China - Sichuan Urban Environment Project - environmental assessment (Vol. 2 of 3)

E-246 VOL. 2 Sichuan Urban Environment Project (SUEP) ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Volume 2 Main Report December 1998 Sichuan Research and Monitoring Institute of Environmental Protection  SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT (SUEP) ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Volume 2 Main Report DECEMBER 1998 This report has been prepared by Sichuan Research and Monitoring Institute of Environmental Protection With the Assistance of Mott MacDonald Limited, Cambridge, U.K.  SIClIUtAN trRBAN ENVIRONMlENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSNIENT M?,ain Report CONTENTS VOLUME 1- Executive Summarv VOLUME 2 - Main Report 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 SUEP Project and Components 1.1 .1 Sichuan Province Overview 1.1.2 Provincial Government 1.1.3 SUEP Project and World Bank 1.2 Description of the Study Area 1.2.1 Economv of Sichuan Province i .2'.21 Regional Water Resources 1.2.3 Domestic Water Supplies and Utilisation 1.2.4 Sewerage Systems 1.2.5 Solid Waste and Sludge Disposal Systems in Place 1.2.6 Population, Water Supply, Wastewater,and MSW Projections 1.3 Policv, Legal and Administrative Framework 1.4 Scope and Standards of Environmental Assessment 1.5 Need for the Project 1.6 Assessment Objectives, Criteria. Parameters 1 .7 EA Preparation Requirements 1.8 SRIEP and Participants 1.9 EA Organisation 2.0 Description of the Proposed Project 2.1 Overview of SUEP Phase I Project Components 2.2 Project Formulation and Development 2.2.1 COWI/DHI Project Inventories and Ranking b '2..2 World Bank Review, May 1997 2.2.3 World Bank Final Project Selection. October 1997/March 1998 2.2.4 Ongoing Activities 2.2.5 Future Phases of SUEP 2.3 Details of SUEP Phase I Component Projects 2- .3.1 Leshan Number 4 WTW 4 F.67\F TO)C nrr7Fk4Pt:Q J0 Q  SICICHUAN U'RBAN ENVIRONNMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMVENTAL ASSESSMENT rMain Report 2.3.2 Zigong, Min River Intake and Yuan Ba Chang WTW 2.3.3 Luzhou Beijiao WTW 2.3.4 Luzhou Daxikou WTW 2.3.5 Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW (at Long Quan) 2.3.6 Leshan Wastewater Collection and Preliminary Treatment Svstem 2.3.7 Deyang WwTW 2.3.8 Zigong WwTW 2.3.9 Leshan Municipal Solid Waste Project 2.3.10 Urban Management Information Systems (UMIS) 2.3 ).I I Cultural Heritage 2.3.12 Technical Assistance 2.4 Cost Estimates for Proposed Projects 2.4.1 General 2.4.2 Capital Costs 2.4.3 Operating Costs 2.5 Implementation Schedule 3.0 Description of the Environment (Provincial Overview) 3.1 Physical Environment 3.1.1 Geology 3. 1.2 Topography 3.1.3 Soils 3.1.4 Climate and Meteorology 3,.1.5 Air Quality 3.1.6 Noise 3.1.7 Surface and Groundwater Hydrology 3.2 Biological Environment 3.2.1 Flora 3.2.2 Fauna 3.2.3 Special Issues 3.3 Socio-cultural Environment 3.3.1 Project Area Overview 3.3.2 Social and Public Health Issues 3.33 Finance and Economics 3.3.4 Institutional Issues 3.4 Area of Special Designation 3.4.1 Endangered Flora and Fauna 3.4.2 Historic and Cultural Sites 3.4.3 Parklands or Other Special Sites 3.4.4 Watershed Protection Zones 41367.EA.TOC DECEMBER  SICHU)AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENViRONN1FNTAL ASSESSMENT iMain Report 4.0 Environmental Management and Problems 4.1 Water and Environmental Institutional Arrangements 4.1.1 National Level 4.1.2 Provincial Level 4.1.3 City and Countrv Level 4.2 Attainment of Goals. Standards. Re2ulations 4.2. 1 Surface Water Quality 4.2.2 Groundwater Qualitv 4.'