China - Agenda for water sector strategy for North China : summary report (Vol. 3 of 4) : Statistical annexes

CONFIDENTIAL Report No. 22040-CHA Product ID Code: P053602 CHINA AGENDA FOR WATER SECTOR STRATEGY FOR NORTH CHINA VOLUME 3: STATISTICAL ANNEXES March 1, 2001 Project Sponsors: Ministry of Water Resources and the World Bank Joint Report by the World Bank, Sinclair Knight Merz and Egis Consulting Australia (AusAID), General Institute for Water Resources Planning (MWR), Institute of Water and Hydropower Research ( Beijing), Institute of Water and Hydrology Research, (Nanjing), Chinese Research Academy for Environmental Sciences (Beijing).  CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (As of January 1, 2001) Currency Unit = Yuan (Y) US$1.00 = Y 8.3 Y 1.00 = US$ 0.12 FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Metric System ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 3-H Hai, Huai and Yellow (Huang) River Basins NIHWR Nanjing Institute of Hydrology and Water AEP Annual Exceedance Probability Research (NIHWR) ARI Average Recurrence Interval O&M Operation and Maintenance Bcm Billion Cubic Meters P1 Program 1 BLM Basin Level Modeling P2 Program 2 BOD Biological Oxygen Demand P25 25 percent probability of flow (wet) COD Chemical Oxygen Demand P3 Program 3 CRAES Chinese Research Academy for Environment P50 50 percent probability of flow (normal) Systems P75 75 percent probability of flow (dry) DAF Dissolved Air Flotation P95 95 percent probability of flow (very dry) DDGS Dried Distillated Grain Solid PMP Probable Maximum Precipitation EIA Effective Irrigated Areas PPP Pollution Prevention Program EPB Environmental Protection Bureau RBC River Basin Commission FPF Fisheries, Pasture, Forestry SEPA State Environmental Protection Agency GAMS Generalized Algebraic Modeling Systems SIDD Self-Financing Irrigation and Drainage District GDP Gross Domestic Product S-N South-North (Transfer) GIWHP General Institute for Water and Hydropower SNT South North Transfer GW Groundwater SOCAD State Office for Comprehensive Agricultural HRC Huai River Committee Development IPPDI Irrigation and Power Planning Design Institute SOE State-Owned Enterprise IRI Irrigation Requirement Index SS Suspended Solids IWHR Institute of Water Research and Hydropower SW Surface Water Research TFP Total Factor Productivity km2 Square kilometers TN Total Nitrogen lcd Liters per capita per day TP Total Phosphorus LIS Large Irrigation Scheme TVE Township and Village Enterprise LP Linear Programming UASB Upflow Aerobic Sludge Blanket LW Local water (runoff from local mountains) WPM-DSS Water Pollution Management Decision Support M&I Municipal and Industry System m3 cubic meters WTP Water Treatment Plant m3/s Cubic Meters per Second WW Wastewater Mcm Million Cubic Meters WWEM Water and Waste Estimation Model MSG Monosodium Glutamate WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant MWR Ministry of Water Resources Vice President : Jemal-ud-din Kassum, EAPVP Sector Director : Mark D. Wilson, EASRD Country Director : Yukon Huang, EACCF Task Manager : Daniel Gunaratnam, EACCF  CONTENTS CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................................i Annex 1: Statistics Related to Chapter 1...............................................................................................1 Table A1-1: Percent of National Crop Production Grown in the 3-H Basins................................1 Figure A1-1: Spatial and Temporal Variation of Rainfall in 3-H basins ......................................1 Figure A1-2: Water per Capita in Different Basins in China ......................................................2 Figure A1-3: Economic Loss Resulting From Floods in Plains and Nonplains Areas Within the 3- H Basins Compared with China ...................................................................................2 Figure A1-4: Gross Industrial Output Value in 1999 for the 3-H Basins .....................................2 Annex 2: Statistics Related to Chapter 2...............................................................................................4 Figure A2-1: Rural per Capita Annual 1999 Income Components for Provinces in 3-H Basins ....4 Figure A2-2: Urban versus Rural Income by Provinces with Percentage of Each Province in the 3-H Basins .................................................................................................................4 Figure A2-3: Changing Structure of Employment in China for 1990 to 2056...............................5 Figure A2-4: Water Demand Projections Based on Different Economic and Social Scenarios ......6 Annex 3.1: The 3-H Modeling System.................................................................................................7 Table A3.1-1: Nodes in the Basin Models.................................................................................8 Table A3.1-2: Study Regions--Size and Location...................................................................10 Table A3.1-3: Model Regions: Characteristics and 1997 Consumption.....................................11 Figure A3.1-1: the Relation of Nodes, Regions and Flows.......................................................12 Table A3.1-4: Crop Choices in the Basin Models....................................................................13 Figure A3.1-2: The Solution Procedure..................................................................................15 Table A3.1-5: Model Validation Against 1997 Data................................................................23 Appendix 1.1: GAMS Statement of the Yellow Basin Model...................................................25 Appendix 1.2: GAMS Statement of the Hai Basin Model........................................................26 Appendix 1.3 GAMS Statement of the Huai Basin Model........................................................27 