Tanzania - River Basin Management and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project : environmental assessment (Vol. 3 of 11) : Smallholder irrigation improvement component-Mangalali irrigation scheme

E968 Volume 3 UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD-SECURITY RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT AND SMALLHOLDER IRRIGATION IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (RBMSIIP) SMALLHOLDER IRRIGATION IMPROVEMENT COMPONENT MANGALALI IRRIGATION SCHEME ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT DRAFT REPORT November 2003 Environmental Resources Consultancy Consulting environmental conservation. natural resources management and capacity building  ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The team wishes to acknowledge with thanks the contributions of various staff members of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security's Directorate of Irrigation and Technical Services, during the different stages of the preparation of this report: the Project Coordinator of Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project, Mr. Masija,the Head ofEnvironmental UnitCell, Mr. Simukanga, and other staff. The team also extends its appreciation to the District Officers, in particularly the irrigation technicians who are in charge of the eight schemes, at Arumeru, Moshi Rural, Simanjiro, Korogwe, Iringa Rural and Mbarali Districts. Thanks also go to the scheme management committees, farmers and other stakeholders ofthe eight schemes and the community members who actively participated in the discussions and helped to provide information that was very useful during the preparation of the Environmental Audit. The team appreciates to more than 50 people who participated in data collection and analysis, especially the facilitators, research assistants, enumerators, water and soil staff, data analysts, etc. Last but not least, our appreciations go to ERC's internal staffs who directly or indirectly contributed with enthusiasm to the EA reports.  Table of contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................I TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................II LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . ............................................................V LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, PLATES, AND MAPS ........................................ VI 1. BACKGROUND ............................................................1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................l1 1.2 UNDERSTANDING OF THE STUDY ........................................................1 1.2.1 Objective of the Study ............................................................1 1.3 STRATEGIC APPROACH ............................................................2 1.3.1 Ecosystem Approach ...........................................................2 1.3.2 Farming System Approach ............................................................2 1.3.3 Participatory Approach .............................. .............................. 3 1.4 METHODOLOGY ............................................................5 1.4.1 Consultation ...........................................................5 1.4.2 Analytical Tools ............................................................5 1.5 LIMITATIONS ............................................................7 2 BASELINE CONDITIONS FOR THE IRRIGATION SCHEME AREA.... 8 2.1 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...........................................................8 2.1.1 Location ...........................................................8 2.2 THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...................................... . 10 2.2.1 Climatic Data ........................................................... 10 2.2.2 Water Resources ................................................ 10 2.2.3 Soil ........................................................... 13 2.2.4 Biodiversity ............. . .............................................. 14 2.3 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ..................................... . 14 2.3.1 Populatio ..14 2.3.2 Agriculture practices ..14 2.3.3 Occupation /land use ..14 2.3.4 Markets and Marketing Iformation . .15 2.3.5 Education ..15 2.3.6 Energy Supply ..15 2.3.7 Extension Services ..15 2.3.8 Social Capital . .16 2.4 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS ....16 3. DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES AND STAKEHOLDER .17 3.1 IRINGA RURAL DISTRICT SCHISTOMIASIS CONTROL PROGRAM (CUAMM) .17 3.2 SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF THE USANGU WETLAND AND ITSCATCHMENT . .17 3.3 WATER USERS ASSOCIATION .17 3.4 STAKEHOLDER'S ROLE .18 3.4.1 Identified stakeholders ..18 ii  3.4.2 Anialysis ofstakeholders ....................................................... 18 3.4.3 Involvement of stakeholders in environtmental audit and implementation of ESMP ................................................ 