органов государствен- ной власти должны соответствовать принципу верховенства закона, что служит гарантией правовой защищенности личности.

Они также подчеркивают необходимость защиты тех, кто отстаивает права чело- века, и с заинтересованностью ожидают доработки и принятия в рамках ООН декларации о праве и обязанности лиц, групп и общественных органов укреплять и отстаивать общепризнанные права человека и основные свободы.

Смертная казнь

19. Государства-участники вновь подтверждают свои обязательства по Копенга- генскому и Московскому документам в отношении вопроса о смертной казни.

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Предотвращение пыток

20. Государства-участники решительно осуждают все формы пыток как одно из грубейших нарушений прав человека и человеческого достоинства. Они обязу- ются вести дело к их искоренению. Они признают важность в этом отношении международных норм, закрепленных в международных договорах о правах чело- века, в частности в Конвенции ООН против пыток и других жестоких, бесчело- вечных или унижающих достоинство видов обращения и наказания, а также в Европейской конвенции о предотвращении пыток и бесчеловечного или унижаю- щего достоинство обращения и наказания. Они также признают важность наци- онального законодательства, направленного на искоренение пыток. Они обязу- ются расследовать все заявления о случаях применения пыток и преследовать виновных в судебном порядке. Они, кроме того, обязуются включать в свои про- граммы обучения и подготовки личного состава сил по поддержанию правопо- рядка и полиции конкретные положения, имеющие целью искоренение пыток. Они считают, что существенно необходимым условием является обмен инфор- мацией по данной проблеме. Государства-участники должны иметь возможность получать такую информацию. В этом контексте СБСЕ следует также опираться на опыт Специального докладчика по вопросам пыток и других жестоких, бес- человечных или унижающих достоинство видов обращения и наказания, назна- ченного Комиссией ООН по правам человека, а также использовать информацию, предоставляемую неправительственными организациями.

Национальные меньшинства

21. Государства-участники подтверждают свою решимость последовательно спо- собствовать выполнению положений Заключительного акта и всех других доку- ментов СБСЕ, касающихся защиты прав лиц, принадлежащих к националь- ным меньшинствам. Они высоко оценивают работу, проводимую ВКНМ в этой области.

22. Государства-участники приветствуют международные усилия по улучшению защиты прав лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам. Они отме- чают принятие в Совете Европы Рамочной конвенции о защите национальных меньшинств, которая основывается на нормах СБСЕ в этой области и развивает их. Они подчеркнули, что данная Конвенция также открыта для подписания по приглашению государствами, не являющимися членами Совета Европы; они могут рассмотреть вопрос об изучении возможности присоединения к ней.

Рома и синти

23. Государства-участники постановляют создать в БДИПЧ пункт для контактов по вопросам, касающимся народности рома и синти (цыган). БДИПЧ будет пору- чено:

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• действовать в качестве центра для обмена информацией по вопросам, связан- ным с рома и синти (цыганами), включая информацию о выполнении обяза- тельств, касающихся рома и синти (цыган);

• облегчать контакты по проблемам народности рома и синти (цыган) между госу- дарствами участниками, международными организациями и институтами, а также НПО;

• поддерживать и развивать контакты по этим вопросам между институтами СБСЕ и другими международными организациями и институтами.

Для выполнения этих задач БДИПЧ будет в полной мере использовать имеющи- еся ресурсы. В этом контексте они приветствуют заявление некоторых организа- ций, представляющих рома и синти (цыган), об их намерении внести доброволь- ные взносы.

24. Государства-участники приветствуют мероприятия, проводимые другими международными организациями и институтами, в частности Советом Европы, по вопросам, касающимся рома и синти (цыган).

Терпимость и недискриминация

25. Государства-участники осуждают проявления нетерпимости, особенно – агрессивного национализма, расизма, шовинизма, ксенофобии и антисемитизма, и будут оказывать дальнейшее содействие эффективным мерам, направленным на их искоренение. Они предлагают БДИПЧ и впредь уделять особое внимание этим явлениям, собирая информацию об их различных проявлениях в государствах- участниках. Они будут стремиться укрепить или принять надлежащее законода- тельство на этот счет и осуществлять необходимые меры для обеспечения эффек- тивного применения существующего законодательства таким образом, чтобы предотвратить проявления этих явлений. Они также подчеркивают, что действия по борьбе с этими явлениями должны рассматриваться как составная часть поли- тики и просвещения, ориентированных на интеграцию. Они осуждают все пре- ступления, совершенные в целях так называемой этнической чистки, и будут про- должать оказывать эффективную поддержку находящемуся в Гааге Международ- ному трибуналу по военным преступлениям для бывшей Югославии.

26. Они положительно оценивают принятый Советом Европы план действий в отношении расизма, ксенофобии, антисемитизма и нетерпимости. Предприни- мая дальнейшие шаги в свете Декларации римской Встречи Совета, институты СБСЕ будут изучать возможности для совместной работы с Советом Европы, а также с ООН и другими международными организациями.

27. Вновь подтверждая свое обязательство обеспечивать свободу совести и рели- гии и способствовать созданию климата взаимной терпимости и уважения между верующими различных общин, а также между верующими и неверующими, они

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выразили озабоченность в связи с использованием религии в агрессивных наци- оналистических целях.

Рабочие-мигранты

28. Государства-участники вновь подтверждают, что права человека являются все- общими и неделимыми. Они признали, что защита и обеспечение прав рабочих- мигрантов имеют свое человеческое измерение. Они подчеркивают право рабо- чих мигрантов на свободное проявление своих этнических, культурных, религи- озных и языковых особенностей. Осуществление этих прав может подвергаться таким ограничениям, которые установлены законом и соответствуют междуна- родным нормам.

29. Они постановили, что должны приниматься надлежащие меры для более эффективного предотвращения расистских вылазок и других насильственных проявлений нетерпимости в отношении рабочих-мигрантов и их семей.

30. Они вновь подтверждают свое осуждение всех актов дискриминации по при- знаку расы, цвета кожи и этнического происхождения, а также нетерпимости и ксенофобии в отношении рабочих-мигрантов. В соответствии с внутренним зако- нодательством и международными обязательствами они будут и впредь предпри- нимать эффективные меры в этой области.

31. Они будут продолжать содействовать социальной интеграции рабочих миг- рантов в тех странах, где они законно проживают. Они признают, что успех про- цесса интеграции также зависит от его активного осуществления самими миг- рантами, и, соответственно, приняли решение поощрять их в этом отношении.

Миграция

32. Государства-участники выражают свою озабоченность в связи с происходя- щей в регионе СБСЕ массовой миграцией, в том числе с появлением миллионов беженцев и перемещенных лиц главным образом в результате войн, вооруженных конфликтов, социальной вражды и грубых нарушений прав человека. Принимая во внимание решения римской Встречи Совета 1993 года, они постановляют рас- ширить сотрудничество в этой области с соответствующими международными организациями.

Они отмечают усилия, предпринимаемые УВКБ по подготовке региональной кон- ференции для рассмотрения проблем, касающихся беженцев, перемещенных лиц, других форм вынужденного переселения и лиц, возвращающихся в места своего постоянного проживания, в Содружестве Независимых Государств и других заин- тересованных соседних государствах.

Международное гуманитарное право

33. Государства-участники выражают глубокое сожаление в связи с рядом гру- бых нарушений международного гуманитарного права, имевших место в реги-

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оне СБСЕ в последние годы, и вновь подтверждают свое обязательство уважать и обеспечивать уважение общего гуманитарного права и, в частности, своих обя- зательств по соответствующим международно-правовым документам, включая Женевские конвенции 1949 года и дополнительные протоколы к ним, участни- ками которых они являются.

34. Они подчеркивают потенциальное значение декларации о минимальных гуманитарных нормах, применимых во всех ситуациях, и заявляют о своей готов- ности принять активное участие в ее выработке в рамках ООН. Они обязуются обеспечивать надлежащее информирование и подготовку личного состава своих военных служб в том, что касается положений международного гуманитарного права, и считают, что информация на этот счет должна быть доступной для озна- комления.

35. Они высоко ценят развивающееся сотрудничество между СБСЕ и Междуна- родным Комитетом Красного Креста (МККК), в том числе с участием миссий СБСЕ, приветствуют готовность МККК к развитию этого сотрудничества и обя- зуются и впредь оказывать МККК поддержку, в частности, путем укрепления кон- тактов, уже установленных между миссиями СБСЕ и делегациями МККК, работа- ющими на местах.

Свобода выражения своего мнения/свободные средства информации

36. Государства-участники вновь подтверждают, что свобода выражения своего мнения является основным правом человека и одним из основополагающих эле- ментов демократического общества. В свете этого независимость и плюрализм средств массовой информации чрезвычайно важны для свободного и открытого общества и обеспечения подотчетности органов государственного управления. Их руководящим принципом будет защита этого права.

37. Они осуждают все случаи нападения на журналистов и целенаправленно враждебного поведения по отношению к ним и будут стремиться привлекать к ответственности лиц, непосредственно виновных в таких нападениях и в таком поведении.

38. Они отмечают также, что действия, особенно со стороны правительств, по разжиганию ненависти и нагнетанию межэтнической напряженности с помощью средств массовой информации могут служить ранним предупреждением о назре- вающем конфликте.

Свобода передвижения/контакты между людьми/культурное наследие

39. Государства-участники будут и далее поощрять и облегчать контакты между людьми, а также обмены в области культуры и образования и сотрудничать в соответствии с положениями документов СБСЕ. Они будут продолжать выпол- нять свои обязательства в области культуры, закрепленные в Документе краковс- кого симпозиума по культурному наследию государств-участников СБСЕ и в дру-

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гих соответствующих документах СБСЕ. Они будут поощрять усилия, предпри- нимаемые на государственном и частном уровнях с целью сохранения культур- ного наследия в их странах.

40. Они будут поощрять полное выполнение административными органами, соприкасающимися в своей деятельности с гражданами других государств, при- нятых в рамках СБСЕ обязательств относительно поездок и воздерживаться от унизительного обращения и других посягательств на достоинство личности. Они также рассмотрят необходимость составления сборника соответствующих поло- жений, принятых в СБСЕ.

41. Постоянный совет будет изучать возможности проведения неофициальных встреч по проблемам, упомянутым в двух предыдущих пунктах.

Программа координированной помощи

42. Государства-участники, учитывая прогресс, достигнутый в ходе выполнения Программы координированной помощи за последние два года при координиру- ющей роли БДИПЧ, приняли решение о необходимости продолжения реализа- ции данной программы. БДИПЧ и Генеральный секретарь будут и далее органи- зовывать совещания и семинары по связанным с СБСЕ вопросам, с тем, чтобы облегчить выполнение заинтересованными государствами их обязательств по СБСЕ. Государства-участники будут продолжать включать представителей этих государств в финансируемые правительством программы стажировок, обучения и подготовки в целях повышения существующего уровня знаний, опыта и квали- фикации.

43. Они договорились о необходимости дальнейшего развития возможностей БДИПЧ по оказанию высококвалифицированной экспертной поддержки в воп- росах человеческого измерения в соответствии с Программой координирован- ной помощи. Стремясь откликнуться на просьбы заинтересованных новых неза- висимых государств о предоставлении консультационных услуг по всем аспек- там демократизации, они решили, что полезным дополнением к деятельности БДИПЧ было бы использование экспертов по особым поручениям в рамках Про- граммы координированной помощи.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 195 Лиссабонский документ (Встреча на высшем уровне) Лиссабон 1996 г.

Декларация лиссабонской встречи на высшем уровне (…)

3. Мы вновь подтверждаем принципы ОБСЕ, закрепленные в хельсинкском Заключительном акте, и другие обязательства, принятые в рамках ОБСЕ. Мы считаем необходимым совершенствовать и подвергать систематическому рас- смотрению соблюдение всех этих принципов и выполнение всех принятых обя- зательств. Мы признаем, что важной проблемой по-прежнему является наличие серьезных рисков и вызовов, затрагивающих, в частности, безопасность и сувере- нитет наших стран. Мы твердо намерены заняться ее решением.

4. Основополагающим элементом нашей концепции демократии и процесса демократизации, нашедших отражение в Парижской хартии, остается уважение прав человека. Мы исполнены решимости закрепить демократические завоева- ния, которые стали результатом происшедших с 1989 года перемен, и направлять дальнейшее развитие этих перемен в регионе ОБСЕ по мирному пути. Мы будем сотрудничать в упрочении демократических институтов.

(…)

9. Принятый ОБСЕ всеобъемлющий подход к безопасности предполагает более эффективное выполнение всех обязательств в области человеческого измерения, в частности в том, что касается прав человека и основных свобод. Это будет спо- собствовать дальнейшему утверждению во всех государствах-участниках общих ценностей свободного и демократического общества, являющегося одной из глав- ных опор нашей общей безопасности. Среди острых проблем человеческого изме- рения угрозой для стабильности в регионе ОБСЕ остаются непрекращающиеся нарушения прав человека, в частности в форме вынужденной миграции, а также незавершенность демократических преобразований, угрозы в адрес независимых средств массовой информации, махинации на выборах, проявления агрессивного

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 197 Лиссабон 1996 г.

национализма, расизма, шовинизма, ксенофобии и антисемитизма. Мы твердо намерены продолжать усилия по решению этих проблем.

10. Памятуя о трагедиях, постигших за последнее время беженцев в различных частях региона ОБСЕ, и принимая во внимание проблему насильственной миг- рации, мы вновь заявляем о своем осуждении любой политики “этнических чис- ток” или массового изгнания населения и обязуемся воздерживаться от подобной политики. Наши государства будут создавать условия для безопасного и достой- ного возвращения беженцев и внутренне перемещенных лиц в соответствии с международными нормами. Следует добиваться их социальной реинтеграции в местах первоначального проживания на недискриминационной основе. Мы одобряем работу советника БДИПЧ по проблемам миграции и выражаем подде- ржку деятельности, проводимой им на основе программы действий, принятой в мае 1996 года на Региональной конференции по рассмотрению проблем, касаю- щихся беженцев, перемещенных лиц, других форм недобровольного перемеще- ния и лиц, возвращающихся в места своего постоянного проживания, в соответс- твующих государствах.

11. Свобода печати и средств массовой информации является одной из главных предпосылок построения подлинно демократического гражданского общества. В хельсинкском Заключительном акте мы взяли на себя обязательство уважать этот принцип. Налицо необходимость усилить выполнение принятых в рамках ОБСЕ обязательств, касающихся средств массовой информации, с соответству- ющим учетом работы, проводимой другими международными организациями. Поэтому мы поручаем Постоянному совету изучить пути повышения внимания к вопросам выполнения принятых в рамках ОБСЕ обязательств относительно средств массовой информации и разработать мандат для назначения представи- теля ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации, который дол- жен быть представлен на рассмотрение Совета министров не позднее его встречи в 1997 году.

(…)

Лиссабонская декларация о модели общей и всеобъемлющей безопасности для Европы XXI века 1. Мы, главы государств и правительств государств-участников ОБСЕ, собрав- шиеся на встрече в Лиссабоне, считаем, что история дала нам беспрецедентную возможность. Свобода, демократия и сотрудничество между нашими странами и народами являются ныне основой нашей общей безопасности. Мы исполнены решимости извлечь уроки из трагических событий прошлого и воплотить наше видение будущего, основанного на сотрудничестве, в реальность путем создания единого пространства безопасности, свободного от разделительных линий, где все государства являются равноправными партнерами.

198 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Лиссабон 1996 г.

2. Мы сталкиваемся с серьезными вызовами, но в противодействии им мы едины. Они затрагивают безопасность и суверенитет государств, равно как и стабиль- ность наших обществ. Не во всех государствах ОБСЕ в полной мере соблюда- ются права человека. Межэтническая напряженность, агрессивный национализм, нарушения прав лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам, и серьез- ные трудности, связанные с переходными процессами в экономике, могут созда- вать угрозу для стабильности и способны распространяться на другие государс- тва. Все более серьезную озабоченность у всех членов сообщества ОБСЕ вызы- вают такие явления, как терроризм, организованная преступность, незаконный оборот наркотиков и оружия, неконтролируемая миграция и разрушение окружа- ющей среды.

3. Мы будем, черпая силы в нашем многообразии, противостоять этим вызовам сообща в рамках ОБСЕ и в партнерстве с другими международными организаци- ями. Наш подход заключается в обеспечении безопасности на основе сотрудни- чества в рамках демократии, уважения прав человека, основных свобод и верхо- венства закона, рыночной экономики и социальной справедливости. Он исклю- чает какое бы то ни было стремление к господству. Он подразумевает взаимное доверие и мирное урегулирование споров.

(…)

5. Мы признаем, что в ОБСЕ государства подотчетны своим гражданам и несут друг перед другом ответственность за выполнение своих обязательств в рамках Организации.

6. Мы совместно обязуемся:

• действуя в духе солидарности, обеспечивать полное выполнение принятых в рамках ОБСЕ принципов и обязательств, которые закреплены в хельсинкском Заключительном акте, Парижской хартии и других документах СБСЕ/ОБСЕ;

(…)

10. (…) наша задача теперь заключается в том, чтобы развивать наше сотрудничес- тво с прицелом на будущее. С этой целью:

• мы поощряем двусторонние и региональные инициативы, направленные на раз- витие отношений добрососедства и сотрудничества. В данном контексте ОБСЕ могла бы рассмотреть комплекс мер укрепления доверия и безопасности, при- званных подкрепить процессы региональной безопасности. Мы будем и впредь следить за выполнением Пакта о стабильности в Европе. Полезным средством превентивной дипломатии может стать проведение региональных “круглых сто- лов”;

• в качестве важного вклада в укрепление безопасности мы вновь подтверждаем нашу решимость в полной мере уважать и выполнять все свои обязательства,

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 199 Лиссабон 1996 г.

касающиеся прав лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам. Мы вновь подтверждаем свое намерение всецело сотрудничать с Верховным комис- саром по делам национальных меньшинств. Мы готовы откликнуться на про- сьбу любого государства-участника, стремящегося к решению проблем мень- шинств на своей территории;

(…)

200 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения Документ шестой встречи Совета министров Копенгаген 1997 г.

(…)

II. Решения копенгагенской встречи Совета министров (…)

Решение о назначении представителя ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации (MC(6).DEC/1)

Совет министров

в соответствии с Решением No. 193(*) Постоянного совета и принимая во внима- ние рекомендацию Действующего председателя

постановляет назначить г-на Фраймута Дуве Представителем ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации с 1 января 1998 года на трехлетний срок.

Приложение

Решение No. 193 Постоянного совета 5 ноября 1997 года

Мандат представителя ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации

1. Государства-участники вновь подтверждают принципы и обязательства, при- нятые ими в отношении свободы средств массовой информации (СМИ). Они, в частности, напоминают о том, что свобода выражения своего мнения является одним из основных международно признанных прав человека и основополагаю- щих элементов демократического общества и что наличие свободных, независи- мых и плюралистичных средств массовой информации представляет собой необ- ходимое условие существования свободного и открытого общества и подотчет- ной ему системы правления. Принимая во внимание принципы и обязательс-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 201 Копенгаген 1997 г.

тва, которые государства-участники приняли в рамках ОБСЕ, и будучи в полной мере приверженными выполнению положений пункта 11 Декларации Лиссабонс- кой встречи на высшем уровне, они постановляют учредить под эгидой Постоян- ного совета пост Представителя ОБСЕ по вопросам средств массовой информа- ции. Это делается с целью более полного выполнения соответствующих принци- пов и обязательств ОБСЕ, а также повышения эффективности совместных дейс- твий государств-участников на базе их общих ценностей. Государства-участники подтверждают свое намерение в полной мере сотрудничать с Представителем ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации. Он будет оказывать государствам-участникам помощь, в духе сотрудничества, в дальнейшем претво- рении в жизнь их приверженности развитию свободных, независимых и плюра- листичных средств массовой информации.

2. Основываясь на принципах и обязательствах ОБСЕ, Представитель ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации будет наблюдать за происхо- дящим в этой связи в области средств массовой информации во всех государс- твах-участниках, а также, с учетом этого и в тесном взаимодействии с Действу- ющим председателем, будет поддерживать и поощрять полное соблюдение при- нципов и обязательств ОБСЕ, касающихся свободы выражения своего мнения и свободы средств массовой информации. В этом отношении он будет выполнять функции раннего предупреждения. Он будет заниматься рассмотрением серьез- ных проблем, связанных, помимо прочего, с созданием помех для работы средств массовой информации и неблагоприятных условий для деятельности журналис- тов. Он будет работать в тесном взаимодействии с государствами-участниками, Постоянным советом, Бюро по демократическим институтам и правам человека (БДИПЧ), Верховным комиссаром по делам национальных меньшинств и, в соот- ветствующих случаях, с другими структурами ОБСЕ, а также с национальными и международными союзами журналистов.

3. Руководствуясь положениями данного пункта, Представитель ОБСЕ по вопро- сам свободы средств массовой информации будет направлять свои основные уси- лия на оперативное реагирование на случаи серьезного несоблюдения государс- твами-участниками принципов и обязательств ОБСЕ, касающихся свободы выра- жения своего мнения и свободы средств массовой информации. Получив сигнал о серьезном несоблюдении этих принципов и обязательств, Представитель ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации будет устанавливать в над- лежащем порядке непосредственный контакт с представителями соответствую- щего государства-участника и с другими заинтересованными сторонами, произ- водить анализ фактов, оказывать помощь государству-участнику и содействовать решению проблемы. Он будет систематически информировать Действующего председателя о своей деятельности и докладывать Постоянному совету о достиг- нутых результатах, своих замечаниях и рекомендациях.

4. Представитель ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации не выполняет юридических функций, а его деятельность ни в коей мере не может предопределять применение национальных или международных юридических

202 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Копенгаген 1997 г.

процедур в связи с заявлениями о нарушении прав человека. В свою очередь, сов- сем не обязательно, что применение национальных или международных процедур в связи с заявлениями о нарушении прав человека будет препятствовать выпол- нению им своих функций в соответствии с настоящим мандатом.

5. Представитель ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации вправе собирать и получать сведения о положении средств массовой информации из всех заслуживающих доверия источников. Он, в частности, будет опираться на информацию и оценки, поступающие от БДИПЧ. Представитель ОБСЕ по вопро- сам свободы средств массовой информации будет оказывать БДИПЧ помощь в оценке условий для работы свободных, независимых и плюралистичных средств массовой информации в период до, во время и после выборов.

6. Представитель ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации вправе в любое время собирать и получать от государств-участников и других заинтересованных сторон (например, от организаций или институтов, СМИ и их представителей и соответствующих НПО) запросы, предложения и соображения, касающиеся укрепления и дальнейшего повышения эффективности соблюдения соответствующих принципов и обязательств ОБСЕ, в том числе в связи с сообще- ниями о серьезных проявлениях нетерпимости со стороны государств-участни- ков, использующих СМИ в нарушение принципов, зафиксированных в пункте 25 главы VIII Будапештского документа и части X Решений Римской встречи Совета СБСЕ. Он может передавать запросы, предложения и соображения на рассмотре- ние Постоянного совета, сопровождая их, в случае необходимости, рекомендаци- ями относительно дальнейших действий.

7. Кроме того, Представитель ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации будет систематически проводить консультации с Действующим председателем и на регулярной основе представлять доклады Постоянному совету. Он может приглашаться на Постоянный совет для представления докла- дов в соответствии с настоящим мандатом по конкретным вопросам, касающимся свободы выражения своего мнения и свободных, независимых и плюралистич- ных средств массовой информации. Он будет ежегодно представлять на совеща- нии по рассмотрению выполнения, посвященном вопросам человеческого изме- рения, или на совещании ОБСЕ по обзору доклад о положении дел с выполнением принципов и обязательств ОБСЕ, касающихся свободы выражения своего мне- ния и свободы средств массовой информации, в государствах-участниках ОБСЕ.

8. Представитель ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации не будет поддерживать контактов с любыми лицами или организациями, применя- ющими или публично оправдывающими террористические или насильственные методы, и не будет отвечать на их обращения.

9. Представителем ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации будет видный международный деятель с многолетним опытом работы, связанной с данной областью, от которого будет ожидаться непредвзятое выполнение воз-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 203 Копенгаген 1997 г.

ложенных на него функций. При исполнении своих обязанностей Представитель ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации будет руководство- ваться своим самостоятельным и объективным толкованием соответствующих положений настоящего мандата.

10. Представитель ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации будет рассматривать серьезные случаи, относящиеся к настоящему мандату и воз- никающие в государстве-участнике, гражданином которого он является или в котором он проживает на постоянной основе, только при условии согласия на это всех непосредственно вовлеченных сторон, включая заинтересованное государс- тво-участник. При отсутствии такого согласия вопрос будет передаваться на рас- смотрение Действующего председателя, который может назначить специального представителя по этому конкретному случаю.

11. Представитель ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации будет сотрудничать – путем поддержания регулярных контактов – с соответству- ющими международными организациями, включая Организацию Объединен- ных Наций и ее специализированные учреждения, а также Совет Европы, в целях улучшения координации действий и избежания дублирования в работе.

12. Представитель ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации будет назначаться в соответствии с процедурами ОБСЕ Советом министров по рекомендации Действующего председателя по итогам консультаций с государс- твами-участниками. Назначение производится на срок в три года с возможным однократным продлением в том же порядке еще на три года.

13. Должность Представителя ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации будет учреждена и обеспечена персоналом в соответствии с настоя- щим мандатом и Положениями ОБСЕ о персонале. Представитель ОБСЕ по воп- росам свободы средств массовой информации и его бюро будут финансироваться государствами-участниками из бюджета ОБСЕ согласно Финансовым правилам ОБСЕ. Соответствующие детали будут проработаны в неофициальной финансо- вой комиссии и затем утверждены Постоянным советом.

14. Бюро Представителя ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информа- ции будет размещаться в Вене.

204 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения Документ седьмой встречи Совета министров Осло 1998 г.

(…)

III. Решения встречи Совета министров в Осло (…)

Решение о повышении потенциала ОБСЕ в вопросах, касающихся рома и синти

Совет министров,

имея в виду действующие в рамках ОБСЕ обязательства в отношении рома и синти и

напоминая о принятом Будапештской встречей на высшем уровне решении создать в БДИПЧ пункт для контактов по вопросам, касающимся народности рома и синти (цыган),

1. Принимает решение повысить потенциал ОБСЕ в этих вопросах путем укреп- ления существующего пункта БДИПЧ для контактов по вопросам, касающимся народности рома и синти. Приоритетными в его деятельности будут следующие задачи:

• укрепление взаимодействия ОБСЕ с правительствами государств-участников, представителями общин рома и синти, а также с международными организаци- ями, инициативами и НПО, имеющими отношение к проблемам рома и синти, и в частности дальнейшего взаимно усиливающего сотрудничества с координа- тором Совета Европы по вопросам народности рома, с тем, чтобы избежать дуб- лирования усилий – в том числе путем налаживания регулярных консультаций с этими организациями, инициативами и НПО, направленных на достижение дополнительной отдачи от объединения усилий, а также выработку общих под- ходов в целях содействия полной социальной интеграции общин рома и синти в странах, где они проживают, при сохранении их самобытности;

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 205 Осло 1998 г.

• наращивание сотрудничества между институтами ОБСЕ и ее миссиями/при- сутствиями на местах по вопросам рома и синти там, где это уместно;

• разработка – на базе вкладов государств-участников, институтов ОБСЕ, и в час- тности ВКНМ, общин рома и синти, НПО, международных организаций и дру- гих институтов и инициатив – программы работы, которая должна включать, среди прочего, организацию семинаров, практикумов и центров обмена инфор- мацией;

• сбор информации от государств-участников по законодательным и другим мерам, затрагивающим положение рома и синти, на предмет предоставления ее в распоряжение сообщества ОБСЕ, равно как и других заинтересованных меж- дународных организаций, а также подготовки дополнительных докладов о поло- жении рома и синти в регионе ОБСЕ.

2. Также принимает решение, что пункт для контактов должен заниматься исклю- чительно вопросами, касающимися рома и синти.

3. Поручает Постоянному совету работать над соответствующими путями обес- печения адекватных ресурсов для выполнения настоящего решения.

206 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения Стамбульский документ (Встреча на высшем уровне) Стамбул 1999 г.

Декларация стамбульской встречи на высшем уровне (…)

2. (…) Мы вновь безоговорочно заявляем о своем твердом намерении уважать права человека и основные свободы и не допускать дискриминации в каких бы то ни было формах. Мы также подтверждаем уважение нами норм международ- ного гуманитарного права. Мы берем на себя обязательство активизировать уси- лия по предотвращению конфликтов в регионе ОБСЕ, а когда они все же проис- ходят, – разрешать их мирными средствами. Мы будем тесно работать с другими международными организациями и институтами, опираясь на Платформу безо- пасности, основанной на сотрудничестве, которую мы приняли в качестве состав- ной части нашей Хартии.

(…)

6. (…) Мы подчеркиваем важность уважения верховенства закона и энергичных действий по борьбе с организованной преступностью и коррупцией, которые представляют собой серьезную угрозу экономическим реформам и процветанию. Мы по-прежнему привержены цели возвращения беженцев и внутренне переме- щенных лиц, в особенности меньшинств.

7. (…) Мы рассчитываем на более быстрый прогресс в возвращении беженцев и перемещенных лиц и выполнении соответствующих международных норм, осо- бенно тех, которые касаются одинакового обращения независимо от этнической принадлежности, свободы средств массовой информации, а также свободных и честных выборов. (…)

(…)

26. Учитывая большое число ожидающих нас выборов, мы полны решимости обеспечить их свободный и открытый характер, а также их соответствие принци- пам и обязательствам, принятым в рамках ОБСЕ. Это единственный путь, обес- печивающий надежную основу для демократического развития. Мы по достоинс- тву оцениваем роль БДИПЧ в оказании различным странам содействия в разра-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 207 Стамбул 1999 г.

ботке законодательства о выборах, отвечающего принципам и обязательствам, принятым в рамках ОБСЕ, и намерены незамедлительно реагировать на пред- ставляемые им заключения с оценкой проведения выборов и рекомендации. Мы ценим работу БДИПЧ и Парламентской ассамблеи ОБСЕ до, во время и после выборов, которая вносит дополнительный вклад в демократический процесс. Мы твердо намерены в полном объеме надежно обеспечить лицам, принадлежащим к меньшинствам, право голоса и создать условия для осуществления беженцами права на участие в выборах, проводимых в стране их первоначального прожива- ния. Мы обязуемся обеспечить честное соперничество как между кандидатами, так и между партиями, в том числе путем предоставления им доступа к средствам массовой информации и уважения свободы собраний.

27. Мы обязуемся обеспечивать свободу средств массовой информации, являющу- юся одним из основных условий существования плюралистических и демократи- ческих обществ. Мы глубоко обеспокоены злоупотреблением средствами массо- вой информации в зонах конфликтов для разжигания ненависти и межэтничес- кой напряженности, а также использованием правовых ограничений и нападок, чтобы лишить граждан свободных средств массовой информации. Мы подчерки- ваем необходимость обеспечения свободы выражения мнений, которая является одним из важнейших элементов политического диалога в любом демократичес- ком обществе. Мы поддерживаем усилия Бюро Представителя по вопросам сво- боды средств массовой информации по содействию развитию свободных и неза- висимых средств массовой информации.

28. В год десятилетия с момента принятия Конвенции о правах ребенка и претво- рения в жизнь обязательств по ОБСЕ, зафиксированных в Документе Копенга- генского совещания, мы обязуемся активно отстаивать права и интересы детей, особенно в условиях конфликтов и постконфликтных условиях. В работе ОБСЕ мы будем регулярно уделять внимание вопросу о правах детей, в том числе путем организации в 2000 году специального совещания, посвященного положению детей в вооруженных конфликтах. Мы будем уделять особое внимание вопросам физического и психологического благополучия детей, вовлеченных в вооружен- ный конфликт или затронутых им.

(…)

30. Мы вновь подтверждаем свое твердое намерение обеспечить, чтобы законы и политические установки предусматривали полное уважение прав лиц, принадле- жащих к национальным меньшинствам, особенно в том, что касается вопросов, затрагивающих культурную самобытность. В частности, мы подчеркиваем требо- вание о соответствии применимым международным стандартам и конвенциям законов и политических установок, касающихся образовательных и языковых прав лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам, а также их права на участие в жизни общества. Мы также выступаем за принятие и полное примене- ние всеобъемлющего антидискриминационного законодательства, обеспечиваю- щего полное равенство возможностей для всех. Мы с одобрением отмечаем чрез-

208 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Стамбул 1999 г.

вычайно важную работу Верховного комиссара по делам национальных мень- шинств. Мы вновь подтверждаем, что будем наращивать свои усилия по выполне- нию рекомендаций Верховного комиссара по делам национальных меньшинств.

31. Мы с сожалением констатируем акты насилия и другие проявления расизма и дискриминации в отношении меньшинств, включая рома и синти. Мы обязу- емся обеспечить, чтобы законодательство и политические установки предусмат- ривали полное уважение прав рома и синти, и там, где это необходимо, содейс- твовать принятию соответствующего антидискриминационного законодательс- тва. Мы подчеркиваем необходимость уделять пристальное внимание проблеме социальной изоляции рома и синти. Ответственность в этих вопросах лежит главным образом на соответствующих государствах-участниках. Мы особо отме- чаем ту важную роль, которую в обеспечении поддержки может сыграть функци- онирующий при БДИПЧ пункт для контактов по вопросам, касающимся народ- ности рома и синти. Еще одним полезным шагом могла бы стать разработка пун- ктом для контактов во взаимодействии с Верховным комиссаром по делам наци- ональных меньшинств и другими организациями, занимающимися данной про- блемой, в частности Советом Европы, целевого плана действий.

32. В русле нашего обязательства по обеспечению полного равноправия между женщинами и мужчинами мы рассчитываем на скорейшее утверждение и претво- рение в жизнь плана действий ОБСЕ в гендерной области.

(…)

37. В Хартии мы вновь подтвердили свою приверженность верховенству закона и подчеркнули необходимость борьбы с коррупцией. Мы поручаем Постоян- ному совету изучить вопрос о наиболее эффективных путях поддержки усилий по борьбе с коррупцией с учетом работы, проводимой другими организациями, такими, как Организация экономического сотрудничества и развития, Совет Европы и Организация Объединенных Наций. О результатах этих усилий будет доложено на встрече министров в 2000 году.

(…)

Хартия европейской безопасности (…)

I. Общие для нас вызовы

2. Последнее десятилетие XX века принесло крупные достижения в регионе ОБСЕ; на смену былой конфронтации пришло сотрудничество, однако опасность конфликтов между государствами не устранена. Мы покончили с прежними раз- ногласиями в Европе, но перед нами возникли новые угрозы и вызовы. После под- писания нами Парижской хартии стало более очевидным, что угрозы нашей безо- пасности могут быть следствием конфликтов как между государствами, так и

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 209 Стамбул 1999 г.

внутри государств. Нам приходилось иметь дело с конфликтами, которые часто возникали из-за вопиющих нарушений норм и принципов ОБСЕ. Мы были сви- детелями таких злодеяний, которые, казалось, уже отошли в прошлое. В это деся- тилетие стало очевидно, что все эти конфликты могут представлять угрозу для безопасности всех государств-участников ОБСЕ.

3. Мы полны решимости извлечь урок из опасных последствий конфронтации и разногласий между государствами, а также из трагедий последнего десятилетия. Безопасность и мир должны быть упрочены с помощью подхода, сочетающего два основных элемента: нам необходимо укреплять доверие между людьми внутри государств и развивать сотрудничество между государствами. Поэтому мы будем совершенствовать существующие инструменты и разрабатывать новые для оказа- ния помощи и консультационных услуг. Мы будем приумножать усилия по обес- печению полного уважения прав человека и основных свобод, включая права лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам. Одновременно мы будем нара- щивать свой потенциал по укреплению доверия и безопасности между государс- твами. Мы преисполнены решимости совершенствовать имеющиеся в нашем рас- поряжении средства для мирного урегулирования споров между ними.

4. Все большую угрозу безопасности представляют международный терроризм, экстремизм с применением насилия, организованная преступность и оборот нар- котиков. Терроризм во всех его формах и проявлениях, чем бы он ни мотивиро- вался, является неприемлемым. Мы будем наращивать свои усилия по недопу- щению подготовки и финансирования любых актов терроризма на территории наших государств и отказывать террористам в убежище. Чрезмерное и дестаби- лизирующее накопление и неконтролируемое распространение легкого и стрел- кового оружия представляют собой угрозу миру и безопасности. Мы твердо намерены надежнее защитить себя от этих новых угроз и вызовов; основой такой защиты являются прочные демократические институты и верховенство закона. Мы также полны решимости более активно и тесно сотрудничать друг с другом в противодействии этим вызовам.

5. Серьезными последствиями для нашей безопасности чреваты острые эконо- мические проблемы и деградация окружающей среды. Важнейшее значение будут иметь сотрудничество в области экономики, науки и техники, а также в эколо- гической области. Мы будем более решительно реагировать на подобные угрозы путем проведения дальнейших экономических и экологических реформ, обеспе- чения стабильных и транспарентных рамок для экономической деятельности, а также путем содействия развитию рыночной экономики с уделением должного внимания социально-экономическим правам. Мы приветствуем беспрецеден- тный процесс экономических преобразований, происходящих во многих госу- дарствах-участниках. Мы призываем продолжать этот процесс реформ, кото- рый будет способствовать безопасности и процветанию во всем регионе ОБСЕ. Во всех измерениях ОБСЕ мы будем наращивать свои усилия по борьбе с корруп- цией и утверждению верховенства закона.

210 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Стамбул 1999 г.

6. Мы подтверждаем, что безопасность в соседних регионах, в частности в Сре- диземноморье, а также в районах, находящихся в непосредственной близости к государствам-участникам, таким, как государства Центральной Азии, имеет для ОБСЕ все возрастающее значение. Мы признаем, что нестабильность в этих реги- онах порождает вызовы, которые прямо затрагивают безопасность и процветание государств ОБСЕ.

II. Наши общие основы

7. Мы вновь подтверждаем свою полную приверженность Уставу Организации Объединенных Наций и хельсинкскому Заключительному акту, Парижской хар- тии и всем другим принятым нами в рамках ОБСЕ документам. Эти документы воплощают наши общие обязательства и являются основой нашей работы. Они помогли нам положить конец прежней конфронтации в Европе и открыть новую эру демократии, мира и солидарности во всем регионе ОБСЕ. В них установлены четкие нормы обращения государств-участников друг с другом и со всеми людьми, находящимися на их территории. Все без исключения обязательства, принятые в рамках ОБСЕ, в равной мере распространяются на каждое государство-участник. Их добросовестное выполнение является крайне важным для отношений между государствами, между их правительствами и народами, а также между органи- зациями, членами которых они являются. Государства-участники подотчетны своим гражданам и несут ответственность друг перед другом за выполнение ими обязательств, принятых ими в рамках ОБСЕ. Мы рассматриваем эти обязательс- тва как наше общее достижение и поэтому считаем, что они представляют непос- редственный и законный интерес для всех государств-участников.

(…)

9. Мы будем строить наши отношения в соответствии с концепцией общей и всео- бъемлющей безопасности, руководствуясь принципами равноправного партнерс- тва, солидарности и транспарентности. Безопасность каждого государства-учас- тника неразрывно связана с безопасностью всех других. Мы будем рассматривать человеческое, экономическое и военно-политическое измерения безопасности как единое целое.

(…)

III. Наш общий ответ

(…)

Солидарность и партнерство

14. Наилучшей гарантией мира и безопасности в нашем регионе является желание и способность каждого государства-участника поддерживать демократию, верхо- венство закона и уважение прав человека. Мы в индивидуальном порядке под- тверждаем свое желание полностью выполнять принятые нами обязательства.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 211 Стамбул 1999 г.

Мы также несем совместную ответственность за то, чтобы отстаивать принципы ОБСЕ. Поэтому мы преисполнены решимости сотрудничать в рамках ОБСЕ, а также с ее институтами и представителями и готовы использовать имеющиеся у ОБСЕ инструменты, средства и механизмы. Мы будем в духе солидарности и пар- тнерства сотрудничать на постоянной основе при рассмотрении вопросов выпол- нения. Сегодня мы берем на себя обязательство предпринимать как в ОБСЕ, так и через организации, членами которых мы являемся, основанные на сотрудничес- тве совместные меры, с тем, чтобы предлагать государствам-участникам помощь в улучшении соблюдения ими принципов и выполнения обязательств, принятых в рамках ОБСЕ. Мы будем укреплять существующие и разрабатывать новые инс- трументы, основанные на сотрудничестве, с тем, чтобы эффективно откликаться на просьбы государств-участников об оказании помощи. Мы будем изучать пути дальнейшего повышения эффективности Организации в том, что касается реаги- рования на случаи явного, грубого и непрекращающегося нарушения этих при- нципов и обязательств.

(…)

Наши институты

17. Парламентская ассамблея стала одним из важнейших институтов ОБСЕ, пос- тоянно выдвигающим новые идеи и предложения. Мы приветствуем эту ее расту- щую роль, особенно в области развития демократии и наблюдения за выборами. Мы призываем Парламентскую ассамблею и далее развивать свою деятельность как один из ключевых компонентов наших усилий по обеспечению демократии и процветания и повышению доверия внутри государств-участников и между ними.

18. Важнейшими инструментами обеспечения уважения прав человека, демок- ратии и верховенства закона являются Бюро по демократическим институтам и правам человека (БДИПЧ), Верховный комиссар по делам национальных мень- шинств (ВКНМ) и Представитель по вопросам свободы средств массовой инфор- мации. Секретариат ОБСЕ обеспечивает жизненно важную поддержку Действую- щего председателя, а также деятельности нашей Организации, особенно на мес- тах. Мы будем также и далее укреплять оперативный потенциал Секретариата ОБСЕ, чтобы он мог решать задачи, связанные с расширением нашей деятель- ности, и обеспечивать, чтобы деятельность на местах осуществлялась эффек- тивно и в соответствии с полученными мандатами и указаниями.

(…)

Человеческое измерение

19. Мы вновь подтверждаем, что уважение прав человека и основных свобод, демократии и верховенства закона занимает центральное место в принятой ОБСЕ всеобъемлющей концепции безопасности. Мы берем на себя обязательство про- тивостоять таким угрозам безопасности, как нарушения прав человека и основ-

212 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Стамбул 1999 г.

ных свобод, включая свободу мысли, совести, религии и убеждений, и проявле- ния нетерпимости, агрессивного национализма, расизма, шовинизма, ксенофо- бии и антисемитизма.

Защита и содействие осуществлению прав лиц, принадлежащих к националь- ным меньшинствам, являются важнейшими факторами обеспечения демокра- тии, мира, справедливости и стабильности в государствах-участниках и в отно- шениях между ними. В этой связи мы вновь подтверждаем наши обязательства, в частности, в рамках соответствующих положений Копенгагенского документа 1990 года по человеческому измерению, а также напоминаем о Докладе Совеща- ния экспертов по вопросам национальных меньшинств (Женева, 1991 год). Пол- ное уважение прав человека, включая права лиц, принадлежащих к националь- ным меньшинствам, помимо того, что является самоцелью, не может подрывать, но может укреплять территориальную целостность и суверенитет. Различные концепции автономии, а также другие обозначенные в вышеупомянутых доку- ментах подходы, которые соответствуют принципам ОБСЕ, являются средствами защиты и развития этнической, культурной, языковой и религиозной самобыт- ности национальных меньшинств в рамках существующего государства. Мы осуждаем насилие в отношении любого меньшинства. Мы обязуемся принимать меры по воспитанию терпимости и построению плюралистических обществ, где всем, независимо от их этнического происхождения, обеспечено полное равенс- тво возможностей. Мы подчеркиваем, что вопросы, относящиеся к националь- ным меньшинствам, могут быть удовлетворительным образом разрешены только в демократических политических рамках на основе верховенства закона.

Мы вновь подтверждаем, что каждый человек имеет право на гражданство и что никто не может быть произвольно лишен своего гражданства. Мы обязуемся про- должать наши усилия с целью обеспечить, чтобы каждый смог воспользоваться этим правом. Мы также твердо намерены сделать более надежной международ- ную защиту лиц без гражданства.

20. Мы признаем особые трудности, с которыми сталкиваются рома и синти, и необходимость принятия эффективных мер, чтобы добиться полного равенства возможностей для лиц, принадлежащих к рома и синти, соответствующего при- нятым в ОБСЕ обязательствам. Мы будем наращивать свои усилия для обеспече- ния того, чтобы рома и синти могли стать полноправными членами общества, а также для искоренения дискриминации в их отношении.

21. Мы твердо намерены искоренить пытки, а также жестокие и бесчеловеч- ные или унижающие достоинство виды обращения и наказания во всем регионе ОБСЕ. С этой целью мы будем поощрять принятие законодательства, обеспечива- ющего процедурные и существенные гарантии и средства для борьбы с подобной практикой. Мы будем в той мере, в какой это целесообразно, оказывать помощь потерпевшим и сотрудничать с соответствующими международными организа- циями и неправительственными организациями.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 213 Стамбул 1999 г.

22. Мы отвергаем любую политику этнических чисток или массового изгнания. Мы вновь подтверждаем свою приверженность уважению права на поиск убе- жища и обеспечению международной защиты беженцев в соответствии с Конвен- цией о статусе беженцев 1951 года и Протоколом к ней 1967 года, а также содейс- твию добровольному, достойному и безопасному возвращению беженцев и внут- ренне перемещенных лиц. Мы будем добиваться социальной реинтеграции на недискриминационной основе беженцев и внутренне перемещенных лиц в мес- тах их первоначального проживания.

С целью усиления защиты гражданских лиц во время конфликта мы будем вести поиск путей более активного применения международного гуманитарного права.

23. Полное и равное осуществление женщинами своих прав человека имеет важ- нейшее значение для укрепления мира, процветания и демократии в регионе ОБСЕ. Мы обязуемся сделать обеспечение равенства между мужчинами и жен- щинами неотъемлемой частью своей политики как на уровне наших государств, так и в рамках Организации.

24. Мы будем принимать меры по ликвидации всех форм дискриминации жен- щин и прекращению насилия в отношении женщин и детей, а также сексуаль- ной эксплуатации и всех форм торговли людьми. Для предотвращения подобных преступлений мы будем, среди прочего, содействовать принятию или укрепле- нию законодательства для привлечения виновных в таких действиях к ответс- твенности и усиления защиты потерпевших. Мы будем также совершенствовать и осуществлять меры по обеспечению прав и интересов детей в вооруженных кон- фликтах и постконфликтных ситуациях, включая детей-беженцев и детей, пере- мещенных внутри государства. Мы будем изучать пути недопущения принуди- тельного или обязательного рекрутирования для использования в вооруженных конфликтах лиц младше 18-летнего возраста.

25. Мы вновь подтверждаем свое обязательство проводить свободные и чест- ные выборы согласно обязательствам, принятым в рамках ОБСЕ, и в частности Копенгагенскому документу 1990 года. Мы признаем, что БДИПЧ может оказы- вать государствам-участникам помощь в разработке и осуществлении законода- тельства о выборах. Сообразуясь с этими обязательствами, мы будем приглашать на проводимые в наших странах выборы наблюдателей из других государств- участников, БДИПЧ, Парламентской ассамблеи ОБСЕ и соответствующих инсти- тутов и организаций, которые хотели бы наблюдать за их проведением. Мы согла- шаемся незамедлительно реагировать на заключения БДИПЧ с оценкой проведе- ния выборов и его рекомендации.

26. Мы вновь подтверждаем значение независимых средств массовой информа- ции и свободных потоков информации, а также доступа общественности к инфор- мации. Мы берем на себя обязательство предпринять все необходимые меры по созданию необходимой основы для функционирования свободных и независи- мых средств массовой информации и беспрепятственного трансграничного и

214 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Стамбул 1999 г.

внутригосударственного потоков информации, которые мы считаем важнейшим компонентом любого демократического, свободного и открытого общества.

27. Неправительственные организации (НПО) могут играть чрезвычайно важ- ную роль в содействии утверждению прав человека, демократии и верховенс- тва закона. Они являются неотъемлемой составляющей сильного гражданского общества. Мы обязуемся расширять имеющиеся у НПО возможности вносить свой полновесный вклад в дальнейшее развитие гражданского общества и обес- печение прав человека и основных свобод.

