Philippines - First National Roads Improvement and Management Program Project (Phase 1NRIMP) : environmental assessment (Vol. 3 of 5)

E-287 Republic of the Philippines VOL. 3 Department of Public Works & Highways Environmental Impact Assessment Project Office CONSOUJDATtlD INITIAL [NVI LUNM[ NTAL IIXAAMINATICN WHO i) L1 IPUOTS fer NATICNAL LCAID IMP?DOCVItMNT iand M^^ANAC MlNT Pl OGA4t (N[L4UI) PlOJI CTS JAA u\ZE ID .SIAP  I  TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary IEE Reports 1. La Trinidad -Mt. Data Section, Halsema Highway (in separate report) 2. Buug-Kabasalan Section, Zamboanga-Pagadian Road 3. Calinan-Buda Section, Davao-Bukidnon Road 4. Hinobaan-Basay Section, Kabankalan-Basay Road 5. Malalag-Malita Road 6. Davao-Surigao Coastal Road Annex A, DPWH-Environmental Policies and Philippine Environmental Laws Annex B, Memorandum of Agreement between the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Annex C, Copies of Environmental Certificates a) Environmental Compliance Certificate of Halsema Highway (Baguio-Bontoc-Banaue Road) Rehabilitation Project b) Environmental Compliance Certificate of Davao (Calinan- Bukidnon) Road Upgrading/Rehabilitation/Restoration Project c) Certificate of Exemption of Buug-Kabasalan Road Project d) Certificate of Exemption of Kabankalan-Hinobaan Road  I  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY   EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This is a consolidated report of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for each project identified projects for financing under the National Road Improvement and Management Program (NRIMP) of the Department of Public Works and Highways. Projects considered for NRIMP I are the following: Name of Project LOCATION Approx Project Length Cost in Km. (Million) 1 .La Trinidad - Mt. Data Banaue, Luzon 88 1,300 I Section Halsema Highway _ . 2. Buug-Kabasalan Section, Zamboanga del Sur, 38 777 Zamboanga- Pagadian Road Mindanao 3. Calinan - Buda Section, Davao, Bukidnon, 46 400 Davao- Bukidnon Road Mindanao 4. Hinobaan - Basay Section, Negros Oriental and 33 330 Kabankalan - Basay Road Negros Occidental, Visayas 5. Malalag-Malita Road Davao Oriental, 48 250 Mindanao 6. Davao - Surigao Coastal Davao and Surigao, 156 850 'Road Mindanao i Since most of the projects listed above are already existing, the improvement and modification of the road will have minimal adverse impacts to the environment. Although environmental project impacts are manageable, the Environmental Impact Assessment Project Office (EIAPO) of the DPWH conducted the environmental assessment for each project. This is to ensure that adequate precautions are taken. 'The environmental assessment is in compliance with the existing DPWH environmental policies and Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System (EISS) (See Annex A) and the operational directive on Environmental Assessment of the Bank. The assessment was based on the criteria outline in the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) between the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). (Please refer to Annex B) The MOA classifies which projects are considered an Environmentally Critical Project (ECP) and establishes the steps in performing the environmental spatial screening of the projects in relation to Environmental Critical Areas (ECAs). This screening has in particular focused on National Parks and Watershed, Indigenous People, Endangered Species, Coral Reefs, Mangroves and Forests.  Due to the fact that the proposed roads for NRMP projects are existing roads being upgraded to a higher standard, the impacts on the aforementioned potential ECAs is envisaged to be limited. The spatial mapping of the ECAs provides an opportunity to incorporate the environmental concerns into the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and thus securing that significant adverse environmental impact can be avoided or mitigated. The EMP in the IEE will be adopted and incorporated in contract clauses to ensure that environmental issues are well taken care of by the contractor during implementation. These IEEs will be submitted to the DENR Regional