Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998
It is an implied term in a contract to which this Act applies that any qualifying debt created by the contract carries simple interest subject to and in accordance with this Part.
Interest carried under that implied term (in this Act referred to as “statutory interest”) shall be treated, for the purposes of any rule of law or enactment (other than this Act) relating to interest on debts, in the same way as interest carried under an express contract term.
This Part has effect subject to Part II (which in certain circumstances permits contract terms to oust or vary the right to statutory interest that would otherwise be conferred by virtue of the term implied by subsection (1)).
This Act applies to a contract for the supply of goods or services where the purchaser and the supplier are each acting in the course of a business, other than an excepted contract.
In this Act “contract for the supply of goods or services” means—
a contract of sale of goods; or
a contract (other than a contract of sale of goods) by which a person does any, or any combination, of the things mentioned in subsection (3) for a consideration that is (or includes) a money consideration.
Those things are—
transferring or agreeing to transfer to another the property in goods;
bailing or agreeing to bail goods to another by way of hire or, in Scotland, hiring or agreeing to hire goods to another; and
agreeing to carry out a service.
For the avoidance of doubt a contract of service or apprenticeship is not a contract for the supply of goods or services.
The following are excepted contracts—
a consumer credit agreement;
a contract intended to operate by way of mortgage, pledge, charge or other security; and
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In this section— “government department” includes any part of the Scottish Administration; “property in goods” means the general property in them and not merely a special property.
“contract of sale of goods” and “goods” have the same meaning as in the Sale of Goods Act 1979;
“contract” means a contract falling within section 2(1); and
“overall remedy”, in relation to the late payment of the debt, means any combination of a contractual right to interest, a varied right to statutory interest or a contractual remedy other than interest;
“consumer credit agreement” has the same meaning as in the Consumer Credit Act 1974;
“substantial remedy” shall be construed in accordance with section 9.
“property in goods” means the general property in them and not merely a special property.
A debt created by virtue of an obligation under a contract to which this Act applies to pay the whole or any part of the contract price is a “qualifying debt” for the purposes of this Act, unless (when created) the whole of the debt is prevented from carrying statutory interest by this section.
A debt does not carry statutory interest if or to the extent that it consists of a sum to which a right to interest or to charge interest applies by virtue of any enactment (other than section 1 of this Act). This subsection does not prevent a sum from carrying statutory interest by reason of the fact that a court, arbitrator or arbiter would, apart from this Act, have power to award interest on it.
A debt does not carry (and shall be treated as never having carried) statutory interest if or to the extent that a right to demand interest on it, which exists by virtue of any rule of law, is exercised.
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The provisions of this Act apply to a transaction in respect of which fees are paid for professional services to a member of the Faculty of Advocates as they apply to a contract for the supply of services for the purpose of this Act.
Statutory interest runs in relation to a qualifying debt in accordance with this section (unless section 5 applies).
Statutory interest starts to run on the day after the relevant day for the debt, at the rate prevailing under section 6 at the end of the relevant day.
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The relevant day for a debt is—
where there is an agreed payment day, that day, unless a different day is given by subsection (2D), (2E) or (2G);
where there is not an agreed payment day, the last day of the relevant 30-day period.
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An “agreed payment day” is a date agreed between the supplier and the purchaser for payment of the debt (that is, the day on which the debt is to be created by the contract).
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the day on which the obligation of the supplier to which the debt relates is performed; or
the day on which the purchaser has notice of the amount of the debt or (where that amount is unascertained) the sum which the supplier claims is the amount of the debt,
A date agreed for payment of a debt may be a fixed date or may depend on the happening of an event or the failure of an event to happen.
Where the debt is created by virtue of an obligation to pay a sum due in respect of a period of hire of goods, subsections (2H)(a) and (2I)(a) have effect as if they referred to the last day of that period.
Where— the relevant day is the last day of the relevant 30-day period, unless subsection (2G) applies.
the purchaser is a public authority, and
the last day of the relevant 30-day period falls earlier than the agreed payment day,
Statutory interest ceases to run when the interest would cease to run if it were carried under an express contract term.