(…)

Верховенство закона и борьба с коррупцией

33. Мы подтверждаем свою приверженность верховенству закона. Мы признаем, что коррупция представляет собой большую угрозу общим ценностям ОБСЕ. Она порождает нестабильность и затрагивает многие аспекты безопасности, экономи- ческого и человеческого измерений. Государства-участники обязуются наращи- вать свои усилия по борьбе с коррупцией и порождающими ее условиями, а также содействовать формированию позитивной основы для надлежащей практики государственного управления и должностной порядочности. Они будут лучше использовать существующие международные инструменты и оказывать взаим- ную помощь в борьбе с коррупцией. В рамках своих усилий по утверждению вер- ховенства закона ОБСЕ будет взаимодействовать с НПО, которые борются за фор- мирование атмосферы единодушного неприятия обществом и деловыми кругами коррупции.

IV. Наши общие инструменты

Развитие нашего диалога

(…)

36. Действуя в духе солидарности и партнерства, мы будем также расширять наш политический диалог, для того, чтобы предлагать государствам-участни- кам помощь, обеспечивая таким образом выполнение обязательств, принятых в рамках ОБСЕ. Для содействия такому диалогу мы приняли решение активнее использовать в соответствии с установленными правилами и практикой инстру- ментарий ОБСЕ, включающий:

(…)

• организацию учебных программ, направленных на совершенствование норм и практики, среди прочего, в области прав человека, демократизации и верховенс- тва закона;

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 215 Стамбул 1999 г.

• рассмотрение вопросов, касающихся выполнения обязательств, принятых в рамках ОБСЕ, на совещаниях и конференциях ОБСЕ по обзору, а также на Эко- номическом форуме;

(…)

Деятельность ОБСЕ на местах

(…)

38. Развитие деятельности ОБСЕ на местах отражает серьезные изменения в Орга- низации, благодаря которым ОБСЕ стала играть более заметную роль в упроче- нии мира и безопасности и в совершенствовании выполнения обязательств, при- нятых в рамках ОБСЕ. Опираясь на приобретенный нами опыт, мы будем и далее развивать и укреплять данный инструмент в целях выполнения предусмотрен- ных соответствующими мандатами задач, которые, среди прочего, могут вклю- чать следующее:

(…)

• наблюдение за выполнением обязательств, принятых в рамках ОБСЕ, а также предоставление консультативных услуг или подготовку рекомендаций по совер- шенствованию их выполнения;

• помощь в организации выборов и наблюдении за ними;

• содействие в обеспечении главенствующей роли закона и демократических инс- титутов, а также в поддержании и восстановлении правопорядка;

(…)

• поддержку восстановления и реконструкции в различных областях жизни обще- ства.

(…)

Деятельность, связанная с полицейскими функциями

44. Мы будем работать в целях укрепления роли ОБСЕ в деятельности, связанной с функциями гражданской полиции, в качестве составной части усилий Органи- зации по предотвращению конфликтов, регулированию кризисов и постконфлик- тному восстановлению. Такая деятельность может включать:

• полицейский мониторинг, в том числе с целью недопущения таких действий со стороны полиции, как дискриминация по религиозному и этническому призна- кам;

• подготовку полицейских кадров, которая, среди прочего, могла бы включать следующие задачи:

216 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Стамбул 1999 г.

• повышение оперативно-тактического потенциала местных полицейских служб и реформирование военизированных сил;

• освоение новых, современных форм полицейской работы, таких, как взаимо- действие с населением на местном уровне, борьба с распространением наркоти- ков, коррупцией и терроризмом;

• создание полицейской службы, объединяющей в своем составе представителей разных этнических групп и/или вероисповеданий и способной заслужить дове- рие всего населения;

• обеспечение в целом уважения прав человека и основных свобод.

(…)

45. Мы будем также способствовать развитию независимых судебных систем, играющих ключевую роль в предоставлении правовой защиты от нарушений прав человека, а также оказывать консультационные услуги и помощь в реформи- ровании пенитенциарной системы. ОБСЕ будет также работать с другими между- народными организациями с целью создания политических и правовых условий, позволяющих полиции выполнять свои задачи в соответствии с принципами демократии и верховенства закона.

Поддержание мира

46. Мы по-прежнему твердо намерены усиливать ключевую роль ОБСЕ в подде- ржании мира и стабильности во всем нашем регионе. ОБСЕ наиболее эффективно содействовала региональной безопасности в таких областях, как деятельность на местах, постконфликтное восстановление, демократизация, а также наблюде- ние за соблюдением прав человека и выборами. Мы решили изучить варианты, предусматривающие потенциально более значительную и широкую роль ОБСЕ в поддержании мира. Вновь подтверждая свои права и обязательства по Уставу Организации Объединенных Наций и опираясь на свои существующие решения, мы подтверждаем, что ОБСЕ может, от случая к случаю и на основе консенсуса, принимать решение о выполнении той или иной роли в поддержании мира, в том числе ведущей роли тогда, когда государства-участники сочтут, что ОБСЕ явля- ется наиболее эффективной и подходящей организацией. В этом контексте она могла бы также принимать решение о предоставлении мандата, покрывающего деятельность других по поддержанию мира, и прибегать к поддержке государств- участников, а также других организаций для привлечения ресурсов и эксперт- ной помощи. В соответствии с Платформой безопасности, основанной на сотруд- ничестве, она могла бы также предоставлять координационные рамки для таких усилий.

(…)

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 217 Стамбул 1999 г.

VI. Заключение

51. Настоящая Хартия упрочит безопасность всех государств-участников пос- редством развития и укрепления ОБСЕ на этапе, когда мы вступаем в XXI век. Сегодня мы решили развивать ее существующие инструменты и создавать новые. Мы будем в полной мере использовать их для обеспечения свободы, демократии и безопасности в регионе ОБСЕ. (…)

218 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения Документ восьмой встречи Совета министров Вена 2000 г.

Рeшения венской встречи Совета министров Решение об активизации усилий ОБСЕ по борьбе c торговлей людьми

Совет министров,

принимая во внимание Хартию европейской безопасности, согласно которой государства-участники обязуются “принимать меры по ликвидации всех форм дискриминации женщин и прекращению насилия в отношении женщин и детей, а также сексуальной эксплуатации и всех форм торговли людьми” и “содействовать принятию или укреплению законодательства для привлечения виновных в таких действиях к ответственности и усиления защиты потерпевших”,

ссылаясь на содержащиеся в Московском документе 1991 года обязательства ОБСЕ, касающиеся борьбы с торговлей людьми,

признавая, что торговля людьми представляет собой все более серьезную про- блему, и, будучи убежден в том, что Организации следует активизировать свои усилия по борьбе с торговлей людьми во всем регионе ОБСЕ, в том числе во время конфликтов и в постконфликтных ситуациях, и внести свой вклад в направлен- ные на защиту прав человека национальные, региональные и международные уси- лия по противодействию такой торговле, а также в борьбу с транснациональной организованной преступностью,

1. Вновь заявляет, что торговля людьми является вопиющим нарушением прав человека и серьезным преступлением, которое требует более всесторонних и ско- ординированных ответных мер со стороны государств-участников и междуна- родного сообщества, а также применения странами, в частности странами проис- хождения, транзита и назначения, более согласованного и основанного на лучшем взаимодействии подхода;

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 219 Вена 2000 г.

2. Приветствует принятие Генеральной ассамблеей Организации Объединен- ных Наций Протокола о предупреждении и пресечении торговли людьми, осо- бенно женщинами и детьми, и наказании за нее, дополняющего Конвенцию Орга- низации Объединенных Наций против транснациональной организованной пре- ступности, а также содержащееся в нем определение термина “торговля людьми” и призывает все государства-участники подписать и ратифицировать Протокол Организации Объединенных Наций, а также Факультативный протокол о тор- говле детьми, детской проституции и детской порнографии к Конвенции о пра- вах ребенка;

3. Признает главную ответственность государств-участников в том, что касается борьбы с торговлей людьми на основе комплексного и скоординированного под- хода, включающего предупреждение торговли, защиту потерпевших и судебное преследование торговцев и их сообщников;

4. Подчеркивает роль национальных парламентов в принятии, среди прочего, законов, необходимых для борьбы с торговлей людьми, и приветствует статьи 106 и 107 Бухарестской декларации Парламентской ассамблеи, посвященные тор- говле людьми;

5. Постановляет укрепить деятельность ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми и подчеркивает необходимость интенсифицировать сотрудничество между раз- личными институтами ОБСЕ, а также между ОБСЕ и другими международными организациями, такими, как соответствующие учреждения Организации Объ- единенных Наций, Международная организация по вопросам миграции, Совет Европы, Европейский союз и Интерпол;

6. Поддерживает работу Целевой группы по проблеме торговли людьми в рам- ках Пакта о стабильности и призывает, в частности, правительства стран соот- ветствующего региона принимать активное участие в деятельности этой Целевой группы;

7. Призывает институты ОБСЕ, и в частности БДИПЧ, а также операции на местах разрабатывать и осуществлять программы противодействия торговле людьми и способствовать скоординированным усилиям в области предупреждения, судеб- ного преследования и защиты совместно с неправительственными организаци- ями, международными организациями и другими соответствующими институ- тами;

8. Обязуется повышать информированность обо всех аспектах проблемы торговли людьми, в частности, при содействии БДИПЧ, неправительственных организа- ций и других соответствующих институтов, путем организации в случае необхо- димости учебных программ для государственных служащих, включая сотрудни- ков правоохранительных, судебных, консульских и иммиграционных органов;

9. Берет на себя обязательство осуществлять необходимые меры, в том числе путем принятия и применения законодательства, для квалификации торговли

220 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Вена 2000 г.

людьми как уголовного преступления, включая установление соответствующих мер наказания, в целях обеспечения эффективного противодействия ей со сто- роны правоохранительных органов и судебного преследования за нее. В таком законодательстве должен учитываться правозащитный подход к проблеме тор- говли людьми и должны содержаться положения о защите прав человека при- менительно к ее жертвам, обеспечивающие, чтобы жертвы торговли людьми не подвергались преследованию лишь по той причине, что они стали объектом тор- говли;

10. Рассмотрит вопрос о принятии законодательных или других соответствую- щих мер, таких, как создание приютов, которые позволяли бы жертвам торговли людьми в соответствующих случаях оставаться на их территории на временной или постоянной основе; об установлении соответствующих процедур репатриа- ции жертв торговли людьми с должным учетом их безопасности, включая выдачу документов; а также о выработке политики по вопросам обеспечения таких жертв социально-экономическими льготами, их реабилитации и социальной реинтег- рации;

11. Приветствует назначение в соответствующих случаях представителей пра- вительств по проблеме торговли людьми в целях координации деятельности на национальном уровне и налаживания регионального и международного сотруд- ничества с предоставлением соответствующей контактной информации другим государствам-участникам;

12. Признает, что деятельность ОБСЕ на местах, осуществляемая в рамках зако- нов принимающих стран, может вносить в борьбу с торговлей людьми ценный вклад, в том числе в виде регулярного наблюдения, представления отчетов и содействия государственным органам, в частности, путем стимулирования диа- лога и обеспечения связи между правительствами и неправительственными орга- низациями и институтами при принятии решений по конкретным случаям тор- говли людьми; а также призывает к укреплению взаимодействия между операци- ями на местах;

13. Призывает Секретариат ОБСЕ в сотрудничестве с БДИПЧ усилить подготовку по вопросам борьбы с торговлей людьми в рамках вводных программ для персо- нала ОБСЕ на местах в целях повышения его способности следить за положением дел с торговлей людьми, докладывать об этом и предпринимать шаги по реше- нию этой проблемы в рамках регулярной деятельности ОБСЕ; а также повышать в рамках институтов ОБСЕ и среди персонала ОБСЕ осведомленность о пробле- мах, связанных с торговлей людьми; доступ к этим учебным программам должен быть предоставлен также государствам-участникам и другим международным организациям;

14. Приветствует дальнейшую разработку Секретариатом ОБСЕ кодекса поведе- ния членов миссий ОБСЕ с включением в него положений о торговле людьми и других нарушениях прав человека, ожидает его скорейшего воплощения в жизнь

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 221 Вена 2000 г.

всеми структурами и институтами ОБСЕ, просит руководителей операций ОБСЕ на местах принимать надлежащие меры в случаях эксплуатации их сотрудниками жертв торговли людьми и считает желательным, чтобы аналогичные нормы и практика принимались, где это уместно, всеми другими международными орга- низациями.

222 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения Документ девятой встречи Совета министров Бухарест 2001 г.

Бухарестская декларация Совета министров (…)

2. Мы решительно осуждаем все акты терроризма. Терроризму, независимо от его мотивов или происхождения, нет оправданий. Ничто не может служить оправда- нием сознательных, целенаправленных ударов по ни в чем не повинным людям. В борьбе с терроризмом нельзя оставаться в стороне.

3. Демонстрируя солидарность ОБСЕ, Совет министров принял сегодня решение и план действий, касающиеся терроризма. Мы вновь заявляем, что борьба с тер- роризмом не есть война против религий или народов. Мы подтверждаем нашу приверженность защите прав человека и основных свобод.

4. Мы твердо намерены защитить своих граждан от новых вызовов их безопас- ности, оберегая при этом верховенство закона, индивидуальные свободы и право на равное правосудие в рамках закона. Организованная преступность, незакон- ный оборот наркотиков и оружия и торговля людьми затрагивают безопасность, экономику и социальную структуру всех государств-участников. Совет минист- ров поддерживает наращивание усилий и расширение международного сотруд- ничества в противостоянии этим вызовам и призывает государства-участники, еще не сделавшие этого, присоединиться к Конвенции Организации Объединен- ных Наций против транснациональной организованной преступности и ее про- токолам.

(…)

12. Мы также вновь заявляем о своей приверженности отношениям, основан- ным на суверенном равенстве, взаимном уважении, сотрудничестве и подде- ржке демократии. Мы твердо намерены строить свои отношения в соответствии с концепцией общей и всеобъемлющей безопасности, руководствуясь принци- пами равноправного партнерства, солидарности и транспарентности. Мы сохра-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 223 Бухарест 2001 г.

няем приверженность единому, свободному и мирному сообществу ОБСЕ от Ван- кувера до Владивостока, которое совместными действиями отвечает на вызовы миру и стабильности.

Решение о борьбе с терроризмом и бухарестский план действий по борьбе с терроризмом Решение No. 1: Борьба c терроризмом

55 государств-участников ОБСЕ единым фронтом выступают против терроризма, этого бича нашей эпохи.

Государства-участники ОБСЕ решительно осуждают варварские террористичес- кие акты, совершенные против Соединенных Штатов Америки 11 сентября 2001 года. Это был удар, направленный против всего международного сообщества, людей всех вероисповеданий и культур. Эти гнусные злодеяния, а также прочие акты терроризма во всех его формах и проявлениях, когда бы, где бы и кем бы они ни совершались, несут угрозу международному и региональному миру, безопас- ности и стабильности. Тем, кто осуществляет и финансирует подобные преступ- ные акты, укрывает или иным образом поддерживает несущих за них ответствен- ность, не должно быть убежища нигде. Терроризму, каковы бы ни были его корни или мотивация, нет оправдания.

Государства-участники ОБСЕ не отступят перед угрозами террористов, а будут бороться с ними, используя все средства в соответствии со своими международ- ными обязательствами. Это потребует долгих и неослабных усилий, но они чер- пают силы в своей широкой коалиции, простирающейся от Ванкувера до Влади- востока. Они будут отстаивать свободу и защищать своих граждан от актов тер- роризма, в полной мере уважая международное право и права человека. Они кате- горически не приемлют отождествление терроризма с какой-либо нацией или религией и вновь подтверждают нормы, принципы и ценности ОБСЕ.

Государства-участники ОБСЕ обязуются укреплять и развивать двустороннее и многостороннее сотрудничество в рамках ОБСЕ, с Организацией Объединенных Наций и с другими международными и региональными организациями в целях борьбы с террористической деятельностью во всех ее формах и проявлениях, где бы и кем бы она ни осуществлялась. Будучи региональным соглашением по смыслу главы VIII Устава Организации Объединенных Наций, ОБСЕ преиспол- нена решимости вносить свой вклад в выполнение международных обязательств, закрепленных, в частности, в резолюции 1373 (2001) Совета Безопасности Орга- низации Объединенных Наций, и будет действовать в соответствии с целями и принципами Устава Организации Объединенных Наций. Государства-участники ОБСЕ обязуются как можно скорее присоединиться ко всем 12 конвенциям и про- токолам Организации Объединенных Наций, касающимся терроризма. Они при- зывают к скорейшему завершению переговоров относительно всеобъемлющей конвенции Организации Объединенных Наций по международному терроризму.

224 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Бухарест 2001 г.

Государства-участники ОБСЕ объединились в духе политической солидарности для совместных действий. Они ожидают от Бишкекской международной конфе- ренции по укреплению безопасности и стабильности в Центральной Азии, про- водимой 13-14 декабря 2001 года, существенного вклада в глобальные усилия по борьбе с терроризмом и будут оказывать центральноазиатским партнерам по их просьбе поддержку, в том числе в форме технической помощи, в противостоянии внешним угрозам, связанным с терроризмом.

С этой целью Совет министров ОБСЕ принимает прилагаемый к настоящему Решению Бухарестский план действий по борьбе с терроризмом.

Приложение: Бухарестский план действий по борьбе с терроризмом

I. Цель плана действий

1. Терроризм угрожает международному миру и безопасности как в регионе ОБСЕ, так и в других частях мира. ОБСЕ готова внести свой вклад в борьбу с тер- роризмом в тесном сотрудничестве с другими организациями и форумами. Этот вклад будет соответствовать Платформе безопасности, основанной на сотрудни- честве, и будет основан на использовании преимуществ взаимодействия между глобальными и региональными усилиями по борьбе с терроризмом под эгидой Организации Объединенных Наций. Государства-участники ОБСЕ мобилизуют свою политическую волю, ресурсы и практические средства на цели выполнения своих обязательств по существующим международным конвенциям, касающимся терроризма, и обязуются активизировать национальные, двусторонние и много- сторонние усилия по борьбе с терроризмом.

2. ОБСЕ будет стремиться внести в глобальные усилия по борьбе с террориз- мом свой собственный вклад, отражающий специфику Организации, ее сильные стороны и сравнительные преимущества: всеобъемлющую концепцию безопас- ности, увязывающую воедино военно-политическое, человеческое и экономичес- кое измерения; широкий состав ее членов; опыт ее работы на местах; и ее экс- пертный потенциал в сфере раннего предупреждения, предотвращения конф- ликтов, регулирования кризисов, постконфликтного восстановления и построе- ния демократических институтов. Кроме того, многие эффективные контртерро- ристические меры относятся к тем областям, где ОБСЕ уже активно работает и приобрела немалый опыт, таким, как подготовка кадров полиции и полицейский мониторинг, законодательная и судебная реформа и пограничный мониторинг.

3. Цель Плана действий заключается в создании основы для всесторонних дейс- твий ОБСЕ по борьбе с терроризмом, которые должны предприниматься госу- дарствами-участниками и Организацией в целом при полном уважении междуна- родного права, в том числе международных норм в области прав человека и дру- гих соответствующих международно-правовых норм. План действий направлен на расширение уже предпринимаемых мер по содействию борьбе с терроризмом, облегчению взаимодействия между государствами и, по мере необходимости,

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поиску новых инструментов деятельности. В Плане действий, в котором призна- ется, что борьба с терроризмом требует неослабных усилий, будут указаны меры, которые предстоит предпринять незамедлительно, а также в среднесрочной и долгосрочной перспективе.

II. Международные юридические и политические обязательства

4. Конвенции Организации Объединенных Наций и резолюции Совета Безо- пасности Организации Объединенных Наций составляют глобальную право- вую основу для борьбы с терроризмом. Резолюции Совета Безопасности ООН 1269 (1999), 1368, 1373 и 1377 (2001) вместе с 12 соответствующими конвенци- ями и протоколами Организации Объединенных Наций по вопросам антитер- рористической деятельности служат фундаментом для этой основы и включают ряд конкретных элементов борьбы с терроризмом. Кроме того, в целом ряде доку- ментов ОБСЕ, включая декларации встреч на высшем уровне, от хельсинкской до стамбульской, прямо говорится о приверженности ОБСЕ борьбе с терроризмом в соответствии с Уставом Организации Объединенных Наций. Необходимо доби- ваться обеспечения самого широкого и всестороннего участия государств-участ- ников в существующих механизмах по борьбе с терроризмом и выполнении обя- зательств в этой области.

5. Государства-участники: обязуются предпринять меры к тому, чтобы, по воз- можности, до 31 декабря 2002 года присоединиться ко всем 12 конвенциям и про- токолам Организации Объединенных Наций, касающимся терроризма, призна- вая важную роль, которую могут играть парламентарии в вопросах ратифика- ции и другой законодательной деятельности, направленной против терроризма; представляется целесообразным, чтобы государства информировали Постоян- ный совет о принятых в этом отношении мерах; будут конструктивно участво- вать в проводимых Организацией Объединенных Наций переговорах о всеобъ- емлющей конвенции по борьбе с международным терроризмом и международной конвенции о пресечении актов ядерного терроризма, имея в виду их скорейшее успешное завершение.

6. Бюро по демократическим институтам и правам человека (БДИПЧ): в тесном сотрудничестве с другими организациями, включая Управление ООН по конт- ролю над наркотиками и предупреждению преступности (УКНПП ООН), будет на основании официальных запросов заинтересованных государств-участни- ков и по мере необходимости оказывать техническую помощь/консультационные услуги по законодательному оформлению ратификации международных доку- ментов.

7. Государства-участники: рассмотрят вопрос о том, каким образом ОБСЕ могла бы использовать наилучшую практику и уроки, извлеченные из опыта других соответствующих групп, организаций, институтов и форумов, в таких областях, как сотрудничество между полицейскими и судебными органами; недопущение и пресечение финансирования терроризма; исключение других видов поддержки;

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пограничный контроль, включая меры безопасности в отношении виз и докумен- тов; и доступ правоохранительных органов к информации.

8. Государства-участники будут также использовать Форум по сотрудничеству в области безопасности (ФСБ) для укрепления своих усилий по борьбе с террориз- мом посредством полного и своевременного осуществления всех соответствую- щих мер, согласованных в ОБСЕ. С этой целью они активизируют выполнение существующих военно-политических обязательств и соглашений, в частности Кодекса поведения, касающегося военно-политических аспектов безопасности, и Документа о легком и стрелковом оружии (ЛСО).

ФСБ рассмотрит вопрос об адекватности других своих документов задачам борьбы с терроризмом и определит, существует ли необходимость в выработке дополнительных норм и мер. Подходящей основой для регулярных консультаций по этим вопросам в рамках ФСБ может служить диалог по проблемам безопас- ности.

Государства-участники представят ответы на вопросник по Кодексу поведения, обеспечивающие дальнейшую транспарентность в отношении международных, региональных и национальных обязательств по борьбе с терроризмом и особенно соответствующих конвенций и резолюций Организации Объединенных Наций. ФСБ рассмотрит пути полного выполнения Документа о ЛСО, в частности раз- дела V о раннем предупреждении, предотвращении конфликтов, регулировании кризисов и постконфликтном восстановлении. ФСБ изучит возможность повы- шения транспарентности в отношении национальных систем маркировки, экс- порта и импорта, а также процедур управления национальными запасами и обес- печения их безопасности главным образом путем анализа полученной в резуль- тате обмена информации и разработки руководств по лучшей практике. Конфе- ренция в рамках дальнейших шагов по Кодексу поведения и семинар по ЛСО, которые состоятся в 2002 году, могли бы внести дополнительный вклад в приме- нение этих документов для борьбы с терроризмом.

III. Превентивные меры против терроризма в регионе ОБСЕ

9. Никакие обстоятельства и никакие мотивы не могут служить оправданием актов терроризма. В то же время существуют различные социальные, экономи- ческие, политические и прочие факторы, включая воинствующий сепаратизм и экстремизм, порождающие условия, в которых террористические организации могут вербовать сторонников и рассчитывать на поддержку. Принятый ОБСЕ всеобъемлющий подход к вопросам безопасности, предусматривающий выявле- ние и рассмотрение этих факторов в рамках всех соответствующих механизмов и структур ОБСЕ, обеспечивает ей тем самым сравнительные преимущества в борьбе с терроризмом.

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10. Построение институтов, укрепление верховенства закона и органов государственной власти. БДИПЧ: по просьбе государств будет продолжать и наращивать усилия по утверждению и содействию в построении демократичес- ких институтов, в частности, путем оказания помощи в укреплении админист- ративного потенциала, местных и центральных государственных и парламент- ских структур, судебной системы, институтов омбудсмена и гражданского обще- ства; будет содействовать в этой связи обмену между государствами-участниками наилучшей практикой и опытом; будет и далее разрабатывать проекты по упроче- нию демократических институтов, гражданского общества и надлежащей прак- тики государственного управления.

11. Утверждение прав человека, терпимости и поликультурности. Государс- тва-участники/Постоянный совет/БДИПЧ/Верховный комиссар по делам нацио- нальных меньшинств (ВКНМ)/Представитель по вопросам свободы средств мас- совой информации: будут пропагандировать и укреплять терпимость, сосущест- вование и гармоничные отношения между этническими, религиозными, языко- выми и другими группами, а также конструктивное сотрудничество между госу- дарствами-участниками в этом отношении; будут обеспечивать раннее предуп- реждение о возможности насилия, нетерпимости, экстремизма и дискриминации в отношении этих групп, адекватно реагировать на такие случаи и в то же время способствовать проявлению этими группами уважения к верховенству закона, демократическим ценностям и свободе личности; будут добиваться того, чтобы лица, принадлежащие к национальным меньшинствам, обладали правом сво- бодно выражать, сохранять и развивать свою этническую, культурную, языковую или религиозную самобытность.

12. Представитель по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации: рас- смотрит вопрос о разработке проектов, направленных на утверждение терпи- мости по отношению к людям других убеждений и верований путем использова- ния средств массовой информации; будет способствовать принятию мер по недо- пущению в средствах массовой информации проявлений агрессивного национа- лизма, расизма, шовинизма, ксенофобии и антисемитизма и борьбе с ними; будет и далее стимулировать дискуссии в духе плюрализма и побуждать средства мас- совой информации уделять больше внимания пропаганде терпимого отношения к этническому, религиозному, языковому и культурному многообразию и в этом контексте будет способствовать широкому доступу общественности к средствам массовой информации, а также проявлять бдительность в отношении разжига- ния ненависти.

13. Преодоление негативных социально-экономических факторов. Госу- дарства-участники/Секретариат: будут стремиться выявлять такие подрывающие безопасность экономические и экологические проблемы, как неэффективное госу- дарственное управление, коррупция, противозаконная экономическая деятель- ность, высокий уровень безработицы, массовая нищета и глубокое неравенство, демографические факторы, и неустойчивое использование природных ресурсов, а также будут стремиться противодействовать подобным факторам, опираясь на

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оказываемую по их просьбе помощь Бюро координатора деятельности ОБСЕ в области экономики и окружающей среды (БКДЭОС), выступающего, в частности, в роли катализатора деятельности и сотрудничества.

14. Предотвращение конфликтов, сопровождающихся насилием, и содейс- твие мирному урегулированию споров. Опираясь на весь свой потенциал, ОБСЕ будет продолжать и активизировать усилия по раннему предупреждению и адекватному реагированию, предотвращению конфликтов, регулированию кри- зисов и постконфликтному восстановлению; укреплять свои возможности по уре- гулированию конфликтов; наращивать усилия по нахождению прочного решения неурегулированных конфликтов, в том числе путем утверждения верховенства закона и предупреждения преступности в подобных зонах конфликтов на путях более широкого сотрудничества с Организацией Объединенных Наций, Евро- пейским союзом и другими международными организациями; и далее развивать свой потенциал быстрого развертывания (РЕАКТ) в кризисных ситуациях.

15. Решение проблемы затянувшегося перемещения. Государства-участники/ БДИПЧ/ВКНМ/Представитель по вопросам свободы средств массовой инфор- мации: будут изучать возможности укрепления потенциала ОБСЕ по поиску надежных решений, поддержке других соответствующих организаций, в первую очередь Управления Верховного комиссара ООН по делам беженцев, и тесному сотрудничеству с ними; будут внимательно следить за ситуациями, связанными с затянувшимся перемещением.

16. Укрепление национального антитеррористического законодательства. Государства-участники: обязуются выполнять все обязательства, принятые ими в рамках соответствующих конвенций и протоколов, касающихся терроризма, а также в рамках Конвенции Организации Объединенных Наций против трансна- циональной организованной преступности и дополняющих ее протоколов, обме- ниваться соответствующей информацией и методикой и рассматривать пути и средства сотрудничества в вопросах осуществления на встречах, проводимых на двусторонней основе, в рамках всей ОБСЕ и на субрегиональном уровне.

17. Парламентская ассамблея ОБСЕ: продолжит свои усилия по содействию диа- логу между парламентариями стран ОБСЕ с целью укрепления законодательства, необходимого для борьбы с терроризмом.

18. БДИПЧ: по просьбе заинтересованных государств-участников в соответству- ющих случаях будет оказывать техническую помощь/консультационные услуги в вопросах осуществления международных конвенций и протоколов по борьбе с терроризмом, а также приведения этого законодательства в соответствие с меж- дународными нормами согласно решениям Постоянного совета и стремиться в этих целях к сотрудничеству с другими организациями, особенно с УКНПП ООН; рассмотрит пути облегчения контактов между национальными экспертами с целью содействия обмену информацией и наилучшей практикой, связанной с законодательством по противодействию терроризму.

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19. Поддержка правоохранительной деятельности и борьба с организован- ной преступностью. Государства-участники: отмечая тесную связь между тер- роризмом и транснациональной организованной преступностью, незаконным оборотом наркотиков, отмыванием денег и незаконной торговлей оружием, будут предпринимать необходимые меры по недопущению на своей территории про- тивозаконной деятельности лиц, групп или организаций, которые поощряют, финансируют, организуют, способствуют или участвуют в совершении террорис- тических актов или других противозаконных действий, направленных на насиль- ственное свержение политического режима другого государства-участника; будут оказывать друг другу максимальную помощь в предоставлении информации в связи с уголовными расследованиями или процедурами выдачи преступников, связанными с террористическими актами, в соответствии со своим внутренним законодательством и международными обязательствами.

20. Постоянный совет: рассмотрит вопрос об организации регулярных встреч должностных лиц правоохранительных органов государств-участников и, в соот- ветствующих случаях, экспертов ОБСЕ, обладающих необходимым опытом в дан- ной области, для обмена наилучшей практикой и идеями по совершенствованию сотрудничества.

21. Секретариат: будет оказывать помощь государствам-участникам по их про- сьбе путем принятия мер по борьбе с торговлей людьми, наркотиками и легким и стрелковым оружием, согласно соответствующим решениям Постоянного совета, и будет прилагать усилия к созданию условий для усиления пограничного мони- торинга там, где это целесообразно; будет далее оказывать содействие государс- твам-участникам, предоставляя им по их просьбе и с их согласия консультаци- онные услуги и помощь в вопросах реструктуризации и(или) воссоздания поли- цейских служб, наблюдения за работой существующих полицейских служб и под- готовки кадров для них, в том числе в области прав человека, а также создания потенциала, включая поддержку интегрированных или многоэтнических поли- цейских служб; с этой целью будет укреплять свою нынешнюю связанную с поли- цейскими функциями деятельность в области предотвращения конфликтов, регу- лирования кризисов и постконфликтного восстановления.

22. БДИПЧ: будет и впредь консультировать государства-участники по их про- сьбе по вопросам укрепления обеспечивающих верховенство закона внутрен- них правовых механизмов и институтов, таких, как правоохранительные органы, суды и органы прокуратуры, ассоциации юристов и адвокаты; будет расширять свою деятельность по борьбе с торговлей людьми и оказывать поддержку жерт- вам такой торговли; будет в соответствующих случаях поддерживать проведение тюремной реформы и совершенствование уголовно-процессуальных норм.

23. Представитель по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации: будет по запросам участвовать в поддержке усилий по выработке законодательства о недо- пущении использования информационных технологий в целях террористической

230 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Бухарест 2001 г.

деятельности при обеспечении соответствия таких законов обязательствам, каса- ющимся свободы выражения мнений и свободы потоков информации.

24. Пресечение финансирования терроризма. Государства-участники: будут в рамках Конвенции Организации Объединенных Наций о борьбе с финанси- рованием терроризма и резолюции 1373 (2001) Совета Безопасности ООН при- нимать меры по предотвращению и пресечению финансирования терроризма, введению уголовной ответственности за умышленное предоставление или сбор средств в целях террористической деятельности и блокированию активов тер- рористов, принимая также во внимание резолюцию 1267 (1999) Совета Безопас- ности ООН; будут, в соответствии со своим внутренним законодательством и обязательствами по международному праву оперативно реагировать на запросы других государств-участников и соответствующих международных организаций о предоставлении информации.

25. Государства-участники/Секретариат: будут в рамках намеченной на 2002 год деятельности в области экономики и окружающей среды рассматривать также способы противодействия экономическим факторам, которые могут способство- вать возникновению терроризма, преодоления экономических последствий тер- роризма и пресечения финансовой поддержки террористов; рассмотрят вопрос о возможном вкладе ОБСЕ в рамках ее работы по повышению транспарентности и борьбы с коррупцией в общие международные усилия, направленные против тер- роризма; рассмотрят вопрос о том, чтобы взять на себя катализирующую роль в организации для персонала национальных финансовых учреждений целевых проектов учебной подготовки по тематике борьбы с терроризмом, включая кон- троль за финансовыми потоками и недопущение отмывания денег. Государства- участники будут принимать конструктивное участие в предстоящих переговорах по линии Организации Объединенных Наций относительно глобального пра- вового документа о борьбе с коррупцией в интересах их скорейшего успешного завершения.

26. Предотвращение передвижения террористов. Государства-участники: будут предотвращать передвижение террористов или террористических групп с помощью эффективного пограничного контроля и контроля за выдачей доку- ментов, удостоверяющих личность, и проездных документов, а также с помощью мер безопасности в отношении таких документов и предупреждения их фальси- фикации, подделки и незаконного использования; будут применять такие меры контроля с полным соблюдением своих обязательств по международно-право- вым актам о беженцах и о правах человека; будут путем надлежащего примене- ния положений об исключениях, содержащихся в Конвенции 1951 года о статусе беженцев и Протоколе 1967 года к ней, обеспечивать, чтобы лицам, участвовав- шим в террористических актах, не предоставлялось убежище; будут обеспечивать своевременное задержание и судебное преследование либо выдачу лиц, обвиня- емых в террористических актах, в соответствии со своими обязательствами по международному и национальному праву.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 231 Бухарест 2001 г.

IV. Действия в соответствии с Платформой безопасности, основанной на сотрудничестве, – сотрудничество с другими организациями

27. Организационные рамки для глобальной борьбы с терроризмом обеспечи- вает Организация Объединенных Наций. Между всеми соответствующими учас- тниками должно быть налажено тесное сотрудничество и координация действий. ОБСЕ может взять на себя координирующую роль при осуществлении межреги- ональных и внутрирегиональных инициатив. ОБСЕ расширяет работу на местах, пользуясь тесными контактами с неправительственными организациями (НПО), гражданским обществом и парламентариями и создавая все более плотную сеть в поддержку международной антитеррористической коалиции.

28. Государства-участники/Секретариат: будут укреплять сотрудничество и обмен информацией как на официальной, так и неофициальной основе с другими соответствующими группами, организациями и институтами, участвующими в борьбе с терроризмом; будут укреплять сотрудничество с Европейским союзом в области анализа и раннего предупреждения, а также повышать синергетический эффект взаимодействия с Пактом о стабильности для Юго-Восточной Европы и Центральноевропейской инициативой в областях, имеющих отношение к борьбе с терроризмом; будут развивать диалог в регионе ОБСЕ по вопросам, касающимся новых угроз и вызовов; будут расширять диалог с партнерами за пределами реги- она ОБСЕ, в частности со средиземноморскими партнерами по сотрудничеству и партнерами по сотрудничеству в Азии, Шанхайской организацией сотрудничес- тва, Совещанием по взаимодействию и мерам укрепления доверия в Азии, Орга- низацией Исламская конференция, Лигой арабских стран, Африканским союзом и государствами, граничащими с регионом ОБСЕ, в целях обмена информацией о наилучшей практике и извлеченных уроках, касающихся борьбы с терроризмом, для их применения в регионе ОБСЕ.

V. Дальнейшие шаги

29. Бишкекская международная конференция на тему “Укрепление безопасности и стабильности в Центральной Азии: наращивание всесторонних усилий по про- тиводействию терроризму”, которая состоится в Бишкеке 13-14 декабря 2001 года, станет первой возможностью для:

• обсуждения с широким кругом участников на основе настоящего Плана дейс- твий конкретного опыта и наилучшей практики борьбы с международным тер- роризмом и

• применения, с учетом специфических вызовов безопасности данного региона, соответствующих положений настоящего Плана действий в целях практической поддержки государств-участников в Центральной Азии, включая финансовую и техническую помощь в конкретных областях, представляющих для них инте- рес.

232 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Бухарест 2001 г.

30. До 27 декабря 2001 года Генеральный секретарь доложит Контртеррористи- ческому комитету Организации Объединенных Наций о принятых ОБСЕ мерах по борьбе с терроризмом и будет в дальнейшем по мере необходимости инфор- мировать Организацию Объединенных Наций. Кроме того, он будет регулярно информировать Постоянный совет о деятельности ОБСЕ в рамках настоящего Плана действий. Он подготовит для представления на следующей встрече Совета министров ОБСЕ/встрече ОБСЕ на высшем уровне доклад о деятельности орга- нов ОБСЕ в области борьбы с терроризмом и будет в дальнейшем готовить такие доклады по запросу Постоянного совета.

31. Каждый орган ОБСЕ, призванный предпринимать действия в соответствии с настоящим Планом, подготовит для представления Постоянному совету “мар- шрутную карту” решения соответствующих задач, включающую график, пот- ребности в ресурсах и указание мероприятий, в связи с которыми потребуются дополнительные решения Постоянного совета.

На основе информации, представленной другими органами ОБСЕ, Секрета- риат подготовит примерную оценку административно-финансовых последс- твий настоящего Плана действий, включая возможное создание в Секретари- ате антитеррористической группы или координационного центра, и подгото- вит для утверждения Постоянным советом рекомендации относительно необхо- димых ресурсов в рамках бюджета на 2002 год. Постоянный совет, в частности, через Действующего председателя и при поддержке Секретариата будет следить за выполнением настоящего Плана действий. Кроме того, он будет определять возможные источники помощи в осуществлении контртеррористических мер, включая использование групп экспертов и возможность постановки Постоянным советом дополнительных задач присутствиям ОБСЕ на местах в тесном взаимо- действии и согласии с правительствами принимающих стран.

(…)

Решения бухарестской встречи Совета министров (…)

Решение No. 5 Совета министров

Совет министров,

вновь подтверждая свою озабоченность проявлениями агрессивного национа- лизма, расизма, шовинизма, ксенофобии, антисемитизма и воинствующего экс- тремизма, где бы они ни имели место,

вновь подтверждая свою решимость выполнять все принятые в ОБСЕ обязатель- ства, касающиеся принятия мер в этом отношении,

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 233 Бухарест 2001 г.

призывает государства-участники способствовать терпимости и недопущению дискриминации, в том числе с помощью кампаний по повышению осведомлен- ности и посредством просветительской работы;

призывает институты ОБСЕ, в частности БДИПЧ, Верховного комиссара по делам национальных меньшинств и Представителя по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации уделять повышенное проявлениям агрессивного национа- лизма, расизма, шовинизма, ксенофобии, антисемитизма и воинствующего экс- тремизма, борьбе с нетерпимостью и дискриминацией по признаку расового или этнического происхождения, религиозных, политических или иных убеждений, а также содействию уважению верховенства закона, демократических ценностей, прав человека и основных свобод, включая свободу выражения мнений, свободу мысли, совести, религии или убеждений.

Поручает Постоянному совету рассмотреть вопрос о выработке дальнейших мер в этом отношении.

Решение No. 6 Совета министров

Совет министров,

вновь выражая свою приверженность борьбе против всех форм торговли людьми, затрагивающей все государства-участники,

заявляя о своей приверженности развитию сотрудничества и взаимодействия между государствами-участниками, касающегося мер по борьбе с торговлей людьми и связанными с ней преступлениями,

призывает государства-участники подписать и ратифицировать Конвенцию Орга- низации Объединенных Наций против транснациональной организованной пре- ступности и Протокол к ней о предупреждении и пресечении торговли людьми, особенно женщинами и детьми, и наказании за нее;

приветствует успешное завершение разработки Кодекса поведения сотрудников ОБСЕ и Руководства по борьбе с торговлей людьми и их распространение среди персонала ОБСЕ;

вновь подтверждает свою поддержку работы БДИПЧ, операций на местах и деятельности Целевой группы по борьбе с торговлей людьми в рамках Пакта о стабильности;

приветствует обмен информацией с целью наращивания усилий по расследова- нию, обеспечению правопорядка и предупреждению преступности;

призывает государства-участники ускорить принятие необходимых мер во испол- нение обязательств, принятых ими на Венской встрече министров, включая пре- дупреждение торговли людьми, защиту ее жертв, а также преследование лиц, занимающихся такой торговлей, и их сообщников.

234 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Бухарест 2001 г.

Решение No. 7 Совета министров

Совет министров,

принимая к сведению выводы Бухарестской конференции на тему “Равные воз- можности для рома и синти”,

заявляя о своей поддержке работы пункта для контактов по вопросам, касаю- щимся рома и синти, и свое твердое намерение укреплять этот пункт для кон- тактов,

поручает БДИПЧ разработать в соответствии с указаниями Стамбульской встречи на высшем уровне целевой план действий в качестве одного из способов, позволяющих повысить способность пункта для контактов оказывать государс- твам-участникам содействие в выполнении их обязательств по улучшению поло- жения рома и синти, и представить его Постоянному совету;

выражает пожелание, чтобы пункт для контактов по вопросам, касающимся рома и синти, продолжал свою работу в тесном сотрудничестве с государствами-участ- никами, Советом Европы и другими соответствующими организациями и инфор- мировал об этом Постоянный совет.

Решение No. 8 Совета министров

Совет министров,

признавая, что равенство женщин и мужчин является необходимой предпосыл- кой устойчивой демократии и стабильности в регионе ОБСЕ,

будучи убежден в способности женщин вносить вклад в предотвращение конф- ликтов, процессы примирения и миростроительства,

подтверждая приверженность защите и обеспечению прав женщин и сознавая уязвимость женщин, особенно в конфликтных и постконфликтных ситуациях,

будучи преисполнен решимости вести борьбу против всех форм насилия в отно- шении женщин, включая бытовое насилие,

признавая необходимость создания реабилитационных центров для женщин, подвергшихся насилию,

приветствуя тот факт, что в текущем году ОБСЕ уделяла больше внимания про- блеме насилия в отношении женщин, затрагивающей все государства-участники ОБСЕ,

призывает к выполнению Плана действий по гендерным вопросам;

поручает Постоянному совету рассмотреть вопрос о возможном вкладе ОБСЕ в предупреждение насилия в отношении женщин.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 235 Бухарест 2001 г.

Решение No. 9 Совета министров: Деятельность, связанная с полицейскими функциями

Совет министров,

вновь подтверждая выявившееся на Стамбульской встрече на высшем уровне понимание, что во всем мире и в регионе ОБСЕ возникли новые угрозы и вызовы безопасности и что эти новые вызовы – международный терроризм, агрессивный экстремизм, организованная преступность и оборот наркотиков, а также чрез- мерное и дестабилизирующее накопление и неконтролируемое распространение легкого и стрелкового оружия – представляют все большую угрозу безопасности,

вновь подтверждая выраженное в Стамбуле твердое намерение более активно и тесно сотрудничать друг с другом в противодействии этим вызовам и обеспечить более надежную защиту от этих новых вызовов и угроз,

отмечая принятое в Стамбуле обязательство противостоять общим вызовам и понимание того, что основой защиты от этих новых угроз и вызовов являются прочные демократические институты и верховенство закона,

подтверждая, что для утверждения верховенства закона и защиты демократичес- ких институтов необходима эффективная полицейская деятельность,

также подтверждая, что расширение сотрудничества между государствами-учас- тниками в деятельности, связанной с полицейскими функциями, может способс- твовать отражению этих новых угроз и вызовов,

напоминая о принятом государствами-участниками ОБСЕ на Стамбульской встрече на высшем уровне обязательстве расширить возможности в области полицейской деятельности с целью оказания помощи в поддержании верховенс- тва закона,

напоминая также о содержащихся в пунктах 44 и 45 принятой в Стамбуле Хартии европейской безопасности обязательстве укрепить роль ОБСЕ в деятельности, связанной с функциями гражданской полиции, в качестве составной части уси- лий Организации по предотвращению конфликтов, регулированию кризисов и постконфликтному восстановлению,

ссылаясь также на принятое в Стамбуле обязательство способствовать развитию независимых судебных систем, играющих ключевую роль в предоставлении пра- вовой защиты от нарушений прав человека, а также в оказании консультацион- ных услуг и помощи в реформировании пенитенциарной системы, и работать с другими международными организациями с целью создания политических и правовых условий, позволяющих полиции выполнять свои задачи в соответствии с принципами демократии и верховенства закона,

руководствуясь Решением Совета министров о деятельности, связанной с поли- цейскими функциями, от 28 ноября 2000 года и принимая к сведению результаты

236 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Бухарест 2001 г.

дискуссии на встрече полицейских экспертов, состоявшейся в Вене 28-29 июня 2001 года,

принимая к сведению Решение Совета министров от 4 декабря 2001 года о борьбе с терроризмом и содержащееся в нем обязательство всех государств-участни- ков ОБСЕ укреплять и развивать двустороннее и многостороннее сотрудничес- тво в рамках ОБСЕ, с Организацией Объединенных Наций и с другими междуна- родными и региональными организациями в целях борьбы с террористической деятельностью во всех ее формах и проявлениях, где бы и кем бы она ни осущест- влялась, в соответствии со своими международными обязательствами,

признавая также роль правоохранительной деятельности в содействии выполне- нию Решения Совета министров от 28 ноября 2000 года об активизации усилий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми и в выполнении Решения Форума по сотруд- ничеству в области безопасности от 24 ноября 2000 года о Документе ОБСЕ о лег- ком и стрелковом оружии,

и принимая во внимание увеличение числа поступающих от государств-участни- ков просьб к ОБСЕ об оказании помощи в деятельности, связанной с полицейс- кими функциями, и недавнее наращивание усилий Организации по наблюдению за деятельностью полиции и подготовке полицейских кадров, включая полицейс- кие службы, состоящие из представителей разных этнических групп и(или) веро- исповедований, в кризисных или постконфликтных ситуациях,

1. Постановляет, что при разработке планов деятельности ОБСЕ, связанной с полицейскими функциями, с целью противостояния новым вызовам безопас- ности и активизации полицейской деятельности ОБСЕ, направленной на предо- твращение конфликтов, регулирование кризисов и постконфликтное восстанов- ление, ОБСЕ будет:

• стремиться к обеспечению преемственности при построении институтов и фун- кциональном отходе от опоры на международную помощь и сведении на нет зависимости от нее;

• изучать и развивать роль работы по подготовке полицейских кадров, особенно комплексной, в создании полицейских служб, которые могли бы пользоваться доверием всего населения, а также в укреплении доверия; и

• рассматривать варианты и условия участия ОБСЕ в правоохранительной деятельности.

2. Постановляет укреплять существующую деятельность ОБСЕ, связанную с полицейскими функциями, в области предотвращения конфликтов, регулирова- ния кризисов и постконфликтного восстановления, в том числе путем предостав- ления государствам-участникам по их просьбе и с их согласия консультационных услуг и помощи в вопросах реструктуризации и(или) воссоздании полицейских служб, наблюдения за работой существующих полицейских служб и подготовки

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 237 Бухарест 2001 г.

кадров для них, в том числе в области прав человека и основных свобод, а также создания потенциала, включая, где это целесообразно, поддержку интегрирован- ных или многоэтнических полицейских служб.

3. Постановляет наращивать и развивать сотрудничество между государствами- участниками в противодействии новым вызовам безопасности, в том числе путем:

• осуществления и координации, по просьбе государств-участников и с их согла- сия и – если это необходимо в соответствии с действующими процедурами ОБСЕ – по решению Постоянного совета, деятельности ОБСЕ по подготовке полицейских кадров, в том числе на субрегиональном уровне, с целью:

• расширения оперативно-тактических возможностей полиции;

• повышения квалификации полицейских в ключевых областях, включая ува- жение прав человека и основных свобод и, при необходимости, в вопросах, связанных с криминальными аспектами незаконной миграции; и

• укрепления потенциала в области полицейской работы на местах, борьбы с наркотиками, коррупцией и терроризмом; и

• по просьбе государств-участников и с их согласия:

• предоставления рекомендаций или организации оказания экспертных услуг, касающихся потребностей в эффективной полицейской работе (оценка пот- ребностей) и способов их удовлетворения, в том числе путем создания усло- вий или изыскания источников финансирования для выполнения подобных рекомендаций со стороны ОБСЕ, ее государств-участников в порядке вне- бюджетного финансирования или других соответствующих международных или региональных организаций; и

• стимулирование, по мере необходимости, обмена между государствами- участниками информацией относительно извлеченных уроков и наилучшей полицейской практики по противодействию этим новым вызовам безопас- ности.