Office in applying for the Environmental Compliance Certificates (ECC), before any project gets started. Three out of the six projects identified for NRIMP Phase 1 has an ECC or Certificate of Exemption issued by the DENR. (See Annex C) For the rest of the projects the ECC must still be secured prior to implementation of these projects. As to social acceptability of the project, community-based consultation with the local government units, non-governmental organization and other stakeholders was undertaken. Stakeholders favorably endorsed all the projects. For transparency of the proceedings of the environmental assessments, the EIAPO will ensure that these documents will be available to the public. To ensure that the mitigation measures are implemented during construction, a multi-partite monitoring team will be formed on voluntary basis consisting of representatives from the affected communities, people's group, non-government organization, CENRO, PENRO, representative from the office of the Regional Executive Director, and the proponent.  Buug - Kabasalan Road Project   INITlAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION FOR THE RESTORATION OF BUUG-KABASALAN ROAD SECTION ZAMBOANGA-PAGADIAN ROAD, ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR, PHILIPPINES Kaaaan S Bu Watershed Forest Resev EIAPO-Planning Service DPWH in coordination with Carl Bro Int. March,1999  I I  INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION FOR THE RESTORATION OF BULIG-KABASALAN ROAD SECTlON, ZAMBOANGA -PAGADIAN ROAD, ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR, PHILLIPINES =~~~~ _ ..j3- .* f- _ ~ . -d==- Page Table of Contents i Acronyms and Abbreviations ii Maps/FigurelTable iii Background of the Study 1 Project Description 2-3 Reconnaissance level environmental survey 4 Impact Assessment * Watershed Reserved: Buug Watershed 4 * Prime Agricultural Land and Areas Prone to Calamities 5 * Mangrove Areas 5 * Areas with Critical Slopes 6 * Areas within the Road Right-of-Way 6 * Mining Reserved Area 7 * Air and Noise Level 7 * Bird Sanctuary 8 * Affected Households I structures ...... 8A Environmental Management Plan 9-15 Conclusion & Recommendation 16 References 17 Certificate of Exemption - Annex 1 Annex 1  z. m ADB Asian Development Bank DAO 21 DENR, Administrative Order 21, an order amending the Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations of Presidential Decree 1586 DENR Philippines, Department of Environment and Natural Resources DPWH Philippines, Department of Public Works and Highways EIAPO DPWH, Environmental Impact Assessment Project Office ECA Environmentally Critical Area ECC Environmental Clearance Certificate EMP Environmental Management Plan GIS Geographical information System IBRD Intemational Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Also known as the World Bank. IBRD PMO DPWH Project Office for IBRD Projects NIPAS National Integrated protected Areas System NRIMP DPWH National Roads Improvement and Management Program PAWB DENR Parks and Wildlife Bureau ii  Project Location cover page Land Cover Map page 4A Soil Map page 7A --- =>==- ~ - = - - -r - --~ = Sample of Linear Mapping Survey and Noise Level db(A) Buug-Dip:ai,a- . Section page 7C Soil Map Legend page 7B Affected Households/Structures.... page 8A Environmental Management Plan page 9-15 iii  I  INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION FOR THE RESTORATION OF BUUG-KA3ASALAN ROAD SECTION, ZAMBOANGA-PAGADIAN ROAD, ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR, PHILLIPPINES 1.0 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Initially, the whole Zamboanga City-to-Pagadian City Road Project was part of the Asian Development Bank's Sixth ADB Road Improvement Project. The section from Buug-to- Kabasalan is one of the five (5) road sections under the ADB Road project. Later, the restoration of the Buug-Kabasalan Road Section became a part of the World Bank's IBRD-assisted Highway. Management Project, HMP Loan 3430-PH. On 05 April 1995, a Certificate of Exemption was issued to the Buug-to- Kabasalan Road Section from the Philippines Department of Environment and Natural