Annex 3.2: Statistics Related to Chapter 3..........................................................................................28 Table A3-1: Percentage of Runoff Occurring in Flood Months (June-October).........................28 Table A3.2-2: Estimated Relative Contributions from Rural and Urban Point Sources in the Hai and Huai Basins........................................................................................................28 Table A3.2-3: Groundwater Quolity Assessment for Some Provinces in the 3H Basins (%).......28 Table A3.2-4: Water Volume for Irrigation Compared to Other Uses in 1994-1998...................29 Table A3.2-5: Summarized Changes of Crop and Income Patterns in 3-H Basin .......................30 Table A3.2-6: Feasibility of Artificial Recharge in Cities in 3-H Basins ...................................31 Figure A3.2-1: Economic Losses...........................................................................................33 Figure A3.2-2: Flood Deaths/Million Population in Each Province ..........................................33 Figure A3.2-3: Percentage of Drained Land to Total Cultivated Land in China .........................33 Figure A3.2-4: Crop Irrigated Area in China from 1980 to 1998..............................................34 Figure A3.2-5: Fertilizer Use in China from 1980 to 1995 .......................................................34 Figure A3.2-6: Effective, Actual and Stable Irrigation Areas in 3-H Basins and In China ..........34 Figure A3.2-7: Composition of Irrigation Area in China..........................................................35  - ii - Figure A3.2-8: Percentage of Labor Force in Three Sectors According to Official Figures.........35 Figure A3.2-9: Farmers' Income Changes in Henan Province..................................................36 Figure A3.2-10: Farmers' Income Changes in Shandong Province...........................................36 Figure A3.2-11: Farmers' Income Changes in Jiangsu Province...............................................37 Figure A3.2-12: China: Levels of Government........................................................................38 Figure A3-13: Water Management Chart ...............................................................................39 Map A3.2-1: 2000 Pollution Loads for Priority Cities in Huai Basin under Base Case...............40 Map A3.2-2: 2000 Toxic COD Pollution Loads for Priority Cities in the Huai Basin under Base Case........................................................................................................................40 Map A3.2-3: 2000 Pollution Loads for Level II Hai Basin under Base Case.............................41 Map A3.2-4: 2000 Pollution Loads for Level II Huai Basin under Base Case ...........................42 Annex 4.1: Statistics Related to Water Resources (Demand by Sectors, Supply by Source) ...................43 Table A4.1-1: Base Case - Hai River Basin ............................................................................43 Table A4.1-2: Base Case - Huai River Basin...........................................................................44 Table A4.1-3: Base Case - Yellow River Basin.......................................................................45 Table A4.1-4: Efficiency 10% Improvement - Hai River Basin................................................47 Table A4.1-5: Efficiency 10% Improvement - Huai River Basin ..............................................48 Table A4.1-6: Efficiency 10% Improvement - Yellow River Basin ..........................................50 Table A4.1-7: Efficiency 10% + Reuse - Hai River Basin........................................................51 Table A4.1-8: Efficiency 10% + Reuse - Huai River Basin......................................................52 Table A4.1-9: Efficiency 10% + Reuse - Yellow River Basin ..................................................54 Table A4.1-10: Efficiency 10% + Reuse + High Price - Hai River Basin ..................................55 Table A4.1-11: Efficiency 10% + Reuse + High Price - Huai River Basin ................................56 Table A4.1-12: Efficiency 10% + Reuse + High Price - Yellow River Basin.............................58 Table A4.1-13: Efficiency 10% + Reuse + High Price + S-N-E - Hai River Basin.....................59 Table A4.1-14: Efficiency 10% + Reuse + High Price + S-N-E - Huai River Basin ...................60 Table A4.1-15: Efficiency 10% + Reuse + High Price + S-N-E - Yellow River Basin ...............62 Table A4.1-16: Efficiency 10% + Reuse + High Price + S-N - Hai River Basin ........................63 Table A4.1-17: Efficiency 10% + Reuse + High Price + S-N - Huai River Basin.......................64 Table A4.1-18: Efficiency 10% + Reuse + High Price + S-N - Yellow River Basin...................66 Annex 4.2: Statistics Related to Water Resources (by Basin) ...............................................................68 Table A4.2-1: 3-H Summary - Base Case...............................................................................68 Table A4.2-2: 3-H Summary - Efficiency 10% Improvement...................................................70 Table A4.2-3: 3-H Summary - Efficiency 10% Improvement + Reuse......................................72 Table A4.2-4: 3-H Summary - Efficiency 10% Improvement + Reuse + High Price..................74 Table A4.2-5: 3-H Summary - Efficiency 10% Improvement + Reuse + High Price + S-N........76 Table A4.2-6: 3-H Summary - Efficiency 10% Improvement + Reuse + High Price + S-N-E.....78 Annex 5.1: Principles of Flood Management ......................................................................................80 A. Introduction..............................................................................................................................80 B. Planning