.3 Water Supplies, Treatment and Distribution 4.2.4 Wastewater Collection and Septic Tanks 4.2.5 Wastewater Discharges - Domestic 4_2_6 Wastewater Discharges - Industrial and Other 4.2.7 Industrial Discharges to Sewerage Systems 4.2.8 Sludge Disposal for Septic Tanks and WwTW 4.2.9 Solid Waste Collection and Disposal 4.2.10 Landfill and Solid Waste Treatment Designs 4.2.11 Industrial Solid Wastes 4.2.12 Health and Safetv 4.3 River Svstems 4.3.1 Min River Basin Monitoring Data 4.3.2 Tuo River Basin Monitoring Data 4.3.3 Yangtze River Basin Monitoring Data 4.3.4 Urban Pollution Impacts Assessment 4.3.5 Summarv 5.0 Determination of the Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project 5.1 Positive Impacts (Local. Basin) 5.1.1 Leshan Nr 4 WTW 5. 1 .2 Zigong Min River Diversion and WTW 5.1.3 Luzhou Beijiao WTW 5.1.4 Luzhou Daxikou WTW 5. 1 Chengdu Nr ' WwTW 5.1.6 Leshan Wastewater Collection and Preliminarv Treatment System 5. .7 Devang WwTW 5.1.8 Zigon- WwTW 5.1 .9 Leshan Municipal Solid Waste Project 5.1.10 Summarv of Phase i Positive Impacts 5.2 Potential Short Term Construction Impacts 5.. 1 Leshan Nr 4 WTW 5.2.2 Zisong Min River Diversion and WTW 5.2.3 Luzhou Beijiao WTW 5.2.4 Luzhou Daxikou WTW 5.2.5 Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW 41367.EA.TOC iii DECEMBER  SICHUAN UIRBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Report 5.2.6 Leshan Wastewater Collection and Preliminary Treatment System 5.2.7 Deyang WwTW 5.2.8 Zigong WwTW 5.2.9 Leshan Municipal Solid Waste Project 5.2.10 Summary of Phase I Construction Impacts 5.3 Potential Operational Phase Impacts 5.3.1 Leshan Nr 4 WTW 5.3.2 Zigong Min River Diversion and WTW 5.3.3 Luzhou Beijiao WTW 5.3.4 Luzhou Daxikou WTW 5.3.5 Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW 5.3.6 Leshan Wastewater Collection and Preliminary Treatment System 5.3.7 Deyang WwTW 5.3.8 Zigong WwTW 5.3.9 Leshan Municipal Solid Waste Project 5.3.10 Summary of Potential Operational Phase Impacts 5.4 Cumulative SUEP Phase I Impacts 5.4.1 Related SUEP Components 5.4.2 Other Environmental Improvement Programs 6.0 Analvsis of Alternatives to the Proposed Project 6.1 Alternatives Reviewed in Project Development 6.1.1 Leshan Number 4 WTW 6.1.2 Ziaong Min River Diversion and WTW 6.1.3 Luzhou Beijiao WTW 6.1.4 Luzhou Daxikou WTW 6.1.5 Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW 6.1.6 Leshan Wastewater Collection and Preliminary Treatment System 6.1.7 Devang WwTW 6.1.8 Zigong WwTW 6.1.9 Leshan Municipal Solid Waste Project 6.2 No Project Alternatives 6.3 Phase I SUEP Projects Connection to Ongoing Activities and Future SUEP Projects 7.0 Mitigation and Monitoring Management Plans 7.1 Ni itication and MonitorinrI Program 7.1.1 Construction Phase - WTW 7.1.2 Construction Phase - WwTW 7. 1.3 Construction Phase - MSW 7.1 .4 Operation Phase - WTW 7.1.5 Operation Phase - WwTW 7.1.6 Operation Phase - MSW 7.2 Institutional Responsibilities -II17 IA TnC  SICILiUAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMEINTAL ASSESSMENT Main Report 7.3 Equipment and Training Requirements 7.4 Impacts and Costs of Plan 8.0 Public Process and EA Public Participation 8.1 Meetings with Public Officials in Developing Project and EA 8.2 Survev of Public Officials and Citizens in Project Area 8.3 Summary of Public Input 9.0 Summary and Conculsions 9.1 Water Supply Projects 9.2 Wastewater Collection and Treatment Facilities 9.3 Municipal Solid Waste Projects 9.4 Conclusions and Recommendations VOLUME 3 - APPENDICES Appendix A - Urban Pollution Impact Assessment (NM) Appendix B - Approaches to Water and Wastewater Treatment Appendix C - Appendix D - Relevant National and International Standards Appendix E - 41367.EA.TOC v DECEMBER  SiCHlUAN LTRBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONNIENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Report LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Key Issues, SUEP Major Issues Report of March 1997 (COWI/DHI) Table 1.2 Hydrological Characteristics of Selected River Basins Table 1.3 Total Water Requirements. Leshan Table 1.4 Total Water Requirements. Zigong Table 1.5 Median Maximum Water Requirements, Luzhou Beijiao