4. В целях поддержки вышеназванных видов деятельности и обязательств, в соот- ветствии с Платформой безопасности, основанной на сотрудничестве, ОБСЕ будет:

• созывать при необходимости – желательно каждый год – совещания полицей- ских экспертов из государств-участников ОБСЕ и представителей других соот- ветствующих специализированных международных и региональных организа- ций;

• обеспечивать, чтобы деятельность ОБСЕ по вопросам, связанным с полицей- скими функциями, координировалась с другими соответствующими субъек-

238 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Бухарест 2001 г.

тами и организациями – включая рассмотрение работы, ведущейся на субреги- ональном, региональном и международном уровне, и, если возможно, повыше- ние совместимости с ней – с целью добиться максимального эффекта и пользы для Организации и принимающего государства-участника и избежать пробелов, дублирования или перекрещивания функций; и

• повышать возможности и способности Организации в области концептуальной проработки и осуществления эффективной деятельности ОБСЕ по подготовке полицейских кадров, наблюдению за работой полиции и укреплению ее потен- циала, а также управления этой деятельностью, в том числе путем развития свя- зей с другими соответствующими организациями и национальными учрежде- ниями, а также ведущими учреждениями по оказанию гуманитарной помощи.

5. Во исполнение вышеизложенных обязательств государства-участники обязу- ются:

• расширять сотрудничество между собой по вопросам, связанным с полицейс- кими функциями, с целью противостояния новым угрозам и вызовам их безо- пасности как на двустороннем, так и на многостороннем уровне, а также, при необходимости, путем укрепления контактов между соответствующими орга- нами; и

• делиться специальными знаниями и опытом ОБСЕ в вопросах деятельности, связанной с полицейскими функциями, с другими соответствующими между- народными организациями, членам которых они являются, с целью повыше- ния эффективности международных действий по отражению этих новых угроз и вызовов безопасности.

6. Постоянный совет на основе ежегодного доклада Генерального секретаря о деятельности ОБСЕ, связанной с полицейскими функциями, каждый год будет проводить обзор этой деятельности, в том числе с целью рассмотрения вопроса о том, как такая деятельность могла бы наилучшим образом способствовать пре- одолению вызовов безопасности, и принятия решений о необходимых дальней- ших шагах в соответствии с процедурами ОБСЕ.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 239 Документ десятой встречи Совета министров Порту 2002 г.

I. Декларация встречи Совета министров в Порту Реагируя на перемены

1. Мы, министры иностранных дел государств-участников Организации по безо- пасности и сотрудничеству в Европе, собравшись в Порту, вновь подтвердили свою решимость работать сообща, чтобы защитить наши народы от существу- ющих и возникающих угроз безопасности. Меняющаяся обстановка в полити- ческой области, в области безопасности и экономики ставит ОБСЕ перед лицом новых вызовов. С каждым годом нового столетия мы видим эти вызовы все отчет- ливее, а уникальный вклад ОБСЕ в построение такого международного сообщес- тва, где все страны и все люди смогут ощущать себя в безопасности, приобретает все большую ценность. У нас есть историческая возможность утвердить прочный мир, благополучие и демократию в масштабах всей Европы, которая становится все более единой.

2. Мы вновь подтверждаем свою приверженность повышению безопасности и развитию сотрудничества во всем регионе ОБСЕ, без каких-либо разделительных линий, путем укрепления взаимного доверия и совместной работы по решению вопросов безопасности в духе транспарентности и партнерства. Наши усилия будут дополняться усилиями других международных организаций и институтов, с которыми мы будем тесно сотрудничать на базе Платформы безопасности, осно- ванной на сотрудничестве.

3. В то же время в условиях меняющегося характера угроз нашей безопасности наша организация должна вырабатывать на них новые ответы, охватывающие и укрепляющие все три измерения нашего всеобъемлющего подхода. Наши усилия по упрочению мира и стабильности должны идти рука об руку с нашей решимос- тью в полном объеме обеспечивать уважение прав человека, основных свобод и верховенства закона, а также укреплять необходимые предпосылки устойчивого развития во всех наших государствах.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 241 Порту 2002 г.

4. Как показали недавние террористические акты, и в частности захват заложни- ков в Москве, терроризм по-прежнему является угрозой безопасности личности и глобальной безопасности. В принятой нами сегодня Хартии о предупреждении терроризма и борьбе с ним излагаются принципы нашего общего подхода к тер- роризму. В прошлом году, вслед за событиями 11 сентября, мы приняли в Буха- ресте План действий по борьбе с терроризмом, а сегодня постановили еще больше активизировать свои усилия по его осуществлению.

5. Стремясь обеспечить, чтобы ОБСЕ могла эффективно реагировать на нынеш- ние и будущие потребности, мы пришли к выводу о том, что ей следует в течение 2003 года продолжить разработку стратегии противодействия угрозам безопас- ности и стабильности в XXI веке. Ежегодная конференция ОБСЕ по обзору про- блем в области безопасности, решение о которой мы приняли сегодня, будет слу- жить механизмом для расширения диалога по проблемам безопасности и для рассмотрения работы в области безопасности, проводимой ОБСЕ и ее государс- твами-участниками. Мы также постановили рассмотреть роль ОБСЕ в миротвор- ческих операциях на предмет оценки возможностей ОБСЕ и определения вариан- тов ее участия в этой деятельности.

6. Хорошо налаженная работа полиции может вносить важный вклад в обеспече- ние безопасности и стабильности. Мы подтверждаем, что ОБСЕ следует и впредь развивать свою способность оказывать помощь государствам-участникам, стре- мящимся повысить свои возможности в области полицейской деятельности, и будем приветствовать выделение государствами-участниками необходимых ресурсов.

(…)

8. Центральное место в деятельности Организации продолжает занимать чело- веческое измерение. Принятые в этом году новые условия проведения совеща- ний ОБСЕ по рассмотрению выполнения, посвященных вопросам человеческого измерения, послужат дальнейшему повышению эффективности работы Органи- зации и ее институтов. Мы договорились пересмотреть и обновить План дейс- твий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми. Одной из первоочередных задач явля- ется утверждение толерантности и недискриминации, о чем нами принято отде- льное решение. Мы также приняли решение об обязательствах, касающихся выборов, и будем продолжать сотрудничество в этой области.

9. Мы отдаем должное значительному вкладу, который наши институты и опера- ции на местах, благодаря усилиям своих преданных делу сотрудников, вносят в практическое осуществление целей и принципов нашей организации в сотруд- ничестве с принимающими государствами. Мы поручаем Постоянному совету по мере необходимости рассматривать способы дальнейшего улучшения функцио- нирования операций на местах и повышения их эффективности.

(…)

242 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Порту 2002 г.

II. Хартия ОБСЕ о предупреждении терроризма и борьбе с ним Государства-участники ОБСЕ, твердо приверженные совместной борьбе с терро- ризмом,

1. Самым решительным образом осуждают терроризм во всех его формах и про- явлениях, независимо от того, когда, где и кем совершаются террористические акты, и вновь заявляют, что не существует обстоятельств или мотивов, оправды- вающих акты терроризма или его поддержку;

2. Категорически не приемлют отождествление терроризма с какой-либо нацией или религией и вновь подтверждают, что противодействие терроризму не направ- лено против какой-либо религии, нации или народа;

3. Сознают, что терроризм требует скоординированного и всеобъемлющего ответа и что акты международного терроризма, как гласит резолюция 1373 (2001) Совета Безопасности Организации Объединенных Наций, представляют собой угрозу международному и региональному миру и безопасности;

4. Заявляют, что акты, методы и практика терроризма, а также сознательное пособничество и потворство таким актам, их финансирование, планирование и подстрекательство к ним противоречат целям и принципам ООН и ОБСЕ;

5. Считают чрезвычайно важным дополнить продолжающийся процесс выпол- нения принятых в ОБСЕ обязательств в отношении терроризма подтверждением основополагающих, незыблемых принципов, на которых основаны и впредь будут основываться действия ОБСЕ и которые государства-участники полностью раз- деляют;

6. Подтверждают свое обязательство принимать меры, необходимые для защиты от террористических актов прав человека и основных свобод, особенно права на жизнь, каждого, кто находится под их юрисдикцией;

7. Обязуются принимать эффективные и решительные меры против терроризма и осуществлять все контртеррористические меры и сотрудничество в соответствии с принципом верховенства закона, Уставом ООН и соответствующими положени- ями международного права, международными стандартами в области прав чело- века и, где это применимо, положениями международного гуманитарного права;

8. Вновь подтверждают, что каждое государство обязано воздерживаться от укры- вательства террористов, от организации террористических актов в другом госу- дарстве, подстрекательства к ним, оказания им активной или пассивной подде- ржки или содействия и от спонсирования их в какой-либо иной форме, а также не должно попустительствовать на своей территории организованной деятель- ности, направленной на совершение таких актов;

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 243 Порту 2002 г.

9. Будут сотрудничать с целью обеспечить, чтобы любое лицо, которое сознательно участвует в финансировании, планировании, подготовке или совершении терро- ристических актов или в оказании поддержки таким актам, предстало перед пра- восудием, и с этой целью будут оказывать друг другу максимальное содействие, предоставляя информацию в связи с уголовными расследованиями или проце- дурами экстрадиции преступников, имеющими отношение к террористическим актам, в соответствии со своим внутренним законодательством и международ- ными обязательствами;

10. Будут предпринимать надлежащие шаги с целью не допустить предоставления убежища любому лицу, планировавшему, способствовавшему или участвовав- шему в террористических актах, соблюдая при этом соответствующие положения внутригосударственного и международного права и должным образом применяя оговорки об исключениях, содержащиеся в Конвенции 1951 года о статусе бежен- цев и Протоколе 1967 года к ней;

11. Признают, что соответствующие конвенции и протоколы Организации Объ- единенных Наций и резолюции Совета Безопасности ООН, в частности резолю- ция 1373 (2001) Совета Безопасности ООН, образуют первичную международно- правовую основу для борьбы с терроризмом;

12. Признают важность работы, проводимой Контртеррористическим комитетом Совета Безопасности ООН, и вновь подтверждают обязательство и готовность государств-участников и ОБСЕ сотрудничать с этим комитетом;

13. Напоминают о роли ОБСЕ как регионального соглашения по смыслу главы VIII Устава ООН и о ее обязательствах в этом контексте вносить вклад в глобаль- ную борьбу с терроризмом;

14. Напоминают о своем Решении о борьбе с терроризмом и своем Плане дейс- твий по борьбе с терроризмом, принятых на девятой встрече Совета министров ОБСЕ в Бухаресте, и подтверждают содержащиеся в них обязательства;

15. С удовлетворением отмечают Декларацию и Программу действий, приня- тые на состоявшейся 13-14 декабря 2001 года Бишкекской международной конфе- ренции на тему “Укрепление безопасности и стабильности в Центральной Азии: наращивание всесторонних усилий по противодействию терроризму”;

16. Вновь подтверждают выраженное в принятой на Стамбульской встрече на высшем уровне Хартии европейской безопасности, включая Платформу безо- пасности, основанной на сотрудничестве, твердое намерение активнее и теснее сотрудничать друг с другом и с другими международными организациями в про- тиводействии угрозам и вызовам безопасности;

17. Подчеркивают, что предупреждение терроризма и борьба с ним должны осно- вываться на концепции общей и всеобъемлющей безопасности и на долговремен- ном подходе, и обязуются использовать три измерения ОБСЕ и все ее органы и

244 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Порту 2002 г.

институты для оказания государствам-участникам по их просьбе содействия в предупреждении терроризма во всех его формах и борьбе с ним;

18. Заявляют о том, что выполнят свое обязательство – в соответствии с конвен- циями и протоколами ООН и резолюциями Совета Безопасности, а также дру- гими международными обязательствами – обеспечить, чтобы террористические акты и деятельность в поддержку таких актов, включая финансирование терро- ризма, квалифицировались во внутреннем законодательстве как серьезные уго- ловные правонарушения;

19. Будут работать сообща в целях предотвращения, пресечения и расследования террористических актов и преследования виновных, в том числе путем наращи- вания сотрудничества и выполнения в полном объеме соответствующих между- народных конвенций и протоколов, касающихся терроризма;

20. Убеждены в необходимости устранять потенциальные предпосылки воз- никновения и существования терроризма, в частности, путем обеспечения пол- ного уважения демократии и верховенства закона, предоставления всем гражда- нам возможности в полной мере участвовать в политической жизни, недопуще- ния дискриминации и поощрения межкультурного и межрелигиозного диалога в своих обществах, вовлечения гражданского общества в поиск общего политичес- кого урегулирования конфликтов, утверждения прав человека и толерантности, а также путем борьбы с бедностью;

21. Признают положительную роль, которую средства массовой информации могут играть в пропаганде толерантности и взаимопонимания между представи- телями различных религий, убеждений, культур и народов, а также в содействии более широкому осознанию угрозы терроризма;

22. Обязуются бороться с пропагандой ненависти и принимать необходимые меры для недопущения злоупотребления средствами массовой информации и информационными технологиями в террористических целях, обеспечивая соот- ветствие таких мер внутреннему законодательству, международному праву и при- нятым в рамках ОБСЕ обязательствам;

23. Будут предотвращать передвижение террористов или террористических групп с помощью эффективного пограничного контроля и контроля за выдачей доку- ментов, удостоверяющих личность, и проездных документов;

24. Признают необходимость дополнять международное сотрудничество приня- тием всех необходимых мер для того, чтобы всеми законными средствами пре- дотвращать и пресекать на своей территории пособничество любым террористи- ческим актам, их финансирование и подготовку, а также для введения уголовной ответственности за умышленное предоставление или сбор средств в целях тер- рористической деятельности, в рамках своих обязательств по Международной конвенции о борьбе с финансированием терроризма и соответствующим резолю- циям Совета Безопасности;

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25. Подтверждают свою решимость выполнять свои международные обязатель- ства, изложенные в резолюциях 1373 (2001) и 1390 (2002) Совета Безопасности ООН, и в частности блокировать активы тех, кто указан комитетом, созданным в соответствии с резолюцией 1267 (1999) Совета Безопасности ООН;

26. С озабоченностью отмечают связи между терроризмом и транснациональной организованной преступностью, отмыванием денег, торговлей людьми, незакон- ным оборотом наркотиков и оружия и в этой связи подчеркивают необходимость улучшения координации действий и выработки основанных на сотрудничестве подходов на всех уровнях в целях более эффективного реагирования на эти серь- езные угрозы и вызовы безопасности и стабильности;

27. Заявляют о своей решимости добросовестно применять все соответствую- щие инструменты, имеющиеся в рамках военно-политического измерения ОБСЕ, представленного Форумом по сотрудничеству в области безопасности, и подчер- кивают важность полной реализации этих инструментов, и в частности Кодекса поведения, касающегося военно-политических аспектов безопасности, и Доку- мента ОБСЕ о легком и стрелковом оружии;

28. Вновь подтверждают, что контроль над вооружениями, разоружение и нерас- пространение остаются в межгосударственных отношениях незаменимыми эле- ментами безопасности, основанной на сотрудничестве, и что они также могут играть важнейшую роль, уменьшая опасность получения террористами доступа к оружию и материалам массового уничтожения и к средствам их доставки.

Выражают решимость бороться с угрозой, создаваемой незаконным распростра- нением обычных вооружений, включая легкое и стрелковое оружие, а также неза- конным доступом к ним.

Будут делать все возможное для сведения этих опасностей к минимуму, предпри- нимая усилия на национальном уровне и укрепляя и совершенствуя существую- щие многосторонние инструменты в области контроля над вооружениями, разо- ружения и нераспространения, включая Принципы ОБСЕ, регулирующие нерас- пространение, а также для содействия их эффективному выполнению и, где это применимо, универсализации.

III. Декларация о торговле людьми I.

Мы, члены Совета министров ОБСЕ, заявляем, что торговля людьми создает серьезную угрозу безопасности в регионе ОБСЕ и за его пределами.

Мы заявляем, что торговля людьми и другие современные формы рабства пред- ставляют собой грубое попрание достоинства и прав человеческой личности.

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Мы сознаем, что торговля людьми является серьезным и быстрорастущим видом транснациональной организованной преступности, приносящим огромные доходы преступным сетям, которые могут быть замешаны и в таких преступных деяниях, как незаконный оборот наркотиков и оружия, а также контрабанда миг- рантов.

Мы напоминаем и вновь заявляем о своей полной приверженности обязательс- твам ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми, нашедшим отражение в Московском документе 1991 года, Хартии европейской безопасности, принятой в Стамбуле в 1999 году, Решении No. 1 Совета министров, принятом в Вене в 2000 году, Реше- нии No. 426 Постоянного совета и Решении No. 6 Совета министров, принятом в Бухаресте в 2001 году, и выражаем решимость укреплять сотрудничество в проти- водействии торговле людьми в странах происхождения, транзита и назначения.

Мы вновь подтверждаем свою решимость бороться с торговлей людьми во всех ее формах и призываем государства, еще не сделавшие этого, рассмотреть возмож- ность ратификации или присоединения к Конвенции Организации Объединен- ных Наций против транснациональной организованной преступности и к допол- няющему ее Протоколу о предупреждении и пресечении торговли людьми, осо- бенно женщинами и детьми, и наказании за нее, а также принять во внимание определение торговли людьми, которое дается в этом протоколе. Мы заявляем, что ратификация и полное выполнение обоих этих документов послужат укреп- лению международной и национальной правовой базы и правоприменительного потенциала для борьбы с торговлей людьми. Мы настоятельно рекомендуем госу- дарствам рассмотреть возможность одновременной с этим ратификации и пол- ного выполнения Протокола против незаконного ввоза мигрантов по суше, морю и воздуху, также дополняющего вышеупомянутую конвенцию.

Мы вновь подтверждаем поддержку нами групп БДИПЧ по борьбе с торговлей людьми и гендерным вопросам и выступаем за активизацию роли контактного пункта БДИПЧ по вопросам, касающимся рома и синти. Мы также вновь под- тверждаем поддержку нами операций ОБСЕ на местах и Секретариата ОБСЕ, в особенности советника ОБСЕ по гендерным вопросам. Мы одобряем их всеобъ- емлющий подход и оказываемое ими содействие национальным усилиям по недо- пущению торговли людьми, преследованию виновных в ней и оказанию защиты и помощи ее жертвам.

Мы также поддерживаем ведущуюся под эгидой ОБСЕ работу Целевой группы Пакта о стабильности по проблеме торговли людьми. Мы с одобрением отме- чаем, что она является движущей силой содействия региональному сотрудничес- тву и развития соответствующих инициатив.

II.

Мы признаем, что необходимо направлять усилия на коренные причины неза- конной торговли и уменьшать социально-экономическое неравенство и неблаго-

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получие, которые также подталкивают к нелегальной миграции и могут исполь- зоваться в корыстных целях организованными преступными сообществами. Мы признаем также необходимость борьбы с коррупцией, облегчающей деятельность таких сообществ. Мы рекомендуем повысить роль Бюро Координатора деятель- ности ОБСЕ в области экономики и окружающей среды в вопросах, связанных со всеми экономическими аспектами торговли людьми.

Мы признаем, что неотъемлемой составляющей торговли людьми в странах назначения является спрос на услуги лиц, ввозимых с целью их сексуальной экс- плуатации, привлечения к принудительному труду, обращения в рабство или применения к ним иной практики, аналогичной рабству. Мы настоятельно при- зываем страны назначения принимать эффективные меры в отношении такого спроса, которые должны быть одним из ключевых элементов их стратегии эффек- тивного недопущения торговли людьми и борьбы с нею, а также проявлять абсо- лютную нетерпимость по отношению к сексуальной эксплуатации, рабству и всем формам эксплуатации принудительного труда, независимо от его характера.

Мы глубоко обеспокоены сообщениями о причастности некоторых членов мис- сий международных организаций к деятельности, связанной с торговлей людьми, особенно в постконфликтных странах. Мы вновь подчеркиваем важность Реше- ния No. 426 Постоянного совета от 12 июля 2001 года о борьбе с торговлей людьми и поощряем принятие и осуществление соответствующих мер, таких как Кодекс поведения для сотрудников миссий ОБСЕ. Мы не будем мириться с причастнос- тью международных сотрудников к любой противозаконной деятельности, сти- мулированием ими этой преступной торговли или нарушением ими указан- ного Кодекса поведения. Мы обязуемся принимать все практически осуществи- мые меры для того, чтобы международные сотрудники несли ответственность за подобные действия перед властями своих стран, а в соответствующих случаях – и перед местными властями.

Мы выражаем озабоченность ростом торговли несовершеннолетними и, призна- вая особые потребности детей, поддерживаем расширение исследований и обмена информацией относительно торговли детьми, а также, исходя из того, что во всех действиях в отношении детей первоочередное внимание уделяется наилучшему обеспечению интересов ребенка, призываем к разработке специальных мер по защите несовершеннолетних, ставших жертвами торговли, от дальнейшей экс- плуатации, с соответствующей заботой об их психологическом и физическом бла- гополучии.

Мы будем стремиться к принятию адекватных мер для недопущения торговли людьми в наших странах, в частности в форме целевых кампаний по повышению осведомленности и просветительной работы в странах происхождения и тран- зита, рассчитанных в особенности на молодежь и другие уязвимые группы, и будем прилагать усилия по развертыванию соответствующих кампаний в стра- нах назначения и по организации подготовки для соответствующих должност- ных лиц и государственных служащих по тематике правоохранительной работы,

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пограничного контроля, уголовного правосудия и социальных услуг, а также будем рекомендовать всестороннее сотрудничество с НПО в этой области.

Мы будем стремиться оказывать жертвам торговли людьми, особенно женщинам и детям, помощь и защиту и в этих целях будем создавать, когда это целесообразно, эффективные и общедоступные национальные механизмы передачи и рассмотре- ния дел, обеспечивающие, чтобы жертвы торговли людьми не подвергались пре- следованию лишь по той причине, что они стали объектом торговли. Достоинс- тво и человеческие права жертв должны уважаться при всех обстоятельствах. Мы рассмотрим вопрос о принятии соответствующих мер, таких как создание при- ютов, и установлении соответствующих процедур репатриации жертв торговли людьми с должным учетом их безопасности, включая выдачу документов, а также о выработке политики по вопросам обеспечения таких жертв социально-эконо- мическими льготами, их реабилитации и социальной реинтеграции.

Мы сознаем, что более интенсивное сотрудничество между соответствующими участниками в странах происхождения, транзита и назначения играет важней- шую роль в программах возвращения жертв торговли людьми и облегчает их реинтеграцию. Поэтому мы поощряем дальнейшее развитие такого сотрудничес- тва всеми организациями, в том числе НПО, оказывающими помощь жертвам.

Мы рассмотрим вопрос о принятии законодательных или других мер, которые позволяли бы жертвам торговли людьми в соответствующих случаях оставаться на нашей территории на временной или постоянной основе, а также об учете соображений гуманности и сострадания.

Мы призываем государства-участники усиливать международное сотрудничество по борьбе с транснациональной организованной преступностью, включая такие преступные деяния, как незаконный оборот наркотиков и оружия, а также кон- трабанду мигрантов. В таком сотрудничестве должны участвовать международ- ные правоохранительные органы, такие как Европол и Интерпол, а также Иници- атива по сотрудничеству в Юго-Восточной Европе (ИСЮВЕ), в целях расследова- ния случаев торговли людьми и преследования виновных в соответствии с внут- ренним законодательством и, где это применимо, международными обязательс- твами. В этой связи мы просим старшего полицейского советника уделять повы- шенное внимание борьбе с торговлей людьми.

Мы вновь отмечаем потребность в национальных стратегиях для объединения усилий, направленных на борьбу с торговлей людьми, и улучшения координации действий национальных, международных и региональных организаций в этой области. Удовлетворить эту потребность можно было бы посредством таких мер, как назначение межминистерских органов и национальных координаторов либо, где это целесообразно, других соответствующих органов или механизмов.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 249 Порту 2002 г.

III.

Мы соглашаемся, на основе подхода, охватывающего различные измерения, активизировать сотрудничество между соответствующими структурами и инс- титутами ОБСЕ, а также между ОБСЕ и другими соответствующими междуна- родными организациями и субъектами, включая Организацию Объединенных Наций и ее специализированные учреждения, Совет Европы, Европейский союз и Международную организацию по вопросам миграции, и поручаем Постоянному совету изучить вопрос о том, как лучше всего обеспечить такое сотрудничество в целях борьбы с торговлей людьми.

Мы поручаем Постоянному совету пересмотреть в рамках неофициальной рабо- чей группы по гендерному равенству и борьбе с торговлей людьми проект плана действий ОБСЕ от 2000 года, посвященного деятельности по борьбе с торговлей людьми, и разработать к 25 июля 2003 года новый проект, предусматривающий соответствующие дальнейшие действия.

Мы поручаем Действующему председательству и Постоянному совету исполь- зовать существующие органы и форумы ОБСЕ для обмена информацией, обзора обязательств и распространения лучшей практики в области борьбы с торговлей людьми, а также поощрять регулярное участие экспертов, представляющих соот- ветствующие национальные институты и органы, и представителей партнерских международных организаций и НПО.

(…)

V. Решения встречи Совета министров в Порту Решение No. 1: Выполнение принятых в ОБСЕ обязательств и осуществление ее деятельности по борьбе с терроризмом

Совет министров

принимает к сведению всеобъемлющий доклад Генерального секретаря о деятель- ности органов и институтов ОБСЕ по борьбе с терроризмом, включая выполне- ние Бухарестского плана действий по борьбе с терроризмом и Бишкекской про- граммы действий;

постановляет, что все государства-участники ОБСЕ, ее органы и институты будут продолжать в неотложном порядке выполнять свои бухарестские обязательства и обеспечивать их действенность;

подтверждает обязательство всех государств-участников как можно скорее при- соединиться ко всем 12 конвенциям и протоколам Организации Объединенных Наций, касающимся терроризма, и приветствует шаги, предпринятые государс- твами-участниками, уже завершившими соответствующие процедуры;

250 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Порту 2002 г.

обязуется вести дело к успешному завершению идущих в настоящее время в Орга- низации Объединенных Наций переговоров о новых универсальных документах в этой области и подтверждает свою готовность рассмотреть – координируя это рассмотрение с Контртеррористическим комитетом Совета Безопасности ООН – запросы о технической помощи и наращивании потенциала с целью содействия ратификации и реализации документов ООН и других соответствующих доку- ментов, касающихся терроризма;

осознавая опасность, которую представляет оружие массового уничтожения в руках террористов, настоятельно призывает все государства сотрудничать в ходе ведущихся в ООН переговоров о Международной конвенции о борьбе с актами ядерного терроризма и в Международном агентстве по атомной энергии – о про- токоле к Конвенции ООН о физической защите ядерных материалов;

приветствует деятельность, которую проводит Форум по сотрудничеству в области безопасности в соответствии со своей Маршрутной картой и о которой было доложено его Председателем, и настоятельно призывает Форум по сотруд- ничеству в области безопасности продолжать заниматься вопросами борьбы с терроризмом в рамках своего мандата и компетенции;

призывает Координатора деятельности ОБСЕ в области экономики и окружаю- щей среды, сотрудничая и координируя действия с Управлением ООН по нар- котикам и преступности, продолжать осуществлять программы по поддержке усилий государств-участников, направленных на повышение их способности не допускать и пресекать финансирование терроризма;

приветствует принятое в июле 2002 года решение (PC.DEC/487) о том, что все государства-участники заполнят вопросник Целевой группы по финансовым мероприятиям (ФАТФ) с самооценкой выполнения восьми специальных реко- мендаций, касающихся финансирования терроризма, и с одобрением отмечает, что на данный момент ответы поступили от 88 процентов государств-участников ОБСЕ. Обязуется предпринять шаги с целью скорейшего выполнения сформули- рованных Целевой группой по финансовым мероприятиям восьми специальных рекомендаций, касающихся финансирования терроризма;

напоминает о рекомендации личного представителя Действующего председателя по вопросам предупреждения терроризма и борьбы с ним о том, чтобы ОБСЕ вела работу, в частности, в таких областях, как выполнение полицейских функций, обеспечение пограничной безопасности, борьба с незаконной торговлей и пресе- чение финансирования терроризма. Просит заинтересованных доноров рассмот- реть возможность выделения ресурсов, необходимых для осуществления проек- тов ОБСЕ по борьбе с терроризмом;

постановляет, что государства-участники ОБСЕ, ее органы и институты будут наращивать свои усилия и свою коллективную приверженность борьбе с тер- роризмом и с условиями, которые могут способствовать его возникновению и

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 251 Порту 2002 г.

существованию, используя для этого свои сильные стороны и сравнительные преимущества: свой всеобъемлющий подход к безопасности, свой экспертный потенциал в деле раннего предупреждения, предотвращения конфликтов, регули- рования кризисов и постконфликтного восстановления, свой широкий ассорти- мент испытанных мер укрепления доверия и безопасности и свой опыт и знания в том, что касается развития потенциала.

Решение No. 2: Разработка стратегии ОБСЕ по противодействию угрозам безопасности и стабильности в XXI веке

Совет министров,

руководствуясь Бухарестской декларацией Совета министров (2001 год) и, в част- ности, пунктом 8, касающимся разработки стратегии ОБСЕ по противодействию угрозам безопасности и стабильности в XXI веке,

напоминая о документах и решениях ОБСЕ, включая принятую на Стамбульской встрече на высшем уровне Хартию европейской безопасности, в которых опреде- ляются угрозы и вызовы безопасности, и подтверждая обязательство государств- участников в духе солидарности сотрудничать в противодействии им на основе Устава Организации Объединенных Наций, норм и принципов международного права и обязательств, принятых в рамках ОБСЕ,

учитывая необходимость дальнейшего развития концепции общей, всеобъемлю- щей и неделимой безопасности, основанной на суверенном равенстве и солидар- ности государств,

вновь подтверждая важную роль ОБСЕ в создании эффективных механизмов сотрудничества для противодействия угрозам безопасности и стабильности в евроатлантическом регионе и в расширении с этой целью диалога в рамках ОБСЕ, а также ее взаимодействия и партнерства с другими международными, регио- нальными и субрегиональными организациями и институтами на базе Плат- формы безопасности, основанной на сотрудничестве,

имея твердое намерение повысить эффективность связанной с безопасностью деятельности во всех трех измерениях ОБСЕ в русле развивающихся европейс- ких и глобальных процессов,

принимая во внимание начатые по инициативе португальского Председательс- тва дискуссии о разработке будущей стратегии ОБСЕ и вклады государств-учас- тников,

постановляет:

• поручить Постоянному совету продолжить в течение 2003 года усилия с целью разработки всеобъемлющей стратегии ОБСЕ по противодействию угрозам безопасности и стабильности в XXI веке и просить Форум по сотрудничеству в

252 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Порту 2002 г.

области безопасности внести в эту работу свой вклад в рамках его компетенции и мандата.

В этой стратегии, в частности:

• будут определены угрозы нашей общей безопасности и стабильности и проана- лизированы их меняющийся характер и основные причины;

• будет рассмотрена роль органов и институтов ОБСЕ и ее операций на местах, а также их скоординированный подход к противодействию угрозам безопасности и стабильности;

• будет указано, каким образом ОБСЕ может предупреждать угрозы безопасности и стабильности или противодействовать им, а также вносить свой вклад в соот- ветствующие международные усилия. Стратегия, в частности, должна:

• адаптировать или дополнять, где это необходимо, существующие инстру- менты и механизмы сотрудничества в рамках ОБСЕ;

• вводить более эффективные формы сотрудничества с другими организаци- ями и институтами в этой области;

• обеспечивать лучшее реагирование со стороны ОБСЕ на потребности госу- дарств-участников в наращивании потенциала противодействия угрозам безопасности и стабильности при учете интересов всех государств-участни- ков.

В этом контексте государства-участники будут использовать Ежегодную конфе- ренцию ОБСЕ по обзору проблем в области безопасности, в частности, для рас- смотрения хода осуществления этой стратегии.

Совет министров также постановляет:

• работа над стратегией будет вестись в специальной рабочей группе Постоян- ного совета, в тесном взаимодействии с Форумом по сотрудничеству в области безопасности и в соответствии с Решением No. 3 Бухарестской встречи Совета министров об укреплении роли ОБСЕ как форума для политического диалога. При необходимости ход этой работы будет рассматриваться на специальных заседаниях Постоянного совета и Форума по сотрудничеству в области безопас- ности, в том числе на совместных заседаниях.

Решение No. 3: Ежегодная конференция по обзору проблем в области безопасности

Совет министров,

подтверждая принятую ОБСЕ концепцию общей, всеобъемлющей и неделимой безопасности,

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 253 Порту 2002 г.

признавая необходимость повышать эффективность деятельности в области безопасности во всех трех измерениях ОБСЕ,

вновь подтверждая роль ОБСЕ как одной из основных организаций по мирному урегулированию споров в ее регионе и одного из ключевых инструментов раннего предупреждения, предотвращения конфликтов, регулирования кризисов и пост- конфликтного восстановления, а также то, что по своему характеру она является широко представительной, всеобъемлющей организацией для проведения кон- сультаций, принятия решений и сотрудничества в ее регионе,

принимая во внимание Бухарестский план действий по борьбе с терроризмом и Бишкекскую программу действий, Хартию ОБСЕ о предупреждении терроризма и борьбе с ним, а также принятую на Стамбульской встрече на высшем уровне Хартию европейской безопасности и ведущуюся работу над стратегией ОБСЕ по противодействию угрозам безопасности и стабильности в XXI веке,

особо отмечая возросшее значение международного сотрудничества и полити- ческого диалога между государствами-участниками и с другими международ- ными, региональными и субрегиональными организациями в ответ на угрозы нашей общей безопасности,

памятуя об угрозе всем государствам-участникам, которую несут с собой конф- ликты в различных частях региона ОБСЕ,

напоминая о Решении No. 3 Бухарестской встречи Совета министров об укрепле- нии роли ОБСЕ как форума для политического диалога,

признавая роль Форума по сотрудничеству в области безопасности как органа ОБСЕ, предназначенного, в том числе, для ведения переговоров о контроле над вооружениями, разоружении и укреплении доверия и безопасности, а также для оценки выполнения согласованных мер,

учитывая роль ежегодного Экономического форума, его подготовительных семи- наров и семинаров по его итогам в проведении обзора деятельности ОБСЕ, каса- ющейся экономического и экологического измерения безопасности,

принимая во внимание роль совещаний по рассмотрению выполнения, посвя- щенных вопросам человеческого измерения, конференций по обзору, дополни- тельных совещаний по человеческому измерению и ежегодного семинара по чело- веческому измерению в рассмотрении выполнения обязательств в области чело- веческого измерения безопасности,

подчеркивая необходимость достижения правильного баланса между тремя изме- рениями ОБСЕ,

имея твердое намерение дополнить деятельность других органов и институтов ОБСЕ, включая Ежегодное совещание по оценке выполнения, не дублируя и не подменяя ее,

254 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Порту 2002 г.

постановляет учредить Ежегодную конференцию по обзору проблем в области безопасности, цель и условия проведения которой изложены ниже.

I. Цель Обеспечить механизм для расширения диалога по проблемам в области безопас- ности и для обзора работы в области безопасности, проводимой ОБСЕ и ее госу- дарствами-участниками, в частности по:

• осуществлению стратегии ОБСЕ по противодействию угрозам безопасности и стабильности в XXI веке;

• выполнению принятых в рамках ОБСЕ обязательств по борьбе с терроризмом;

• военно-политическим аспектам безопасности;

• выполнению решений ОБСЕ и осуществлению ее деятельности в области ран- него предупреждения, предотвращения конфликтов, регулирования кризисов и постконфликтного восстановления;

• связанной с безопасностью деятельности в рамках институтов ОБСЕ и ее опера- ций на местах;

• деятельности ОБСЕ, связанной с полицейскими функциями;

• другим вопросам, относящимся к безопасности, которыми занимается ОБСЕ, включая региональные вопросы.

Конференция может также предоставлять возможность для обмена мнениями по вопросам, относящимся к контролю над вооружениями и мерам укрепления доверия и безопасности, включая договоры об ОВСЕ и по открытому небу.

Кроме того, Конференция должна также способствовать обмену информацией и сотрудничеству с соответствующими международными и региональными орга- низациями и институтами.

II. Условия проведения Конференция по обзору проблем в области безопасности будет созываться еже- годно в Вене, если не будет принято иного решения. Она будет продолжаться 2-3 дня и будет проводиться до летнего перерыва. Будет приветствоваться уси- лие делегаций государств-участников должностными лицами высокого уровня из столиц.

Председательствовать на Конференции будет представитель Действующего пред- седательства, при необходимости – с участием Форума по сотрудничеству в области безопасности.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 255 Порту 2002 г.

Сроки, повестка дня и конкретные условия проведения каждой встречи Конфе- ренции будут ежегодно определяться Постоянным советом с учетом рекоменда- ции Форума по сотрудничеству в области безопасности.

Конференция может формулировать рекомендации, которые будут передаваться на дальнейшее рассмотрение Постоянному совету, а также, в соответствующих случаях, Форуму по сотрудничеству в области безопасности.

Форум по сотрудничеству в области безопасности будет вносить свой вклад в проведение Конференции в соответствии со своими процедурами, мандатом и компетенцией.

Соответствующие должностные лица органов и институтов ОБСЕ будут при- глашаться Постоянным советом для доклада на Конференции о своей деятель- ности, связанной с вопросами безопасности, а также о направлениях дальнейшей работы.

По усмотрению Постоянного совета к участию будут приглашаться соответству- ющие международные и региональные организации и институты.

В отношении Ежегодной конференции по обзору проблем в области безопасности будут применяться установленные в ОБСЕ правила процедуры.

(…)

Решение No. 6: Толерантность и недискриминация

Совет министров,

напоминая о принципах прав человека и неотъемлемого достоинства человечес- кой личности, свободы мысли, совести, религии и убеждений, которые лежат в основе общих положений ОБСЕ, закрепляющих обязательства в области челове- ческого измерения,

ссылаясь на Хартию европейской безопасности (Стамбульская встреча на высшем уровне 1999 года), в которой вновь подтверждается полная приверженность Уставу Организации Объединенных Наций, а также хельсинкскому Заключи- тельному акту, Парижской хартии и всем другим документам ОБСЕ,

ссылаясь на Решение No. 5, принятое Советом министров на его девятой встрече в Бухаресте, в котором вновь подтверждается его озабоченность проявлениями агрессивного национализма, расизма, шовинизма, ксенофобии, антисемитизма и воинствующего экстремизма, где бы они ни имели место,

вновь заявляя, что демократия и защита прав человека и основных свобод явля- ются важнейшими гарантиями толерантности и недискриминации и важными факторами стабильности, безопасности, сотрудничества и мирного развития в

256 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Порту 2002 г.

масштабах всего региона ОБСЕ и что в свою очередь толерантность и недискри- минация являются важными элементами утверждения прав человека,

вновь подтверждая международно-признанный запрет на дискриминацию без какого бы то ни было негативного различия, как то в отношении расы, цвета кожи, пола, языка, религии или убеждений, политических или иных взглядов, национального или социального происхождения, имущественного, сословного или иного положения,

напоминая о постоянной работе, ведущейся структурами и институтами ОБСЕ в области поощрения прав человека, толерантности, недискриминации и мно- гообразия культур, в частности, в рамках совещаний и мероприятий, проектов и программ в области человеческого измерения, в том числе проводимых государс- твами-участниками,

подчеркивая позитивную роль поликультурного и межконфессионального диа- лога в углублении взаимопонимания между странами и народами,

отмечая, что утверждение толерантности и недискриминации может способс- твовать также ликвидации основы для разжигания ненависти, для агрессивного национализма, расизма, шовинизма, ксенофобии, антисемитизма и воинствую- щего экстремизма,

признавая, что государства-участники ответственны за утверждение толерант- ности и недискриминации,

1.a) самым решительным образом осуждает все проявления агрессивного нацио- нализма, расизма, шовинизма, ксенофобии, антисемитизма и воинствующего экс- тремизма, а также пропаганду ненависти и случаи дискриминации на почве рели- гии или убеждений;

b) обязуется и далее развивать поликультурный, межэтнический и межконфес- сиональный диалог, в котором будет приветствоваться активное участие прави- тельств и гражданского общества;

c) также обязуется и далее поощрять права лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам;

2. Постановляет активизировать усилия, направленные на поддержание и укреп- ление толерантности и недискриминации, при содействии институтов ОБСЕ и в сотрудничестве с соответствующими международными организациями и граж- данским обществом, например, путем обмена информацией и лучшей практикой;

3. Призывает государства-участники, еще не ратифицировавшие международные документы, посвященные проблеме дискриминации, рассмотреть вопрос об их ратификации и призывает к полному выполнению зафиксированных в них обя- зательств;

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 257 Порту 2002 г.

4. Обязуется принять, соблюдая требования соответствующих конституционных систем, надлежащие меры на национальном, региональном и местном уровне по утверждению толерантности и недискриминации, а также по борьбе с предрас- судками и искажением фактов, особенно в сфере образования, культуры и инфор- мации;

5. Осуждает, в частности, дискриминацию по религиозному признаку и обязуется предпринимать усилия по недопущению и защите от посягательств, направлен- ных против любой религиозной группы, – будь то против отдельных лиц, религи- озных святынь или предметов культа;

6. Осуждает, в частности, участившиеся в последнее время антисемитские выходки в регионе ОБСЕ, признавая, что на всем протяжении истории явление антисемитизма было источником серьезной угрозы свободе;

7. Также осуждает участившиеся в последнее время акты дискриминации и наси- лия в отношении мусульман в регионе ОБСЕ и категорически не приемлет отож- дествление терроризма и экстремизма с какой-либо конкретной религией или культурой;

8. Постановляет твердо и во всеуслышание выступать против разжигания нена- висти и других проявлений агрессивного национализма, расизма, шовинизма, ксенофобии, антисемитизма и воинствующего экстремизма, а также против слу- чаев дискриминации по признаку религии или убеждений;

9. Призывает соответствующие органы государств-участников оперативно и беспристрастно расследовать акты насилия, особенно в случаях, когда имеются разумные основания подозревать, что они были мотивированы агрессивным национализмом, расизмом, шовинизмом, ксенофобией, антисемитизмом и воинс- твующим экстремизмом, а также мотивированные ненавистью выпады про- тив той или иной религии либо тех или иных убеждений и подвергать виновных судебному преследованию в соответствии с внутренним законодательством и с соблюдением соответствующих международных стандартов в области прав чело- века;

10. Поручает Постоянному совету рассмотреть вопрос о дальнейшем укреплении пункта для контактов по вопросам, касающимся рома и синти, в составе Бюро по демократическим институтам и правам человека (БДИПЧ);

11. Настоятельно призывает организовать отдельные тематические мероприятия в области человеческого измерения по вопросам, рассматриваемым в настоящем Решении, в том числе по проблемам антисемитизма, дискриминации, расизма и ксенофобии;

12. Поручает Действующему председателю и Постоянному совету обеспечить в тесном взаимодействии с БДИПЧ, Верховным комиссаром по делам нацио- нальных меньшинств и Представителем по вопросам свободы средств массовой

258 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Порту 2002 г.

информации эффективную работу по выполнению настоящего Решения, шире применяя уже имеющийся у ОБСЕ инструментарий, включая ежегодные совеща- ния и семинары по человеческому измерению.

Решение No. 7: Обязательства, касающиеся выборов

Совет министров,

ссылаясь на положения Документа Копенгагенского совещания Конференции по человеческому измерению СБСЕ (1990 год),

отмечая, что эти положения были дополнены новыми обязательствами, зафик- сированными в Декларации Лиссабонской встречи на высшем уровне 1996 года, Декларации Стамбульской встречи на высшем уровне 1999 года и Бухарестской декларации Совета министров 2001 года,

вновь подтверждая решимость выполнять эти обязательства,

отмечая, что демократические выборы могут проводиться в условиях разнооб- разных избирательных систем,

признавая экспертный потенциал БДИПЧ по содействию государствам-участни- кам в выполнении обязательств, связанных с выборами,

принимая во внимание Решение ПС No. 509 “Международные нормы и обязатель- ства: практическое руководство по лучшей практике проведения демократичес- ких выборов”,

призывает государства-участники более действенно реагировать на рекоменда- ции БДИПЧ по итогам наблюдения за выборами;

поручает Постоянному совету рассмотреть вопрос о необходимости выработки дополнительных обязательств, касающихся выборов, в духе более тесного сотруд- ничества с другими международными организациями, а также между государс- твами-участниками, и представить соответствующий доклад следующей встрече Совета министров.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 259 Документ одиннадцатой встречи Совета министров Маастрихт 2003 г.

I. Стратегия ОБСЕ по противодействию угрозам безопасности и стабильности в XXI веке 1. Развитие обстановки в области безопасности в начале XXI века несет с собой новые вызовы для всех, включая ОБСЕ. ОБСЕ будет отвечать на эти вызовы, опи- раясь на свои важные преимущества, такие, как широкий состав ее участников – от Северной Америки до Европы и частично Азии – и ее многомерная концепция общей, всеобъемлющей и неделимой безопасности, основанной на сотрудничес- тве. Организация по-прежнему привержена делу свободы, демократии и большей интеграции в регионе ОБСЕ без разделительных линий.

2. Уважение и соблюдение международного права и принципов Устава Органи- зации Объединенных Наций по прежнему занимают центральное место в уси- лиях по предотвращению и отражению угроз безопасности и стабильности. Совет Безопасности Организации Объединенных Наций несет первоочередную ответственность за поддержание международного мира и безопасности и продол- жает играть решающую роль в укреплении безопасности и стабильности в реги- оне ОБСЕ. Соблюдение принятых в ОБСЕ норм, принципов и обязательств, начи- ная с хельсинкского Заключительного акта, является неотъемлемой частью этой схемы. Настоящая Стратегия призвана способствовать формированию более сла- женной и эффективной международной системы для реагирования на глобаль- ные угрозы и вызовы.

Угрозы безопасности и стабильности в XXI веке

3. В конце XX века ОБСЕ немало сделала для того, чтобы проложить путь к безо- пасности и стабильности повсюду в регионе ОБСЕ, и внесла свой вклад в важные демократические преобразования в этом регионе. На смену былой конфронта- ции сейчас пришло сотрудничество. Угрозы безопасности и стабильности в реги- оне ОБСЕ более вероятны сегодня в форме негативных, дестабилизирующих пос- ледствий событий, затрагивающих разом военно-политическое, экономическое и

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экологическое, а также человеческое измерение, чем в форме какого-либо круп- ного вооруженного конфликта. В то же время в регионе ОБСЕ сохраняются неуре- гулированные конфликты, по-прежнему вызывающие глубокую озабоченность. Поиск их урегулирования путем переговоров должен и впредь рассматриваться как неотложная задача.

4. Уважение прав человека и основных свобод, демократии и верховенства закона занимает центральное место в принятой ОБСЕ концепции всеобъемлющей безо- пасности. Прочные демократические институты и верховенство закона играют важную роль в предотвращении возникновения угроз. Если государственное управление поставлено слабо, а государство не обеспечивает надлежащих, рабо- тоспособных демократических институтов, которые укрепляли бы стабильность, то это само по себе может создавать питательную среду для возникновения ряда угроз. Точно так же появлению целого ряда потенциальных угроз могут способс- твовать систематические нарушения прав человека и основных свобод, включая права лиц, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам.

5. На безопасность и стабильность способны воздействовать также социально- экономические и экологические факторы. Глобализация, либерализация и пере- мены в научно-технической области открывают новые возможности для торговли, роста и развития, однако не все государства-участники в равной степени выигры- вают от этого, что в некоторых случаях способствует углублению экономического неравенства между государствами, а также внутри них. Результаты глобализации зависят от политических решений, принимаемых правительствами и междуна- родными учреждениями, а также от реакции частного сектора и гражданского общества. Растущую тревогу вызывает и деградация окружающей среды. Наряду с этим к числу потенциальных вызовов безопасности относятся демографические факторы и ухудшение состояния здоровья значительной части населения.

6. Серьезные негативные последствия может иметь недостаток открытости и транспарентности в военно-политических вопросах. Отсутствие полного и свое- временного соблюдения существующих соглашений и международно-правовых документов по контролю над вооружениями, разоружению, нераспространению и укреплению доверия и безопасности может также существенно отражаться на общей безопасности.