Resources, DENR, through its Regional Office at Zamboanga City. The DENR determined that "the project did not fall under the scope of the DENR Administrative Order 21" (1992). However, the Road Section's restoration, including repair of existing bridges, must conform to the conditions indicated in the DENR's certificate of exemption's. (Refer to Appendix A.) In October 1998, the World Bank Mission recommended this road project to be included under NRIMP Phase I. The said road section became the subject to the Bank's directions that several activities be performed before implementation: DPWH - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROJECT OFFICE  * evaluate road economy * assess environmental impacts * prepare an environmental management plan and * incorporate mitigation measures into road design standard, bidding documents and construction contacts. The Bank, also requested that a reconnaissance-level environmental survey be conducted by Philippines Department of Public Works and Highways, DPWH, to determine whether the project is located within an environmentally critical areas. DPWH agreed to assign both its Environmental Impact Assessment Project Office, EIAPO, and Project Management Office for IBRD projects, (IBRD-PMO) to work together to "ensure that all bidding documents and construction contracts reflect appropriate environmental measures". On 18 January - 1 February 1999, the EIAPO and IBRD-PMO formed and sent a team to perform the reconnaissance-level environmental survey. On 25 March 1999, both offices will send another team to perform social assessment survey. This report embodied the available results of the reconnaissance-level environmental survey. 2.1 Zamboanga City-to Pagadian City Road As early as 1989, the Zamboanga City-to-Pagadian City Road's importance became apparent in a study of the Zamboanga City-to- Cotabato City Road by the Philippines Department of Public Works and Highways and the Asian Development Bank, ADB (1989). The Road starts in Zamboanga City, traverses the whole length of Zamboanga del Sur province, and ends in Pagadian City, the province's capital. With a total length of 269 kilometers, the road forms the backbone of the province's road network: all major roads connect to one of the road's section. In particular, this environmental study focuses on the Buug Municipality- to-Kabasalan Municipality Road section, adapts relevant data and information from the previous studies, and discusses its importance in DPWH - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROJECT OFFICE 2  BUUGc- KABA%AtA% OAID P[?OJECT Province of lambcanga del Sur XW~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, Li  Section 2.2. 2.2 The Road Project The Buug Municipality-to-Kabasalan Municipality Road section comprises a portion of the eastern side of the Zamboanga City-to Pagadian City Road. This road section runs east of the Ipil road section, a vital road link that connects most of the Zamboanga del Sur municipality to Zamboanga del Norte Province including Dipolog City to the major trading centers like Zamboanga City, a chartered city, and to Pagadian City, gateway to the rest of Mindanao Island. The road project has a length of 52.00 km. starting from Sta 60 + 500 at Buug passing through the municipalities of Diplahan, Imelda, Siay and ending at Sta. 112 +500 in Kabasalan. It involves construction of Portland Cement Pavement (PCCP) , 6.70 m. wide, 200 mm thich, with shoulder on sides of 1.5 m. It also covers repair/rehabilitation of seventeen (17) existing reinforced concrete bridges and installation of minor drainage structures and road safety measures. Out of 52.0 km. road project, 3.0 km. was completed by A>M. Oreta & Co., Inc. and 6.0 km. segment ( Sta 66 + 000 to 72 +000) will be implemented by the Regional Office funded locally under CY 1998 Budget. The project contract with A.M. Oreta was rescinded. The works accomplished by the contractor is broken segment as shown below. Station limits Length 61 + 582.00 to 62 + 722.00 |1.140 67 + 193.06 to 67 + 472.84 0.279 81 + 030.81 to 81 + 421.55 0.740 100 + 543.13 to 101 + 283.20 0.740 12 + 024.10 to 112 + 500.00 0.476 TOTAL 3.025km. DPWH - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROJECT OFFICE 3  3.0 RECONNAISSANCE LEVEL - ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY The environmental reconnaissance-level team' used guidelines in the DENR's DAO 37 (1996) to determine which sub-sections of the Buug- Kabasalan Road and areas within the Road's zone of influence qualify as Environmentally Critical Areas (ECAs). From DAO 37's long list of ECAs, the team during field investigation delineated environmentally critical areas within the road projects such as: * Areas declared by law as watershed reserved; * Areas declared frequently visited and/or hard hit by natural calamities such as floods; * Areas with critical slopes; * Areas classified as prime agricultural lands; * Areas within mangrove areas; and * Areas with settlements along the road right-of-way. The team also considered possible social impact problems and studied the road's right-of-way to augment its initial social assessment survey. 4.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT 4.1 Watershed Reserved: Buug Watershed From digital maps available at the EIAPO, the Buug Watershed area is part of the National Integrated Protected areas System, NIPAS, of the DENR Parks and Wildlife Bureau, PAWB. (Please refer to the Land Cover Map). The Buug watershed, in Buug Municipality, is located very near the starting point of the road project, approximately 200 meters from proposed centerline. The environmental survey team visited the Buug watershed and found that most of its peripheral areas were occupied by small communities. Its Reconnaissance Level-Environmental Assessment Team Team Leader - Ms. Crste Z. Navida, Project Manager Team Members - Mr. Emmanuel P. Diaz, Geologit - Mr. Jessie C. Felizardo, Civil Engineer/ Hydrologist - Ms. Emestina C. Palos, Civil Engineer DPWH - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROJECT OFFICE 4  LAND COVER LEGEND LJ Li B Built Up Area C Coral Reef Li Ec Cultivated Area Mixed with Brushland and Grassland Li Eg Grassland, Grass Covering > 70% Fdc Closed Canopy, Mature Trees Covering > 50% LiFdo Open Canopy, Mature Trees Covering < 5D% El Fm Mangrove Vegetation OM Fp Pine Forest ( ~~~~~~~f Fy Mossy Forest /9~ ~~~~~~~~~- ) ' LI Ic Arable Land, Crops Mainly Cereals and Sugar 111 lfin Fishponds Derived from Mangrove j Ifo Other Fishponds E l Imc Crop Land Mixed with Coconut Plantations * ~~~~~~~LI Imo Crop Land Mixed with Other Plantations IJ pc Coconut Plantations 4 Li Ipo Other Plantations LiM Marshy Area and Swamp re E~~~li Ne Eroded Area Li No Other Barren Land LiNr Riverbeds CA ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~US Siltation Pattern in Lake or Along the Coast LAND COVER MAP Project Site SU RIGAC DEL NORTE langas N f~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~mMIS iURIGAO ORIENTAL DEL SUR LANAOI ~AGUSANI 'I * DEL NORTE ________ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~OCCIDENITAL IDEL. S-UR SUKIONOt4 I LANAO.: OAVAO DEL SUR 'O~~AVAO, NOTH iVAO' ORIENTAL COTARATO D'EL, UR SOUTH COTA BATOI 4A  forest cover was lost due to slash-and-burn, or kaingin. 4.1.1 Impact of Project The Road project will have minimal impacts on the Buug Watershed. The existing road project already gives open access to the watershed. The watershed's present deteriorating condition could only be arrested by combined efforts of the local government authorities and the regulatory agency, DENR who are in-charge of policing and protecting the watershed. 4.2 Prime Agricultural Land and Areas Prone to Calamities: Sibuguey River Channel and outlying areas Patches of prime agricultural land are visible within the project area in the municipalities of Kabasalan, Siay, Imelda and Buug. The bigger portion of the agricultural land is crop land mixed with coconut plantation or rubber tree plantation. Residents, mostly farmers, along the Sibuguey River in the municipalities of Imelda and Diplahan, reported the perennial swelling of the Sibuguey River causing floods that damage agricultural crops such as levees. However, situation caused by flooding provides rich nutrients for the rice and corn farming in the area. 4.2.1 Impact of the