Case C-831/21 P: Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 21 September 2023 — Fachverband Spielhallen eV, LM v European Commission, Federal Republic of Germany (Appeal — State aid — Article 107(1) TFEU — Concept of ‘aid’ — Condition relating to selective advantage — Tax treatment of operators of public casinos in Germany — Levy on the profits — Partial deductibility of the amounts paid in respect of that levy from the tax base for income or corporation tax and trade tax — Decision of the European Commission — Rejection of a complaint at the end of the preliminary examination stage on the ground that that deductibility does not constitute State aid — Separate finding of no economic advantage and no selectivity — Action before the General Court of the European Union limited to the finding of no selectivity — Action deemed ineffective — Identification by the Commission of the reference system or ‘normal’ tax system — Interpretation for that purpose of the applicable national tax law — Classification of the levy on the profits as a ‘special tax’ deductible in respect of ‘costs associated with commercial transactions’