Where— the relevant day is the last day of the relevant 60-day period, unless subsection (2G) applies.
the purchaser is not a public authority, and
the last day of the relevant 60-day period falls earlier than the agreed payment day,
In this section—
“advance payment” has the same meaning as in section 11;
“contractual remedy” means a contractual right to interest or any contractual remedy other than interest;
“public authority” means a public authority within the meaning of the Procurement Act 2023 (see section 2 of that Act) that is not—
an excluded authority within the meaning of section 2(5)(a), (c) or (d) of that Act, but as if in section 2(5)(d)(ii) the reference to paragraph (b) were omitted, or
the Common Council of the City of London other than for the purposes of its functions as a local authority, police authority or port health authority.
But subsection (2E) does not apply (and so the relevant day is the agreed payment day, unless subsection (2G) applies) if the agreed payment day is not grossly unfair to the supplier (see subsection (7A)).
Where the debt relates to an obligation to make an advance payment, the relevant day is the day on which the debt is treated by section 11 as having been created (instead of the agreed payment day or the day given by subsection (2D) or (2E)).
“The relevant 30-day period” is the period of 30 days beginning with the later or latest of—
the day on which the obligation of the supplier to which the debt relates is performed;
the day on which the purchaser has notice of the amount of the debt or (where that amount is unascertained) the sum which the supplier claims is the amount of the debt;
where subsection (5A) applies, the day determined under subsection (5B).
“The relevant 60-day period” is the period of 60 days beginning with the later or latest of—
the day on which the obligation of the supplier to which the debt relates is performed;
the day on which the purchaser has notice of the amount of the debt or (where that amount is unascertained) the sum which the supplier claims is the amount of the debt;
where subsection (5A) applies, the day determined under subsection (5B).
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This subsection applies where—
there is a procedure of acceptance or verification (whether provided for by an enactment or by the contract), under which the conforming of goods or services with the contract is to be ascertained; and
the purchaser has notice of the amount of the debt on or before the day on which the procedure is completed.
For the purposes of subsections (2H)(c) and (2I)(c) , the day in question is the day ... after the day on which the procedure is completed.
Where, in a case where subsection (5A) applies, the procedure in question is completed after the end of the period of 30 days beginning with the day on which the obligation of the supplier to which the debt relates is performed, the procedure is to be treated for the purposes of subsection (5B) as being completed immediately after the end of that period.
Subsection (5C) does not apply if—
the supplier and the purchaser expressly agree in the contract a period for completing the procedure in question that is longer than the period mentioned in that subsection; and
that longer period is not grossly unfair to the supplier (see subsection (7A)).
In determining for the purposes of subsection (2F) or (5D) whether something is grossly unfair, all circumstances of the case shall be considered; and for that purpose, the circumstances of the case include in particular—
anything that is a gross deviation from good commercial practice and contrary to good faith and fair dealing;
the nature of the goods or services in question; and
whether the purchaser has any objective reason to deviate from the result which is provided for by subsection (2E) or (5C).
This section applies where, by reason of any conduct of the supplier, the interests of justice require that statutory interest should be remitted in whole or part in respect of a period for which it would otherwise run in relation to a qualifying debt.
If the interests of justice require that the supplier should receive no statutory interest for a period, statutory interest shall not run for that period.
If the interests of justice require that the supplier should receive statutory interest at a reduced rate for a period, statutory interest shall run at such rate as meets the justice of the case for that period.
Remission of statutory interest under this section may be required—
by reason of conduct at any time (whether before or after the time at which the debt is created); and
for the whole period for which statutory interest would otherwise run or for one or more parts of that period.
In this section “conduct” includes any act or omission.
The Secretary of State shall by order made with the consent of the Treasury set the rate of statutory interest by prescribing—
a formula for calculating the rate of statutory interest; or
the rate of statutory interest.
Before making such an order the Secretary of State shall, among other things, consider the extent to which it may be desirable to set the rate so as to—
protect suppliers whose financial position makes them particularly vulnerable if their qualifying debts are paid late; and
deter generally the late payment of qualifying debts.
Once statutory interest begins to run in relation to a qualifying debt, the supplier shall be entitled to a fixed sum (in addition to the statutory interest on the debt).
