Tanzania - Songo Songo Gas Development & Power Generation Project : environmental impact assessment (Tanzanie - Projet de développement du gaz de Songo Songo et de génération d'énergie : évaluation de l'impact environnemental),Tanzania - Proyecto de explotación del yacimiento de gas y de generación de energía en Songo Songo: evaluación del impacto medioambiental,تنزانيا- مشروع تطوير حقول الغاز وتوليد الكهرباء في سونغو سونغو: تقييم الأثر البيئي

E65 Volume 3 MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINER- ALS / TANZANIA ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY LIMITED (TANESCO) SONGO SONGO GAS DEVELOPMENT AND POWER GENERATION PROJECT WAYLEAVE VILLAGE ELECTRIFICA- TION SCHEME Limited Environmental Analysis (LEA), Social Assessment Framework (SAF) and Preliminary Water Survey Final Report February 2003 FILE P  MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINER- ALS / TANZANIA ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY LIMITED (TANESCO) SONGO SONGO GAS DEVELOPMENT AND POWER GENERATION PROJECT WAYLEAVE VILLAGE ELECTRIFICA- TION SCHEME Limited Environmental Analysis (LEA), Social Assessment Framework (SAF) and Preliminary Water Survey Final Report February 2003 Date of issue Revised version; 28.02.2003 Prepared by Gisle K. Grepstad and Laila Tingvold Checked by Andreas Stokseth and Stephen Sparkes Approved by Steinar Grongstad NORPLAN [ in association with LI 29552.DOC February 2003  Min. of Energy and Minerals / Tanesco SSGDPGP, Wayleave Villages Electrificatioh Scheme LEA, SAF and Preliminary Water Survey Page 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY General SSGDPGP The Songo Songo Gas Development and Power Generation Project (SSGDPGP) involves the development of Tanzania's natural gas re- serves near Songo Songo Island. SSGDPD will provide natural gas by connecting three existing offshore and two existing onshore well- heads to a gas processing plant on the Island. Pressurised gas will be transported to mainland Tanzania through a sub-sea pipeline, landed at Somanga, and subsequently transported onshore to Dar es Salaam area. At Dar es Salaam, most of the gas will be used for electricity generation at the existing Ubungo power plant, which will be converted to operate on gas fuel, while a smaller volume will be applied to gas end users (notably the Wazo Hill cement plant). WVES The Wayleave Village Electrification Scheme (WVES) is additional to the mitigation measures developed directly under the SSGDPGP. It represents an initiative by Government of Tanzania and IDA to pro- vide further benefits to communities in the vicinity of the pipeline. The WVES itself is a "mitigation measure". The project ensure that the in- habitants along the main pipeline will benefit directly from the SSGDPGP and enjoy improved infrastructure in line with the rest of the population benefiting from the Songo Songo Gas Development and Power Generation Project The Wayleave Village Electrification Scheme (WVES) will provide electricity and water to villages and townships located near the natural gas pipeline that will be developed for the Songo Songo Gas Devel- opment and Power Generation Project (SSGDPGP). The project con- sist of the following components: * Construction of gas laterals from Somanga to Kilwa Masoko, Mo- horo to Utete, mainline to lkwiriri and mainline to Bungu . * Construction/upgrading of power stations * Solar PV systems to 24 villages * Grid extensions to five villages * Water supply to 31 villages along the main pipeline, the village on Songo Songo Island and 11 - 15 villages along the gas laterals * Transmission line from Bungu to Kibiti * Provision of telecom facilities BOO Under WVES, the components for solar-based and gas-based rural electrification will be designed, built, and operated by a private op- erator under a Build-Own-Operate (BOO) form of contract. NORPLAN ES in association withL[ 29552.DOC February 2003  Min. of Energy and Minerals / Tanesco SSGDPGP, Wayleave Villages Electrification Scheme LEA, SAF and Preliminary Water Survey Page 3 The BOO concept implies that final design of the schemes will be de- cided by their private operator(s). A framework specification will, however, be included with the tender documents. Objective The objective for the Limited Environmental Assessment (LEA) and Social Assessment Framework (SAF) has been to address environ- mental and social issues for the WVES project. The study area The study area is located south of Dar es Salaam, on the coast of Tanzania, in the districts of Temeke, Mkuranga, Rufiji, and Kilwa. The project will benefit 31 villages and 4 townships in these districts. The project area is shown in Figure 1 on page 11. Conditions The basis for the electrification scheme is that the Songas pipeline already has been committed, and that the land and environment al- ready has been affected by this project. All transportation of materials and personnel shall take place on already existing major or minor roads and tracks. New power plants will be built near to populated areas where there already are roads. The only roads necessary to construct will be the gateways leading to the power plant compounds. Physiography The project area is located in the coastal zone of eastern Tanzania. The main features in the area are the Rufiji flood plain and the coastal