18 3.4.4 Ensuring inicorporation of concern ofstakeholders in ESMP ............. 19 4. COMPLIANCE WITH TANZANIA'S POLICIES, LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND WITH WORLD BANK'S SAFE GUARD POLICIES .... 20 4.1 NATIONAL POLICIES ....................................................... 20 4.1.1 National Environment Policy of 1997 .20 4.1.2 Agriculture Policy 1997 .20 4.1.3 Land Policy of 1995 .20 4.1.4 Water Policy of 2002 .21 4.1.5 Forest Policy of 1998 ..................... 21 4.1.6 Wildlife Policy of 1998 ..................... 21 4.1.7 Energy Policy of 2002 (Draft) .21 4.1 LEGAL FRAMEWORK . .21 4.2.1 Envirotiinent Legislation. 22 4.2.2 NEMCAct of 1983. 22 4.2.3 Land Act no.4 and Village Land Act of 1999 ..................................,.22 4.2.4 Wildlife Act 1974 (with amendmentts of 19 78) .22 4.2.5 Water Acts of 1974 .................................. , 23 4.2.6 Forest Act 1974 .23 4.2.7 The Town and Country Planning Ordinance, Cap 378 of 1956 . 23 4.2.8 Local Governnment Act (District and Urbani Authorities) Acts of 198223 4.2.9 Lanid Use Planning Commission Act of 1984 .23 4.2.10 The LandAcquisitions Act of 1967 .24 4.2.11 By-Laws ..... 24 4.3 NATIONAL STRATEGIES . .24 4.3.1 Goverinmezt Development Vision 2025 .24 4.3.2 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) of 200 .24 4.3.3 Rural Sector Development Strategy (RDS) of 200 .25 4.3.4 Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) of 2001 .25 4.3.4 Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) of 2001 25 4.4 COMPLIANCE WITH WORLD BANK SAFEGU'ARD POLICIES ..26 5.0 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN ASSESSING AND ANALYZING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS .28 5.1 INTRODUCTION .28 5.2 IMPACT ASSESSMENT .28 6.0 CONSULTATIONS WITH COMMUNITY AND FARMERS . 29 6.1 INTRODUCTION .29 6.2 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IDENTIFIED BY STAKEHOLDERS . .29 7.0 IDENTIFIED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS .30 7.1 INTRODUCTION .30 7.2 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM IMPACTS .30 7.2.1 Demographic trend (population changes) . .30 7.2.2 Hydrological changes ..32 7.2.3 Catchmenit degradation ..33  7.22.4 Soil erosion ..................................... 34 7.2.5 Water quality on downstream users ...................................... 34 7.3 IRRIGATION SCHEME LEVEL IMPACTS ...................................... 36 7.3.1 Soil quality .36 7.3.2 Water quality .37 7.3.3 Wildlife. 3 7 7.3.4 Fertilizers azd pesticides use and dangers. 37 7.3.5 Waterbornte diseases .39 7.3.6 Drinkinig water quality and sanitation .39 7.3. 7 Socio-economic. positive and negative imnpacts of villages wvithinl the scheme 40 8. IDENTIFIED MITIGATION MEASURES .41 8.1 INTRODUCTION .41 8.2 UPSTREAM AND DOWN STREAM .41 8.2.1 Environmental Management ..41 8.2.2 Enhancementt of social econoinic activities . .41 8.3 IRRIGATION LEVEL .42 8.3.1 Environmental nmanagemienit .42 8.3.2 Community based control of wildlife .42 8.3.3 Revisitinzg engineerinig designs antd/or constructionl stages .42 8.3.4 Imnproving health situation .42 8.3.5 Conistruction of cattle troughs .43 8.3.6 Monitorinig of water quality .43 9. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) .44 9.1 INTRODUCTION .44 9.2 OBJECTIVES .44 9.3 SUMMARY OF MAJOR ENIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND IDENTIFIED MITIGATION MEASURES . .45 9.4 DESCRIPTION OF ELEMENTS OF MONITORING PROGRAM 46 9.5 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY 52 9.6 INPUTS REQUIREMENTS AND EXPECTED OIJTPUTS .52 9.7 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR MITIGATION MEASURES 53 10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .57 10.1 CONCLUSION ......................... 57 10.1.2 Specific coIcilusions ....................................... 57 10.2 RECOMMENDATIONS .......... ............... 58 REFERENCES ......................... 60 iv  List of Abbreviations a.m.s.l Average mean sea level ASDS Agriculture Sector Development Strategy CBO Community Based Organization DALDO District Agricultural and Livestock Development Officer DED District Executive Director EA Environmental Audit ECU Environmental Cell Unit EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ERC Environmental Resources Consultancy FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GIS Geographical information systems IEE Initial Environmental Examination [PM Integrated Pest Management LDC Less Developed Countries MAFS Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security MWL Ministry of Water and Livestock MWLD Ministry of Water and Livestock Development NEMC National Environmental and Managemenlt Council NGO Non Governmental Organization NIDP National Irrigation Development Plan NLUC National Land Use Commission NMA National Meteorological Agency PO-RALG President's Office--Regional Administration and Local Government PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper RBMSIIP River Basin Management and Smallholder Irrigation Improvemenit Project RDS Rural Sector Development Strategy SCAPA Soil Conservation and Agro-forestry Project