Framework.................................................................................................................80 C. Risk Management.....................................................................................................................84 D. Nonstructural Measures............................................................................................................85 E. Flood Design Standards.............................................................................................................88 Table A5.1-1: Grade and Flood Control Standard for Cities.....................................................90 Table A5.1-2: Grade and Flood Control Standard for Protected Rural Area (Township) ............90 Table A5.1-3: Standard for Industry.......................................................................................90  - iii - Table A5.1-4: Standard for Flood Control and Hydropower.....................................................90 Table A5.1-5: Grade for Hydraulic Structure..........................................................................90 Table A5.1-6: Flood Control Standard for Hydraulic Structure of Reservoir .............................91 Table A5.1-7: Grade for Levee..............................................................................................91 Table A5.1-8: Freeboard of Levee.........................................................................................91 F. Principles of Project Identification and Implementation ...............................................................91 G. Risk Management.....................................................................................................................92 H. Decision Support Framework....................................................................................................94 Annex 5.2 Proposed Works Under Current Government Flood Control Programs .................................95 A. Introduction..............................................................................................................................95 B. Proposed Works in the Hai River Basin......................................................................................95 Table A5.2-1: Summary of Planned Major Projects in the Hai River Basin...............................96 C. Proposals in the Yellow River Basin ..........................................................................................98 Table A5.2-3: Summary of Planned Major Projects in the Yellow River Basin ....................... 102 D. Proposed Works in the Huai River Basin.................................................................................. 103 Table A5.2-4: Summary of Planned Major Projects in the Huai River Basin ........................... 103 Table A5.2-5: Outfall Channels from Hongze Lake .............................................................. 105 Table A5.2-6: Flood Control Standard of 10 Cities................................................................ 106 Figure A5.2-1: Hai River Basin Reservoirs, Pumps and Transfer Works ................................ 113 Figure A5.2-2: Huai River Basin Reservoirs, Pumps and Transfer Works............................... 114 Figure A5.2-3: Huang River Basin Reservoirs, Pumps and Transfer Works............................ 114 Annex 6.1: Statistics Related to Chapter 6 (Irrigation)....................................................................... 115 Table A6-1: 3-H Total Irrigation Area Under Various Scenarios............................................ 115 Figure A6.1-1: Percent of Full, Partial Irrigation and Rainfed Area in 3-H Basins under Different Runoff Probabilities, Base Case............................................................................... 116 Figure A6.1-2: Percent of Full, Partial Irrigation and Rainfed Area in 3-H Basins under Different Runoff Probabilities, Without S-N Water Transfer.................................................... 117 Figure A6.1-3: Percent of Full, Partial Irrigation and Rainfed Area in 3-H Basins under Different Runoff Probabilities, With S-N Water Transfer ........................................................ 118 Map A6.1-1: Total Irrigation Area in 3-H Basins in 2020, Base Case, P75 ............................. 119 Map A6.1-2: Total Irrigation Area in 3-H Basins in 2050, Base Case, P75 ............................. 119 Annex 6.2: Statistics Related to Chapter 6 (Agriculture and Management) ......................................... 120 Table A6.2-1: Details of Government Ongoing Investment Program (100 Million Yuan) for SOCAD, LIS and Water Saving Technologies Development and the Physical Works (`000 ha) Under Such Investment ............................................................................ 120 Table A6.2-2: Details of Proposed Investment (100 million Yuan) for SOCAD, LIS and Water Saving Technologies by Action Plan Proposed and Projected Physical Works Development (1,000 ha) Under Such Investment...................................................... 123 Table A6.2-3: Gross Water Irrigation Efficiency Projection under Government's Ongoing Program................................................................................................................. 126 Table A6.2-4: Gross Water Irrigation Efficiency under Proposed Action Program.................. 126 Table A6.2-5: Winter Wheat Production Per Water Use Unit in Base Case............................. 127 Table A6.2-6: Winter Wheat Production Per Water Use Unit under the Scenario of Irrigation Efficiency 10% Improvement.................................................................................. 127 Table A6.2-7: Grain Production Per Water Use Unit in Base Case......................................... 128  - iv - Table A6.2-8: Grain Production Per Water Use Unit under the Scenario of Irrigation Efficiency 10% Improvement .................................................................................................. 