Table 1 .6 Domestic Water Demand Forecasts. Luzhou Daxikou Table 1.7. Projection of Wastewater in 3rd Drainage Area. Chengdu Table 1.8 Total Wastewaterto Interceptor. Leshan Table 1.9 Projection of Wastewater from Western Drainage Area, Deyang Table 1.10 Total Wastewater Entering Interceptor, Zigong Table 1.11 MSW Forecast. Leshan Table 1.12 SRIEP - Members Participating the EA work of the SUEP Project Table 2.1 SUEP Phase I Project Components Table 2.2 Ranking of Municipal Wastewater Schemes (COWI/DHI) Table 2.3 Ranking of Municipal Water Supply Schemes (COWI/DHI) Table 2.4 Ranking of Municipal Solid Waste Schemes (COWI/DHI) Table 2.5 SUEP Phase I Construction Schedule (typical) Table 2.6 World Bank Water Resources Management Principles and Issues (COWI/DHI) Table 2.7 World Bank Decisions of May 1997 Important to EA Table 2.8 Summary of Proposed Phase I Water Supply Schemes Table 2.9 Summarv Details Wastewater Works Tabie 2.10 Cost Estimates for Water Supply Schemes Table 2.11 Cost Estimates for Wastewater Schemes Table 2.12 MSW Facilities and their Costs Table 2.13 SUEP implementation program Table 3. 1 The Incidence of Water-borne and other Diseases in the Project Cities Table 3.2 Summarv of Draft Resettlement Action Plan Table 3.3 Economic and Financial Indicators for Water Supply Schemes Table 3.4 Economic and Financial Indicators for Wastewater Schemes Table 3.5 Economic and Financial Indicators, MSW Table 4.1 National Water and Environmental Laws Important to SUEP (COWI/DHI) Table 4.2 Environmental Standards for Surface Water, National Standard GB 3838-88. Issued I June 1988 Table 4.3 Length of river sections satisfying the Class III water quality objective bv 2020 after Strategy implementation Table 4.4 Chengdu Main Water Quality Monitoring Values (average in mgIl) Table 4.5 Monitoring Cross-sections of Rivers. Chengdu Table 4.6 Statistic Data of Water Quality Monitoring, Chengdu Table 4.7 Water Quality Monitorinc Summary, Chengdu Table 4.8 Monitoring Results of Surface Water. Leshan Table 4.9 The Quality of Water Sources in Leshan Table 4. 10 Raw Water Monitoring Results at Ganyan Cross-section of Qingyi River (for Leshan N r 3 Water Treatment Works) ( 1991 -1996) Table 4.11 Average Water Quality of the Min River, 1990-91 Table 4.12 Monitoring Results at the Intake of the Min River. (May 1996) Table 4.13 Monitoring Cross-sections of the Mianyuan River 41367.EA.TOC vi DECEMUR  SICHUAN ITRBAN FNVIRONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONNIENTAL ASSESSMEINT Main Report Table 4.14 Monitoring Results of Assessment Section of Mianyuan River Table 4.15 Zigong- Fuxi River Monitoring Stations Table 4.16 Water Quality Monitoring Results of the Fuxi River in 1996 Table 4.17 Water Quality Assessment Statistics in 1996 in Luzhou Water Company Table 4.18 Raw Water Quality Survev Statistics Report - Yangtze, Luzhou Anfu Table 4. 19 Selected Water Quality Parameters in Yangtze River and the Frequencv the National Standard is Exceeded Table 4.20 Expected Changes in Water Qualitv in Sichuan Rivers and Impact of Proposed Wastewater Schemes Based on an Analysis of MIKE I I Runs. Table 4.21 Ranked Cost Benefit for All Schemes and Combinations Involving Wastewater Treatment Table 4.22 Ranked Benefit Cost for Municipal Wastewater Collection and Treatment Schemes Table 7.1 Raw Water Supply Sources, Intake Structures Table 7.2 Raw Water Pumping and Transmission Table 7.3 Water Treatment Works Site Table 7.4 Treated Water Pumping and Water Storage Table 7.5 Distribution System and Water Consumers Table 7.6 Construction Debris Table 7.7 Wastewater Transmission and Pumping Table 7.8 Wastewater Treatment Plant Table 7.9 Sludgze Management System Table 7.10 Construction Debris Disposal Table 7.11 Collection and Transfer Systems Table 7.12 Sanitary Landfill Table 7.13 Leachate Handling, Existing Facility Table 7.14 Construction Debris