7. Еще одним источником угрозы могут быть действия террористов и других преступных группировок. Террористические акты, имевшие место за послед- ние годы, со всей очевидностью указывают на всю большую серьезность таких угроз и первостепенное значение, которое должно придаваться их предотвраще- нию и отражению. При этом угрозы часто исходят не из какого-то одного госу- дарства, но имеют транснациональный характер. Они затрагивают безопасность всех государств в регионе ОБСЕ и общественную стабильность в наших странах. Одновременно регион ОБСЕ все более подвержен угрозам, берущим начало за его пределами, а события внутри нашего собственного региона могут аналогичным образом иметь последствия для прилегающих районов.

262 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Маастрихт 2003 г.

8. В этих условиях очевидно, что всеобъемлющий подход ОБСЕ к безопасности, охватывающей военно-политическое, экономическое и экологическое, а также человеческое измерения, ни в коей мере не утратил своей актуальности и нужда- ется в сохранении и дальнейшем укреплении. Анализ сложившейся картины поз- волил нам выявить в этой связи ряд проблем, на которых должно быть сосредо- точено особое внимание в ходе наших усилий по более действенному реагирова- нию на них.

9. Наиболее обширной категорией угроз для государств-участников и непосредс- твенно для людей остаются угрозы, порождаемые межгосударственными и внут- ригосударственными конфликтами. Такие конфликты, где бы они ни имели место, могут также создавать риск для соседних районов, вести к нестабильности и воз- никновению других видов угроз, таких, как терроризм, распространение оружия массового поражения, излишнее и дестабилизирующее накопление и неконтро- лируемое распространение легкого и стрелкового оружия (ЛСО), нарушения прав человека, массовое изгнание населения, ухудшение социально-экономических условий и нелегальная миграция. За непосредственными причинами ведущих к насилию конфликтов стоят несоблюдение положений международного права, норм и принципов ОБСЕ, а также ряд факторов, относящихся к военно-полити- ческому, экономическому и экологическому, а также человеческому измерениям.

10. Одной из основных причин нынешней нестабильной обстановки в сфере безопасности является терроризм. Он направлен на подрыв тех самых ценнос- тей, которые объединяют государства-участники в регионе ОБСЕ. Терроризм будет оставаться в числе главных вызовов миру, стабильности и государственной власти, особенно в силу его способности прибегать к асимметричным методам для обхода традиционных систем безопасности и обороны. Терроризму не может быть никаких оправданий. Вместе с тем терроризм требует глобального подхода, учитывающего не только его проявления, но и социально-экономический и поли- тический контекст, в котором он возникает.

11. Глобализация и научно-технические достижения расширяют рамки и уве- личивают масштаб угрозы, исходящей от организованной преступности. Более того, организованная преступность нередко идет рука об руку с терроризмом, как в смысле действующих лиц, так и в смысле применяемых методов. Контра- бандный провоз мигрантов и торговля людьми, незаконный оборот наркотиков, легкого и стрелкового оружия, а также чувствительных материалов и техноло- гий – все это преступная деятельность, также способная создавать угрозу ста- бильности и безопасности как в регионе ОБСЕ, так и за его пределами. Открытые границы и свободное передвижение людей и товаров полезны для международ- ного сотрудничества, но и они порождают растущие вызовы, включая нелегаль- ную миграцию.

12. Практика, связанная с дискриминацией и нетерпимостью, не только угрожает безопасности отдельных лиц, но и способна служить причиной более широкомас- штабных конфликтов и насилия. Она может корениться в таких явлениях, как

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этническая и религиозная напряженность, агрессивный национализм, шовинизм и ксенофобия, а также возникать на почве расизма, антисемитизма, агрессивного экстремизма и отсутствия уважения к правам лиц, принадлежащих к националь- ным меньшинствам.

13. Мобильность мигрантов как группы населения и возникновение во всех час- тях региона ОБСЕ обществ, характеризующихся сосуществованием многих куль- тур, создают не только все более широкие возможности, но и растущие вызовы. Отсутствие интеграции в обществе, а также отсутствие у каждого проживающего в нем уважения к правам всех других могут вести к подрыву стабильности.

14. К числу экономических факторов, угрожающих стабильности и безопасности, относятся углубление социально-экономического неравенства, отсутствие вер- ховенства закона, слабость государственного и корпоративного управления, кор- рупция, массовая нищета и высокий уровень безработицы. Они могут создавать питательную среду для других серьезных угроз. Деградация окружающей среды, неустойчивое потребление природных ресурсов, безответственное обращение с отходами и загрязнение воздействуют на экосистемы и влекут за собой сущес- твенные негативные последствия для здоровья населения, благосостояния, ста- бильности и безопасности государств. К таким последствиям могут приводить и экологические бедствия. Связанные с этими факторами проблемы управления причиняют прямой ущерб и одновременно сокращают потенциал устойчивого экономического и социального развития, а также эффективного противодейс- твия экономическим и экологическим вызовам и угрозам безопасности и ста- бильности.

15. Многие из угроз военно-политического характера, включая те, о которых говорится в существующих документах ОБСЕ, – например, дестабилизирующее накопление обычного оружия, незаконная передача вооружений и распростране- ние оружия массового уничтожения, – по-прежнему вызывают глубокую озабо- ченность государств-участников ОБСЕ. Среди угроз, изменившихся по-своему характеру или последствиям либо возникших впервые, особого внимания тре- буют угрозы вооруженных действий со стороны террористов и других преступ- ных группировок. Равным образом, внимание должно уделяться потенциальным вызовам, связанным с изменением характера вооруженных конфликтов.

16. В меняющихся условиях безопасности угрозы претерпевают эволюцию и не всегда будут предсказуемыми. Имеющийся в ОБСЕ механизм для постоянного политического диалога, и в частности Ежегодная конференция по обзору проблем в области безопасности (ЕКОБ), будет помогать выявлять, анализировать новые угрозы и реагировать на них по мере их возникновения.

Реакция ОБСЕ

17. Реакция ОБСЕ будет многомерной и будет иметь место не в вакууме. Орга- низация будет опираться на отличающие ее от других сильные стороны, зна-

264 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Маастрихт 2003 г.

ния, опыт и потенциал и будет обеспечивать эффективные рамки для сотрудни- чества с другими международными участниками в целях скоординированного и взаимодополняющего подхода к угрозам, позволяющего избегать дублирования и сохранять целенаправленность. Хартия европейской безопасности и содержа- щаяся в ней Платформа безопасности, основанной на сотрудничестве, были при- няты в Стамбуле в 1999 году с тем, чтобы укрепить безопасность и стабильность в регионе и усилить оперативный потенциал в условиях трансформации ОБСЕ для ответа на беспрецедентные вызовы. Она полностью остается в силе.

18. Основная ответственность за обеспечение безопасности своих граждан лежит на самих государствах-участниках. Государства-участники подотчетны своим гражданам и несут друг перед другом ответственность за выполнение своих обя- зательств в рамках ОБСЕ. ОБСЕ готова в этих целях предлагать свою помощь и консультации, а также развивать сотрудничество между государствами-участни- ками. Сотрудничество между государствами-участниками в духе солидарности, партнерства и транспарентности имеет основополагающее значение для безопас- ности в регионе ОБСЕ и должно отражать взаимную заинтересованность и вза- имное уважение. Каждое государство-участник имеет равное право на безопас- ность.

19. ОБСЕ является форумом для диалога по политическим вопросам и вопросам безопасности, для установления опирающихся на консенсус политически обяза- тельных норм и принципов и для содействия их выполнению. Центральную роль в этом играют Постоянный совет и Форум по сотрудничеству в области безопас- ности в рамках его компетенции и мандата. Эти функции будут и далее укреп- ляться, а процесс политических консультаций и обеспечения транспарентности в рамках Организации будет активизироваться. Диалог и лежащие в его основе нормы и стандарты направлены на предотвращение возникновения угроз. Они также поощряют развитие демократических институтов и обществ, открытых для участия каждого, которые способны более эффективно и совместными уси- лиями справляться с возникающими угрозами.

20. ОБСЕ будет продолжать играть активную роль в своем регионе, в полной мере используя свои институты – Бюро по демократическим институтам и правам человека (БДИПЧ), Верховного комиссара по делам национальных меньшинств (ВКНМ) и Представителя по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации (ПССМИ), – свои операции на местах и свой Секретариат. Они являются важ- ными инструментами содействия всем государствам-участникам в выполнении их обязательств, включая уважение прав человека, демократии и верховенства закона. В ходе всей соответствующей деятельности будут активно использоваться возможности укрепления сотрудничества с Парламентской ассамблеей и через нее – с национальными парламентами.

21. Признавая значительный вклад институтов и операций на местах в практичес- кое осуществление целей и принципов Организации, ОБСЕ рассматривает пути

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дальнейшего совершенствования деятельности и повышения эффективности операций на местах, разрабатывая при необходимости новые инструменты.

22. Общая способность ОБСЕ выявлять угрозы, анализировать их и предпри- нимать в ответ на них скоординированные действия нуждается в дальнейшем укреплении. Больше внимания следует уделять функциям раннего предупрежде- ния по линии Секретариата, институтов и операций на местах, а работу по сиг- налам раннего предупреждения следует усилить. В распоряжении ОБСЕ по-пре- жнему имеются специальные механизмы раннего предупреждения и мирного урегулирования конфликтов, а также такой инструмент, как группы оперативной экспертной поддержки и сотрудничества (РЕАКТ). Важный вклад в эти усилия вносит деятельность по раннему предупреждению и предотвращению конфлик- тов, осуществляемая Парламентской ассамблеей ОБСЕ.

23. В связи с растущим значением угроз, берущих начало или формирующихся в прилегающих регионах, ОБСЕ будет активизировать сотрудничество со сво- ими средиземноморскими и азиатскими партнерами по сотрудничеству, своевре- менно выявляя области взаимных интересов и озабоченностей и возможности для дальнейших скоординированных действий. Мы будем поощрять их к доб- ровольному применению принципов и обязательств, принятых в ОБСЕ, и будем по мере целесообразности сотрудничать с ними в этом деле. В качестве первого шага к расширению диалога мы пригласим всех наших партнеров по сотрудни- честву чаще принимать в качестве наблюдателей участие в заседаниях Постоян- ного совета и Форума по сотрудничеству в области безопасности. ОБСЕ также рассмотрит способы, с помощью которых другие регионы, и в частности сосед- ние районы, можно было бы знакомить с нормами, принципами, обязательствами и ценностями ОБСЕ. Контакты с организациями в этих районах получат дальней- шее развитие.

Действия в отношении межгосударственных и внутригосударственных конфликтов

(…)

27. Предотвращение конфликтов и постконфликтное восстановление предпола- гают существенные усилия Организации в тесном сотрудничестве с государс- твами-участниками в целях оказания поддержки и содействия в построении демократических институтов и обеспечении верховенства закона, в частности посредством поддержки усилий по наращиванию потенциала и помощи в укреп- лении органов власти всех уровней и парламентских структур, независимых судебных органов, свободных гражданских обществ и средств массовой инфор- мации.

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Противодействие терроризму и угрозам, исходящим от другой преступной деятельности

Терроризм

28. Конвенции и протоколы ООН, а также резолюции Совета Безопасности ООН составляют глобальную правовую основу для борьбы с терроризмом. В целях ее поддержки ОБСЕ своими решениями, принятыми в 2001 и 2002 годах, создала структуру для принятия государствами-участниками и Организацией всесторон- них мер противодействия прежде всего угрозе терроризма, его проявлениям и условиям, которые могут способствовать его возникновению и существованию. Оперативной составляющей этой структуры является Антитеррористическая группа в Секретариате ОБСЕ.

29. Контртеррористическая деятельность ОБСЕ осуществляется, в частности, по таким направлениям, как безопасность границ и пограничный режим, поли- цейские функции, борьба с незаконным оборотом и пресечение финансирования терроризма. Особое внимание будет уделяться наращиванию потенциала и ока- занию иной помощи в области борьбы с терроризмом. При этом внимание уде- ляется и такой важной проблеме, как принятие эффективных мер против терро- ризма в полном соответствии с принципами верховенства закона и международ- ным правом, в том числе касающимся прав человека. Эти меры включают отказ в предоставлении убежищ террористам и ликвидацию условий, при которых тер- рористы могут вербовать сторонников и рассчитывать на поддержку. Они также направлены на то, чтобы не позволить террористам увеличить свой потенциал и, в частности, получить доступ к ЛСО и другому обычному оружию, а также к ОМУ и связанным с ним технологиям. Ставится задача тесного взаимодействия с другими соответствующими международными организациями и органами, в час- тности с Контртеррористическим комитетом Совета Безопасности ООН (КТК ООН) и Управлением ООН по наркотикам и преступности (ЮНОДК), в форме совместных совещаний, контактов на всех уровнях, конкретных программ и про- ектов.

30. ОБСЕ также постановила создать контртеррористическую сеть в целях содейс- твия более четкой координации контртеррористических мер и обмену информа- цией между государствами-участниками ОБСЕ, а также в порядке поддержки и дополнения работы КТК ООН по осуществлению резолюции 1373 Совета Безо- пасности.

Угрозы, исходящие от другой преступной деятельности

31. ОБСЕ усилит свою работу по борьбе с организованной преступностью. Важ- ным вкладом в нее были бы регулярные встречи полицейских экспертов из госу- дарств-участников ОБСЕ и представителей других соответствующих специали- зированных международных и региональных организаций. В частности, ОБСЕ будет уделять еще большее внимание растущей угрозе незаконного оборота. При-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 267 Маастрихт 2003 г.

нят План действий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми. Документ ОБСЕ о ЛСО остается ключевым инструментом борьбы с незаконной торговлей ЛСО и его рас- пространением во всех ее аспектах. Деятельность по осуществлению этого доку- мента будет дополнительно усилена. ОБСЕ будет продолжать уже предпринимае- мые в сотрудничестве с ЮНОДК усилия по решению проблемы незаконного обо- рота наркотиков. Необходимо разработать эффективный и всеобъемлющий меж- дународный подход к этой проблеме.

32. Группа по стратегическим вопросам полицейской деятельности была учреж- дена для повышения способности государств-участников противодействовать угрозам, связанным с преступной деятельностью, и для содействия им в под- держании верховенства закона. Ее цель состоит в совершенствовании ключе- вых полицейских навыков, включая уважение прав человека и основных свобод. ОБСЕ будет по просьбе государств-участников уделять дополнительное внима- ние помощи властям, в том числе на местном уровне, в борьбе с преступностью и преступными сообществами и будет определять и развивать ключевые направ- ления полицейской деятельности, такие, как подготовка кадров и наращивание потенциала.

33. ОБСЕ активизирует свои усилия по решению таких проблем, как контрабанд- ный провоз мигрантов и нелегальная миграция.

34. Для эффективного предупреждения коррупции и борьбы с ней во всех ее фор- мах необходим всеобъемлющий, междисциплинарный подход. ОБСЕ в тесной координации с ЮНОДК и другими соответствующими международными органи- зациями и финансовыми учреждениями будет вносить вклад в сокращение масш- табов коррупции повсюду в регионе ОБСЕ.

35. Угрозы терроризма и организованной преступности часто взаимосвязаны, и будет продолжено изучение синергетических подходов к противодействию им. Трансграничное передвижение людей, ресурсов и оружия, а также незаконный оборот как источник финансирования и материально-технической поддержки играют возрастающую роль в террористической деятельности. ОБСЕ твердо наме- рена решать эти проблемы и укреплять свой потенциал содействия открытости и безопасности границ, в том числе путем разработки концепции ОБСЕ по вопро- сам безопасности границ и пограничного режима, в интересах более эффектив- ного наращивания потенциала и взаимовыгодного межгосударственного сотруд- ничества.

Противодействие угрозам, связанным с дискриминацией и нетерпимостью

36. Дискриминация и нетерпимость относятся к числу факторов, которые спо- собны провоцировать конфликты, подрывающие безопасность и стабильность. Основываясь на своих обязательствах в области человеческого измерения, ОБСЕ стремится поощрять повсюду в своем регионе создание условий, позволяющих

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всем в полной мере пользоваться своими правами человека и основными сво- бодами под защитой эффективных демократических институтов, надлежащих судебных процедур и верховенства закона. Это включает обеспечение безопасной обстановки и соответствующих институтов для мирной дискуссии и выражения своих интересов всеми лицами и общественными группами. Важную роль в этом отношении призвано играть гражданское общество, и ОБСЕ будет продолжать поддерживать организации гражданского общества и содействовать их укрепле- нию.

37. Государства-участники, органы и институты ОБСЕ, Секретариат и многие опе- рации ОБСЕ на местах занимаются деятельностью, которая направлена против угроз, связанных с дискриминацией и нетерпимостью и, в частности, рождаемых религиозной и этнической напряженностью в сочетании с агрессивным экстре- мизмом. Они также выполняют важную функцию раннего предупреждения. Еже- годное совещание по рассмотрению выполнения, посвященное человеческому измерению, и другие мероприятия в области человеческого измерения предостав- ляют возможности для обсуждения угроз, связанных с дискриминацией и нетер- пимостью, и формулирования рекомендаций относительно возможных действий по защите от этих угроз. Полностью уважая свободу выражения мнений, ОБСЕ будет стремиться бороться с преступлениями на почве ненависти, разжигать которую может пропаганда расизма, ксенофобии и антисемитизма в Интернете.

38. Государства-участники, органы и институты ОБСЕ твердо намерены наращи- вать свои усилия по противодействию угрозам, порождаемым дискриминацией и нетерпимостью. Гармоничные отношения между этническими, религиозными, языковыми и иными группами, а также права лиц, принадлежащих к националь- ным меньшинствам, будут активно поощряться, как и равенство возможностей для женщин и мужчин. Насилию, нетерпимости, экстремизму и дискриминации по отношению к этим группам, включая рабочих-мигрантов, лиц, ищущих убе- жища, и других иммигрантов, необходимо давать отпор, а лиц, виновных в таких действиях, привлекать к ответственности. В то же время важнейшее значение имеет уважение принадлежащими к таким группам лицами верховенства закона, демократических ценностей и свобод личности.

39. В связи с этим ОБСЕ признает особые трудности, с которыми сталкиваются рома и синти, и необходимость принятия эффективных мер для искоренения дис- криминации по отношению к ним и обеспечения равных возможностей в соот- ветствии с обязательствами, принятыми в ОБСЕ. Поэтому ОБСЕ приняла План действий по улучшению положений рома и синти в регионе ОБСЕ.

40. Усилия ОБСЕ будут, в частности, ориентированы на молодежь, с тем, чтобы воспитывать у нее понимание необходимости проявлять толерантность, а также важности примирения и мирного существования. Мировоззрение молодежи и ее представления о будущем имеют ключевое значение. В соответствующих случаях ОБСЕ будет поэтому принимать на себя более весомую роль в области образо-

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вания. Особого внимания заслуживает такое направление, как пропаганда прав человека.

41. Будет полностью задействован потенциал БДИПЧ в области наблюдения, а оперативное взаимодействие с другими органами по наблюдению в таких облас- тях, как сбор данных, обмен информацией и совместный анализ, будет разви- ваться в целях составления максимально полной картины происходящего. Это позволит ОБСЕ эффективно сосредоточивать работу на самых приоритетных направлениях.

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Сотрудничество с другими международными организациями и институтами

52. Ни одно государство или организация не может в одиночку противостоять вызовам, с которыми мы сталкиваемся сегодня. Это делает насущно необходи- мой координацию усилий всех соответствующих организаций. Взаимодействие ОБСЕ с другими организациями и институтами базируется на Платформе безо- пасности, основанной на сотрудничестве. В рамках этой Платформы государс- тва-участники обязались стремиться поддерживать согласованность действий на политическом и оперативном уровне между всеми структурами, занимающимися вопросами безопасности, как при реагировании на конкретные угрозы, так и при выработке мер в ответ на новые угрозы и вызовы. В условиях, когда обстановка в сфере безопасности претерпевает эволюцию, необходимы дальнейшие усилия для достижения этой основополагающей цели с опорой на сильные стороны и преимущества каждой организации.

53. Наше сотрудничество с другими организациями и институтами на данном этапе включает политический диалог, координацию и упорядоченное сотруд- ничество по тематическим и региональным вопросам в различных частях реги- она ОБСЕ на базе наших общих ценностей и целей. Важно активизировать взаи- модействие как на политическом, так и на рабочем уровне. Следует наращивать сотрудничество и координацию действий по практическим вопросам и проектам как на уровне штаб-квартир, так и на местах. Следует поощрять контакты между посланниками и специальными представителями, разработку единых стратегий и совместную работу по установлению фактов.

54. ОБСЕ стремится расширить отношения со всеми организациями и инсти- тутами, занимающимися укреплением всеобъемлющей безопасности в регионе ОБСЕ; с некоторыми из них, в частности с ООН, ЕС, НАТО и Советом Европы, ею налажены регулярные консультации как на техническом, так и на политичес- ком уровне. ОБСЕ должна оставаться гибкой, чтобы сохранять способность к сотрудничеству с различными организациями по мере изменения их потенциала и целей, которое возможно с течением времени, и в связи с эволюцией их пред- ставлений об угрозе, а также их организационных возможностей.

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55. Будучи региональным соглашением по смыслу главы VIII Устава Организации Объединенных Наций, ОБСЕ является форумом для сотрудничества с субрегио- нальными организациями в своем регионе. Она будет и впредь выступать в качес- тве организатора совещаний по обмену информацией и координации действий с этими организациями и институтами по конкретным темам. Следует также про- должать осуществлять практические меры, направленные на ознакомление дру- гих региональных организаций с соответствующим опытом ОБСЕ. Организация будет готова рассмотреть вопрос о поддержке инициатив и планов по совершенс- твованию сотрудничества в противодействии угрозам, разработанных в рамках других форумов, – так же, как она поддерживает выполнение конвенций ООН, касающихся борьбы с терроризмом.

56. У ОБСЕ налажено активное, предметное взаимодействие с неправительс- твенными организациями, которые продолжают вносить существенный вклад в общие усилия Организации. Это взаимодействие надлежит поставить на еще более прочную основу.

57. Следует развивать такое сотрудничество по вопросам, относящимся ко всему спектру охватываемых Стратегией угроз. Необходимо предпринять дополнитель- ные усилия по улучшению функционирования Платформы безопасности, осно- ванной на сотрудничестве, с тем, чтобы более эффективно и действенно проти- востоять общим угрозам. С этой целью будет предложено, на основе консульта- ций с другими международными организациями и институтами, создать новый специальный консультативный механизм в рамках общих усилий по совмест- ному анализу угроз и противодействию им. ОБСЕ предлагает, чтобы этот меха- низм служил гибкими рамками для консультаций, для чего по мере возникнове- ния или нарастания той или иной угрозы будут устанавливаться контакты с соот- ветствующими организациями и институтами. К другим способам дальнейшей активизации сотрудничества относятся более регулярное проведение совещаний с целью обмена информацией с заинтересованными организациями и институ- тами и создание контактных пунктов.

Заключение

58. В настоящей Стратегии мы обозначили ряд угроз нашей общей безопасности и стабильности. Мы задали стратегические направления нашей деятельности по предотвращению и отражению этих угроз. Постоянному совету и Форуму по сотрудничеству в области безопасности в сотрудничестве с институтами, струк- турами на местах и Секретариатом поручается, в рамках своей компетенции и мандатов, вносить свой вклад в осуществление и дальнейшее развитие Страте- гии. Чтобы придать нашей реакции эффективный и действенный характер, пот- ребуется сплоченность и скоординированный подход со стороны всех органов и институтов ОБСЕ. Действующий председатель будет от лица Совета министров и Постоянного совета нести ответственность за координацию осуществления Стра- тегии и консультации на этот счет. Проведение ЕКОБ станет поводом для регу- лярного рассмотрения этой Стратегии и хода ее выполнения, а также для выяв-

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ления и анализа угроз и вызовов по мере их возникновения. В то же время эти конференции откроют двери для инициатив по разработке, при необходимости, дополнительных мер реагирования со стороны ОБСЕ по развитию самой Страте- гии. При этом необходимо увязывать нашу реакцию с действиями других орга- низаций и институтов. Мы сосредоточим внимание на тех направлениях и воп- росах, где ОБСЕ может действительно изменить положение дел. Мы нуждаемся в том, чтобы укрепленная ОБСЕ вносила свой вклад в противодействие угрозам и вызовам, стоящим перед всем регионом ОБСЕ, и содействовала упрочению безо- пасности человека, тем самым реально влияя на жизнь людей, в чем и состоит цель всей нашей работы.

II. Документ-стратегия ОБСЕ в области экономического и экологического измерения (…)

1. Вызовы и угрозы в области экономического и экологического измерения

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1.6 Углубление социально-экономического неравенства, отсутствие верховенс- тва закона, слабость управления, коррупция, массовая нищета и высокий уро- вень безработицы – вот лишь некоторые факторы, усугубляющие такие глобаль- ные угрозы, как терроризм, агрессивный экстремизм, транснациональная орга- низованная преступность, а также противоправная экономическая деятельность, включая отмывание денег, разного рода незаконный оборот, и незаконная мигра- ция. Межгосударственные и внутригосударственные конфликты в свою очередь препятствуют региональному экономическому сотрудничеству и развитию и под- рывают безопасность – в частности, каналов связи и маршрутов поставки энерго- ресурсов.

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2. Наша реакция и действия

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2.2 Утверждение надлежащего управления

2.2.1 Надлежащее государственное и корпоративное управление и крепкие инсти- туты являются важнейшими столпами здоровой экономики, способной привлечь инвесторов и тем самым позволить государствам сократить масштабы нищеты и неравенства, повысить социальную сплоченность, расширить возможности для всех и сберечь окружающую среду. Надлежащее управление на всех уровнях спо- собствует процветанию, стабильности и безопасности. Мир, добрые межгосу- дарственные отношения, безопасность и стабильность государства, а также безо-

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пасность граждан внутри государства, обеспечиваемая верховенством закона и уважением прав человека, имеют ключевое значение для установления климата доверия, являющегося необходимым условием позитивного социально-экономи- ческого развития.

2.2.2 Надлежащее управление архиважно для всех государств-участников, и мы условились предпринимать на национальном уровне, при поддержке соответс- твующих международных институтов, усилия по утверждению надлежащего управления во всех ее аспектах и разрабатывать методы сотрудничества для ока- зания друг другу помощи в достижении этой цели.

2.2.3 Для внедрения надлежащего управления необходим комплексный, долго- срочный стратегический подход, при котором успехи на одном направлении не ослаблялись бы недоработками других. Мы будем сотрудничать в формировании наших стратегий, касающихся надлежащего управления, и обмениваться инфор- мацией о наиболее успешных примерах такой практики.

Содействие транспарентности и борьба с коррупцией 2.2.4 Транспарентность в государственных делах является одним из сущест- венно важных условий подотчетности государств и активного участия гражданс- кого общества в экономических процессах. Транспарентность повышает предска- зуемость и доверие к экономике, которая функционирует на основе адекватного законодательства и полного уважения верховенства закона. Важная роль в обес- печении такой транспарентности принадлежит свободным и плюралистичным средствам массовой информации, редакционная политика которых в максималь- ной степени независима от политического и финансового давления.

2.2.5 Мы будем повышать транспарентность наших государственных органов пос- редством дальнейшего развития процедур и институтов, предназначенных для предоставления средствам массовой информации, деловым кругам, гражданс- кому обществу и гражданам своевременной информации, включая надежные ста- тистические данные, по представляющим интерес для общества вопросам эко- номического и экологического характера, в целях создания условий для диалога между хорошо информированными сторонами, восприимчивыми к мнению друг друга. Это совершенно необходимо для принятия решений с учетом меняющихся условий, а также потребностей и пожеланий населения.

2.2.6 Транспарентность важна также для разоблачения и судебного преследова- ния всех видов коррупции, которая подрывает экономику и общество в наших странах. Помимо транспарентности борьба с коррупцией требует от государств- участников принятия комплексной долгосрочной стратегии в этой области.

2.2.7 Мы согласились сделать ликвидацию всех форм коррупции одной из при- оритетных задач. Мы рассмотрим вопрос о присоединении к международным конвенциям и другим правовым документам в области борьбы с коррупцией, в частности к тем, которые были разработаны Советом Европы и Организацией

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экономического сотрудничества и развития (ОЭСР), и будем поощрять их рати- фикацию и поддерживать их выполнение в полном объеме. Мы приветствуем принятие Конвенции ООН против коррупции и рассчитываем на ее скорейшее подписание, ратификацию и вступление в силу.

Совершенствование управления государственными ресурсами 2.2.8 Еще одним компонентом надлежащего управления является эффективное управление государственными ресурсами с помощью крепких, отлаженно фун- кционирующих институтов, профессиональной и действенной государственной службы и рациональных бюджетных процедур. Надлежащее управление госу- дарственными ресурсами, включая сбор налогов, составление и исполнение бюд- жета и государственные закупки, особенно важно с точки зрения обеспечения наивысшего качества работы государственных и социальных служб. Мы будем стремиться заложить солидную финансовую основу для наших систем государс- твенного управления и добиваться дальнейшего повышения их эффективности и действенности на всех уровнях.

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Социальные условия 2.2.13 Надлежащее управление и устойчивое развитие предполагают наличие политики и систем, укрепляющих социальное партнерство и сплоченность. Мы будем прилагать усилия по расширению для всех доступа к базовым социальным услугам, таким, как медицинское обслуживание по приемлемым ценам, пенсион- ное обеспечение и образование, по адекватной защите социально уязвимых групп и недопущению социальной изоляции.

2.2.14 Мы преисполнены решимости принимать меры по улучшению социаль- ных условий, в том числе путем выявления и целенаправленной поддержки уяз- вимых групп в обществе, создания адекватных и эффективных сетей социальной защиты, укрепления системы медицинского обслуживания, расширения возмож- ностей трудоустройства и осуществления программ реабилитации.

(…)

2.3 Обеспечение устойчивого развития

(…)

2.3.3 Мы поддерживаем усилия государств-участников по реализации политики сокращения масштабов нищеты и обеспечения устойчивого развития, включая национальные программы сокращения масштабов нищеты в странах с переход- ной экономикой. Мы будем приветствовать оказание международными органи- зациями и институтами, обладающими соответствующим опытом и ресурсами, необходимой консультационной и иной помощи.

(…)

274 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Маастрихт 2003 г.

IV. Решения Совета министров (…)

Решение No. 2/03: Борьба с торговлей людьми

Совет министров,

вновь подтверждая обязательства, которых государства-участники придержива- ются в области борьбы с торговлей людьми, и в особенности Решение No. 1 Вен- ской встречи Совета министров 2000 года, Решение No. 6 Бухарестской встречи Совета министров 2001 года и Декларацию встречи Совета министров 2002 года в Порту,

ссылаясь также на Решение No. 557 Постоянного совета от 24 июля 2003 года об утверждении Плана действий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми, предостав- ляющего в распоряжение государств-участников всеобъемлющий инструмента- рий для борьбы с торговлей людьми на основе многомерного подхода, охватыва- ющего защиту жертв, предупреждение торговли людьми и преследование тех, кто пособничает этому преступлению или совершает его,

руководствуясь целью наращивания усилий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми,

1. Постановляет одобрить План действий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми, прилагаемый к настоящему Решению; и

2. Учреждает под эгидой Постоянного совета механизм ОБСЕ для оказания госу- дарствам-участникам помощи в борьбе с торговлей людьми. Этот механизм будет состоять из двух компонентов, дополняющих деятельность друг друга: назначае- мого Действующим председательством специального представителя и специаль- ной группы в Секретариате ОБСЕ.

Механизм создается с тем, чтобы:

a) помогать государствам-участникам ОБСЕ выполнять обязательства и пол- ностью использовать рекомендации, предложенные в Плане действий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми;

b) обеспечить координацию усилий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми, пред- принимаемых во всех трех измерениях ОБСЕ;

c) укреплять координацию между соответствующими властями государств-учас- тников, а также между ОБСЕ и другими соответствующими организациями;

d) повышать общественную и политическую значимость борьбы с торговлей людьми;

e) вести работу во всем регионе ОБСЕ и по мере необходимости оказывать госу- дарствам-участникам, в духе сотрудничества и после консультаций с соответс-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 275 Маастрихт 2003 г.

твующими властями государств-участников, о которых идет речь, содействие в их стремлении выполнять свои обязательства по борьбе с торговлей людьми;

f) предоставлять и облегчать предоставление консультационной и техничес- кой помощи в законодательной сфере, а также в выработке политики, при необ- ходимости совместно с другими структурами ОБСЕ, задействованными в этой области;

g) быть готовым давать консультации руководству органов законодательной, судебной и исполнительной власти в государствах-участниках и обсуждать с ними выполнение Плана действий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми и обяза- тельств в области борьбы с торговлей людьми. В конкретных случаях, требующих особого внимания, предпринимать подобающим образом усилия по установле- нию прямых контактов с соответствующим государством-участником и обсуж- дать вопросы предоставления консультаций и конкретной помощи, если таковая необходима;

h) взаимодействовать с национальными докладчиками или другими националь- ными механизмами, созданными государствами-участниками для координа- ции и мониторинга деятельности государственных институтов, направленной на борьбу с торговлей людьми. Он будет также сотрудничать с соответствующими неправительственными организациями государств-участников. Кроме того, в рамках ОБСЕ он будет отвечать за организацию и содействие проведению сове- щаний по обмену информацией и опытом между национальными координато- рами, уполномоченными государств-участников или экспертами по борьбе с тор- говлей людьми;

i) тесно сотрудничать и координировать свои действия с Бюро по демократи- ческим институтам и правам человека (БДИПЧ) и другими институтами ОБСЕ, Генеральным секретарем, соответствующими структурами Секретариата, вклю- чая Бюро Координатора деятельности ОБСЕ в области экономики и окружаю- щей среды (БКДЭОС), Группу по стратегическим вопросам полицейской деятель- ности (ГСПД), старшего советника по гендерным вопросам, а также, при необхо- димости, с операциями ОБСЕ на местах. Механизм будет опираться на эксперт- ный потенциал, имеющийся в этих структурах ОБСЕ, и обеспечивать отсутствие дублирования. По мере целесообразности он будет участвовать в работе неофи- циальной рабочей группы по гендерному равенству и борьбе с торговлей людьми;

j) осуществлять сотрудничество и координацию действий с соответствующими международными участниками, такими, как Управление Организации Объеди- ненных Наций по наркотикам и преступности, Верховный комиссар Организа- ции Объединенных Наций по делам беженцев, Верховный комиссар Организа- ции Объединенных Наций по правам человека, Детский фонд Организации Объ- единенных Наций, Международная организация труда, а также Международная организация по вопросам миграции, Международный центр по развитию миг- рационной политики, Европейский союз, Совет Европы, Целевая группа по про-

276 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Маастрихт 2003 г.

блеме торговли людьми в рамках Пакта о стабильности, Совет государств Бал- тийского моря, Инициатива по сотрудничеству в Юго-Восточной Европе, Интер- пол и Европол;

3. Подтверждает, что специальный представитель будет политически подотчетен Постоянному совету, которому он будет докладывать регулярно и по мере необхо- димости. Он будет действовать в соответствии с Решением No. 8 десятой встречи Совета министров в Порту;

4. Призывает Действующее председательство назначить специальным предста- вителем видного деятеля, обладающего соответствующими знаниями и опы- том, сделав это в соответствии с процедурами ОБСЕ, после проведения с госу- дарствами-участниками через Подготовительный комитет консультаций относи- тельно его мандата. В интересах обеспечения преемственности, чтобы специаль- ный представитель мог на начальном этапе выполнять свои функции в течение по меньшей мере двух председательских сроков подряд, Действующее председа- тельство проконсультируется по поводу его назначения со следующим по порядку Действующим председательством, а следующее по порядку Действующее пред- седательство в рамках своих прерогатив обязуется продлить полномочия специ- ального представителя до конца своего председательского срока в соответствии с Решением No. 8 десятой встречи Совета министров в Порту;

5. Поручает Постоянному совету учредить в рамках Секретариата ОБСЕ упомя- нутую выше специальную группу, в состав которой войдут нанятые по контракту или прикомандированные сотрудники. Потенциал специальной группы будет находиться в полном распоряжении специального представителя в целях эффек- тивного выполнения вышеуказанных задач;

6. Соглашается, что оба компонента механизма будут финансироваться государс- твами-участниками в рамках сводного бюджета ОБСЕ в соответствии с сущест- вующими процедурами. ККУФ разработает на основе консультаций с Действую- щим председателем и Генеральным секретарем административные условия фун- кционирования и порядок финансирования этого механизма и представит свои рекомендации на утверждение Постоянного совета заблаговременно, чтобы они могли быть отражены в сводном бюджете ОБСЕ на 2004 год.

Приложение к Решению No. 2/03: План действий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми

I. Цели и задачи Плана действий

1. План действий призван предоставить в распоряжение государств-участни- ков всеобъемлющий инструментарий, который будет служить им подспорьем в выполнении их обязательств по борьбе с ТЛ. Его цель – дать государствам-учас- тникам механизм для осуществления дальнейших шагов, который будет также способствовать координации действий отдельных государств-участников как в рамках структур ОБСЕ, так и с другими международными организациями.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 277 Маастрихт 2003 г.

Настоящий План действий основан на многомерном подходе к борьбе с торгов- лей людьми. В нем предусматривается комплексное решение проблемы, включая защиту жертв, предупреждение ТЛ и судебное преследование тех, кто совершает это преступление или способствует ему. План содержит рекомендации государс- твам-участникам и соответствующим институтам, органам и структурам ОБСЕ на местах относительно оптимальных путей решения ими данной проблемы в ее политических, экономических, правовых, правоохранительных, образовательных и иных аспектах.

2. Кроме того, План действий призван помочь государствам-участникам в при- менении этих инструментов путем учета накопленного в регионе опыта реализа- ции таких конкретных инициатив и мер, как те, которые осуществляются Целе- вой группой Пакта о стабильности по борьбе с торговлей людьми в Юго-Восточ- ной Европе.

3. Всеобъемлющий подход к торговле людьми предполагает необходимость сосредоточивать внимание на привлечении к ответственности виновных в этом преступлении и на принятии эффективных мер по его предупреждению, продол- жая в то же время проявлять гуманность и сострадание при оказании помощи его жертвам.

II. Определение термина “торговля людьми”

Настоящий План действий основан на следующем определении, которое содер- жится в статье 3 Протокола ООН о предупреждении и пресечении торговли людьми, особенно женщинами и детьми, и наказании за нее, дополняющего Кон- венцию ООН против транснациональной организованной преступности:

“Торговля людьми означает осуществляемые в целях эксплуатации вербовку, перевозку, передачу, укрывательство или получение людей путем угрозы силы или ее применения или других форм принуждения, похищения, мошенничества, обмана, злоупотребления властью или уязвимостью положения, либо путем под- купа, в виде платежей или выгод, для получения согласия лица, контролирующего другое лицо. Эксплуатация включает, как минимум, эксплуатацию проституции других лиц или другие формы сексуальной эксплуатации, принудительный труд или услуги, рабство или обычаи, сходные с рабством, подневольное состояние или извлечение органов”.

В своем Решении No. 6 (2001 год) Совет министров ОБСЕ призвал государства- участники подписать и ратифицировать Конвенцию ООН против транснаци- ональной организованной преступности и Протокол к ней о предупреждении и пресечении торговли людьми, особенно женщинами и детьми, и наказании за нее.

278 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Маастрихт 2003 г.

III. Расследование, правоприменение и судебное преследование

Обязательства государств-участников, касающиеся проведения расследований, правоприменения и судебного преследования, отражены в Декларации Совета министров о торговле людьми, принятой в Порту в 2002 году, в принятом в 2001 году Бухарестском плане действий по борьбе с терроризмом, в Решении No. 6, принятом на встрече Совета министров в Бухаресте в 2001 году, и Решении об активизации усилий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми, принятом на встрече Совета министров в Вене в 2000 году. В этих документах государства-участники также согласовали роль ОБСЕ в данной области.

Рекомендуемые действия на национальном уровне

1. Признание уголовно-наказуемымым деянием

1.1 Принимать такие законодательные и иные меры, какие могут потребоваться, с тем, чтобы признать в качестве уголовно-наказуемых деяния, указанные в статье 3 Протокола ООН о предупреждении и пресечении торговли людьми, особенно женщинами и детьми, и наказании за нее, дополняющего Конвенцию ООН про- тив транснациональной организованной преступности.

1.2 Принимать такие законодательные и иные меры, какие могут потребоваться, с тем, чтобы признать в качестве уголовно-наказуемых следующие деяния:

• покушение на совершение данного уголовного преступления;

• участие в совершении данного уголовного преступления в качестве сообщника;

• организацию других лиц или руководство ими с целью совершения данного уго- ловного преступления.

1.3 Принимать такие меры, какие могут потребоваться для установления ответс- твенности юридических лиц, помимо ответственности физических лиц, за пре- ступления, связанные с торговлей людьми. При условии соблюдения правовых принципов государства-участника ответственность юридических лиц может быть уголовной, гражданско-правовой и/или административной.

1.4 Принимать законодательные положения, которые предусматривают эффек- тивные и соразмерные меры уголовного наказания, включая тюремное заклю- чение, учитывающие серьезность данного преступления. Там, где это целесооб- разно, законодательство должно предусматривать дополнительные меры наказа- ния для лиц, признанных виновными в торговле людьми при отягчающих обсто- ятельствах, например, в случаях преступлений, связанных с торговлей детьми, или преступлений, совершенных государственными должностными лицами или при их соучастии.

1.5 Рассматривать возможность принятия законодательных положений, предус- матривающих конфискацию орудий торговли людьми и связанных с нею уголов-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 279 Маастрихт 2003 г.

ных преступлений, а также доходов от них, с указанием, где это не противоре- чит национальному законодательству, что конфискованные доходы от торговли людьми будут использоваться на благо жертв этой торговли. Рассмотреть воп- рос об учреждении фонда компенсационных выплат жертвам торговли людьми и использовании конфискованных активов в качестве вспомогательного источника финансирования такого фонда.

1.6 Обеспечивать, чтобы торговля людьми, составляющие такую торговлю дейс- твия и связанные с нею преступления квалифицировались в национальном зако- нодательстве и договорах о выдаче как преступления, которые могут повлечь выдачу.

1.7 Принимать такие законодательные и иные меры для признания уголовно- наказуемыми актов активной или пассивной коррупции среди публичных долж- ностных лиц, как перечисленные в статьях 8 и 9 Конвенции ООН против транс- национальной организованной преступности.

1.8 Обеспечивать, чтобы в отношении жертв торговли людьми не возбуждались уголовные дела лишь на том непосредственном основании, что они стали объек- том такой торговли.

2. Правоохранительные меры

2.1 Применять в полном объеме предусмотренные законодательством меры по борьбе с торговлей людьми и связанные с ними меры.

2.2 Создавать специальные подразделения по борьбе с торговлей людьми, состо- ящие как из мужчин, так и из женщин, прошедших основательную подготовку в расследовании преступлений, связанных с посягательствами сексуального харак- тера, или преступлений, касающихся детей, с тем, чтобы способствовать повыше- нию компетентности, профессионализма и добросовестности работников.

2.3 Наращивать потенциал в области борьбы с коррупцией.

2.4 Разрабатывать программы взаимодействия полиции с местным населением: повышать уровень доверия между полицией и населением, с тем, чтобы, в част- ности, способствовать получению информации, касающейся торговли людьми, и стимулировать у потерпевших желание заявлять о преступлениях.

2.5 Расширять сотрудничество между следственными правоохранительными органами с целью установления возможно криминального, связанного с торгов- лей людьми происхождения подозрительных активов.

2.6 Обеспечивать не только ресурсы и подготовку кадров для развития основан- ной на сборе оперативной информации полицейской деятельности по обузданию и анализу преступности, а также по обработке и анализу криминалистических данных, но и другие высокопрофессиональные навыки и современную технику,

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необходимые правоохранительным органам для выполнения их задач по борьбе с торговлей людьми.

2.7 Побуждать следователей и прокуроров к тому, чтобы в ходе следствия и судеб- ного преследования они не полагались только и исключительно на свидетельские показания. Изучать альтернативные стратегии расследования, исключающие необходимость обязательной дачи потерпевшими показаний в суде.

2.8 Принимать практически осуществимые меры с целью обеспечить, чтобы в отношении сотрудников миссий ОБСЕ, нарушающих своим поведением Кодекс поведения сотрудников миссий ОБСЕ и другие положения, применялись установ- ленные санкции, включая, в надлежащих случаях, дисциплинарные процедуры и уголовное преследование.

2.9 Уделять первоочередное внимание проблеме коррупции в местных правоох- ранительных органах и обеспечивать применение надлежащих дисциплинарных процедур и уголовного преследования в отношении правоохранительных орга- нов, уличенных в коррупции, связанной с торговлей людьми.

3. Сотрудничество правоохранительных органов и обмен информацией между государствами-участниками

3.1 Тесно сотрудничать друг с другом, действуя сообразно своим внутренним пра- вовым и административным системам, в целях повышения эффективности пра- воохранительных мер по борьбе с преступлениями, охватываемыми настоящим Планом действий. Развивать аналогичное сотрудничество и координацию дейс- твий между правоохранительными органами внутри государств.

3.2 Принимать эффективные меры, в частности, с целью:

• расширения и, где это необходимо, создания каналов связи между государс- твами-участниками;

• сотрудничества в расследовании преступлений, охватываемых настоящим Пла- ном действий;

• предоставления, в надлежащих случаях, предметов или доказательств, необхо- димых для целей анализа или расследования;

• содействия эффективной координации действий между их компетентными орга- нами, ведомствами и службами и поощрения обмена сотрудниками и другими экспертами, включая, при условии заключения заинтересованными государс- твами-участниками двусторонних соглашений или договоренностей, направле- ние сотрудников по связям;

• обмена информацией о конкретных средствах и методах, применяемых орга- низованными преступными группами, включая, где это применимо, сведения о

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маршрутах и перевозках, а также об использовании ложных имен, измененных или поддельных документов либо других средств сокрытия их деятельности;

• координации административных и иных мер, признанных целесообразными для заблаговременного выявления преступлений, охватываемых настоящим Планом действий.

3.3 Заключать соглашения о двустороннем и многостороннем сотрудничестве между правоохранительными органами для облегчения обмена информацией.

3.4 Предпринимать усилия с целью разработки единых стандартов, касающихся сбора статистических данных.

4. Оказание помощи и защиты свидетелям и потерпевшим в рамках системы уголовного правосудия

4.1 Принимать, в пределах имеющихся у государств-участников возможностей, надлежащие меры, включая законодательные, для обеспечения эффективной защиты от вероятной мести или запугивания в отношении участвующих в уго- ловном производстве свидетелей, которые дают показания в связи с преступле- ниями, охватываемыми настоящим Планом действий, и, в надлежащих случаях, в отношении их родственников и других близких им лиц.

4.2 Повышать степень осознания правоохранительными органами и должност- ными лицами своей ответственности за обеспечение безопасности жертв ТЛ и их благополучия в ближайшей перспективе.

4.3 Обеспечивать защиту сведений и право потерпевших на неприкосновенность частной жизни, в том числе в процессе сбора сведений и их анализа.

4.4 Облегчать участие потерпевших в качестве свидетелей в расследованиях и судебных слушаниях или в других мероприятиях в рамках уголовного производс- тва путем предоставления им возможности сменить место жительства в качестве одной из мер защиты свидетелей.

4.5 Давать потерпевшим юридические консультации в процессе принятия ими решения о том, выступать ли с показаниями в суде.

4.6 Разрешать НПО оказывать потерпевшим поддержку в ходе судебных слуша- ний, если это не противоречит национальному законодательству.

5. Подготовка кадров

5.1 Организовывать или совершенствовать подготовку должностных лиц погра- ничных служб, должностных лиц правоохранительных органов, судей, прокуро- ров, должностных лиц иммиграционных и иных соответствующих служб по всем аспектам проблемы торговли людьми.

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5.2 При осуществлении программ такой подготовки уделять внимание вопросам прав человека, проблемам, особо затрагивающим детей, а также гендерной про- блематике, и поощрять сотрудничество с неправительственными организаци- ями, другими соответствующими организациями и иными элементами граждан- ского общества.

6. Меры пограничного контроля

6.1 Рассматривать возможность принятия мер, которые позволяют, в соответс- твии с внутренним законодательством, отказывать во въезде, аннулировать визы или, возможно, временно задерживать лиц, причастных к совершению преступ- лений, как они определены в действующем законодательстве.

6.2 Рассматривать возможность укрепления сотрудничества между органами пог- раничного контроля, в том числе путем создания и поддержания прямых кана- лов связи.