129 Annex 7.1: Water Pollution Management Decision Support System................................................... 130 A. The Task............................................................................................................................... 130 B. Available Environmental Data................................................................................................. 132 C. Design Data ........................................................................................................................... 133 Table A7.1-1: Key Statistics, Hai Basin................................................................................ 133 Table A7.1-2: Key Statistics, Huai Basin.............................................................................. 133 D. Water And Waste Estimation Model (WWEM)........................................................................ 134 Table A7.1-3: Input and Output Information......................................................................... 134 Figure A7.1-1: Overall Schematic of Waste Calculations....................................................... 135 E. City-Based Models ................................................................................................................. 135 Table A7.1-3: Large Industry Load Growth.......................................................................... 136 Table A7.1-4: Adopted Water Loss...................................................................................... 139 F. Rural Domestic ....................................................................................................................... 141 G. Rural Industry........................................................................................................................ 143 H. Livestock............................................................................................................................... 144 I. Irrigation................................................................................................................................. 146 J. Investment Costs..................................................................................................................... 146 K. Calibration of the WPM-DSS.................................................................................................. 147 Figure A7.1-2: Different Industrial COD Loads Results from Various Data Sources ............... 149 Table A7.1-5: Comparison of SEPA Survey and HRC Survey............................................... 150 Table A7.1-6: Comparison of the Number of Actual and Sampled Cities/Counties.................. 151 Table A7.1-7: Calibration Results for the WPM-DSS............................................................ 151 L. References ............................................................................................................................. 152 Annex 7.2: Input and output data of wpm-dss model......................................................................... 153 A. Input--Hai Basin.................................................................................................................... 153 Table A7.2-A1: Programs Consisting of Different Scenarios for Hai Basin............................. 153 Table A7.2-A2: Hai Basin WPM-DSS Input Data for Urban Industry.................................... 155 Table A7.2-A3: Municipal Water Reuse Factors and WWTP Types and Capacity for Different Interventions for Hai Basin...................................................................................... 156 Table A7.2-A4: Hai Basin WPM-DSS Input Data for Rural Industry...................................... 157 Table A7.2-A5: Hai Basin WPM-DSS Input Data for Rural Domestic.................................... 158 Table A7.2-A6: Hai Basin WPM-DSS Input Data for Livestock............................................ 159 B. Output (Load)--Hai Basin ...................................................................................................... 160 Table A7.2-A7: COD Loads from Major Pollution Sources of Various Programs in Hai Basin 160 Table A7.2-A8: COD Loads from Livestock in Hai Basin ..................................................... 161 Table A7.2-A9: COD Loads from Rural Industry in Hai Basin............................................... 161 Table A7.2-A10: COD Loads from Rural Domestic in Hai Basin........................................... 161 Table A7.2-A11: COD Loads of Urban Industrial and Municipal Discharge in Hai Basin........ 162 Figure A7.2-A1: COD Loads of Urban Industrial and Municipal Discharge in P1 &P2 Priority Cities in 2000 under Base Case, Hai Basin ............................................................... 163 Figure A7.2-A2: COD Load of Urban Industrial and Municipal Discharge in P1 & P2 Priority Cities in 2020 under Base Case, Hai Basin ............................................................... 163 Figure A7.2-A3: COD Load of Urban Industrial and Municipal Discharge in P1 & P2 Priority Cities in 2020 under Scenario 6, Hai Basin ............................................................... 164  - v - Figure A7.2-A4: COD Load of Urban Toxic Industrial Discharge in P1 & P2 Priority Cities in Hai Basin ............................................................................................................... 165 Figure A7.2-A5: COD Load of Urban Paper Industrial Discharge in P1 & P2 Priority Cities in Hai Basin ............................................................................................................... 166 C. Input, Huai Basin.................................................................................................................... 167 Table A7.2-B1: Programs Consisting of Different Scenarios for Huai Basin ........................... 