Disposal Table 7.15 Raw Water Supply Source. Intake Structure Table 7.16 Raw Water Pumping and Transmission Table 7.17 Water Treatment Works Site. Including Pumping Station Table 7.18 Residuals Disposal Table 7.19 Distribution System and Water Consumers Table 7.20 Solid Waste, Septage, and Direct Discharge Sources Table 7.21 Raw Sewage. Domestic and Industrial Sources to Sewer Svstems Table 7.22 Raw Sewage Overtlows, Various Locations Table 7.23 Wastewater Transmission and Pumping Table 7.24 Wastewater Treatment Plant Table 7.'5 Sludge Management Svstem Table 7.26 Receivinu Water Issues Table 7.27 Wastewater Reuse and Downstream Users Table 7.28 Solid Waste Sources Table 7.29 Collection and Transfer Svstems Table 7.30 Street Washing and Sweeping Equipment Table 7.3 1 Sanitarv Landfills Table 7.32 Leachate Treatment Plants Table 7.33 Local and Downstream Water Users Table 7.34 SRIEP Environmental Monitoring Costs Table 8.1 SRIEP Public Opinion Survev Form Table 8.2 Summary of Public Responses. SRIEP Survey 41367.EA.TOC vii DECE.MIBER 1998  SICHtJAN URB3AN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL. ASSESSNIENT Main Report LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Sichuan Province Location Ficure 1.2 Upper Yangtze Basin Main Rivers Figure 1.3 Project City Figure 1.4 Chengdu Plain Rivers & Channels Fieure 1.5 Min River Svstem - Present Figure 1 .6 Tuo River System - Present Figure 1.7 Yangtze River System - 1993-4. Spring Figure 1 .8 Yangtze Nutrient loads & Algae Problem Potential Figure 1 .9 Sources of Pollution - Whole Yangtze Basin Figure 2.1 Leshan Water Supply Existing Distribution Network Figure 22 Leshan Water Supply Project Schematic Figure 2.3 Project Location and Urban Water Distribution Network Figure 2.4 Zigong Water Supply Project Schematic Figure 2.5 Location of the Beijiao Project Figure 2.6 Luzhou Beijiao Water Supply Project Schematic Figure 2.7 Location of the Daxikou Project Figure 2.8 Luzhou Daxikou Water Supply Project Schematic Figure 2.9 Chengdu Drainage Areas Figure 2. 10 Chengdu Interceptor Sewer Route Schematic Figure 2. 11 Leshan Wastewater Plan of Interceptor Sewers Figure '2.12 Leshan Interceptor Sewer Route Schematic FigJure 2. 13 Devang Wastewater Existing Sewerage Figure 2 14 Devang Wastewater Project Schematic Figure 2. 1 5 Zigong Drainage Areas Fig!ure . 16 Zigong Wastewater Project Schematic Fieure 2.17 Location of Leshan Landfill Site Fig,ure 2.18 Leshan Municipal Solid Waste General Layout Figure 2. 19 Leshan Municipal Solid Waste Project Schematic Figure 4.1 EPB organisation chart. Figure 4.2 Contribution of different Strategy Component to Improvement in Basin Pollution Index for the Upper Yangtze Basin (COWI/DHI) 41367.EA.TOC viii DECEMBER 1998  SICHUAN URRA\N F:NV!RONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESStMENT Mvnin Reprwt LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AIC Average Incremental Cost BOD Biochemical Oxyven Demand BMP Best Management Practice COD Chemical Oxygen Demand dBA Decibels (noise level) DFID Department for International Development EA Environmental Assessment EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return EPB Environment Protection Bureau EPO Environment Protection Officers ERI Environmental Research Institute FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return GDP Gross Domestic Product GVIO Gross Value of Industrial Output Ha Hectare hh Household [MR Infant Mortality Rate m3/s cubic metres per second m3/d cubic metres per day m3/h cubic metre per hour M&E mechanical and electrical MI/d mega litres per dav MM Mott MacDonald MSW municipal solid waste OVI Objectively Verifiable Indicators PAC Polv-aluminium Chloride PAM Polv-acrvlamide PC Project Component RAP Resettlement Action Plan SPG Sichuan Provincial Government SUEPO Sichuan Urban Environment Project Office SWMEDRIC South West Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute of China ToR Terms of Reference t/a tonnes per annum tVd tonnes per dav TVE Township and Village Enterprises WB World Bank WTP Willingness to Pav WTW Water Treatment Works WwTW Wastewater Treatment Works WYR Western Yangtze Region 41367.EA.TOC ix DECEMBER 1998  SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Report VOLUME 3 - Appendices Appendix A. Urban Pollution Impacts Assessment, Mott MacDonald, 9/97. Appendix B. Approaches to Water and Wastewater Treatment B- 1. Water Treatment B-2. Wastewater Treatment Appendix C. Pre-Appraisal Summarv Report, 3/98. Appendix D. Relevant National and Provincial Regulations and Standards 41367.EA.TOC DECEMBER 1998  SICHUAN UR13A-N ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONNIENTAL ASSESSMENT Nlain Report 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 SUEP Project and Components The Sichuan Urban Environment Project (SUEP) is located in Sichuan Province, China. Initially in 1996, the project area for SUEP consisted of the entire Sichuan Province including the city of Chongqing. In early 1997, Chongqing and the surrounding area were designated as a Provincial City outside of Sichuan Province. Another environment project known as the Chongqing Urban Environment Project (CUEP) is being formulated for this new provincial city. Meanwhile. eariv work was being conducted by a variety of intemational consultants relative to identifyiing the environmental conditions of the SUEP and project priorities. Of particular relevance to the SUEP. is the Provincial Issues, Options and Strategies study, which commenced in August 1996 and was undertaken bv the COWI/DHI team with Danish funding. This early work of 1996 and 1997 had narrowed the focus of the first phase of SUEP to the Min and Tuo basins of Sichuan Province, as will be further explained in Section 2.2. The project preparation work for the Phase I SUEP has been focused on the Min and Tuo river basins. Projects were initially formulated for six cities within these basins and initial project preparation work commenced on that basis. During the process, funding limitations and project readiness reduced the project cities under Phase I to five. The nine Phase I environmental infrastructure projects that are nowv contained in the Phase I SUEP are the focus of project preparation and this EA. These projects include four water supply projects. four wastewater projects and one municipal solid waste project. Other components that are included in the Phase I of SUEP include a Cultural Heritage component, Urban Management Information Systems (UMIS) component including GIS. mapping and decision support systems, and technical assistance (TA). These three components are not assessed in the EA. nor are geographical or environmental issues which fall outside the scope of these nine environmental infrastructure components. 1.1.1 Sichuan Province Overview Sichuan Province. located in the southwest of China. is the third most populous province wvith over 82 million people over an area of about 385.000 km2. The general location of Sichuan Province is shown in Figure 1.1. The province had been the most populated province until the spring of 1997 when Chongqing and the surrounding area were given provincial status. Sichuan Province is approximately 1500 km from the sea and shares its borders with 8 other provinces - Qinghai. Gansu and Shaanxi to the north. Hubei and Hunan to the east. Guizhlou and Yunnan to the south and Xizang (Tibet) to the west. The topography of Sichuan Province consists mainly of mountains and plateaux and can be geographically divided into the eastern basin area. the western plateau and the mountain area. About 95% of the population live in the basin area. The capital of Sichuan Province is Chengdu. located in the portion of the basin area known as the Chengdu plain. The Chengdu plain's level terrain. fertile