Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 13 March 2025.#Cassella-med GmbH & Co. KG and MCM Klosterfrau Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH v Verband Sozialer Wettbewerb eV.#Request for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesgerichtshof.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Medicinal products for human use – Directive 2001/83/EC – Article 1(2)(b) – Concept of ‘medicinal product by function’ – Concept of ‘pharmacological action’ – Binding of a substance, in a reversible manner, to bacteria to prevent them from adhering to human cells – Article 2(2) – Applicable legal framework – Classification as a ‘medical device’ or as a ‘medicinal product’ – Medical devices – Directive 93/42/EEC – Article 1(2)(a) – Concept of ‘medical device’.#Case C-589/23.