7. Надежность документов и контроль за ними

7.1 Принимать, в пределах имеющихся возможностей, такие меры, какие могут потребоваться для обеспечения такого качества выдаваемых государствами- участниками или от их имени документов на въезд/выезд или удостоверений личности, которое в максимальной степени затрудняло бы их неправомерное использование, подделку или противозаконное изменение, воспроизведение или выдачу.

8. Законность и действительность документов

8.1 По просьбе другого государства-участника и в соответствии со своим внут- ренним законодательством проводить в течение разумного срока проверку закон- ности и действительности выданных или якобы выданных от его имени докумен- тов на въезд/выезд или удостоверений личности в тех случаях, когда есть весомые основания подозревать, что они используются для целей торговли людьми.

Действия институтов и органов ОБСЕ

9. Обзор и реформа законодательства

9.1 БДИПЧ и, в соответствующих случаях, структуры на местах будут продолжать поощрять и поддерживать усилия по обзору и реформированию законодательс- тва в соответствии с международными стандартами.

9.2 ОБСЕ будет и впредь развивать сотрудничество с другими соответствующими партнерами и организациями.

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10. Правоохранительные меры

10.1 Группа ОБСЕ по стратегическим вопросам полицейской деятельности будет продолжать продвигать концепцию полицейской работы, основанной на взаимо- действии с местным населением.

10.2 Группа по стратегическим вопросам полицейской деятельности и Бюро Координатора деятельности ОБСЕ в области экономики и окружающей среды (БКДЭОС) будут способствовать обмену информацией между государствами- участниками о лучшей практике, которую соответствующим следственным орга- нам надлежит использовать для проверки возможно преступного и связанного с торговлей людьми происхождения подозрительных активов.

10.3. БКДЭОС будет продолжать совместную работу с осуществляемой Управ- лением ООН по наркотикам и преступности Глобальной программой борьбы с отмыванием денег и пользоваться ее добрыми услугами для содействия органи- зации в заинтересованных государствах-участниках семинаров-практикумов по борьбе с отмыванием денег.

10.4 БДИПЧ в рамках оказываемого им содействия в разработке национальных механизмов передачи и рассмотрения дел будет продолжать поощрять сотрудни- чество между правоохранительными органами и гражданским обществом и спо- собствовать ему.

11. Дисциплинарные меры

11.1 Службе внутреннего надзора поручается вести учет данных о расследова- нии совершенных сотрудниками миссий правонарушений, связанных с торгов- лей людьми, и о всех последующих действиях, предпринятых в этой связи. Гене- ральному секретарю предлагается регулярно докладывать Постоянному совету о мерах, принимаемых во исполнение существующих положений в случаях наруше- ния Кодекса поведения, при уважении неприкосновенности частной жизни лиц, обвиняемых в этих нарушениях.

12. Подготовка кадров

12.1 БДИПЧ и Группа ОБСЕ по стратегическим вопросам полицейской деятель- ности будут продолжать разрабатывать учебные материалы для сотрудников пра- воохранительных органов на тему расследования преступлений, связанных с торговлей людьми, и половых преступлений, консультироваться с Международ- ной правоохранительной академией (МПА) в Будапеште относительно возмож- ностей включения такой учебы в программы МПА, подбирать инструкторов для проведения занятий по вопросам правоохранительной работы и способствовать финансированию учебных занятий для сотрудников правоохранительных орга- нов в государствах-участниках ОБСЕ.

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12.2 Хотя международные партнеры, такие, как Международный центр по раз- работке миграционной политики и Международная организация по вопросам миграции, проводят базовое обучение полицейских реагированию на сигналы о торговле людьми, а другие, такие, как Программа развития ООН, обеспечи- вают углубленную подготовку, существует потребность в дополнительном обуче- нии сотрудников навыкам работы по конкретным видам половых преступлений, например, половым преступлениям против детей. Группа ОБСЕ по стратегичес- ким вопросам полицейской деятельности будет осуществлять такую подготовку в сотрудничестве с Детским фондом ООН и другими соответствующими органи- зациями.

13. Надежность документов и контроль за ними

13.1 Соответствующие органы ОБСЕ, и в частности Антитеррористическое под- разделение, будут продолжать содействовать проведению семинаров-практику- мов по выявлению документов, используемых в незаконных целях в связи с тор- говлей людьми, выявлению использования поддельных документов для ввоза лиц, являющихся объектом торговли, и совершенствованию нетехнических мето- дов обнаружения, таких, как проведение собеседований. Кроме того, на семина- рах-практикумах будут рассматриваться способы защиты свободы передвижения людей через границы в пределах ограничений, не противоречащих соответству- ющим обязательствам, принятым в рамках ОБСЕ.

IV. Предупреждение торговли людьми

Обязательства государств-участников по предупреждению зафиксированы в Декларации о торговле людьми, принятой на встрече Совета министров в Порту в 2002 году, Решении Постоянного совета No. 426 (2001 год), Решении об активи- зации усилий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми, принятом на встрече Совета министров в Вене в 2000 году, Плане действий ОБСЕ по гендерным вопросам, утвержденном Постоянным советом в 2000 году, Хартии европейской безопас- ности, принятой в Стамбуле в 1999 году, Документе Московского совещания Кон- ференции по человеческому измерению СБСЕ, принятом в Москве в 1991 году, и Заключительном акте Совещания по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе, принятом в Хельсинки в 1975 году. В вышеупомянутых документах государства- участники также согласовали роль ОБСЕ в этой области.

Рекомендуемые действия на национальном уровне

1. Сбор данных и исследования

1.1 Осуществлять сбор данных отдельно о женщинах, мужчинах и детях, являю- щихся жертвами торговли людьми, а также совершенствовать исследовательскую и аналитическую работу по таким темам, как характер и масштабы ТЛ и исполь- зуемые организованными преступными группами механизмы торговли людьми и эксплуатации, в целях разработки эффективных и целенаправленных мер по

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предупреждению торговли людьми. Содействовать расширению исследований и обмена информацией по проблеме торговли детьми.

1.2 Выявлять наиболее уязвимые группы населения и разрабатывать специально для них информационно-просветительские кампании.

1.3 Проводить более углубленный анализ коренных причин ТЛ, факторов спроса и предложения в такой торговле, ее сетей и экономических последствий, а также ее связи с нелегальной миграцией.

2. Меры пограничного контроля

2.1 Без ущерба для международных обязательств в отношении свободного пере- движения людей усиливать, насколько это возможно, меры пограничного кон- троля в той степени, в какой это может потребоваться для предупреждения и выявления ТЛ.

2.2 Принимать законодательные или другие надлежащие меры для предупрежде- ния, в максимально возможной степени, использования транспортных средств, эксплуатируемых коммерческими перевозчиками, при совершении преступле- ний, которые определены в положениях о борьбе с торговлей людьми.

2.3 В соответствующих случаях и без ущерба для применимых международных конвенций обязывать коммерческих перевозчиков, в том числе любую транспор- тную компанию или же владельца или оператора любых транспортных средств, удостоверяться в том, что все пассажиры имеют действительные документы на въезд/выезд. В соответствии с внутренним законодательством принимать необ- ходимые меры, с тем, чтобы предусмотреть санкции за нарушения.

3. Экономическая и социальная политика, направленная на устранение коренных причин ТЛ

3.1 В странах происхождения:

• считать приоритетными задачами содействие социально-экономической и политической стабильности и сокращение как миграции, вызываемой глубокой нищетой, так и факторов “предложения” в торговле людьми. Политика, направ- ленная на достижение этих целей, должна также способствовать экономичес- кому развитию и преодолению социальной отчужденности;

• повышать доступность общего и профессионально-технического образования для детей и расширять охват детей, особенно девочек и представителей мень- шинств, школьным образованием;

• расширять для женщин возможности трудоустройства путем содействия улуч- шению коммерческих перспектив малых и средних предприятий (МСП). Орга- низовывать курсы подготовки кадров для МСП, предназначенные в первую оче- редь для лиц, входящих в “группы риска”.

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3.2. В странах назначения:

• принимать меры по уменьшению “незаметности эксплуатации”. Достижению этой цели будет весьма способствовать разработка межведомственной про- граммы мониторинга, административного контроля и сбора оперативной информации в отношении рынков труда и, где это применимо, секс-индустрии;

• рассматривать возможность осуществления правительствами либерализации рынков труда в своих странах с целью увеличения возможностей трудоустройс- тва для работников самых различных уровней квалификации;

• принимать меры по решению проблемы незащищенного, неофициального и зачастую незаконного труда с целью установления баланса между спросом на дешевую рабочую силу и возможностями законной миграции;

• бороться с подпольной экономической деятельностью, подрывающей эконо- мику и способствующей росту торговли людьми.

3.3 Как в странах происхождения, так и в странах назначения:

• принимать меры для повышения уровней социальной защищенности и созда- ния равных для всех возможностей трудоустройства;

• принимать надлежащие меры для устранения дискриминации женщин при найме на работу, имея в виду обеспечить на основе гендерного равенства право на равную оплату за равный труд и право на равенство возможностей в области трудоустройства;

• противодействовать всем формам дискриминации меньшинств;

• разрабатывать программы, позволяющие людям выбирать различные способы зарабатывать себе на жизнь и включающие начальное образование, обучение грамоте, развитие коммуникативных и иных навыков и сокращение препятс- твий для предпринимательской деятельности;

• поощрять более внимательное отношение к гендерным вопросам и пропаганди- ровать равноправные и взаимоуважительные отношения между полами, предо- твращая тем самым насилие в отношении женщин;

• обеспечивать проведение политики, предусматривающей предоставление жен- щинам равного доступа к экономическим и финансовым ресурсам и равного права распоряжаться ими;

• содействовать развитию гибких механизмов финансирования и расширению возможностей получения кредита, включая микроссуды под низкий процент;

• содействовать утверждению надлежащего управления и транспарентности в экономических сделках;

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• принимать или совершенствовать меры в области законодательства, образова- ния, культуры или в социальной области, а также, где это применимо, в сфере уголовного права, в том числе путем двустороннего и многостороннего сотруд- ничества, направленные на противодействие спросу, порождающему эксплуата- цию людей, особенно женщин и детей, во всех ее формах и ведущего к торговле людьми.

4. Повышение осведомленности

4.1 Проводить совместно с гражданским обществом и НПО информационные кампании для повышения осведомленности общественности о торговле людьми в различных ее формах, в том числе о методах, применяемых при такой торговле, и опасностях, которым подвергаются ее жертвы.

4.2 Повышать осведомленность о торговле людьми среди работников иммигра- ционных органов, а также консульского и дипломатического персонала, с тем, чтобы полученные знания могли использоваться ими в их повседневных контак- тах с потенциальными жертвами.

4.3 Поощрять распространение посольствами государств – в том числе через НПО – информации о соответствующем национальном законодательстве в таких областях, как семейное право, законы о труде и иммиграционное законодательс- тво, представляющем интерес для потенциальных мигрантов.

4.4 Целенаправленно повышать осведомленность других соответствующих соци- альных групп, включая лиц, ответственных за выработку политики, сотрудни- ков правоохранительных органов и других соответствующих специалистов, таких, как медицинские, социальные работники и должностные лица, занимаю- щиеся вопросами трудоустройства, а также представителей частного сектора, о ТЛ в целях повышения их готовности надлежащим образом противодействовать этому явлению и укрепления их институционального потенциала для борьбы с ним.

4.5 Рекомендовать консульским и визовым отделам дипломатических представи- тельств использовать в своей работе с лицами, подвергающимися риску, печат- ные и иные материалы.

4.6 Повышать осведомленность работников СМИ. Освещение проблемы тор- говли людьми в средствах массовой информации должно включать четкое разъ- яснение сути этого явления и реалистичное изображение его жертв. Для макси- мально полного информирования общественности об этой проблеме и привлече- ния к ней как можно большего внимания кампании по борьбе с торговлей людьми следует проводить с участием профессиональных журналистов.

4.7 Проводить кампании по повышению осведомленности, нацеленные также на самые уязвимые группы населения, включая лиц, принадлежащих к националь- ным меньшинствам, детей, мигрантов и внутренне перемещенных лиц (ВПЛ).

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4.8 Охватывать кампаниями по повышению осведомленности малые города и села, угроза для населения которых может быть особенно высокой.

4.9 Вести работу в школах и высших учебных заведениях, а также непосредс- твенно с семьями, чтобы донести информацию до молодежи и повысить ее осве- домленность о торговле людьми.

4.10 Обращать внимание, в том числе с помощью средств массовой информации, на необходимость сокращения спроса на услуги лиц, ввозимых с целью их сексу- альной эксплуатации, привлечения к принудительному труду, обращения в рабс- тво и применения к ним иной практики, аналогичной рабству, и в этой связи вос- питывать абсолютную нетерпимость к торговле людьми во всех ее формах.

4.11 Создавать в странах происхождения, транзита и назначения “телефоны дове- рия”, о которых должно быть широко известно и которые должны выполнять три функции: служить независимым источником консультаций и рекоменда- ций потенциальным жертвам торговли людьми, обдумывающим предложения о выезде за рубеж с целью трудоустройства или в иных целях, быть первым кон- тактным телефоном, с помощью которого жертвы ТЛ получали бы доступ к меха- низму передачи и рассмотрения дел, а также облегчать подачу анонимных сигна- лов о случаях ТЛ и подозрениях на такие случаи.

5. Законодательные меры

5.1 Принимать или пересматривать законы, административные механизмы и процедуры, регулирующие лицензирование и осуществление видов коммерчес- кой деятельности, которые, согласно оперативным данным, могут иметь отно- шение к торговле людьми – таких, как бюро по трудоустройству, туристические фирмы, агентства по найму нянь и помощниц по хозяйству, агентства по усынов- лению или международному подбору брачных партнеров, а также гостиницы и бюро эскорт-услуг.

5.2 Обеспечивать, чтобы меры, принимаемые с целью предупреждения торговли людьми и борьбы с ней, не наносили ущерба правам и достоинству личности, включая свободу передвижения.

Действия институтов и органов ОБСЕ

6. Сбор данных и исследования

6.1 Активизировать сбор данных и проведение исследований по проблеме тор- говли людьми, и особенно торговли детьми, опираясь на результаты уже прове- денных исследований и осуществляя обмены с Детским фондом Организации Объединенных Наций и другими соответствующими участниками.

6.2 Поручить пункту БДИПЧ для контактов по вопросам, касающимся рома и синти, продолжать сбор данных о торговле людьми, и прежде всего детьми, а также о ее последствиях для общин рома и синти.

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7. Меры, направленные на устранение коренных причин ТЛ

7.1 БКДЭОС будет способствовать созданию и развитию национальных обще- ственных центров информационных ресурсов, дающих гражданам возможность проверять законность коммерческих структур – особенно тех, которые предла- гают трудоустройство за рубежом, – без дублирования механизмов, уже сущес- твующих в рамках торговых палат или иных органов, занимающихся регистра- цией предпринимательской деятельности. БКДЭОС может выступать в роли пос- редника, собирая информацию о примерах лучшей практики, касающейся легко- доступных способов проверки законности, и распространяя ее среди заинтересо- ванных государств-участников и/или операций ОБСЕ на местах.

7.2 БКДЭОС будет и впредь содействовать подготовке кадров для МСП, особенно из числа лиц, входящих в “группы риска”, – в том числе путем оказания помощи в выработке законодательства, сокращающего барьеры на пути создания МСП.

7.3 БКДЭОС следует разрабатывать программы противодействия экономичес- ким факторам, повышающим для женщин и меньшинств риск оказаться вовле- ченными в торговлю людьми, включая дискриминацию на рабочем месте и труд- ности в получении кредита.

8. Повышение осведомленности

8.1 БДИПЧ и, где это целесообразно, операции на местах будут и далее вносить вклад в исследовательскую работу, наряду с поощрением и осуществлением ини- циатив по повышению осведомленности во взаимодействии с соответствующими партнерами повсюду в регионе ОБСЕ.

8.2 Отдел прессы и общественной информации будет содействовать повышению осведомленности СМИ о деятельности ОБСЕ, касающейся торговли людьми. БДИПЧ активизирует проведение учебных мероприятий, посвященных ответс- твенности средств массовой информации за тактичное освещение темы торговли людьми, не приводящее к укреплению негативных стереотипов. В ходе учебной подготовки акцент будет сделан на том, что торговля людьми представляет собой сложное явление и для противодействия ей необходим комплексный подход.

8.3 В целях обеспечения того, чтобы персонал операций ОБСЕ на местах не участ- вовал в торговле людьми и сознательно не потворствовал ей каким бы то ни было образом, а также в целях выполнения норм, зафиксированных в части 4 Кодекса поведения ОБСЕ, являющегося неотъемлемой частью Положений о персонале, Генеральный секретарь разработает всеобъемлющие инструкции для персонала, с тем, чтобы они были рассмотрены Постоянным советом не позднее 15 ноября 2003 года.

8.4 Координатор ОБСЕ по подготовке кадров, старший советник по гендерным вопросам и старший координатор по вопросам безопасности будут продолжать использовать вводно-ознакомительный курс для развития и проведения совмес-

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тно с БДИПЧ работы по подготовке персонала, тематика которой будет охваты- вать гендерные вопросы, торговлю людьми и соответствующие правила и руково- дящие принципы, а также организовывать специальные семинары-практикумы на местах. Руководители операций на местах обеспечат посещение таких учебных курсов всеми сотрудниками в обязательном порядке.

8.5 БКДЭОС будет способствовать мобилизации и наращиванию усилий част- ного сектора по борьбе с торговлей людьми путем повышения осведомленности, а также путем выявления и распространения лучшей практики, такой, как само- регулирование, выработка руководящих принципов программного характера и кодексов поведения.

V. Защита и помощь

Принятые в ОБСЕ обязательства, касающиеся оказания защиты и помощи жерт- вам торговли людьми, зафиксированы в Декларации о торговле людьми, приня- той Советом министров в Порту в 2002 году, Решении No. 6, принятом Советом министров в Бухаресте в 2001 году, Решении No. 1, принятом Советом минист- ров в Вене в 2000 году, и Хартии европейской безопасности, принятой в Стамбуле в 1999 году.

Рекомендуемые меры на национальном уровне

1. Сбор данных и исследования

1.1 Осуществлять сбор данных путем обмена и анализа информации о лучшей практике и иных сведений, касающихся оказания эффективной защиты и помощи жертвам торговли людьми в государствах-участниках ОБСЕ.

2. Законодательные меры

2.1 Рассмотреть вопрос о принятии законодательства, создающего правовую основу для оказания помощи и защиты жертвам ТЛ, особенно в ходе следствия и судебного разбирательства.

2.2 Ратифицировать или присоединиться к Протоколу ООН о предотвращении и пресечении торговли людьми, особенно женщинами и детьми, и наказании за нее, дополняющему Конвенцию ООН против транснациональной организованной преступности, и обеспечить его выполнение в полном объеме.

3. Национальные механизмы передачи и рассмотрения дел (НМПР)*

3.1 Учредить национальные механизмы передачи и рассмотрения дел путем созда- ния схемы сотрудничества, в рамках которой государства-участники будут выпол- нять свои обязательства по защите и обеспечению прав жертв ТЛ на основе коор- динации действий и в стратегическом партнерстве с гражданским обществом и другими участниками работы в этой области. (*Подготавливаемый БДИПЧ Сбор- ник указаний и принципов, касающихся разработки и внедрения национальных

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механизмов передачи и рассмотрения дел, может служить полезным источником рекомендаций и информации относительно роли НМПР в оказании помощи и защиты жертвам ТЛ.)

3.2 Сформулировать руководящие указания, облегчающие точное выявление жертв ТЛ и надлежащее обращение с ними, основанное на уважении взглядов и достоинства соответствующих лиц.

3.3 Объединить усилия правоохранительных органов, включая подразделения, специально созданные для борьбы с торговлей людьми, а также полицию на мес- тном уровне, должностных лиц миграционных и пограничных служб, структур по оказанию социальной защиты, медицинских учреждений, а также НПО и дру- гих институтов гражданского общества как самых важных участников, которые должны быть вовлечены в работу НМПР.

3.4 Создать соответствующие механизмы для согласования помощи жертвам с деятельностью следственных органов и прокуратуры.

3.5 Привлекать особое внимание к необходимости усиления сотрудничества между полицией и НПО в выявлении, информировании и защите жертв ТЛ.

3.6 Увязывать работу НМПР с деятельностью межминистерских органов, нацио- нальных координаторов, НПО и других соответствующих национальных инсти- тутов в целях формирования межсекторальной и междисциплинарной группы, способной разрабатывать политику борьбы с торговлей людьми и отслеживать ее проведение.

4. Приюты

4.1 Создать при государственных органах, НПО или других институтах граждан- ского общества приюты для жертв торговли людьми; в этих приютах им должны быть обеспечены безопасность, возможность получения независимых рекоменда- ций и консультаций на известном им языке, первая медицинская помощь, а также возможность использовать время для размышлений после пережитой травмы. Приюты могут создаваться на базе уже существующих учреждений, таких, как кризисные центры для женщин.

4.2 Предоставлять доступ в приюты всем жертвам торговли людьми, независимо от их готовности сотрудничать с властями при проведении расследования.

4.3 Уделять особое внимание обеспечению безопасности персонала таких при- ютов, конфиденциальности получаемой информации, а также безопасности жертв ТЛ и неприкосновенности их частной жизни.

4.4 Использовать приюты для предоставления жертвам ТЛ возможностей для такого обучения, которое в дальнейшем облегчит им реинтеграцию, трудоуст- ройство и обретение самостоятельности, а также повышать их социальную кон- курентоспособность после пережитой травмы.

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5. Выдача документов

5.1 При необходимости обеспечивать выдачу документов в качестве первого шага по установлению личности потерпевших и определению их статуса в стра- нах назначения, что позволяет избрать соответствующий случаю вариант даль- нейшего содействия, такой, как репатриация (предпочтительно добровольная), выдача временного или постоянного вида на жительство и/или легализация работы по найму.

5.2 Усиливать сотрудничество между правоохранительными органами в странах происхождения, транзита и назначения, а также ответственными должностными лицами всех учреждений, занимающихся восстановлением прав жертв ТЛ, вклю- чая сотрудников посольств и консульств государств-участников, в целях облегче- ния и ускорения проверки личных данных и во избежание необоснованных или неразумных задержек.

5.3 Информировать лиц, признанных жертвами ТЛ, об их праве доступа к дипло- матическим и консульским представителям страны своего гражданства.

6. Оказание социальной помощи

6.1 Разрабатывать программы социальной помощи и интеграции, включая юри- дические консультации на известном потерпевшему языке, медицинскую и пси- хологическую помощь и доступ к медицинскому обслуживанию – в приютах либо в других соответствующих учреждениях.

6.2 Рассмотреть, если это не противоречит национальному законодательству, возможность принятия юридических мер, позволяющих использовать конфиско- ванные активы в качестве дополнения к государственному финансированию про- грамм по удовлетворению потребностей жертв ТЛ и для выплаты жертвам ком- пенсации, соразмерной тяжести совершенного против них преступления.

7. Репатриация, реабилитация и реинтеграция

7.1 Оказывать жертвам ТЛ помощь в их предпочтительно добровольной репатри- ации в страну происхождения с должным учетом их безопасности и безопасности их семей и без необоснованных или неразумных задержек.

7.2 Обеспечивать соблюдение надлежащих процедур в ходе всех действий, связан- ных с возвращением и выдворением, при учете подхода, основанного на гуман- ности и сострадании.

7.3 Рассматривать возможность содействия реабилитации и социальной реинтег- рации жертв ТЛ путем предоставления им социально-экономических льгот.

7.4 Акцентировать внимание СМИ на необходимости уважать неприкосновен- ность частной жизни, воздерживаясь от обнародования информации о личности жертв ТЛ и от публикации конфиденциальных сведений, которая может нанести

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 293 Маастрихт 2003 г.

ущерб безопасности жертв или отправлению правосудия в ходе уголовного про- изводства.

8. Предоставление времени на размышление и выдача временных или постоянных видов на жительство

8.1 Рассмотреть вопрос о введении практики предоставления потерпевшим достаточного времени на размышление для принятия решения о том, давать или не давать свидетельские показания.

8.2 Рассматривать на индивидуальной основе, если это целесообразно, вопрос о выдаче временных или постоянных видов на жительство, принимая во внимание такие факторы, как потенциальные угрозы безопасности жертв.

8.3 Рассматривать, если это целесообразно, вопрос о выдаче потерпевшим разре- шений на работу в период их пребывания в принимающей стране.

9. Обеспечение права просить о предоставлении убежища

9.1 Обеспечивать, чтобы законы, политика, программы и мероприятия по борьбе с торговлей людьми не ущемляли право всех лиц, включая жертв ТЛ, запраши- вать и получать убежище от преследования в соответствии с международно-пра- вовыми нормами, касающимися беженцев, в частности путем эффективного при- менения принципа невыдворения.

10. Защита детей

10.1 Обеспечивать, чтобы особые потребности детей и необходимость наилуч- шего обеспечения интересов ребенка в полной мере учитывались при принятии решений о предоставлении адекватного жилья, надлежащем образовании и попе- чении. В соответствующих случаях, при отсутствии прямой угрозы безопасности ребенка, предоставлять детям доступ к государственной системе образования.

10.2 Принимать решение о репатриации ребенка, ставшего жертвой ТЛ, только после учета всех конкретных обстоятельств дела и при наличии в стране проис- хождения семьи или специального учреждения, способных обеспечить безопас- ность, защиту, реабилитацию и реинтеграцию данного ребенка.

10.3 Учитывать положения, содержащиеся в изданном Верховным комиссаром ООН по делам беженцев руководстве по защите несопровождаемых несовершен- нолетних, при выработке политики, касающейся этой “группы риска”, – особенно в отношении тех, кто не имеет документов, удостоверяющих личность.

10.4 Использовать двусторонние и/или региональные соглашения об основных принципах надлежащего приема несопровождаемых детей для объединения уси- лий по защите детей.

294 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Маастрихт 2003 г.

10.5 Ратифицировать Факультативный протокол о торговле детьми, детской про- ституции и детской порнографии к Конвенции о правах ребенка или присоеди- ниться к нему и обеспечить его осуществление в полном объеме.

Действия институтов и органов ОБСЕ

11. Национальный механизм передачи и рассмотрения дел

11.1 Активизировать деятельность ОБСЕ, и особенно БДИПЧ, в целях оказания государствам-участникам по их просьбе помощи в создании НМПР.

11.2 Поручить группе ОБСЕ по стратегическим вопросам полицейской деятель- ности совместно с БДИПЧ дальнейшую разработку руководства или пособия по выявлению предполагаемых жертв и сбору доказательств ТЛ в целях оказания, по мере необходимости, помощи государствам-участникам.

12. Реинтеграция

12.1 БКДЭОС будет облегчать контакты между представителями государства и частного сектора, с тем, чтобы побудить деловые круги предоставлять жертвам торговли людьми возможности для трудоустройства.

13. Защита детей

13.1 ОБСЕ в целом будет уделять особое внимание проблеме торговли детьми и осознанию уязвимости несопровождаемых детей. Следует предпринимать уси- лия по развитию сотрудничества со специализированными международными учреждениями, особенно с Детским фондом Организации Объединенных Наций и соответствующими международными НПО, в целях организации совещаний экспертов, проведения исследований и разработки руководящих принципов, направленных на наилучшее обеспечение интересов ребенка.

14. Подготовка кадров

14.1 Поручить координатору ОБСЕ по подготовке кадров, старшему советнику по гендерным вопросам и старшему координатору по вопросам безопасности разра- ботать во взаимодействии с БДИПЧ информационный материал о способах ока- зания помощи жертвам торговли людьми – особенно детям – в ответ на обра- щения отдельных лиц или государственных и неправительственных органов, а также обеспечить соответствующую подготовку сотрудников миссий ОБСЕ. Этот материал мог бы также распространяться среди военнослужащих, миротворцев и другого международного персонала на местах.

14.2 Поручить БДИПЧ сбор и распространение информации о мерах, учебных программах и материалах, уже существующих в государствах-участниках ОБСЕ.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 295 Маастрихт 2003 г.

15. Законодательные меры

15.1 Координируя свои действия с Управлением ООН по наркотикам и преступ- ности, Советом Европы и другими соответствующими участниками, БДИПЧ будет продолжать оказывать государствам-участникам по их просьбе помощь в приведении их национального законодательства в соответствие с международ- ными нормами и стандартами, прежде всего за счет поощрения гуманного и основанного на сострадании подхода к жертвам ТЛ.

VI. Механизмы осуществления дальнейших шагов и координации действий

Наряду с наблюдением за выполнением государствами-участниками принятых в ОБСЕ обязательств с использованием существующих механизмов ОБСЕ, вклю- чая ежегодное Совещание по рассмотрению выполнения, посвященное челове- ческому измерению, конференции по обзору и соответствующие мероприятия в области человеческого измерения,

Постоянный совет рекомендует следующие действия на национальном уровне:

1. Рассмотреть вопрос о назначении национальных докладчиков или создании иных механизмов наблюдения за деятельностью государственных учреждений, направленной против торговли людьми, и за выполнением требований нацио- нального законодательства.

2. Рассмотреть вопрос о создании комиссий (целевых групп) по борьбе с торгов- лей людьми или аналогичных органов, ответственных за координацию действий государственных учреждений и НПО внутри страны и за выработку мер по пре- дупреждению ТЛ, наказанию виновных в ТЛ и защите ее жертв.

3. Совершенствовать сотрудничество между государственными институтами и национальными НПО, занимающимися оказанием защиты и помощи жертвам ТЛ, борьбой с насилием в отношении женщин и детей, обеспечением гендерного равенства и повышением осведомленности в вопросах прав человека.

Постоянный совет также:

4. Поручает Председательству провести обсуждение дальнейших шагов на основе настоящего Плана действий, включая усиление существующих структур, и изу- чить потребность в новом механизме, призванном повысить эффективность уси- лий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми за счет придания ее деятельности боль- шего политического резонанса и закрепления за ней видной роли в решении дан- ной проблемы, а также за счет лучшей координации работы в трех измерениях ОБСЕ.

5. Поручает соответствующим структурам ОБСЕ организовывать и облегчать проведение в Вене ежегодных совещаний национальных координаторов, пред- ставителей или экспертов по борьбе с торговлей людьми в целях наблюдения

296 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Маастрихт 2003 г.

за ходом выполнения Плана действий ОБСЕ. Это даст им возможность налажи- вать между собой связи, обмениваться информацией и определять приоритеты сотрудничества.

6. Настоятельно призывает к развитию тесного взаимодействия между Секрета- риатом ОБСЕ, ее институтами и ее операциями на местах в целях оказания госу- дарствам-участникам, когда это целесообразно, помощи в выполнении настоя- щего Плана действий.

7. Поручает БДИПЧ оказывать государствам-участникам, когда это целесооб- разно, необходимую техническую помощь в разработке национальных планов действий по борьбе с торговлей людьми, включая меры содействия в законода- тельной и иных областях, направленные на эффективное предотвращение и пре- сечение торговли людьми и защиту ее жертв.

8. Поручает институтам и органам ОБСЕ расширять регулярный обмен информа- цией, сбор данных и исследования вместе с соответствующими международными организациями.

9. Поручает БДИПЧ развивать далее его функции центра по обмену информа- цией, поддержанию контактов, распространению материалов и передового опыта, а также активизировать его деятельность по проектам.

(…)

Решение No. 3/03: План действий по улучшению положения рома и синти в регионе ОБСЕ

Совет министров,

будучи приверженным уважению прав человека и основных свобод для всех, без какого бы то ни было негативного различия, как то в отношении расы, цвета кожи, пола, языка, религии или убеждений, политических или иных взглядов, нацио- нального или социального происхождения, имущественного, сословного или иного положения,

поддерживая принятие и применение всеобъемлющего антидискриминацион- ного законодательства, обеспечивающего полное равенство возможностей для всех,

признавая особые трудности, с которыми сталкиваются рома и синти, и необхо- димость принятия эффективных мер с целью искоренить дискриминацию про- тив них и обеспечить равенство возможностей в соответствии с принятыми в ОБСЕ обязательствами,

признавая достижение прогресса в области национального законодательства и программ действий, а также существенные усилия, предпринятые с этой целью государствами-участниками,

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 297 Маастрихт 2003 г.

сознавая в то же время, что для улучшения повсюду в регионе ОБСЕ положения населения, принадлежащего к народностям рома и синти, по-прежнему необхо- димы решительные действия,

отмечая богатое культурное, языковое и историческое многообразие народностей рома и синти в регионе ОБСЕ, а также многообразие существующих в регионе ОБСЕ национальных структур и традиций,

отмечая результаты состоявшихся в последнее время важных правительственных и неправительственных конференций и инициатив, касающихся рома и синти в Европе, включая, в частности, провозглашение “Десятилетия вовлечениия цыган” и возможное создание Европейского форума по делам цыган и странствующих лиц,

будучи убежден, что рома и синти должны во все возрастающей степени прини- мать на себя ответственность за формирование адресованной им политики,

постановляет одобрить План действий по улучшению положения рома и синти в регионе ОБСЕ, принятый Решением No. 566 Постоянного совета от 27 ноября 2003 года и приводимый в Приложении к настоящему Решению.

Приложение к Решению No. 3/03: План действий по улучшению положения рома и синти в регионе ОБСЕ

I. Сфера применения и цели

1. План действий ставит целью наращивание государствами-участниками и соот- ветствующими институтами и структурами ОБСЕ усилий с тем, чтобы дать рома и синти возможность занимать полновесное и равноправное место в обществе в наших странах и искоренить дискриминацию по отношению к ним.

2. План действий опирается на совокупность международных и региональных норм в области прав человека, обязательств, действующих в рамках ОБСЕ, а также примеров наилучшей практики в тех странах разных частей Европы, где она применяется, и направлен на внедрение такой практики и в других странах. Особые меры, предусмотренные в Плане действий в интересах улучшения поло- жения рома и синти, разработаны исходя из Международной конвенции о ликви- дации всех форм расовой дискриминации*.

3. Как к государствам-участникам, так и к институтам ОБСЕ обращается при- зыв выполнять План действий. Общинам рома и синти в государствах-участни-

* Пункт 4 статьи 1 Конвенции гласит: “Принятие особых мер с исключительной целью обеспечения надлежащего прогресса некоторых расовых или этнических групп или отдельных лиц, нуждающихся в защите, которая может оказаться необходимой для того, чтобы обеспечить таким группам или лицам равное использование и осуществление прав человека и основных свобод, не рассматривается как расовая дискриминации при условии, однако, что такие меры не имеют своим последствием сохранение особых прав для различных расовых групп и что они не будут оставлены в силе по достижении тех целей, ради которых они были введены”.

298 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Маастрихт 2003 г.

ках предлагается использовать положения Плана действий и вносить активный вклад в работу по их осуществлению.

II. Общий контекст: в интересах народности рома, вместе с ними

4. В каждой из стран политика и стратегия должны: 1) откликаться на реаль- ные проблемы, нужды и приоритеты общин рома и синти; 2) носить комплекс- ный характер; 3) предусматривать сбалансированный и поддающийся системати- ческому применению подход, увязывающий правозащитные цели с социальной политикой; и 4) максимально повышать роль цыган в определении затрагиваю- щей их политики. В то же время национальная политика или стратегия осущест- вления должна быть адаптирована к специфическим потребностям цыганского населения в конкретных условиях, сложившихся в государствах-участниках, и реализовываться с учетом этих потребностей. Кроме того, в стратегиях осущест- вления должны быть предусмотрены механизмы, обеспечивающие проведение в жизнь общегосударственной политики на местном уровне.

5. Государствам-участникам и соответствующим институтам ОБСЕ следует руко- водствоваться в своих усилиях тем принципом, что любая политика и стратегия осуществления должны разрабатываться и реализовываться при активном учас- тии общин рома и синти. Безусловно, необходимо обеспечить реальное участие рома и синти в принятии любых решений, влияющих на их жизнь. В разработке этих стратегий рома и синти должны участвовать рука об руку с представителями местных, национальных и международных органов. Что не менее важно, цыганс- кие общины должны выступать в качестве равноправных партнеров и нести свою долю ответственности за повышение своего благосостояния.

6. При разработке и реализации любой политики и программ должно учиты- ваться особое положение цыганских женщин. Там, где существуют совещатель- ные и иные механизмы содействия участию рома и синти в таком процессе опре- деления политики, женщины должны иметь возможность участвовать в этой работе наравне с мужчинами. Проблемы цыганских женщин должны системати- чески учитываться в любых соответствующих политических решениях, касаю- щихся всего населения.

III. Борьба с расизмом и дискриминацией

В целях противодействия предубеждению против рома и синти и эффективной выработки и реализации политики борьбы с дискриминацией и насилием на расовой почве рекомендуются следующие действия:

Законодательство и правоохранительная деятельность

Рекомендуемые действия государств-участников:

7. Рассмотреть вопрос о ратификации в возможно кратчайшие сроки – если этого еще не было сделано – соответствующих международных договоров, и в част-

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ности Международной конвенции о ликвидации всех форм расовой дискрими- нации.

8. Принять и применять эффективное антидискриминационное законодательс- тво в целях борьбы с дискриминацией по расовому и этническому признаку во всех сферах, включая, в частности, доступ к жилью, вопросы гражданства и пос- тоянного проживания, образование, занятость, медицинское обслуживание и социальные услуги. Привлекать представителей рома и синти к работе по концеп- туализации, реализации и оценке.

9. Антидискриминационное законодательство должно предусматривать:

• запрет как прямой, так и косвенной расовой дискриминации;

• введение эффективных и пропорциональных санкций, достаточных для предуп- реждения актов или практики дискриминации;

• применение более строгих мер наказания за преступления на расовой почве, совершаемые как частными лицами, так и государственными чиновниками;

• равный доступ к эффективной средствам правовой защиты (судебным или административным процедурам, процедурам примирения или посредничес- тва).

10. Необходимо обеспечить, чтобы национальное законодательство запрещало любые акты дискриминации, а также чтобы все случаи предположительной диск- риминации тщательно и объективно расследовались.

11. Создать в соответствующих случаях специализированные институты, обес- печивающие применение такого законодательства, а также национальные меха- низмы наблюдения за ходом его применения и регулярного представления об этом докладов в условиях транспарентности. Побуждать представителей рома и синти к участию в работе таких органов, которая должна быть доступной для общественности.

12. Разрабатывать там, где это необходимо, всеобъемлющие национальные стра- тегии или планы действий по улучшению положения рома и синти, включающие конкретные меры по противодействию дискриминации во всех областях жизни.

13. Регулярно оценивать – особенно на местном уровне – результаты осуществле- ния таких стратегий и привлекать общины рома и синти к процессу оценки.

14. Стремиться путем поощрения подлинного диалога или консультаций либо иными соответствующими средствами к улучшению отношений между рома и синти и другими жителями, руководствуясь целью повышения толерантности, преодоления предубеждений и изжития негативных стереотипов с обеих сторон.

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15. Документально регистрировать с соблюдением национальных и международ- ных норм защиты данных все виды и соответствующие случаи дискриминации, с тем, чтобы иметь возможность лучше оценивать ситуацию и откликаться на нужды рома и синти.

16. Обеспечивать активное и эффективное расследование актов насилия в отно- шении рома и синти, особенно в случаях, когда имеются достаточные основания подозревать, что они совершены на расовой почве, и осуществлять судебное пре- следование виновных согласно национальному законодательству и при соблюде- нии соответствующих правозащитных норм.

17. Не допускать безнаказанности виновных в актах дискриминации или наси- лия, в частности, путем незамедлительного принятия полицией эффективных мер по расследованию и наказанию соответствующих лиц.

18. Облегчать рома и синти доступ к правосудию с помощью таких мер, как пра- вовая помощь и предоставление информации на цыганском языке.

19. При разработке всех мер и программ принимать во внимание положение цыганских женщин, которые зачастую становятся жертвами дискриминации, мотивированной и их этническим происхождением, и полом.

Рекомендуемые действия институтов и структур ОБСЕ:

20. БДИПЧ и, в соответствующих случаях, другие институты и структуры ОБСЕ, включая операции ОБСЕ на местах, будут оказывать государствам-участникам по их просьбе помощь в разработке антидискриминационного законодательства, а также в учреждении органов по борьбе с дискриминацией.

21. ВКНМ в рамках своего мандата будет и впредь следить за разработкой анти- дискриминационного законодательства и по мере необходимости консультиро- вать государства-участники и оказывать им содействие в этом вопросе.

22. БДИПЧ будет по запросу давать рекомендации о том, каким образом можно задействовать существующие в государстве-участнике механизмы, такие, как бюро омбудсмена, комиссии по борьбе с дискриминацией, дисциплинарные комиссии полицейских ведомств и другие соответствующие органы, в целях ослабления напряженности между рома и синти и нецыганским населением.

23. БДИПЧ/контактный пункт по вопросам рома и синти (КПРС) будет содейс- твовать улучшению отношений между неправительственными организациями (НПО) рома и синти и государствами-участниками.

24. БДИПЧ-КПРС будет выполнять функцию координационного центра в связи с реализацией инициатив, с которыми выступают государства-участники, и облег- чать обмен информацией о наилучшей практике.

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25. БДИПЧ-КПРС будет – в тесном взаимодействии с государствами-участни- ками, общинами рома и синти и, там, где это возможно, другими международ- ными организациями и при полном уважении законов о защите личных данных – осуществлять сбор документации для целей разработки более адресной поли- тики.

Полиция

Рекомендуемые действия государств-участников:

26. Разработать политику повышения осведомленности сотрудников правоохра- нительных органов о положении рома и синти и преодоления предубеждений и негативных стереотипов.

27. Разработать программы профессиональной подготовки, ориентированной на предотвращение чрезмерного применения силы, более глубокое понимание и ува- жение прав человека.

28. Разработать политику, призванную: 1) улучшить отношения между общинами рома и синти и полицией, с тем, чтобы предупредить жестокое обращение и наси- лие в отношении рома и синти со стороны полиции; и 2) повысить веру в поли- цию и доверие к ней со стороны рома и синти.

29. Разработать политику и процедуры, обеспечивающие принятие полицией эффективных мер в ответ на насилие на расовой почве в отношении рома и синти.

30. Произвести – на основе консультаций с национальной полицией, НПО и пред- ставителями общин рома и синти – оценку расхождений между существующей национальной практикой и международными нормами в области полицейской деятельности.

31. Разработать – там, где это необходимо, и в тесном партнерстве с международ- ными организациями и цыганскими НПО – директивные установки, кодексы поведения, практические руководства и программы подготовки кадров.

32. Побуждать рома и синти к поступлению на работу в правоохранительные органы в качестве надежного средства повышения толерантности и разнообра- зия.

Рекомендуемые действия институтов и структур ОБСЕ:

33. Группа по стратегическим вопросам полицейской деятельности в составе Сек- ретариата, а также БДИПЧ будут оказывать государствам-участникам помощь в разработке программ и мер укрепления доверия, например, в области работы полиции с населением, призванных улучшать отношения между рома и синти и полицией, особенно на местном уровне.

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34. БДИПЧ-КПРС и Группа по стратегическим вопросам полицейской деятель- ности подготовят в рамках своих соответствующих мандатов сборник “лучшей практики” полицейских органов в регионе ОБСЕ, посвященный полицейской деятельности применительно к общинам рома и синти.

35. ВКНМ, БДИПЧ-КПРС и Группа по стратегическим вопросам полицейской деятельности будут оказывать государствам-участникам помощь в разработке кодексов поведения, призванных не допустить утверждения расовых стереотипов и улучшить межэтнические отношения.

Средства массовой информации

Рекомендуемые действия государств-участников:

36. Развернуть информационно-пропагандистские кампании, нацеленные на борьбу с предубеждениями против рома и синти и преодоление связанных с ними негативных стереотипов.

37. В целях содействия свободе выражения мнений поощрять профессиональную подготовку журналистов-цыган и их прием на работу в органы массовой инфор- мации в целях расширения доступа рома и синти к средствам массовой инфор- мации.

38. Побуждать средства массовой информации освещать позитивные стороны жизни цыган и сбалансированно подавать соответствующие материалы, не допус- кая создания стереотипных представлений о рома и синти и нагнетания напря- женности между различными этническими группами. Организовывать в этих целях “круглые столы” с участием представителей средств массовой информации и рома и синти.

Рекомендуемые действия институтов и структур ОБСЕ:

39. Во взаимодействии с БДИПЧ и соответствующими международными орга- низациями Представителю по вопросам свободы средств массовой информа- ции (ПССМИ) следует рассмотреть вопрос о возможном вкладе ОБСЕ в создание Европейского цыганского радио с вещанием на всю Европу. БДИПЧ и ПССМИ следует организовывать общественные диспуты, кампании против дискримина- ции и совместные учебные программы с участием работников средств массовой информации и для них.

40. ПССМИ следует рассмотреть вопрос об оказании содействия в проведении учебных семинаров для журналистов-цыган.

41. БДИПЧ-КПРС и ПССМИ будут организовывать “круглые столы” с участием журналистов, посвященные образу рома и синти в общественном сознании.

42. ВКНМ будет и далее разрабатывать и распространять адресованные дирек- тивным органам руководства, касающиеся использования государственных веща-

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тельных компаний в поликультурном обществе – в частности, с целью усилить поддержку таких компаний, вещающих для меньшинств, в том числе для рома и синти, и расширить их доступ к средствам массовой информации.

IV. Решение социально-экономических проблем

Необходимо предпринять действия, обеспечивающие рома и синти возмож- ность пользоваться социально-экономическими правами наравне с другими. Для облегчения интеграции рома и синти в социально-экономическую жизнь обще- ства и преодоления их изоляции и нищеты необходимы меры на низовом уровне, особенно предложенные самими цыганскими объединениями. ОБСЕ и ее госу- дарства-участники должны и впредь поощрять такую интеграцию.

Жилье и условия жизни

Рекомендуемые действия государств-участников:

43. Создать механизмы и административно-правовые процедуры, призванные конкретизировать имущественные права, разрешить вопросы собственности и упорядочить правовой статус рома и синти в тех случаях, когда вопрос о закон- ности их проживания не урегулирован (например, поселения цыган в отсутствие прав на землю или поселения, не включенные в земельный план основного насе- ленного пункта; не имеющие узаконенного жилищного статуса семьи и дома в поселениях, где соответствующие лица фактически проживают уже десятки лет).

44. Привлекать рома и синти к определению жилищной политики, а также к реа- лизации проектов по строительству, восстановлению и/или содержанию в долж- ном порядке государственного жилья, осуществляемых в их интересах. Не допус- кать, чтобы жилищные проекты способствовали этнической и/или расовой сег- регации.

45. Рассмотреть возможность предоставления гарантий по ссудам, которые могут быть получены государствами-участниками от международных организаций и финансовых учреждений на нужды строительства жилья для малоимущих.

46. Поощрять кооперативное строительство жилья для цыганских общин и обес- печивать необходимое обучение содержанию таких объектов в должном порядке.

Рекомендуемые действия институтов и структур ОБСЕ:

47. Представляется целесообразным, чтобы БДИПЧ-КПРС и Бюро Координатора деятельности ОБСЕ в области экономики и окружающей среды (БКДЭОС) взяли на себя более весомую роль в содействии получению информации и доступа к ресурсам, выделяемым иностранными донорами на конкретные проекты по соци- ально-экономическому развитию цыганских общин, – особенно если они предло- жены объединениями рома и синти.

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Безработица и экономические проблемы

Рекомендуемые действия государств-участников:

48. Содействовать увеличению числа обладающих должной квалификацией рома и синти среди работников государственного сектора.

49. Разработать учебные программы для подготовки слабо представленных групп населения, таких, как рома и синти, к работе в местных органах государствен- ного управления и в других сферах и политику поощрения найма на гражданскую службу выпускников этих программ.

50. Произвести переоценку результатов осуществления программ субсидиро- ванного трудоустройства, уделяя особое внимание тем их компонентам, которые касаются образования, с тем, чтобы обеспечить их направленность на повышение конкурентоспособности рома и синти на рынке труда.

51. Разработать политику и программы, в том числе в области профессионально- технического обучения, призванные повышать у рома и синти – особенно из числа молодежи и женщин – пользующиеся рыночным спросом профессиональ- ные навыки и пригодность к трудоустройству.

52. Проводить социальную политику, нацеленную на увеличение стимулов к поиску работы, в качестве надежного способа избежания зависимости от соци- альных выплат.

Рекомендуемые действия институтов и структур ОБСЕ:

53. БКДЭОС совместно с соответствующими международными организациями будет по просьбе государств-участников вносить свой вклад в разработку подхо- дов к преодолению преград и дискриминации, мешающих цыганам реализовать свой потенциал в экономической сфере.