land, plentiful rainfall and temperate climate. combined with established irrigation schemes such as the Dujiangyang Irrigation Scheme. all contribute to the area's agricultural abundance. and it is often referred to as "the land of plentv". The western half of the province is dominated by the Himalavan 41367.EA.CHAPTER I I-I DECEMBER 1998  SICHUAN IJRBAN ENVIRONNIENT PROJECT ENVlRONNIENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Report mountains. with an average altitude of 3,000 m, which peaks at 7.500 m in the Gonga Shan massif located in the south-westerm area of the province. 1.1.2 Provincial Government Sichuan Province and its muinicipalities address environmental problems within the same institutional and regulatory framework found elsewhere in China. The provincial and municipal Environmental Protection Bureaux (EPBs) and the Urban Construction Commissions (UCCs) and their agencies share regulatory powers. The centrai govermment's general strategy for urban development has been to develop mechanisms for pianningr and management at the local level that will reduce waste and enable cities to function effectively using local resources. To arrive at the "best practices", local aovemments are encouraged to trv new approaches. The results are then readily disseminated through the press. professional associations. technical intermediaries, and national ministries. Cities of moderate population size are often good testing grounds for bold experimentation and the largest cities serve best as national demonstration models. The Sichuan Urban Environment Project (SUEP) has been fonrmulated by the local officials and the World Bank in a manner consistent with this approach bv targeting a combination of large and moderate population sized cities for selected interventions. Table 1.1 Kev Issues, SUEP Major Issues Report of March 1997 (COWI/DHI) Key Issue I Items of Concern Water Demand High per capita water demand and new strategies must accord with reformed market organisation of the economy and rely more on price to guide enterprise and consumer choices. Current demand policy sets quotas for industrial water use and recycling but Chinese industries are consuming far above intemational best practice levels. There is a reported very loNw unaccounted-for-water (Ufw) of 8.4%. which is questionable compared to reported pipe breakage rates and pipe joint quality. Current water prices are far below the level required to encourage water conservation. Waste^-ater treatment Present low treatrnent coverage and design and management problems. All cities should expand the sewerage coverage for a minimum 90% of the build up areas within five years. Medium and laree cities should provide a minimum of primary Wt%T in a phased 10-year programme. Industrial i astewsa er Onl% 4.5% of industrial wastew.ater is treated but EPBs report that 50%O of the industrial wastewater meets effluent standards. which is seemingly inconsistent or indicative of inadequate discharge standards and enforcemenit. Solid Waste Landfills are poorly controlled and the provision of adequately engineered and managed landfills would provide the largest single improvement in solid waste handling in China. Environmental The chief manaaement obstacle is the significant gaps in regulators control and problems in implementation NIanaeenment ot cxisting regulations A combination ot' infrequent monitoring and low fines tor v iolations encourages non-compliance. Incentives for saving costs are much stronger than incentives for strong environmental pertonmance. 'I'ariffs laritfs should be desigmed to allow tfull cost recovery. China has adopted the "polluter pays" principle but price seting is still politicised. Financial arrangements to cover operations cost shall be established. .Affordabilitx rhere does not appear to be a general atffordability issue but the urban poor (probably 0.5%