167 Table A7.2-B2: Huai Basin WPM-DSS Input Data for Urban Industry................................... 169 Table A7.2-B3: Municipal Water Reuse Factors and WWTP Types and Capacity for Different Interventions for Huai Basin.................................................................................... 170 Table A7.2-B4: Huai Basin WPM-DSS Input Data for Rural Industry.................................... 171 Table A7.2-B5: Huai Basin WPM-DSS Input Data for Rural Domestic .................................. 172 Table A7.2-B6: Huai Basin WPM-DSS Input Data for Livestock........................................... 173 D. Output (Load)--Huai Basin .................................................................................................... 174 Table A7.2-B7: COD Loads from Major Pollution Sources of Various Programs in Huai Basin174 Table A7.2-B8: COD Loads from Livestock in Huai Basin.................................................... 175 Table A7.2-B9: COD Loads from Rural Industry in Huai Basin............................................. 175 Table A7.2-B10: COD Loads from Rural Domestic in Huai Basin ......................................... 176 Table A7.2-B11: COD Loads of Urban Industrial and Municipal Discharge in Huai Basin ...... 177 Figure A7.2-B1: COD Loads of Urban Industrial and Municipal Discharge in P1 &P2 Priority Cities in 2000 under Base Case, Huai Basin.............................................................. 178 Figure A7.2-B3: COD Load of Urban Industrial and Municipal Discharge in P1 & P2 Priority Cities in 2020 under Scenario 6, Huai Basin ............................................................. 179 Figure A7.2-B4: COD Load of Urban Toxic Industrial Discharge in P1 & P2 Priority Cities in Huai Basin ............................................................................................................. 180 Figure A7.2-B5: COD Load of Urban Paper Industrial Discharge in P1 & P2 Priority Cities in Huai Basin ............................................................................................................. 181 Annex 7.3: GIS Maps ..................................................................................................................... 182 Map A7.3-1: 2020 Toxic COD Pollution Loads for Priority Cities in the Hai Basin under the Base Case...................................................................................................................... 182 Map A7.3-2: 2020 Toxic COD Pollution Loads for Priority Cities in the Huai Basin Under the Base Case.............................................................................................................. 183 Map A7.3-3: 2020 Pollution Loads for Level II Basins in the Hai Basin Under the Base Case. 184 Map A7.3-4: 2020 Pollution Loads for Level II Basins in the Huai Basin Under the Base Case 185 Map A7.3-5: 2020 COD Pollution Loads for Priority Cities in Hai Basin under Base Case...... 186 Map A7.3-6: 2020 COD Pollution Loads for Priority Cities in Huai Basin under Base Case.... 187 Map A7.3-7: 2020 COD Pollution Loads for Level II Basins in the Hai Basin Under the WWTP+PPP+Reuse............................................................................................... 188 Map A7.3-8: 2020 Pollution Loads for Level II Basins in the Huai Basin Under the WWTP+PPP+Reuse............................................................................................... 189 Map A7.3-9: 2020 COD Pollution Loads for Priority Cities in the Huai Basin Under the WWTP+PPP+reuse................................................................................................ 190 Map A7.3-10: 2020 COD Pollution Loads for Priority Cities in the Huai Basin Under the WWTP+PPP+Reuse............................................................................................... 191 Annex 7.4: China Water Sector Action Program--Phase II............................................................... 192 Wastewater Profiles for Major Industrial Categories...................................................................... 192 Polluting Categories Classification............................................................................................... 192 Pollutants Load Parameters--References ..................................................................................... 193  - vi - Existing Pretreatment Levels and Processes.................................................................................. 193 Figure A7.4-1: New Water Consumption Intensity of China in 1997...................................... 194 Table A7.4-1: COD Discharge Intensity of Each Major Polluting Industry............................. 194 Figure A7.4-2: COD Discharge Intensity Spectrum of China ................................................. 195 Table A7.4-2: New Water Consumption Levels for Major Polluting Industrial Categories....... 195 Table A7.4-3: Wastewater Discharge and Treatments Levels for Major Polluting Industrial Categories.............................................................................................................. 196 Table A7.4-4: COD Discharge and Treatment Levels............................................................ 197 Table A7.4-5: Discharge and Treatment Levels of Heavy Metals and Other Toxic Pollutants... 198 Figure A7.4-3: A Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Process.................................................. 199 Table A7.4-6: The wastewater Analysis for Reclamation Treatment of a Machine Factory...... 199 References ................................................................................................................................. 200 Pollution Prevention Program (CP) and Load Reduction................................................................ 200 Figure A7.4-4: China's Industrial New Water Consumption .................................................. 