54. По просьбе государств-участников БДИПЧ-КПРС и БКДЭОС будут оказы- вать помощь в развитии у рома и синти профессиональных навыков, необходи- мых для работы по найму и в качестве предпринимателей, путем организации в государствах-участниках программ профессиональной подготовки и перепод- готовки. Успешные проекты, особенно касающиеся обучения предприниматель- ским навыкам и развития малых и средних предприятий (МСП) (например, про- грамма семинаров для молодых предпринимателей), могли бы быть адаптиро- ваны к нуждам рома и синти. Кроме того, БКДЭОС могло бы содействовать их вовлечению в социально-экономическую жизнь, выступая в роли катализатора поддержки организациями и финансовыми учреждениями-партнерами про- грамм микрокредитования, предусматривающих выделение малых ссуд на созда- ние малых предприятий.

55. БКДЭОС, действуя в тесном контакте и сотрудничестве с другими междуна- родными организациями во избежание дублирования усилий, может помогать

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правительствам в оценке воздействия экономической политики и процессов на общины рома и синти (путем разработки показателей для оценки осуществления/ эффективности политики).

56. БДИПЧ-КПРС и БКДЭОС будут использовать результаты работы ПРООН и других учреждений по изучению потребностей рома и синти в целях поддержки политики, учитывающей масштабы и характер их особых потребностей в каждом государстве-участнике.

57. Координируя свои действия с соответствующими международными органи- зациями (в частности, ПРООН и Всемирным банком) БДИПЧ-КПРС и БКДЭОС рассмотрят способы расширения доступа рома и синти к обычным програм- мам обучения. Могут быть организованы семинары-практикумы или дискус- сии за “круглым столом”, ориентированные на потребности рома и синти, с целью информирования и просвещения членов их общин в том, что касается социально- экономических прав личности и прав предпринимателей.

Медицинское обслуживание

Рекомендуемые действия государств-участников:

58. Обеспечить рома и синти доступ к медицинскому обслуживанию на недиск- риминационной основе.

59. Повышать осведомленность медицинского персонала об особых нуждах цыганского населения.

60. Принять меры по преодолению высокой заболеваемости и недоедания в цыганских общинах.

61. Поощрять расширение доступа рома и синти к общим службам здравоохране- ния на раннем этапе путем: а) информирования рома и синти о наличии таких служб и о том, как воспользо- ваться их услугами; b) повышения доверия рома и синти к государственным медицинским учреж- дениям, в частности посредством наказания виновных в прямой или косвенной дискриминации по отношению к рома и синти; улучшения понимания работни- ками медицинских учреждений соответствующих аспектов цыганской культуры; и оказания поддержки посредникам, которые могут играть важную роль в пре- одолении отчужденности между цыганскими общинами и учреждениями здра- воохранения. 62. Уделять особое внимание здоровью женщин и девочек, в частности, путем: a) поддержки и/или разработки программ распространения информации по воп- росам здравоохранения (включая питание, уход за новорожденными, бытовое насилие и т. п.);

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b) расширения доступа к гинекологической помощи, включая медицинскую помощь в предродовой период, при родах и после родов, в частности путем рас- пространения информации и обучения.

63. Уделять особое внимание здоровью детей рома и синти путем предоставления соответствующей педиатрической помощи, включая профилактические меры – такие, как добровольная вакцинация в цыганских поселениях.

Рекомендуемые действия институтов и структур ОБСЕ:

64. БДИПЧ во взаимодействии с другими международными организациями и НПО будет использовать имеющиеся данные исследований для выявления соци- ально-экономических, политических и культурных факторов, влияющих на состояние здоровья тех или иных цыганских общин, и будет консультировать государства-участники по вопросам реализации программ в области здравоохра- нения, направленных на удовлетворение выявленных потребностей.

65. БДИПЧ-КПРС и, в соответствующих случаях, другие институты и структуры ОБСЕ, включая операции ОБСЕ на местах, будут оказывать содействие государс- твам-участникам, предпринимающим информационно-просветительские иници- ативы, которые должны помочь рома и синти в полной мере использовать обыч- ные услуги медицинских учреждений. Они будут, в частности, заниматься сбо- ром, подготовкой и распространением соответствующей информации о надлежа- щей практике.

66. БДИПЧ-КПРС будет уделять особое внимание обеспечению доступа рома и синти к программам, нацеленным на предупреждение и/или лечение наркомании и наркотической зависимости, а также СПИД и связанных с ним заболеваний.

V. Улучшение доступа к образованию

Образование является одной из предпосылок участия рома и синти в полити- ческой и социально-экономической жизни своих стран на равноправной с дру- гими основе. Незамедлительное принятие в этой области действенных мер, осо- бенно способствующих лучшей посещаемости школьных занятий и направлен- ных на борьбу с неграмотностью, должно рассматриваться в качестве одного из наивысших приоритетов как руководством, так и цыганскими общинами. Поли- тика в области образования должна быть нацелена на интеграцию рома и синти в общую систему образования путем предоставления полного и равного доступа к нему на всех уровнях при сохранении внимания к культурной специфике.

Рекомендуемые действия государств-участников:

67. Обеспечить, чтобы национальное законодательство включало надлежащие положения о запрете расовой сегрегации и дискриминации в области образова- ния и предусматривало эффективные меры правовой защиты при нарушениях такого законодательства.

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68. Консультироваться с представителями рома и синти при выработке затраги- вающей их политики в области образования.

69. Активно способствовать предоставлению детям рома и синти равных возмож- ностей в области образования, особенно путем оказания им языковой или иной помощи.

70. Принимать особые меры к повышению качества и эффективности образова- ния для детей рома и синти. Поощрять более широкую представленность рома и синти в преподавательском составе школ.

71. Включать в учебные пособия материалы по истории и культуре цыган, уделяя особое внимание судьбе рома и синти в период Холокоста.

72. Рассмотреть вопрос о принятии мер, обеспечивающих организацию препода- вания, уважение, защиту и распространение цыганского языка, а также цыганс- кой культуры как неотъемлемой части культурного наследия рома и синти.

73. Разрабатывать и осуществлять всеобъемлющие программы десегрегации в школах, направленные на: 1) прекращение практики систематического направле- ния цыганских детей в специальные школы или классы (например, в школы для умственно отсталых, в школы и классы, предназначенные исключительно для детей рома и синти); и 2) перевод цыганских детей из специальных школ в общие.

74. Выделять средства для финансирования перевода цыганских детей в общую систему образования и разработки программ школьной поддержки, призванных облегчить такой переход в общую систему образования.

75. Облегчать цыганским детям доступ в общую систему образования путем при- нятия таких мер, как:

a) меры по искоренению в школах случаев проявления предрассудков в отноше- нии рома и синти;

b) подготовка педагогических кадров в области поликультурного образования и работы с этнически неоднородными классами;

c) разработка стратегии обеспечения более широкой поддержки местной обще- ственностью мер по десегрегации школ;

d) оказание поддержки усилиям по преодолению разрыва между детьми рома и синти и другими учениками, в том числе путем осуществления программ для дошкольников, рассчитанных на подготовку детей рома и синти к поступлению в начальную школу;

e) оказание поддержки в целях увеличения числа посредников/воспитателей и учителей из числа членов цыганских общин.

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76. Разрабатывать и реализовывать учебные программы антирасистской направ- ленности для школ, а также кампании по борьбе с расизмом для средств массо- вой информации.

77. Выработать политику противодействия всему комплексу факторов, способс- твующих низкой посещаемости школьных занятий детьми рома и синти. Это, в частности, включает обеспечение семей рома и синти необходимой документа- цией, позволяющей им регистрироваться наравне со всеми другими жителями.

78. Рассмотреть вопрос о выработке программ социальной поддержки малообес- печенных цыганских семей, имеющих детей школьного возраста.

79. Поощрять регулярное посещение детьми рома и синти школьных занятий и, в частности, вовлекать в это дело членов семей и социальных посредников, содейс- твуя осознанию родителями из числа рома и синти и цыганскими старейшинами своей ответственности за создание условий для посещения детьми школьных занятий и особенно за предоставление девочкам равного доступа к образованию.

80. Уделять особое внимание обеспечению цыганским девочкам равных возмож- ностей для получения образования и приобщения к социальной жизни и разраба- тывать программы по снижению процента бросающих учебу, который среди них особенно высок.

81. Рассмотреть вопрос о разработке соответствующих программ для не закон- чивших начальную школу и неграмотных.

82. Разрабатывать, там где это необходимо, программы предоставления стипен- дий студентам-цыганам и поощрять их более широкое участие в существующих программах предоставления стипендий.

83. Способствовать повышению компьютерной грамотности среди рома и синти путем создания информационных веб-сайтов.

84. Проводить периодическую оценку эффективности политики в области обра- зования.

Рекомендуемые действия институтов и структур ОБСЕ:

85. ВКНМ будет побуждать государства-участники к выполнению их обяза- тельств, касающихся обеспечения всем членам общества свободного и равного доступа к государственному образованию, а также будет побуждать их принимать меры по улучшению положения рома и синти в этом плане.

86. ВКНМ будет продолжать формулировать руководящие принципы, касающи- еся моделей образования, содержания учебных программ, обучения родным язы- кам и преподавания на этих языках, включая цыганский язык.

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VI. Расширение участия в общественно-политической жизни

Рома и синти сталкиваются с особыми трудностями, когда речь заходит об их участии в общественной, и особенно политической, жизни своих стран. Низкий уровень образования, а в некоторых случаях и дискриминационное отношение к ним, весьма способствуют недопредставленности рома и синти на всех уров- нях государственного управления. Рома и синти имеют равное право на участие в делах общества. Это включает право избирать и быть избранным, право участво- вать в общественных делах и создавать политические партии без какой-либо дис- криминации. Следует поощрять предпринимаемые в последние годы усилия по активизации участия цыган в политике, особенно те, которые исходят от самих цыганских объединений.

Рекомендуемые действия государств-участников:

87. Государства-участники должны проявлять инициативу в обеспечении того, чтобы у рома и синти, как и у всех других жителей, имелись все необходимые документы, включая свидетельства о рождении, удостоверения личности и полисы медицинского страхования. Проблемы, связанные с отсутствием основ- ных документов, государствам-участникам настоятельно рекомендуется решать на основе партнерского взаимодействия с общественными организациями рома и синти.

88. Желательно, чтобы государства-участники принимали во внимание следую- щие основные предпосылки обеспечения эффективного участия рома и синти в общественно-политической жизни:

• вовлечение на раннем этапе:

любая инициатива, касающаяся рома и синти, должна предусматривать их как можно раннее вовлечение в нее на этапах разработки, осуществления и оценки;

• всеобщий охват:

рома и синти должны быть охвачены формальными процессами консультаций, причем эффективность механизмов, созданных для их участия в выработке важ- нейших политических инициатив, должна обеспечиваться за счет их вовлечения в процесс, характеризующийся широкой представительностью;

• транспарентность:

программы и предложения должны распространяться за достаточно долгое время до наступления сроков принятия решений, с тем, чтобы представители общин рома и синти могли подвергнуть их содержательному анализу и внести в них свой вклад;

• реальное участие рома и синти в государственном управлении на всех уровнях:

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участие рома и синти в местных органах государственного управления совер- шенно необходимо для эффективного осуществления затрагивающей их поли- тики;

• собственная ответственность:

рома и синти играют важнейшую и незаменимую роль в обеспечении практичес- кого соблюдения их права на участие в политическом процессе.

89. Выборные должностные лица должны устанавливать тесные рабочие кон- такты с общинами рома и синти.

90. Создавать механизмы для обеспечения равноправного, прямого и открытого диалога между представителями рома и синти и государственными властями, включая совещательные и консультативные органы.

91. Облегчать взаимодействие между политическими лидерами местного и наци- онального уровня и различными цыганскими объединениями.

92. Организовывать кампании по повышению осведомленности о выборах в целях расширения участия в них цыганского электората.

93. Обеспечить избирателям-цыганам возможность делать свободный и инфор- мированный выбор.

94. Принимать меры, гарантирующие женщинам равное право голоса, в том числе обеспечивая соблюдение запретов на так называемое “семейное голосование”.

95. Поощрять рома и синти к более активному участию в работе государственных и общественных служб, включая, при необходимости, специальные меры, спо- собствующие их привлечению на работу в государственный аппарат.

96. Поощрять представительство рома и синти на выборных должностях и пос- тах, замещаемых путем назначения, на всех уровнях государственного управле- ния.

97. Повышать гражданский потенциал рома и синти и вовлекать их в процессы принятия решений государственного и местного уровня в качестве выборных представителей своих общин и граждан своих стран.

98. Способствовать участию цыганских женщин в общественно-политичес- кой жизни; цыганские женщины должны иметь возможность наравне с мужчи- нами участвовать в консультативных и иных механизмах, призванных расширять доступ ко всем сферам общественно-политической жизни.

Рекомендуемые действия институтов и структур ОБСЕ:

99. БДИПЧ и, где это целесообразно, другие институты и структуры ОБСЕ, вклю- чая операции ОБСЕ на местах, будут разрабатывать программы, направленные

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на обеспечение регистрации, которая необходима для полноправного участия в политической деятельности.

100. БДИПЧ-КПРС должен оказывать помощь в организации подготовки кадров для цыганских НПО, а также самими этими НПО, включая организации СМИ, в интересах цыганских общин в целом по тематике, касающейся демократических процессов и участия граждан.

101. БДИПЧ, а также, где это целесообразно, другие институты и структуры ОБСЕ, включая операции ОБСЕ на местах, будут разрабатывать и осуществлять просве- тительские программы для электората и программы регистрации избирателей.

102. БДИПЧ будет выступать в роли катализатора обмена информацией и пере- довым опытом между государствами-участниками и с другими международными организациями.

103. БДИПЧ будет продолжать и укреплять практику изучения участия цыган в голосовании и избирательных процессах, а также будет продолжать практику включения экспертов-цыган в состав своих миссий по наблюдению в регионе ОБСЕ.

104. ВКНМ в рамках своего мандата будет продолжать консультировать государс- тва относительно соответствующих путей и средств содействия участию рома и синти во всех сферах общественной жизни.

105. БДИПЧ-КПРС, а также, в соответствующих случаях, другие институты и структуры ОБСЕ, включая операции ОБСЕ на местах, будут разрабатывать про- граммы, поощряющие выдвижение кандидатур рома и синти в выборные органы, либо будут находить нестандартные подходы, обеспечивающие участие предста- вителей рома и синти в процессах принятия подходы на национальном и мест- ном уровне.

106. БДИПЧ будет уделять особое внимание деятельности, направленной на рас- ширение доступа цыганских женщин ко всем сферам общественно-политической жизни.

VII. Рома и синти в кризисных и послекризисных ситуациях

Государства-участники несут обязательство обеспечивать, чтобы даже в кри- зисных и послекризисных ситуациях все основные права, включая права бежен- цев, вытекающие из соответствующих международно-правовых документов, и в частности из Конвенции 1951 года о статусе беженцев и Протокола 1967 года к ней, гарантировались без дискриминации. Они принимают во внимание Руково- дящие принципы ООН касательно внутреннего перемещения в качестве полез- ной основы для работы ОБСЕ и для их усилий по решению проблем внутреннего перемещения.

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Рекомендуемые действия государств-участников:

107. Консультироваться с цыганским населением при определении кризисных ситуаций в целях облегчения надлежащих процедур и выявления конкретных гео- графических районов, из которых имеет место отток беженцев и внутренне пере- мещенных лиц, а также в целях учета специфического положения рома и синти.

108. Обеспечивать, чтобы цыганское население, подвергшееся вынужденному перемещению (беженцы и ВПЛ), должным образом регистрировалось и чтобы ему выдавались соответствующие документы.

109. Государства-участники должны обеспечивать наличие программ, облегчаю- щих беженцам и ВПЛ из числа рома и синти обоснованный выбор долгосрочного решения по поводу своего будущего, включая осуществление их права на безо- пасное, достойное и устойчивое возвращение. Такие программы должны обеспе- чивать предоставление конкретной информации по каждому вопросу, имеющему значение для беженцев и ВПЛ, которая должна предлагаться на соответствующих языках.

110. Обеспечить, чтобы обращение с беженцами из числа рома и синти отвечало соответствующим международным нормам и стандартам защиты и носило недис- криминационный характер.

111. Использовать функции БДИПЧ по предотвращению конфликтов и выявле- нию областей, требующих вмешательства на раннем этапе, опираясь при этом на опыт ВКНМ ОБСЕ.

112. Уделять особое внимание потребностям цыганских женщин и детей в кри- зисных и послекризисных ситуациях, в первую очередь предоставляя им доступ к медицинскому обслуживанию, возможность получения жилья и школьного обу- чения.

Рекомендуемые действия институтов и структур ОБСЕ:

113. БДИПЧ будет использовать свои специфические функции в вопросах предо- твращения конфликтов и выявления потенциально кризисных областей, требую- щих вмешательства на раннем этапе.

114. В соответствии со своим мандатом БДИПЧ-КПРС призван эффективно реа- гировать на кризисные ситуации, в том числе путем сотрудничества с правитель- ствами соответствующих стран, межправительственными органами и междуна- родными организациями, в частности с УВКБ ООН, в целях защиты подвергаю- щихся риску цыганских общин.

115. БДИПЧ-КПРС будет повышать осведомленность государственных должност- ных лиц, журналистов и других сторон о положении рома и синти в районах кри- зисов или конфликтов.

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116. БДИПЧ будет проявлять инициативу в деле анализа мер, предпринимаемых государствами-участниками в отношении рома и синти, и предлагать свои реко- мендации в интересах более успешного преодоления элементов напряженности в конкретных местных условиях, которые, если этого не предотвратить, могут перерасти в ситуации открытого конфликта.

117. ВКНМ будет продолжать осуществлять свой мандат по предотвращению кон- фликтов на возможно более раннем этапе.

VIII. Углубление сотрудничества и координации действий с другими международными организациями и НПО

Учитывая повышенное внимание, уделяемое различными международными орга- низациями вопросам, касающимся рома и синти, для предотвращения дубли- рования усилий необходимы координация и сотрудничество. Для обеспечения эффективного выполнения Плана действий ОБСЕ, и в частности БДИПЧ, будет тесно сотрудничать с международными организациями и неправительственными организациями.

118. БДИПЧ-КПРС будет и впредь активно участвовать в неофициальной кон- тактной группе представителей межправительственных организаций по делам народности рома*.

119. Укрепление этого неофициального органа и повышение его потенциала будут осуществляться по договоренности и в сотрудничестве со всеми соответствую- щими партнерами, особенно за счет включения в его состав представителей госу- дарств-участников ОБСЕ. В интересах достижения этой цели будет рассмотрен вопрос о проведении регулярных встреч неофициальной контактной группы на уровне экспертов или, когда это будет сочтено необходимым, на более высоком уровне.

120. Неофициальной контактной группе следует определить общие ориентиры и приоритеты, а также обеспечивать лучшую координацию и взаимодействие во избежание дублирования усилий.

121. БДИПЧ-КПРС будет стремиться к консолидации “Международной контак- тной группы по делам народности рома”** и будет вносить дальнейший вклад в инициативу Совета Европы, касающуюся возможного создания Европейского форума по делам цыган и странствующих лиц.

* В неофициальной контактной группе представителей межправительственных организаций по делам народности рома участвуют ОБСЕ/БДИПЧ, Совет Европы, Европейская комиссия и Европейский союз. **Международная контактная группа по делам народности рома была учреждена в октябре 2000 года по инициативе контактного пункта БДИПЧ по вопросам рома и синти. В Контактную группу входят представители Международного союза рома, Национального конгресса рома, выборные представители народности рома, эксперты-цыгане и БДИПЧ-КПРС.

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122. БДИПЧ-КПРС будет предоставлять информацию и координационные услуги соответствующим национальным и международным институтам и будет облег- чать их диалог между собой и с цыганскими НПО.

123. БДИПЧ-КПРС будет стремиться развивать отношения с организациями рома и синти и помогать им координировать свои усилия и ресурсы как внутри отдельных государств, так и на трансграничном уровне и в полной мере исполь- зовать возможности, которые открывает уже проводимая национальная и между- народная политика, затрагивающая рома и синти.

124. БДИПЧ-КПРС будет опираться на опыт и вклад существующих проектов в области мониторинга, разработанных другими международными организаци- ями.

IX. Контактный пункт БДИПЧ по вопросам рома и синти

125. При необходимости БДИПЧ-КПРС будет облегчать обмен информацией между государствами-участниками ОБСЕ, разработавшими или стремящимися улучшить государственную политику в отношении рома и синти.

126. По соответствующим запросам БДИПЧ-КПРС будет консультировать госу- дарства-участники относительно будущей политики в отношении рома и синти и будет стимулировать дискуссии между правительствами и цыганскими НПО.

127. БДИПЧ-КПРС будет поддерживать усилия по повышению потенциала цыган- ских НПО.

128. БДИПЧ-КПРС создаст базу данных о лучшей практике, имеющейся в госу- дарствах-участниках ОБСЕ.

129. БДИПЧ-КПРС следует проявлять инициативу в том, что касается анализа мер, предпринимаемых государствами-участниками, а также конкретных ситуа- ций и инцидентов, затрагивающих рома и синти. В этих целях КПРС будет уста- навливать и развивать прямые контакты с государствами-участниками и предла- гать им рекомендации и заключения.

130. Правительства соответствующих стран будут сотрудничать с БДИПЧ-КПРС в нахождении эффективных решений в кризисных ситуациях.

131. БДИПЧ-КПРС будет предоставлять общинам рома и синти дополнительную информацию о ресурсах и деятельности ОБСЕ.

132. Во взаимодействии с соответствующими институтами и структурами ОБСЕ БДИПЧ будет разрабатывать соответствующие меры, направленные на устране- ние первопричин торговли людьми, особенно детьми, и повышать среди цыганс- кого населения осведомленность о ее последствиях.

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X. Выполнение: обзор и оценка

133. Выполнение положений Плана действий будет рассматриваться на совеща- ниях по рассмотрению выполнения, посвященных человеческому измерению, на конференциях по обзору и других соответствующих мероприятиях по человечес- кому измерению.

134. Основываясь на итогах вышеупомянутых совещаний, а также на результа- тах работы консолидированной неофициальной контактной группы представи- телей межправительственных организаций по делам народности рома и Между- народной контактной группы по делам народности рома, Директор БДИПЧ будет представлять доклады Постоянному совету, который может рекомендовать госу- дарствам-участникам и институтам ОБСЕ приоритеты в области сотрудничества и координации действий.

135. Постоянный совет будет периодически организовывать неофициальные бри- финги контактного пункта по вопросам рома и синти по тематике, охватываемой настоящим Планом действий, в целях оценки полученного на национальном и местном уровне эффекта от предусмотренных в нем мер.

136. В целях облегчения процесса обзора выполнения приветствуются представ- ление государствами-участниками ОБСЕ в ходе совещаний по рассмотрению выполнения, посвященных человеческому измерению, перед конференциями по обзору, а также на заседаниях Постоянного совета – в зависимости от того, что целесообразно, – информации о недавних событиях, влияющих на положение рома и синти, и/или о мерах, принятых в духе настоящего Плана действий.

137. Все соответствующие институты и структуры ОБСЕ, включая операции ОБСЕ на местах, будут продолжать тесно взаимодействовать с государствами-участни- ками в целях оказания им помощи в выполнении Плана действий.

138. БДИПЧ-КПРС распространит информацию о настоящем Плане среди цыган- ского населения и организаций рома и синти, а также направит ее другим между- народным организациям.

139. С тем, чтобы БДИПЧ-КПРС мог выполнять задачи, возложенные на него настоящим Планом действий, Постоянный совет ОБСЕ рассмотрит вопрос об обеспечении надлежащих людских и финансовых ресурсов. Подробности будут проработаны Консультативным комитетом по управлению и финансам и пред- ставлены Постоянному совету.

Решение No. 4/03: Толерантность и недискриминация

Совет министров,

признавая, что уважение прав человека и основных свобод, демократия и верхо- венство закона составляют основу основ принятой в ОБСЕ всеобъемлющей кон- цепции безопасности,

316 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Маастрихт 2003 г.

ссылаясь на свои обязательства в области человеческого измерения, зафикси- рованные в хельсинкском Заключительном акте, Парижской хартии для новой Европы, Хартии европейской безопасности (Стамбульская встреча на высшем уровне, 1999 год) и во всех других соответствующих документах и решениях ОБСЕ,

ссылаясь на принятое 7 декабря 2002 года десятой встречей Совета министров в Порту Решение No. 6 о толерантности и недискриминации,

вновь подтверждая свое обязательство способствовать толерантности и бороться с дискриминацией, а также свою озабоченность всеми проявлениями агрессив- ного национализма, расизма, шовинизма, ксенофобии, антисемитизма и сопро- вождающегося насилием экстремизма во всех государствах-участниках, равно как и дискриминацией, в частности, по признаку расы, цвета кожи, пола , языка, религии или убеждений, политических или иных взглядов, национального или социального происхождения, имущественного, сословного или иного положения,

настоятельно призывая соответствующие органы власти во всех государствах- участниках продолжать выступать на соответствующем уровне и надлежащим образом с публичным осуждением актов насилия, совершенных на почве дискри- минации и нетерпимости,

утверждая приверженность наращиванию своих усилий по содействию толерант- ности и недискриминации во всех областях,

приветствуя работу, проделанную ОБСЕ в 2003 году,

1. Обязуется поощрять выполнение Плана действий по улучшению положения рома и синти в регионе ОБСЕ;

2. Постановляет наращивать усилия, предпринимаемые для расширения участия и повышения роли женщин в содействии демократизации и экономическому раз- витию и рассматривать там, где это применимо, вопрос об учете в государствен- ной политике положений Плана действий ОБСЕ по гендерным вопросам. Пос- тановляет также наращивать свои усилия по достижению в ОБСЕ гендерного баланса на всех уровнях, полностью принимая в связи с этим во внимание также принцип найма на работу сотрудников из всех государств-участников на спра- ведливой основе. Вновь подтверждает, что ОБСЕ приветствует выдвижение жен- щинами своих кандидатур на должности в ОБСЕ;

3. Постановляет продолжить работу, начатую на Конференции ОБСЕ по антисе- митизму, состоявшейся в Вене 19-20 июня 2003 года, и приветствует предложе- ние Германии провести вторую конференцию ОБСЕ на эту тему в Берлине 28-29 апреля 2004 года;

4. Постановляет продолжить работу, начатую на Конференции ОБСЕ по расизму, ксенофобии и дискриминации, состоявшейся в Вене 4-5 сентября 2003 года, и

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приветствует предложение Бельгии провести вторую конференцию ОБСЕ на эту тему в Брюсселе осенью 2004 года;

5. Поручает Постоянному совету провести в дополнение к двум вышеупомяну- тым конференциям дальнейшее обсуждение путей и способов расширения уси- лий ОБСЕ и государств-участников по содействию толерантности и недискрими- нации во всех областях;

6. Побуждает все государства-участники собирать и хранить надежную инфор- мацию и статистические данные о преступлениях на почве ненависти, вклю- чая формы воинствующего проявления расизма, ксенофобии, дискриминации и антисемитизма, как это обсуждалось и было рекомендовано в ходе вышеупомя- нутых конференций. Признавая важное значение законодательства для борьбы с преступлениями на почве ненависти, государства-участники будут информи- ровать БДИПЧ об имеющемся законодательстве относительно преступлений, мотивированных нетерпимостью и дискриминацией, и в соответствующих слу- чаях обращаться к БДИПЧ за помощью в разработке и пересмотре такого законо- дательства;

7. Поручает БДИПЧ на основе всестороннего сотрудничества, в частности, с Комитетом Организации Объединенных Наций по ликвидации расовой дискри- минации (ЮНСЕРД), Европейской комиссией по борьбе против расизма и нетер- пимости (ЭКРН) и Европейским мониторинговым центром по вопросам расизма и ксенофобии (ЕКЦРК), а также с соответствующими НПО выполнять функ- ции центра по сбору информации и статистики, накапливаемых государствами- участниками, и регулярно представлять по этим вопросам доклады, в том числе используя формат Совещания по рассмотрению выполнения, посвященного человеческому измерению, в качестве основы для определения первоочередных задач дальнейшей работы. БДИПЧ будет, в частности, способствовать внедрению наилучшей практики и распространять информацию об уроках борьбы с нетер- пимостью и дискриминацией;

8. Признает необходимость бороться с преступлениями на почве ненависти, к которым может подталкивать пропаганда расизма, ксенофобии и антисеми- тизма в Интернете. Мы приветствуем предложение Франции провести в Париже в 2004 году ориентированное на перспективу мероприятие, в духе полного уваже- ния прав на свободу информации и свободу выражения мнений, на тему о связи между пропагандой в Интернете и преступлениями на почве ненависти;

9. Заявляет о важности свободы мысли, совести, религии и убеждений и осуждает любую дискриминацию и насилие, в том числе против любых религиозных групп или отдельных верующих. Обязуется обеспечивать и поощрять свободу личности исповедывать и практиковать, единолично или совместно с другими, религию или веру – при необходимости посредством транспарантных и недискриминаци- онных законов, правил, практики и политики. Рекомендует государствам-участ- никам обращаться за помощью к БДИПЧ и его группе экспертов по вопросам сво-

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боды религии и убеждений. Подчеркивает важность продолжения и укрепления межконфессионального и межкультурного диалога в интересах большей толеран- тности, взаимного уважения и взаимопонимания;

10. Обеспечивает дальнейшее продвижение в деле выполнения обязательств ОБСЕ, касающихся национальных меньшинств, и признает важность рекомен- даций Верховного комиссара по делам национальных меньшинств, касающихся образования, вовлечения общественности и вопросов языка, включая его исполь- зование на радио и телевидении, а также соответствующих рекомендаций Пред- ставителя по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации в этой области;

11. Принимает обязательство бороться с дискриминацией против рабочих-миг- рантов. Обязуется также облегчать социальную интеграцию рабочих-мигрантов в тех странах, где они законно проживают. Призывает БДИПЧ укреплять свою деятельность в этой области;

12. Обязуется в этой связи, при соблюдении национального законодательства и международных обязательств, вести борьбу с дискриминацией лиц, ищущих убе- жища, а также беженцев, там, где она существует, и призывает БДИПЧ укреплять свою деятельность в этой области;

13. Принимает во внимание Руководящие принципы ООН касательно внутрен- него перемещения как полезную основу для работы ОБСЕ и усилий государств- участников по решению проблем внутреннего перемещения;

14. Постановляет, что ОБСЕ, занимаясь вопросами, о которых говорится в насто- ящем документе, будет наращивать свои усилия, ориентированные на молодежь, с тем, чтобы воспитывать у нее понимание необходимости проявлять толерант- ность. Особого внимания заслуживает пропаганда прав человека;

15. Постановляет активизировать сотрудничество ОБСЕ с соответствующими международными организациями, такими, как Организация Объединенных Наций, Совет Европы и Европейский союз, а также с гражданским обществом и соответствующими неправительственными организациями в целях утверждения толерантности и недискриминации;

16. Поручает Постоянному совету, БДИПЧ, ВКНМ и ПССМИ в тесном сотруд- ничестве с Действующим председательством обеспечивать эффективные меры во исполнение соответствующих положений настоящего Решения и просит Пос- тоянный совет рассмотреть вопрос о порядке организации и финансирования выполнения этого Решения.

Решение No. 5/03: Выборы

Совет министров,

вновь подтверждая положения Документа Копенгагенского совещания Конферен- ции по человеческому измерению СБСЕ (1990 год),

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 319 Маастрихт 2003 г.

отмечая, что эти обязательства были дополнены соответствующими положени- ями Декларации Лиссабонской встречи на высшем уровне (1996 год) и Деклара- ции Стамбульской встречи на высшем уровне (1999 год),

вновь подтверждая свою решимость выполнять эти обязательства,

ссылаясь на Решение No. 7, принятое на десятой встрече Совета министров ОБСЕ в Порту в 2002 году,

признавая, что демократические выборы могут проводиться в рамках целого ряда различных избирательных систем и законов,

отмечая экспертный потенциал БДИПЧ в области оказания государствам-участ- никам помощи в выполнении связанных с выборами обязательств и норм,

приветствуя продолжающееся эффективное сотрудничество между БДИПЧ и Парламентской ассамблеей ОБСЕ в области наблюдения за выборами,

приветствуя документ “Существующие обязательства относительно демократи- ческих выборов в государствах-участниках ОБСЕ: доклад о ходе работы” (ODIHR. GAL/39/03), подготовленный БДИПЧ и представленный государствам-участни- кам в июне этого года,

признавая, в частности, необходимость доверия электората ко всему процессу в целом, транспарентности избирательных процедур и подотчетности органов, занимающихся проведением выборов, призывает государства-участники и впредь углублять свое сотрудничество с БДИПЧ в этой области,

поручает БДИПЧ рассмотреть пути повышения эффективности своего содейс- твия государствам-участникам в принятии мер по рекомендациям, сформулиро- ванным в докладах БДИПЧ о наблюдении за выборами, и информировать Посто- янный совет о ходе выполнения этой задачи;

поручает Постоянному совету, используя экспертный потенциал БДИПЧ, рас- смотреть вопрос о необходимости дополнительных обязательств в области выбо- ров в добавление к уже существующим и доложить об этом следующей встрече Совета министров.

Решение No. 6/03: Положение о контртеррористической сети ОБСЕ

Совет министров,

признавая необходимость улучшить координацию контртеррористических мер, а также передачу информации между государствами-участниками ОБСЕ и в их сто- лицах,

320 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Маастрихт 2003 г.

ссылаясь на Решение No. 1 (MC(10).DEC/1 от 7 декабря 2002 года) десятой встречи Совета министров о выполнении принятых в ОБСЕ обязательств и осуществле- нии ее деятельности по борьбе с терроризмом,

постановляет создать Контртеррористическую сеть (КТС) ОБСЕ в соответствии с Положением об этой сети, приведенным в приложении к настоящему Решению.

Приложение к Решению No. 6/03: Положение о контртеррористической сети ОБСЕ

Главной задачей Контртеррористической сети (КТС) ОБСЕ является содейс- твие улучшению координации контртеррористических мер и передачи информа- ции между ггосударствами-участниками ОБСЕ. В частности, она призвана укре- пить связь между делегациями государств-участников, должностными лицами, ответственными за контртеррористическую деятельность в столицах государств, и Антитеррористическим подразделением (АТП) ОБСЕ*. Сеть облегчает своевре- менный обмен информацией о программах борьбы с терроризмом, подготовке кадров и изменениях в правовой сфере, осуществляемых по инициативе ОБСЕ и государств-участников, а также анализ полученной из открытых источни- ков информации о тенденциях в области терроризма. Основное внимание будет уделяться поддержке и дополнению работы Контртеррористического комитета Совета Безопасности Организации Объединенных Наций по выполнению резо- люции 1373 Совета Безопасности. КТС не предназначена в качестве канала для передачи разведывательной или иной чувствительной информации, а также не претендует на то, чтобы дублировать функции других международных и регио- нальных правоохранительных сетей.

Каждое правительство назначит основного ответственного за поддержание связи, который будет через делегацию своего государства в ОБСЕ выполнять функции основного контактного лица при взаимодействии с АТП по вопросам борьбы с терроризмом. Основной ответственный за поддержание связи будет обеспечи- вать передачу поступающих от АТП сообщений соответствующим государс- твенным органам в столице данного государства и аналогичное своевременное информирование АТП и делегаций о соответствующих событиях в данном госу- дарстве-участнике. В интересах координации сообщения по каналам Контртер- рористической сети, направляемые АТП основному ответственному за подде- ржание связи и наоборот, будут, как правило, передаваться через делегацию соот- ветствующего государства в ОБСЕ.

* Контртеррористический комитет Организации Объединенных Наций поддерживает формирование таких региональных сетей в целях усиления сотрудничества и координации. Секретариатом Межамериканского комитета по борьбе с терроризмом (МКБТ) в рамках Организации американских государств уже создана региональная сеть национальных контактных пунктов, охватывающая западное полушарие. АТП с признательностью отмечает консультации и содействие, полученные от МКБТ в процессе создания Контртеррористической сети ОБСЕ.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 321 Маастрихт 2003 г.

Обязанности АТП

1. Информировать государства-участники о возможности проведения двусторон- них, а также многосторонних мероприятий по подготовке кадров в связи с вопро- сами борьбы с терроризмом и взаимодействовать с основными ответственными за поддержание связи в целях полного использования возможностей, предостав- ляемых такими программами.

2. Координировать и облегчать контртеррористическую деятельность ОБСЕ, включая программы помощи в наращивании потенциала, семинары-практикумы по подготовке персонала и повышению готовности к чрезвычайным ситуациям, в целях эффективного использования ресурсов и во избежание дублирования.

3. Своевременно реагировать на информацию и просьбы о принятии мер, посту- пающие от основных ответственных за поддержание связи.

4. Обеспечивать, чтобы основные ответственные за поддержание связи полно- стью информировались через делегации о событиях, связанных с существен- ными вопросами борьбы с терроризмом, затрагивающими регион ОБСЕ, пос- редством регулярного распространения по электронной почте информационного бюллетеня АТП и регулярного обновления веб-страницы АТП ОБСЕ.

5. Обеспечивать через соответствующую делегацию координацию действий с основным лицом, ответственным за поддержание связи, при поездке кого либо из должностных лиц АТП ОБСЕ в то или иное государство-участник в связи с воп- росами, касающимися терроризма.

Обязанности основных ответственных за поддержание связи

1. Обеспечивать доведение сообщений АТП до соответствующих государствен- ных учреждений, а также своевременную передачу ответов, адресованных АТП.

2. Предоставлять АТП информацию о существенных событиях в стране, связан- ных с мерами по борьбе с терроризмом, включая принятие нового контртеррорис- тического законодательства*, подготовку кадров и программы помощи в области борьбы с терроризмом и примеры имеющейся в странах “наилучшей практики”.

3. Сообщать информацию о семинарах, практикумах и конференциях, имеющих отношение к проблемам борьбы с терроризмом, которые могут проводиться госу- дарствами-участниками и которые открыты для участия внешних сторон.

4. Выступать в роли основного координатора при проведении семинаров, прак- тикумов и конференций ОБСЕ на темы борьбы с терроризмом, в которых прини- мает участие назначившее данного основного ответственного государство-учас- тник.

* Наиболее точную информацию о процессах ратификации АТП ОБСЕ черпает из официальных уведом- лений о ратификации, размещаемых на веб-сайтах депозитариев соответствующих международно-пра- вовых документов о борьбе с терроризмом.

322 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Маастрихт 2003 г.

5. Выполнять от имени соответствующего государства-участника задачи коор- динации, определения приоритетности и информирования в связи с его потреб- ностями и запросами, касающиеся профессиональной подготовки и помощи в области борьбы с терроризмом, по которым ОБСЕ могла бы оказать поддержку или содействие.

Средства поддержания связи и оказания поддержки

АТП будет, когда это возможно и целесообразно, использовать технологии на базе Интернета в целях сообщения с основными ответственными за поддержа- ние связи и другими участниками КТС, для чего чаще всего будет использоваться электронная почта. Тем не менее основным ответственным за поддержание связи рекомендуется регулярно посещать веб-сайты ОБСЕ и КТК. По мере необходи- мости АТП будет рекомендовать государствам-участникам проводить совеща- ния основных ответственных за поддержание связи, которые будут созываться – с санкции Постоянного совета и при наличии финансирования – в связи с прове- дением других ежегодных совещаний ОБСЕ, таких, как Ежегодная конференция по обзору проблем в области безопасности, либо в качестве отдельных меропри- ятий.

Для оказания поддержки в развитии КТС и обеспечении ее функционирования штат АТП будет в 2004 году расширено на одну должность П 1, заполняемую на контрактной основе.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 323 Документ двенадцатой встречи Совета министров София 2004 г.

I. Заявление Совета министров в Софии по предупреждению терроризма и борьбе с ним 1. Мы, члены Совета министров ОБСЕ, собравшиеся в Софии, заявляем о своем решительном и безусловном осуждении террористических актов, произошедших, в частности, в 2004 году в Испании, Узбекистане, Турции и России, где в городе Беслане террористы совершили жестокое и подлое убийство невинных и безза- щитных детей. Мы скорбим о сотнях человеческих жизней, которые они унесли, и выражаем глубокую солидарность с жертвами актов терроризма и членами их семей. Эти акты наглядно показали бесчеловечную природу терроризма. Мы выражаем солидарность с государствами, не являющимися участниками нашей организации, которые также подверглись нападению террористов.

Вновь заявляя, что терроризм представляет одну из самых серьезных угроз миру и безопасности, и считая, что акты терроризма наносят серьезный ущерб осу- ществлению прав человека, мы вновь подтверждаем свое обязательство защи- щать от террористических актов осуществление прав человека и основных сво- бод, особенно права на жизнь, каждого, кто находится под нашей юрисдикцией. Мы вновь подчеркиваем нашу решимость бороться с терроризмом во всех его формах и проявлениях как с преступлением, не имеющим оправдания незави- симо от его мотивов или происхождения, и вести эту борьбу при соблюдении вер- ховенства закона и в соответствии с нашими обязательствами по международ- ному праву, в частности, международным стандартам в области прав человека, беженскому праву и гуманитарному праву.

2. Мы подчеркиваем ведущую роль Организации Объединенных Наций во всео- бъемлющей борьбе против терроризма.

Мы подтверждаем международно-правовые и политические обязательства, при- нятые нашими государствами в области борьбы с терроризмом в рамках Орга- низации Объединенных Наций, включая резолюции 1267 (1999), 1373 (2001), 1456

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 325 София 2004 г.

(2003), 1535 (2004), 1540 (2004) и 1566 (2004) Совета Безопасности ООН, а также резолюцию 58/187 Генеральной ассамблеи ООН, и поддерживаем резолюцию 2004/87 Комиссии ООН по правам человека. Мы также подтверждаем междуна- родно-правовые и политические обязательства, принятые в рамках других меж- дународных организаций, членами которых мы являемся.

Мы приветствуем значение, придаваемое резолюцией 1566 (2004) Совета Безо- пасности ООН роли соответствующих международных, региональных и субреги- ональных организаций в укреплении международного сотрудничества в борьбе с терроризмом, и призыв к усиленному взаимодействию с Организацией Объеди- ненных Наций.

Мы подчеркиваем нашу решимость поддерживать важные усилия Контртерро- ристического комитета Совета Безопасности ООН и его Исполнительного дирек- тората. Мы обязуемся придерживаться самых высоких возможных стандартов выполнения 12 конвенций и протоколов Организации Объединенных Наций, касающихся терроризма. Мы также повторяем наш призыв сотрудничать на уско- ренной основе в урегулировании всех нерешенных вопросов в целях принятия консенсусом проекта всеобъемлющей конвенции о международном терроризме и проекта международной конвенции о борьбе с актами ядерного терроризма.

Мы остаемся приверженными антитеррористическим решениям ОБСЕ, в том числе обязательствам, содержащимся в Бухарестском плане действий по борьбе с терроризмом, Хартии ОБСЕ о предупреждении терроризма и борьбе с ним и Стратегии ОБСЕ по противодействию угрозам безопасности и стабильности в XXI веке.

Наши страны подтверждают свое обязательство обеспечить скорое и полное осу- ществление этих решений и договоренностей на всем пространстве ОБСЕ.

3. Мы приветствуем усилия ОБСЕ в области борьбы с терроризмом, в том числе решения, принятые в 2004 году, и поддерживаем работу Антитеррористического подразделения Секретариата ОБСЕ.

Мы убеждены, что пакет практических решений, которые мы утверждаем и при- ветствуем сегодня*, и их последующее выполнение повысят уровень безопасности и стабильности на пространстве ОБСЕ. Эти решения помогут обеспечить выпол- нение наших международно-правовых обязательств по предупреждению терро- ризма и борьбе с ним.

* Решение No. 617 Постоянного совета о дальнейших мерах по пресечению финансирования терроризма (1 июля 2004 года) Решение No. 618 Постоянного совета о солидарности с жертвами терроризма (1 июля 2004 года) Решение Совета министров о борьбе с использованием Интернета в террористических целях Решение Совета министров о повышении контейнерной безопасности Решение Совета министров о передаче информации об утерянных/похищенных паспортах в САП БДПД Интерпола.

326 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  София 2004 г.

4. Мы намерены активизировать деятельность и меры ОБСЕ по предупреждению терроризма и борьбе с ним, а также по противодействию всем факторам, порож- дающим условия, в которых террористические организации могут вербовать сто- ронников и рассчитывать на поддержку.

Мы подтверждаем, что усилия ОБСЕ по противодействию террористическим угрозам должны предприниматься во всех измерениях ОБСЕ – в измерении безопасности, включая военно-политическую сферу, в экономико-экологическом и человеческом измерениях. Основанная на общем, всеобъемлющем и неделимом подходе к безопасности, наша организация способна и дальше вносить весомый вклад в глобальные антитеррористические усилия.

Мы убеждены, что уважение прав человека и основных свобод является важным элементом обеспечения мира и стабильности и предупреждения терроризма. Мы признаем, что для эффективного предупреждения терроризма и борьбы с ним требуется привлечение гражданского общества в наших странах.

Мы преисполнены решимости продолжать укрепление нашего взаимодействия на двустороннем и многостороннем уровнях в различных форматах в целях упреж- дения угрозы терроризма на пространстве ОБСЕ и в мире. Мы будем активно сотрудничать по вопросам розыска и привлечения к ответственности исполни- телей, организаторов, спонсоров террористических актов и тех, кто их поддержи- вает.

Мы также будем продолжать развивать взаимодействие и диалог по вопросам предупреждения терроризма и борьбы с ним со средиземноморскими и азиатс- кими партнерами по сотрудничеству.

II. Декларация министров о шестидесятой годовщине окончания второй мировой войны В 2005 году исполняется 60 лет со времени окончания сражений второй миро- вой войны. Мы скорбим о десятках миллионов погибших, о жертвах войны, холо- коста, оккупации и репрессий. Мы чтим всех тех, кто сражался за победу гума- низма над диктатурой, угнетением и агрессией. Время не сможет умалить вели- чия принесенной ими жертвы. Мы приветствуем резолюцию Генеральной ассам- блеи ООН о праздновании шестидесятой годовщины окончания второй мировой войны.

Размышляя над нашим стремлением предотвратить повторение подобной катас- трофы европейского и международного масштаба, мы с удовлетворением отме- чаем прогресс, достигнутый за последние шестьдесят лет в преодолении траги- ческого наследия второй мировой войны, в обеспечении мира и безопасности во всем мире, достижении примирения, развитии международного и региональ- ного сотрудничества и утверждении демократических ценностей, прав человека и основных свобод – в частности благодаря деятельности Организации Объеди-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 327 София 2004 г.

ненных Наций и созданию региональных организаций. Мы подчеркиваем важ- ную роль, которую в последние три десятилетия сыграли в этом отношении СБСЕ и ОБСЕ.

Памятуя о хельсинкском Заключительном акте, Парижской хартии для новой Европы, Хартии европейской безопасности и других согласованных документах ОБСЕ, мы будем не щадя сил стремиться к тому, чтобы не допустить появления в регионе ОБСЕ новых разделительных линий, искоренить источники вражды, напряженности и конфронтации. Мы твердо намерены продолжать свои коллек- тивные усилия по формированию в регионе ОБСЕ единого и неделимого про- странства безопасности на основе демократии, верховенства закона, экономи- ческого процветания, социальной справедливости и уважения прав человека и основных свобод, включая права лиц, принадлежащих к национальным мень- шинствам.

История учит нас тому, какой угрозой чреваты нетерпимость, дискриминация, экстремизм и ненависть на этнической, расовой и религиозной почве. Мы твердо намерены вести борьбу с этими опасными явлениями, в том числе через ОБСЕ, и отвергаем любые попытки их оправдания.

Мы решительно осуждаем любое отрицание холокоста. Мы осуждаем все формы этнической чистки. Мы подтверждаем свою приверженность принятой 9 декабря 1948 года Конвенции ООН о предупреждении преступления геноцида и наказа- нии за него. Мы призываем государства-участники предпринять все возможные действия для недопущения попыток совершения геноцида, как в наши дни, так и в будущем. Виновные в подобных преступлениях должны привлекаться к ответс- твенности.

Новые времена принесли с собой новые угрозы и вызовы, самым опасным из которых является терроризм. Мы будем сообща бороться против этой угрозы, объединяя свои усилия и ресурсы и отстаивая общие принципы. Мы будем вести работу, в частности через ОБСЕ, по противодействию терроризму и другим угро- зам и вызовам безопасности.

Мы убеждены, что мирное урегулирование всех существующих конфликтов, соб- людение норм международного права, целей и принципов Устава ООН, выпол- нение обязательств, содержащихся в хельсинкском Заключительном акте и дру- гих согласованных документах ОБСЕ – лучший способ воздать должное тем, кто боролся за мир, свободу, демократию и человеческое достоинство, почтить память всех жертв второй мировой войны, оставить позади прошлое и избавить нынешнее и грядущие поколения от ужасов войны и насилия.