That sum shall be–
for a debt less than £1000, the sum of £40;
for a debt of £1000 or more, but less than £10,000, the sum of £70;
for a debt of £10,000 or more, the sum of £100.
If the reasonable costs of the supplier in recovering the debt are not met by the fixed sum, the supplier shall also be entitled to a sum equivalent to the difference between the fixed sum and those costs.
The obligation to pay a sum under this section in respect of a qualifying debt shall be treated as part of the term implied by section 1(1) in the contract creating the debt.
Section 3(2)(b) of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (no reliance to be placed on certain contract terms) shall apply in cases where a contract term is not contained in written standard terms of the purchaser as well as in cases where the term is contained in such standard terms.
In this section “contract term” means a term of the contract relating to a sum due to the supplier under this section.
Section 17(1)(b) of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (no reliance to be placed on certain contract terms) shall apply in cases where a contract term is not contained in written standard terms of the purchaser as well as in cases where the term is contained in such standard terms.
In this section “contract term” means a term of the contract relating to a sum due to the supplier under this section.
This Part deals with the extent to which the parties to a contract to which this Act applies may by reference to contract terms oust or vary the right to statutory interest that would otherwise apply when a qualifying debt created by the contract (in this Part referred to as “the debt”) is not paid.
This Part applies to contract terms agreed before the debt is created; after that time the parties are free to agree terms dealing with the debt.
This Part has effect without prejudice to any other ground which may affect the validity of a contract term.
Any contract terms are void to the extent that they purport to exclude the right to statutory interest in relation to the debt, unless there is a substantial contractual remedy for late payment of the debt.
Where the parties agree a contractual remedy for late payment of the debt that is a substantial remedy, statutory interest is not carried by the debt (unless they agree otherwise).
The parties may not agree to vary the right to statutory interest in relation to the debt unless either the right to statutory interest as varied or the overall remedy for late payment of the debt is a substantial remedy.
Any contract terms are void to the extent that they purport to— unless the overall remedy for late payment of the debt is a substantial remedy.
confer a contractual right to interest that is not a substantial remedy for late payment of the debt, or
vary the right to statutory interest so as to provide for a right to statutory interest that is not a substantial remedy for late payment of the debt,
Subject to this section, the parties are free to agree contract terms which deal with the consequences of late payment of the debt.
A remedy for the late payment of the debt shall be regarded as a substantial remedy unless—
the remedy is insufficient either for the purpose of compensating the supplier for late payment or for deterring late payment; and
it would not be fair or reasonable to allow the remedy to be relied on to oust or (as the case may be) to vary the right to statutory interest that would otherwise apply in relation to the debt.
In determining whether a remedy is not a substantial remedy, regard shall be had to all the relevant circumstances at the time the terms in question are agreed.
In determining whether subsection (1)(b) applies, regard shall be had (without prejudice to the generality of subsection (2)) to the following matters—
the benefits of commercial certainty;
the strength of the bargaining positions of the parties relative to each other;
whether the term was imposed by one party to the detriment of the other (whether by the use of standard terms or otherwise); and
whether the supplier received an inducement to agree to the term.
In this Part—
“contract price” means the price in a contract of sale of goods or the money consideration referred to in section 2(2)(b) in any other contract for the supply of goods or services;
“advance payment” has the same meaning as in section 11;
“overall remedy”, in relation to the late payment of the debt, means any combination of a contractual right to interest, a varied right to statutory interest or a contractual remedy other than interest;
“substantial remedy” shall be construed in accordance with section 9.
In this Part a reference (however worded) to contract terms which vary the right to statutory interest is a reference to terms altering in any way the effect of Part I in relation to the debt (for example by postponing the time at which interest starts to run or by imposing conditions on the right to interest).
In this Part a reference to late payment of the debt is a reference to late payment of the sum due when the debt is created (excluding any part of that sum which is prevented from carrying statutory interest by section 3).
A qualifying debt created by virtue of an obligation to make an advance payment shall be treated for the purposes of this Act as if it was created on the day mentioned in subsection (3), (4) or (5) (as the case may be).
In this section “advance payment” means a payment falling due before the obligation of the supplier to which the whole contract price relates (“the supplier’s obligation”) is performed, other than a payment of a part of the contract price that is due in respect of any part performance of that obligation and payable on or after the day on which that part performance is completed.