201 Figure A7.4-5: WW Treatment and Reuse Flow Chart.......................................................... 201 Figure A7.4-6: Hai Basin WW Treatment and Reuse Rates................................................... 202 Figure A7.4-7: Huai Basin WW Treatment and Reuse Rates ................................................. 203 Table A7.4-7: Wastewater Discharge Status in 1998 ............................................................. 204 Table A7.4-8: COD Discharge Status in 2-H (Based on SEPA's Yearbooks).......................... 204 Table A7.4-9: Comparison of Data in SEPA's Yearbooks with SEPA's Surveys .................... 205 Table A7.4-10: Comparison of Data in SEPA's bulletin 1999 with SEPA's Surveys............... 205 Figure A7.4-8: Industrial COD Load Status of China ............................................................ 205 Table A7.4-11: Marginal Unit Cost for COD Removal.......................................................... 206 Figure A7.4-9: Capital Cost for Food COD Removal............................................................ 207 Figure A7.4-10: Industrial WW Status ................................................................................. 207 Table A7.4-12: Industrial WW Treatment Capital Cost Approach.......................................... 208 Table A7.4-13: Domestic WWTP Capital Cost Studies ......................................................... 209 Table A7.4-14: Domestic WWTP Operation Cost Studies..................................................... 209 Table A7.4-15: Outcome of Paper Industry's PPP Action in 2H Basins................................... 210 Table A7.4-16: Outcome of Nonpaper Industry's WWTP Action in 2H Basins........................ 210 Table A7.4-17: Outcome of WWTP+PPP Action by Complying with the Standards ............... 210 Table A7.4.-18: WWTP+PPP Action Outcome and Cost....................................................... 211 Annex 7.5: Statistics Related to Chapter 7........................................................................................ 212 Table A7.5-1: Toxic Pollution Calculated for Cities in the Huai Basin.................................... 212 Table A7.5-2: Toxic Pollution Calculated for the Hai Basin................................................... 213 Table A7.5-3: Priorities Cities for Action Plan in the Hai Basin ............................................. 214 Table A7.5-4: Priority Cities for Action Plan in the Huai Basin.............................................. 215 Table A7.5-5: Hai Basin Structural Pollution Control Investment (2000-2020) ....................... 216 Table A7.5-6: Huai Basin Structural Pollution Control Investment (2000-2020)...................... 218 Table A7.5-7: Hai Basin Cost of Urban Industrial Pollution Control (P1 & P2 Cities) for the Proposed Action Program (2001-2020) .................................................................... 219 Table A7.5-8: Hai Basin Cost of Urban Industrial Pollution Control (P1 & P2 Cities) for the Government Program (2001-2020)........................................................................... 220 Table A7.5-9: Hai Basin Cost of Urban Municipal Wastewater Treatment for the Government Program and Action Plan Combined (2001-2020) ..................................................... 221 Table A7.5-10: Hai Basin Cost of Urban Municipal & Industrial Treatment (Government Program + Action Plan) (2001-2020) ....................................................................... 222  - vii - Table A7.5-11: Huai Basin Cost of Urban Industrial Pollution Control (P1 & P2 Cities) for the Proposed Action Program (2001-2020) .................................................................... 223 Table A7.5-12: Huai Basin Cost of Urban Industrial Pollution Control (P1 & P2 Cities) for the Government Program (2001-2020)........................................................................... 224 Table A7.5-13: Huai Basin Cost of Urban Municipal Wastewater Treatment for the Government Program and Action Plan Combined (2001-2020) ..................................................... 225 Table A7.5-14: Huai Basin Cost of Urban Municipal & Industrial Treatment (Government Program + Action Plan) (2001-2020) ....................................................................... 226 Annex 8.1: Pretreatment for Major Industries in the 3-H Basins......................................................... 227 A. Introduction............................................................................................................................ 227 B. Pulp Making and Pollution Control.......................................................................................... 227 Table A8.1-1: Material Parameters for Straw Pulp/Paper Making in China ............................. 227 Table A8.1-2: Black Liquor Alkali Recovery Practice in China by End of 1996...................... 228 Table A8.1-3: Levels of Current Black Liquor Alkali Recovery Practice................................ 228 Table A8.1-4: Black Liquor Contents................................................................................... 228 Figure A8.1-1: Chemical Straw Pulp Making........................................................................ 229 Figure A8.1-2: Black Liquor Treatment Process................................................................... 229 C. Paper Making and Pollution Control........................................................................................ 230 D. Options for Pulp/Paper Industries............................................................................................ 230 E. Brewing and Food................................................................................................................... 232 F. Alcohol Distillation................................................................................................................. 