(…)

328 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  София 2004 г.

IV. Решения Совета министров (…)

Решение No. 3/04: Борьба с использованием интернета в террористических целях

Совет министров,

признавая значение резолюций 1373 (2001) и 1566 (2004) Совета Безопасности ООН как важных элементов международной правовой базы для борьбы с терро- ризмом,

будучи преисполнен решимости и впредь наращивать усилия по выполнению существующих обязательств ОБСЕ по борьбе с терроризмом, закрепленных в Хар- тии ОБСЕ о предупреждении терроризма и борьбе с ним, Решении No. 1 встречи Совета министров в Порту о выполнении принятых в ОБСЕ обязательств и осу- ществлении ее деятельности по борьбе с терроризмом, Бухарестском плане дейс- твий по борьбе с терроризмом и Стратегии ОБСЕ по противодействию угрозам безопасности и стабильности в XXI веке,

памятуя о Конвенции Совета Европы по киберпреступности (ноябрь 2001 года) и о другой соответствующей работе, ведущейся в рамках этого форума, а также об итогах конференции Совета Европы по вызовам, связанным с киберпреступнос- тью,

напоминая о Совещании ОБСЕ по вопросу о связи между пропагандой расизма, ксенофобии и антисемитизма в Интернете и преступлениями на почве ненависти (Париж, 15-16 июня 2004 года),

обеспокоенный масштабами использования Интернета террористическими орга- низациями:

• для выявления и вербовки потенциальных членов,

• для сбора и перевода средств,

• для организации террористических актов,

• для подстрекательства к террористическим актам, в частности посредством использования пропаганды,

постановляет, что государства-участники будут обмениваться информацией об использовании Интернета в террористических целях и определять возможные стратегии борьбы с этой угрозой, обеспечивая в то же время соблюдение между- народных обязательств и норм в области прав человека, в том числе касающихся прав на неприкосновенность частной жизни, свободу мнений и свободу выраже- ния;

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 329 София 2004 г.

поручает Генеральному секретарю организовать в 2005 году во взаимодействии с Интерполом и другими заинтересованными международными организациями семинар экспертов для обмена информацией о масштабах упомянутой угрозы, а также об имеющейся правовой базе и организационных механизмах и для рас- смотрения конкретных мер по наращиванию международного сотрудничества в данном вопросе.

(…)

Решение No. 11/04: Борьба с коррупцией

Совет министров,

вновь заявляя, что коррупция является одним из основных препятствий на пути к процветанию и устойчивому развитию государств-участников, подрывая их стабильность и безопасность и ставя под угрозу всеобщие ценности ОБСЕ,

исполненный решимости и впредь наращивать усилия по выполнению действу- ющих в ОБСЕ обязательств по борьбе с коррупцией, зафиксированных в Хартии европейской безопасности, принятой в 1999 году на Стамбульской встрече ОБСЕ на высшем уровне, и в Документе-стратегии ОБСЕ в области экономического и экологического измерения, принятом в Маастрихте в 2003 году,

вновь подтверждая свое обязательство сделать ликвидацию всех форм корруп- ции одной из приоритетных задач и принимать эффективные и решительные меры против коррупции, в том числе посредством реализации соответствующего национального законодательства и программ,

напоминая о том, что для борьбы с коррупцией требуется принятие государс- твами-участниками комплексной долгосрочной антикоррупционной стратегии,

отмечая важную работу, проделанную в этом направлении другими международ- ными организациями, и в частности Управлением Организации Объединенных Наций по наркотикам и преступности (ЮНОДК), Советом Европы (СЕ) и Органи- зацией экономического сотрудничества и развития (ОЭСР),

признавая, что Конвенция Организации Объединенных Наций против корруп- ции, принятая 31 октября 2003 года Генеральной ассамблеей ООН в Нью Йорке, является крупным достижением в области международного сотрудничества по борьбе с коррупцией и создает возможность для глобальных действий по реше- нию этой проблемы,

призывает государства-участники ОБСЕ, еще не сделавшие этого, в возможно краткие сроки подписать и ратифицировать Конвенцию Организации Объеди- ненных Наций против коррупции с целью ее скорого вступления в силу и выпол- нять ее в полном объеме;

330 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  София 2004 г.

поручает Секретариату ОБСЕ, и в частности Бюро Координатора деятельности ОБСЕ в области экономики и окружающей среды (БКДЭОС), оказывать по про- сьбе государств-участников ОБСЕ содействие в привлечении соответствующих компетентных международных организаций – с должным учетом их соответс- твующих мандатов – к оказанию технической помощи, включая задействование необходимого экспертного потенциала и ресурсов, в ратификации и/или осу- ществлении Конвенции Организации Объединенных Наций против коррупции.

Решение No. 12/04: Толерантность и недискриминация

Совет министров,

признавая, что уважение прав человека и основных свобод, демократия и верхо- венство закона находятся в центре принятой в ОБСЕ всеобъемлющей концепции безопасности,

ссылаясь на свои обязательства в области человеческого измерения, зафикси- рованные в хельсинкском Заключительном акте, Парижской хартии для новой Европы, Хартии европейской безопасности (Стамбульская встреча на высшем уровне, 1999 год) и во всех других соответствующих документах и решениях ОБСЕ,

ссылаясь на принятое 2 декабря 2003 года одиннадцатой встречей Совета минис- тров в Маастрихте Решение No. 4/03 о толерантности и недискриминации,

приветствуя работу по содействию толерантности и недискриминации, проде- ланную ОБСЕ в 2004 году,

1. Позитивно оценивает декларацию, с которой Действующий председатель ОБСЕ выступил на Конференции ОБСЕ по антисемитизму, проходившей в Берлине 28-29 апреля 2004 года, – “Берлинскую декларацию”, а также декларацию, с кото- рой Действующий председатель ОБСЕ выступил на Конференции ОБСЕ на тему толерантности и борьбы с расизмом, ксенофобией и дискриминацией, проходив- шей в Брюсселе 13-14 сентября 2004 года, – “Брюссельскую декларацию”;

2. Одобряет решения Постоянного совета о борьбе с антисемитизмом (PC. DEC/607) и о толерантности и борьбе с расизмом, ксенофобией и дискримина- цией (PC.DEC/621), а также Решение Постоянного совета о содействии толеран- тности и свободе СМИ в Интернете (PC.DEC/633), прилагаемые к настоящему решению;

3. Постановляет также активизировать усилия по выполнению этих трех реше- ний, содержащих обязательства, в частности, в таких областях, как образование, средства массовой информации, законодательство, охрана правопорядка, мигра- ция и свобода религии;

4. Постановляет развивать работу, начатую в 2003 году и продолженную на Кон- ференции ОБСЕ по антисемитизму (Берлин, 28-29 апреля 2004 года), Совеща-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 331 София 2004 г.

нии ОБСЕ по вопросу о связи между пропагандой расизма, ксенофобии и анти- семитизма в Интернете и преступлениями на почве ненависти, состоявшемся в Париже 16-17 июня 2004 года, и на Конференции ОБСЕ на тему толерантности и борьбы с расизмом, ксенофобией и дискриминацией (Брюссель, 13-14 сентября 2004 года). Приветствует также предложение Испании провести в Кордове в июне 2005 года Конференцию ОБСЕ по антисемитизму и иным формам нетерпимости;

5. Приветствует намерение Действующего председателя назначить в соответс- твии с Решением No. 8 встречи Совета министров в Порту трех личных предста- вителей в рамках общих усилий ОБСЕ по борьбе с дискриминацией и содействию толерантности. Расходы личных представителей будут оплачиваться из внебюд- жетных взносов.

Приложение к Решению No. 12/04: Решение Постоянного совета No. 607: Борьба с антисемитизмом

(PC.DEC/607 от 22 апреля 2004 года)

Постоянный совет

принимая во внимание предстоящую Конференцию ОБСЕ по антисемитизму, которая пройдет в Берлине 28-29 апреля 2004 года,

вновь подтверждая взятые на себя государствами-участниками обязательства, касающиеся борьбы с антисемитизмом, и

в целях наращивания наших совместных усилий по борьбе с антисемитизмом во всем регионе ОБСЕ

постановляет следующее.

1. Государства-участники обязуются:

• стремиться к тому, чтобы их правовые системы способствовали безопасной среде, свободной от антисемитской травли, насилия или дискриминации в какой бы то ни было сфере жизни;

• по мере необходимости способствовать реализации образовательных программ, направленных на противодействие антисемитизму;

• способствовать сохранению памяти о трагедии холокоста и, по мере необходи- мости, просвещению в этой области, а также осознанию важности уважитель- ного отношения ко всем этническим и религиозным группам;

• бороться с преступлениями, совершаемыми на почве ненависти, разжигать которую может расистская, ксенофобская и антисемитская пропаганда в средс- твах массовой информации и в Интернете;

332 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  София 2004 г.

• поощрять и поддерживать усилия международных организаций и НПО в этих областях;

• собирать и хранить заслуживающую доверия информацию и статистические данные о совершаемых на их территории антисемитских и иных преступлениях на почве ненависти, периодически доводить эту информацию до сведения Бюро ОБСЕ по демократическим институтам и правам человека (БДИПЧ) и предо- ставлять ее в распоряжение общественности;

• стремиться обеспечить БДИПЧ необходимыми ресурсами для выполнения задач, поставленных в Решении о толерантности и недискриминации, принятом на Маастрихтской встрече министров;

• взаимодействовать с Парламентской ассамблеей ОБСЕ в определении подходя- щих способов периодического рассмотрения проблемы антисемитизма;

• поощрять развитие неофициального обмена мнениями между экспертами в рамках соответствующих форумов относительно лучшей практики и опыта в области правоприменения и правового образования;

2. Поручить БДИПЧ:

• на основе всестороннего сотрудничества с другими институтами ОБСЕ, а также с Комитетом ООН по ликвидации расовой дискриминации (ЮНСЕРД), Евро- пейской комиссией по борьбе против расизма и нетерпимости (ЕКРН), Европей- ским мониторинговым центром по вопросам расизма и ксенофобии (ЕМЦРК) и другими соответствующими международными институтами и НПО внима- тельно отслеживать инциденты антисемитского характера в регионе ОБСЕ, используя при этом всю имеющуюся и заслуживающую доверия информацию;

• докладывать о своих выводах Постоянному совету и Совещанию по рассмот- рению выполнения, посвященному вопросам человеческого измерения, а также информировать о них общественность. Такие доклады должны также прини- маться во внимание при определении приоритетных направлений работы ОБСЕ по проблеме нетерпимости;

• систематически собирать и распространять в масштабах региона ОБСЕ инфор- мацию о лучшей практике предупреждения антисемитизма и реагирования на него, а также представлять государствам-участникам по их просьбе рекоменда- ции в связи с их усилиями по борьбе с антисемитизмом.

3. Просить Действующего председателя довести настоящее Решение до сведения участников предстоящей конференции в Берлине и включить его в свое заявле- ние при закрытии Конференции.

4. Представить настоящее Решение Совету министров для одобрения на его 12-й встрече.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 333 София 2004 г.

Приложение к Решению No. 12/04: Решение Постоянного совета No. 621: Толерантность и борьба с расизмом, ксенофобией и дискриминацией

(PC.DEC/621 от 29 июля 2004 года)

Постоянный совет,

принимая во внимание предстоящую Конференцию ОБСЕ на тему о толерант- ности и борьбе с расизмом, ксенофобией и дискриминацией, которая состоится в Брюсселе 13-14 сентября 2004 года,

напоминая о Решении Маастрихтской встречи Совета министров о толерант- ности и недискриминации (MC.DEC/4/03), Конференции ОБСЕ по антисеми- тизму, состоявшейся в Берлине 28-29 апреля 2004 года, а также о Совещании ОБСЕ по вопросу о взаимосвязи между пропагандой расизма, ксенофобии и анти- семитизма в Интернете и преступлениями на почве ненависти, которая состоя- лась в Париже 16-17 июня 2004 года, и об их итогах,

вновь подтверждая взятые на себя государствами-участниками обязательства, касающиеся утверждения терпимости и недискриминации и

с целью наращивания наших общих усилий в борьбе с проявлениями нетерпи- мости во всем регионе ОБСЕ,

постановляет следующее:

1. Государства-участники обязуются:

• рассмотреть вопрос о принятии или, соответственно, усилении законодательс- тва, запрещающего дискриминацию по признаку расы, цвета кожи, пола, языка, религии, политических или иных взглядов, национального или социального происхождения, имущественного, сословного или иного положения, а также подстрекательство к совершению преступлений на почве ненависти, мотивиру- емой этими признаками;

• поддерживать и, при необходимости, наращивать просветительские программы, нацеленные на воспитание толерантности и борьбу с расизмом, ксенофобией и дискриминацией;

• поддерживать и облегчать открытый и транспарентный межконфессиональ- ный и межкультурный диалог и партнерство в интересах толерантности, взаим- ного уважения и взаимопонимания, а также обеспечивать и поощрять свободу личности исповедывать и практиковать, единолично или совместно с другими, религию или веру – в том числе посредством транспарентных и недискримина- ционных законов, правил, практики и политики;

• принимать меры по пресечению актов дискриминации и насилия в отношении мусульман в регионе ОБСЕ;

334 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  София 2004 г.

• принимать в соответствии со своим внутренним законодательством и междуна- родными обязательствами меры против дискриминации, нетерпимости и ксе- нофобии в отношении мигрантов и рабочих-мигрантов;

• рассмотреть вопрос о принятии мер по повышению осведомленности обще- ственности относительно обогащающего вклада мигрантов и рабочих-мигран- тов в жизнь общества;

• бороться с преступлениями на почве ненависти, разжигать которую может расистская, ксенофобская и антисемитская пропаганда в Интернете, и надлежа- щим образом публично осуждать такие преступления в тех случаях, когда они совершаются;

• рассмотреть вопрос об организации учебных программ для должностных лиц правоохранительных и судебных органов, посвященных законодательству, каса- ющемуся преступлений на почве ненависти, и обеспечению его применения;

• поощрять пропаганду толерантности, диалога, взаимного уважения и взаимопо- нимания в средствах массовой информации, включая Интернет;

• поощрять и поддерживать усилия международных организаций и НПО на этих направлениях;

• собирать и хранить заслуживающую доверия информацию и статистические данные о совершаемых на их территории преступлениях на почве ненависти, мотивированных расизмом, ксенофобией и связанными с ними дискримина- цией и нетерпимостью, периодически передавать такую информацию Бюро ОБСЕ по демократическим институтам и правам человека (БДИПЧ) и предо- ставлять эту информацию в распоряжение общественности;

• изучить возможность учреждения внутри стран соответствующих органов, отвечающих за поддержку толерантности и борьбу с расизмом, ксенофобией и дискриминацией и связанной с ними нетерпимостью, в том числе в отношении мусульман, и с антисемитизмом;

• стремиться обеспечить БДИПЧ необходимыми ресурсами для выполнения задач, поставленных в Решении Маастрихтской встречи министров о толеран- тности и недискриминации;

• взаимодействовать с Парламентской ассамблеей ОБСЕ в определении подходя- щих способов для периодического рассмотрения проблем расизма, ксенофобии и дискриминации;

• поощрять развитие неофициального обмена мнениями между экспертами в рам- ках соответствующих форумов относительно лучшей практики и опыта по воп- росам правоприменения и правового образования;

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 335 София 2004 г.

2. БДИПЧ поручается:

• на основе всестороннего сотрудничества с другими институтами ОБСЕ, а также с Комитетом ООН по ликвидации расовой дискриминации (ЮНСЕРД), Управ- лением Верховного комиссара Организации Объединенных Наций по правам человека (УВКПЧ), Европейской комиссией по борьбе против расизма и нетер- пимости (ЕКРН), Европейским мониторинговым центром по вопросам расизма и ксенофобии (ЕКЦРК) и другими соответствующими международными инсти- тутами и НПО внимательно отслеживать инциденты, мотивированные расиз- мом, ксенофобией или связанной с ними нетерпимостью, в том числе в отноше- нии мусульман, и антисемитизмом в регионе ОБСЕ, используя при этом имею- щуюся и заслуживающую доверия информацию;

• докладывать о своих выводах Постоянному совету и Совещанию по рассмот- рению выполнения, посвященному человеческому измерению, а также инфор- мировать о них общественность. Такие доклады должны также приниматься во внимание при определении приоритетных направлений работы ОБСЕ по про- блеме нетерпимости;

• систематически собирать и распространять в масштабах региона ОБСЕ инфор- мацию о лучшей практике предупреждения расизма, ксенофобии и дискрими- нации и реагирования на них, а также представлять государствам-участникам по их просьбе рекомендации в связи с их усилиями по борьбе с расизмом, ксе- нофобией и дискриминацией;

• поддерживать способность гражданского общества противодействовать расизму, ксенофобии, дискриминации и связанной с ними нетерпимости, в том числе в отношении мусульман, а также антисемитизму и налаживать партнерс- кие связи в этих целях;

3. Просить Действующего председателя довести настоящее Решение до сведения участников предстоящей Конференции в Брюсселе и включить его в свое заявле- ние при закрытии Конференции;

4. Представить настоящее Решение Совету министров для одобрения на его 12-й встрече.

Приложение к Решению No. 12/04: Решение Постоянного совета No. 633: Содействие толерантности и свободе СМИ в интернете

(PC.DEC/633 от 11 ноября 2004 года)

Постоянный совет,

подтверждая принятые на встрече Совета министров в Маастрихте обязательс- тва бороться с преступлениями на почве ненависти, разжигать которую может пропаганда расизма, ксенофобии и антисемитизма в Интернете,

336 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  София 2004 г.

вновь подтверждая важность всестороннего уважения права на свободу мнений и свободу выражения, включая свободу искать, получать и распространять инфор- мацию, которые жизненно важны для демократии и фактически укрепляются Интернетом,

ссылаясь на обязательства обеспечивать сбор и хранение надежной информации и статистических данных о преступлениях на почве ненависти, мотивированных расизмом, ксенофобией, антисемитизмом и связанными с ними дискриминацией и нетерпимостью, периодически передавать такую информацию Бюро ОБСЕ по демократическим институтам и правам человека (БДИПЧ) и предоставлять эту информацию в распоряжение общественности, зафиксированные в решениях Постоянного совета о борьбе с антисемитизмом (PC.DEС/607) и о толерантности и борьбе с расизмом, ксенофобией и дискриминацией (PC.DEC/621),

подчеркивая важность содействия толерантности, взаимному уважению, диалогу и взаимопониманию, в том числе через средства массовой информации и Интер- нет, в рамках стратегий, предполагающих самые различные меры,

постановляет:

1. Государствам-участникам следует предпринять меры к тому, чтобы Интернет оставался открытым и общедоступным форумом, обеспечивающим свободу мне- ний и свободу выражения, закрепленные во Всеобщей декларации прав человека, и способствовать расширению доступа в Интернет как через домашние подклю- чения, так и через учебные заведения;

2. Государства-участники должны расследовать случаи насилия и носящих пре- ступный характер угроз его применения, мотивированных расистскими, ксено- фобскими, антисемитскими или иными связанными с этим предрассудками, рас- пространяемыми через Интернет, и при необходимости обеспечивать преследо- вание виновных по всей строгости закона;

3. Государствам-участникам следует обеспечивать профессиональную подго- товку сотрудников правоохранительных органов, а также прокуроров, по вопро- сам, касающимся преступлений, мотивированных расистскими, ксенофобскими, антисемитскими или иными связанными с этим предрассудками, распространя- емым через Интернет, а также предоставлять друг другу в рамках обмена приме- рами наилучшей практики информацию об успешных программах такой подго- товки;

4. Представитель ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации будет и впредь играть активную роль в содействии обеспечению как свободы выражения, так и доступа в Интернет и будет продолжать наблюдать за разви- тием событий в этой связи во всех государствах-участниках. Представитель будет отстаивать принятые в рамках ОБСЕ принципы и обязательства и содействовать их реализации. Эта деятельность будет включать раннее предупреждение о слу- чаях, когда законы или иные меры, направленные на запрет высказываний, моти-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 337 София 2004 г.

вированных расистскими, ксенофобскими, антисемитскими или иными связан- ными с этим предрассудками, применяются дискриминационно или избира- тельно в силу политических соображений, что может вести к созданию препятс- твий для выражения альтернативных мнений и взглядов;

5. Государствам-участникам следует конкретно изучить эффективность законов и других мер, регулирующих содержание Интернета, с точки зрения их влияния на число преступлений, совершаемых на почве расизма, ксенофобии и антисеми- тизма;

6. Государствам-участникам следует поощрять и поддерживать аналитически строгие исследования, касающиеся возможной связи между расистскими, ксе- нофобскими и антисемитскими высказываниями в Интернете и преступностью, мотивированной расистскими, ксенофобскими, антисемитскими или иными свя- занными с этим предрассудками;

7. ОБСЕ будет способствовать обменам, имеющим целью нахождение эффектив- ных подходов к проблеме пропаганды расизма, ксенофобии и антисемитизма в Интернете, которые не ставили бы под угрозу свободу информации и свободу выражения. ОБСЕ будет создавать возможности для распространения информа- ции о наилучшей практике, в частности в ходе ежегодных совещаний по оценке выполнения, посвященных человеческому измерению;

8. Государствам-участникам следует поощрять разработку программ, направлен- ных на просвещение детей и молодежи в отношении мотивированных расист- скими, ксенофобскими, антисемитскими или иными связанными с этим предрас- судками, материалов, которые могут встречаться в Интернете. Кроме того, госу- дарства-участники и провайдеры интернет-услуг должны в соответствующих слу- чаях предпринимать шаги по повышению осведомленности родителей о широко распространенном программном обеспечении для фильтрации доступа, позволя- ющем родителям осуществлять более эффективный надзор и контроль за тем, как их дети пользуются Интернетом. Материалы об успешном опыте осуществления просветительских программ и применения средств фильтрации доступа должны широко популяризироваться в рамках обмена примерами наилучшей практики;

9. Государства-участники должны приветствовать продолжение и расшире- ние усилий НПО по отслеживанию расистских, ксенофобских и антисемитских материалов в Интернете, а также усилия НПО по распространению и преданию огласке информации о полученных результатах.

Решение No. 13/04: Особые потребности детей, являющихся жертвами торговли людьми, в защите и помощи

Совет министров,

вновь подтверждая твердые обязательства государств-участников, касающиеся борьбы с торговлей людьми, и в частности Решение No. 1 Венской встречи Совета

338 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  София 2004 г.

министров 2000 года, Декларацию о торговле людьми, принятую на встрече министров в Порту в 2002 году, и Решение No. 2/03 Маастрихтской встречи Совета министров 2003 года, которым был одобрен План действий ОБСЕ по борьбе с тор- говлей людьми и под эгидой Постоянного совета учрежден механизм ОБСЕ для оказания государствам-участникам помощи в борьбе с торговлей людьми, состо- ящий из специального представителя, назначаемого Действующим председате- лем, и специального подразделения в Секретариате,

ссылаясь на документ состоявшегося в 1990 году в Копенгагене Совещания Кон- ференции по человеческому измерению СБСЕ, в котором, в частности, деклари- ровалось, что “государства-участники принимают решение уделять особое вни- мание признанию прав ребенка, его гражданских прав, личных свобод, его эконо- мических, социальных и культурных прав и его права на особую защиту от всех видов насилия и эксплуатации”,

ссылаясь на принципы, касающиеся защиты и уважения прав человека, которые провозглашены в Конвенции Организации Объединенных Наций 1998 года о правах ребенка и относящемся к ней Факультативном протоколе 2000 года о тор- говле детьми, детской проституции и детской порнографии, Протоколе Органи- зации Объединенных Наций 2000 года о предупреждении и пресечении торговли людьми, особенно женщинами и детьми, и наказании за нее, дополняющем Кон- венцию Организации Объединенных Наций против транснациональной органи- зованной преступности, а также в гаагской Конвенции 1993 года о защите детей и сотрудничестве в области международного усыновления,

сознавая, что государства-участники несут основную ответственность за борьбу с торговлей людьми на базе комплексного скоординированного подхода, включа- ющего предотвращение такой торговли, защиту жертв и уголовное преследование лиц, занимающихся такой торговлей, и их сообщников,

вновь подтверждая, что общие принципы, касающиеся, в частности, наилучшего обеспечения интересов ребенка, недискриминации, вовлеченности, а также обес- печения выживания и развития, составляют основу всей деятельности, касаю- щейся детей,

преисполненный решимости и впредь наращивать усилия ОБСЕ по борьбе с тор- говлей людьми и продолжать активно выполнять План действий по борьбе с тор- говлей людьми, а также обеспечивать дальнейшее оказание Организацией под- держки государствам-участникам по их просьбе в осуществлении ими на нацио- нальном уровне своих соответствующих мероприятий в этой области,

принимая во внимание, в частности, изложенные в Плане действий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми рекомендации о том, чтобы ОБСЕ уделяла особое внимание проблеме торговле детьми, а также сознавая уязвимость несопровож- даемых и разлученных с семьями детей,

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 339 София 2004 г.

сознавая, что государства-участники твердо намерены защищать детей от всех видов насилия, включая их сексуальную эксплуатацию, и подчеркивая необходи- мость уважения особых потребностей детей в защите и помощи, а также принцип предоставления ребенку возможности высказать свое мнение,

подчеркивая, что меры по борьбе с торговлей детьми должны учитывать гендер- ные аспекты и носить недискриминационный характер,

подчеркивая, что при принятии решений, касающихся детей – жертв торговли, главным соображением должно быть наилучшее обеспечение интересов ребенка, в частности, с помощью представителей, отстаивающих в необходимых случаях интересы таких детей,

сознавая необходимость создания эффективной основы для оказания детям помощи и защиты, а также проведения информационно-пропагандистских мероприятий в целях противодействия спросу, поощряющему все формы эксплу- атации людей, особенно женщин и детей, и повышающему вероятность превра- щения детей в объект торговли,

1. Постановляет наращивать усилия ОБСЕ, направленные на предотвращение торговли детьми, оказание защиты и помощи детям, являющимся жертвами тор- говли, и уголовное преследование торговцев детьми, принимая во внимание План действий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми;

2. Считает желательным, чтобы государства-участники укрепляли соответству- ющие государственные органы, занимающиеся проблемами детей; считает также желательным, чтобы государства-участники при необходимости активизировали принятие мер во исполнение соответствующих рекомендаций, адресованных им в Плане действий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми, с целью противодействия факторам, повышающим вероятность превращения детей в объект торговли, – в частности таким, как: дискриминация, в том числе по признаку расы, пола, рели- гии или убеждений, национального или социального происхождения, сословного или иного положения; эксплуатация, как она определена в Плане действий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми; бедность, низкий уровень образования и отрыв от привычного места проживания;

3. Постановляет усилить работу по противодействию спросу, включая борьбу с детским секс-туризмом. В этой связи он также предлагает государствам-участни- кам рассмотреть, среди прочего, вопрос о разработке правовых мер, предусмат- ривающих уголовное преследование своих граждан за сексуальную эксплуатацию детей, в том числе если такая эксплуатация имела место в другой стране;

4. Поручает Постоянному совету обеспечить через неофициальную рабочую группу по гендерному равенству и борьбе с торговлей людьми и при поддержке специального представителя по борьбе с торговлей людьми и других соответс- твующих структур ОБСЕ разработку к 31 июля, на предмет принятия дальней- ших соответствующих мер, дополнения к Плану действий ОБСЕ по борьбе с тор-

340 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  София 2004 г.

говлей людьми, посвященного особым потребностям детей – жертв торговли людьми в защите и помощи, которое включало бы обобщение наилучшей прак- тики и способствовало бы осуществлению Плана действий;

5. Предлагает неофициальной рабочей группе приступить к этой работе, руко- водствуясь обязательствами государств-участников по существующим между- народным конвенциям, сторонами которых они являются, в целях надлежащего удовлетворения потребности в особых мерах защиты детей и исходя из наилуч- ших интересов и благополучия ребенка.

Решение No. 14/04: План действий ОБСЕ 2004 года по поддержке гендерного равенства

Совет министров,

напоминая о том, что, как было заявлено главами государств и правительств на Стамбульской встрече ОБСЕ на высшем уровне в 1999 году, “полное и равное осу- ществление женщинами своих прав человека имеет важнейшее значение для укрепления мира, процветания и демократии в регионе ОБСЕ. Мы обязуемся сде- лать обеспечение равенства между мужчинами и женщинами неотъемлемой час- тью своей политики как на уровне наших государств, так и в рамках Организа- ции”1,

ссылаясь на План действий 2000 года по гендерным вопросам 2 , который был при- нят “с целью обеспечить учет государствами-участниками, а также в практичес- кой работе институтов ОБСЕ и миссий ОБСЕ на местах принятых в ОБСЕ обя- зательств, касающихся равенства прав и равенства возможностей для женщин и мужчин”,

признавая, что равноправие женщин и мужчин и защита их прав человека явля- ются важнейшим условием обеспечения мира, устойчивой демократии, эконо- мического развития, а следовательно – безопасности и стабильности в регионе ОБСЕ,

ссылаясь на Пекинскую платформу действий, принятую на четвертой Всемирной конференции по положению женщин, и документ двадцать третьей специальной сессии Генеральной ассамблеи 2000 года под названием “Женщины в 2000 году: равенство между мужчинами и женщинами, развитие и мир в XXI веке”,

ссылаясь на резолюцию 1325 (2000) 3 Совета Безопасности ООН, в которой Совет призывает обеспечить полноправное участие женщин в процессе принятия реше- ний по вопросам предотвращения конфликтов, а также в постконфликтном вос- становлении, и подчеркивая важность их полноправного участия и вовлечен-

1 Хартия европейской безопасности, пункт 23. 2 PC.DEC/353 от 1 июня 2000 года. 3 Принята Советом Безопасности на его 4213-м заседании 31 октября 2000 года.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 341 София 2004 г.

ности в любую деятельность, направленную на поддержание и укрепление мира и безопасности,

сознавая необходимость надлежащим образом учитывать гендерную проблема- тику в мероприятиях, проводимых под эгидой ОБСЕ, а также то, что государс- твам-участникам надлежит принять все необходимые меры, способствующие повышению осведомленности о гендерной проблематике и обеспечению равно- правия и полноправного участия женщин и мужчин в жизни общества, в инте- ресах более широкого практического обеспечения гендерного равенства и учета гендерной проблематики в регионе ОБСЕ в качестве одного из важнейших усло- вий всеобъемлющей безопасности,

подчеркивая необходимость дальнейшего развития и укрепления в ОБСЕ непре- рывного и устойчивого процесса учета гендерной проблематики, содействия фор- мированию рабочего климата и культуры управления, основанных на чуткости к гендерным аспектам и профессионализме, а также усилий, направленных на обес- печение гендерной сбалансированности при наборе персонала, особенно на посты категории специалистов, в соответствии с Положениями о персонале ОБСЕ,

постановляет одобрить План действий 2004 года по поддержке гендерного равенства, принятый Решением No. 638 Постоянного совета от 2 декабря 2004 года и изложенный в Приложении к настоящему Решению.

Приложение к Решению No. 14/04: План действий ОБСЕ 2004 года по поддержке гендерного равенства

“Благосостояние всего мира и дело мира требует максимального участия женщин наравне с мужчинами во всех областях”1.

1. Уважение прав человека и основных свобод, демократии и верховенства закона является ключевым элементом принятой в ОБСЕ всеобъемлющей концепции безопасности. Хартия европейской безопасности, принятая на Стамбульской встрече ОБСЕ на высшем уровне, гласит: “Полное и равное осуществление жен- щинами своих прав человека имеет важнейшее значение для укрепления мира, процветания и демократии в регионе ОБСЕ. Мы обязуемся сделать обеспечение равенства между мужчинами и женщинами неотъемлемой частью своей поли- тики как на уровне наших государств, так и в рамках Организации”.

2. Будучи региональным соглашением по смыслу главы VIII Устава Организации Объединенных Наций, ОБСЕ является одним из ключевых инструментов ран- него предупреждения, предотвращения конфликтов, регулирования кризисов и постконфликтного восстановления в своем регионе. В этом регионе становится все более очевидной тесная взаимосвязь между безопасностью, демократией и процветанием. Экономическая свобода, социальная справедливость и экологи- ческая ответственность являются жизненно важными для процветания. Необхо-

1 Резолюция 34/180 Генеральной ассамблеи ООН от 18 декабря 1979 года (КЛДЖ).

342 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  София 2004 г.

димейшим условием для решения Организацией своих задач и достижения ею своих целей являются совместные с государствами-участниками инвестиции в ее человеческий капитал.

3. Эффективный учет гендерной проблематики 2 во имя достижения равнопра- вия мужчин и женщин имеет важное значение для полновесного задействова- ния человеческого капитала в регионе ОБСЕ. Гендерное равенство способствует обеспечению всеобъемлющей безопасности – той цели, на достижение кото- рой направлены усилия ОБСЕ во всех трех измерениях. Систематический учет гендерной проблематики – один из способов достижения этой цели. Соответс- твенно, эта проблематика должна приниматься во внимание во всех меропри- ятиях, проектах и программах Организации, с тем, чтобы добиться гендерного равенства в деятельности самой Организации, равно как и в государствах-учас- тниках. Эти государства, Действующего председателя, Генерального секретаря и руководителей институтов и миссий объединяет ответственность за утвержде- ние равноправия между женщинами и мужчинами в качестве неотъемлемого эле- мента политики и практики ОБСЕ. Проводя такую работу, следует иметь ввиду, что благоприятные последствия претворения в жизнь гендерного равенства в любом регионе и на любом уровне в обществе будут ощутимы как для женщин, так и для мужчин.

I. Общий контекст

Ход выполнения Плана действий 2000 года

4. План действий ОБСЕ 2000 года по гендерным вопросам 3 предусматривает нара- щивание усилий с целью добиться одинакового отношения к женщинам и муж- чинам в Организации во всех областях, включая набор персонала, и отражения гендерной проблематики в деятельности Организации. Этот план позволил обес- печить более глубокое осознание необходимости улучшения положения в области гендерного равенства в ОБСЕ за счет принятия соответствующих мер Секрета- риатом, институтами и структурами на местах, а также государствами-участни- ками.

Тем не менее в выполнении Плана действий 2000 года наблюдаются некоторые недостатки, особенно в таких областях, как подготовка и подбор кадров и управ- ление, а также в общей практике учета гендерной проблематики в масштабах всей ОБСЕ и в государствах-участниках.

2 “Учет гендерной проблематики представляет собой процесс оценки возникающих для женщин и муж- чин последствий любых планируемых мер, включая законодательство, политику или программы, во всех областях и на всех уровнях. Речь идет о стратегии, благодаря которой проблемы, встающие перед женщинами и мужчинами, и накопленный ими опыт должны стать одним из неотъемлемых направле- ний деятельности в процессе разработки, осуществления, контроля и оценки политики и программ во всех сферах политической, экономической и общественной жизни, с тем, чтобы и женщины, и мужчины в равной степени пользовались плодами таких усилий, и для неравенства не оставалось места. Конечная цель состоит в обеспечении равенства между женщинами и мужчинами”. См. Официальные отчеты Гене- ральной ассамблеи, пятьдесят вторая сессия, дополнение No. 3 (А/52/3/Rev.1), глава IV,пункт 4. 3 Решение No. 353 Постоянного совета от 1 июня 2000 года (PC.DEC/353/00).

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 343 София 2004 г.

5. В Плане действий 2000 года по гендерным вопросам говорится о необходи- мости расширения возможностей для женщин в рамках ОБСЕ и наращивания усилий по обеспечению профессионального рабочего климата. К Действующему председателю, государствам-участникам и Секретариату была обращена просьба принять твердые меры по назначению на должности и продвижению по службе в институтах, а также в структурах ОБСЕ на местах кандидатов из числа женщин, а ко всем государствам-участникам был обращен призыв активно выдвигать жен- щин, особенно на руководящие должности.

Однако в ОБСЕ женщины по-прежнему представлены слабо, особенно на уровне старшего и политического руководства, причем их представленность в последние годы фактически сократилась. По-прежнему не представлены или представлены недостаточно женщины из ряда стран, в частности из государств-участников с переходной экономикой. Статистические данные свидетельствуют о том, что у кандидатов-женщин меньше шансов получить работу в Организации, чем у муж- чин4 . Составляемые на двухгодичной основе статистические данные и ежегодно подготавливаемые Генеральным секретарем доклады о выполнении Плана дейс- твий 2000 года по гендерным вопросам не стали предметом рассмотрения в Пос- тоянном совете; кроме того, не налажено адекватного мониторинга выполнения Плана действий 2000 года.

6. В качестве еще одной приоритетной задачи в Плане действий 2000 года по ген- дерным вопросам предусматривалось прохождение всеми новыми сотрудниками миссий подготовки по гендерной тематике и включение такой проблематики инс- титутами ОБСЕ в их программы подготовки кадров. Была организована общая подготовка по вопросам повышения внимания к гендерной проблематике; пред- принимались усилия по обеспечению профессионального рабочего климата. За период с 2000 года в каждой из миссий был назначен посредник; Секретариат ежегодно организовывал для них учебную подготовку. И тем не менее работа по подготовке и привлечению внимания руководящих работников к гендерным воп- росам, а также к тем обязанностям, которые возлагаются в этом отношении на каждого из сотрудников в зависимости от его функций и вопросов, которыми он занимается, не дала ожидаемых результатов; не достигнута и цель создания про- фессионального климата.

4 Статистические данные по Секретариату, институтам и миссиям ОБСЕ (в разбивке по половому при- знаку), SEC.GAL/208/03 от 21 ноября 2003 года. Что касается должностей, фигурирующих в штатном расписании, то по категории общего обслуживания женщины составляют 44 процента персонала, а по категории специалистов их общая представленность составляет 25 процентов и по сути дела за пос- ледние годы снизилась. Из всех кандидатов, претендовавших на замещение должностей по контракту с фиксированным сроком в период с января по сентябрь 2003 года (9566), мужчин было 69 процентов, а женщин – 31 процент; вместе с тем в тот же период из всех отобранных кандидатов (50 человек) мужчины составляли 72 процента, а женщины – 28. Что касается 34 вакантных должностей категории специалистов, то на долю женщин приходилось 33 процента претендентов, 23 процента участвовавших в собеседованиях кандидатов и 12 процентов отобранных кандидатов. Среди всех кандидатур, выдви- нутых за первые шесть месяцев 2003 года на замещение постов в порядке прикомандирования (2135), 30 процентов (641) были женщинами и 70 процентов (1494) мужчинами. Однако из них в миссии были направлены лишь 10 процентов (62) из соискательниц, в то время как среди претендентов-мужчин ко- личество принятых и направленных на работу составило 18 процентов (272).

344 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  София 2004 г.

7. Кроме того, План действий 2000 года по гендерным вопросам предусматривал создание всеобъемлющей основы для осуществления проектов по аналитичес- кому учету гендерной проблематики, анализ данных и материалов исследований гендерного характера и их использование при разработке новых программ.

В развитии этого процесса не наблюдалось должной последовательности. Кроме того, советники и сотрудники для контактов по гендерным вопросам не привле- каются в достаточной мере к разработке новых директив и программ.

8. Учет гендерной проблематики предполагает последовательное и систематичес- кое отражение гендерных аспектов в деятельности Организации на основе под- хода, охватывающего все измерения, а также адекватные механизмы монито- ринга и рассмотрения. С тем, чтобы подкрепить целенаправленные усилия госу- дарств-участников по выполнению своих обязательств, требуется новый, более предметный план действий, определяющий наши цели и четко разграничиваю- щий ответственность.

II. Цели и задачи

9. План действий 2004 года по поддержке гендерного равенства призван опреде- лить приоритеты ОБСЕ по поддержке гендерного равенства – как в Организа- ции, так и в государствах-участниках, – обеспечивая при этом наблюдение за его выполнением.

План предусматривает достижение этих целей путем осуществления Организа- цией мероприятий, политики, проектов и программ, направленных на учет ген- дерной проблематики, а также оказания со стороны ОБСЕ помощи государствам- участникам в утверждении гендерного равенства. Такая помощь могла бы оказы- ваться в интересах выполнения международных обязательств в гендерной сфере, а также выработки национальных программ и политики.

10. Приоритетными будут считаться следующие цели:

a) В рамках ОБСЕ:

• осуществление конкретных программ подготовки сотрудников ОБСЕ с целью их ознакомления с гендерной проблематикой и привлечения их внимания к необходимости обеспечения гендерного равенства в повседневной работе и программ, предусматривающих активизацию работы по обеспечению после- довательного учета гендерной проблематики в политике и программах, а также внедрение механизмов рассмотрения и оценки;

• воспитание культуры управления, подчеркивающей профессионализм, и чут- кость к гендерным аспектам, а также формирование учитывающего эти при- нципы рабочего климата;

• внедрение в ОБСЕ более совершенных, нешаблонных стратегий набора персо- нала с целью расширить равные возможности для всех и обеспечить выявле-

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ние и привлечение высококвалифицированных женщин в соответствии с требо- ваниями Положений о персонале (Решение PC.DEC/550/Corr.1 от 27 июня 2003 года), имея в виду увеличить число женщин, работающих в ОБСЕ на постах стар- шего уровня;

• побуждение государств-участников к более частому выдвижению женских кан- дидатур на замещение должностей в ОБСЕ, в частности, когда речь идет об уровне старшего и политического руководства 5 , с целью добиться постоянного улучшения количественного соотношения между работниками и работницами на всех уровнях;

• обеспечение эффективного учета гендерной проблематики в деятельности и политике как ОБСЕ, так и государств-участников.

b) Оказание государствам-участникам помощи в:

• определении приоритетных направлений, на которых структуры ОБСЕ могут оказывать государствам ОБСЕ помощь в выполнении их соответствующих обя- зательств; • выявлении некоторых примеров наилучшей практики утверждения равнопра- вия женщин и мужчин в государствах-участниках; • популяризации и повышении роли женщин в деле предотвращения конфликтов и восстановления мира; • формировании рамочной структуры, призванной обеспечить регулярное обсуж- дение и рассмотрение гендерных вопросов, включая выполнение настоящего Плана действий. III. Поддержка гендерного равенства в ОБСЕ

А) Систематический учет гендерной проблематики в деятельности структур, при формировании рабочего климата и при наборе персонала

Подготовка кадров 11. В интересах достижения целей, изложенных в настоящем Плане действий, ОБСЕ расширяет имеющиеся возможности для подготовки кадров и учреждает новые программы такой подготовки в соответствии со стратегией подготовки кадров ОБСЕ на 2005 2007 годы6 и Планом действий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торгов- лей людьми7. Соответственно, осуществляемая Секретариатом программа общей

5 П-5 и выше. 6 SEC.GAL/118/04/Rev.5 от 27 июля 2004 года. 7 Приложение к Решению MC.DEC/2/03, стр. 12, “Повышение осведомленности”. 8.4: “Координатор ОБСЕ по подготовке кадров, старший советник по гендерным вопросам и старший координатор по вопросам безопасности будут продолжать использовать вводно-ознакомительный курс для развития и проведения совместно с БДИПЧ работы по подготовке персонала, тематика которой будет охватывать гендерные вопросы, торговлю людьми и соответствующие правила и руководящие принципы, а также организовывать специальные семинары-практикумы на местах. Руководители операций на местах обес- печат посещение таких учебных курсов всеми сотрудниками в обязательном порядке”.

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ориентации, вводно-ознакомительный курс БДИПЧ по человеческому измере- нию и дополнительные вводно-ознакомительные курсы или семинары-практи- кумы на местах должны включать, при необходимости, два учитывающие специ- фические потребности модуля.

• Первый модуль предусматривает развитие у всех должностных лиц ОБСЕ внима- тельного отношения к гендерным аспектам и навыков их учета в повседневной работе. Этот модуль, надлежащим образом адаптированный к специфическим потребностям каждой категории сотрудников, предполагает разъяснение при- нципа гендерного равенства, ознакомление с имеющимися способами достиже- ния этой цели и с причинами, по которым Организация считает важным после- довательно строить свою работу с учетом гендерной проблематики. Этот модуль ориентирован на принятие конкретных мер, использует метод интерактивности и содержит информацию о задачах и ответственности, изложенную в настоя- щем Плане действий, а также в соответствующих положениях, в частности каса- ющихся подотчетности всех сотрудников. Таким обучением охватываются все категории персонала. При необходимости, обучение может организовываться и на местах, с тем, чтобы сделать его доступным для персонала, нанимаемого на местах.

a) В учебные программы, ориентированные, в частности, на подготовку полицейс- ких и пограничных наблюдателей, будут включены отдельные модули, посвящен- ные борьбе с бытовым насилием и торговлей людьми.

b) Руководители институтов и миссий, а также директора играют направляющую роль в создании условий для обучения сотрудников, обеспечивая женщинам и мужчинам равные возможности для посещения занятий. Кроме того, к ним будет поступать информация о политике ОБСЕ в гендерных вопросах, и в частности о процедурах подачи и рассмотрения жалоб.

• Второй модуль посвящен систематическому учету гендерной проблематики в программах и проектах ОБСЕ и ее мероприятиях по техническому сотрудни- честву с целью последовательного отражения в них аспектов, касающихся ген- дерного равенства. Речь идет об анализе и реализации политики и мер, ставя- щих в качестве конкретной цели достижение равноправия посредством актив- ного отражения гендерных требований на стадии планирования, представле- ния докладов, выполнения и оценки.

12. Во все программы подготовки кадров включаются положения, касающиеся рассмотрения и оценки, которые позволяют через регулярные промежутки опре- делять их эффективность.

13. Координатору ОБСЕ по подготовке кадров поручается разработка и осущест- вление – в тесном взаимодействии с подразделениями и контактными лицами, занимающимися гендерными вопросами в Организации, и с опорой на сеть кон-

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тактных лиц, отвечающих за подготовку кадров, – мер, вытекающих из настоя- щего Плана действий в части подготовки кадров.

Управление 14. Генеральный секретарь, а также руководители институтов и миссий осущест- вляют решительное и активное руководство процессом надлежащего обеспече- ния среди сотрудников Организации осведомленности по гендерным вопросам и наращивают усилия по формированию основанных на чуткости к гендерным аспектам и профессионализме рабочего климата и культуры управления. Вклад в создание такого рабочего климата вносят также все должностные лица ОБСЕ, и в частности сотрудники, занимающие руководящие должности. При замеще- нии управленческих должностей важное значение придается подысканию кан- дидатов, проявляющих чуткость в гендерных вопросах и понимающих важность открытой для всех сотрудников корпоративной культуры. На директора Депар- тамента людских ресурсов возлагается ответственность за анализ и, при необ- ходимости, ужесточение политики ОБСЕ, направленной против домогательств, включая сексуальные домогательства. Он будет заниматься распространением информации и повышением осведомленности сотрудников относительно домога- тельств на работе, а также существующих мер их предупреждения и пресечения и будет побуждать тех, кто подвергся домогательствам, к подаче жалоб.

15. При служебной аттестации управленцев будет производиться оценка их при- верженности принципу гендерного равенства. Для этого Департаментом людс- ких ресурсов будет разработана система показателей по гендерному равенству с указанием конкретных мер, позволяющих производить сопоставление результа- тов по всем службам.

16. Государствами-участниками и(или) Секретариатом будет производиться ана- лиз действующих в Организации положений, правил, директив и инструкций на предмет учета в них, в необходимых случаях, гендерной проблематики.

17. Под председательством руководителей институтов, миссий и директоров Сек- ретариата будут регулярно проводиться встречи с персоналом для рассмотрения гендерных аспектов работы их соответствующих структур, выявления областей, требующих внимания, и ориентации всех сотрудников на учет гендерных аспек- тов в их работе.

18. Секретариат и БДИПЧ будут и впредь активно участвовать в обмене инфор- мацией с соответствующими международными, межправительственными и реги- ональными организациями по вопросам, касающимся учитывающей гендерную специфику политики в области управления. В частности, Секретариат будет нара- щивать взаимодействие с Парламентской ассамблеей ОБСЕ по вопросам ген- дерного равенства. Секретариат, институты и миссии обеспечат обнародование настоящего Плана действий.

348 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  София 2004 г.

Набор персонала 19. Набор персонала в ОБСЕ производится на основе транспарентных процедур, предусматривающих открытый конкурс с участием граждан государств-участни- ков, что позволит обеспечить наивысший уровень работоспособности, компетен- тности и добросовестности.

20. Набор персонала осуществляется в полном соответствии с положением 3.01 Положений о персонале ОБСЕ, включая принцип найма персонала из всех госу- дарств-участников ОБСЕ на справедливой основе.