Project The Road Project will have minimal impacts on the prime agricultural lands. The perennial flooding is not as a result of the construction of the road but from natural drainage ways of the Sibuguey River. However, proper design of drainage ways and proper disposal of surplus materials along the project zone of influence will alleviate or control the flooding 4.3 Mangrove Areas The mangrove areas are located on the southem part of the municipality of Kabasalan and eastern side of the municipality of Siay. However, a large portion of the mangrove areas was converted into fishponds. Siltation pattern is evident on the coastal side of these areas. 4.3.1 Impact of the Project The existing road runs parallel the fish fond areas, approximately five kilometers. Earth moving during construction will have direct impact to the fish ponds. DPWH - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROJECT OFFICE 5  4.4 Areas with critical slopes The Municipality Siay occupies verdant valleys, rolling hills- mostly deforested- and swampy marshes. It is 87 percent hilly and only 13 percent flat. The northem part of the Municipality of Kabasalan lies on steep slopes formed from mountains of volcanic origin to severely dissected hills formed from older metamorphic rocks and low-dissected of sedimentary origin. The Municipality of Imelda lies on generally rugged terrain ranging from a relatively flat to gently undulating hills. ( Refer to Land cover and soil maps) 4.4.1 Impact of Project The Road Project will have minimal impacts on present areas with critical slopes. Mitigation of erosion along critical slopes is through proper engineering protection works design. 4.5 Areas Within the Road Right-Of-Way. DPWH road design guidelines set a road strip clearance width of 20.0 m for road right-of-way in rural areas and 15.0 m in urban centers. Implementation of these guidelines put some areas to be critical to social aspects of the project, particularly at Barangay Monching, Municipality of Siay. EIAPO in coordination with the IBRD-PMO, FS-PMO, and the Regional Office of Region IX conducted the linear mapping of affected structures and other improvements of economic value last January 1999. The result of on-going socio-economic assessment, being undertaken by representative from the same offices, will determine the compensation package for the project-affected-persons (PAP) according to guidelines set by the Bank. The As-Staked Plan showed two 'alignments in the municipality of Diplahan, e.g., the proposed and the as-staked. The proposed alignment will affect a number of structures mostly institutional, such as, school, hospital, etc. EIAPO verified with the IBRD-PMO to determine which of the two alignments is the final. According to the Construction Supervision Consultant of IBRD-PMO, Mr. Dick Stuart, the as-staked will be the final alignment. The as-staked alignment, also the existing road alignment, will only affect four structures of light materials. 4.5.1 Impact of Project About 103 structures, mostly made of makeshift light materials, will be affected by fhe road construction. Approximately 70 QPWH - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROJECT OFFICE 6  percent of the total affected structures is located in the municipality of Siay. The Resettlement Action Plan will report the social assessment for this particular project. 4.6 Mining Reserved Area in Diplahan The reconnaissance team discovered an abandoned tunnel entrance located approximately 50 meters from the road, near the boundary of Imelda and Diplahan. The CENRO of Buug informed the team that Diplahan is a reserved coal mine of Philippine National Oil Corporation (PNOC). The same Officer informed the EIAPO staff of the suspension of mining activities due to incident of fire in the early 90's that caused fatalities to the miners. 4.6.1 Impact to the Project. The case here is no longer the impact of project to the sensitivity of an area but the reverse. The extent of the underground cavity, as a result of the mining activities, within the project area must be determined to assess the vulnerability of the project to settlement. Alternative designs must be studied and considered to avoid the adverse impact of the environment to the project. 