plain south of the Rufiji River. Only the gas lateral to Kilwa Masoko will cross a major river, the Matandu River. More hilly terrain is found north of the Ruhoi River. Here the terrain is characterised by smaller hills intersected by ravines and rivers. Geology and soils Recently deposited alluvial sands underlain by cretaceous sandstone dominate the geology of the area. Coastal vegetation The vegetation in the project area falls under the Zanzibar - Inham- bane regional mosaic. There is a broad spectrum of plant communi- ties within this mosaic, from mangrove and other vegetation close to the sea to higher altitude forest or non-forest vegetation inland. Due to human activity, large areas of the forests have been cleared, and much of the vegetation is reduced to secondary vegetation. Important habitats From a wildlife point of view, the coastal forest and coastal thickets or bush land with relict forest together with marshland and floodplain grassland are the most important wildlife habitats. Other areas sup- port typical generalist species and are heavily influenced by humans. Especially the area along the Rufiji River south of the river course is rich in wildlife, due to the its location between the Selous Game Re- serve and the Rufiji River. The gas lateral to Utete crosses this area. Rufiji River The Rufiji River is the main water source in the project area. It is one of the largest rivers in Africa, and drains 20 % of the area in Tanza- nia. Mean discharge at Stiegler's Gorge is 975 m3/sec. Neither the laterals nor the transmission lines will cross the Rufiji. NORPLAN [3] in association with E 29552.DOC February 2003  Min. of Energy and Minerals / Tanesco SSGDPGP, Wayleave Villages Electrification Scheme LEA, SAF and Preliminary Water Survey Page 4 Matandu River The second largest river between Dar es Salaam and Kilwa Masoko is the Matandu River. The gas lateral to Kilwa Masoko will cross the Matandu. This river drains parts of the eastern outskirts of Selous game reserve. Despite a large catchment area, the river flow in the end of the dry season is low. Gas Laterals The four gas laterals The three gas laterals Somanga - Kilwa Masoko, Mohoro - Utete and SSGDPGP pipeline - Bungu will use existing roads as their main routes. The longest lateral (Somanga - Kilwa Masoko, alternatively Singino) will be located along the Dar es Salaam - Kilwa Road. The second longest lateral (Mohoro - Utete) will be located along the Mo- horo - Utete Road, south of Rufiji River. The shortest lateral to Bungu is located along a local road. The SSGDPGP pipeline - Ik- wiriri will only partly follow an existing track. Design The final design of the gas laterals will be decided by the private op- erator. The pipeline design will affect the environmental and social impact of the gas laterals. The higher the pressure in the pipeline, the smaller is the diameter of the pipeline itself. Most likely the pipe- line will be a flexible high density polyethylene pipeline with a pres- sure below 4 bar. The diameter will depend on the length of the lat- eral, but a maximum diameter of 140 mm is envisaged. The safety zone is expected to be 5 m at each side of the pipeline. Negative impacts Land use/agriculture and terrestrial vegetation have been the main issues with respect to the laterals' impact on the natural environ- ment. To reduce the negative impacts during construction and en- sure an easy maintenance and a proper monitoring of pipelines during the operation phase, the gas laterals have been located along existing roads where this is possible. If the laterals are lo- cated within the right of way for the existing roads, the land use is primarily fallow or agricultural land. Where the corridor passes vil- lages, small shops (stands) and occasionally some houses are found within the right of way corridor. The human influence on the vegetation declines with increased distance to existing roads. Hence locating the laterals along existing roads ensures the least negative impact on the natural environment. Compensation The most critical point regarding the gas laterals is the compensation issue for people living along the planned gas laterals. The Tanzanian authorities have regulations for this, which do not fully adhere to the requirement in Operational Directive 4.30 of the World Bank. Com- pensation in Tanzania according to current regulations and practice is commonly regarded as low both in terms of compensation for houses and agricultural crops and trees. It is recommended that sufficient compensation be given to project affected people to secure that no one is suffering from loss of assets or income. Resettlement Many houses are located along the road within the suggested corri- dor for the gas laterals. The exact number of affected houses is de- pendent on the exact location and final technical specifications of the pipeline. It is feasible to relocate the affected households in the vicin- NOR PLAN [0 in association with i 29552.DOC February 2003  Min. of Energy and Minerals / Tanesco SSGDPGP, Wayleave Villages Electrification Scheme LEA, SAF and Preliminary Water Survey Page 5 ity of their original plots and neighbours. This will contribute to pre- serving social cohesion and minimise the trauma of relocation. A Re- settlement Framework Policy is given in Appendix 4. Health conditions The construction of the laterals might lead to an influx of male work- ers. It is important that health issues are taken care of both for the workers and local population especially on informing about the risk for increased rates of HIV/AIDS. Positive Impacts Converting existing diesel generating power stations to gas driven power stations reduces Tanzania's dependence of imported oil. The gas laterals improve the fuel distribution efficiency to the power sta- tions, and hence the security of supply of electricity to the consumer. Local employment The construction of the laterals will generate employment opportuni- ties. In the villages there are many expectations for getting employ- ment and all unskilled work should be given to the affected communi- ties. Both men and women should be targeted for as many jobs as possible to secure that they benefit from the project. Mitigation measures A grievance Committee should be established to ensure that com- pensation is prompt and fair. This will be the responsibility of the Ministry and should be monitored by the PIU with assistance from the Consultant. The Contractor is responsible for employing a health worker to inform local people and the workers on the risk of STD's, especially HIV/AIDS. The health worker should also inform about increased risk of traffic accidents to local people, in particular school children. The Contractor should employ local people from the project area in order to help the economic well being of people in the project area. Prevent deforestation Deforestation caused by fire wood and charcoal production is a problem in many parts of Tanzania included the project area. Re- moval of vegetation means exposing the soil to the forces of erosion. Protecting the existing vegetation is an important erosion control measure. Hence the vegetation around the sites must be protected during the construction period by prohibiting illegal harvesting of the vegetation by the construction workforce included prohibition to cut and use firewood. The Contractor must bring in alternative energy sources for the workers. Power Stations Four small power The project includes construction of four small power stations, fuelled stations with gas from the pipeline laterals. The four stations are located at Kilwa Masoko (alternatively at Singino), lkwiriri, Utete and Bungu A. The power stations will probably have ratings of 500 - 1000 kW or less. lkwiriri and Kilwa Masoko already have power stations, and the present buildings and associated switchyards will be used if found NORPLAN [RJ in association with Li 29552.DOC February 2003  Min. of Energy and Minerals / Tanesco SSGDPGP, Wayleave Villages Electrification Scheme LEA, SAF and Preliminary Water Survey Page 6 possible from an environmental and economical point of view. Design and safety The present LEA/SAF-study is based on the assumption that the lat- erals will be low-pressure gas pipelines. The possibilities of utilising the existing power stations in Ikwiriri and Kilwa Masoko will have to be reassessed based on safety analysis if the width of the safety zone makes it necessary or cost effective to move the power stations elsewhere. The reason for the reassessment is that the laterals have to pass urban areas to reach the existing power stations. Negative impacts New power stations located in residential areas could cause exces- sive noise, emissions of pollutants to the air and pollution of the sur- face- and groundwater compared to present levels in the these areas. Positive impacts In locations with existing power stations the conversion of the engines from diesel to gas will reduce the air emissions significantly as a result of a cleaner, more efficient fuel source. Improved gener- ating capacity reduces the need for other energy sources generating more pollution and green house gases. Upgrading of the existing power stations when changing from diesel to gas will improve the fuel efficiency and distribution reliability. Mitigation measures The design criteria imposed on the BOO contractors will ensure that the noise level, emission of pollution to the air, groundwater and sur- face water sources are within World Bank's and The Government of Tanzania's guidelines, and that Occupational Safety and Health regulations are being observed. Extension of the grid General The project includes extensions of TANESCO's 1-kV and 33-kV grids into five villages (Mwanambaya, Kibamba, Dundani, Chamazi, and Mbande). It also includes distribution networks to service new customers in four townships and villages (Bungu A, Bungu B, Kibiti, and Utete). In lkwiriri and Kilwa Masoko, distribution systems already exist and the project does not include distribution investments there. Negative impacts Impacts from these low-voltage mini-grids are similar to those experi- enced in other distribution projects in Tanzania. They will be erected in urban or semi-urban environments, and the main issues will be land acquisition and line routing. Positive impacts Access to electricity might contribute towards facilitating a more gen- eral development process. Research on rural electrification in devel- oping countries, shows that the areas having the best opportunities to succeed in this are townships and villages that already have initiated some small-scale business activities that can be improved by shifting their energy source to electricity. Solar panels Description Solar Home Systems will be provided to around 1600 households and commercial entities in 24 of the villages. In these villages, small NORPLAN E1 in association with I Z 29552.DOC February 2003  Min. of Energy and Minerals / Tanesco SSGDPGP, Wayleave Villages Electrification Scheme LEA, SAF and Preliminary Water Survey Page 7 solar PV based streetlights will also be erected. Ten of the villages will have solar powered medicine refrigerators provided to existing health stations. Negative Impacts The main environmental consideration relating to the solar PV com- ponent is the disposal of used batteries. The consequences of inade- quate battery disposal are well documented and need not be re- peated in this study. Positive impacts By access to solar PVs, households will be supplied with a cleaner source on energy than by using firewood and kerosene. In particular this is expected to have a positive effect on people's health, espe- cially women and children. Mitigation measures To prevent pollution of soil and water from damaged lead cell batter- ies, a system must be established where part of the battery cost is refunded when handing in the damaged battery. Telephones in villages Description Telecommunications will be enabled in all 31 villages and 4 town- ships, using connections to the SSGDPGPP fibre optic backbone. The Tanzania Tele Communication Ltd (TTCL) also consider laying fibre optic cables along the laterals. Telecommunication in the vil- lages along the laterals is not envisaged at this stage. Positive impacts Access to telecommunication facilities will make it easier for villagers to communicate with hospitals, health personnel, and relatives. It might also be helpful when negotiating prices and quantities of agri- cultural products and cash crops without hiring transport to and from the villages hence reducing transport costs. In general telecommuni- cation facilities give producers increased access to the market. The Water Survey Introduction The Preliminary Water Survey involved assessing the present water supply situation and water use in 31 villages along the proposed Songo Songo pipeline, and come up with recommendations for im- proving the water supply situation. The water supply in the village on Songo Songo Island will also be improved under the wayleave proj- ect. This village was not visited under the Preliminary Water Survey. Villages along the Based on the environmental and social findings it was realised that laterals the wayleave project should provide benefits to communities in the vicinity of the gas laterals. It is therefore recommended that the water supply project is extended to include the villages along the laterals to Kilwa Masoko (or Singino) and Utete. The water survey did not in- clude the villages along the laterals, but the water supply situation and the hydrogeology in these villages are believed to be fairly similar to what was experienced in the villages along the main pipeline corri- dor. Hydrogeology and The villages depend mostly on shallow groundwater. The groundwa- present water sup- ter table appears at 0-2m below ground level. Most of the villages NORPLAN [i] in association with 1[. 29552.DOC February 2003  Min. of Energy and Minerals / Tanesco SSGDPGP, Wayleave Villages Electrification Scheme LEA, SAF and Preliminary Water Survey Page 8 ply situation have open ring wells and hand dug wells known as traditional wells. These are fairly perennial sources. Due to the poor protection of these sources, the bacteriological quality is most often below accept- able levels. Deep boreholes with hand pumps are found in a few vil- lages. The water in some of these boreholes is reported to be more brackish than in the shallow wells. Generally the present water supply sources do not meet the demand neither with respect to quantity nor bacteriological quality. Recommendations Large diameter ring wells with proper sand filters should be used for extracting groundwater for the village water supplies. Detailed inves- tigations at each location should take place prior to the manual well digging operation, to ensure that the site is favourable and the water quality acceptable. Local participation The village water committees must be involved in the planning and execution of the well construction. Their participation will enhance their own capacity to operate and take responsibility for their own water sources. The level of local participation in the construction ac- tivity should be the decision of the water committee in each village, but local participation should be encouraged. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) will have three main sections; (i) Mitigation measures to be incorporated in the BOO/BOT and supply-and-install (SI) contracts including procedures for choosing environmentally (and socially) benign designs during project execution (ii) monitoring, and (iii) institutional arrangements. The mitigation and monitoring activities in the Environmental and So- cial Management Plan (ESMP) are primarily applicable for the con- struction and operation of the gas laterals, the transmission line from Bungu to Kibiti and the four power stations. Locations Gas laterals located along existing roads will cause least negative impacts to the natural environment, not opening new areas and alignments for road construction exploitations of forests, illegal hunt- ing etc. It is also convenient from a logistic and safety point of view to gather infrastructure within a defined corridor. The proposed loca- tions of power stations are either at existing plants or at the outskirts of towns. Village consultation It is important that all activities are co-ordinated with the village authorities along the laterals and all other construction places. De- tailed specifications regarding the consultation process must be in- cluded in the Contract Documents for the BOO/BOT contract. Ac- cording to these specifications the Contractor should inform about the construction activities and explain how this will impact the villages in terms of disturbance, traffic, dust, noise access, etc., and how the villagers should behave accordingly. TANESCO's task in this respect is to ensure that the Contractor adheres to the contractual obligations regarding village consultation. NORPLAN IN in association withW f 29552.DOC February 2003  Min. of Energy and Minerals / Tanesco SSGDPGP, Wayleave Villages Electrification Scheme LEA, SAF and Preliminary Water Survey Page 9 Project organisation It is envisaged that the environmental monitoring is performed by the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) in TANESCO or consultants at- tached to this unit. The activities should be co-ordinated with the or- ganisation responsible for the environmental monitoring of the main Songo Songo pipeline where possible. The contractors are respon- sible for implementing the mitigation measures under their contracts, and adhere the environmental rules and regulations. The contractors report to the PIU. Participation It is important that all project components are implemented in co- operation with local authorities and build on existing institutional structures such as village committees. Monitoring The general objective of monitoring is to assess the extent to which the anticipated adverse impacts are taking place, to see whether the contractors follow the rules and regulations in their contracts, and to assess the effectiveness of the mitigation measures. Table I Suggested mitigation measures Environmental Mitigation measures impact Soil erosion Optimum locations, appropriate design and maintenance of camp sites, temporary roads and lateral alignments Protection of existing vegetation along the laterals, transmission lines and around the temporary and permanent sites Water, soil, air Implementation of dust mitigation measures and noise pollu- Implementation of noise mitigation measures tion Installation of treatment plants at all camps, workshops, etc. to reduce transport of contaminants to air, groundwater, rivers and streams, and to implement actions to prevent accidental soil and water pollution Establish an organisation for sale and collection of batteries for the solar PV panels Terrestrial vege- Awareness programme tation Protection of existing vegetation along the laterals, transmission lines and around the temporary and permanent sites Fauna Secure the trenches during construction Prohibition of hunting Land use Compensation for restriction on land use Graveyards and Demarcation of graveyards and procedure for salvaging chance archaeology finds Socio-eccnomic Fair and timely compensation conditions Ensuring local labour opportunities in employment conditions for men and women Increasing security in and around worker camps and construction sites Community and workers' health. Electricity customers As for both solar PVs and connection to the electricity grid, it is esti- mated that approximately 15% of the population have an income that NORPLAN [1 in association withL 29552.DOC February 2003  Min. of Energy and Minerals I Tanesco SSGDPGP, Wayleave Villages Electrification Scheme LEA, SAF and Preliminary Water Survey Page 10 is high enough to become customers. These customers will naturally be the households with the highes.t incomes and owners of small shops or businesses. For the townships of Kilwa Masoko and lkwiriri, currently supplied with electricity from generators, the price for elec- tricity will increase with the change to gas based electricity. This means that only those households and small-scale indus- tries/businesses that can afford the increased fee will be customers. Solar PVs will provide light in the evening hours, as well as supply power to fridges and radios. At dispensaries this will provide better working conditions and storing facilities for medicines. There is some enthusiasm about running evening classes at schools, which might make a valuable contribution in increasing literacy levels. Health benefits The largest benefits will however be less smoke from kerosene and traditional fuels inside of the houses and a possible reduction in the frequency of eye diseases and respiratory tract infections reported to be a problem in the area. Villages getting connection to grid electric- ity will also be able to benefit from having a proper source of energy for developing small-scale industries. However, it should be stressed that access to electricity does not create development, but might fa- cilitate a process if other development initiatives are started. 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