21. Желательно, чтобы государства-участники чаще выдвигали кандидатуры женщин при замещении должностей в ОБСЕ, в частности, должностей высокого уровня, на которых женщины недопредставлены; предусматриваемые для этого меры включают выявление на национальном уровне дополнительных источников при поиске кандидатур и налаживание контактов с профессиональными органи- зациями, способными помочь в подыскании подходящих кандидатов. Следует обеспечить более широкое ознакомление граждан государств-участников, осо- бенно женщин из государств-участников, находящихся на переходном этапе, с информацией о вакансиях в ОБСЕ и побуждать их к подаче заявлений о найме.

22. Желательно, чтобы государства-участники составили списки потенциальных кандидатов из числа женщин с особым акцентом на тех профессиях, где женщины недопредставлены.

23. Действующий председатель и Секретариат будут инициативно поощрять выдвижение женских кандидатур, в частности на должности высокого уровня, руководствуясь Положениями о персонале ОБСЕ.

24. Секретариатом будут внесены изменения в текст объявлений о вакансии, при- званные побудить женщин к подаче заявлений о приеме на работу.

25. Кроме того, Секретариат будет совершенствовать планирование людских ресурсов, с тем, чтобы на возможно более раннем этапе информировать государс- тва-участники о появлении вакансий и тем самым дать им достаточное время для подыскания и выдвижения квалифицированных кандидатов из числа женщин.

26. Действующий председатель, Генеральный секретарь, руководители институ- тов и миссий на постоянной основе стремятся улучшить соотношение мужчин и женщин среди работников на всех уровнях. Результаты этой работы, включая статистические данные об отобранных кандидатах-женщинах, будут рассматри- ваться в ежегодном аналитическом докладе по гендерным вопросам в ОБСЕ, кото- рый будет представляться Генеральным секретарем согласно пункту 47 ниже.

27. Департамент людских ресурсов регулярно проводит анализ процедур набора персонала и должностных обязанностей с гендерной точки зрения на предмет выявления возможных элементов предвзятости в отношении соискателей-жен-

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 349 София 2004 г.

щин и препятствий для их найма и, при необходимости, вносит соответствующие коррективы в эти процедуры.

28. При укомплектовании управленческих постов Департамент людских ресур- сов будет стремиться обеспечить, там, где это возможно, приглашение на собе- седование кандидатов и того, и другого пола, и составление, по мере необходи- мости, короткого списка, сбалансированного в гендерном отношении. В короткий список кандидатов, приглашаемых на собеседование, должна включаться инфор- мация о фактическом количестве мужчин и женщин, претендовавших на замеще- ние данной должности.

29. Состав комиссий для собеседования должен быть по возможности сбаланси- рованным в гендерном отношении.

30. Департамент людских ресурсов Секретариата будет ежегодно проводить коор- динационное совещание с участием представителей делегаций и командирован- ных столицами экспертов по подготовке кадров/набору персонала для обмена информацией о требуемой квалификации и навыках и примерами наилучшей практики в области учебной подготовки перед направлением в миссии. На этих совещаниях будут также обсуждаться меры по обеспечению гендерной сбаланси- рованности при наборе персонала.

31. Секретариат будет и впредь ежегодно подготавливать статистические данные о количественном распределении должностей между мужчинами и женщинами в разбивке по каждому классу. Эти данные, охватывающие сведения по институ- там и миссиям, а также по каждому департаменту и подразделению Секретари- ата, будут прилагаться к ежегодному аналитическому докладу Генерального сек- ретаря по гендерным вопросам, о котором говорится ниже, в пункте 47.

(В) Систематический учет гендерной проблематики в деятельности, политике, программах и проектах ОБСЕ

32. Государства-участники, Секретариат, институты и миссии обеспечивают учет гендерных аспектов в деятельности, программах и проектах ОБСЕ. Это делается с целью утверждения на практике гендерного равенства в регионе ОБСЕ, явля- ющегося необходимым условием всеобъемлющей безопасности; акцент делается, в частности, на расширении возможностей для женщин и на участии женщин наравне с мужчинами в общественной, политической и экономической жизни в контексте развития демократии и экономики в государствах-участниках. Цель систематического учета гендерной проблематики состоит также в преодолении негативных стереотипов и изменении представлений, а также в воспитании отно- шения, создающего почву для обеспечения равенства женщин и мужчин во всех государствах-участниках.

33. Обеспечивается вовлечение в работу советников по гендерным вопросам в Секретариате, институтах и структурах на местах на раннем этапе выработки новых директив, правил и положений. В своих регулярных отчетах перед Посто-

350 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  София 2004 г.

янным советом миссии и институты информируют его, по мере необходимости, о ходе работы по систематическому учету гендерной проблематики, а также о воз- никающих проблемах.

34. Центр по предотвращению конфликтов (ЦПК), и в частности группа по коор- динации проектов (ГКП), будет оказывать помощь в обеспечении аналитической проработки миссиями, институтами и подразделениями Секретариата под углом зрения гендерного равенства новых проектов, а также осуществляемых проектов при проведении их оценки.

35. При разработке проектов и программ для государств-участников, в которых миссии ОБСЕ не развернуты, Секретариат и институты принимают во внимание гендерные аспекты.

36. В работе по систематическому учету гендерной проблематики в деятельности, политике, проектах и программах ОБСЕ в области военно-политического изме- рения, принимаются во внимание обязательства, вытекающие из резолюции 1325 Совета Безопасности, которая предусматривает расширение участия женщин, в частности, в деятельности по предотвращению конфликтов и в процессах пост- конфликтного восстановления.

37. Государства-участники при содействии Председательства, Генерального сек- ретаря и руководителей институтов обеспечивают, чтобы планирование конфе- ренций и семинаров ОБСЕ по всем трем измерениям осуществлялось с учетом гендерного аспекта и при необходимости включало связанные с этим вопросы.

38. Институтам и миссиям, ведущим работу по гендерным вопросам, следует для достижения ощутимого прогресса в области систематического учета гендерной проблематики в деятельности ОБСЕ, ее проектах и программах разработать сов- местно с государствами-участниками механизмы для принятия конкретных пос- ледующих мер.

39. Миссии будут в соответствующих случаях создавать в своем составе рабочие группы по гендерным вопросам под руководством контактного лица по гендер- ным вопросам для разработки стратегий систематического учета гендерной про- блематики, наблюдения за их осуществлением и привлечения дополнительного внимания к своей деятельности, связанной с гендерными вопросами. В обязан- ности руководителей миссий входит обеспечение того, чтобы контактные лица по гендерным вопросам занимали достаточно высокое положение и чтобы им был обеспечен беспрепятственный доступ к старшему руководству.

40. Отдел прессы и общественной информации в Секретариате, институтах и миссиях будет поощрять гендерную сбалансированность представляемой инфор- мации и соответствующим образом освещать встречи, семинары, специальные мероприятия, доклады, конкретные случаи и события, имеющие отношение к принятым в ОБСЕ обязательствам в области гендерного равенства.

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IV. Поддержка гендерного равенства в государствах-участниках

41. Государства-участники индивидуально и коллективно несут основную ответс- твенность и подотчетны своим гражданам в том, что касается выполнения их обязательств относительно равенства прав и равных возможностей для женщин и мужчин. Они обязались сделать равенство между женщинами и мужчинами неотъемлемой частью политики как на государственном уровне, так и в рамках Организации. Они обеспечат всемерное использование соответствующих фору- мов ОБСЕ для обзора выполнения принятых в ОБСЕ обязательств, касающихся равенства между женщинами и мужчинами.

42. Соответственно, государствам-участникам рекомендуется:

• обеспечить разработку Организацией политики, эффективно способствующей гендерному равенству, а также учет гендерных аспектов в новых предложениях и инициативах;

• создать или укрепить существующие механизмы для обеспечения гендерного равенства, в том числе путем предоставления доступа к услугам непредвзятого и независимого лица или органа – такого, как омбудсмен/комиссар по правам человека – в целях рассмотрения вопросов о дискриминации отдельных граж- дан на гендерной почве;

• соблюдать и в полном объеме воплощать в жизнь принятые ими международ- ные нормы и обязательства, касающиеся равенства, недопущения дискримина- ции, а также прав женщин и девочек;

• соблюдать Конвенцию о ликвидации всех форм дискриминации в отношении женщин (КЛДЖ), если они являются ее сторонами, либо рассмотреть вопрос о ратификации этой конвенции или присоединении к ней, если они еще не сде- лали этого. Государства, ратифицировавшие данную конвенцию или присоеди- нившиеся к ней с оговорками, рассмотрят возможность снятия этих оговорок. Государствам, являющимся сторонами КЛДЖ, предлагается также рассмотреть вопрос о ратификации Факультативного протокола к Конвенции о ликвидации всех форм дискриминации в отношении женщин;

• если они являются сторонами Конвенции о ликвидации всех форм дискрими- нации в отношении женщин (КЛДЖ), Международного пакта о гражданских и политических правах (МПГПР) и/или Международного пакта об экономичес- ких, социальных и культурных правах (МПЭСКП), регулярно и своевременно представлять отчеты соответствующим органам и привлекать к подготовке своих отчетов женские организации;

• предпринимать, где это необходимо, дальнейшие действия по обеспечению своим гражданам безопасных условий жизни и права на равную защиту в соот- ветствии с законом, в частности, путем наращивания деятельности, направлен- ной на ликвидацию всех форм насилия в отношении женщин, включая торговлю

352 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  София 2004 г.

людьми8 , и побуждать тех, кто еще не сделал этого, ратифицировать и осущест- влять Конвенцию ООН против транснациональной организованной преступ- ности и ее Протокол о предупреждении и пресечении торговли людьми, осо- бенно женщинами и детьми, и наказании за нее;

• поддерживать национальные и международные усилия по привлечению к ответственности лиц, совершивших против женщин преступления, которые в соответствии с применимыми нормами международного права квалифици- руются как военные преступления или преступления против человечности, и обеспечивать исполнение действующего национального законодательства о насилии в отношении женщин, а также, при необходимости, разработку нового законодательства;

• в соответствии с рекомендациями, изложенными в Руководящих принципах по вопросам международной защиты, касающимся преследования по гендер- ному признаку, в контексте статьи 1А (2) Конвенции 1951 года о статусе бежен- цев и/или Протокола 1967 года к ней, касающегося статуса беженцев, ввести в государствах, которые еще не сделали этого, процедурную практику, обеспечи- вающую надлежащее рассмотрение ходатайств женщин в процессе определе- ния статуса беженцев, а также уделение надлежащего внимания всему спектру жалоб на преследования на гендерной почве;

• опираясь на опыт ОБСЕ, разработать политику и стратегии обеспечения ген- дерного равенства во всех измерениях и включить в число мер по осуществле- нию такой политики, среди прочего, применение механизмов гендерного ана- лиза и мониторинга для оценки эффективности политики и стратегий в гендер- ной области в интересах выявления и устранения факторов, препятствующих их полному осуществлению.

V. Поддержка выполнения государствами-участниками ОБСЕ соответствующих обязательств по поддержке равенства между женщинами и мужчинами

Области, представляющие особый интерес для всех государств-участников ОБСЕ

43. Перечисленные ниже приоритетные области должны приниматься Секрета- риатом, институтами и миссиями ОБСЕ за основу при разработке планов и про- грамм оказания государствам-участникам по их просьбе содействия в выполне- нии соответствующих обязательств. Все структуры ОБСЕ должны стремиться соблюдать эти приоритеты соответственно содержанию своих мандатов. Стра- нам, где нет миссий, также настоятельно предлагается в полной мере использо- вать экспертный потенциал структур ОБСЕ в поддержку своих усилий по утверж- дению гендерного равенства, так как полное равенство еще не обеспечено ни в одной стране. 8 Cм. Решение No. 557 Постоянного совета от 24 июля 2003 года об утверждении Плана действий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 353 София 2004 г.

44. Приоритеты

а) Разработка проектов в государствах ОБСЕ, где отсутствуют миссии

• в странах, где нет миссий, БДИПЧ будет осуществлять подбор проектов для поддержки мер в таких областях, как недопущение насилия в отношении жен- щин, содействие участию женщин в общественной, политической и экономи- ческой жизни и поддержка систематического учета гендерной проблематики на национальном уровне.

b) Обеспечение недискриминационного характера правовых и политических сис- тем

• БДИПЧ в сотрудничестве с другими международными организациями и соот- ветствующими национальными органами и институтами будет оказывать госу- дарствам-участникам ОБСЕ помощь в соблюдении положений международно- правовых документов, направленных на поддержку гендерного равенства и прав женщин, а также в пересмотре законодательства на предмет обеспечения соответствующих правовых гарантий поддержки гендерного равенства в соот- ветствии с обязательствами, принятыми в рамках ОБСЕ, и другими обязательс- твами;

• БДИПЧ будет оказывать помощь в разработке и осуществлении конкретных программ и мероприятий по поддержке прав женщин, повышению роли жен- щин на всех уровнях принятия решений и содействию равенству между женщи- нами и мужчинами повсюду в регионе ОБСЕ, в частности посредством образо- вания и повышения осведомленности о гендерных проблемах;

• БДИПЧ будет содействовать осуществлению и оценке национальных стратегий и планов действий, предусматривающих меры по поддержке гендерного равенс- тва и систематическому учету гендерной проблематики;

• Секретариат и институты ОБСЕ и ее операции на местах также будут содейс- твовать государствам-участникам в выполнении соответствующих положений и рекомендаций, содержащихся в Плане действий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми и Плане действий ОБСЕ по улучшению положения рома и синти в реги- оне ОБСЕ.

с) Недопущение насилия в отношении женщин9

9 Пункт b статьи 2 Декларации Организации Объединенных Наций о ликвидации дискриминации в от- ношении женщин гласит: “Насилие в отношении женщин, как подразумевается, охватывает следующие случаи, но не ограничивается ими: […] физическое, половое и психологическое насилие, которое имеет место в обществе в целом, включая изнасилование, половое принуждение, половое домогательство и запугивание на работе, в учебных заведениях и в других местах, торговлю женщинами и принуждение к проституции”.

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• Структуры ОБСЕ будут продолжать оказывать государствам-участникам помощь в разработке программ и мероприятий, направленных на предотвраще- ние всех форм насилия на гендерной почве10 ;

• структуры ОБСЕ будут оказывать государствам-участникам содействие пос- редством законодательных инициатив по предотвращению насилия в отноше- нии женщин и будут способствовать построению институтов, укреплять коор- динацию действий между государственными учреждениями и гражданским обществом и повышать общую осведомленность о данной проблеме;

• структуры ОБСЕ будут во взаимодействии с государствами-участниками рас- сматривать гендерные аспекты распространения легкого и стрелкового оружия (ЛСО). Распространение ЛСО усугубляет насилие в отношении женщин и, соот- ветственно, усилия в этой области должны предприниматься с учетом гендер- ного аспекта;

• Группа по стратегическим вопросам полицейской деятельности (ГСПД) будет активизировать разработку своих проектов в целях содействия государствам- участникам в реагировании на преступления, связанные с половым насилием, и включении в программы подготовки полицейских таких элементов, как особые методы расследования и навыки снятия показаний с жертв сексуальных посяга- тельств, включая детей, а также сведения о механизмах передачи и рассмотре- ния дел, предназначенных для оказания помощи потерпевшим;

• Бюро Координатора деятельности в области экономики и окружающей среды (БКДЭОС) и Группа по содействию борьбе с торговлей людьми (ГСБТЛ), зани- маясь рассмотрением первопричин торговли людьми, будут на основе коорди- нации с соответствующими институтами и структурами ОБСЕ оказывать госу- дарствам-участникам помощь в решении проблем недостатка социальных воз- можностей для женщин и женской безработицы, а также других проблем, свя- занных с гендерными аспектами торговли людьми, включая спрос на сексуаль- ную и другие формы эксплуатации;

• антитеррористическое подразделение (АТП) будет по соответствующим запро- сам предпринимать меры в связи с проблемой эксплуатации женщин террорис- тами, использующими их в своих целях и для пропаганды экстремистской идео- логии;

• поскольку негативные гендерные стереотипы способствуют продолжению наси- лия в отношении женщин, программы, проекты и мероприятия ОБСЕ должны быть нацелены на повышение потенциала и расширение возможностей жен- щин. 10 Резолюция Организации Объединенных Наций, озаглавленная “Дальнейшие меры и инициативы по осуществлению Пекинской декларации и Платформы действий” (A/RES/S 23/3) от 16 ноября 2000 года гласит (пункт 59): “Насилие по признаку пола, в частности избиение и другое бытовое насилие, сексуаль- ная жестокость, сексуальное рабство и эксплуатация, международная торговля женщинами и детьми, принуждение к проституции и сексуальные домогательства… несовместимо с достоинством и ценнос- тью человеческой личности…”

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 355 София 2004 г.

d) Обеспечение равных возможностей для участия женщин в политической и общественной жизни

• БДИПЧ будет содействовать государствам-участникам в разработке эффек- тивных мер по обеспечению равноправного участия женщин в демократичес- ких процессах и оказывать помощь в разработке оптимальной практики их осу- ществления;

• БДИПЧ и операции ОБСЕ на местах будут по мере необходимости содейс- твовать наращиванию на местах экспертного и иного потенциала в гендерной области, а также формированию сетей, объединяющих лидеров местной обще- ственности и политических деятелей;

• БДИПЧ будет продолжать оказывать государствам-участникам содействие в вовлечении женщин в политическую жизнь. В рамках своих миссий по наблюде- нию за выборами оно будет и впредь отслеживать участие женщин в электораль- ных процессах и представлять информацию на эту тему. Кроме того, БДИПЧ будет по мере возможности обеспечивать подготовку и публикацию докладов, специально посвященных анализу положения женщин в контексте электораль- ных процессов;

• Верховный комиссар по делам национальных меньшинств (ВКНМ) будет рас- сматривать конкретные вопросы, касающиеся роли женщин, принадлежащих к национальным меньшинствам, в общественной и частной жизни и будет в рам- ках политики и проектов, разрабатываемых его Бюро, предпринимать необхо- димые шаги для борьбы с двойной дискриминацией, которой подвергаются эти женщины, делая это в соответствующих случаях в контексте своего мандата по предотвращению конфликтов;

• Представитель ОБСЕ по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации (ПССМИ) будет чутко реагировать на сигналы о серьезных проявлениях нетер- пимости по отношению к женщинам и о случаях подстрекательства к гендерной дискриминации в средствах массовой информации государств-участников или со стороны этих СМИ, в соответствии с главой 6 мандата ПССМИ. Предста- витель будет доводить такие случаи до сведения государств-участников в регу- лярно подготавливаемых им докладах.

е) Поощрение участия женщин в предотвращении конфликтов, регулировании кризисов и постконфликтном восстановлении

• структуры ОБСЕ будут сообразно своим мандатам способствовать осуществле- нию резолюции 1325 (2000) Совета Безопасности о роли женщин, в частности, в предотвращении конфликтов и постконфликтном восстановлении;

• структуры ОБСЕ будут в соответствующих случаях оказывать государствам- участникам помощь в разработке программ и проектов, направленных на пре- доставление женщинам равных возможностей для участия в усилиях по укреп-

356 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  София 2004 г.

лению мира и безопасности, в том числе предпринимаемых на низовом и реги- ональном уровнях. Повышение потенциала женщин в области военно-полити- ческого измерения также является важнейшей предпосылкой всеобъемлющей безопасности.

f) Содействие предоставлению женщинам равных возможностей в экономичес- кой сфере

• БКДЭОС будет предпринимать инициативы по повышению осведомленности о правах женщин в экономической сфере, о чем говорится в пункте 40.6 Московс- кого документа, и по мере необходимости разрабатывать проекты по их реали- зации;

• БКДЭОС должно принимать гендерные аспекты во внимание при выполнении своих задач, намеченных в Документе-стратегии ОБСЕ в области экономичес- кого и экологического измерения, принятом на встрече Совета министров в Маастрихте в 2003 году, а также в документе Боннской конференции по эконо- мическому сотрудничеству в Европе;

• БКДЭОС будет оказывать государствам-участникам по их просьбе помощь в формулировании их экономической политики на базе принципов, изложенных в Боннском документе и Стратегии ОБСЕ в области экономического и экологи- ческого измерения. В этой связи ОБСЕ следует продолжать и укреплять свое сотрудничество с Европейской экономической комиссией Организации Объ- единенных Наций и другими организациями;

• БКДЭОС будет совместно с государствами-участниками и миссиями анализи- ровать препятствия, мешающие женщинам реализовать свой потенциал в эко- номической сфере, и разрабатывать проекты, способствующие повышению роли женщин в экономической деятельности и обеспечивающие, чтобы в этой области против них не допускалось дискриминации – особенно в вопросах доступа к таким финансово-экономическим ресурсам, как кредиты, имущество и права наследования, и в вопросах распоряжения ими;

• БКДЭОС, а также, в соответствующих случаях, миссиям следует содейство- вать развитию у женщин предпринимательских и других связанных с трудовой деятельностью навыков, оказывая поддержку учебным заведениям, обеспечи- вающим профессиональную подготовку, переподготовку и получение специаль- ного образования, а также поощряя изучение и освоение женщинами и мужчи- нами нетрадиционных предметов и специальностей;

• БКДЭОС будет побуждать международные организации-доноры и кредитные учреждения поддерживать проекты, направленные на повышение роли женщин в экономической деятельности или на обеспечение равных условий найма на работу. В проектах по вопросам занятости важная роль должна отводиться тому принципу, что предоставление как матерям, так и отцам возможностей ухода за

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 357 София 2004 г.

детьми является ключевой предпосылкой обеспечения равных возможностей и распределения ответственности между женщинами и мужчинами;

• структуры ОБСЕ будут содействовать государствам-участникам в обеспечении того, чтобы не только женщины и мужчины, но и девочки и мальчики имели равные возможности для получения образования и профессиональной подго- товки.

g) Создание национальных механизмов для улучшения положения женщин

• БДИПЧ будет и впредь по мере необходимости предоставлять “ноу-хау” и ока- зывать поддержку в области построения демократических институтов для обес- печения гендерного равенства, таких, как бюро омбудсменов местного и нацио- нального уровня;

• БДИПЧ будет облегчать диалог и сотрудничество между гражданским обще- ством, средствами массовой информации и государством по вопросам учета гендерной проблематики.

h) Представляется желательным, чтобы Парламентская ассамблея:

• сохраняла в своей повестке дня вопрос о равных возможностях для мужчин и женщин в национальных парламентах, а также в рамках ОБСЕ и Парламентской ассамблеи ОБСЕ, сделав гендерное равенство одной из постоянных тем, обсуж- даемых на пленарных заседаниях Ассамблеи;

• усилиями специального представителя ПА ОБСЕ по гендерным вопросам обес- печивала дальнейшее развитие существующей сети женщин-парламентариев в целях расширения участия женщин в политической и общественной жизни как на национальном, так и на международном уровне;

• обеспечивала при содействии специального представителя дальнейшее выдви- жение рекомендаций, касающихся гендерного равенства, в своих ежегодных декларациях;

• продолжала через группу по гендерным вопросам в секретариате ПА ОБСЕ готовить доклады о положении женщин в регионе ОБСЕ и стремилась повышать осведомленность об этом, предоставляя такие материалы в распоряжение пар- ламентов всех государств-участников.

VI. Общие меры по выполнению

45. Генеральный секретарь, руководители миссий и руководители институтов несут ответственность перед Постоянным советом за выполнение касающихся их положений настоящего Плана действий, в соответствии с кругом своих обязан- ностей.

358 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  София 2004 г.

46. Генеральный секретарь к 1 октября 2005 года разработает план осуществле- ния мер по достижению общих целей настоящего Плана действий. Руководители институтов к этому сроку также разработают собственные отдельные планы осу- ществления. Эти планы будут включать конкретные меры по выполнению Плана действий 2004 года по поддержке гендерного равенства, меры, касающиеся про- грамм подготовки, направленных на учет гендерной проблематики в работе долж- ностных лиц ОБСЕ, меры по систематическому учету гендерной проблематики в политике, проектах и программах ОБСЕ по всем измерениям и, наконец, страте- гии в области управления и подбора кадров, направленные на достижение ген- дерной сбалансированности на всех уровнях.

47. Генеральный секретарь включит информацию о ходе работы по гендерным вопросам в свой ежегодный доклад за 2004 год. В дальнейшем Генеральный сек- ретарь будет ежегодно представлять доклад об оценке положения в ОБСЕ в ген- дерной области. Этот доклад будет представляться Постоянному совету в июне каждого года, начиная с 2006 года. Упомянутые доклады об оценке будут содер- жать полученные от департаментов, а также от институтов и миссий материалы о развитии ситуации с гендерным равенством и учетом гендерных аспектов в структурах ОБСЕ, включая информацию о планах, о которых говорится в пун- кте 46 выше. Они будут включать анализ достигнутого в свете требований насто- ящего Плана действий.

48. Начиная с июня 2006 года Постоянный совет будет на основе ежегодного доклада Генерального секретаря об оценке положения в гендерной области про- водить ежегодное обсуждение, специально посвященное гендерным вопросам, которое будет включать обзор и, при необходимости, обновление политики и стратегий, направленных на учет гендерной проблематики и поддержку гендер- ного равенства. Это обсуждение должно также использоваться для надзора за выполнением настоящего Плана действий.

49. В случае и по мере необходимости может рассматриваться вопрос о включении в мандаты миссий положений о гендерных аспектах, разработанных в сотрудни- честве с принимающими странами.

50. Время следующего рассмотрения Плана действий 2004 года по поддержке ген- дерного равенства будет определено по усмотрению Постоянного совета.

51.Выполнение настоящего Плана действий требует выделения надлежащих ресурсов.

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 359 Указатель

A авторское право 22, 62, 63, 78; также см. интеллектуальная собственность альтернативное наказание 128 антисемитизм 89, 90, 97, 115-116, 136, 161, 167, 169, 172, 176, 183, 186, 192, 198, 213, 228, 233, 234, 256, 257, 258, 264, 269, 317, 318, 329, 331, 332-333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338; также см. толерантность и недискриминация ассимиляция (национальных меньшинств против их воли) 87, 112

Б БДИПЧ, Бюро по демократическим институтам и правам человека 139, 140, 145, 146, 147, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 164, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179, 181, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 195, 198, 202, 203, 205, 207, 208, 209, 212, 214, 220, 221, 226, 228, 229, 230, 234, 235, 247, 258, 259, 265, 270, 276, 283, 284, 289, 290, 291, 295, 296, 297, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319, 320, 333, 335, 336, 337, 346, 347, 348, 354, 356, 358; также см. Бюро по свободным выборам беженцы — также см. миграция общее 53, 144, 162-163, 169, 171, 173, 189, 193, 198, 207, 208, 214, 229, 231, 294, 312, 313, 319, 325, 353 Конвенция о статусе беженцев 163, 214, 231, 244, 312, 353 принцип невыдворения 294 безгражданство, лица без гражданства 164, 213; также см. гражданство беспристрастность — см. независимость судебной системы борьба с коррупцией — см. коррупция борьба с терроризмом — см. терроризм борьба с торговлей людьми — см. торговля людьми Бюро по свободным выборам 99-100, 112, 131, 139; также см. БДИПЧ

В Венский механизм 67-68, 120 верховенство закона 71, 73, 74, 76, 86, 87, 89, 93-95, 96, 97, 101, 110, 111, 119, 120, 125, 129, 131, 134, 141, 143, 155, 167, 171, 179, 185, 187, 190, 199, 207, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 223, 228, 229, 230, 234, 236, 241, 243, 245, 262, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 272, 273, 316, 325, 328, 331, 342 Верховный комиссар по делам национальных меньшинств — см. национальные меньшинства внутренние перемещенные лица — см. перемещенные лица; миграция

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 361 Указатель

военная служба, освобождение от прохождения — см. свобода мысли, совести, религии или убеждений возвращающиеся лица 189, 193, 198; также см. миграция воинская повинность 214 воссоединение семьи 12-13, 39, 55, 58 Всеобщая декларация прав человека 6, 38, 53, 62, 84, 125, 337 всеобщность прав человека 6, 37, 46, 49, 87, 96, 162, 176, 193 выборы общее 71, 73, 75, 77, 78, 94, 99, 112, 113, 124, 171, 203, 207, 208, 214, 242, 259, 310, 311, 312, 319-320 наблюдение за выборами 78, 99, 112, 174, 189, 207-208, 212, 214, 216, 259, 312, 320, 356 обучение избирателей 312 выполнение обязательств — см. обязанность выполнять обязательства высшая мера наказания — см. смертная казнь высылка, произвольная 53; также см. произвольный арест

Г гендер, гендерные проблемы — см. права женщин геноцид общее 328 Конвенция о предупреждении преступления геноцида и наказания за него 328 гражданские и политические права общее 51, 80, 84, 184, 186, 339 Международный пакт о гражданских и политических правах 50, 53, 62, 76, 82, 84, 125, 352 гражданское общество 183, 187, 198, 215, 228, 232, 245, 257, 262, 266, 269, 273, 283, 284, 288, 291, 292, 319, 327, 336, 355, 358; также см. НПО/неправительственные организации; правозащитники гражданство 113, 164, 213, 300; также см. безгражданство, лица без гражданства гуманитарное право — см. международное гуманитарное право

Д демократия — также см. выборы общее 71, 73, 74, 85, 87, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 109, 110, 119, 120, 125, 129, 132, 140, 141, 143, 144, 155, 156, 160, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169, 171, 175, 179, 183, 194, 197, 198, 199, 208, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 223, 235, 236, 241, 245, 256, 261, 262, 265, 316, 327, 328, 331, 337, 341, 342, 350 демократические институты 85, 86, 96, 99, 109, 110, 113, 132, 140, 143, 145, 155, 156, 165, 171, 175, 187, 197, 210, 216, 225, 228, 236, 262, 265, 266, 269, 358 политический плюрализм 71, 73, 74, 87, 94, 95, 111, 119, 125 право граждан принимать участие в управлении государством 77 разделение властей 75 демонстрация — см. право на демонстрацию дети общее 13, 30, 58, 280, 285, 294, 295, 307, 313, 325, 339, 340, 355 Конвенция о правах ребенка 80, 208, 339 насилие в отношении детей 80, 214, 219, 296, 339, 355 образование детей 10, 52, 55, 66, 67, 286, 294, 308, 309, 313, 338 права детей 80, 208, 214, 339

362 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Указатель

торговля детьми 214, 219, 248, 249, 279, 280, 285, 288, 289, 294, 295, 296, 315, 338-341 Факультативный протокол к Конвенции о правах ребенка, касающийся торговли детьми, детской проституции и детской порнографии 220, 295, 339

дискриминация — см. толерантность и недискриминация; рома и синти; права женщин доступ к информации — см. свобода выражения мнения, доступа к информации и свободные СМИ

Е Европейская конвенция о защите прав человека и основных свобод общее 76, 97 Протокол № 6 к Конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод 82

Ж жилье — см. экономические и социальные права журналисты — см. свобода выражения мнения, доступа к информации и свободные СМИ; условия работы

З задержание, произвольное — см. произвольный арест заключение в тюрьму, произвольное — см. произвольный арест занятость — см. экономические и социальные права защита информации 282 защита местожительства 128 защита тайны переписки 128 здоровье — см. экономические и социальные права

И имущественные права 71, 79, 90, 94, 304, 357 институты по правам человека — см. омбудсмен и национальные институты по правам человека интеллектуальная собственность 62, 71, 78, 103 исламофобия — см. нетерпимость по отношению к мусульманам; толерантность и недискриминация исправление ситуации, эффективные средства — см. право на эффективные средства правовой защиты ищущие убежища 269, 319

К Кодекс поведения, касающийся военно-политических аспектов безопасности 182-186, 227, 246 Конвенции и протоколы Организации Объединенных Наций — см. соответствующие тематические разделы Контактный пункт по вопросам рома и синти — см. рома и синти контакты между людьми 11-15, 39-41, 57-62, 67, 73, 74, 83, 179, 194-195 коренное население 161

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 363 Указатель

коррупция 207, 209, 210, 215, 217, 228, 231, 238, 248, 264, 268, 272, 273, 274, 280, 281, 330-331 ксенофобия 89, 97, 115, 133, 136, 144, 161, 169, 172, 176, 183, 186, 192, 193, 198, 213, 228, 233, 234, 256, 257, 258, 264, 269, 317, 318, 329, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338; также см. толерантность и недискриминация культурные права/культурное наследие общее 22, 39, 50, 51, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 76, 80, 84, 88, 94, 95, 98, 101-107, 110, 112, 113, 116, 132, 162, 194-195, 308, 339 интеллектуальная и культурная жизнь 19, 23, 25, 38, 51, 55, 67, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 95, 96, 101, 103, 110, 113, 116, 132, 135, 136, 160, 186, 208, 213, 228 Международный пакт об экономических, социальных и культурных правах 50, 76, 352 свобода художественного творчества 98, 102, 132

Л лица с ограниченными возможностями 30, 67, 104, 135, 136, 308 лишение свободы, произвольное — см. произвольный арест

М массовая депортация 169, 176, 198, 214, 263; также см. толерантность и недискриминация медицинская практика, произвол 54, 81; также см. пытки и жестокое, бесчеловечное или унижающее достоинство обращение или наказание международное гуманитарное право общее 163-164, 169, 171, 174, 176, 184, 193-194, 207, 214, 243, 325 Женевские конвенции 1949 года и дополнительные протоколы к ним 163, 185, 194 международное законодательство, общепризнанные принципы 7 международное законодательство, обязательства — см. обязательства согласно международному законодательству, противоречия в меньшинства — см. национальные меньшинства механизмы человеческого измерения общее 91, 97, 117, 120, 121, 122, 133, 156, 157, 158, 168, 175 Венский механизм 67-68, 120 Контртеррористическая сеть 267, 320-323 Механизм по оказанию государствам-участникам помощи в борьбе с торговлей людьми 275-277 Московский механизм 120-124, 174-175, 188 другие механизмы 141, 145-146, 332 мигранты, трудовые — см. рабочие-мигранты миграция 9, 10, 140, 159, 162, 173, 189, 193, 197, 198, 199, 238, 247, 248, 249, 263, 264, 268, 269, 272, 286, 287, 288, 292, 331; также см. право искать убежище; ищущие убежища; перемещенные лица; свобода передвижения; беженцы многообразие культур 228, 257, 304, 308; также см. толерантность и недискриминация молодежь, молодые люди 14-15, 24, 25, 32, 41, 44, 56, 61, 65, 80, 98, 106, 117, 248, 269, 289, 305, 319, 338 Московский механизм 120-124, 174-175, 188 мусульмане — см. нетерпимость по отношению к мусульманам

364 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Указатель

Н наказание смертный приговор — см. смертная казнь унижающее достоинство — см. пытки и жестокое, бесчеловечное или унижающее достоинство обращение или наказание население, коренное — см. коренное население насилие в отношении детей — см. дети в отношении женщин — см. права женщин в отношении меньшинств — см. национальные меньшинства; толерантность и недискриминация наследие, культурное — см. культурные права/культурное наследие национализм, агрессивный 144, 161, 169, 172, 176, 183, 186, 192, 197-198, 199, 213, 228, 233, 256, 257, 258, 264, 317; также см. толерантность и недискриминация национальные меньшинства общее 5, 26, 32, 38, 53, 61, 64, 66, 85, 87, 88, 89, 95, 96, 97, 103, 109-117, 131, 133, 143, 144, 145- 152, 157, 159, 160-161, 170, 172, 176, 177, 179, 187, 191, 199, 200, 207, 208, 210, 213, 228, 257, 262, 264, 269, 287, 288, 290, 304, 319, 328, 356 Верховный комиссар по делам национальных меньшинств 145, 146-152, 157, 167, 168, 169- 170, 171, 172, 176, 181, 188, 200, 202, 209, 212, 228, 234, 258, 265, 319, 356 НПО/неправительственные организации 15, 20, 26, 27, 43, 61, 64, 79, 80, 82, 83, 87, 88, 98, 104, 106, 115, 122, 133, 136, 137, 140, 141, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 159, 163, 168, 173, 174, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 203, 205, 206, 213, 215, 220, 221, 232, 249, 250, 271, 276, 282, 283, 288, 292, 295, 296, 301, 302, 307, 312, 314, 315, 318, 319, 333, 335, 336, 338; также см. гражданское общество недискриминация — см. толерантность и недискриминация независимость судебной системы 75, 76 , 87, 111, 125-126, 217, 236, 266 неприменимость принципа невмешательства 120, 143, 182 нетерпимость по отношению к мусульманам 258, 334, 335, 336; также см. толерантность и недискриминация

О образование общее 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 25, 26-32, 33, 39, 40, 41, 44, 50, 51, 55, 56, 60, 61, 66-67, 80, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 98, 112, 113, 114, 115, 126, 127, 135, 140, 162, 165, 194, 208, 258, 269-270, 274, 286, 287, 294, 300, 305, 307-309, 310, 354, 357, 358 доступ к образованию 10, 13, 27-28, 44, 55, 66, 135, 274, 286, 307-309, 358 образовательная деятельность, относящаяся к толерантности и недискриминации 90, 136, 161, 173, 234, 258, 319, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 338; также см. толерантность и недискриминация образовательная деятельность, относящаяся к торговле людьми 248, 278, 288, 340; также см. торговля людьми образовательная деятельность по правам человека 50, 81, 136, 161, 165, 191, 270, 319 право на образование 51, 84 религиозное образование 52, 88; также см. свобода мысли, совести, религии или убеждений обращение, унижающее достоинство — см. пытки и жестокое, бесчеловечное или унижающее достоинство обращение или наказание

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 365 Указатель

обязанности государства — см. обязанность выполнять обязательства обязанность выполнять обязательства 211, 265, 352; также см. отступления, положения об обязательства согласно международному законодательству, противоречия в 7 объединение — см. свобода объединения ограничения прав человека — см. отступления, положения об омбудсмен и национальные институты по правам человека 131, 228, 301, 352, 358 отказ от прохождения военной службы по политическим или религиозно-этическим соображениям — см. свобода мысли, совести, религии или убеждений отмена смертной казни — см. смертная казнь отступления, положения об 83, 85, 130, 131

П передвижение, свобода — см. свобода передвижения перемещенные лица — также см. право искать убежище; ищущие убежища; миграция; беженцы общее 162-163, 169, 173, 189, 193, 198, 207, 214, 229, 288, 312, 313, 319, 340 Руководящие принципы (ООН) по вопросу о перемещении лиц внутри страны 312, 319 политические партии — см. свобода объединения политический плюрализм — см. демократия права человека как права, данные от рождения 94 права женщин защита от всех форм насилия 135, 214, 219, 235, 287, 296, 306, 347, 353, 354, 355 Конвенция о ликвидации всех форм дискриминации в отношении женщин 51, 134, 342, 352 План действий ОБСЕ по гендерным вопросам 235, 317, 341 План действий ОБСЕ по поддержке гендерного равенства 341-359 равноправие мужчин и женщин 38, 51, 134, 135, 209, 214, 235, 287, 296, 341-359 сексуальная эксплуатация 135, 214, 219, 248, 278, 289, 340, 355; также см. торговля людьми права трудящихся 38, 71, 78 право искать убежище 214, 294 право на демонстрацию 78; также см. свобода собрания право на жизнь — см. смертная казнь право на забастовку 78; также см. свобода объединения право на компенсацию 72, 127, 128; также см. произвольный арест право на общение 78, 129; также см. свобода выражения мнения, доступа к информации и свободные СМИ право на самоопределение 6, 48, 96, 119 право на справедливое судебное разбирательство 51, 76, 94 право на эффективные средства правовой защиты 51, 75, 80, 90, 95, 112, 213, 217, 236, 300, 307 правовое государство — см. верховенство закона правозащитники 190 Представитель по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации 198, 201-204, 208, 212, 228, 229, 230-231, 234, 258-259, 265, 303, 319, 337, 356; также см. свобода выражения мнения, доступа к информации и свободные СМИ презумпция невиновности — см. право на справедливое судебное разбирательство преследование 90, 97, 294, 353; также см. толерантность и недискриминация преступления на почве ненависти 269, 318, 329, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337; также см. толерантность и недискриминация

366 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Указатель

привлечение к военной службе в принудительном порядке — см. воинская повинность принудительный труд 71, 248, 278, 289; также см. торговля людьми принцип невмешательства 4-5; также см. неприменимость принципа невмешательства произвольный арест общее 53, 76, 94, 127, 128 Кодекс поведения должностных лиц по поддержанию правопорядка (ООН) 54 Минимальные стандартные правила обращения с заключенными (ООН) 54 проституция 135, 278, 354, 355; также см. права женщин; дети профессиональная подготовка 10, 14, 15, 24, 56, 80, 126, 130, 135, 136, 140, 216, 225, 237, 238, 239, 268, 280, 282, 284, 286, 290, 291, 295, 302, 303, 305, 308, 312, 321, 322, 323, 337, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348 профсоюзы 38, 71, 78, 79, 86, 87, 162; также см. свобода объединения психиатрическая или другая медицинская практика, произвол 54, 81; также см. пытки и жестокое, бесчеловечное или унижающее достоинство обращение или наказание пытки и жестокое, бесчеловечное или унижающее достоинство обращение или наказание общее 54, 81, 82, 94, 128, 191, 195, 213 Европейская конвенция по предупреждению пыток и бесчеловечного или унижающего достоинство обращения или наказания 191 Комитет ООН против пыток 81 Конвенция против пыток и других жестоких, бесчеловечных или унижающих достоинство видов обращения и наказания 54, 81, 191 Специальный докладчик ООН по проблеме пыток и другого жестокого бесчеловечного или унижающего достоинство обращения или наказания 191

Р рабочие-мигранты 9-11, 23, 39, 55, 56, 84, 98, 133, 134, 160, 162, 175, 193, 269, 319, 335 рабство 246, 248, 278, 289, 355 равноправие мужчин и женщин — см. права женщин равноправие наций — см. право на самоопределение разделение властей — см. демократия расизм — см. толерантность и недискриминация религиозное образование — см. образование рома и синти общее 90, 115, 136, 161-162, 191-192, 205, 206, 209, 213, 235, 247, 269, 289, 297-316, 317, 354 Контактный пункт по вопросам рома и синти 191-192, 205, 209, 247, 301-307, 312-316 План действий по улучшению положения рома и синти в регионе ОБСЕ 269, 297-316

С свобода вероисповедания — см. свобода мысли, совести, религии или убеждений свобода выбора места жительства — см. свобода передвижения свобода выражения мнения, доступа к информации и свободные СМИ общее 78, 94, 101, 102, 126, 129, 131, 175, 194, 201-204, 208, 231, 234, 269, 303, 318, 329, 336- 338 журналисты — см. условия работы право знать свои права и действовать в соответствии с ними 6, 37, 50, 79, 94 Представитель по вопросам свободы средств массовой информации 198, 201-204, 208, 212, 228, 229, 230-231, 234, 258-259, 265, 303, 319, 337, 356 свобода слова/СМИ 63, 126, 129, 131, 140, 164, 175, 189, 194, 197, 198, 201-204, 207, 208

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 367 Указатель

свобода доступа к информации — см. свобода выражения мнения, доступа к информации и свободные СМИ свобода мысли, совести, религии или убеждений общее 5, 49, 52-53, 79, 94, 213, 234, 256, 318 отказ от прохождения военной службы по политическим или религиозно-этическим соображениям 83 религиозное образование — см. образование свобода объединения 50, 51, 52, 78, 86, 94, 126 свобода передвижения 12, 14, 53, 60, 83, 94, 97, 122, 132, 194-195, 263, 285, 286, 289; также см. миграция свобода слова — см. свобода выражения мнения, доступа к информации и свободные СМИ свобода СМИ — см. свобода выражения мнения, доступа к информации и свободные СМИ свобода собрания 52, 69, 78, 94, 208 свобода совести — см. свобода мысли, совести, религии или убеждений свобода убеждений — см. свобода мысли, совести, религии или убеждений свобода художественного творчества — см. культурные права/культурное наследие; художественное творчество свободные потоки информации — см. свобода выражения мнения, доступа к информации и свободные СМИ сексуальная эксплуатация — см. дети; права женщин; торговля людьми семейная жизнь, уважение 128 синти и рома — см. рома и синти смертная казнь общее 54, 82, 132-133, 164, 190 Второй Факультативный протокол к Международному пакту о гражданских и политических правах 82, 133 Протокол № 6 к Конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод 82 социальное обеспечение — см. экономические и социальные права социальные права — см. экономические и социальные права социальная справедливость — см. экономические и социальные права суд, независимый — см. независимость судебной системы судебная система, независимость — см. независимость судебной системы

Т творчество — см. культурные права/культурное наследие; художественное творчество территориальный экспансионизм 176, 186; также см. толерантность и недискриминация терроризм общее 5, 36, 46, 48, 49, 77, 97, 144-145, 147, 150, 155, 182-183, 199, 203, 210, 217, 223, 224-233, 236, 237, 238, 242, 243-246, 250-252, 255, 258, 262, 263, 264, 267, 268, 271, 272, 321-323, 325- 327, 328, 329-330, 355 Антитеррористическое подразделение (АТП) ОБСЕ 267, 285, 321, 326, 355 Бухарестский план действий по борьбе с терроризмом 224-233, 242, 244, 250, 254, 279, 326, 329 Конвенция Организации Объединенных Наций о борьбе с финансированием терроризма 231, 245 Контртеррористическая сеть 267, 320-323 Хартия ОБСЕ о предупреждении терроризма и борьбе с ним 242, 243-246, 254, 326, 329

368 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения  Указатель

толерантность и недискриминация общее 37, 50, 51, 52, 53, 66, 71, 75, 77, 78, 85, 87, 88, 89-90, 94, 95, 97, 101, 104, 106, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 119, 126, 129, 133, 134, 135, 136, 144, 155, 161-162, 167, 169, 173, 190, 192, 193, 198, 203, 207, 208, 209, 213, 214, 216, 219, 228, 234, 242, 245, 256-259, 263-264, 268-270, 287, 290, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 310, 312, 316-319, 328, 331-341, 352, 354, 356, 357 Международная конвенция о ликвидации всех форм расовой дискриминации 161, 298, 300 торговля людьми общее 135, 214, 219-222, 223, 230, 234, 237, 242, 246-250, 263, 267-268, 275-297, 315, 338-341, 346, 347, 352-353, 354, 355 Конвенция ООН против транснациональной организованной преступности 220, 223, 229, 234, 247, 278, 279, 280, 291, 339, 353 Механизмы перенаправления жертв торговли людьми на национальном уровне 249, 284, 291-292, 295 План действий ОБСЕ по борьбе с торговлей людьми 268, 275, 276, 277-297, 339, 340, 346, 353, 354 Протокол ООН против незаконного ввоза мигрантов по суше, морю и воздуху 247 Протокол о предупреждении и пресечении торговли людьми, особенно женщинами и детьми, и наказании за нее 220, 234, 247, 278, 279, 291, 339, 353 тюрьма обращение с заключенными, права заключенных 54, 127-128; также см. пытки и жестокое, бесчеловечное или унижающее достоинство обращение или наказание реформирование учреждений исполнения наказаний 217, 230, 236

У убежище — см. право искать убежище; ищущие убежища уголовный процесс 76, 230; также см. право на справедливое судебное разбирательство условия работы общее 71, 84, 162 журналистов 18-19, 41-43, 62, 202 Устав ООН 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 34, 36, 89, 96, 119, 125, 152, 182, 186, 211, 217, 224, 226, 243, 244, 252, 256, 261, 271, 328, 342

Х Холокост 308, 327, 328, 332; также см. толерантность и недискриминация художественное творчество 102, 132

Ц цыгане — см. рома и синти

Ч частная жизнь, уважение 128 чрезвычайное положение 85, 130-131, 156; также см. отступления, положения об

Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения 369 Указатель

Э экономические и социальные права общее 5, 39, 49, 50, 51, 80, 84, 94, 210, 304, 306, 339 занятость 10, 11, 13, 40, 51, 56, 84, 95, 112, 135, 228, 264, 272, 274, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 292, 300, 305, 355, 357 здоровье 13, 51, 84, 162, 262, 264, 274, 293, 300, 306-307, 313 жилье 10, 40, 51, 84, 112, 136, 162, 294, 300, 304, 313 Международный пакт об экономических, социальных и культурных правах 50, 76, 352 социальная справедливость 71, 84, 93, 95, 143, 199, 328, 342 социальное обеспечение 10, 13, 39, 51, 84, 162 экспансионизм, территориальный — см. территориальный экспансионизм экстремизм 187, 210, 227, 228, 233, 236, 256, 257, 258, 264, 269, 272, 317, 328, 355; также см. толерантность и недискриминация электронные средства связи, защита 128 этнические чистки 169, 176, 192, 198, 214, 328; также см. толерантность и недискриминация

Ю юристы, независимость — см. независимость судебной системы

370 Обязательства ОБСЕ в области человеческого измерения