4.7 Air and Noise Level The Noise Model (Figure 1), revealed that during peak hours the noise level at approximately 5 meters from center line ranges from 58 to 59 dB(A). The noise levels exceed by 4 dB(A) the World Health Organization (WHO) parameter. The project area has high incidence of respiratory diseases. This can be attributed to the dust and other particulate matter that are triggered by the fast passing vehicles and poor condition of the road. 4.7.1 Impact of the Project The problem of noise and air pollution must be addressed during construction to lessen the incidence of impacts on health of the populace residing near the road. Refer to EMP. The best solution to these problems is the immediate improvement of the road surface. 4.8 Bird Sanctuary DPWH - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROJECT OFFICE 7  K~~~~~~~ K _~~~~~~~~c _s_~~~~~~~~~~~~na : _ ~~~~~~~od 1X^R ' ~~~~;: 0 4 7A  SOIL MAP LEGEND Kabasalan - Buug Project 0000 - Water System 1L 0001 - Hapludaffs I 0002 - Hapludatfs-Eutropepts Ass. I 0003 - HapludaHfs-Eutropepts Dystropepts Ass. El 0004 - HapludaHfs withTropepts. Orthents and Acquents L, 0005 - Hapludatfs wiftTropeptS and Uduits E 0006 - Hapludalfs withTropepts, Udolls and Orthents I 0007 - HapludaHls withTropepts and Uderts |l O08 - Hapludafs withTropepts Ir 0009- Kandiudalf-Eutropepts Ass. | 0010- Palaedatfs EI 0011 - Haplustatfs 0l 0012 - Hapiustalfs-Haplustolls Ass. El 0013 - Haplustalfs-Ustropepts Ass. E 0014 - Kandiustafs-Paklustafs Ass- * 0015- Hapludands 0g 0016 - Fluvaquents El 0017-Hydraquents El 0018 - Psammaquents | 00 19 - Tropaquents with SuHfaquents E 0020- Tropaquents I 0021- UdarentswithTroporthents 0023 - Udifluvents I 0024 - Ustifluvents | 0025 - Ustifiuvents wth Tropepts O 0026 - Ustifluvents with Aquepts and Tropepts * 0027- Troporthents * 0028 - Trmporthents-Eutropepts Ass. * 0029 - Troporthents-Ustropepts Ass * 0030 - Ustorthents * 0031 - Ustorthents-Haplustafs Ass. * 0032 - Ustorthents-Ustfuvents Ass. n0033-Tropopsamments 10034 - UdipsammentsI 0] 035- Ustipsamments [ 0036 - Ustipsamments with Psammaquents and Aquepts 0 0037 - Usbpsamments whF Tropepts and Aquepts 10038- Tropofibnsts-Tropohemist Ass. 0039 - Haplaquepts * 0040- Tropaquepts 0* 041 - Tropaquepts-Dystropepts Ass. _ 042 - Tropaqueptr with Tropeptr and Usterts 0043- Dysopepts * 0044 - Dystopepts-Hapludafs Ass. * 045 - Dytropep-Paleudatfs Ass. * 0046- Dyiopep-Trmporthens Ass. * 0047 - Dystropept with Udalps and Udults * 048- Dysopepts-Eutwopepts with Udafs * 0049 - Dysiopepts-Eutropep.t with Aquents * 050- Dystmropepts with Uduits and Orthents * 0051 - Dysopepkswith Udufts and Udolis * 0052- Eutropepts * 0053 - Eutropepts-Hopudalfs Ass. * 0054 - Eu$opepts-Hoplustalfs Ass. * 0055 - Eutropepts with Ustifluvents * 0056 - Eutropept-Troporthenta Ass. * 0057 - Etopept-Drpts Ass. * 0058 - EutropeptUstropepts Ass. * 0059 - Eutropepta-Pellustert As. * 0060 - Eutropepts with Udafst 0* 061 - Eutropepts with Udatfs and Uduits M 062- Eutnope with Orthents and Udaifs * 063 - Eutnopepts with Orthents and Ustaifs * 0064 - Eu opepts-Dystropepts with UdaHf and Orthents * W65- eufopept-Dysopepta with Fluvents * 0066 - Eutropepts-Dystropepts with Udolis * 007- Eutropepts with Udults * 0068 - Eutropepi with Ustats and Orthents * 0069- Eutpeptn UstropeptAs with Aquents * 0070 - Eutropepts with UdaHf and Orthentsa 0* 071- Humitropepts-Hapludafts Ass I 0072 - Humitrmpepts-Eutropepts with Udults I 0073 - UtropeptHapludaffs As. * 0074 - Ustropept-Paleustafs Ass. * 0075 - Usropepts-Eutopepts Ass. 0076 - Utopepts-Haplustolls Ass. 0077 - Usimpepts-Dystropepts with Ustaft * 007 - Ustropepts-Europepts with Ustaffs * 0079 - Usbtopept-Eutropepts with Aqueptc * WSO - Usfpepts with Usterts * 0W - UstopeptsEuiopepts with Ustolt and Ustaffs OM 002- Haplaquolls * 0083- Haplaquolls-Tropaquepts Ass. 0084 - RenWKkls OM 0085- Rendolls-Eutropepts Ass. O 006 - Rendolls-Rocidands Ass. | OS7-Arguidolis 7B  -lNoise Levelsd(A dtwporn lBuug Tpl~~n __7- g 0 0.05 0.1 Kilometers w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Fl ~ 1 T 59 !~~~~~~~~ 7C *