Where the advance payment is the whole contract price, the debt shall be treated as created on the day on which the supplier’s obligation is performed.
Where the advance payment is a part of the contract price, but the sum is not due in respect of any part performance of the supplier’s obligation, the debt shall be treated as created on the day on which the supplier’s obligation is performed.
Where the advance payment is a part of the contract price due in respect of any part performance of the supplier’s obligation, but is payable before that part performance is completed, the debt shall be treated as created on the day on which the relevant part performance is completed.
Where the debt is created by virtue of an obligation to pay a sum due in respect of a period of hire of goods, this section has effect as if—
references to the day on which the supplier’s obligation is performed were references to the last day of that period; and
references to part performance of that obligation were references to part of that period.
For the purposes of this section an obligation to pay the whole outstanding balance of the contract price shall be regarded as an obligation to pay the whole contract price and not as an obligation to pay a part of the contract price.
This Act does not have effect in relation to a contract governed by the law of a part of the United Kingdom by choice of the parties if—
there is no significant connection between the contract and that part of the United Kingdom; and
but for that choice, the applicable law would be a foreign law.
This Act has effect in relation to a contract governed by a foreign law by choice of the parties if—
but for that choice, the applicable law would be the law of a part of the United Kingdom; and
there is no significant connection between the contract and any country other than that part of the United Kingdom.
In this section—
“contract” means a contract falling within section 2(1); and
The operation of this Act in relation to a qualifying debt is not affected by—
any change in the identity of the parties to the contract creating the debt; or
the passing of the right to be paid the debt, or the duty to pay it (in whole or in part) to a person other than the person who is the original creditor or the original debtor when the debt is created.
Any reference in this Act to the supplier or the purchaser is a reference to the person who is for the time being the supplier or the purchaser or, in relation to a time after the debt in question has been created, the person who is for the time being the creditor or the debtor, as the case may be.
Where the right to be paid part of a debt passes to a person other than the person who is the original creditor when the debt is created, any reference in this Act to a debt shall be construed as (or, if the context so requires, as including) a reference to part of a debt.
A reference in this section to the identity of the parties to a contract changing, or to a right or duty passing, is a reference to it changing or passing by assignment or assignation, by operation of law or otherwise.
This section applies to any contract term which purports to have the effect of postponing the time at which a qualifying debt would otherwise be created by a contract to which this Act applies.
Sections 3(2)(b) and 17(1)(b) of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (no reliance to be placed on certain contract terms) shall apply in cases where such a contract term is not contained in written standard terms of the purchaser as well as in cases where the term is contained in such standard terms.
In this section “contract term” has the same meaning as in section 10(1).
Any power to make an order or regulations under this Act is exercisable by statutory instrument.
Any statutory instrument containing an order or regulations under this Act, other than an order under section 17(2), shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
In this Act—
“contract price” means the price in a contract of sale of goods or the money consideration referred to in section 2(2)(b) in any other contract for the supply of goods or services;
“purchaser” means (subject to section 13(2)) the buyer in a contract of sale or the person who contracts with the supplier in any other contract for the supply of goods or services;
“purchaser” means (subject to section 13(2)) the buyer in a contract of sale or the person who contracts with the supplier in any other contract for the supply of goods or services;
“statutory interest” means interest carried by virtue of the term implied by section 1(1); and
In this Act any reference (however worded) to an agreement or to contract terms includes a reference to both express and implied terms (including terms established by a course of dealing or by such usage as binds the parties).
This Act may be cited as the Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998.
This Act (apart from this section) shall come into force on such day as the Secretary of State may by order appoint; and different days may be appointed for different descriptions of contract or for other different purposes. An order under this subsection may specify a description of contract by reference to any feature of the contract (including the parties).
The Secretary of State may by regulations make such transitional, supplemental or incidental provision (including provision modifying any provision of this Act) as the Secretary of State may consider necessary or expedient in connection with the operation of this Act while it is not fully in force.
This Act does not affect contracts of any description made before this Act comes into force for contracts of that description.
This Act extends to Northern Ireland.