233 Table A8.1-7: Development of Chinese Alcohol Industry...................................................... 233 Table A8.1-8: Capacity Structure of Chinese Alcohol Industry.............................................. 234 Table A8.1-9: Pollution Load of Corn Alcohol Distillation.................................................... 234 Table A8.1-10: Pollution Load of Potato Alcohol Distillation................................................ 234 Table A8.1-11: Alcohol Wastewater Quality......................................................................... 235 G. Production of DDGS............................................................................................................... 235 Figure A8.1-3: DDGS Process............................................................................................. 235 Table A8.1-12: Projection of Protein Feed Demand and Supply Capacity of China ................. 236 Table A8.1-13: Development of Beer Industry in China ........................................................ 237 Table A8.1-14: Beer Production in Eight Provinces of Hai and Huai Basins (1996) ................. 237 Table A8.1-15: Structure Composition of China's Beer Industry............................................ 238 Table A8.1-16: Some General Data on China's Beer Industry................................................ 238 Table A8.1-17: Pollution Load and Wastewater Quality of Beer Brewery.............................. 238 H. Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) .............................................................................................. 239 Table A8.1-18: Development of MSG Industry in China ....................................................... 239 Table A8.1-19: Scale of MSG Manufacturers in China.......................................................... 239 Table A8.1-20: Average Unit Materials Consumption........................................................... 239 Table A8.1-21: Wastewater Quantities from MSG Isoelectric Process.................................... 240 I. Citric Acid............................................................................................................................... 241 Table A8.1-22: Wastewater Quantities from Citric Acid Process........................................... 241 J. Starch..................................................................................................................................... 241 Table A8.1-23: Raw Material Efficiency of Starch Mill......................................................... 242 Table A8.1-24: Wastewater Quantity of a 30,000-Ton/Year Starch Mill................................ 242 K. Chemical and Chemical Fertilizer............................................................................................ 243 Table A8.1-25: Chemical Industry Pollution Status in Hai and Huai Basins ............................ 243 L. Pharmaceutical Industry.......................................................................................................... 243 Table A8.1-26: Pharmaceutical Industry Pollution Status in Hai and Huai Basins.................... 243  - viii - Table A8.1-27: Some Pharmaceutical Wastewater Strengths ................................................. 244 M. Textile ................................................................................................................................... 244 Annex 8.2: Statistics Related to Chapter 8........................................................................................ 246 Table A8-1: Suggested Guidelines for the Preparation of Ordinances for the Regulation of Sanitary and Industrial Waste Discharged into Municipal Sewerage Systems in China 246 Table A8-2: Type and Source of Samples for Industrial Wastewater Laboratory Analysis........ 247 Annex 9: Statistics Related to Chapter 9........................................................................................... 248 Table A9-1: Types of Information Contained in a Groundwater Database .............................. 248 Table A9-2: Details of Detention Basins in Yellow River...................................................... 249 Table A9-3: Details of Detention Basins in Huai River.......................................................... 249 Annex 10.1: Irrigation Management Reform.................................................................................... 251 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 251 The International Experience....................................................................................................... 252 The Australian Experience........................................................................................................... 257 The Chinese Experience.............................................................................................................. 260 Figure A10.1-1: SIDD Arrangement in the Tarim Basin Project............................................. 263 Recommendations....................................................................................................................... 263 Annex 10.2: Flood Control.............................................................................................................. 265 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 265 Existing Institutional Arrangements............................................................................................. 265 Figure A10.2-1: Organization Chart for Flood Control.......................................................... 266 Figure A10.2-2: Reporting, Forecasting and Operational Arrangements ................................. 268 Regulatory Framework................................................................................................................ 