SIIC Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Component SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science software TMA Tanzania Meterology Agency ToR Terms of reference TPRI Tropical Pest Researchi Institute UCLAS University College of Land and architectural studies UNDP United Nations Development Programme URT United Republic of Tanzania VEO Village Executive Officer WEO Ward Executive Officer WMA Wildlife Management Areas WUA Water Users Association Zio Zonal Irrigation Office v  List of Tables, Figures, Plates, and Maps Tables Table 2.1: Water use by source-type Table 2.2 Distance to water sources Table 2.3 Soil data Table 2.4 Fertilizer use Table 2.5 Gender occupational status Table 2.6 Extension officer availability Table 7.1: Summary of key environmental and social/impacts for Kambi ya Tanga Table 7.2: Households in Mangalali hamlets Table 7.3: Population distribution in Mangalali 2003 Table 7.4: Population trend: 1993-2003 Table 7.5: Population distribution in Mkogwa village Table 7.6: Population distribution (age and sex) Table 7.7: Water Quality Analysis Table 7.8 Soil Sites and Results Table 7.9: Crop pest, diseases and vermin Table 7.10: Application of fertilizers Table 7.1 1: Disease prevalence in Mangalali (Kalenga dispensary) Table 7.12: Disease prevalence in Mangalali (Kipera mission dispensary) Table 7.13: Sources of water in Mangalali village Table 9.1: Environmental and social impacts mitigation measures Table 9.2: Monitoring Plan Table 9.3: The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) Table 9.4. Implemenitationi plan time schedule Figures Figure 1. I Basic Approach to the Study Figure 7.1 Plot of annual flow series and 3 year moving average trend line Figure 7.2: Annual Percent deviation from Mean Annual Flow (MAF) Maps Map 2.1: Mangalali irrigation scheme: Location map Map 2.2: Map of analysed water sample locations Map 7.1: Mangalali catchments area land use/vegetation maps Map 7.2: Map of analysed soil sample locations Digital Elevation Models DEM 2.1: Mangalali digital elevation model, 2D view DEM 2.2 Mangalali digital elevation model, 3D view vi  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Government of Tanzania through the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MAFS) has taken various initiatives to improve agricultural sector in the country. One of these initiatives is undertaking of the River Basin Management and Smaliholder Irrigation Improvement Project (RBMSIIP) in context with whicih there is the Smaliholder Irrigation Improvement Component (SIIC). RBMSIIP was conceived out of a realisation that the nation's river basins are not being properly managed. This has led to environmental degradation as well as loss of potentials of the river ecosystems. It was also realised that when the degradation and potentials takes place, its' the smallholder irrigation schemes which are the worst adversely affected. For this reason, support to smaliholder traditional irrigation improvement and rehabilitation is one of the major components of this programme. The SIIC component focuses on improving the management of water resources and crop husbandry practices in existing smallholder irrigation schemes. (This can be achieved througlh, among other things the improvemenit of natural resources, land and water, during imlplementation of the rehabilitation and Lipgradinig of irrigation schemes.) SIIC is geared at improvement of water management in smallholder irrigation schemes to ensure sustainable use of land and water resources and ultimately yield increase with minimal environmental degradation. Under the auspices of the SIIC a Scheme Environmental Assessment (SEA) as well as Environmental Audit (EA) was carried out for the Mangalali Irrigation Scheme. This report presents the findings of the study. The objective of the study was identifying changes, assessing and quantifying environmental and social impacts, preparing an environmental and social management plan as well as developing an envir-onniental and social management and monitoring system. According to the ToR the expected output is a set of two in one interrelated reports of the scheme; i.e. one on Environmental Audit (EA) and another on Scheme Environmental Assessment (SEA) report. An a ssessment has a Iso been done on compliance oft he scheme r e-improvement tot he Tanzanian policies and legislation framework and the World Bank's relevant environimenital safe guard policies (OP 4.01). Different methodologies were employed, including the following: * Desk review of recommended documents * Questionnaire administration to key stakeholders * Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) At different stages of the study the following approaches and analytical tools were applied * Participatory data collection * Key informant interview * Trend analysis * Geographical information system In description of the location of the scheme, the study found out that the Mangalali irrigation scheme lies on river valley of the Little Ruaha about 18 km north-west of Iringa municipality along the Iringa-ldodi road. Its coordinates are latitude 07