269 The Role of the US Army Corps of Engineers............................................................................... 274 Summary.................................................................................................................................... 275 Annex 10.3: Demand Management.................................................................................................. 277 Annex 10.4: Water Law of the People's Republic of China................................................................ 282 References..................................................................................................................................... 298  Annex 1: Statistics Related to Chapter 1 1 ANNEX 1: STATISTICS RELATED TO CHAPTER 1 TABLE A1-1: PERCENT OF NATIONAL CROP PRODUCTION GROWN IN THE 3-H BASINS Crop % of national Crop %of national production production Wheat 67 Corn 44 Rice 14 Millet 72 Sorghum 28 Soybean 27 Rapeseed 20 Peanuts 65 Sesame 50 Sunflower 64 Cotton 42 FIGURE A1-1: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION OF RAINFALL IN 3-H BASINS P75 Rainfall for Level II Sub Basins in Yellow P75 Rainfall for Level II Sub Basins in Hai Basin - Basin 200 150 150 (mm) 100 100 50 50 Rainfall 0 (mm) 0 May June July May June July January March April August April February October January March August September November December February October Rainfall September November December P75 Rainfall for Level II Sub Basins in Huai Basin 200 150 100 50 (mm) 0 May June July January March April August Rainfall February October September November December Source: IWHR 1999.  2 Annex 1: Statistics Related to Chapter 1 FIGURE A1-2: WATERPER CAPITA IN DIFFERENT BASINS IN CHINA 100000 10000 1000 100 /capita 10 c.m. 1 Huai China Yellow Rivers Pearl World Rivers Hai-Luan average Basins Yangtze Song-Liao SE 3H SW Interior Source: China's Water Supply in the 21st Century (IWHR, 1999). FIGURE A1-3: ECONOMIC LOSS RESULTING FROM FLOODS IN PLAINS AND NONPLAINS AREAS WITHIN THE 3-H BASINSCOMPARED WITH CHINA 1,200 2,500 1,000 (3H). 2,000 800 (China) 1,500 RMB 600 1,000 RMB 400 Million 200 500 Million 100 0 0 100 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Plains (3H) Non Plains(3H) China FIGURE A1-4: GROSS INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT VALUE IN 1999 FORTHE 3-H BASINS (0.1 billion Yuan) 46,759 3,503 9,254 8,221 Hai (12.1%) Huai (13.7%) Yellow (5.2%) Rest of China (69%)  Annex 1: Statistics Related to Chapter 1 3 FIGURE A1-5: TOTAL AND WASTEWATER INVESTMENT FOR POLLUTION CONTROL TO GDP RATIOS FOR EIGHT MAJOR PROVINCES IN THE 3-H B ASINS 0.3 (%) 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 Investment/GDP 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Total Wastewater Treatment  4 Annex 2: Statistics Related to Chapter 2 ANNEX 2: STATISTICS RELATED TO CHAPTER 2 FIGURE A2-1: RURALPER CAPITA ANNUAL 1999 INCOME COMPONENTS FOR PROVINCES IN 3-H BASINS Annual Rural Income Breakdown 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Beijing Tianjin Hebei Henan Anhui Shanxi Ningxia Qinghai RMB/annum Jiangshu National Shaanxi Ganshu Shandong Neimonggu Rural from farming Rural from Labour P r o v i n c e ( p e r c e n t i n 3 H b a s i n s ) Transfer Rural from Property FIGURE A2-2: URBAN VERSUS RURAL INCOME BY PROVINCES WITH PERCENTAGE OF EACH PROVINCE IN THE 3-H BASINS 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 Yuans 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Urban Rural Total  Annex 2: Statistics Related to Chapter 2 5 FIGURE A2-3: CHANGING STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYMENT IN CHINA FOR 1990 TO2056 in 1,000,000 800,000 employed 600,000 people sector 400,000 of 200,000 0 Number 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Agric NonAg Urban  6 Annex 2: Statistics Related to Chapter 2 FIGURE A2-4: WATER DEMAND PROJECTIONSBASED ONDIFFERENT ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SCENARIOS 3HBasinWaterDemand 3HBasinWaterDemand 3HBasinWaterDemand 100.00 120.00 100.00 100.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 40.00 BaseCase 40.00 40.00 BaseCase BaseCase HighRuralIncomeGrowth HighIncomeGrowth 20.00 HighIndOutputGrowth 20.00 LowRuralIncomeGrowth 20.00 LowIncomeGrowth LowIndOutputGrowth 0.00 0.00 0.00 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 3HBasinWaterDemand 3HBasinWaterDemand 3HBasinWaterDemand 100.00 80.00 120.00 80.00 100.00 60.00 80.00 60.00 40.00 BaseCase 60.00 40.00 BaseCase HighRuralPriceGrowth 40.00 BaseCase 20.00 HighUrbanPriceGrowth 20.00 LowRuralPriceGrowth HighUrbanIncome LowUrbanPriceGrowth 20.00 LowUrbanIncome 0.00 0.00 0.00 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 3HBasinWaterDemand 3HBasinWaterDemand 3HBasinWaterDemand 80.00 100.00 100.00 60.00 80.00 80.00 60.00 60.00 40.00 BaseCase 40.00 BaseCase 40.00 BaseCase 20.00 HighIndustryPrice HighRuralLoss HigiPopGrowth 20.00 20.00 LowIndustryPrice LowRuralLoss LowPopGrowth 0.00 0.00 0.00 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 3HBasinWaterDemand 3HBasinWaterDemand 3HBasinWaterDemand 100.00 160.00 80.00 80.00 140.00 NoPriceIncrease 70.00 120.00 PriceLowIncrease 60.00 60.00 100.00 PriceHighIncrease 50.00 80.00 40.00 40.00 BaseCase 60.00 30.00 BaseCase 20.00 HighGDPGrowth 40.00 20.00 HighUrbanization LowGDPGrowth 20.00 10.00 LowUrbanization 0.00 0.00 0.00 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060  Annex 3.1: The 3-H Modeling System 7 ANNEX 3.1: THE 3-H MODELING SYSTEM Motivation The Water Sector Action Program seeks to define a perspective plan for policy recommendations and investments in the agricultural/water resources sector of the 3-H basins over the next 50 years. In doing so, it is critically important that the program should be based on a quantitatively consistent picture of future water supplies and demands. This picture is complex because of a high degree of uncertainty surrounding: