r=f $A. ~:tt:fo 00 J1t-i&W r=f $A. ~;tt: fO 00 ffl~ ll&ff~ r=f 00 A. ~!fLHr WORLD BANK DISCUSSION PAPER No.352 t!tJll!flH:r _illZ.1:J+l 7f 'Ji:. !ft{1:r ~~fiffi~i1£i~~ China's Urban Transport Development Strategy ~ ~ffilm~ii~li~Pm~Jfii~ (1995 .11. a-10, :It*) x~ .:1::~ Jtt.~:tt~±Atm3timif¥=1tJ1C~'t' ~if *~)I lfil lJt ~1J\"Zi: ~ I - China's Urban Transport Development Strategy !fl IE~m?'.i:J&~~i'&~1iJHt~ (1995.11.8~10, it~) )C~ .i.~ ;!:i~~~"' 3til..:C..:f.1;ft;f.. 'f .-.; ~~ ~ll;'f:~ lil .tJt. ~+-$;" ~ * 1f ~ Jt:;,t..:r...:&. t±: 11&.:.f±l±I JlOC <:JtJ?:i!!i3(Jla::JJa:) :lt3?:11J ~JiliJifP.liltlr fP.liltl * 7f;;>f>:: 880Xl230 ** 1/16 fP5{E: 25 3 / 4 "f'.~: 771-f-"f'. 1997 if 7 ~~-JIOC 1997 if 7 ~~-V.:.fP.liltl. ISBN7-112-03270-9 TU • 2512 (8413) Jl&tilJiJf1i IUP~~ ~ll:fif!l~J.9i::l:l'iiJ/m, riJ~:2js:~±if!~ <ll!~~f;i~ 100037) 1ifj1§i ................. : ........................................·............................................ .I tl:I n& iR. R~ ..................................................................... ·..........................III '[$ .i ¥ ']'t ¥,J..l... ~!Mz '.:Ei. E3 .: 1le.-==F-11L ' ..;U'lllll:fli::i ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• , ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• V Mft~ pg~~~ ...................................................... :..............................IX xti ;=t; Is · 1,JT m$1,Ji I ~t~'§1§j: i:p OOtJ.iXr!J~~~J&~~ ............................................................ XVII 7fliii.ii.1 ................................................................................................... l J!-&WW* 1jJ~ 7Fliii.ii.1 ......... ~ ....................................... ;................................................ 5 f t!tJHlHr3tJllL ~7.K~~rlJ~Jl~~* A • M!B~lE 'T 7fliii.ii.1 ..................................................................................................9 ~J~WW*M:F:I ~.ll.ft 7fliii.ii.1 ................... ,............................................................................... ll _llE~·H7f~@:fi\1fulli-&:nffi, e~~~IM~~IIJ~* A • T • 1&'.1~** ~1m£1§r 1 : iti OOtJ.iXr!J~·~fr~~¥ .......................................................... 15 J!-&$11J$* *im* ~~£1§j 2 : ~511=£J&iti 1¥-.JtJ,ilr!J~~fC]~ .................................................... 19 ~1Jt:A~tv:~ J • jQif~ .:E~~~ 3: ~Mf.lt~:*:~rtJ3'.t~iCJ~~mt~, ~Y.}-~ll~i.SC ............................. 2s ~00~~~-I~~~~~± ~~~ t:f.lliii.ii.1: illialiJTtlt~C. .................................................•............................. 31 J!-&WllJW* -=B~ri*8 ~~i.£3t 1 : iti OOt/iXrll*JlM1.t: fCJ~&:X':t~ ....................•.............................. 33 Is · 1,JTm$1,Ji I x11 ;=t; ~~i.£3t 2 : iti 00*11M*5~~~~Jt1J: tJ.iXr!Jii'.illlffil¥-J~~~- ...................................... 79 M • 1~$1t ±.Bffi'b-.lr ~ ~ J;r. .X. J. • .j.c!;-;:l:;-7.';"!iil'~t:~~:tEB. ~m6{1){1iJ JJ.OC I IJ X JmlE=FlllJ c5 1$ J:E. . i:!=1 rHl'J ~''" ...•.••...........•.•••...•••.....•........•.. 117 fttim J:J!~ 9J~f.EL,1* ~~i.£3t 4 : tJ,ilr!J~~J.Ettu~II: 0091,a~g~~ .............................................. 137 R ·*~ ~~1£x 5 = tP.tm ~ f1":$ ........................................................................ 161 A•G·~~~ C•J·~~~ D•M·~~~~ ~~i£3t 6: :7dE;·t~ll~ili~il~~9:~ ................................................... 1s9 R • ~$~~ ~~}£)( 7 : t/i.tm 0~~}1~~:¥:.!:3 ~M: IJ\!f'T~t/i.tmi.tff.f~lMt ..................... 235 £1Wt'1 *~m 1f¥w , ~~i£3t a: 0~~ililitfU~iiU~: 0091'~~~~-- ......................................... 253 J • ~mtL ~~l£x 9= ~ill~§ ~'k.AJi!k~: ~:iimii~~ii ........................................ 269 *IE:tt ~~i~x 10: ~.lr~Jl~fft;t&tJU!ilJ .......................................................... 291 K • :!imlGLf ~~i£3t 11: tli.tm±tm,1JJfJ-~ilmj\~3£:m.f1J.!:3~M~lML ...................... 315 *aJerr -t- .fl. ~~i£x 12 = tP.tm~ilm.f1J a~11=m .......................................................... 349 R -Ml • 'll:f .l.b.m.J,I,;"' J=J IH,fl?F/J\ lliHt!: 1 : $ 00t/i.tm~il;1fit~1i ............................................................... 361 *S[llJ.I lliHt!: 2 : .$ OOt/i.tm~il~M~lll!~Jfi.'1"~ ~~1-\:*~ ~- ......... ,......................... 379 1W5~11~8B~lOB. -~$.Ma$.~OOA~fiff,fil~Wff~li~*~fiff~ ~tH-!f*il.±11-T "~m•rtr3C:m~Ji~~uJfit~" o rmrP:I 21 m~. ~mEJ<J~SfiE~M'~·FJc~~ Ji, W~~~~****TB~Fm1¥J3C:m~-o~~. *~~W~EJ<J~*&~~d•EJ<Jili~ ~+?t &1!11¥J 0 *~~w~~. ~m~*•m~-®±•*•rtr•m~~3C:ma•EJ<J~•g~.m~~m ~~~1¥J•rtr3C:m~•.m~•ff~li~*~•ff1¥Jg~~--~. ~~w~~R~~m•rtr 3C:mff~moo~1¥J~il-W~~1¥J~•.~M**•rtr3C:ma•~~~1¥J~rP:lo~W~~&T• rtr3C:m~~$mD®t~.~~§~= m~~.m~*~~-•rtr3C:m~••~~~- mff*3C: m.*~•~~~•*~-0~3C:m~~~¥-~~•ni¥J~m.3C:m~•~m-~•~•rtr 3C:m~J\!:tiJ ~ o !ItffJ :$ ~*~ uJfW ~ i¥J d:rJJ ~ d J;J ~ m• rtr3C:m:itl:A. PJM'~j ~Jif.JT 111 ~,g EJ<J--t- ~ ~f*ftffiio ilftilf11tffltl~Je~1J\~i5t.d•1¥J ili·~f'FJ;Jxtfil~m1J-~ m~!ti:':l M~r.&3C:m~• s · wrm $WT (Stephen Stares) 5'e'.i:J!lifill¥J-1-~C.~ o ftxt~JE9*!l~:;l(.1J~-1f~$ 00 ~ff-*llOO ~;fJL;MJ, ®! ~A~~--~.~&•-t-•rtr3C:;ilff~1¥JMW~JE9~TmDEJ<J~ffl: ~:l;JMW~~mtr~• i~xmf'F B"J~J&B"J~JH.RI f'F' xt~i5l.1¥JdJ}JJE9.¥iJ T :f~ 1 1)f'F ffl 0 9=1$A~~*om•~•m1JlW* *~* ~$A~~*oOO~Ja$1W*M~ ~idtf 9=100 A~Wff ii1HJ-* ~fr~ fil~W1J-~ 00~~~ MM* N • C • :mif (Nicholas C. Hope) li~*~fiff¥m~~~~-M~M* A • T • Wlm~ (A. Timothy Peterson) - I 1995~11~8B~10 BtE~t:JiHBfl¥J "9='00:lp!f!f3tJi:&:J&~~.fiJfHf;;" , ~BJl:lf:lffj)(~ *· ftOO!iJT*?fJ-Et-lfil?XJi~, B;IJoAfftli}~, ~&®i~li$1¥J-ix:lp!nf3tJi.fiJfHf;;o .uJFH f;;~c~ T r:p .-9'!:l1Jlm:lp! nFSC:m.±: ws n*'~if=*• ni¥J •mg- m,ili 40 -t-:lp!rtJ i¥J m**' :lp!r!J~Ji.±:WSf11¥J'§fft, OO~fl:IOO~*~:lp!r!J~Ji~*•*'ttt~mfifl:ISIE~:lf:&:mfi1¥J'§ fftfl:l~*o .fiJfHf;;~ &TfJLZ9J{t, ~Jif5~, ~Jii5~W:FJl!.1*1M, 03=t~JiBJl:J¥i, :ki5:1:·1'1c:l! ~Ji*;Jc•i)!:, ~Jii!lHtllii!ifR~lAM!l!'Bf, m:~1!m-i&~, :lp!r!J±:l:t!!;fUffl-~JimJ:.t, ~Ji1J\! ~lj~~$@!~o mHf;;1¥J.±:1J-•~~: 9='$A~:ttfl:IOO•iis,r:t=i$A~:ttfl:IOOMllJlS, 9='00A~•1T$ fi,ttt~m1Tfl:ISIE~:lf:&:m1Tamttf;;1¥Jffe1J-&mM•~1f:9='00:lp!r!J~~ii#mJE~.r-ffl, dm,m**'**rllA~llJlJff, ~~llJlJfffl:l~±llJlmo *{j(.fi]fitf;;~•iis, ttt~•fi*OSIE¥!H7f:&:mq:y JA 1994 ~7f~€lirf'F:i~Hrl¥J "r:p OO:tp!r!f~m n~.uJFJE" i¥J~5fL 1994 ~ s ~. •iiS:lp!rtJ•ii~ff7t~~**rittt~mq:yr:pm~~-s;mf.f:JJE ~•m:&:J&~s·wm•~-K~dT=*~-&r~*fi"r:t=iOO:lp!rtJ~mn~mJE"l¥J4~*0~~ ~~;tt~~~T91-mJE~B. #M~T-&OO~**~~*ffem~~mJE#M~~·**o q:y~.fiJfJE*qf1JHa:I' •ii®*rittt~mqf${j(~JHRT:lp!r!J~:ii1f=*® n 1¥J~~f;;; 00 ~5'r~*7t ~iJJlllJ T-®1f=*l'Jt~*O:ip!flj; 1995 ~ 4 ~' El3•iis, ttt~mqf*OS!Etl+l:lfttmfil¥J'§ .!JHOOO ~5'r~*~Ildl¥J9=' OO:lp!r!J~j!JH'J~~~la]J'c}§$X~OO!-tl!~~T )J-M' dm, _t~, m**ri~t* 51-:lp!r!JB"J~m•ii~:&:Jl~~o~•~x•~AA~. •iiSfl:lttt~•n~mmoo~*~** 1TT$?X~xr:t=i~•1¥J~-~W~I~om1f~®fflZ9J1!1T~mJE1¥JB~**'~·~Xl¥J~* ~r:t=im•w~mn~1fT$X~00~~~1¥JTM.*filT~•~x1¥Jm:1:~tt~tt. &~mitf;; ~9='00:lp!r!J~Jifi~~~OO~B1¥J~Ait~-~T~~l¥J¥~o *x•i&~1¥J~n7f•~~.±:B**~&~ftOO:lp!W~Ji:&:Jll¥J§~~·r!J~Ji~~~· Jfil¥J¥*:!ElllJ, ~&¥1J:lp!r!J~Ji1T~1*11JIJBJl:J¥il¥J,\!!,~~~ll!~. W7&¥UftOO:tE:lp!W~Ji:&:Jl9=';f1J ffl*'Bfl¥Jll)(Jfi;~~fr-*TMttt~•1T~SIE~7f:&:m1T~ftOO:lp!r!J~Ji:&:Jlm~M•fl:ltt# tlMB"JllJlJfio *x•i&*1¥J12n~•~xmA1fm~1¥Jm:1:.$X~A:l:t!!~~T•m~m1T~~~-t-®t• 1¥J-f*~,llJlJfi,~$fl:IMllJl~~OOl¥JOO~*:&:!l~~fl:l~-0~~1fM~•*TMr!J~~$1* 11JU-F:lp!r!J~ii:&:Jll¥J~1!Etri1J\!1t. M*:lp!r!J5(Ji11lJBl¥J,\!!,~*ri~•· ~&1§=*1¥J1*f'Flitt#o ~-~-~X~1f~~l¥J:FJl!.~~~.x*~~~-T:k:l:l¥JOO~*~Mfl:l•M. A~m•i¥J• ):] triB~ffl'fio m:tt.uJFw f;; 1JHa:i r-~Wit mH~ d 1¥Jm~9ittx ft\=- "~t* 1f 13: r:p oo •m5c:m:&:J1~~,, - :tE$~r:t=ioo•m~m:&:J1m~1¥J¥~_tmmrm~aoo:1pXrtJ~m:&:J11¥JE~~~*'•:1::1pXrtJ~ IV ff://tiliJt /IJl jmJJiltiJ ~ J5i}~ B<J im r~ ;fff-fl: mt1:.1 r ~ IW:~lrtFi<:nqf ~m*J{j( B<J J\. r~ qf Z;IJ • a fn :ffi nr , l!1'x ftt ~fam•m~~~·~•~•-•~~-•~•••B<J•~•~. a*x•t1:.1r&z~.amm~~~~•~"~m•m~•ff~wn"~"~m•m~•~ M~•WW~"B<J~~A~~R~.lltf'Ftl:.l~•B<JA~~~~-B<J8a~•W. ff~Wn~ww~~~~-~~T•&•.M••~~mA~•ff-~B<J~~-~~X~; fil~~T•&•m~~fF~.MRBfilWWff~-~mA~•ff~~*~-ff~~filWWffR ~~J?-1~~~1¥17.:hlIG~*ox~. ~~J!®•~B<Jx~~•nB<J~f'F. J!®mZ;1J~PJfj~J{J(~:tz11.t1t B<Jpj(;J}J 0 •&••m•&~1W~*H~•~ff*$•mm~~"~m•m~•ff~Wn"~§B<J .:t•~IE9A*lltil.t9'1't, #~.lltfttl:.I T•7.:~•· ft!?.f 1994 ~ri'.iJfilWWfft%tl:.I T ~f'F*M~OOM m~B~M~•wnB<J•~·~fflG#-~TfilWWff~~~*~-ff~•&•~fF~ffB<Jff~ uJfn. •&••m•&~~***~-~~*~M~~~~.0~~1¥JA~~~m•m~•ff~ wnB<Jm~~-R~AA~nlG~WW~B<J-~B*ftT7.:•B<JifF, #~mT•*~•wn** B<J:m~&~~I ft. ~ iEMm~JlltiJ&ituJfn~ <~•&WMm~Bif¥tt*~ 1 ~' )ft~ qf ~uJf n1¥J.:t•1JU£!-!f!-ffl ~WW~B<J~b-!f!-~. tl:.l~~~nlGTWnff*~~*If'F. *x•~::t*BrnfilWWff~~tl:.lr&. #rnfilWWff*OO~-~~~-~-~·S·Mm $AA*rix1JJLt;±~. 1-tz~•&•*rifilwmqf B<J~fR, rn •&WMrtFi<:Bif¥tt* * 1 ~,f~;&•&• •m•&~~*OOMmm~&ttw~~~m*x•B<J~wifF.*x•rn•&••m~nifi tt:;f(~ 1 ~'1¥J*~rr. 1~rn. ~,J,~ffi.~~w; rn1~rn. ~,J,~~n\GT ~•B<Jx~~~- t11=r&*11 ::t:•oo;&B<J1tuft. •&••m~Bif¥tt:;f(~ 1 ~'1¥J*~llJ3. 1~$~ 11 A*~*x•B<J~x*~ nlGTl~il*fl:-l3tilift; JL4-m. *~llJ3*[] «:f~~WJ:f!U B<J-®l~ilA~fil~~T•*~•itx 1¥Jt3lilifF: ifrnf~Jtrn K • *M (Kevin FebonHE!t!Jtm#t. a*x•B<J~ilMfi~. ~~1'~~~-fF~-1¥J~~~:-l3t~*· ~PJ~~~T~X~~ B<J~~. rnf~~~~-*~~~. ~•z~•~· ~~i'tmwm~. •&••m•&~ •&• 00 ~ff-~fF~ ~ OO#JXm~Jil:tiJ&itliJf~~ •&'ffll:lpXm~Bif¥tt#~'~' 1997 ~ 4 fa] :tfffi 5[¥ (1.-,A 1995 ~ 11 F.15[¥7-J /'It) mffii5~ = A~ffi lit ffi i!i1fl = JG 1. 00 ~j[; = 8. 5 j[; 1. 00 j[; = 0. 12 ~j[; JMiE)(~/l (1995 ~ 1 F.11 13~1995 ~ 12 F.1 31 13) 8FYP - Eighth Five-Year Plan (1991~1995) ")\.Ji" it::ltiJ 9FYP - Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996~2000) "tLJi" it::l(.1J µg/dl - Micrograms per Deciliter Vt.tfll Jtft µm - Micrometer or Micron VPc* ARF - Additional Registration Fee lift:DoB:ffl~ BOT - Build-Operate-Transfer Jt~-:IE1T-~il CAA - Clean Air Act ~ "'\ f1!-1t $~ CARB - California Air Resources Board :Do fU ;fi m li ~"'\'Of~~ m # CAUPD - China Academy of Urban Planning and Design ~ oo :1µ1rn1J11::1t1J ~ittiJf n ~ CFC - Chlorofluorocarbons ~~1t~2 CNAIC - China National Automotive Industry ~ OOR:$I~01'fJ Corporation CNG - Compressed Natural Gas ffi~:JC~"'t co - Carbon Monoxide -~1t1W{ C02 - Carbon Dioxide =~1t1W{ COE - Certificate of Entitlement tftx iiE ~ (iA,,~) CRD - Central Retail District ~~~ 1 Li'IR (r,lj~~ 1 Li'IR) ECE - United Nations Economic Commission for m !lA1r oo i&X¥J·1·1 ~2 V'f ~ # Europe EIRR - Economic Internal Rate of Return ~2Vfr*J$§Jt&$ EPA - Environmental Protection Agency :Et:lit~H? $ ERP - Electronic Road Pricing Ef!-Tm~i&~ ETBE - Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether Z.~T~ FAR - Floor Area Ratio m~~OOrnH9'l::t (~f9'$) FRT - First Registration Tax §?XY±Mm GDP - Gross Domestic Product IE l*J ~f'= ,~,{I[ GNP - Gross National Product IE ~~f'= ,~,{I[ HC - Hydrocarbon rwtlf:ft~!lm HEI - Health Effects Institute 111*~ ntnJ liJf ~WT HOV - High-Occupancy Vehicle ~~t:t±f:!ii'J§ IARC - International Agency For Research on Cancer IE ~~m;W;Jl!Jf ~~JHft I/M - Inspection and Maintenance ~~l:ij~if~ IQ - Intelligence Quotient ~ji}j ISO - International Standards Organization IE ~~1~1t~J'!Jft KCR - Kowloon-Canton Railway lfL~~ kP. - Kilopascal -=f $8 LEV - Low-Emission Vehicle fl£~'=\. (¥5~) ~FJJ)[±f:~ LPG - Liquefied Petroleum Gas ~ 1-r. 1=1 rm'=\. LRT - Light Rapid Transit $£~·tjcjf 3(jji LTA - Land Transport Agency :l:i!!.00 (~~) j(jjifij] LTD - Land Transport Department !1!!00 (~Ji!!) 3'.tili$ LTE - London Transport Executive fu ~3'.tilttJ.iA'f ~ff-! it 3 m - Cubic Meter li:!J* MRT - Mass Rapid Transit J\:JEt ·tjc:if 3'.tilt MTBE - Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether ft' mit z:, m MTR - Mass Transit Railway A:iEt$ftil!3tilt MV - Motor Vehicle 1JLZ91$ NGO - Nongovernmental Organization ~~])Uff ~_§Jft NH3 - Ammonia ~ NMHC - Nonmethane Hydrocarbons ~~ft' ttrwtlt ft~!lm N02 - Nitrogen Dioxide -==*1.1-tm NOx Nitrogen Oxide 1m.*1.ft~!lo/J O&M - Operation and Maintenance JE1'f 1:ij ~l f~ 0-D - Origin-Destination JtgTz:~ OMV - Open-Market Value 1P :l:m 0-Jf ffl':m PARF - Preferential Additional Registration Fee 1/t;l;llft1Jnfl:M~ PM - Particulate Matter ~tfl!lo/J PM10 - Particulate Matter of 10 Microns or Less in 1J\-TQJG~-T 10 Vt-1*1¥1~tfl!lo/J Size POM - Polycyclic Organic Matter ~ :Ef ff 1JL!lm pphpd - passengers per hour per direction tt 1N1t1fi ~ ~ti1Et psi per square inch ~:JJ~-t PTA - Passenger Transport Authority ~JE (~JJ!!_) fij] PTE - Passenger Transport Executive ~ JE (~ JJ!!_) 1)1.ff ;j:JL fi;J RON - Research Octane Number *t'tfi RVP - Reid Vapor Pressure JUi::.t~feffi SACI - State Administration of Import and Export Commodity Inspection - Sulfur Dioxide =~11.1ifrt - Soluble Organic Fraction PT ~1f tflttl7t 00 SPC-ITE - Institute of Techno-Economics of the State IE* it:1G1J~I~ 4i;1i::t~ Yf liJf ~ Planning Commission Jiff SPM - Suspended Particulates ~ ¥¥-JJJltil ttJ TBA - Tertiary Butyl Alcohol ~TM TOG - Total Organic Gases ~~~1ftfl-4: f*,~, ii µ, _§_ ,,...., lllr.i ,(!-'-Mn TSP - Total Suspended Particulates .\!t,,fil>ff~A.f.!l-r:;J TYE - Township and Village Enterprise ~Ui:'.Jl::~ UK - United Kingdom ~IE us - United States ~IE VMT - Vehicles Miles Traveled iE1T$~.m_ VOCs - Volatile Organic Compounds ~Hl 1-t Er-J1f ;ffl~ 7t WHO - World Health Organization tttJf- JJ.1:~ll~9' ~1J;t Is • WitifFWTI 1 *~)I i~ ~!l!I ~ :'1s:::>'l:J~1C~T 1995 ~ 11fJ8B~10 BtE~t:JitiHfa<J "9=100•m3tii~·~~uJfN~" Et(] ±•x#.~N~~-~$.Ma$. 9=100A~•ff.filW•ff~~~7f~•ff•*±~.~ N~~-N9=100•-mmoo•a<JB§F•a<J3tii~--~T-~~~. ~~~M**•m3tm• -~~~a<J:IErtJ•~T~uili. :'1s:txuJfN~~~1~~:it lSOA.uJfi-;j~_tww;a<J 12~~-itX1¥2.~.&•m3tii~~®!~. ~mm~~.m~*R•.•-m3lm~••~~~. ~ff*3lm.*~•~•~•~~.0~ 3tm~¥.~fiWna<J~m.3tm~•~m-&•~•-m3tmm~~-~w~~•~~~~· •a<J~B*ffT07fN~: ~W~*m~~*~· ~W~M0~3(Ji. ~~B<19=1*~~~9=1oo•-mmoo•a<J3tm~•:it~T•~~~. #-•~~••*~~* ·11~•· ~~3R3tii~ut11~••~*113lm~••~••a<JtE1li f-1jJ. :'1s:iJ\uJfN~a<J,~,~·iix1tJ: <dt:JitwE": 9=100•m3tii~·~~)) ~WT I.kt~i9'. *•l±lTJiJJft@:!J!U. [gJJft:fff-1-tUllAJJft ff~~~9=1oo•-m3tm~•~~a<J~~. #m~m~filW•ff.~~*~•ff~•~~oo•-m 3tiiJH'f ~Et(] 1!11JJ 0 7f~iif.l~.:E.~1~i:S"(Opening Remarks and Keynote Addresses) ~fit'im~tl!. filW•ff A · fijl,JB~lll'T' (Anthony Pellegrini). M11&$~ir.~!UllSIHfH7f~ •ff T • Wl~**(Timothy PetersonH~*~±1J.-!f!.filtE7flf:r\J:•7flfiiij. 1tMfJtE7flfiiiJ9=1$ -~T9=100•m3tii§~MOO•a<J~•~.&•*~®~•a<Jm~~~-- •~$$*~tt:tt7flfiiil9=1~~~mTili~*9=1oo•-m3tmff~~·~~. ~.&9=1~•m m•~a<J•m3tii~M"A3i"#~~9=1*M~M§~.&••1ErtJ.~~~.~-ili~*:tE• m3tm~oo~l±lT§*B<l~h.m3tm~~~•~3tmm*B<l~~m~~•~••·•*3tm ~•s~~~~~~m~tt~~ffa<J~l±l~•-~ttml±l.•m3tm~~~oo~~m~•A~ ~~tt.~~tt-~a<J~~~~.~~T9=1~•ma<J•~·~· *•~TtEISB<J~M§~. ill ~-~-§~~A~m~tta<J. ~~-~~~-~~~~OOB<J~¥~•~m*OOMB<J3tii~M s •Wiftt%1\Wi (Stephen Stares): tt!J'HLHr~ OOli'l~ti fiij:ff:!jt~r!Jll)r:/tJtO~~~Jk'.SC:JBi.~%'.. )(1J;;t; (Liu Zhi): 3(Jm.~Bt~%'.. ~s •:WTW%!\:WT~~-tfllf1. :fl"~¥.±'-fEl3R ·-*~~~JJ'(R.Gakenheimer), G ·~-*tL:W (G. Ingram) El J • :iWl~{J. Meyer) fl~. 3(Bey~~~M£filWWtf3(B.~*~•m~M~~*A•MM*m~m~H•woo± •~~.~~L.~~£mw•tr~~M~oo•oo•m3(B*tr~MOO*~tt~~. A·Mm *m~•~T~oo~m~m*~oo~•**m~~&~m•*oo••m~~*~oo~~•~oo F1Ui .. f1B5iif.il0~11itl5E~~-51 ~•m3(mey~~~MOO~~j(··· A. •m*m ~*-295.i if.iJD~Jra~""f=J~1i7v:f~"JEOOJi!J!lj*Wffl•m3(Bl!&•*ritf~: ~~m~M*ey~~. 1±~~M ey~~*Of;f:fiey~~. Ml!&$$*MR~~DOOH5W±D~&•m3(B~•oo•~~-.~~7vm•#~.~ ROO~:MUO~~j(OO•n£~rJH-~B!•~·~j(~OO~~;!t 0~f~rlk51~*0~-~1Jf!H±~·~· {t~ •~~~~*•~A•m3(m. *•••m3(m~•oo~~-~.~~"1E*#J:ET~oo~mw Wtr.~~*~-tr~~HMOO•m3(B~§m~~oo~•· ~~H~Wtr~~~-~~-~~~*T·~~-OOH5W~WT~OO•m3(B~-~~ •tt~B: ••oom~~*~.0~3(noo~m~~tr*3(moo~m.~~~oooom~~*~ *o~*:l:-tl!IROO~f~~M:ltttrT~ttfX, #W:±P1s:~liJfW~OO-BH~~~&at. ~:ffM-f-tErft101ttt &~M~WR~ffi~003(BJ!&•~tr10.~-~$m~oo0~•*~tr~~-~-~~~oo tEffif~fi:l]BLJifi~BOO'fff~. H5W~ffl£3~±•m~.•~•~•**•*oo±•m~±•~~T•m3(m~•tr ~oo~¥.~•if.ilTm~m~~••3(•~•~~••oo~m. ••m3(•~•tr~~~~oo 00~¥WtB 71~~·ttOO:f:Yi!.. Jt~~=Mti:•m3(B~•tr~~0051*ffl*m11itl*OJt•mflitl, • m3(n~••n~~~¥. 3(B~~~-~-~~~•~m<•)~&~¥. 0~3(ntt~~~ -~~&~¥. OO:ff3(B~-1t~m:ff~~~-~*-~· ~IIllil*t4~1)}tl)}t±. *f?t:X~:tt~ J • 32.IIm (John Meyer) OO±B:J:~~ hAJJi~*o~~iifOOJ¥.I &. ~tiXT~OO~®~OO*•m3(BOO~Mtt~.~*fiT•m3(B~•oo~~tt~H~OO· m3(n~•~~-~~ey~oo~oo~:!i.~•if.il3(m~•~m-~•~&£~~~•m10~* ~Jifii3l~OO~t'Hlk•niRJOO:ff~:5i:-¥f.i. nttm®~oo••m 0~3(·~~:ttv11 OO*rJT, ~1~tB ~ oo •m3(nmoo~OO±DM~£~W-~-~~-~~~**OO~A3(B:Jtttr•~hJt•000~ ~•*m.:tt•m~•~~~--~~~~~oo. 1·m~:tt~•if.il0~~*~"1E*•~*~ rm§ § il1l* •r~ftE ~ ~JllrJt 001~ rtJ • ~oott•R.I~R~RR±~~~ti:±•m~~W~WfflT~OO:X•mm@~3(·~· ooFmtt.~WtB: ~••mm~*~•~~~OO****~· •m~~*•*~m•~~. ~~~-±~••s~~F•~~oo~oo:X•moo±~~m~•~~~~.~~~•m•n* ~trl0~11itl•mOO*lA1N'4:$. ~~i.~3t (Theme Papers) 12•~•~~~~3•£~~00~••~00.~*9•~*00~••~.m~oo~•~~ ~~-~~~~m~&OOffi~~~~·*•OO~~~-.:X$•OO*~~-A~~oo•m3(B :tE ~-i~ Jt Et-J ~-ff J:i:f.lll * , 83 Ji t'it'fm, * 00 :tE•1f00 Et-J $ M' ~:2%:, #~~~Tm Jifim; &Et-J fPJ mo L..-) ' t!tJHLHf *ll SlE ¥J'H *Lt~ff ~ ~ ~11.~~ Ef{j * ~nHIBJ{.lj t'itit li}f ~ ~ (Ji 1'it $~nF.~:JH1Il.llltt:;ie * 1 oo~rinc:m:tE•q1'~~•rn5tJ5~•T s 1-::k~m <~t~, _ti1fi¥, r- J+I, JJJG8*°vfl¥J), ~~ T ::k•~~*OO::k~m3tJH1:1E•ttMEt-Jm-~•~o::k~n~Jt-ff~•~T~•rno ~~~12 -~-i~JtEt-J±~P'l~*ll~JnB~Jio *1liiJJ1.t (Motorization) *OO~~:tEm~~m:f¥Ef{jWAA~m,@ttM•~~m-~~o*~•mB~~T~$I~ F~ttM••·*~mtt~•OOP'lm~~~*~m~*I~:ltMo ~~.~:tE*~~~~rnm ~~WF~Et-J~#~m~+?t&"Ef{jo s ·~m~~*°~~Et-J~Jtm;&~m~~:tE~m*Et-J*$~•· #%~~•r3tmwm~ mo fm1ntt7t@lW.007*00rJL~*W1f¥Et-JttMf11~, #t.m~tlf*Mi•*005i1fnEt-J~:2ifr:it*, m ~$,~,-~m~·~•**o ftP.ffJ~J;J, :ti11:W:&1f·~~ Et-J~#ltlt5~*11WmEt-Ja•, rfl~ftJifi1i1* Et-J~~~~~~~m•~mo~•· ~mx~ttx••tt~T@tt3tmwmEt-J~#m•=r* mnmw~n~~~£$Et-J3tm•;~~3tm•Et-J**·~~~m~~Et-Jmnmw~nffimmo m-#m•~~B~$m~.~m~¥m~1fm•*~Et-Jw~.remn~oott5t7t~~0~g :IE3tm~m, J!t'it~Et-JmM~o@~&am-#m•*~~~~~@M~•**Ef{jfi~*3tm W-*o ~.ll:t, 1Hmrem=:i:+m•m@ffl¥tl*OO~m, ~-m•~:tl5~*+:1JJ:tEf{j~ffli&~ (pricing) !llG~l&~(nonpricing)Ef{]W~m~o ftP.ffJ&tJtW; 7 oo ~ffi_t~~~-m3tm1'PJmEt-J-®:1f~*11~:2%:, %'11J@lfll~ T rt* OO£-!fl-®:if!¥U rfl~ft 1'PJmEt-J *1¥ff S!E 00 •Et-J~:2%: o ftP.ffJ~J;J, :tE~#ltl3t:iH1Wiif1Jllff JJJGJ)J!1JG;t(Jl&Et-J*¥~.Itt iR:r a JttM~mlR~±:l:t!!fiJffl~#ltl (land-use-control), rfl~$W1f /ftffl~#Jtl, tli!.~fEt-J0~3tm~~* W;~~:1JllffW~*°~fmEt-Jl.lll~ofiJ§,:ffM~$I~ttMa•tJtWJ!~"' ~ffJmili:@~fr ~-mam1f~m~~**Et-Jm~*~mmfi~~.w~m7i1T•~~*r~Et-J•~w~~~-m ~11~;f:Jl~$f!ffl Et-J·~•**o ftP.ffJEt-J?t;f:JT~iyj, 1f~iPh Et-J~$I~.~~J!J'z:.:tEOO P'lW-*Ef{j~ ~_t, WM::k~mfi~$W1f•Et-J~~#~~~W~$I~Et-J~iPho ' *lliih:$5-ij~(Motor Vehicle Pollution) :tE~m~•:it*Et-J~"' *OO&llff~•F•Et-J~~f5~~-oW~~••Et-Jm~~*~* ~~M!~~~()I.£1J!l~~o M• ¥3C$ft (Michael Walsh) liJF~7;f:Jl~$f5~Ef{j~J\!1t, #W~f®Ji T:tEOO**°~m~1-m~•~*°~•~oo•~Et-Jm•o~mw, *oom~*t5~Et-J~m•*°:ti: ~f5~•*m~Et-J~~•:ti:s~~-o~m-~mw, *OOEt-Jfi~*~•*~m•~*)1fffi ~*~·~~mtt"~~mtt:;1CEt-J~t5~*•· ~"x~~~*m~nt5Et-Jtt~*°~~~WEt-J nt5~moW::k•~m*m~~X~-~~*mt5~~W~mo M·~~ftmili, E8r*OO~ ~:tEm~~Ef{jWM,fil1feyft~~1f~r~m§~Et-J••· ~1f~Ef{jWMJJJG*~Itttt•Ef{j*M ~Ao~~OO*OO~%:~iyj, fi~$15~~~Et-Jm•~•i&~m~Et-J~:W:o~@m•~m~m ~~rlitf'&t4 C:ti117Cm~~) {ll5i#ltl~ff;f:JLM$~~tMiUffimo ~m?i'.l~~;tgigJI (Muni c i pa I Transport Management) $1fmf, lYlffa<Jm~~l'.*u¥:t(:;l(.1J:Jt~m. ~2'ittt1:m~m~, IfR:tl.3lXo ~~. =IF'itW~- 1'£1f ~:51:*a<J :~lm3lWJE•W1:ll!:f*1ttl, ~ £1f ~:5i:±t!!~Ji ~ ltff :l:tJ $ a<J •ITT3lm 11lJ Rfil r:p oo Ei oo ~i 0 ~ *~lr -~it xitV .&.~-jllJRfilo ff:tYj, _:rJtm~tiJ~;fil.J*~fl: a<Jitx~Jt T r:p oo•ITT3lWJE•WJif*ttlEi;tJL~ a<JM:1tMfi o 11!?.ff] tr 1G:5t ;ffT T • ITT•m tE. ITT 3CW:tfifil a<J IfR ~~.&.. :t(j(,1J :5t' 'Ei m.:lI. ~' 1* ~\ {fr~ ttl 5E ' ~ litll ~Ml! Ei 3lW~!i *WJi, 3lWWJi, fl!:~ ~1fifil o ftl?. ffJ iA7!l lYllf W Ji 1-*ttl ~it:;l(.1J ~2vr a<J ti:!\m, tE~ITT:l:h~2Vf1*1ttlEitt$AMf¥r:p, ~1-*ttl B~2~~~~JEWJi~:51:~~a<JW~o f1BffH~tll TJJlqrftJi 1-*~a<JttB~AA~. #MJtTm~n:f*~illlf~¥a<Jfia<Jm~oftl?.ill~~~W•ITT3lii~¥± ~m3~•ITT-•a<J•m~J.E:m3re•ITT3lWJE•a<J~•IfR~Ei•ITT•Jf.fa<J.:lr.~~-~IfRn ffi:Jt~ 0 R • *~(Richard Meakin) JAOO~r~2~a<JJ8Jl'.mr:p OO•ITT3lJiJE!jjfijftJi1*1ttlJtl:qy7-t,-fff)-o ftl?.~M~=~~•ITT3lWJE•~-1'•~a<JMfi,t£*$••ITT••~~~a<Jm•. ~-~$ Wn*•~~M!!itVfi•ITT3lJiJE!jjfijlf~~1':7t~~~a<J••o@~1fa<JA$f!L~zooAA~~~ a<J•~~w. JAW~~T3lWJE••~c~ttti)a<J~•tt~~•ttoWH. r:poo•ITT•Jf.f~~ m•ITT3lJiJE!jjfija<Jm1f~~-I~~-. 'Eiffl-~,M·,·~~~-,.:lr.~oW1f~$a<JITT :l:fr1~£M=~*•ITT•Jf.f:Jt~i3:®IfR~~. ~re:;ttr:pa<J-®ttl$7!l=IF•Jf.flfR~~o R • *~•i5l•ITT• Jf.fa<J~3IfRft@~~= M•tt~EiftJi, 3lmJE••~.-~ftJi,3(JiftJittti.&.~M!!.~ 5EW*W:Ei••·~J.E3(JiJE!jjfij~ffl-~R.&.ffr~··· 3lJiJE!jjfij~-a<J~J.E~~~: W3lW JE••*a<J~•· ~~~•~*~•~· ~~~••~Ei•Ji~IfR~m3tt•~~fl:ru~m~ f*, il.3Hl~ttf$~flB'Wn o l~Hr:$~f'l=Jf.1 (The Role of the Bicycle) r:p OO•ITT~f!ffl t1Hr$W~l$o :tE±~*·ITTi:j:i, --'=f:~J:a<J=IFZ:!Hrtllfff!ffl t1Hf$o fE! ~-®•ITTWJi~re§n:$~fl:~:tt~•m~~Mfir:p~~3(mfim~3(m¥~a<J±~~~. *HJ\OO!l~11l~ Eiff±F::tt~rni=P'Li'IRl¥Jftm o w~-®AmLliA:lg El ff±F:~-fil1J*-ffr, wffiHJE~~o:JG r5~a<J3(W1JJ.\'.:, @3~~1JJtl;-Z:171¥J~t®Jo ~~. =IF~-~~·1*~$ §1f$:tE•rlJr:p a<Jftffl o A • G • '#~~(Anton G. Welleman), C • J • ~~~WT (Cees J. Louisse) *U D • M • fUt~ ~t~ (Dirk M. Ligtermoet) a<Ji-Q:XiEffl bl::*X~m §-ff$a<JftfflJtl:1rT~~o fllifl'Jtf 1G~~T7i1J ~ IOO~::ttftl?.OO*a<J§ff$••oftl?.illm7i1f~a<J§ff$~Jtl~M-1'•m~Mz~~~·~i¥Jffi ~Mfia<J:Jtfi~~. ~mA~B<1*~7!ltt~OO*a<J§lJ$~fflm~T~*B<1~~0WM:Jtfi, {iBffJiA7!J r:p OO•ITTa<J § ff$3(WJt!lEi7i1.f ~1f1~$fflf~Z:lll::o 11!?.ffJa<J~Jl\B~: tllrf±~05¥-fU ~*~~~~.:tt•ITT3lm••r:pm3~~§ff$a<J@1ffl:ffl: ~~:tt~m~•**~M. :tt ****-1'~~~. §ff$il~~·ITTr:p*$·~~~-~T-ffe~a<J3(JiIA: fi~r:poo• ITT~1fa<J~M§ff$3(W~M!!~~~Wa<Jo•~·ftl?.ill7!Jr:poo•ITT•Jf.f~J.E£Ma<J§ff$3(m ••mtll T--*~U-i5lo ::kill~·t~~~iE3lim (Mass Rapid Transit) r:poo§~R1fm&a<J~1'~*•ITTB1f~~:tt•~±t!!~-*~·m1f+$1'•ITT~tt*~• ~:l:i!!.~o :l:i!!.~~~JJ/i£f0¥1*•ITT'.3liilllJRfila<J:f}~~? R •~$~~(Roger Allport) m~1'11lJRfil:itt jtj,'f!;, S • /Pffjf$/Pf XIII 1r7W~ 1¥J:7HJT 0. f1!?.tt5t1rm7 J:tf1!?.00*:fr:A:!Eilt1C;J!g;lEjtJi1JOOB<J.ii~iA i9', ~J§1E~® iA~fflf*fii:fOO•mB<JM%o~iAJ;J*a~m§:A,~~mf.ii:AB<J•m*~·:frM•L& -~~~J:t~••~•m~:IE•d*o~~~~+*~m*~mJ:tfiMB<J~*•~~•~&:IE •d*~•o R·•$•~mili: :fr~1JOO.ii••B<J~~£: :A$••m:tt~~*•~~"~ m1lll•~1=~3*~, tttt~Il¥~f4rru::f£~3tm:IE*'ltrm'.t!Jf1=J;Ji4=$li:~f3c•B<Jt&ii, ~&:ttm M41J•:ittffW~~~~-m~•ttMBftilif3c•o R··$-~:itt-~mili:*a*~#::f ftd/l;J~~MiJc:AAg;iEjtJiM*M•B<Jb~, mf:A$••m*~· ~~&::f£~~b~~ -o~-1JOO£~J;J*•*~i¥1~-~~~tt~•W$•m*ail¥1¥J•~~M-NaM: ~ -1JOO£~J;J*aRnm4ftt9B<J~•*~o R·•$•~~~0~~*@~dJ;J~J§ffi~ "M~:A$••m~-mffe~B<J:AAg:IE:JJ~: :tt•~*•B<J~#d~~~. ~~•M~w0 ~~$3tB*•~~Bili~71¥J3tBM*o R·•$-~&~•Tm•~*•i¥1*mffl:A:!Eil g:IE1J~o~Mmmm, 0~~*~mmn£m~~•h1¥J•~*•~~~B<J1J~, #A~ ®~~m3tm*~£~~1¥J~•tttt~o•~:A:1Eilg:IE~•B<J~mb~mn£•~tt5t~• •~0~~*~mmcn>o~g:IEM*~M~~•*"· Nm~m3tm*~*~~0~~*~ mmc~i> o 0~3'.l$&¥CPubl ic Transit Reform) ~m.¥1JmVLZ9Jf-t::f:bot211itl?fitz:~1¥H±~m*~&§ff*3tm•mLB<Jm•. 0~g:IE3tm B~@~dJ;Jfi~i:fOO•m3tB~»!B<J~~b~oili£:tE•m•Z9J•*••~m•*rru::f~* ~B<J~"· 9=100W$•mB<J0~3tmg••~:tEr~o£98.*~•~~~ili~fti¥J~~• ~79=100•m0~3tBB<J~JtHl\:lSL, Jrm7 0~3C:B~¥1¥J.ii~:itl:Mo f1!?.ffJtt5titit7~!lfliJ9=1 m•m0~3tm~MB<J~~~•.iAJ;J0~3tm~~§fi£oo••-*~*§~•~*•B<Jm x1L J;J 7£~1imxt'.16,~9!m~~~f-t0#3tm~~~•o f1!?.1fJ&11'iili, :ttm~affJJJm:J:~Jt~B:t, • m•Wfil~@~:fr0~3tBm4B<Jm~1JOO~~:m~B<Jftfflo 0~3tB~¥&£li:~B<JOO~tt•mW»!~-,:fr~m0~3tBB<J~fil~~-L.~W$ OO~~-m~m•o~BB<J~•:ttf~03t~g~m4B<J•m~&•m•WB<J~~ftfflo J~ 14Hil(John Flora):frititm~9=1001tf•B<Jm•"· tt5t1rmTOO)'l<tE0~3tB*~~Mi:fdJ}J B<J~~•*a;J(!J&B<J~iJll o :tEi1=$ ~Mi:f 00*· 0J:t~*~~-~:tE¥9:~®:R~H~IJ!61¥rt~?JL r. m~"~ m~%~$~1¥J03C:m4o ~f##m~~~. 0~3'.tB~*:fri:fOO•mi:f~~@~B<Jftfflo ili~~03t~~B<J-hfil~~:fro@~1E~g~M4M~3t~03t0~.~~*1E•m•WB<J 03t~•Mn~•WB<J03t~~~••Mftffi*~o J·~M~~~= •m•w~m~:tt~r ~1Joo~:m~ftm=•~0~JC:m1¥Jm4*~·~~·~~B<J.m~•m~~~B<J•~~:IE• f1=~*~0~*-~it~T03t~•~£•~•~~1¥J~•· ~~~~~~fil>~~~•$n J ~~~j=!'iili, 1Jlf)(·~~~j($1¥J03(0~£:1f'~B<J, B<J•~o .fi}§, 0 /l;J7it0jt$··~ £$1¥J3tBm4, ~~:ttmM~~~~~WmLm03t$•~~tt5to fb i.'~Bil a<J11=Jf.I (The Ro I e of the Private Sector) m:A$••**~·•m3tm~~~•B<J•~m•sdJ;J-~ff•M•. rru~••nB<J• ~J;Jlltm~T~f~m•o flg'fffln, ±~£00)'~~•*, E~.£•.!:ij.¥U9=1 oo•m3tBB<J-®®J±E1, ~J31J£0~~*~~gfo~iitll~•~•o *OO:tt (K. H. Lee) itit 7fl#Wn•~•m3tJiJ9! § B<J-fr ~:JJoo,m•W••~~J;JB<J•llfliJ, ~RNm*oo•B<JMBo~iAJ;J~•wnmm~R~-* JiJ~nl\*°JEf'F11lJB, :~lm®:m@~•tl:lt§@003tft:Jg!i1fiJ~~fllJffi§ ~J~®:•*:1Jo IJ- 'Jl~o =$00 ••W!HIJ: ~ft fl •w fl 00 ~~~ $mdlg 0:t-U9:'Bf 00 ~1~m•' fE!.tE~1tM l*J fl 1fW1TFPJ ~~ m~ITT3tB£~R•oo••~m*oo~m.m~.~*m~~~A~•oo~§tttt••~*· E§.!ltW~~-f'J.00 § llJHirlOOJ:E5C ::JfJtt1r1J, L.,OOftrlo 1 3lii~$fiI1lJf.li&~ (Transport Pricing) 3tft;lg!i1fi1ftm-i&mti:i:J:im~ITTB~~*m~. #llti:3t•*Hllli, ~~, •m~mfom* mi&m~&00~1-~00. B%d~~OO~*oITT~~~*°~~OO~~-~Btt3tB®:•*•~ fll 3i;.fjil i& •ffl"** 00-&l-:FIft 0 iJ IAfit** m11ltl jt;l'l;.~ MT tE~ ITT il!M * #EP::mwm IJ_ rm' lg~ 11ltl fl A 1N'-\:$00$3](&f!tm•~m~ o K • &OOZ!f (Kenneth Gwilliam) OO~Bit)CifrltT~ITT3tB :Jg!i1fiJ~m-i&moo~m*°•~o~•~T•~ooJ:Effl"~~d~m~1Tlgm~. ::JFX't~ITT®:m~ dM®:~mo~*M~T~m-i&•••ti:~~m~***'~~m•~oooo~mlJ-~£~R •••~~oooo~mo K·&WZ!f~~W•Tmm•~m~i&•oo~m. §mX>JW:$,W~*° ~m~~:$OOi&•&~mo K·&WZ!fmtl:l:X'til!M~m~i&•~M-f-lg~ITT3tB£~R•~ ~-~•~·*~~•mm±*tl:lftOOM®:*•oWll.ntt~•oomM£~R•~m-i&m. 0~0~m1J-3i;m•~~~-*°~~~~-~. MW•&®:mOOM®:~mo ~rll3'lii~~lj(Urban Transport Planning) ~ITT±*~ffl~3tn~oo~•r~ooffi~ttoW~~m•~~~m~re~ITT3'.tB*°±*~ mm~&~~-ffili~-&l-o9='00~m~•tt~m~~-~*~m~-ttfi00ofil~~m~~ ~fi~§rru~~~·~m~•**'±*m~%d*°~~ft3tft)g!i1fi1$3](~*00§*ffih*°~ ~ *!!ft ITfll T iL 7HJT T i:p m 0 .fjil1T ~ITT :J;Jil~lj Jll ~B:J;Jil ~lj ~11Jlj 00 fJt ~-fll ilik: ~~ ' f1MfJ ~lg .fjil1T EfJ :J;Jil ~fi~~~~~ITT~•**,±*m~,•~Ao1J-&•~•rI*°3'.t•~•~oooo•m~•* tt~OOP:Ji:1j~~o ftMl'J~lg ~m ±*fiJffl B~*~~¥iJITT~~Jl 11ltl OO•n~, @@ ~Btt®:m-TTN *~~*°•&Jtma~molgT~*•~~m3tn~•OO~*· =$~IT*°-TiL~lg0~~•*° ~H$•tt**~*HAAl*J•~~:7g~mgg~noo~~~~. ~mOO~--~*°ftW@~X>t grn•~tt~o•ti.~rnw•~A~~*~•••m~•ilt£g~,0~*°~•*fi00£~ ~;£~R·~~@~lg~A~~***OO*-lf§M-J:EOO~*; @£~~w:m~oo~•tt• >J(ftrI*M"ll:/f!tll*-lf003tBWmo t£Jj-~~Bit)C9=', R ·**~~ffjf$ (Ralph Gakenheimer) M~~fllWi~JilW31-~{'J(~i;•Ht Tnll~tE3tB~'Bf*°ftrlW3~0000~fflo~W~M~T~ITT~il-3tBnll~~*OO~&~~*°~ -t-md$*o~-~~m3tBnll~@~~~d~~*°~~~*OOttfi, ntt~1-Mfi*%d~ ~wm~~001T~#~om~oo•~*°*~•m~•ilti:J:E•W~*°m1TOOM®:~•£~~0 ~-~~~mi:J:imm1Toom~fi~Jtt1T~•· 1J-a~~ITT3t•~~~lgM±*~mlg£~00~ ~-~OO--t-IB•$*00ti~. ~@M~ITT~Bnl\~9='/fltlltl:lmoo~• 0 W~1-A*°fil~lg$&Wtt~*°*>c•OOtl:l~-~T~~oooomM.~-~~~filOO~h. ~-m•~~mftOOo~m~~X'JIJ-~Am*°m~-~~~OO•W=•RWOOff~~,#~~' ~M,MiL,#~~,~~ili,£.M,~m. 9='00~ITT-~R#W~~00£Wft,=$RIT, -f-iL,=$SlfllJL li¥7H7f~llHr00 c • W9:±(Charles Melhvish), ttt~@1Tlli9='001~•txtOO D• X: PfrQI~ (Daud Ahmad), 7iU.1£, =$;f:f~. {filffJX'JWT~OOI ~-~T ~008".Jx~fllm:~fftmf\o tE~ Bi~XEl9~~Ji;f¥i:f:l, ~f11l::k:~Et9 J • 3?ill~ (John Meyer), tttW!ffH'f Et9 N • ~it~ (Nick Anderson), S • lXWT (Stephen Dice), P • "Et-JR: (Paul Gui tink), A • ~~(Andrew hamer), S • **]:![ ~ (Slobodan Mi tric), R • ~_R$1~ (Richard Newfarmer), A • !b5l~ (Alfred Nickesen), J • flt .!l.!m (Jorge Rebelo), R • WTW~$if.\ (Richard Scurfield), K • iM~lJ# (KatherineSierraHJ~~Tffffr{iag~_m. ~t*, _t~, l:J+l, JJJG•*Oilfi~fr1JJ5(Jff~!±H!~$, i:rmMm~~~~m~~,tttw•rr~~~*~•rr•*mJJJGE19Mm~~rr~~•w•~T§ ::k:Et9MM.OO•~~tt#~M=m~m,m~I~$~~*I~~0~~*•~xEl9~#-~T :ffffrtilEl9mA.mtt~M~**'•±,~~~ooJ5(m~&lffl,JJJG•,*~'M=*~MmJ5( Jfff-l't¥UT~i*MWJ. :tE$~~.rutttW@tf,~,$. X • Z • 3J-3J!!J(SusanXinshengZhen)X>fi:f:l1r.Aff.! ~-*~~~•m~Et9~x*•T*•~~I~. #xt~i:r-@•~mrrT•~: ~-~$~ ,1~,(MeredithDearborn), J • :l:*~Ll~(JanEllison), B • ~JU~lE(BarbaraGregorgHOV • ~ $*if.\Wf (Vellet Fernandes)tE~X*Et9~m*o~~If'F1room~T::k:•MWJ. 1995 ~ 11 fJ 10 B ~~~~. ~m~~*~~*~·~·~~B~£~~w. R~-®~*~*~~~~tt ~m3t:mr~•· rm4-'twt5t.B~*/GffifP.lo ~N:12S1~~~~m:tJLZ9J$(~1!5 1N~$, m$, tfHll$ ~•~*'~~•**·~m3t:mmm~t5tm•~~o*~~w~•N:~7~~•M~m3t:m~ -~~1?:tll~m3t:J!!ttM~• o ~m3t:mN:-~~~~*rm~~~~•· ~~M~•,m~,~~,wm,~•~~~, ~~~--~~m-~~~~®fPJ"A~M*oR•m~~-~~OOrm~·~~~OO.~/GiiJ ~-~M*~·o~~R~~@§#*~-~ff~M~~~T~~~~m. #~~~~~E~ J*IJ!U, IIY~:tiftEtllAJJJlff~o 1i. lJ! 1* w1J m~ m-r ~~ ~ .!:5 tj:1 oo ~ AA*±~ ~rn: ~ m*§ ~E!Z aq tpX -rtni Jm. aq m.~1J , ~1~ ~i:i J:Efr: -~1: ~~~§~A~mA~~~UM, ~~-*~~BM •~2= ~~~~~filmm~&•~•tt~d* •~3: ~~~~&¥m•~tt~~~*~gm•~-~~m-~•~· ~m•~• •~4= -~~~nm•••~~~~~~ •Yl'l s = m~1:~1WJ~kg~~fl~!.~H~i~~~JiEttun~~ tr-it 1 = gm~mrr·ti tf-lt 2 : Yij&~iiT~~·ti tr.It 3 : tt~~iiJ~~3t:'t1 tr.It 4 : If-i.l~iiTtif~~·ti <D, *if 1§ rn Jt ~ ffl3, 1:!t Jr-ttHr, .111uffl 7f tt ttHr ~ .P oo :1J& rJHJllt1J ~ iHJf n ll7t mPX: i¥J ~ii- I 1'F ~.ll ~ FRJ ~1i! o K ·iM 1 W!Jtf (Katherine Sierra) ~I 1'Fmi¥J-B~A. I f'FmPX:lT.!i'f: J!~$1¥Jtf.t~, lfJJ:, p~7J, t!tJ¥-iHfi¥J S ·AA t1$AA (Stephen Stares), J • ~mtL (John Flora), :X1Jiit; (Liu Zhi), _i!E~7f1tiHfi¥J C • :ffif~± (Charles Melhuish), .P OO:IJ&rlHJ\ltLl~if:liJfJE~%1¥J*H%iL *_l!Efj)j o @: :ft 1995 if: 11 jJ 10 S-PHJf W~ f:1Hht.l:. K • iMWl.f;tf (~ at 1f:1:!t Jf-ttHf .p 00 ~ ~ l!l JEj :Et Jj ~:!;&ITT ttM ~~*· ~et!:!:Jr-mfr~frb0~m•~•m~~*•~)~**W~~b•~il•T*•1§. ®: ;<$:'§1§1¥J.Px:'1s:El3*6%rr,?WLU~. tf.t~,jfJJ:~~T.PX:'1s:i¥J~~If'F. I --- ~ J:i£1i. Ijii ~ YJIJ ,01l9 !jii~;1uiu~e ' ~i.)'l ~lit§) \.ljii fTM (::f' ~*~) : fiiJJ 1 : ~¥t,6lrlne:l!J.EtfufiiE.~J~Ili*ifl1J fiM 2 = m • fJiX -m 3'.ti! 1iIt a<.i ±1M:ll fiiJJ3: ~~~~miJJ$~~~~-~-a<.i~• fiiJJ 4: ifjlj~~ifl1J3'.ti!~*a<.J•• fiiJJ5: ~~~~*iE~0~3'.ti!a<.i•- fiiJJ 6: ~-0~3'.ti!1iJl~Q~~ fiiJJ 7 : ifj1J~3ti!f'=.ill!a<.J!i!~··- fiiJJ 8 :~~fJi!m3ti!••~A~•· &•1: 3'.ti!a<.J§a<.JM~mA~~tr..13iJJ, ~~M$ma<.J3iJJ m3*•~#xn~~~~A~•oo~***remn~oooo«*~m~.•m*~·•~ ~0~xn. g~*~fiA•~«*· ••2: 3'.t~~~~fil~&s&~~•tt~•* tt~~*~mxnfi~~tt~m~oo~w•m~•~· ft~m~m= • ~~~~~•oo••-~ff~~~••oo•~ • x•W*~•oo~oo~•moo•~ ••3: 3'.ti!~~~•m•att~~~-m•~m••mw~•-~•~· gm••~ xBfi~B~*M~m~~mtt~.fil~~-~~~r~OO~~tt~OOltl:~: • }t~fJ1.11Jtl0051ltl: • 0~x•n~~ooB-wJE:1ft • 0~x•~~oom~~-~-~~•w$• • mnxn~m~tt•~~oomr &•4: afta<.i~nm••mw3t~a<.J~~ ~~~~~•m~•*~~mm~~noo~~. ~~*~•moo~n.•moom~~nm 3Btt~ r~1£*%~: • -~•JE:W~~OO$$~$-~* • ttl!E~~-~~irtt*~~ffE • ttl!ExBtt~~~*n•:1G1J • 1!5tl!E£:iiili1i•*~~~ • 1!5tlJE:i&•~1ft~-~. P'l~~M: •JE:*±~~•~•m*~Moowr-m!31r~ Btt~i&&•*~filxB1ft~ft&~tt~~* 1W ibfLl~iJ ~ 1ft~ 00~ ltlT B9!1J 5: @sllffih~k'if~Bil~·!:cHJH~3ti!J.EttiimH} ~lVWf1PJ~~trorxnn~~®!~~*~1Etnif1~:r.w.1roo•m~f3g: • 0;tt3tJi~&*l¥Jf~H~*111£# • ~ * t'>tM!! l¥J fjt~ *or£if • £ litl:l t'>t M!! JiJ\1 t1no 1'>tit l¥J tgf 1m ~& * • Il¥1¥J*~#J! • *~~1itl:li'>tM!!Jffi § l!km tr-l't 1 = ~rn=~RJlr·ti aLl~•••~Att•~~*Er-J~•~· @~mr£m§*••1¥J~m~§~~tt~. tr.Ii 2 : !i!~ .i5( ~ ijJ 7Jt 3i: •ti @~aw~mw1¥J~m~r£•M*•~£~~. ~;Exm*~m~*1l~§tt~. tr.ii 3 = u~a~mH~3i:·t1 xmm*@~•~tt~~~~oooo•*· ft~-~~tt~~~Am~*1!3tm~~1¥J•*· @~~••&xm~•mtt~oo~oo~@.ft~••~3tmJtt'>t~~oo~m*°~~I•ftmft. tf./'l 4 : !.1'!l~iiJ~~~·t1 @~~M!!M@3tmm*~••*°~m~m~~~-~-•&~~••m~oow~*1lm•. fiM1: ~--$~~ili•fiaW~~~ a q:i :9<!:I&m~oo = • ~~~~ITT3tJi1f~00fti:f:i :9<!:I&Ffftt1H100f'Fffl Ll&'tfi'J~m@l¥J~ITTI&R1Wf11¥J~*· 1i5fl ;E ¥iHJ\1J! l'>t 00 rm• 2Z ~ P'l '$ a~ITTI&Fff~OO: • xm J¥J ~- it::!GIJ ~o rg:i=J1nuHmm ~ rn I&mtm nw1t. rrorn ~ xJm.:il::~R m1kt£1. m~im tm • •~~*3tmI&•~m~~;E*1!~M!!ffiw~l¥JI~m~ • ~m~~~•wn*~3tm~•*~ fiM 2: tJt~•$3l~i1fll~±tM.ll: • a~*I&Fff i:f:iJt~~•m~oo3tm~wm~ • ~ITTft~WflOOM~g: §j ~;JJn 5.$ ~ M~g- nz !'BJ OOWim! ~J§m~M~gwn:1t.t1T;tJL;ti;i~~ • 1'1JU;E)(Ji~W~~: -~:ij!~:r}J~~~~fti:* re:l!~2oott~*~~0;tt3tm*1!~1t* ~jj(g~JV! 1TiJJit::!(.1j tE i:p !k:~J# 1J iii: • ~~•&~m•~~*m•i¥J~•~• • ~r@J;jfLZ9J$~~ttl::tNtiftE ti:~m~m1foo: • ~-$iJ.i.OO:~m.fn~1U?it:lW • li}f~1~ffl£~tff1i-1¥J~1~1?&*4 • •&fift3C:m~~R•l¥J~~~~~~~-~ fiiiJJ 4: ifl1J~~itU3lil~31<1¥-J.iEJ(~ • ftJL.~mi=F 1 ~'1Rw:!f:R•1¥JttJ1, t:littl.fn1ft~xtm • i--¥1iitE~mi:F 1 ~'!Rt:littltJ1Z91$1~ffli¥J~frpX>Jmi¥J~:t'=, -e11'JS,~,·t:lfttl, :it!:A~~itU.fllil~-f! mi&~~xtm • *•~~~~n. w1ft•ffxt•~*~m:!f:3C:mW~b~ • ftJL.t§&i¥J3C:mi&~lj1ft~~m. 12},; r~•::f'&,~i¥J*rM ff. PJ~~~fflli&x -Sfl-1jj' ft,fT &IBH±~JJ)(;* • ~~~~3C:mg*•*i¥J3C:m~~ • t1Hm 12), rl2SlffiW1ii.fn1Jt5t~m:@:ffl i¥l*~•0it3C:mtt:;f:: nl(;Jts::.¥11 iE'f ~ i¥J PT rm·ti lf:f:lSu(ilJ 19: '.8i ~ W.fll fi:;f:Jj( -SfZ • ittl~.fll~-03C:~ fflil (Jj!~) iJ_\~JJn § • liJf ~fl if ±ii!~ i¥J S u(il] .fll ~ffl • ~~*~•0it3C:mljX~3C:m1J~~~1¥Jm~ fiiiJJ 6 : ~:¥: iHt3'.t ii li!.~Ui:i g ~ • re~m1¥J•~~-~~ftljr1J•0it3C:m~~1¥J~~~nffi7r-• • ~~m•03C:~~1¥J~¥. ~mmr03C:•*~•~%W~~~ • ~•••~••r191j0it3C:m~•1¥J~~ • 5i~~J#tEilA*l•Sf19.tj1JiiJl¥J.ll~.fllW~~~~ fiiij) 7 : $1J~3'.til.P=~l¥-JJM.iEj(6:Jl:PJl tE i:p !k:~J# 1Jjjj: • ~~-~~mm•~~~-fil~®%£,§M•~·*•~w.fi~®m~•~~m• • a*~~••nN•~~w®~mmM . • • tE:IJ!Xml5ll#1JOO: -~-~~*~~~~*··~~-- •~•mm•ag®1JTIIT•~~•N•-~•®•~ ~~~~~~-tt~~-~ffl~~-*~~~~~~ • -~g®N•~~~~9m, g®@~B~~A~ili • -~19J~®1JOO~~~Llffl~lW$n~•~<§M00~$-~)!IX1~~:f~1t:!J!XmJ5ll#~Dt.ITT~ ffM8: ~~-$~~-~~A*•~ t£9=3~!5ll#1JOO: • ~~:!J!Xm~••~•~~tt*~~®m~tt~# • 1tA:~D~~tt*Affl~~WAff! ~~1f ~:l:tf1JlltJ1#J t£:1J!Xml5l1#1JOO: • -~} iJ6J :!J!Xm ±:1:-t!fff tt ~ ~mttnt • re:IJ!X-m~••~~±~~m•~~~~* • :!J!Xm~mttnt~•®•~~~~@~:7t%&~9=3oo:!J!Xm±~~m®m•~fil • F~~~*~~•m~~~~mw*m~~-~®•• • :7t%~moo~*§~~•*MM~-m~mm#J•~~~tt~ ~ii~B~B* HU! q:i 00. ITT 3t:iilt&Md!G• 00 ~iliJf M~~~3HJ T 0ft q:i 00 r~ m\jj~~!t·l*:i!/tM E82Vt\G5E rl:iJ 21 filref8m~~m. ~*~~~~*~wq:ioo•-m3tm1tmdlG•.~~£•q:i~w•*:tEtt~± ~ITT~~m~m~r•m3tm/tME8"M~"~•· ~~·ITT~~~/tM§~, A~•*E8~ ~-~0~~~~£ra•~$.M•$.q:iOOA~mff.fil~mff.li~/tMmff~~$bf8, SWTOO~*~~)t·~*.$*•mE8mK®ffi~$~E8~~~-~~otE~£,a~~~ -~$X>j"q:i:$7r~*~~~~.~f8x)\:@, X'tffi~$f1tOfilff. liqf~-f'ft{f][8-1ft5[~~~ffi~f8 ~i~to •~$£~~~~~00•-mm•.0~~~3tmc~M0~~n$.ilimn*·~•.~~ ~) E8M~g$n, I1tmJ2:tDc:tt•~51~. ~1ttl~J\lm. gJE~~Jll:J<.1J. ~h*lt· oo~i~1ttri-*~Jl\%1 ~~~oo. ~nr~*~oo•-m1t••~~~.~~.~~ltMorOO, a~§~~q:ioo•-m 3tm•~E8%~./tM§~~-~~rl:iJ~J2:-~.~**~~~~o i:p 00 ±fiX m5t ii$~ 8{] ~I& & im llfii 8{] M~~ •-m£aoott~~mltME8±~•~· £F~®Aa••E8~~o•m3tm•~£•m1t ME8~~®M·· £•m~F®A~~m~~~~E8tt~0~-*~·· £•m~-*~®@ 1i*~f8~i-:WJ9J:*14o 1992 if, q:i~q:i !R;. OO*lm:tE «~r:JJn·l*/tM5il- F~E8*~» q:ij!i ili, -m•0m•~£x-too~~m1tmA~~~tt.~~tt•~E8~~ff~o•m3tm•~B~ ];Jft003MbZ.~J§$XK-f,Q:~1A:tE~*-~®!~£m.~5l~E8F~.Z-o ((q:ioo 21 fil~[,iJrnID> ~J;J~rJJ~m·~~~T-*~00/tMMOO:•~~m. n•~*fil~*~~m•ftOO~-~* J:ftU~~oo~~m®A~~fflltME8•~· ~*OO*tt~.~moo~~~ltMo ~¥*1Dc~*· ••oo~~mf8~:i!1tM®A~wm~~~m*fE8m•••.aoo~-m ~m*AT--t-JJJ.i£J:•~~~Mli'i:1c00~1A, IN~T$fil~§ 00~~0 -OUA 1990 ifjtlJJ».:tE, ~oo•-m-m•~iitlltx•~t!!i•mm••~:tt~, ~ittJ!:•z 1, 636. s 1ZJ[;o 1994 if~OO 622 -t-•m, •mmli!~K:it 1i. 6li 0£, At>J1m~m•OOl9':it 6. 6f~*o J-.A•-mm••~ ";~Ji" itt1Jf81Afft~(J[.~, ~~m• s, 400 0£, J;Jitt1Jf8 1s6%0 J&ie 1994 if~, aoo•-m03t~ •*M:itlOlJM, ~-~-£~207J0£, •m0~3t·~~~-. ffi3r~M.••.0 -~~'~'•E8 1/3 o ililll.n$:ili 40 lfM, •mtJlf A1m~0~3tm$M 6.10 fffetl'o *A 90 if~~*· q:ioo•-m3tmf83tm~~&•~~~~oo~:tt£~~~E8~~o~*•m*~%~ ~·!*:i!3tmJ;J±~. hAf003tii!rl:iJ.lz:~3tm~1tf83tm~ft.lo ~t]i{. ~~. J:•. lfM. mi¥1. ~•~•mffi••~T#~:tE**E8•-m~••*~· •~t]i{.~~.J:•~•-m~•tJ!:A~ •*~•**.ZJ§, lffl.tt~.*~.m~.~&.W~~·*~*~ltM~:i!~m3tii!o 2 lf.Rt-jij ~~. :tE*· ~-m. B~%JJX;T~0~~~$~±~00.~0~~$~WS~$~~~gili %j.\;~1rJ'E000~3tii~*o ~m•m3tii$~OO~•.~~~s•™-m~moo~•~tt~OO*~ott~15~,t£~ m~2m~ 10%1-i::tlOO**-*~J!~•· A~'.:tmJJ(Sfl-M=~m~. •-m~ms ~1t*ooirum-r. ~*~~Tm~**00§*003tii$*, ifE*T•m~OO*~o am&MM*~m~. ~iru.am•rtr3tii•~•~: •-mm~M~~~•&3tiim~• m~: •rtr3tii~*~-~.mM3tii~~~~·· M~M~.giliM~~~e:~---~ •~·~•±~~~*B·•~~••~oo~m••~M=:•m3tiiW•~~~•· ••*siz. ~*o•m3tii~~•rtroo"~a".~mmM•rtr~m.Giiili••moo~mo mf3tii~ m.~-.-~~~mJJX;OO-~ZL~~~A~ffio•m3tiiOO"H~"B~JJX;~~~~m~ tt~iliffOO~w~•o~•tt~±~-m~~m••*••~,~zoo•rtr3tii*~· m~tt~ ~00'.:EF~•ii.•~~-.ff•oo-m~~*o•m3tii•~oo•~· &•~Ttt~±~m~ ~m~~oo•~o §ffif.•rtrmM3tii*~~~~f*•**Sf, ft~~-@~*•m.m~· Wff~~M*· •~iliff~-*~~r~~.~~•-mtt~OO'.:tmm•.~~m•&~~~~~ ~~~~-0 t/£rtl3'.t~•~ "nli" ~Q 2010 ~~-tHrnm.1'1J eHi-&iI.~S~~icJ ~~:tE~~*fil2*005$~~~amtt~±~~~~-~-=~~-§~00·~~M: ¥1J 2010 ~. ~~~lJlltt~±~lJll1~1-t•~•=~~•§:l'1FOO*l.l~:l!Jlo •m3tii1'F~xtm~r2 m~MJ't~~m·!i. 5'G~·l1•~00~liiliF~. :tE~OOittliT "1L1i:" f0 2010 ~~*M1Jll::l(.IJ~. f~ ¥1JTffi~OO!IHJil.o ~~~~:tE*fittl~m~r211HM±~bt• "1L1i" it~1no 2010 $:ilf~§:l'1F• ~~.re"•*•m•~w. ~•m•~~. •~•*tt~ffoo~•"~~tt~btMOO±•ff *Z.-o •~$1ttl~OO•rtr•~•~ "1L1i" it~1no 2010 ~~M1Jll~1J. ,~,00,ffi,R!~ "1L1i" :l!JI fa]' :JJt 00 ~rP mll4i3tJ!l!. ~f.jp 1.K. t?!.V=t ~ .1J. :Ef :ljtE~. lffi 1*~1-t ~rP JI& 0 J=ll'ritMB i¥J ~Ii 93- :r}J fm. •**Sf~*~@am~m~tt~bt•oo•*· ~~-*~h~*siz.•z~d•ili~~btzm *M$~WMOOJJ(foW~·~~~~~-OOtt~~~~-*~*·•rtr~•~~~A~'.:tffi ~~~~lffit-1!!~·0 ~•m•. -r-~MIBW~. am~w~mJJX;~rr-~~·*rr-~~~~-•~*•m tlf, •-m1t00**¥~~110·~. ¥1J 2010 ~•rtr1tJJ(Sf~z¥1J 40%1-i::tl o ~~~m~~Am.'.&~11-t ;f±~~-m~tt~~~oo~•·l1~1trlf¥, OO*ittl~OO~*X~~~--~ifE1~:l'J1~$~~J! **oW~iitt"~0021filIB~~"OO~-.~~:tEAa.~~~M~~OO.**-*~~ tt00~1t. ~~**•m3tii~~.•~·•·~~oo~•tt1t¥o•m3tii$~•~~-• ~@•~fm~~m~tt~~•oosiz.~J!~.~~~~•~•@~m*~mtt~~•~•ffi- 3&0 ¥1J 2010 ~~. am•rtr3tii$~bt•*siz.Sz¥1J~•ili~~~zm* go ~1~*JJ:l!JIOOJJ(Sfo :tE"1L1i"M~.••-mm•w~.•-m•mJJX;~m~~~•.M~~~oo•-m~•~* ~. 100 JfAO~LOOt~::k•m•~~mJJX;·~J!R!*~· ~~:m*•m~~·JJX;·~J!$Am3tii ~-o••m0~3tii®~.:tE~::k•rtr•~~%JJX;~::kili•3tiiIA,~~~~0~~~* ~±•oo.~~0~3tii~~~~~•oogili3tBM~. ~~•-m•mJJX;~0~~~*~±~ fjU,f 3 003ilixmM~. -~~M~~•oo*~~~~*oo~*· 0~xm•~ili1T~•~~~B• ~o 20101f:ff'J, ~m~%~l:A·t-Jc:J!•~±~, 11Jfili1~~- M~irJi00~3'-~1tOOJ!!R-*lij~o ~m0~xm%~l:A~:l!-*ilit0x~•~~~. ~-~ilit0x~•~±~oo. rn~mx m,0~~~*- ili@~$m~oo. ~3'-~~000~3ilix~~*o ~~~®§~. -~~m*OOo ili•a~~~~mm•xm•~oo~¥. ~1TmirooM, m't#OO:&M~•· -M.~¥~mx~•Ii~ttl. 51A:Jt•vutu. 1t*X>t)'rir1t. •~m•xm• ~~~••Ii~•·•~•~oom•xmmm~ammm, ~1T0~xm«*#am~~~~ ~$OO:&M00••~7rrnLt. 5i1t~mxm~tu•~~$1-:1JOO, ttZ9J~mxm•~OO:&Mo • aoo*~-1J\l::IGIJ, ~JE-fiiiOOmr•-r. ~mxm•~JJ£M=±~rnoo*~1J-007rtt, µ:uff151 A:Jt•m~.~~:&Mo~mxm•~~A~0~ttoo~~tt1T~.~~~••tt~~~. •~~900tt~~~irm*~*·•m~~*m~•~-•~-fiJiOO~~oa~mr•r. ~-~~•OOili1T~*· -~m~mm•xm•~~§~1Tm~m~~o=~~1T0~x m~fi~,milim~*-~0~xmH~m~.•~0~:Jt•oa"-JLE"AA~.~~~ moo~0~xm~~oo~~~~~~oo•~I~. §•0A~~-~~oo.g.~~~. •~ ~~-~-' ~9~Ji**~o • ~¥~mm•xmfiii~~. ~~•mft~~~mA~•mm~mm•xmoo•~-•~ ~•Ii~tt. µ:uff'tm~ff~•m~tt.•~~-- ~~oo~mm•xm1T~fiii~*· § ~m•xm•~oo:&Moa~~~--~oomr•-r. :&M~mxm•~. ±~*~~mA ~•mo•~~~~oo~mxm1T~fiii~*: µ:uff't~~~~m•ma~mxm7roooo• m,am~~.a~~•moo*~•~r.~~m•m~~moo~h.*m~m~oo~~o • Jx1·t-R:~mxm~t1J7t~. 5s'dt~mxmfiiio "%~l:A «m•0m•~~» , «~!Trl!!R-* Wii~M» «~m0~xmfiii~M»~±~oo~mxm~m~*· µ:uff't~~~m~~m ~~00~7J~-~~7r•mm•o#F~~~. *~11EZ9J~mxm$~00:&Mo • ~1T~m0~xmtt*oo••o*•~ooooooM, ooh, §mra*~~mm~~~Axm OOlf §:&Ji, ft~@~1T~~tiJ~lA 1J\~$OO/XJi, rmm:R::&Ji0~xmo ~~. llt1i'J@$K -~~tt*:&M0~xmOO:&Ji~~~--~-. ~~M*~-0 • IH~m.•~•~~~mxmmm,a•~*o~~**~mm•~•oo~~~ffl, µ:u ff't, *h*1T~m~irff:&, mttoo~±~oo~~-~AAiliil,ffil, •m§~~mm• ~•aj};JOOm•0m~•Jt~•~o *-~:Jt*X>Jjf-x1i. *~$fifiRm%:rt. fJH~51* *•· ~~~mm•,0~xm~•oo•~o ~rJ».oo%oo~~~Sf, ~±~:&M "fLE" it~IJ&. 20101f::®JJ:1Jll~1J§~i. ~mxm•~:&MOO ff*~1~m:OOo ~711JiJ~£~f4~irJiOO~mxm•~ "fLE" &. 20101f:~-l(;JlJ3:&Ji1Jll~1J, llt m~µ:um~7~~"~00~mxm:&M~•oo~~tt~".$mmtt~~oo~tt~tt. ~m~ ~**~OO~mxm•~OO:&M~~~~oo~mxmoo:&M~~~~m~rrr~~o ~~-ff~~··*~-$~~~~* A • ilJE~~9 1 *llft5I if ~!kl ~ afil*~~~filW&Hm•~•*1:.~m&sm~T~~•~oomw~.a~~•wMa S~11i:tiOOAR&ff~l:ij±1J-~i~liJfW~#m#t7~!trstM'. ftfl'J~~~~~~~fffll~:tE~--t-~ OOif~®i~l:ij{$1fJ.&SIE~liff1lt&ff:1ttffiH'F. a~~•iMfiffl±am~m~am7'11t:L1s:i~liJfit~ ~~~ffmm#toomM.Mm.a~~*~i:tioo~--t~mOO®!~A~~~~.am~m~~tt ~WitftMfJ §riJm0011fh, #~.7J$~Mf:R:OOfPJJ2. g:i ~ t&frtr3'.l ii oo 11tii a~ n~~ i:tioomoo~oo~•~m~moo•*~n~filWLff~OO*W~§*.~~~7'1~~--t~• a~~1lt1:.~ffl.fil*, i:tioooo~mttti:m•1ltM: ~~.m~*m~*mtt~rirm*~oo• J.tm••~.w~Am~~~re~@~~fi~~~m~•1ltMOOF•~~m•*ooa~.mfil wmffoo~•~~. ~--~~~oo~m~m••~~Moo~mm~. m~~ooma~m~m ~7C¥!~:EJJl00 0 ~~ff-L, B~~~~~oiPJA ffJ001:.mJ.Pi:I:, jt~~fj'.f~t&A::J!f001:.mm:1:~1~ !l ~. ~mmm~~•ill•oo~oott*~~••&. ill•~*oo~~~~-~~L~.•~•· ~7'1ft£~::{($00~m~mill•. ~oo~~m(Bangkok):HJ~~1~~ 1/3 ~LOO~m1:.F,~,fi, ~"1-&r 400 7J ~jf:, 0 ~$~-~~·••m~~~Aill~M·~~d~.filWL~W$~$. ~~~-B~~ ¥U7:fit:t'Jt00l~J.t, ~i:p JL'.i'.Jifi~:f1JOOfjj~MF:m:. tE~lffi~~ (Mexico City), !Er JL'.i'.tE,F5'~ m~::f:tc~. ~15t~~::f~::f*ffi. :fr~~. ffir1:.m:tEtiir5•00PF:11ti:ti, JL'.i'.OO~n::fWTr ~. ti:filw~~oom~~*·~m~door5•s~m~~r5~0000%~L.~~1lt~mmn~ oo~~Bd7'1~m~~~~tfir5~oo±~r5~~. ~•m~~B~d~m•~~~~oom•~~.*~oo-@~~.a~M~~m~•~~ oottfii:ti.~~.&~••~m~~~•.•1t~m•~*~~~~oo1om~$.l:ij~~~.~ 1- m~T~~w~~•: •~~•~m~mm•~~: m•~tt~3m~TAilloott~~ffl~• m~ffl-~: *~~~~•I~~~*•m~•ff. wmtt~•~moom~. ~®•ff£m~ -~00 0 fll Mf-t: 7C.PJii~ YT!~ m~~. ~m~*fi~~~m•oom~.mn£~m•~oo.m~mw*oo~•~~£~ ~-~OOo ft{fJ&,~9lt:&1tft{fJ00 .'i.\HiL ft{fJS~~m:tzo{PJ iJ:A~11i!lm111i:~' W~{)( {j(~J!t~fP.:tfigiJ: *mrr~1' £~f 0 ftillMT~~00*00~£~~9;om, {j({j(~--i'~{~J!l!~OOmMli:l~Eili001.IB:1(.tl£qj'~B00- -1'•m~mn~·~··*·*~x-~•o Dft~M*b~. ftffl~~ff~~~~-i'•• oo*~nOO: ~w~~*A~•~~oo~m. £*m~ttt:&moo0~~*~£*m~~~~. ~~~~*ffl?~W•*~~~-~~~~~~•oo~m•?~~m•oo~m£~~•?&3 li:ll!~:l:-t!!~ffl §tf$1t1J!Eft~T-¥00X1~? J!.ll.~•OOxB~IHHtffl-i&M1tlJ~.fot:&~±:l:-l!!~IJffl m~£~£•*m~~mw*~•oo*•mfr? 3am~m~_tr0Jaet, am&,~Ylmt!t-1!!~ i9'¥H: JJX:rJJooxmJJ&~&,~Yl£-lfJAmM=~oo o tt!:J!HlHT EJ£,~,~ ilil--fffi"xBJJ&~,fllqj'~llt&\~Yl~moo - JP!1ili:l1r JE00Tffef1t: ~£M=~!MJJ&mM= ~. tt~mM=~j, ~jjtmM'~o ~;fr j:iJ 1~;i ~m~JMJJ&mM=~D*x••*~~oo•~•~~~~•~moo•~•o • xm~•*~~~~~~UOOi&A~•M=ili~OO~tr~~*~~~r*o • mttxmm*oo~m-i&•*~~nX:*~i&£~*•DOOo ft15-1ifrxBnJ:\:.fll15--i'xB~li*•~~Z.fBJiJIA:5Z*fJL1lilJfil+7t•Do '.'.lt:B~ii*OO•~m ~7ttt1t.fo:li3lff, ~~~@m~mttr.:a £1tnJ:tmA m:J:m, '.film~mtt~1f.fat~ilf1t1Jf-lftilf.fl 1ffflHl~~ o ft1fJ~&,~9lJ!.ll.~1.m~•1**.fd~£1ffffef1E, ~ 1*iiE0AfI~UJA_t~}t**~~~ ~ffe 00 l&~.fD~f *o *±~i=iTm;i li:IT~~tt~mM=~§~.&3~!E0A~li:l£~•ooxmm~~tt~.•~tt~15-1'~ mooxBD*oxmm~OO§~£••AillI~.ftW~tt~m*_tOOxB~~tt~m~tto :tzo51H~D1r!M. &\~Jl~)J1!1r!Mffl-TM1fflD00*1Jf, WJ3.DMl¥~1rMX1•~~1f~i-JiJT$00~ »Wm1t1Jtz:~¥1H1H'!~llJPJ0 fPJet, ~&~fr:l:-i!!nm~Jt.ll.~-#figuliJ1r!M•~mai&A*Wjoom 1jjljo md•*·~~3(m~~~$3(ma•$3(m*a<J~~~mm~a•~*~~~~. #mttm :1'.tl mH-{J iUi~H? • l.1\il ~ !~;1 •J§, ~,@tm~a~tfF.f:1ta<J11;~:J;fi!Nftrl'1lltt't7ta<J:l:l!!1ir, ~f*:tP A1fJa<Jfil!~. m~f!m/F *~~ma<Jmmm~. ~~~~~~~.~~~~1fl*3(m~~a<Jtt~.~~•1*:tP~A~• ~~*~.X>JmM3(mf!m~~~m••flMf~•~:1t.~~~X>Jro@md~:1t•w.~~ f!ffl~~~-~~~~mwma<JmM3(mf!m~6 ~ffl;i, #} ~ !3 .!J!-flj mtt~m.tt~~~:ll~~~§~a<J=~***W~~~~m•a<J~*~~.~~f!a~ a<J ffi. Jn-•$3(mll)(~ a<J ®i ~A ff] iA ·u:au ~lJlJ3:@ § ~i a<J i1P ~ZFJf ft' *~ >lHlf!iZ ra:i a<J"lm-li'iJ 0 J3:•fl~f~~~~a<J.~~~tt~~ma<J~~tt~. fl~f•$a<J~~~~•· t!t ~~H& fi !3 ~ 00 8~*11= ¥ * tttJHtHr~n1PJ~ M* oo? am~* ooa•$3(m®1•a<J..g.~**illd7 aJ:#lta<JW3~~• •$3(m*~a<J:iE~ ~~£m~:tMa<Jr.m §. axif, a1nfl-~1'1~3(m~•-=rr.ma<Jr.m §. a1n filtta~rfflITT•m•m..g.~,*B~dT-~~~..g.tt~m~••mJ(ma<J••a<JM•~~. am#mMflJ3:®, ~&~J§a<J..g.~,•tt•r•d-~a0~3(m~•.~:1t1*:tP.m~~ ¥~3(m•~~®1•~•~¥ttm•a<J~..g.tt~§.~*·ft11'Jtt~00•~:1t1*:tP~~oo•M ~tt#~~~*~..g.~, ~~~-m~$~~~~a<JM•. JA£riza<J~ll*iJL ft1fJ~*OOilf$•ma<J~M~i!ij: EBfITilllfu.lH:R:Jfil;IJllJSIJa<JJ(mWm *ll~:ll~ft, •$®!~~11'Ja<J•:l!l~ttft B MJJll •• rmft1fJ~li'iJ~1J-J3:~liJfit~a<J § a<Jtt~D ~li'iJ~n, ~:iA i.Q*00•$3(mfOJN.2i:a<J*J.9i; JAOO~i~£~*~~JB~; li7•m®!~A*ooo•• m~*X>f11**#EMa<J~i.Q. ft1fJfil-*mJiJfflJ3:®•7iJ~J§ft1fJ~*OOa<J..g.~t~J!ij~[li]. •J§. a•N-~~~ttt~•~+*•~flm~•~J3:~-~••a<J~wm~.J3:#~m 1¥1*~1ltt~mafli7ft1fJJiJffla<JA3(¥Jit~~. 1iffi~:sJ~fit~~a<Jm~. aX>J~J§JLxa<J~ i)l *-T-1~*:ttJJm. I - IM.®: ~lr~Bif .llhJI ~.!z:U ~Jt:.•ftwa~•M••· ~fil~•ff~~~*~•ffOOM~. ~~~oo~•m~•~ m~*~••~-~~~oo~~' ~~b*~~~oo•~•~~M~~~~~~oom~~~• ni¥J ~iHfJ•~~'L.'a<J~ijf ! 4-~R:amm;vr.li~ittiJOO~J§-~, filR:itiJJ£~Jvt.li~ittiJ1¥J:~HJl!-~o "A.li" *~"AA.R:aoo~fil~•ff~~~*~•ff~$~OO~*~m~oo~~s~~•-~•*~ 1¥J"1,.§o "A.li" AAfBJ, --1.#!Jm~lfM*llW3~~:1fflIT::l;::fJf~Ifil-~*1111@i~IJ:i!D.$, 11-Nmi:f:i,c,,3(: :i!D.JY! 1:~u11 rr? ~·•mx:i!D.JY! § 111c~ m-Ii-, tffiJtltaffJ:ti: ~ $ ~ oo ~ff-* ~tJt~ ~J£ ~M~ oo *~ a<J~"· Xft•mx:im~Ifil~~*M*T~l¥J£*mma<JB-~o •mx:im~~~~•moo-~~~~•.m~oo~~ma<J~~~~~Mtt*A~a~a<J~ ••Xo~W.aOO~ft~ff*~~m~tt~~Xm~~ma<J•*ff~, •~~~m~ft~m • $iNC.'.l--1. a<J ~:iitll~ ffl , -tB •~ ~~•m ft~~ m~M*o m:f:m:€ ff _t a<J q:i ,c,,*11 *'3:~11 ~ ffl 0 ~lt a **•a<J~~~A~oo~~moo~•~M.~*•ma<J••~~m~.••~~~*~£~x :i!D.IA*llm fRil!Mfil~ ~~ JiJTi:&.' •mx:ima<J'~MfJJ~Jf!Of~ttxl IJj~@OO ~~~ $*1lffi@a<Jx :im~•a<J~--~-~~f£**oft•m~~a<Jil!M~x•~•a•OO-®*fR,•m~xm ~~T•m~Mi¥J~~oft~®*fR,•mx:imffih~T~$:€ffi¥J-#~hoft~*l¥JW$ *i:f:i•m.il!MM~-~*~~-~*M~n~~~~~-~~~-. ~~AD~~~ADW XSftfil•*~o-~00£~a<J•mxDI8~~~I. -~00£~1¥Jx:imm•~~ili~o~ *i¥1A~WA~W*m•mx:imIA~•rRmM*#·~~£0~x:im*#,ft~£*1¥Ji:&•o ~ft~aooa<Joo~~m~•m~m•ft•~~m-ti-~~21fil~.oo~~~~~~~~Ao ~Mtr21fil~--~~•*1¥J~~oOO~~m~•m~ma<J~~~.~-*~•mxma<J~~ ~ooomm~~Ma<Jm~~ffih.~mxma<J~M~~D~-~~oo~•~m. ~~•J£-~ f4•31<~. rm~**· 'X,L.,WA. ~i:f:iOOt~~a<J~M~-0 •mx:im£~~~•m•.•~~•~oo-~•~~-o~mx:ima<J~M.a~*•*~ m~oo~~ma<J~M. ~"· •mxm1¥J~Mfil£•m~m~m~~m~Ma<J-~•~*#o •mxmoom-~~M~*~~•m~m~~:x~•~•~a<J•~~•a<Ja¥.•mA~•~ @~~-*~~~~-~-~~~1¥J~~~-~~*#o~~~"·•mx:imi¥J~M•~~« @3~•m•~a<J.~~~J\!tiJnH~-tt. rruii@3~A•mJJ~:l:i!!rREJ<JOO ~~~m*ott·~~M-lt:Mo MJ£•mxD1¥J~M~•· ~~M~~Mi:&¥-~M·~~-~·*· fil~M~~~V~-~ -t1•~*o~~~~: ~JE~iA:Jt•:B .~.~oo ~ 1¥J~~~~iJ11, fil~*h1J lm*11ff~oo ~ffi--1.a<JJt:mtt **IJ~~~o --- I 10 lf$iil J;JT iftJtJ:tt•:\liXrtJ3('::Ji, ftffJ!OC.$1foo~JJit:b!l*A., t!?.•B:m*•~j(~*llf4~•·· ~$~*m~ru~tt••~tt~J;J•~ru.;g~, ~~-~~•oo•rtr3('::mtt•~tt.~~w ~~-~~~~•m-~~oott••~~~-~~: ~~~~w~~tt.w~•I.W~~•. w~••: ~~~n~~±*.An.~n~•~~~#••· ***~fil*tt~~oo•~· ~~•m-*~·•&3('::m•~·~§:\liXrtrmM3('::m~•rtr3('::m~•~•~oo••·~~~•~ :\liXrtr3('::m*• oo~~~j(~. :tE*• •~*•...t, ~fll.•JtJ:-zv•tzt-J=IHt~Y!r&Wbz. •m-•~~t ~•~*n~:*•~· rm.E1.•mttJt1:-zvt&.i'fi7f~~n:bn5i••· f9';t1B1-t~n±~•~· ~~•~*n ~#*•*A.:\liXrtr3('::m.~•~*•~E•~~~~WbzOO~n. ~~~~.~~oo•~· m* ~mtt~H!l.5¥0~-001~. ffl. ~••1**· m~J;J~!-t!!:\liXrtJ3('::BOOtt•i31Jtl:OO~i~iM!tJl~OO~ :\liXrtr3('::m~•m-tt•oo••~~.~fll.•••m-•~·•rtr3('::m~3('::m•••noo~~~ JJ, t1?.••*~A~•m~x~~~•noo*n~M~mM.J;JTmm~•"~ttm~.~~ t&.i'fi,r**~· iltJtJ:tt•.~M•~"~-~*~tt.~**~•rtrooA~am&x~n• n•~~•••oo•~ .• ~fil~#~m~fil~. am~*oo•m-•~nnti::\liXrtr3('::m~tl~ ~~•~oott•~~~~oo.~*oo~~. mm*~~w~ti::\liXrtr3('::mtt•~•...tJ;J***-zv~7fm~.~•m•. #~~~-~ JJJ' i~rnt' A • T • f.&t!JJ; 11 ~~*~•ff~~~-.-~~~-~~~* A • T • f.&:{~~ 1 IE¥fl'i:FfltiHr~~1lt·~~~1t&:frq:t$A~;tHoOO¥ff1¥J•m3tiilt.!ii!&•:UJFN~o ls:& ~~~•m3tii~~B<J••~*~•-~·*N~~Wfi~•m3tii~~Ef<J##~•o~~ ~ T -1-3tmL5tJ\l ,~ i¥J ;tJHHJl~, iJ: fif fJT fi,;1tftl!. 00 *~o fllJ fi ~~fbl fPJ ®L t'.A& :&;t-F 7t ~MEls: ® t£!J&@f!Utl~:l:A~B<Jq:i m•-m o ifiljltHf ~t&ff :tEa•&*~fi<J~B~fi, ~ft~fi~~~~fftt@fffi<J~~W•~-1-M•B<Jfrmo IE¥1Hfftt@qf1*.ll-T 1966 i:f:, §fiBff 561'-1*m, ,;1tq:t 361-~IE¥fH-:;.t-IJL¥f:l:1!!!Ri¥Jlt.!i q:ioo*.:fr29i:f:B<J~~q:i, IE~Httmffs~•~T~tt~o~£~~1¥J~~~~ili10£~ ~fi<Jtt*•~•~.IE~fflt@ffB~1VG~~*IE*~IR~m~tt~LtJii¥Jm~m~o IE¥THHttmff1¥Jt£~~&t£mtt•1¥J?JT1f~~-:7t;1t•t~:-&~. ~~m. •~m-:1=mHtt. 5t ii~iflitt. tt~£1itll~Jlffi~1frnf, :Jtiixt0;tHOfb~mH11¥J~~~"!f~N•. iirttt*•~m~ ~fo0Axti!*~:E..Pl~Jtfi:: § ;J;jft. :frxt~OOB<J3tii~§m~m~~ID. IE~fflt@ff~•T$•B<J~!J&o~~~3tiiff~xt ~mtt•~**1f•i!&•ttB<J•~~m. IEffxt••~•~m~£~•*tt•••~~·~~ 7to t£9=1!E, ttffJr~1rAT3c:Jm.Ef-Jfi.1-1r~. 1!11'15xt0~. J!H~. mo, •m3c:Jm.fo•mtt --~Y.:M=. JA 1986 i:f:Jtg, q:tif;A~~fOOOf'i=~LtJiq:t00*1*m~fJOIElHIHJtmqr 0 .lit}§' IEqf BrPJ q:i 001¥J3tiifOiii.ttqr~m~T 17 JJiU~,-i,t~ 19 fZ.~~Ef<J~~. ~-~T 44 Jffiirit~ 1, 780 "Ji~~ Ef<Jtt*•~·~· ill!5ffl a~ tJilrtl ~ ~ ~~~~. amaIE:;.t~iRB<J•m~iRr•~~-m~. t'.A&**Btttt~B<J~~•-®~ ¥*o 12 lU!liffJ att~3o~oo.li*~~~mT~•~m**·~~~~-t-~m®!•ooM~**m~#• moo•mtt~~~TB~oo•~··~~moo~m. ~mM~Hdfil~~T~~·~*aoo. ~~tt~£~oo~mm~~~~~~~•*~.~~OO**~~re~m~tt~m~M~tt~£ ~oo~~9=1*•w*.~~£~~oo•m~•.~~~~-~~•-t-~~~~~•oo~m~* ~.tt~30~00.a~m~ooli~oo•.~ma•m~•00Aom~T2m$.~•mAPM 2. 11z.:Lll:Do¥1J 8. 5{Z.. ~•a}j•m1t7.K-'¥-J..AAo,~,•oo 18%•~¥1J 30%. rmJL a.6iJ§ 30 ~ra:i li*:l:i!!~OO-mAPPJ~~Jtjlj 22. 5{Z., 2:J,~,AP00 54%. -~-m1t7.K-'¥-OO••· •mt±~OO 280 -t-•mOOAPM!tt 50 lf A, ;tt:i::p 1Jl\tl-tE.•ffi1~Ht:k. j!J*i!!~C,*, lil>H~M9=1oo•PJ~~~ ~ 160 -t-•mAP•M!tt 100 li A, ~ 32 -t-•mAPM!rl 400 li A. ~-·11:oo•••m1till~ £~••$•m~•-~m•m~m~•oo~•~•· li*~~oom~*W~$-tE.~a~•·•·MB~OO~•~*·~f1-A~AOOM~•·· w~m~*OO~h-tE.~~-~.~oom~*~w~•**~f~mm*oo~~··~~~.a W$oo•.M~~&.~*~li.•oo.m~*~•~1~oo•&**·~AA~-***·m ~*~••5~•-•·~•m~*W~****~.m~~Jtoo•ffi~,Jt:§~oom~*w ~•m~~~.m•-t-li*~~~mooM~•~•~~•m~*~•a**•~B~~**· ~f~~oo•••m~•~· ~&~~ffi#oom~*w~•~Aill~Aoom*·•m•m £~&•%d§:kOO~~ttffih.PJ~Btt, ~·~~m•*~•**· *•*~m~~w• ;fn~m~&*W:l:OOm!i1t:k. -tE. PJ ~Bit, m:1:i!!~ i*J OO:k$••m *iJL ~,Li, 1 :1J B£~n1PJ~JE r:k~mw•m•OO§:k•••*~&~Wf*M~m•**-'¥-· ~-m~mffi*OO~•~•£-®m~•~•••~ooffi~~moo~•· ~mAo***· f.A~~A7.K-'¥-~~~-·OO•m~7.K-'f.M¥#•~~~. ~ill£~m~tt~~--~oo M*·~®~--~d~-~A~~~-~-*~-*~~·-·· tt~ 10 ~~i::p, li*:I:i!!~oo•m~m11:1JB;fn11iu~1~•Bt~a1.m;t~;fn~;&wi-t-1roo1~ui!i1Jr :k. §~, ~®~BB~~&•-t-~~. ~~. ~*~~~m~~-~-OO~*&~~T~~ ~ft. AffJ~*~vd9'¥1J. :tlVllli~m:I:i!!~OO~j(*, mff*~oo*oot~m**•&£~*••oo: ~Mtt£~&•~ffi*•*oo~m.mf1*MI~~~~~~~~tt~•~~m•~m~£• ~••oo.Aill-tE.B~~~~.~moott~~~. ~ma#~~oom•. ~w••~~•*· ~~m•**·£~&•H~.~~~tt~~~~~~ffi*oo~•~a~~~~~m. #m• •~T•m~moott~tt. ~~·•*~m~mai*Joo~m~•· s~d~M~m~tt~wi~ oomwoo.~oo•~mffi*OO••~•· mf:k$-~M9=100**~·fr•WB•*~9=1.•m~-~-~~~£8J§*OO,R~• &•M*·~frPJ~~~M-~•m•*OOFP•: ~m~~F·~~. MrmmWT•m~~~ •oo~~.ali*~~oo~-t-~••m·•*•m~m~•s~~*~~~oo•m~~.PJ~ B~¥u. ~moo•~•*••~f*Mffi~PJ~oo••· ~~M!ili:k$••m~m•~~oo~~ ~~h. ~:57r. ~••* § :57rWOOtl!l}J, ~!MJJ}J*OOi9'J31J~m~moo••~tt5t®!•. liJD;EPJ*U mmmoo•~m~. $§ff~••~mA~I~~§-~M~~M.~m~m~~m•~oo• *tta$:m, •m~~~+•*· a16~J1B1~itt.'M~F: 1Jm·11:oom•**$•~*•· £~0fl;Wf1 Jifim~oo-~m~2:1~••:1:-f!!{f[, @fil••M.fMfWf1~Ittii.t:kt:t-W~OO·~- .flA•~~-&m A • T • {${.fJJ; 13 r~~oo•~m*oo~•.wH&m3r*~g~~•oo~~~~•:1Joo.PJ~B~.a~m 10~~~*1¥J"M~. ftli*~g. *•r~~:1JOOWfflr•ITT~B1¥J•••~*•N~*· li~H~•ffoo~m•~~~~~-~1¥J§~•~5i:~. wH•a~m*•m••*•1Ioo~ ~~••oo~*~m. ~#~m•mtt~~••noo~*•~tt*~M••~w~~- *~X:iiJfii~ff1~~F1it&"' ~~ q:i OO•ITT1¥J~B1llJ8fttt~JL~q:i[XJljff~€H:IHW.. liJfit~• ~y-~.g.~1¥Jijf::l:i. iJ:i!t1fJ* TMJt11BOO%!zll1ilJ 5£tf:ll[·ITT~Jmi¥J~~ijt1Q]8. *ititq:i 0000• ITT~ f:ll[ 1lf ,tri ~Jl!t1J YiP S. 3:tzri1ilJ flJ ffl 1131fJ 1¥1 ~£ ~*1! q:i 00 1¥1 •ITT :1t_@. • M~~i¥J~fi~fi, *~~w~•Wit-*~••oo~•.amm•a~•li~H~•ff ~~•••1¥J-®~••-•a1¥Jfi~. ~~-~. ~ooas~•~.m~~•*oo~•s~•.&li*~g.w$oo•~~•m~~M*~® 11lJB. ,WT:bi:1:11tPJf3~~Jli--~m~:l:i!!.~t1J1±1J1.~1-tffi.OO~nrfiJ1¥J•ITT. Wli*:1:-t!!.g*$••mfX11J fXJ1Jff~t1•-¥M*~®11lJB. El3r1J1.~$,~,·B~£Jt~IJ7C~~f:ll[i¥Jl¥N. §~f,lf*ltti¥11T~*1ll~ ~~"~~*~.H~"*~".q:iOO§~i¥Jffl~~~~-:~~m~*~•ffiM~~~.a m~~•*oo~•r~w~~~. ~~"00**1ttffiS.1¥Jm&~M*~~•~®~•-~~a ~m•m1J?r~{:f:tllf*~'J70*~t1J1¥J7.Kf-~~t1J1E%~1¥J•&.flAm~~mIA~moo11Jt•. ftJt• •&Jtaq:i,c,,ft11*goo1tm. ~~••16,~.m~BJi:~0~~mooa•ffi~.g.. :tzri5f!:~f3~il:Wffilf ~~-~1¥J~JiIA, •&~Am~~m~~PJ-1¥J.i!tM*•M1JJT~{f]-·~~~-HMl¥J itit.~~q:ioo§~~5£ta-~m~~oo~~.~PT~*m~•1¥JM•.refilw~*$•~g s~w~oom~~oom•~~~~-~7.Kf-. m=~liff~~••oo~•~~r0~~moo~m~a-®•ITT•~*~•~~~m*~ PT•ttoo~•.ali*~gl¥J*$••ITT· 0~~Jmft~~•Wff§i¥J·~~-IA:1JOO~~ ···~ffl: ftW$•ITT· -¥~~1¥JWff~JittPJ•~~i¥J0~~JiIA~~i¥J.ftW$q:i oo•ITT· Wff:1J~~moo~~*~ffi~. 0~~-ft~1¥Jwffq:iR~rm~oo~•.ftli*~ g, ilf$ ~~ti¥J0~~Ji~ii*~.7t~El3.fl•$n•~l¥J. 11B1fJ~0A•~~~)($, 1~:tttffl.friPJ ti:1ti¥J~B~lf*, JZ.~~ITT-Jffi¥JMaB~:J:tllf:briffi.tfl.. ftffi1~. re*~gl¥J-®~2~51A.9=100 •m ~.Jt~ PTf3~oo. ~•m5£0~3tmi~ii*i¥1~~f3~n. *•*£•ITTaR'f 1¥J!i!taB~&n. ~ &•~•r'aJ~li*i¥1mt1:.friPJ8tt•*-~PTff1¥Jm~. ~~~r1~Iif.f3~M~••**rim~•* ~WR." &S.1¥J0~3tmi~li*· El3r••§*oomm. li*~g~•~*~·~~~mi*~i¥1*MffiM~~.R~m&JL ~•ITTl¥1ITT~3~A~m•~~~•ooMams. Em••oom•~~~~~-~•m~*~ PJij~1JmJEl¥J. .1i~~~~-ij~$-~1!Hf 1¥J 00 ~~£Vf~_@.. @11tt7C~~r,W.JE ~*H~-~,tri~ -~.:<is:i¥1M*@HIL ~~. *$•1¥1*~-~~~im*~tl5••~-*~M. jtJt~*ltt1~~ffl' ••st, *~M~•~1&*· ma3~~£1tre51**~·~~~-*~*~~M*•ITT~im11lJB1¥J xft:WJ~. 1E1.~$1¥J~. •ITT~m11lJ•~~F1t!r~1¥J f6JB, ilf$mm#~f3~Jt~IJB1J31¥1 § oo = El3r••mtt•~:ti!!.:1J~i&*5i:1-t~•*~M. ~@J_m §1111mT•ITT~.&ITT~1¥JMaffi.tfl.. a 1&~~~1JJT'Jf)t~1fJ·0~3tB.frl*~·~~:')(Bf,lf ~ffi¥Jitit. ~~~®fPJBMrBJi:~•ITT:l:i!!. geyztt~•~~-~~~+*••oo.~~•~PT~:1too~mm*~~~&r~vrm*~tt ~~M. ~"&f3~~•ITTJ5~-t~~~~1~i&-"-~ftm-~~~JP!t•1¥J~.il!i. J3--t- a 1n ~ ~'J ~ ~~ 1¥J 1¥J filJ B:J! § 1r §1T$~•~m~M-o:tE~$•m. §ff$B•.fll•mAa-~$o§1T$:tE~~~~~~. *3'.l:iit:ti: r:p m* * 1¥J:li!!W:.fll ft: mo 1$1fJ m•wlf1¥J *sm~r~1¥J~m. rn-T~~m3'.l:nwffm•~m. §1T$d~•~1¥J3'.l:Bn~. *~*$ B0~3'.l:Bm41fmW1¥Jft•hoffi:J!, **~#•~~~•••mAa.fll~oo~ml¥1r*w ~~~~o••wrrm•.~~:J!Ift:Wffm•1¥J**· §1T$ffi~-TmZ9J~3'.l:Bn~l¥Jft• h~lfm~•o §1T$3'.l:B1¥J:li!!W::l!**r=fm•m3'.l:Br:fm•D1¥J--t-~•.affi~~-~• ~~51~ffi§ff~l¥Jit~o 15.~.7f~$~~*jj! ~~*~*1T~~*1¥J~~~~•r=fm:tt~~u~~~~·§~tt~r:fm~~1¥J~•* &o ~1r&~:i5::¥*~~~:tEr:f m~~l¥Jft:ffl~JIJ § *· am Bft::tit T m~:tt~~~l¥J®i~•~~ * AA 1¥Jtt4h r:p m:tE1Jo 5£.fll BJ!:~ ±~~litll l)!:M!nOO mft: l¥J ~ n ~litPff ~:EYl w 1¥1~ill~~a1n ~ ~~jlfo ft1fJ&~1=:1t>ki:i"JIJ, :tE-.®~litlll)!:M!®i~-1~H15:lp!m3'.l:B-ll.&51flA•-*fMl-OOfi • 1¥J•D·!iB~~~¥1Jr~1¥J~~ o ~JitZ..91-, :tE~litfli)!:M!f@l)!:l¥JA~:r}i! § r:f&:ffi:ff.ffi§*1¥J~faJiJ:f~~ff!Hl£$:1:il!~~fll *•o~:J!~~m-~•m:tE~~-·**r=fOO~•§*l¥JM~: ~WZ9Jm£$1¥JMAA••* ;bo5lil±D~litlll)!:M!EIH~-1¥J~~ o rn-T~~am, mi*Jm1rfom~~~M1¥J•~*•1f~tL 16,~li!hAfL~'tfl3n~~11t:k'tfl37t1¥J• ~o -~•m3'.l:B1¥JM•~·~:J!*&~it~1¥J±D~•.@~-TmAA§~*~· :tE~~-tr ~ft:W~•M. MAAM~~-~:J!~~tt~•· ili~&&:J!•D~•z-o~T@MMAAnOO ~••.@~•~••~••~•~*~•ma~mR•~•~m~~m.@~a~m~•~ 1Jo5!\00:fHll~l=:001f'tfl3fl~iHt. ll.&51£$1¥30091-~•o ~t;JJmtt$~iJi~i!!*zromfo;flJfflfl~$ fl~~-, 'El.115ir•' }!i)!:-jg~-~~ (BOT) :r}i! § , *A 00 pg fll 00 ~~m:f:m~ 0·-*lj(liJfii~~~t ~•m3'.l:m~ml)!:M!.fllm4~&r:f~Wr7f•~*•l¥1~••w•~·~®•~~~OO~litl¥J l*J~1fWWl¥1**0 •11&1¥J~~1fJ, ~~7f~@1r1t!*~~~~-1-Witr:f OO:lp!miE:tEW:EJlll¥J3'.l:i11ilOJBl¥JliJfW ~-~~Moam•m~&~it~~:ffM-T!l!:tit:l:t!!•fi.fll~m•m~m1¥J~•lit~~•ma. 1fM-Tre~*:li!!~~lit:li!!~~*1¥J~•m-Tfi~r:fOO:lp!m1¥J3'.l:i11i~BoftMM•~J§~~r:p~ 1fJ~1f*~B1¥J•No&$m-*&~it~~~-Jff.fllmAA§~-~$·W~ffl1¥J~A. ~-ff WJ-T1tMfJ£:tit:li!!E&4-Tr:f m1¥J•mtt~ o a&•muJfW~JJX;~ ~¥fH7f~mrr:tt~ J§~ r:p m1¥1• m3'.l:m~••~*-zv~M 1¥J~litll o ~i9:~Bi1rn:B* *~~* ••*m~-m~moo~~~-~M~~m~~a¥oo•w~A. ~-mJC:mg••~~ft~ ~·~~oo~~.-~oo. *~mJC:m~~R~•R~•s~*~·~-mJC:m~•ft~~-~ ~~•*m~oo1tm•••~.~-mmR.0JC:*•*~•~~**; ~-~oo. *~mm~ $1J!FfLl:*03(ji:l:OO**JZ!iJZ!ijijtJ:i3C:m~1itllR~OO**•lt. 5tmmm, 03tm:f1t~IPJB B ~ rm. *~mJC:m~•s~•~r~-mtt~~moo~~~M.~~-m3tmg•••~m~~m J9J::l:r~. amoo~nr3tm1PJBBt£51Jt9 Tt±~oott~~a:. m51Jt9T *!kJo~·, m~tJk•moo s~ :m::t.m. ®X>t*~nFitmg•·~~MOO§:*#~,!&. !ltffJ£JatJJOO~~IJ@3~Jf'.•.lL*~mJC:m ~Moo~~i!&•. ~m~am*~rn3tm•~ooa¥~~M.~~*m~rn3tm~Mi!&•m~ Mtt~.m~~amoo~rn3tm~Mi!&•. -~~*~*~m3tm•~oo~M. ~~~~•* oo~m~~~oo•~.ttt~m1f~~~~Mm1f~~oom~~-m~.m*m~-mJC:m~•oo ~¥1~~~~16,~00. 2$~*m~rn3tm•~~~$£$±tM~~Utlt~@1ffOSIEll·M~M@1r~-TOO JM•fott:;f(_t OOW M. *m~-mJC:moo~•~-~~~~$~oooo.~~•*s•*m~-m3tm•~oo~M~~ &••~~~T-®•~•£.~**X>t*m~rn3tm~T-~~*OOTM.W~M~rn3tm ~•oo•*~•ft~a¥. ~~. --rooa•mm*m~-m3tm•~ooa¥~~~•£. •m~~-~~~mtt~~xm~~m~~* tt~±5lm:tmt£$~1M~*~m3tm~~1T~oo~1.m, ••· ~1!5Ufofff1:1!1f~Z--lsrn:tmt£ moo~~-~.~m~mtrffw~~~~~~~~~*· %~~*~~~~~~N•-m~- 1tm~m-ffN•oo ~·t:ttmlf~J11!5U. ~@m:tmt£moo~*· 1r5C~ft3tm~.utlli'it~oo~~ttf.'11*, frf*iiE~~~*tt~•~oo wm--r.~~3tmR~OO~£•tt. ~~~m~~~oo-ft.m~tt~0~•tt~~oo~-m0 ~3tm•*· m@3~~~*@m~~m~w~~M~*· ~mmR.W$~~ffl*:l:OO~m2~~-R-~. ~-~§WOOmR•R•~*~~~ mNC~-#~~ ~mR001tfflttJtJ, fE~mJC:mi5t~OO•Rff~;f±~0~~~*R~. '~*_t~ ~~~-m~~m~~. ~~~~•**•<~m•~m~)~m~*•m~mm•. #m~m~ T*••oom•~m. *~T3tmmm. ~~mtt~±5l.m~~moo~*.@m~mttffw~ •R~~moo~*· ~~.-~.~w~~M~nrJC:m•~. ~oo•~-¥m.~~*~~m~DI~oo•&m~~0~~-m~.mtt•~~-~*~~1T ~•w*mmm~lf~:mtt~•*•~~~&•~~.•&~m*m•. ~*~-~~~• OO•&fjj(;*t11Eri*1fr~: Drt51:Jtt~•ffU!ltl*1li:itt001f 1i::~OO~ifWW7.Kf. ~m±:l:l!!.ff~, t~~1J:r&Jc~m1s~B:ooJcrufi'aWJ.&••&*117rJ~1M:1:1!!1tJc~1.R$OOm:1:-l!!ti: *~· ~~T~m~moo••· ti:~T§JcOO~Bllih, #mfjj(;~m•mJc•N*~~=:l:l!!.iR 00~~~-~~~;f§@OO•~.~~. ~~-~Jcrum:l:l!!.F~§OO~•-~%~W1fr~N. * ~~~§•~*moo~~. ~~±:1:1!!.ff~~~•&•~~oo~m~~. ~!Titplrfl~~)E~fii~!li*ililJ ~m~B:r&-~~~OO}c*~·~~~~-~~&•oo•~··&~~m. ~BIAOOW 1f ~1!fflrl1!liJ, 0~~BEri*00•1~: ~1151Jtt•, 19:•. 1fr~-~0011liJIEtll~-: if~&~m oom:l:l!!.~~.±:1:1!!.ff~.mtt~•~n~.~~~~~~-~~~ffi~noo.~m~•~~n OOOOI~@~~~m~w~-~.@§~ftOOJc~mOO~-~--w~~L#R·~~F•OO ~11liJ%tfiJ, fJ1.fiJ•1f. llR~Ffl~OO~ftjffi, mfjj(;T•te~n. flPcz~Wtllt§1i~MOOlJll~, ~1~ TWW~$.~~~~~*•"M~.~~.~-"OO~~. ~JcWW~~~¥hN.•~W W51:)($, £EfiLit00~ftlffi. WW~11liJ~¥OOJ3-~-~nOO:r&1E•ITT®f100WW-¥ftJ-A1T••w~±~~~~oo. 1T •oo. ~2mOO-¥ftt§~-g.; }y\][M(WW~~raJM(WW, J-A®f1WW~~q:y~~tti;WW: ~M= 001f1i::~oom1f~~~ir~*~· •m~~~1i::~1T~*•· •n~•·•~~~~¥~&••&•~•m aoo~m~m&~oo•~•~. ±~*•r~m•&•~=~•~· ~&1Jtt•••·~• ~*•~~~~•· §~~•~•m~~~~~•: •~•m~~;E; ~-~•*•~~-~ ~fffl:1<t§filtP-; £~fJ1.z9r$±~ (jc~{j 7.0%) R~mi!!MLlf~, 1.E!~AAOO:JFJi!-*Jf'*~~fflri!!M •&: §~00&Jt~N*~&~$·00~~~ffl~*mmM•&~tti;fjj(;*OO~*· ~-~-g.w,a1Eoo•~mm, ~~~~~¥ffi~m~. ~1Tm~*•~&CJt).~oom 1111m. ~f:tJL~*1tmm~1ll1JN. 1t~miili'-*001tm1ft-~~41l•ffi-j)(. 1tiE~lJll~:Ptlll5Z:•1ff~ ~m. m~mttffw~~·~•~*· %fjj(;-g.w,a1Eoo~m~~~-•~±~m. §~.w~~m~~aoo•mm1E.~*=*~m±:l:l!!.~m~1f~tefr.~frl&Am-r~ moo~~~••&. •fiT~m~•~•~m.-@~m~~mm••~~ft~, ~1T~m~ -g.*~· ~~f:!:i!!fitR: T~m1s~B:~m&•~m~~r•;;r-JE00.x1ufil. J35'r. *Llffl oo 1*!5'r~l.P tt;m;ooJJ't•, ~~1T•&f~t3Hi••&n~. ~&mtttefr~~~:ttn115119:••~~~if, @~ ~l'H~-~1t}c~1Ttilll 0 w~mM0~~~~~~tplrfl~~•• OO~ftOO}c~ms~•*~WmOO~m~D~N. ~M0~~B:f&JA~*L•fi~m~• ~•*&oo~•~•.~m0~~-~~m~#~An~~tt~d*•*·~~~§••oon ~. ~«~~~~~m~•oo~~~§.~~~~moo~*~Am~•~*~~oo~~m~. ~~~aoooo~m±~~Ao~fil~~m~~.a~m0~~~*·~0~~*.ilim*· ft~~~~~~#0~~-~~~.m~~•0~~±~.w&~~*~*m~•~•~~• ili * $JLJ]i: g ~ 0 ili~*··~-~~T-*~••tt~#-~0~~-~M.ffi~~--00~-~~~-. *•mm.0~~•tt~~•oo••~«•••mamm.~~~noo~~~•oo~~. ~• 0~~~~'rliu~. ~w1tmam:f!-!JUi, ~16,~.ITTal]i:~ftm. ~•••· fit•f~U!~~oo~~~ OOOOtt~. 1994 ~. aooamm~T «~*I~tz:~~•••» . -~~*I~. ~~1J~1J'~*oo~ tz:. •~flA1m1f*~ 1J'~*· amm~a~**~1J'~*1f~*~•~f!r. 1JJ~%dJJ.1f~ -~~*7.l<.5¥-00~$0~~-*~· ~1J!l5.!ii~fbA~A00~'31. 1!R00*~$00~A~;f1;!£1J!l~ 1Jo5iOO~ 0;!:t:3tim~~a{J~!J R00~$001f 0~~ABJ!.1f:ffi~~JMJt. 1994 ~001f 0~~-B~M~Ll1JH1f:f!Fft£0~~ $ 10. 9 JJ~. a~$0~'.l;ili~ ~±~:l:iM:fl. nUf! T 75%~I.E8'.l;ili:I:. Arl¥*1t1E:~l*J®i:& •· · m•oo1f0~1E:~00~§~•**5f ~~•aoo~m0~~•00••~~. §fi, -~-~~mr0~-*~~~~~. #AMfl•~~•¥R~~0~fl~··· ~%d05f~•OO~$'.l;ili$~. 001f0~1i::~@~a·~~~1E:~~~OOMfi~¥*~1E:~i:& •. m*W$WW~~**~· 1:&•~~··· •••**Sf, •&~•~m~~~tt~~. a~m'.l;ili$:J:m~~~±~1-i:m. ~m•m•~~~m0~~-fl~ww.w~fl~wwm;f1;J. fff!m~.~~.~ft.m sooflaww~~.%•~~•1'>t.~m•m~m~~0~1E:~1:&•~m~*oo*•~#. ~ ~~·-{t**·~fl~~~~~*~· ~0~1E:~aA¥.M*.fi[~~n0000§±~. 1! 0~1E:~am~~·~~~~M.%@. no 5it,6Xm 3t imliJf ~~ll 3tjj;;w.1'1J ~ITT~-~-1f·§~-~.a~~00tt~~m7.l<.5f~~~~.~ITT~A1f•~~OO~fil. aoo~~a~m~m••~-~~~~~ttfi~.~~~~+*•w~m~nili••~Ef1M~. Mtt~.~m.Ma.~m.~~.fl·~~~~~~~M~~OO*~*~-~-Ef]-~. ~-~m~~OOOOMOO~ITT~-·~~*·*Wm~~ITT~-~-~-~--00~~.m~~ $~ii-~. 1!ffllll1fW~~. ~m~••~~§~&~mtt~~m~~noooo.mmg*.m~•tt~~~mr~m~ ••~~-fit~§OO~ffttM~*••amoo~•*Sf· •~••~m•oo*~*~~~~. ~~.~~+*•~~·~•I800~m~~~~·•••m~••~.I8&ttoo*~· §M•&•tt~~ff"~0021fil~~8"~m~•tt~~~~§OOm4I~.tt~~ff"AE" 'ArBJ m%•m~:ii*41i:gc*JJ'A § oom4 I~. am$~J3:®00~ff>ii-~oo:uJF~JJ'A § ~~~51~00~1- ~~1i*· •aam•m~•ff~001i**~· m~•m~moo~m~~~~. ~rmmam•m~••~oo~•.m~~•*•~m~-~A~~-~~1i**~oo• m~B&#~~~ffi. §M.•&•~-@~*•mB~T-@•m~B&#~~m~.•& $-l:E.tt~~--m~BI81i*:UJf~~,r,,. l3:@&it:UJf~ffl~mI~:bll5il*J$~~1*1ttlOOt&.!J, ~mmz~m1*~~~oo•*· •*~••~•oo•m~••~. - 1· J • ililf/f 19 llt1§1:7':~~ti J • illJlB 1 j;Jj $ *iill. p~ if :ttJLt-ttt2ru-. a1n1¥J;tJB'GWt7f~~~m-r•m o *°f.!iJ!lzll'i•~1¥J:l:tl!1Rffltt. •m~~f:I ~!1¥JJ*fi:Jf-±-M'rft, 'M~-B1Hit.7J*°1:t'=$0 @~~ B, ~1JJf-±JE0011Tu~:li*°fit!k: 1f:t~-F tttfff.~:l:tl!1¥J•mm~~:3!H~¥*W:l:tl!~J1Jm P3 tl:HrzxiL ~P1tl3~t1Hr. l:iHrttl¥*~11ttfil1*• -~~1¥J~~~~W.~~-,~-,~-,~~*°M~•o:tEW~"•·•m3C:A~••• Xlt~IJ. fifiw=*l¥1 filJBtttt*°fifiM~l¥J filJB-;ff~ o •ITT" 1*5'Gfifi JJ.~1¥111]151 iJ:tE~~m :Ko ~# ••1¥J~••~mm1¥J"•m3C:•~•"· ~wm*~t-~•?•~M~~t-~•?~t-~• :t£i:p OO~llB~®%' #,? ~JE~ftffJrmJiitiQ:1¥J±Bo fil Wft ffJ e 5'G~~ 1±1 ~;ff l¥J filJ B: 7v 1t ~ ~ ~:11£m3C:A 1l5J B n~? !lHt ~ 1* IZ9 mJJX;~ t-1l5J B i¥J?~B1¥J•S:t£-T:11£m~MttfiCJE~:tE*~~~i:p~~~~~mm1±11¥J~l$)0 ••:JJ£m1¥J ~•. :JJ£m %~tt11~ -t- ~ )}[ ~ ~ i¥J i:p 1:-:11£m. ~~7'1 :tni!:t: iR ±.~tr. s ~:?Hri ~ ~ ;t.& i¥J :JJ£m 0 1 ~~.P~ft- _§_ 1±1 fjl, :11£m 1131±11H~:ct:JF*t •z~1::§,@lj l¥J ~1-t, EE 1** l¥J lj!!.~ l¥J rPJ C.-3(A fflf;b 1 ~~7'1 [PJ,L.,, :Ef~b?.~~•3C:Affli;IJ#rfl¥J;f~:r\;o H?!.\ , :11£ IP 1±111° ,8, :I:*t •:11£ IP A IJ 113 Hfffff :It* o fg lJ!!.{V:Wt~ ~ 1¥1-'f :l$J l±l 1ri.'lz~ ~ ·~~ ~Jf~ •w~mr•.±Jil*IZ9~I~"~1¥J•m*°~~"~1¥J*moff!%zr.~~~~1±11TC~~ ~,~~'•*•>~•~m~•W**·WHtttt~-r~m:1t*mJ}tolZ9~.:11£m1±11T~:I:~ :JJ£m~m~:=J~tt-Wtl:lt*~*, I~ l±l1r d:i" m~,8, 1±11T:l:1¥J tt-WtlJ!.!IJ••i&A.1¥J_tJt wr•o ~•1¥J~-'f•~~Tm:11£mmMN~m1¥J~:1$J•tt.•-m•N•~~m~•J}t*iR~3C: A:l::lt*fflm~~1¥J~ao~#~:l$J•**~~~1::t£-'f•"M~b?.:11£m1¥J~•1Rom-T*~ A1TMhi¥Ja**t•*•~l±l1Tl¥JJJX;*.filM~-1JOO*~· ~mMN~•J}t*IR~~rf:tE" <mMN~-T'@~D), mmM1'Hi1!fffll¥J;IJa5i~51Jl§l¥Jllft;IJa~ffll¥J~J~1J:Jt*o ~:t£fflm~~Jtl¥J ;f±~£:1t7'1~-¥. :t:•w~.-m3C:Al¥J~Mttfi~*7v~t-~mo•-~m~9h~Ah3C:AC~4$,A h$•): •=~fl'ft~~:JlZ;IJ1tl¥J0~3C:A (/J' E" 0~$'4:$, *Am*~•>: m- ~ft~tJLZ9J1tl¥J ~lA3C:A (Il}JZ;IJ gHf$, ,Ifft$, /J,¥4:$.)o m~tta1¥J~.M-t-~ft~~-t-~ftl¥J~~.#~~?/.\a~•M~~M~~Ml¥J*~o •-~ftfi~X~%'1¥J%'tt, ~~tt~. JF~~~o~•ttfil¥JgAAft~~-t-~~~~1¥J~ fff..R~~~1¥J~B~~-WBo!lt·~~. ~®Am~~tt~l¥J"MB~". W~-®A~ :§-TJ!A r-~fio ~llfilJ:t£~j;IJjlifr{JP~l¥J~J\gi:j:IJg~*1JT~. ·~!ltffJjl)l:JM@i~ A0011Tu1¥J-t- ~~W$A~ffl~OO*~-#.~-~~moo~**~*~.~~XL~*•z.~. It~ ~. §qf$,~~~-®~~OO.tt*ttftM*M~OO§ff$, ~~a~~~m~?§qf$~ ~ftt~oo•-~m. ~~~+**oo•-~m~? iE:tzo A ·97~~(A. Welleman)a-Vn!it)C 511[/:BOO, ~~. ~~fPJn!X>t*OOmf§~m:~oo. §ff*a* m•m*fF1il-frr3t:iiIA, Bflt~.&#:f~JIJ::kAOO•~· §ff$0011'if'li U1¥1Jf1, "~LOO~mtt.m•*•~OO~ffftn)~.&*~*·~~~jg*OO•moo~~3t:iiIA.ffi mz.~. Aillttttre0~~*~~*~003t:iiIA, ::k$~0~~*~~~-®~~g§qf$ !!JG~~~ffl§ff$00A<JL!i. ~A· Ji~A~~). {E-~f1MtL, *OO•m§1f$~:i:Z.Afil ~~•m-m~~~ffi*oo, It~~••· ~w!3too±!t!!~ffl,ffixr~moo~~m•.~tt. • .lf45lAOO±ttbo. AffJmcJl!~~£1il~5f-;OO §1r* <:tzoJ~~ §ff$). •n*~~ttJ:ru~*· Jj- 1100. •-lf•m00*$:1t~M. AffJl:B1flfE·~*· 0~~$PJ~~£A~ll&51n. ~IH~·lW::i:*IJ ff;Jgf¥!3t00i&*, ~~~gJIJi&*0~~$:llii!t!!itr1¥Jf'J=ffl. ~n*~~m•m-PTn~ff••=~m.wMm-~m~•mA•-~m.m~~-~tt fi~w*5i?..~001i&'.t1'~¥~15L. iE:tzo M• Walsh)?,!f:f.'!l:BOO, :£f:J:l001i&'.t1'~*1~ffi3~ ~~ft(M. ft, ii~il!fffi3) 0 Afl'J~~ JE$00"fB];lg@~~~ft. Wii, •-=-~m*OO-®fPJn!xt!3tt'-f ~~*·~~00•~11~m&.a*m, *m~~~~fflfilffi3••· ::k$~•n*oo~~m fil£=~fi00tt*, ~~. m~*~OO~M~~~~~i!f~:tf:f:l.Jj-1100, *OOOO•.::::.~m ~®1100*ffilt, fil~~~::kOO~~. §ff$fil~~~~3t:ii11~Z.-, ~~m!3t003t:iiIA 00 #?H!1~3t:ii ~I:t 00xt!3t£::k. ~~3t:ii11~X>t0~3t:ii11~00-~#~~~l:Bf l:Bff#OO~A-~. •-lf~m**Ww *oo~~nm~oom~~n~~~Jj-•~~-.~-~~3t:iiIAPJ~~~~moomm.H ~~~•n*.M~*&ili!t!!*T· ~~~xr~~*~fil~~n~~~~~•.w••~m~ A*~~m~.Afl'J~~~~f~ffA~~~m**~~3t:ii11~.~~£fr~~~~**~ ~. 0~~ii~~~m~m". ~m<~~*mff•~~mff~).ff~&~w~~Ateff. 45lA*~· AffJmt~*f!ffl£~t~fL.A*~· i3rrr.~~a*m· ~~·!*!!JG·t~. ~t!!JG:t1', Ji!: ~xJ\l#aoo. R • *~(R. Meakin)ft-Vn!it:>c 4 *1~·m, 0~~ii~~~frr~~Jt~, fl~fr m*~~L•te£::kOOi&*·~m*~m~. 0~~~m~*~~ooI•.w0~~$nW• run~.~*~rt•Z.L*· ~~~m#•&.•t1'00ffl*~= ~®~~~~a-~~~-~ moo05t:~m•~z.~. ~~03t:~moottMtt~~~m.~&a-®*m•m-*.M§ff* !!JGM~§ff$~1t~~0~~$1!~~W~.£~ffl~111fT.45lAOO~~~~Aill£~$M, M§ff$L*~M~§ff$ . •1£$, -~~~~$.~#~•£F~OO. *OO~~~a®11 OO*W~.OO~.lf0~:llii~$~*00~n!.Wii~~~~-~-~n~~#UA3t:ii11~Jt ~*~000~xii~~JE. iE:tio J • Jt¥4Hft(J. Flora)ft-Vn!it:>c s *:tt"ffl11[1:BOOJJ~;t-t, :tzo•iJ:0~3t:ii51mmtmi'J1. ~.~~-::kfi!3tL~~g}t$00M~.~-~~-A. ~~~~03t:¥m~~~m~-~~ ~.~-~~.u~03t:~mtt+m•03t:~m.~*·-~fi!3tLOOff~~Jt~£~mmoo. J • i!iJf!J 21 §l&A*•· ~*~$1¥JA.1J!HfJf1'&$~1l1N'4:$, ttt£:IJJlf!J~ 1 Li'IR!~Hri¥JAfilf;;*$0 rm t£i3:®~•~IR, 0~~m•*•*~*' d*~•offi~zr, ¥A.~~$ttd*L£~~ @1~¥ll~m1R~ c~•~fgX>f d*1JJ?t,1~•) 0 § :9Jlf!J fr!H~ tlHr ~ !IJJZ;t ~HT*' •n $gx/J\~* tlHT bt 17tl Jt:¥iJ ~1-11\ii :3'¥-11 Bt (bt :tlll i)i 50%1C ~),PJ~*i3:1-~miEtt*A•~~&otti3:1-Bt~.~mAJ:JBt£~mIALNATffi§l¥J ·~o 83-=f 13 BZ9J-¥~1Jt, A1fHE~lA~mIAl¥JJ1n•m~1~1~1~o ~~lltz5Tr, Aff]~PJ ~13B•~*·· 13B•$*-~I~, 13B~~ili~·~· i3:®-~*~PT%1¥JI'.6'fmmo ffi&,~*•~0~~m.A.m•~~tti3:®~~**1¥JJ1Z9JmmotE:ttft~mZ9J0~~mc~ &=) zt<JJ, itM1mtft-*1Z'~~o :tJtZ9Jft~mIAfilif bt1~:tJtZ9Jft~mIAS ffl£:1>1¥Jfil~OO Cbt ~lliJi, 100 ~jJl¥J~1Jl3$bt~lliEl¥J 100 ll1~' s fflfil~00:1>1~$) 0 ft,[ffl' ~IEJ:ifll$•1¥J¥fil~Tt: f;;~~~m~~a, ~*•tt~*· ~*&*Bt~&~~~m~cft~~~A.)1¥3~~. ~~. ~1EJ~mh~i¥3*~~+*••1¥Joi3:h®i¥JI~•~d~l¥J~,~~~~*~•&mM~~ &:OO!*@f-Jitj1Jili:EYll¥J~lA.:tJtZ9J$~mo i!lrr·t~%t£A.r::1¥ll:tbl•1¥J~mPJ~~1f~m, fEl.~:1>t£ ilf$~1lli~m~~ PJ~~l¥J o ft,[ffl' M•atrSJl¥JftEf$, 1N'4:$1m:ff•~f!ffllilll¥3*:1JIJ, F•1¥J~mmL~3l:EJl~ (~Jl'.-£) ~:1ff;;ili:EJl, ttLr*iliff~ili!;!iJlwt£~~o~o :tE~l~L •W!;!tA 131".f$~Tt:•1~*' Bmd1mtftfilJ a, ft~~tt~XJ:JLo~·l3~$~·~· •~SfflM®Ifil~j>, @Bill~mZ9J$:i!Jl'.~, --~*l¥3BtOO*~dili~, mm•~*l¥3BtOOmtt~XJ:JoMi3:~L~, §Jf1'&$~~13~ $1¥J-3f~iJ, ~m~1E@:ffJ'fit&~o @~,J3:#~~t£~OOA.r::1¥•1¥J~m~~PJ~~~o~*·~m~m1¥J~m~~~~~ ~mAJ:J¥1ll¥J•~· rm£A~~*' ~~A~itM*ll®A.J:J¥1lz00**1¥3•~oi3:#* * s · ;!iJTtit/J\;!iJT(S. StaresHllx1J;t;t£1tBitJt 1 ~f'f:Tit~, Bfililf~~m-**1¥3itfil~~:Pili& him*•~-~••mMo~OOl¥J~~A~itMm*, AJ:J¥1lm~oi3:~*$•~z00*® W$~m~oo•1¥JM~m~ffi1E10 §~001¥J~mm~~mat, m•~~&h11!1¥J•~~~--t-ft ~~iliH•~•*~~-o~W$~*®~, ~m-~~£-~~w~-~~~--~m~* ~~~*-~**' fil:ff~~*~~m~~~m~:OOf~j]o~rnJ, ~M-~it~~*ill•~:i! 0~1¥Jh~*•*~mmL~3ll'ilJ&, N'.6'fmffl~f;;1~'ffi'~~. i3:~~~fi¥J¥l!J,@,o ~fl¥3¥~,@,~, m ffl~*i¥3h~~~:ffl¥3otE~#~Jl'.L, 1mtft~B*~fil~l3R~~oi3:~~~~mi¥Jili~% ~f;;M~2ilf~mrm~fto iE~ll®h-ffL~2~.$-'i'l¥J~JJHil¥9ifiiJi: "A.ffJ,~-~&~:ii!R.&~& Y 1¥JtHAo " ~V~~. M•~ilfl¥3*-~~m, A.ill'ffi''ffi'~~~fil~~m*~&~*l¥JM~0Fm1¥J ~m~m~&m'ffi'~~-1-£*,£¥*1¥J~Bz~~.i3:•~: ~•1¥Jm~mM~~-~~ m~ml¥J~~li:fJtfto ~1-l'ilJBtE K • ~~mlCK. Gwilliam)1tBitJt 10 ~:ff1tf11¥Jit~o xit ~*~~$1¥JA., ~~•13IT$1¥JA., §~m~m~~~~~m•at. ~m~~~m~illl3B m•ttilii¥JH~~~o~itM~n~~Bt, A.illl¥Jilifi~-~~~A~fflMOOoili§~W~* ~~-~~Jl'.Bt,MOOL•*~-~~m~,af;;•~~~~~m~,Mrm~~1mtftoi3:Bt~, m-=t•-t-~*1¥Jf.tffl~fll~m~1n 13 Bi¥JH~•m, rm~~m1m1n~Ji1JA. w*1¥J•m, 1mm~ ~ffi.L1MilT ftP.ffJ~fflmJE~OO•m 0 ~1DiJ5~, 7f$~JAR:W¥Ufm § B129WmWitt~a1i'BJOOf~ff]-, W:W~~~~~A•*Ta1~.LOO!ft~, 129~.~00~ARffl*ftt~Rffl.~·~·*$00 A1!fflTm•. •~~~~•OOb$ftf~~A•m&~tt~•m.•$~~mmoom•~rri&•. i&~ •moo*~B~ftt~•m~~A•mz~.rn•w~. 3~mmma1. R~mtti&Rh$, m~~n~~. ~n~m•~m•tt~. 1.~~. 5G~tii:~mm#~~~•ttoo, ~tii:~m1~oo~mmm JL3¥~7C1*it:i=l!Htl)!:m•. • m~~~•· ~~-lli~•*oo~~-M~-h®*~· ~~ffi3$00A••~ttmmi&•oo ~. ~~~~r•£~i)!:•.R•mmi&•oom~*fm•l)!:••l)!:•m.m••i)!:fr~m_t :8Jt~PJffOO. ilJJ.OOi&•@~~l29!il!W:ff, 129a-tw:ff. ~t~11~L mi:ti 1 c.'m•ra'J~!J\a1ooi&•@~•ra'JOO. m~.•~~~a1~~~~•mooi&•*~#~Zillrr~•· ~~#3Boo•.~••~~• ~oolli1~fil~tt•l)!:~~~mm~~~•*•oo•~*rrfil1~.~#*~·••tt*_t~-eyff oo, ~•m¥.J~ffi3~fi. ~~~. 1~$AiAliJ, ~~~1 •J.toolli1~ft•ra.Lt11*±~.L~rr~moo. *~oo~.~®i&•h~mrn•. Hftm*mlt.Lm~mm~•-¥-Mf, 3illAWm ~goommR~*~~•••,m•~~ma1,ft~®mmP.Ll)!:~i&•Millrri&R. ~rn• JZ.~$PJ1r. ~ll~'-1 (New York) OO~llil"~JA (Manhattan) :f11wm (Hong Kong) OOMt$;fLl.illUif.1 (Victoria Island)•*~~~.Pf~$. 9=100ftmlE~i&Rh$.LEAf-mT-®~£~. -®iff•OOlliA~m•fr 7fma1as~~i&•m•.~-~AP~~~§~•~~•oomm*g, ~rrmmi&•*~~ ~PJ~~OO. iff:1J11±/t(Singapore)ml;JJX;r)J!il!*fflT "g:~m1riiE" OOh~· ~~.pg~~t!1ttlh$~W mtil!g 1N'\$lliffOO~ ARffl*}JI], MW~mJJAffHrfflY-'\$, M~$~¥U1!ffl0~, §ff$, ~~~rr.fr~~ttmi:r. ~r-t*•*oo*~R~~~~*~-~~~m•ft.M£roo•x _t~.~~*•l)!:ttifJJ.OOffl'~••· ~wAm~m~m~oomM. ~m~~m~~moo•~ *· •~·*~~-~~~a•.~-~frM·~~ttoo~•~~i:ti¥.JW~~- ~~~w~i:ti~JLfil~•~~. ft~~s-~m~~~~~oo~•~~. ~~tt~•ftm m,•*R~~-W~Til:FJl!.ffi'~OO~ffl, WHW~TW$~~~~m-.M~. a•~m• JJ.~-~m•&,~~*ooh~· ~n*~~mnh, Mw•~mm.~W$h~PT~m*a •~m•.M~.~XP~~~M,•~rr~,~mm%l)!:W~. PT~•~~•&~m•oo~ ~-~n,fr~®~••m.L~M•~w*,fr~~a1m~Mm±f:_t~m~•ng~a•~m •oo~m.~@m•••~~AF~~rr. *•r~~~~mm%l)!:•~~m~~.fil~JJX;* -~ffi~~f~. ~~®h$Wffl~a1.•~•l)t:ifTOO£~l)t:•. ~&•~~~m•~~*ooa•·*~oo ~.~®m•oo~•.~•W~•~Arr~moo•~.JJX;*~*·m~~ffi3PJ~.~~m• •~I~ooa•. &~~n~~~••m•mrrnh. PX;*~~*· ~m•*~-n. 0~*~&~•~@M•*· 129~. ~~•&m0~a•~r•oo~# l,Yl.PX;1~$. R • ~~~~ (R. Allport) OO~BitX11illi, 0jtr-\$*;JEJJX;*fif~, J13¥~~~Jlij~~ J • Jljll/f 23 l'/i :kA, /F-OO xi!!i:JE}ij a<r~*, rm 13. ~~~ mmB1tfi q:i •moo iW*1t1-t. 1W31UI: :=i~ 11t::k ooxi!!i Jtfij <5 li A'IJzl Nt-n fil w•if:~JAxi!!i, 1£UZ:l'l1'tl'f %/F$. 9' ~fl -r•m q:i ;E=T-xi!!i:fl:::krm-l.: oo 1 Jtfij.••~••~~~m*~· a•~~~. m•~*h~tt7t1tfi0~"**~· ~~_t.a~~ft~ft1tMOO~·~~£:fr~~~*OO•~~d~. mntt~rl::k.A m~if-#~~oomm, #mi!!itt-~*••oo~m0x~~•mMoomm,m•~.m~~ •~xii f~ •. ~o -*illffJ • 7t/F tt X1•m :1:-I!! iR oo trl'/i 1t1-t~~f~ 1±1i:A1Um3& B<J 1Jll:JW, JJ~ -z. , * ••oo~m0x~~•m•m••~/F~/F~·~~•.rmH~~~M•~*-~~~.$ ~~. •••moo*M~1tfi~RM~~ff*~~"*B<J1±1~.~m0x*~B<Jm~~~•1t ,J,. ~•m•oo•~· a:lt=;tJ1.11Jtl_l ~~~fJE*•m1tfi*ft~, rn.llt511tB<Jxi!!i:fl:tt11ffi :¥3-T~ •~•mn.PJT~~m~ooi!!itrn~h. M~. :¥3•m•••*-~1tfi,~®*••oo~m~•mm£/F~•~oo.•~_t, ~ @m•••~*' ~--m-~£/F~OO.~iWi!!itt~OO~~AMW••·~~M••a*oo 1lt (K. H. Lee) ~-il?:Jt 9 i:f:!W~Wi'f?: 0 rn-rmm1Jll;f~::k#~ R¥ti.flifm~. fr:il]Jt,Jj,fOzjlAB<J1tJi •~i:f:l.~~~~ifxi!!i~~oorfimif~~~~•s~.±~~m•~.iR••~m~B<J~ ~~).~~~~~§~,1fM~1f~•mfil@~.X1**•~•~i:f:!B<J~m•~.1fM-r•~ -~M*¥i:f:!X13li!!i~•m:lt=fmmf;IJOOT-fJt, •&/F~'•OOt1fil:.fO~~~IXXJOOJfl$!1~, •&11E ~•· JArm~*tt~~fil.-•~*·•mxi!!iM••••m001tfi1t~~~~~. ~.lit.• 7t$f~®*;fff/;f;,l:td>f~~~f. ~rm~~·•mxi!!i~•oo~~~~.if~fiOOif~~oo. if~A::kOOfilif~A~oo. if $Jfr~•OO-t:!?.1fxt~~•oo. xi!!i1PJBOO~~fo::k 1J'fil~OO*rm~. ~•mrm~. ~rm,· JAfll *_t~,/F~•mooxi!!i~•1f•;f§~oo••·*$••moo~•xi!!iMB£mm~a~xi!!i ~~.~:lt=£m•rm~~1tfiOO~Amf;IJxi!!i,m1f~~~3&F!IOOmm~a. JArm•~•m %~~~~ 0 3li!!ifim£-~1W·•~OOMB,@-ft/FB~~n~.~~00••§~£-~, rm13.~~§~•m~~~.~~~~~§~oo-~•~~oo.~m_t•1f•oob~£X1mmoo •mxi!!i~•~ff~m. ~~Am~Moomm~~-rtt~mm. ~~£X1~m••oo~~.~/F~~~~~~•mxi!!i0~••oo•moo. rn-r•mxi!!i •~oor~tt~RA1fft~00~1iE. •moo~A£m~oo. ~~•~oo.~~R·M#••~ (R. Gakenheimer) ml±l OOJJ~;ff. 3li!!i1J\l:MOO!l•ftffl£*MOO. ~rm, •ma•mxi!!in~*m~ i:f:!OO~A.tttt~~--®/F~OO-~~-~-~OOMB.M~. •ml±lr:lt=tt~•ffl_lOO~ ~. ~A~~xi!!im*ff~,tttt~••soo/F~~~m. *•m•~m~~Imoo~att. -~••oo••M•£~M~~~-~0~~~A~~OO;f§li~ffl.:¥§m~*~~n-~ MBM, 0~m~~1f:lt=m•oo~m. ~mm~•~mm~m.m~~~~~~m 0 . .llt*· ~m~-~~mxi!!i•~B<J~fi.xi!!iW~M•B<J~~~~•·*•~noo1t~~~~~mB<J ~~~•; ~®••i!!i11t£$0~m~••.ffiX1-r0~m~rm~.uA~~~•m-rm*B<J ~i•·11, ~£~~~1m11PK5fLlnIJ#m•~X1mtm5t1-tft1±1&m. m•@~.•mxi!!iMB*~£-~::kOO.C~~~B<J. ~~000~--~~•B<J0~• ~/F~rnm•B<Jm~m~m~~.~-~oo. ~-*/FA~m•B<Jm~m~.~~l±l~ttfil•• am~•~•~.w~~~a.am~•*~•~M•.H~•*-®M•-~~.~~~~ •-•~~~-~.@~~~--~~~*-*fi•~~~-~•tt~•n•.tt~•~n•. tt~~•.tt~~~•.tt~@~•m*•wtt~~@~•m•.R~~~. ~~#••~a mm•~~,·~~~~"•$~•~•"· q:r IE~~~- I*i~]tpij~]t~± mFf~ ~oooo~mxm~~-•~mm•**w•~~*oo. 8o~~~*·~*$•~**ffY ~n•moomMxm•N. m~"*~OO~". ~mxm&m•T•*••*oo•~· 11-.:t c!:i°+ '::;JBffi 1'1' 1ou'l'll 1°J~ ;~$±~H~i!Jl'I*, ~ff$:001im:k. 1983 ~. it00~$;f:JL~:${:~Hf::l::ili 200 JH~, Et 1977 ~JL.>fDY-11. W 1994 ~. ~$;ffl~:$·f~F~f::l:B:ili 500 JJ$9. :iJI®~*' ;f:JL~:$00~-'V-:1'5J* **~~l~~L.~~~$~~3~.~$§ff:$8rlT1.8£$9, ~-~PW~$~1~ $9.~$;fJL~:$~~::1:B~itOO;fJL~:$~-005~, §ff±F:~it00~-00~%.:ililO~, ~A Fc±F:OO•::l:PlGfif**· JIJ 1993 ~itOO:flAW~OO~±F:BbtJIJIJ 59. 85 JJ$9. 1994 ~. it~$ flAFc±F:W~::l:B~,~,::1:00 17%. -~~ii~:k&xJ\!,1~M::f'...1:$~±fHHJ!:. 1980 ~.itoo~mmM,~'* 29, 4.85 01IL 1993 ~:itJU 104, 897 01fL ~:1'5J~/Jo 5, 800 01L ~:1'5J~K$7i7 10. 2%, JJAW~OOmMKltE8 3. 3 0£Lf/-Jlj 6. 3 0£. lliJ1~, m~ioof9'El3 25, 255 JJ-'V-11* ~}JQjlj 107, 471 JJ-'V-11* ' A:l'5JOO f9'El3 2. 8 -'V-11* Lf!-JIJ 6. 5 -'V-11* , mMOOf9'00~:1'5J±~K$7i7 1L 8%. '*'AA!iH!:3lim~~m. 1978-1993 i:f:OO 15 ~rBJ, it0003t:$$\if!l~-*lt:5Hltl** y 2. 5 {iff!l 2. 8 {if, 03t:$$\i;Q;:Jlj 0. 6 $9/-=f A, 1EJ.03t:$$900g~:J!ltE13 12-14 0£//J,B1r~Jlj 5-10 0£1 /1,a1, ffiJT~OO:JEJJ*1tg$WJ%l*r~Ji!f~m. 0x0'§JK1~f1<=3JJ)l:m;fr!Jl,!i~~~, 1993 if:--1§- 1~00~ 70%, --7§-1~;fr!Jl,!i1JUt~' LmfrJ3$mt:it 16 {lA~ ffi 0 El3-F0~3tWOO:!E~~j{$fa~~93-mi ::1:-r~, 0~xm~moo~:JE::l:ft~m~~g::1:~m~oo~M~i:f:~~.~•r~~*~~• -Wa:tm, it]($03t~ gHi±F:ffiJEt~g•ooEtltrn 80 i:f:14.:;00 6:4 ~7il go i:f:fi:;OO 4:6. oo~JHE. *~* 80 i:f:{~03t~ §qj±J=:fflm~g•ooEtlt7i7 19:81' jlj 90 i:f:{-t03t·OOEtltB::fJE 10%. Wm$illi!-~.~m3lim*~&~.B-~m~~~~*-'FOO•~.AIDOOWffB~ JE•-000~xmm~, ili@:$00fil:l!*~~*~~T~-~. 1~3i:f:~OO~$W~W@:$ 286, 207 $9, Et 1978 ~00 L 628 $9*/J!l 175 {{§, ;!t~it]( 6 JJ$9, L~ 1. 8 JJ$9, r1+1L2 JJ .~ • .J<JU 1995 ~ 8 jj, it~B~l:fHII.:$ 8 JJ~$9, L~ 3. 2 JJ$9. aoow~:l:!PJ)lc00~${)({J(~it~(43. 4 0£HDL~(14. 6 0£)' W$£ 5 0£)' *~(7. l¥£"17il 65. 5 0£. ffii.t:lW, *~*a•N$Amxmoo~mfr::flt!T~/Jo, tMitJU 21 ttt~c.:tJJ, ~1* tt~EL W.%~~$&~W~:ti!!~gjG$.f:$A3tW*UE, Fail111tOO~$$Am~M,~,Klt£'-J 200 0£. 3limW~&**~~. 3lim•~•~· rn-Trnfi~~~110000~~. aoo~m~xm•w *a xm~it oo :tJJl1-t1t Nnffifftj>. ~it]( *a*]( 7il-Wtl. Wim w~ -~xm tr1!5tl ~ {EI.it]( xmi 'c." -- ---r . 1. !fittl9=1 1 L.'~ittli¥13tXD~tR~*J?-i¥1 3%, 3l:Btf,;t;~*J?-1¥1 70%, Atr~m~~*~i¥1 4. 8%, A1r~tJf~**i¥13.6%, :!:-&r A1ru:1!JJ:§:j!*~i¥1 5%o ~t~:tE~OO~lrtr9=13tB1WrJh5t:hi~ii~t 1¥1, Jt-fm:IJiXm £PI Yi!.-~L m:~*, &~:A::IJiXm 51 :1tt--@oo &r5t:itt 1¥1xn1tf-15-1WW~HJE, f.~ rn raooxnm~1¥J~~tt. :tt~~mm1JOO*~~wmo 83r3tB!fW~:hil¥J~JE*lllWW7.K5fi¥111£r' R~l3tB$~$@i@J~r' 1991 ~~oo:n A 3l:B$~~t:$;7g o. 52 A, '&7J$1¥13l:B$~~t:$;7g 31. 3A. 1994 ~7J$3l:B$~~t:$ *1Jo¥lJ 49. 4 Ao ~tJ?-Jli:®~l¥J3tB~t:.A.~-1Hll:f@:tE 500 A/~1-C:;t, 7J$3tB$~JEt:$ ~"3 60 .A., i@Jr~OOl¥J5f:i5J7j(5fo rmB**~1>l. 1. 9 A, ~OO*ll~:A;fLl.IIE;lg 2. 6A, ~00;7g 2. 7 A(:l5J;7g 1985 ~~) o •**mfi~-~~~~~0~&:1JiXmxn•1¥1~**$&ttT2~. :IJiXmx•~•ma MZ.*$, $:i!~W!r~. -!1R:IJiXm.=t-m_ttJLZ;1J$1¥JillW:i!&.Rlf 15~200£11Nt1, :A::IJiXm9=1iL., IRl¥J$J!B~~ 10~150£/1J'at o ~~m*.ROO:IJiXmxni¥1~*~•~•~•~1¥Jxn~•~~.••~£~,rg;wm&. ~rm~~xnwm~&.$:i!r~.~$~~.~~~m:~*· lf~tt-~1¥1~~0 aoo~~:ttrn~m1¥Jtt~~m~tt~~~m~~m1¥Jff~tt~9=1. -~~a•~**•~ 3rm%~x•*M~rwm~•l¥1~~0 •-#~~*~••mMtr;lg.~•r•~i@J~m1¥J:A:~xBI~o~~~ffim1¥J~xm. i@J~•.M~:A:m:~:IJiXm~•· -1JOO~rnr:IJiXm~•~~$~*1¥Jg~m~. ~-1300, & 83r*•~~3. ~~~•~m~~.lf®~§_t~~-~:A:w~mttao¥~_t.~#b~ .Rf!~~*ofgat~~, wmfqiB~1EI.~lffanJc, &rm51m~~tt "ffi.~-J:m" o •mxn~--t-f;IJ ~1¥J•~.aft-~1¥Jxnw••m*•~•-t-xn••· ~lf--t-:A:I~PI~•*m:ffxn ~-0~**&~#~~1¥Jxm~$. ~-~-*~Tl¥1o •=#~~*~0~3tB~~~Mofi*•m~R~B~~--?~~A3tR~~0~~ m, -m~.A.1fJ?fi~i-Slo ;tt.~. 0~3tB~~::Z$1i:~ii¥13tB1J:r\:, ~1>Z.~~-:A:. ' rmiiffix;JS mm•oo~~. ~~.~~mlfoo•a~rnT•~~~zffl.WW~~~~Ttt5t~~0~x n1¥Ja•.~m&~M*oROO•mm~••·Aom&a. m~oo•¥•~~Ttt5t~•0 ~xn1¥Ja•.m~~0~xn1¥J~m~~~~m:tttt~~~9=11¥J, wm~1¥J~Jt~mxn~ •:A:.~M*.Yi!.~~. •-®fi•~~~m~§~.A.mm~.~~••w~~~~ffl~mx ••~1¥Jma. ~-~~rfil2m~:IJiXmxn~&o •*s~•M•o~n~•B•.aoo~m1¥Ja:i!**·~&~:ff15~at~.~~1¥1:1JiXm 1t:itt~fil~~~. Bit¥1J 2010 ~. i:OO•mAD~'-J:~ 3. 61Z:.Ao ~§~•m@~'&~ffifr 2. 7 iJzit1f:, ~OO:IJiXm~gill,~,:l:~~JlJ 2, 500 1Z..A.IJzo :tEROO:IJiXm3tB~0~3tB;7gil¥J1JtH~ ~-r.Btt:tt:IJiXmx•~~9=1. ~~~$xn~20~3~.~mxns10~1~. •~~~A 1J,~$S lOo/o--15%, ;tt.~;lg §1r$:flltl71T o PFftlf.; 21 •*0~~•*mMru.mtt~m~0~3(m*m~**M~%fi, ~~~~~m0~3( W$m1J§1f:l:~~-'f:hlJ**¥.lt 7%, ¥1J 2010 ~. $m,~J&#Jit¥1J m, bt 1993 ~ilr* 280, 976 192,026 m. 1.1 nmtL:tJ. -'f:hlJ~* @81, ±OO~mi=r4ij:n}JJff1f0~~m$m 7. 7 m. 11' ep4ij:m$~~1H5-)UJ/t 1, 300 A. aoo~mili:®~tl:lfJl$2i&:l:**1F~·l:R:, t£JVl'-t'f::k~m, tl:lfJl* B~ili:tfil:.fll, 1§ 1993 ~~Ht, 5f:hlJ4ij:mtl:lfJl$~1H5· 578 J.., ~-Ult1J§1f7.k-'f:tt• 2010 ~. ~OO~m#J1J§1ftl:lfJl$ 62 nm. bt 1993 *11ll 34 nm. -'f:hlJ4ij:~*:IJo 2 nm. mams. ~r~mm~~~~.~mm•*~~oo~~**•~~~~r~tt~*** f. :fltl1.Hf'&$ «mi&0ffl$~ "JUi" &+~~J\l~lj~~H'IH!:i·)) ' ¥1J 2000 ~. ~mm•*~.lt 174, 418~197, 674 01lL mR!OOfR/t 163, 830~185, 106 n5¥1I* • ~JJ:t:tt•. ¥1J 2010 ~. ~ mmR!*~#f/t 388, 120 01L mR!OOfR/t 339, 481 n5¥1I* ' $Jf*1r*~mmR!ffl:l:il!J'.J 2, 320. 1 5f:JJ0£ ' -'f:i)J4ij:~*1Jll 136 5¥1J0£ 0 ~$B;.*~«i:rOO*ffl~$~M~-~~»m~. ft00R$I~~M~§~£~~~ -t-~•£2ff~. 2000 ~~*~*2B1i'BJ, ~:i:.w.m--t-~••2ff~, epJA~~F~£R$.lt-=E ff~:7-J~F/J\R$:7-J.±; 2005 ~~*~*2B1i'BJ' ~:i:.mm=-t-~••2ff~, epJ,A~F0ffl/J\R $.lt.±ff~.lt~F*ffl/J\R$7-1.±. ¥1J 2000 ~, 2005 ~, 2010 ~. ftOO*ffl/J\R$F:l:%~1J it¥1J 40 nm, 120 nm, 230nm.1taoo*m/J\R$~1*1f:l:%J11Jit¥1J 120 nm, 480 nm, 1, 320 nm. 1993 ~. ft00*ffl/J\R$R1f 5 nm, :t§~R$I~~~M§i';F, ¥1J 2010 ~. *ffl/J\R $~1*1f:l:~~jtjlj 1, 320 nm, ~1-~1t£1F~··~)..~. jlj]J~IJ1, ±OO/J\R$1*1f$7g4ij:-f-).. 15. 8 m. ~m£OO*~m~i=r'ei" /J\R$1tffl~3=:rBJ&Ht{,\lQ£r~m. t'fJ11J£*~*' IE!JJ:t::k ~*~/J\R*1:*1f¥~~~~r±OO~-'f:hlJJ.K-'f, r.Wit#Jit¥1J4ij:-f-A 50 m~_L f1;i;.tlt:tt•. ¥1J 2010 ~±OO::k~m#f~*:IJllili: 1, 500 nm/J\R$~$:1:, ffi@$Jf*1f}t 300 -'f:JJ0.m~m•~~*m~.~r±~~~B~ft~~*~**~.~~£--t-•~r~~~ a.~*~~m3(m~Mmm~R*~~M~#J~.1t~&~~2. ~~§~@~£, Jt'&::k~m~~tt~~~M~~~~m~*-tE:~•Lm~*m~m* fi= m-~m~*fil~*· Jf*W~•~~~m~M~~m~Mffimm~m•~~~. ~~~ .~~0~R$3(W~•mh, m~~M~~0~g~3(m, ~*L•·*~m~tE~~~3(W ~&; m=~frm»- 2001~2010 ~. »-**LL&tl:~m~m~~~~~~J9i:1:, :1J1J:i!$nm~m•'&. •~~m~m~~~M~~*· ~~m•~~*~**~~*-'f~. ~~~1-§~#J£ft00~m3(Wffi~L-1-fffif.\.~B1.3(W~A~ma£: ~1f-1- m~i:rooooM~::k~m3(W~~. tE~m~~~tl:lfi~:l:i:r, 0~R$3(W~20~3~.~~ :7-J~fi$/t~fi.BW~£.~1-~~~~2~~fi$3(Wfil~ffi~~-. b)~~~M~~~ ~~*· ~1fR$~~~Jt3(W*~· X1f ~fi$fi~~~Jt3(W*~· ::k$%~~~·m~ $~ 1HJ1.~$%¥J1t. c) fR-~M·l:R:Jf $Jtm3(m, 1f-ffi;::k~m1JH1f$Jtm~W#Jt)(A~¥J1t€8. ~r::k~~-·®~£, fr~A~R$~~*A*~**•·JJ:t~, -·~m~tt~~filjf~ M, ¥1J 2030 ~tc:tJ' aOO~::k~m3(W~~OO~J!A:EYlf~1t~·l:R::i!rl'U~~~3(WB11~. m~,Q~i.St. •*~m~•~••~rr"~~lim.~~•d"OO~tt. f**a~~m~•~-~~m ~&ffi•ffidOO~~··•~m~&~±~~fr~W~.~~m~Bft~*~T~$*$~~ ~#.~~oo*~m~n~&m:~~~§~~moom~sn. R~**~-~~m~n.re~ ·~~~*·~h•••~-~.-~lim•d.~~•*~•.~tt•M~moo~~~~· -~. ;ktt~•JJn5i*~m•moo•i:r~9!~. ftilffi@1¥J~Mi1z*•;tJU•1;J-~m~•~~~. ;JE -~;E~m~•~•~•·•*••~m~~m~noo•~· ~•••~~~~¥I~. re~ ~~m~•••m~~~mM•.tt~-~~-±~.m*~•noomtt~m•~wM.f*~ ·*~·*·~~~-. ~~•~mm.m•~~~~~~*~ ~fa~~m~n~m~•"~~"tt$. ~~*~•*· B~~-~~m~•**~* oo~•M*· ~~. ~~*h*~m•~m~. ~~mffi~-~"AA~. ~m•~•f**~~ OO~tm. ~m~•~~~m•§tt.m~~frW~•~m~r.~~~m~-~~m~~•••~· ~-3'.(til:il~#f. AtrMf!f~-- w$:f;mf0 gHf$mJ!l~: ftlB~~m:i:p' @~•~•21:1:-1!!.M *OO*~il~m.•~~MPm~. nn~~~~m"H~"~~. ~*m•M~.mffl~~ •m .lC::ei9<.• ~--~~~ 1i,\!l-il1=1m>'~• ~~~R!~~~~~ JX.A'J § RJ.E!..'J'-fl'i:J1:iJ\fi:t:• +--~~3g~+ /J 1'3t.ll~~'JX.i.m./ct,IJX./-I"• ffl~~3·~~~ :v:Efl'i:JX.l.tY.>G:&?l.X.fulo ~~~fft, ~~0~~~Pi'ili1J *AA~*·*~m~rr*f~*oo*•~••.re~N~~tt~J'.(;E~~w•oo~*~~. ~ftt~~•· ~~•mM~~~--~~. &~~-~~•M~~w•.M•. ~~~~m ~-~~~~~~-.~g~,A.~~-~~~~Bm*, ~~BW~~~$00ti~~~~~ IA, ~~~m•oo*•~••&ooffi~. ~~. •m~am§noo~oo~m~•~•. ~~ MiJ6J•0~~-~~fo~nrfE:t.VHr1J!M~~. ~zv1~¥1Jt"&5fLlf**, ftffkd*nmrm~li:A~li*· m~.0~~~*•~~-~~~~m~moo•~·~•ttg~~-~~-;g~m~~*· ~~m~~~frtt~m~~msn.m~~~~~•m~~oooo~*· §mm®:.•~••tt i!~r. ~~16,•00~lmt:HrM. rJT~ftiEiJtJL -;E•fJ.11im/F~•oo~tffr;k~. re~B'·t1®:A;i*J Affr~••m:Plij, ~*·•·t1~1J7Hr!Mflitl~. ffl.16,~Jil:§~~~lB'·t1~1~F~7t7f; -~~ §n )!;fif'/FJiJ\1mOO*rlM1J-~' ~trfE:iYi*r IM' PJ ~J;Jll;E-~~~Oif ~•' IITTIA~' g~$m~1~;1-1F' nrrr~•~~.m~~~. ~~~m. ~;Ei:F~. ~~~~~~~A~~~~B'. *~~~~RililJ#i~. )§$~b),JJ'59.$a~~~~~ X>J~A~A$00~&. ~-~~w~-~-~~--.~~PJ~@-~~oomM$A~;E ~-d~-oo~•m•.~~. ~~-~~#OO~Wlim. •M*~~-~ft?tfiI~.@M /F~:l:-1!!.lR~-/F~OOW~-¥~. t~jj1J~ftmi:f 1 L.'±-t!!.[R, ~~flitl1J\A$J!11MA0 ~a1, •nr-2:!75G #BWe~M•m®:~¥*•·*~~A$~mm•~*•dffi@OOm~. ~~tt£M~~~ *)(Jl!W~~m . .tlt7r. !ft$E$&~fmM*W•m:Plij, ~fBm~OO:Ef~~tituo~J!ll:J:t&Jt 1J\ PFF# 29 '*~~. ~~lfiff~~~*~~ am~m~m•~••oott•••**· ~Tm•~~mamm•~*· ~Mm~•m• ~~···l*mm$~··· B•~Bfil~~~ff~~~OOb~.~~~ M~~l~~. tt ~~-~*N•1t•·•*mtt~~M•w·~~. ~m~M~OO-~ITT~~~•tt•@bm ~1:f=,~,fioo 3%-5%~*:Wl· ~~am~11JL~tt•rtmtR<•· ~mm~~~m&b 1%-2%, 1E!. ~~lftl~(§j~ 1993 ~-tER~ 0. 6%. •iSlftOOOO~m~m·~~J.tN•b00~1:{'=,~,fiOOrtm ~::f1~-T 1%~:§:. ~~.&~••-T~mtt•~~oo~¥.X1*~~~m~moo•*~§, ~~~ffi&oo• •x-t•.:1ftE5fLlf!Hr•~@~ff1Jtf! btfJ1J (1%-3%) t!tWlif$ m•*flHAf\:¥IB•~1ElllfX-~ 0 m-T••mnoom~.~~-#*~oob~. am•*~M~~*~~ff~#b~~*· && **·•~•n:tE~m~•.~~W$~$~ff"~••m. ~m~n"oo*~•• .. mM~ m±~ffu, m~f'=*~~~m-T~~~-·~· ~~**~~m•~m~~~M.~®b~ M~-TW~~-~m,@B~~-T~•· %~~~tttE~AW•-~~-~oo~~l, ~~ %fl:, %JJX:N•~1lltl~¥. N~. ftW*~*~~~:§:~ffma~•~¥oo~~~•••· ~®•mm-Tmn~moo ~M, ~5fLl-T±-t!!~mtaoo11-7E. m•~*•n&mMmtmmm, :110~%fl:, JE:r\~Am•ooa ~~]~. -~~M~~*~~~m. m•~~~~•~ ~~•~m~mw~~•*tt*m•oo~M~~. ~~~~w~*nhJ.t, :1f:tE~mm~ ~M*~OO~~.~~. ~~~M~rA~~OOOOI~. • ~*h~*n~m~m~m••~(§j~tt*oo*~· m~&oo*nNA~IfX~(§joo•~~ ~. ~m• ~ ~.13.~Jt ~ • •• oo m ili "lYl1~~ mn~m~~J)J ~~(§j ~::fc~J! ~,mmtt#" rJl! f4liJf §-~~·~*TR0021t!t2~$~m*1t:OO~M~~.-~-~~--~AOO*"A~" f4ttJ.5l*i-t:J<.1J 0 • m•~1lltliT~*OOtt#~fJtlfo~~Jil, :IJosi~~:bM=iJllfoA;;t:t:if~, f1Hr~mill!lfa~m~JiltiJ ~~A~•M~fil~J.t, ~·(§j~m~moom~.~*·•~~•moom•. • JJX::V:.oo•~oo~rtr:itim.If~tt#liJfJt:~,c," :tEoo•H~fD•~:imoo:t~~r, ~.13.~Jt:!JiXm~m ~~~*oo*n~&mtt#oo*nmr-. • rnJt~tm~.13.•~moo:!JiXm~m~•tt*~~~. ff:tN51~~m~mtt#f4~00fil!1*~M. :1fX1•*~*~m•~~§~qytt*•~· • re~*:!JiXITTOOiliM~*fflmm~~A~M~ii-~~~ITT·~~~.~m. *~•n:tE~ ~~m~m•~~§~.~~~*~*~mm~oo•~~•*· • -~m~mftW•*~~~~*ftW~, ~~X1~ITT~ff~~IOO~m~~~~ftW,tll! (§j~~~m•~· ~•~moo~~*~~~•mM~m~m. ~i5l:ltBiiW~IH£ ~:till*B ~mum~m:ttm~•m~~w~~tt3~00•*«fiB~~-~~*· ~*~~~*~ ~mum~m**OO:&:•~-m~T~AOO~tt.miliTW$~MOO~~~m~oo~--~R ~mum~m:ttm~•,um~m:ttm~m~~•,um~m~£~~•oo~~~~,um~ ~R±~~m,um0~~m~¥,um~m~•••~~,um~m~~~,~~*:&:m, 1~Hr*~mlV-RPJM=~:ttm~fciJm. i3:®.lrJE-t-~ mm't~OOuJf}t:~*· ttt~tt1t.t5!L ~amu m~m**oo~m*m~~~~oo~~~m. ~~wmm~±a~~~5~Ib•~m~oo~~:tt§~.~i3:~~«oo~m~~T~IE. mmT~mum~moo:ttmw~a-~~*oo~•m~rm~oo~~. #HmmTi3:~:&•~ •OOI~1*~,~m~@*~OO~Z):IJ, M~~~m~---~~00~-'~*~~-~'tt* :ttm0~~~~m, •.lrMm~m~~~~lV-R7fmm~ffeirft~. a1n~~umoo®I~fu~~ wn@*1!~i3:®1*1J!IJ, ~ir~±t!!·t~t5r.*uJf}t:tUIEMm~moo:ttm~•· ~•:ttm-t-t~u. 1~2~ammmT•.lrtt~I~m~~m~~OO§~,i3:~~•~mooa¥mAT-~~ ~m.att~I~~#r:&:mm~~m. ~atttwtt~~m:ttmoom~L~-~~~.a•* :nJ1:~n~ttZ):IJTftOOt£moo:ttm, m~'±f",~,f1Ilim: 3~oo~:lt*$:it¥1J 13. 1%. mi;~J£moo m•**·~mTamA~'±ffl*fOOff8m~. &~amum~moo•**-~*~-W$ ~~~*OO:tt§~=W5£i1d: JA:i:~a¥urttt~Mnamum/F1xoo11tE~oo•.lr~±~I~mj;mt£m~ ~R~M~*oo~m:&m*fOOm~, ~~&oo~•ft•.lri3:-~oo~m~~ttfi~~mffin ~Ji!fiJL:fl-00fj~~. ¥Uis:ttt~Ci*, Miffamm ~'±f",~,mrt 19so ~lll3jrJH!} §:fffeoo~:i:~friMmftJ.kfOOmr'aJ, u mAQ~m-~B~:lt*: MmI~:&:•~~~~moo•~&•*M*~~~m•m•:it~: ~~**A*•~~~*~moo~•:&:•~~amum.~~~*umoo~mtt~~ff•*• *oo•~· *~Mm±~~m~um~moo~~~~F~: Mm*~,~~~~~~-&~~ m1J. :tiri*Rfi'J,@f,mi3:®•~:JJ., /F11R•~:fJL11iU1Efri~•~mum~m:ttmoott1iffl~~fu~m, ~ ~~amum~mtt~:ttmn~amoom~~mtt~:ttmf"'±~~oo/F~~~- a~m~P~~•~11~11~-t-t~uoo~11JE, RffW5t~:H¥Ua¥7fnJl:~~moot£m:ttmfutt~ m~w*'±:fJLVJVJOOfiiJOO, :H¥U~ mum~m•~·t1c•:ttm007tF1J.lfiJ~. Ram B*~oo- ~ ~oo~@m•f"'±oo~•~m. ~~:H~~mtt~oo~oo:ttm.~um~m•~OO§*•*~ Rai3::ttm•~ttfi~~~~~oom•~~--~~~«~~mum~m:ttmmfi~~~~~ 32 ifllfiiJ, ili/aJIJFl!Uc Er-3 fil] ~:itl:H T ~lg 1E '.B-:l:i!HiJf ~*ll Wit; -t!M~ill T -~'. m5'r Er-3 ffl(:J}J~ ~' )3:X>j.f!t ff]~):] {i\r ~5'r m Er-J§A~~.~-~~amm•Er-J~$~m~•z~. ~-~§§*M~Er-J. ~~tt~.~~**·ROO~$~m5~B~~~TH~Er-J~-.~--N~~~~~~. ~~Er-Jt{f{ft:lgti:ltl:J3:1'-~&:i~U¥f~Tilf~§§*ll§JJ.l(;~~Er-JI fF, .flt~~~i~t • .flti:B;ffi-~.fltffJEr-3 J&m'§~, :it~~c ~~~c ~*~11tm~:lgq:im:IJlt:$~m~&:DtmRJJ:&:. a~nr. ~A.~m: IRJ~ttt~c.z~~, mttaffJEr-J~JJ, &,~1tq:i m~rn5"::m•~~¥1J'~J!~&. ~i@:itl:ROO~£Vf~ *~tl~~&.:ltl:®:lgA.~:itl:~MW~&Er-J:D'tmR! Is • Wf~$WT] ~IJ$ ~l *TIEPR ~-*ff if *~)I ~ 1. ~1t *~•aM~~~oo~mmM~~~~a.m2•mtt~•~~•*M~~fimM~~• oo•m~~•~m.#mn**mM~m~~~oo*~·•3•*fiTmM~m~**oo§•. x~~~mwm~&.m4•tt~TM~~mwmoo3#~~= ~Moo~mw•: ~*~mm ~oo~m~~;~~~oo~~; m~~~~®•~~M~~•oo•~b~.•5•tt~TM~ ~mwmoo~-#b~~~m•*••·•6•~~~~~m•oomM~tt~m~T~~~@ ~. M~~ffi-®~~.•§. m1•~~oo~m~m~•~•m~T•~tt~~. 2. 1 ~f;Ji~Ji~Y} ~~£m:1:1*oomM. ili:~if:~ OOt!LMftl2J,JfHiOO~~~- (lfil 1) 1985~1994 if: ~0000t!L 2 0 M*~fim*~oo•m**· ~~if=~**~1~(~~~•ffi*).~~~m•a~~•~m m&.1!9cOO-:W. ~***:l!m~Bi%'J-f-~$. ~_¥1j 20%, ~-@3&Tt!LM$~~*JiJTi:'=ll::tf7tlEl3 1984 if:OO 77%r~~ 1994 if:B"J 62%. ~OOt!LM$OO·l*:i!**~:W~.¥uoo•rnittLl~£m:1PJm:l:m~m~*1LOO~nftiJ. 1984~1994 if=fb AmM$•if=**2~.~~~A~$i:F**~M%.~ft~&~~~A~~$OO~*•M.@ fAA~$ 00~it••~SJI: ~*B~ 1J\ruft, El3 1985 if:~~-* 22. 2~r~~ 1994 if:OO• 3 $ 12. 9~. ~~~!il~A:$*~*fil~/9f§i.illd~U!i9}-. ©fbA1J\~$,~,Im:l!**· ~•m:it=*m~***:i!mm~.m~mA~w~mM*••m•mw**~~~.fA w~mM*8•. ~~~*fAw~m~~1•.~~~~*-t-~m~~m•. ~~a~~~ m*~m•~~~~*oo.~~~~mmM~oo~~m*· ~~mA:oo~&mh. •m:~:qo:. ~OO-®~£m~~~m00t!L~***X51AB:§. ~ 1 ~SJI, ~tffi, 11+1, PX •,~~oomM***:l!m~~i%'J-t-~oo~~*~· ~~aAoi%'Jmm•oo~m~•.m~* if=**ID~1~.~•~#Aoi%'Jmm•oo~mm~B~~~-t-mM*oo~•·~*·~®~ mOOA~mM$W~-~~B~-f-~OO*~· S • Wffiljj\Wf (Stephen Stares): ~iltr:7Jtt!:JHLHr9=100.&~tifiUPF:!i1'3rtfi!.&~JiHtra.i~3tim-1?~C )(1J;t;: 3t 1 lm.t:£8f~~C Eij S • Wffiljj\Wfji'iJ~-$1'1 o 1f*l'±$El3 R. Gakenheimer, G. Ingram.& J. Meyer ~{fr-. 2 El3~~1f~~~oo•~*m1f•a~. :lJT~~. m~*'fl~§M•~*· ~Imo --- l 12.00 10.00 I r-, ,, 8.00 I ~ ,l------~ fill --~$ .I "-" 6.00 ,, ,' - - - - - - JJS:$ ~ " - - - - ml)b1f:,~,:1: ~ ~ 4.00 . , 1'·- -"" ,. .... . '' ... 2.00 .. -· . ,,,,.,- . . ,,. 0.00 ··--·-··-··- .....- I/") - ~ °' ;fJLZ)b $1ffl*i :I: AP tJL Z)b $1ffl *i $ (-=f!fi\Ij) ~±f!j-!f$ (Ef]J) (!fi\9/-=f A) :!PXm (%) 1990~ 1993 ~ 1990 ~ 1993 ~ 1990 ~ 1993 ~ ~tJ?-mlR 258 402 16 6.99 8.4 37.0 47.8 _r_~-miR 172 230 10 7.83 9.48 21. 9 24.3 11-Mm!R 94 152 17 3.58 3. 70 26.2 41. 0 JJJG$m1rJ5llR 54 124 23 9. 19 9.47 5.9 13. 1 NJ~ mfrl5l1R 12 26 30 o.·86 0.92 13.8 28.3 ~IE 5,836 8, 776 15 1, 134 1, 185 5. 1 7.4 tt 1:$1/Iff.JJ/tff!Jl1990 #P 1994 :fFo 2: A o Jftff!:J/t fl if1/Jll!Jiif1F!J1 o 3: !fl ij/]$Jftff!dJ:ft/J7Yiftf(f~{)t 0 IE 2 : r#I, 5t!J~/JJ~!=-*ILM:$±fli(; 250 JOO 90 ,,..., 200 IHI 80 ~ ,,..., 70 It- 150 ~ 60 ~ It- 50 ~ JOO 40 ~ ~ #t ~ 30 50 ... #t 20 IO 0 0 0 00 0 N '° 0 00 ~ 00 "' 00 "' "' "' "' "' 00 ~ I ....... 1M!f~$ - - - - :tt11PJ)].Z;}J - JfHf;$ ~IE:!PXmm~~~M1¥J~-~oo~•fE:!fOW*i:l:1¥J~•**·i3:Rlffl,hlJ~m~T~~ (:!m~ 2 pjf7j;)' 1980~1993 ~i3:W31-:!PXml¥J•f£$1;l&~ 35%~40%1¥JJ!)'j'.t-f~~±~-jf, AAfi'DT ~M~$~~$1¥J±f!j-lfJ!)'j'.. i3:ill~~T 11-MR 1992 ~~JJffi-fE$M!ml~nt:l:f:Et.9l~~fttl, l2L ~llfttl•f£$1¥J±f!j-!f. ::ttft!!.:!PXmfil=*~Ttll~1bll¥JtMIM~. ~ 1993 ~. 11-M•fE:!fO-TAW*i:l:t~t~ 7'161 m. hl!~l'l 94 m. 2. 2 00 ~ tJl iJJ 1-t 7.1< -1¥- fY! ~Y!IJ m~ 00tfl$J1-tl.K 5fL JtHf tN ~lJla :if7¥:.tE '1/f $ ::f lifn IE l!I *: *Xf Ef<J ®,B , 1£ § IW1~ r'3J Ef<J ftj *311.t !;). &fiili0~a<Joo*•~~*I~~oo~m~~ma<J•••·~~~~, m~m~m**mZ9J~ 7.K5fl-*fifNn, 1;J.reB**ftj*Ef<lm1.t. A$OO*a<JmZ9J~~m~~~*X*fi*~= M~•~mZ9J~~mJ.K.sr-a<Jl!l•m$,•~~ ~,x~,~W~l!J-,@~~A~~AEf<Jftj*~*Z9JmZ9J~~ma<J•~~l!]·.~T*~~ #1!1*~*(003MM~*~T~-,B), ~$~~~*@ffl~X*fi,"OO~~~a~~~m oo*~oo,~m~oo, ~-oo*~~ma<J::f~"Ma<JmZ9J*W~*.sr-*fiT*fi,m~~®* fi•*~mZ9J$W~7.Kf~~Aftj*~l.tffi~. !fl 3 : 521-00~!:J±if![g~J...±1:.Jqt.A.!:HJlM$ffflfi7.1<3f. 800.0 700.0 • 600.0 • * • •• ••• ~ 500.0 ~ • • #!- ~ 400.0 $ • • ~ 300.0 200.0 • •• • •• • • • • • 100.0 0.0 ~ Jt.... • • 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 mmZ9J***Ef<l~#w~aMtf:la<J-~A~m~~mZ9J*W~•a<J~A~tt. ~ffim~ ~a*~~~A**· m~*w~•**~a*~•- 4 2~•r-@ffi~w~~m~x%fi f~¥UEf<J~A5!(!·11*•· •m:tE 1. 02-1. 95 .ZJBJ. ~*rJJ3, ~Aa<J-~8*,~Ef<Jftjtf, ~~3& * L 02%-1. 95%Ef<JmZ9J$W~•Ef<lftj*· ~9H!rtf:l Ef<J~~®*•~JA::f ~ OO*~::f ~~m~*~~tf:l *IL!i1I1\.:tf=:-f!ffllj1:.m1.Kf, ili~~Vfljji)[~~t; (4. 1) (Aubrey Silberston, 1970, Automobile Use and the 4 Standard of Living in East and West, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol.4,No. 1). -L~JtJjili~t.!Jft.l!j1\.a!Jrm:1<, In ~~Vf~~;t; (13) (Wi 11 iam C. Wheaton, 1982 , The Long-Run Structure of Transportation and Gasoline Demand, The Bell Journal of Economics, Vol. 13). 1\.ail1fl'f~X1ili~~AliZ:!JiXr!l/sUl1¥J~Ji]lij, ili~~~Vfli}fJ'/: (1) (John F. Kain, 1983, Impacts of Higher Petroleum Prices on Transportation Patterns and Urban Development, in Theodore E. Keeler(ed.), Research in Transportation Economics, Vol. 1,JAI Press Inc.). ~~UJ5[Jff]E~J5[~1¥J:ff ~~·ti&±-t!!rR tt~Ji]liJ. ~~U:!JiXr!J {t, '*1!111 IE fl,j/st.Ji:1iJfJ'/:l!IT (F. Kain and Liu Zhi (1994),Efficiency and Locational Consequences of Government Transport Policies and Spending in Chile, Harward Project on Urbanization in Chile, Harward Institute for International Development). *oo.~gm7~~m•&gm7~~~m•.~gm7m~~mm•&gm7*~~mm•. ~®*•oo~~-~tt•~= ~~£•~m•~£•mm•.~m~~~~*~.&&£~ *jtlOO/F~;W*t.ums. •2oo•M•~~*OO~A-tt*•••~fm$&m~$~A-tt*•·~·~·~;W xt@f 11100 OOJd;)J~A:ltHE:. ~$~t;ttft!?.~~$~~**~!!t~. ~ m:&i:llIOO:tJt~1t~~rtf¥ &fil~T~-~.rnf~~~m•oo~*w~~~m±••~~~m~~~oo•m~. 5 ~.Llt• •~AOO**·~*m•*•~m~~~m~0•~•£~moo•***ffi~. ,PJfJt 1$;$: m~$W~ 381-$j:~r~mm•. 1965' 1-{$ 1. 14 Silberston(1970) 381-$j:~r~mm•. 1965. *m,e,• 1. 09 461-m•. gm~II*.&*~~m•. 1965' f\$ 1. 21 251-m•. 70 1F1~Jf.WL f\$,e, :I: 1. 38 Wheaton (1980) 251-m•. 10 1F1~-lf.'A. *m,e,• 1. 19 421-m•. 10 1F1~-lf.:1m. f\$~_.1§.· " ID'll! 1. 43 231-~tt~ffi:m•. 1958 1. 95 Kain(1983) 231-~;P-;:ffi:m•. 1968 1. 59 981-~~1±f.;:±5lm•. 1977 1. 30 521-m•. 1990' 1j\f\$ 1. 58 521-m•. 1990' lf1iffl$ 1. 15 Kain and Liu (1994) 521-m•. 1990' :tJtZ9J * ,e, :I: 1. 44 601-m•. 1990' 1j\f{$ 1. 02 ••mffii¥1£= ;ttf!Bttf.;:.&~w~•~#•~•ml9J*W~*~· ~~-~~mM~~~ ~mB~.©$%ffif~®~--~~·~1¥J~~. ~*~-~~+A••1¥J~ml9J$W~* . I!!•, 51'- Z. !'SJ 8"J IE :S: ~* hldf ;Jg Jf3 fl , l&A1.K f-;Ji!o;fJl$J ±t:fffl:ff7k 51'- 8"J tR: IE ·ti ~A-ttmfi**25~ml9J$W~**B•. ~ff•tt•l¥1£fflA~~Am~mfimZ91$W 1!1.Llt , ft ffJ ~ffl ~**B•m~~~-~~A%£1¥J•~·•m~~.mZ9J*W~*~~~~A~m~mffi*· ~~il'Jtl911t1JJ1A:Jt£~o.Llt. ffif\!YcZ.~:JJ001¥J•*lU.R**45l:A7t£1¥J~~/Fm~·ti, ftffJ¥3!: ~mff~:JJOOl¥J.PJFJ'r. 19941F Kain tll5'1J;:fu;@ffl 451:A-·t1*•¥! (1J\1-t$ 1. 58 , 1ti:$ 1. 15) xt 1995-2020 1Fi¥J~ m ~r-t*.m~.mZ9J*W~:1:mfiTBM.~£•~1¥J§m~m~~oom•~~X%fi. ~Ji: 1 5 ~~~-~m•m~*fi~R~m~~m~~~-~~~~w~~~~·~*~~m:~•~m•~M~•· ~$~Jt:lj: m~Jf,&m. Jff.1'ii'~I'¥:1mtl:l~;f± (Wilfred Owen, 1978 Automobiles and Ci ties: Strategies for Developing Countries, in Ralph Gakenheimer(ed.), The Automobile and the Environment: An International Perspective, The MIT Press). 6 ~~~~~~. ~~~~~~§~~re-~Mmfi.~~ffl~X*~··*ff~A-tt~tt~~~~~ . @m~mrBJ••· Kain *°:X1J~~JL.1t~iH'~*· Jtr$, ;J:JL~$.~.:i:~@JY3*;t:Rm~. ;W:4s:~m-eL11'i 52 t-~m. 7 . ~-e!MT~~m•&~MT~•~m•.~-eLMTtt~~~m•&-eLMT~~~~A~~*~ffFm~-~ m•. M*~004m~.am~~~~*f~Mi:p,~~i:poo~A:l$JOO~~F~m**•rn§W~• ~ 10%~~J(f~~ 2000 ~~ 8%. ~m~U3W~m~±F=1JfFff:l:~:l!**W7tJl'::ffi~}$:1:fhiE:51~, 8 ~lf-$7tJl'::ffii1'!-xtm~±F=Wlf:l:F~~1tLlrnJi31~~1ffl3Jt!Z5if!Ji)f~ll. fltffJW:l±l 7 9 5-10 ** ~tJL~±F=±tl*~ 2 fifin~. af~:n~i:p, ~~~ 2000 ~3WtJL~±F=~:l!±tl-tE:~:l!ll•~~~~ ffii&A5if!'li*IE~:l:fh*:l!ll (tiPi&A5if!'li*~*lV-i&AitliE:J!ll); wa~**1J~i:p' fltff]~ ~3W~m~±F:i'il'l:l!±tliE::l!ll•M~~ 2000 ~. f&J§~~ 2005 ~~ffii&J...5if!·li*IE~itl*:l! fl.~MM*a*3i:p~~T&~.~D~fill¥J~MM*~*3· ~ 3: $00 :tJl~:$~iH9!~m1J 1~1J~ i'il'ln~ ~fil /N~$ :Bi$ m~±F=,~,:m /N~$ :Bi$ :.fJl.~$.~,ji -f-A1Jlrff:J'~f1F C~/-f-A) 1995 2 6 9 2 6 9 2000 5 10 16 6 10 19 2010 16 24 45 25 26 57 2020 53 57 124 83 62 162 ~JI*$(%) 1995-2000 16 10 10 23 11 15 2000-2010 12 9 11 15 10 12 2010-2020 13 9 9 13 9 11 2. 3 tJilrtlfJlM1t7J<1¥-f9!~9!1J rar~~-*~~*~m1¥J~m•#~~ffi~.~:n~mxtm~±F=mlf~~m~~*~1¥J ~m~filxtr~*4, J!1t~xt•mtJL~~*f1¥1~~U~1~£:A ~xt. flt1fJ~lx3fdJJ1roo~~raJ~} ~, oo ~~_tJ!fifi•mraJ bt$X1iJfJ1:~1~d>, & Kain ~:M;t; 1¥J1iJfJ-t::A flt1fJ:itHi•mm~1t* ffw~tl •~Tm~.~wJ-t:xtm~_t5o~•m~MmffT7tfi,~•~T~~*mlf~x~a7tfim ~. ~lJl/J\~$1Jl:llfl¥J 80%~1t~ffl~W3~~:1:*fi~: A:l$JOO~~F.~,m~•mArJl.'ll •. A:l$JOO~~F~mxt•mm~~*f1¥1~m. ~~i&J...xt~oom~~*f1¥1~m. •mAr=iw ~m~&~•*•M~#xt•*m~±F=W«~•~.w~~~~~*W«•xtrA~m~~F .~,m~•mAr=iw~~5if!·t1*~*~1J:tJ i. 02 ~-o. 21, J!~'*~xt•--ts7t'2:~i&J...:l:fh*• ~3& 1. 02%~/j\~$1Jl:llf:l::l:fhiE:, ~;f.F~-~B7tB~-mAr=iW!lr~•MI 0. 21%~/j\~$ml lf:l::l:fh-tE:. 10 s~*~~*oo•m~*•~&~ma•*~~~~*~N~w~**~:~*~•*:~~*oo•~~~~. ~*~~:ljl: OO~ffi~§'l, lff~'J!I~~l±ll\liif± (Wilfred Owen, 1978 Automobiles and Ci ties: Strategies for Developing Countries, in Ralph Gakenheimer(ed.), The Automobile and the Environment: An International Perspective, The MIT Press). Kain l!J)c1J~~1A T *r* oom~*&J!l1$::!HiEW. ltJffl'El.r&* ooa l*J ~•*•••fl~@IY=i7HJTMmxtm~ *•~•mffm•.~~*oo~~~m~*•~·~~~-t-•m~tt•.~•oo~ffi~~m*~~~~oo• 10 •*~~*•~•@1a*fiMmJtfla*~~~oo•~~~*•*1~o~••*fi~•~. ~~~~~ ~-*~A~~A•W.fflA~OOl*J~~a•*m~ft•.•-t-~A~•A~-*~·-~~-~~~A~ tt*•1~-t-oo•rSJ3lX*fi. ffll&A5ili·li*!J& (1. 02) &A r::J-\f;l~Jili·li*!J& (-o. 21) ~X>J--1-~~B"J~ml i:p OO};:~fP" 11 ** m~~?kf~~BM.~~~~*~~~~ITT"~~B"J~•MB. ~~ftilll¥Jm~~~~~$B"J 1995 ~. ~~= ~ITT"Ar::J~Jl!;f;i~ :wolf A, Ar::JWlt~ 200 A/0tw(J3:ffi3 t.ITT~tI:. X>J-£11t~ -TlfM, ~m § mJB"J?kf), 11\~*m1fJ.Kf~•-T A 10 ~- X>J"**i&A**' *~m1f**~ &Ar::J{f;ltr~~~:tzor: • ~A•*= **~ITT"A~i&A**1f~#11~. •-11~l¥3***~~-rru-oomm&B"J~ 00***~~. 11~-= ~ITT"A~l&A**~El3 §mJB"J~**~~ 15%~~~~ 2000 ~B"J 9%. 11~== §mJ~ITT"A~l&AB"J~***~M=~~~ 2000 ~. YffiJ§~~~~ 2005 ~B"J 9%, Jt: f*M=~!E±~*· • mM***= X>J-@-T~1-i&A**11~.1f~#~~B"Jm~***11~~~. 11~-= ¥1J 2000 ~. §mJB"J1J\~$4ij~ 20%B"J~jlj"***~~~El3l&A5i11·1i~IEB"J***· 11~== §mJB"J1J,f-\$~***~M=~~ 2000 :¥, YffiJ§~~~~ 2005 ~El3l&A~·li~!E l¥3***· • Acmmr~: §mJi:pOOW$};:~ITT"B"JAr::JWlt~ffi3~B"J. W$~ITT"m~*~-*~* JJff!~~1~Ar::JWlt. ~~. ftfi'J1f:F:lfEl3fl~~**~ITT"Ar:JWlt~~-Tr~. ~~ 2020 ~~ ITT"Ar::JW1t1f~~~~~11~. ~Wll:lJ~: 150 A/0tw. 1§3-T 1990 ~¥JZ.:lpJGJkf~&J:;iH}~fP",~,f*~.IB~iJJ2f1~§;tift. 1~Wll:1J~: 100 A/0tw. 1§3-T 1980 ~B"J~ilf~WTt~ft?kf. £-T4fill&A**~Ar::JWlt~~fil~B"J~f-\$fi1fABM~*~~4m~. ~·!J&-~ ~:tzor. ~ 4: i:p 001J\5~$tll~~ .mt~;911J )\D~*f!l.1i'Jft:. AD 11£* J!l.Ji'Jit:. ~fil i&J\1~**11~ i&J\~**113~ i&J\1~**11~ i&A~**11~ 1J,f-\$fi1f$ (~1-T A) 1995 10 10 10 10 2000 21 25 21 25 2010 51 83 54 86 2020 127 204 138 222 m1f•***<%) 1995-2000 15.9 20.3 16. 1 20. 5 2000-2010 9.4 12.6 9. 7 12.9 2010-2020 9. 5 9.5 9.9 9.9 1995-2020 10. 7 12. 8 11. 1 13. 2 11 M¥#~~~*A~~A-~~*fi~*~~~-~·~wAaw~. @~~-m~~: ~*~·~WA aw~~-~~±~~m~•m~~- s • J//i~$J//i. :l!J,=JJ 39 BM*fi*~: R•~m~Affa•~**··~~m1¥J~~*W~•1¥J~•**ff~ ~w~~.a~#fiJJtL.~mAoW)Jtl¥J~*~*~~m~~*W~•**·ili~#·~~ -r~A**l¥1•nflil. J1JTBW1~ 1¥1 2010 ~1J\~*W~•f.lli**•J1t:/J~ffi ~r:EJ1la1¥Jii'110:1&: (Singapore) Jj(-'f-, 2020 ~1¥J~f.lli**mll1J~j;:~~t:EJ1la&~ (Seoul) Jj(-'f-f.iiij 30%. ••~m25~1¥J~~**· 9=1oo~m~~*m~•~•*~1~22m. ~***~ 11%~13%. ~i':tioJJt, m~iJl~;j;$1¥Jftitff~~~l¥J, rzsl~~Ajlj;j:;F*ffll¥J~At)J~A7./(-'f-f1:~ ±•*~rzsl~.W/F~f.lli~A~~l¥J~A7.K-'f-.W~*~~OO*B~~}Jj~~ttfi,W9=100~ M' Lh •M7. £'_::<. p::; ' ' A•.+ :fl:! r<.~lli'PT-a:.uJ:iK I :l:!.13:• 2. 4 Jftjt$: ~Ji:=i'PJ}~f.I ~00~~1¥Jrffl.~~1¥J•n*~M~~*~·~*~~-·~~. •n*m~~d~* *~*9=1**•llM~1¥J~~IA.~#~~-~~~~W1Jff/F~M.@9=100j;:~~*OO* ~±i!!IR1¥J•n*~Mj~H¥*~' ~~~~WHr!'/FrPJ1¥J~M;fl:r\: ~j;:fiJ;fl:rt-•n*W~-~~ a-~mlt1¥JJ.K-'¥; 9=1oo~~tl:rt-•n*m~•filmit~IJ'®fo. 12 ~**IJ~9=1oo~~ffi~•n***'t1H£:tiolfil 4 J1JT~. JA 1950 ~~m. ~**Ll•n*m~* 5¥-nf.lli-r~~*W~J.K-'f-, n~1%3~m~~"M~h1¥Jm~ru~m~~*<$~~)ili~ m. ~#~N~~~~~.JJtm. ~~*m~•~~**· w•n*m~•-n•~a-mlt 1¥17.K-'f-. 1990 ~~j;:flj~-=f AW~ lj\~* 475 •n* 96 9=100~~,V!IJ~L 7 Jj-~M m. m. tl:rt. 1915 ~9=100~~~-T Am~•n* 63 m<ffi~+:rlar1+1J.K-'f-) ,1J\~* 5 m.ff!~ 1992 ~. •n*BittlJ 485 m1-T A. ro~:®:®f.llif1J\~*W~J.K-'f-<146 m1-T A). {)(fJZ. 20 ~. 9=1 00~~1¥J•n*•~mll1¥JW~*~~M~m~. 500 450 400. 350 300 * ~ ~ ' 250 I , ---·- q:tOO~~/H~$ ~ M- 200 , I - - - - q:i III ~r.'1i1*:J't$ -< 150 ,/ , It- 100 ' ,, . .11~·-·-··-' ....... __,_ , 50 ··-;:.·:J- ~ . I 0 0 00 N'-OO"<!"OON'-00 """ '° '° r- r- r- °' I/"\ I/"\ I/"\ °' °' °' °' °' °' °' °' °' °' °'------- 00 00 J!l:ft$~~1JlFA"7.k-'¥*1ll5ER1iJ Wil-T ,A., J3::1H~*q:i 00 ~~ § litrffl:ft$1JH1f7k-'¥·11ElY!tlB{J, fil~ttt:W-B{J:!i 12 500 •*-'¥··~~)3:·~--~j;J~~~1JH1f;?j(-'-f~~ij·, ~j;J~fmft~J!l1t$1JH1f•~~~*· *•~ -~~.@®~litrffi~. B~**•~T••· ~tt~A*~~-1t$~~7~~$W~OO~N~~?~~*$.aA*~··1t$00% ~~~:¥•~*~*~; ~~~~000~~m: ~•oo•1t**A*~~~$A,m~r** •~moo~m~~~*•ili~7.~~•1t*~•&M•$A.£••oo£aoo:¥~~AA~m ~~~*ili~~-*~OO~A•B~ffi~~7(~005m~), WH~r!JAD~&ffim~M. ~ w~1J\~*00~1PJ~~11r11IDi~J. wa~m~~. 60 :¥ft~AA. t}m·1:1cJ!~•~· ~•oo•1t*• Bt}ilil,W.,W~A7.Kf~£a 25 :¥FPT~¥UA*~U 60 :¥f-t~,Jt,jj7j(f, ~~. a1J\~**A* •mrooffi~-tE:-f~J1t;!!Al*J. *1t*~•~±~:l:t!!W:. ~rt.:if~:Jt:fm-@~~. ft114.11jcllJ::ttt~ ~-m~~~~~M~~. A•*~~~m~~m~~M~~~~m~~oo~~:~*~m• 1t****~~~oo••· a~oo~~.~~~~~*~•oo:l:t!!~. *1t*~~m~oo5!&* *· 18000 - . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . 16000 ~ 14000 ~ 120oo 1g 10000 - ~:k;fLl ~ fl 8000 -·-- 9='00€11~ :lti .g: 6000 l!fiI 4000 .@ -H -< 2000 . ----··----- - --... -.. -....... o++-+-+-+-+-++-~++++-+-+-+-+-+-++-t-++-t-++-++++-+-+-++-t-++-t-++-t ~OO*~~rl1*$£A~OO~-~~-~r!J.M~~OO~. ~r!J-1t$00~•£~f~OO ~~-~W~£•*~-~: n•A~~Aoom~. •1t$illJ!:lt-lE:, #~~affi~ffiOO~AA l*J~¥1J'cfil~ll. ~}J'M, ft11*m•1t$M!!ttC&:IJ3CF~11'~1Ml¥Ji'Jli, ~1*"f1¥Ji:f::lt-K-¥ 10%ftlit0=J. £~JiffiAA!JttOI:t91~1W~~~:It-lE:-$1¥J 1/4), 9.1% 20 :¥a~~:l6¥Llt-fil~ll: nu~:A;jl!ifX1%• 16 :¥. 2. 5 ~$1tr$:t.mfii EJ!W, a~OO~r!J;fJLZ;:IJ$1ffl~:fl~. 1t?$~ffi~31¥Jbt-Wtl. ::ltJ1'~$~ 59%(~'E/.ti!i•:tt$, ~~>. 1fflM%, ~-5~.mm.~~.m~.mffl.nu~~~r1J1¥JmZ;:1J$ili~~~~~: a~r1Joo~m•~:m*m~~oo*0~~~~~m•oo-~. **:rt?*oo~•mrt.~*~.mamZ;:1J*~•~m~oofil•~~~~-~~-mroom~.a ~m~r!J~g*oo*-tE:J!&~*f:rt?***· m~~~~~~m~•mg***oo~~•:Af m~*oo~~.-•w~. :rt?*~OOl*J~~~m~~tt:It-K**· wg*~OOl*J~~~moo:it ***£m~tt**·~•:m*a~*ffi~-m~M~m£mZ;:1J*~moo••m~w*, m~ *~~~*oo~•**~~~~*~£**~*~m~aoo±•*•·~~£*::t~~~~ ,~oo~~- 2. 6 i:p 00~~:$:I~~MiE.flm ~m•W•ili0~T~$r~~---.~§00ftf~*~*I~~-~-~-~I~fi ~. ~--~ 1 C.'Z -J!%fflGOO r*Jmj:h, *fJjljJ!~OfH\~*mj:h, ~lif01*00*~*I~00~2¥Jfm m. ' ~--~l±I 2000 if:%pX;if:f'=1J,~$ 120 JHj!ij001JM~. ~ 2010 if:J6¥1Jif:F 350 7J$91J,~$. ~~oo%•rnmr*Jm~m~.•••~~Afi1f~~*· ~m•WX1*•••oo~~. •~m J&, ffimj:h*5E 1J'~*1fr*'*· ~$I~~---00~5EJ!.~ft00*tt~tt#~¥JFM~m~fflGOO"~m~*I~Z.**" M~~~~. ~M~m1±1: **~m~~*~-.~~t!*m~~*~•~•~*f~~oo~ ~: a) *•OOM~JJ, b) 1J,~$$>Jbj(-Sf'-, c) JC:iii1t:MB7.K-Sf'-.- *•OOM~§gJJPJ~ffl 1 $9;f~ m~~*OO-ffr**~A~mr*J~f'=~mz.~*••·ftM~~m*m~~tt~mfi*moo~~~. ~:PJf~1!jl±l3'J'~*1irm~A~m~~f'=,~,mzbtz¥1J i. 4-4. o 111. 1J'~*fi1fJ.K1'-•~~~ a?fi1f5•~~*·Wft~m•z~~-~. ~~*1irm~A~m~~f'=~mz.~~ft 2. 0-3. o , ~Pif:l&Aft 5 JJ~00*•;;1-1f§gJJ:it• 6 JJ~M~1J,~$. #5l11~if: 6 T-~00$ '3~fi•m.•mX1~0014~~, 1JJ?*•if:i&Aft27J~~~OO*•~~~-~-.~M ~X11f§g}J::ff= 13.l!t\M~ 1l,~$OO*•• §mfiT fliit, i!JitX100r*J 1J,~$~f'=§gJJOOf1H~ 14 m1rTm•. ~•~u~ 5?!f7f-. J~§ lf!.1fl 2000 if: 2005 if: 2010 if: 1f nn#13.l!t\M~~~$OO*•• g)]p 4.0-4. 7 15. 5-16. 5 37.5-40.5 1J\~$if:$*• 8JJ$9 1. 3-1. 6 2.2-2. 7 3. 5-4.4 :lt~: *•$*• 8JJ$9 0.4-0.6 1. 2-L6 2.3-3.0 1J\~$fi1f• 8JJ'3 6 12 22 ~~= *ffl'J,~$00btfJtl % 20% 40% 60% ~-=f A 1J,~$W1f • 1J,~$if:~F~~JJ • 8JJ$9 4. 7 1. 2 9 2.2 15.8 3. 5 :lt~: *ffl1J\~$~f'=§gjJ 87]$9 0.4 1. 2 2. 3 *m'1'~*~¥mr~*B• g)JR4; 0.8 2.8 6. 5 r1:1 ~ m~¥Ill r~ *B• oo bt fJtl % 2% 6% 11% .s:iz~~$\i'1"1\$1\al:Jrl1*€:1: ~ 0. 7 0.6 0.5 X1~••&@~-.1f~~OO&Xif,1f~~OO•pX;.Mffi&~~~~~rnJitPJnw*OO~ m~'=\.¥5~; rnfJ1!~•11t~~m-1~~lt~~•*oofJ1::1:-11!/&t~1~•; ~m~ 1 c.,12<:00J'.tim.Wm. ·fflG~~~~.~$I~OO~•·m~~¥1fOO*M~&OOmft§*~ffl; J!-:3lttf'=~.3(ii mmoos~~~t!~¥1f**~~ttwoo~1frz-.•~t!~¥1f**ooafil. ~2Uf B :t~ (9=1Jt!\&) (477 4), 1994. 11. 24 • ft1fJfif~f~i¥J1f ~1N€\±J:'::tJlFA:Jifff!jij!tlJtJ$: (00%it~tt;:f:~2UfliJf~fif. 1994) #&1f~.& ~JJ<l.k-'f .&xii 19: 14 Mil£ ~Q {ilJ ~ JJfoJ f9! jlj!tl i¥J 0 -1 - ~~*~~~§~-~&~Mfil.~OO~~-OO~rn~M~aOO~$I~.WH~~~*~OO iliQ~~ruOO~M~~. &@~mMOO~~: %~A~OO~~•nOO~$I~••mm~m. w~•fr~MmM~~oo~m~*m~x~~. m•~~~~~§~. JlJf~~®fPJ/lfill2J,,& rn ~ 00~$I~~MW51~8r<JXft!!.fi:i1/lfil, fr*XOO 12J,J§jjrl1=W~~ ,&. fr~.£•1i?ili 00~. it~tt7ftt£$liJfJt:?fixt~ OO;td~1J\~$1m~:S:OOfilit1~~ilift1fJ?fi1t!ili 00 *~M~•· @~*r-~ME•-~·~·~~•OO•*~~*~M~$I~.w~"&~ ~~M**~~~~~*-~mm~m~T~*' !2),•~m~$M:S:~MW~~Mm~•~~ oo••· ~~ft·J§-jjr-~OOMm~•~M~•~*-~tt~. 15 fr~ 0000t£$~M~, fft~ft!f!. B~7iJ-5i~j'J001!E~n:S:. "1*1fi'jg:8liJfJ1:" ,X>f~i!f 00jg:8~*,&~jg:~~*ffT@•. •J§~ili~~= ~M0Mjg:800"mB~~-.-~OO~ ~*~*· ~-EOO&~-~~MOOllin. "M~OO*~· ft~00.M~OO~M~•*$·~fr·I~. ~-~$*~r~. ~z~ @OO~B~M~•Mfil*~WT~•oo~m.w2ofil2~~00~*··~·jg:•fi7ft:0M~ M~jg:•~~oo~~~~~~m.~•ft~OOjg:•ff~~~~*~· ft~$EOO¥~~~. ~ ~~-~~-T~•~~ttm, 12J,,&jg:••*oom~~~xtjg:•~m~•*m:1:m~oo~ ¥~ ...... ······1*~$~MiHROO~JJ~®*~0•jg:•~t•~~~r~m~OOI~. ffirfrl*1'l't£ m~~oo~~. ~~~~~oojg:•~*· 0njg:•&~ft**~~a*a••oo~m.0njg: •~*oo~*~r*x@mm~. ~~§~jg:~ttm.m~~~oo~~.xt~m~~jg:.~* •!Jo/Jl2J,,& 1, ooo 0.£~~00f1¥1Jf1.!Jo/Jjg:8, 0M~1t!~£~$00jg:8~1i*· ~-~~~~~ •OOffin, ···~jg:8E**~· " ~®*~ft1~2~00"*tt~$~jg:8M~"~W~W~~~.wftli~6~~JlJfili~OO 0M~B:S:~~**&fil~T~~~M~OO~~. ~·$%~00m~~~Bjg:800Wft~~M ~~oo~~OO~i'Wfl, :1tX~~•::ll::~PX:rJJOO*ttz--, ftffFFrm~fJt~ft~~•::ll::~~rJJOOPl -~~. m~•~~m~~~7il~•· ~•::ii::~•~~~~~~r-~oo~~- m~*~·jg:~~A~•r*TA~ffl~~~. m~m~tt#rn~~~A~OO~fflE~. ~•~m~~*iliffm~~oo•m~B•r•m0~*~~ff*iliffoo•m.mxtriliff~w ~.fim.~•·m"oojg:•E~~~~~••oo•~~•.m~*M*~~i2),-~~oo•~ ~~m~.~~fr~oo~~~~*~=~oom~~ff*z~•m~~--~~~oo~~W12J, ••~ttoo~~~~mff.~OO§~•~xt~jg:m~~oo•~•**~•~~Tm~~~mz ?fifr. tttJ\!-i!Hr, 1-*~ili$Jtr1iJf~, 1991. 6. 15 *ili}VflR~itili$ltr1iJf~~1l., *ili}Vf lRili$ltr1i}f~, 1992. 4 16 0 tJLZ9J 1-t ** T xm 1¥J § 83 ~ ~ ~§ ·tt ' 1.EI. la] 111ill51 ~Jt11B - @ fci] ®I 0 IE 6 : ~ OOI~~-f;E: m-:f-JJ~®tJLZ9J$W1r**iJL m~* 6000 m£*~1¥J.mxm~~~£~~* $ ~ 5000 ~.~£1f~~$.:ff~~&.xm lit- ~*1 4000 ~ Wmfilmt~~~~o :tio51!3(JitJt!11flt 1l " :itJ I~ 3000 '.:t:tE~t11¥J0R~. l'ciJnfil~~~Jitt~ ~~ 0 ~m~$•*M~.m~51!xmwm H 7: 2000 ~ m lit'.£ :tE ~ i:p , 1'ciJ nfilmtxt 1J. i¥J $ o~ :ml- --- 1000 m-xmmm1¥J~ ,~lit1~~~£:;t)( 0 it:i£. i¥J ±®I z - 0 1980 1987 1994 3. 1 3l~Hmf1'faq*~!3~m ---~AJ(Ji~1¥J$•W:tE~iaJfi&~M~~fr~l¥J$·~~T~tt.~xm•~~111. ~#~tt~~~•~tt.m~xm•m*111, ~#~ttmtmPmo~•a*8$1¥J$m~Ax m~. $mfr~~&fil8*8*· H~~~OOfri¥J~&.~~WW-A~i¥Jxmmao xmmm1¥JH•ffl*£= 1aJ#~~-~ilifr~~•£*1¥Jll100ott&1¥Jxmmm:ff111~~ *ilifr*i¥Jilifr~B. ~~ilifr*~~-~-~$1¥JMh:tE~~~o:ffAmffi: -~A~~£ §~1¥J~£~§~1¥J. ~$~&W1f-~m~*~l¥Jilifrll100~mm~&. ~*~~~ilifrmt B~ttT~~P~&. mt¥9:1fMh~~H!:lttfr~R>f-~~11B~~16,~JJ!~iliqf7 0 ~~M*f~~xmw :11rrm 51 ~ i¥J '.:t mJYJ:I r ~ o xmmm•~•£~1¥Jmm. m!E~r: • :tE*~M&r. :&Z9Jm~fr~*~*· *•~mft£$1¥Jm~o•-M~. ~$~M20 0m1~111r~~1s0m1~111111.R$fr~•0mmmftm~~~*2~o~~WW1¥JM &r. 83f:&Z9Jm~~~R~~tti¥J~&~~. ~••£*To • ~~1aJ#1¥JI~W~£$1¥J$momf~~m~•1¥J•**~: xmmm•~•-~R~ ~8*8&1¥J~m~•o~T~~iaJ#BI1¥J•~· *m~~~~~-•~£*••1¥J$ ~Ao • ~~£mf•$~m.0~R$Rili@$•~~.~£M~~A~.~~~'.:t~M~*· 3C:JiW:tff51~1¥JB1i'aJ1~~--~·~~1¥J1~~. R~li!W*H•&~:tE~Imi:f o J3)'~tJt! m1¥Jxm~&~ilifi*~~~~•~mfr~•-~•*1¥J11100. ~mM~~1¥J~•.~1aJ #£-*ifill1i'a:Ji¥J1~· 0 ilifr*:tE~~~~m. ~T§~1¥J~~m~~•*mfr.~#~1¥Jffl5'!£: ilifi*~•m ~~§BR~~i¥Jilifr#ilifr~~m•:~&l¥J~*·Mmtt£~.~:;tfil8*8~o•~~. :ti:xmwm111~~~ilifr*m**i¥lilifimm~11100M~~~~f~ilifr#:;tAm~~1¥Jm ~. mfm~~ffl~$-*1¥J~R$*~· mt££~~ToW~BM£~~1o :ff!Ji~ f!JJ: t££jjjj!JD!Jfft lfl --r, $Jf/J$t£mi.fiftJJ!f.A.&11?/ff!<J#!m i&i&if!frift fJ :!!!if!t JiJtf!<J#!m F flff1\ft$tE/[\[ft]$:i$ F f!<J,(1.jg fj#!Ill!JE{/:;Jftfl!?/f-tf!, f!}jj$-,#. IE#!m :ffJiJtjJ1j 0 0 $:ff: !fl if/J$ f£fii# fJ:!!!#!fii _ljX1J/;lt!f f£fii# Jjj;iJ/t/iJtf!<J/ffffJn#!mo N~HJfJllft r Smeed m~*jjj~$f!<J~~o&%fiif!<J~Jft?/ft!Jbll#, m#$&~~xo 14 12 ~ 10 ~ EH; 8 ~ EHl1 6 <4 {#- 4 $!' 2 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 tE Jo i\!ll/1\H1i£&H1 (/E:friti/f*j$fl#Ijfj/ffllf!<Jtfff!ti£& 7 J, l!lif/J$t£m ff£4.Jf mo. s ~x/i\IJ!., Jt* o. 4 ~x/i1..!JJ.Jl$N:&tiJ!m, o. 1 ~x/i. ..!JJ.!J!!fflfi!iirf/<J$1JH1 /n]fft{Jfo t£Jlt[ftjfl1, l/lif/J${£fii#fftJ/;lt!ff£fii#f!fJt:f!<J/ffjj;p_Jffij 0. 1 ~x/i\.f/J.o jfj$:i$F . . * N3X 12 z.1..!JJ./1\ H1H1 {j/f.!fffllxjjjjl!!f!Jfftii!fJ, ti!?J?-£4?JEf!:;, l!lif/J t£mif£!£f1<1Jfm :Jt1fJn 7 60%, z.ff!f o. B ~x/il..!JJ., &iftJtlt!f1£m1~/f!f1l?fff!<J/fftfJnJfmi11fJn 7 20 fff, z.ff!f 2. 2 ~x/il..!JJ.o tE?k£jjJJl!!J!Jffl1($:i$~ 5 z.1..!JJ./1\fl1), l/lif/J$fPfiiif£!tf!<JJffiJJL:yL:Jt1 fJn? 1 fff, z.ff!f 1. s ~x/i\.f/J., i!ififtJtft/JfPmiflf!i11?ff/fftfJnJfm!J!!fz.ff!f 11. B ~x/i\.f/J. o Q. 'lfftEf£f:i$fl1, j$ftf1HJf11~JrJi;'/!£, fll/f!f& f!J! !f..7Ml/f$:i$Nfff, !ftJtftB fPfiiif/f!f1/f?/f/fff fJnJfm i!Ji£J:.Jff!<JJ@#Ji!JJliEifD fJ<J o 1±: :i11JiJfffftlff.:ffNJf.JjjL;fUiJnt#(Road Pricing: The Economic and Technical Possibilities, Smeed, R., et al., London, 1964) ~m~•~~~~-~~m~•~•*•2m:ttom~*~m~2m~~~~~*~W* • m_r t±Hr, mc:tE -t-ftMfJ {)( f)(x tt:Jt lift• m, rm jf:: ¥i:ftx 11fm ffJ ~:Jtfm t!Hr~ 1¥1 ~t:bo mw* •m. &~¥i:ftxtt:Jt~••m.Mrm&~T~Btl¥1**o~m~•ffim: Mr2_r~. ~ BW*~El3~f'P~m~•~tt~1Jj\1¥Jffr~J&f~-TPX;:L$:rm/JllE91¥J: ~~~ffr~f~-f-Jjj(;1js:*lYU~j\~ $~1¥1= §ff$, ~rt$!lx/J\~*~•wz•ffr1tmw;*i5!:!1H!: 0~*~!Jli'i~El~•1tm~mq:i,c,, ~BW*Mfi~. ~~ffr~~ffl~~BW*l¥1*•· ~&~*~-5-~W~l¥J~Wo 3. 2 3liltfflffl~103l*;fe8{]~PloJ ~•W*•~~m~~~B1Jj.\;,@0~~~~~~~•m*l¥1•~o~00~-~0~~ Ml¥J•~~M**~~-~o~:ft-~0~~-.~~"~60*#o~T~~-6*#~-fil *~~*•*·~•0x$1om.~•m-•*~*~M~.•~~m~••*~M@*~m 4r-m~~~*·~*m~xma*awm.~~~d-~~tt~•~oo*#.~~~~~ ~~~#~~= m-£~•~*•*·•fi*~~~~*~6*#*:A~9*#:M=£m~ *••· -~~•~*•rn1omm~1sm~~~~*~~*•*·•=#b~amM~£• ~b~~.ma~*~~~~m*~.mmxm~s~wm. ~T~M~~~fi*~~~. 0 x0~m~~*~*mNA~~.~~~•#~~. •m~•~mfi~~m~w~•0xm* *~~r~. ~**•~m~~~*~~fil*•~m•~·~*0x0~•~NA*•·•~ ~Jnst11WJ~*•~~. J3jf-ff~1fmjf-~~m, w$:f:m2SHttJ? A~~. 33:•~'*•:~iH!!t?ill0x• ~~•?ill•1fl'*~fF*rd:Lts:~m:1Ju: ~~;1:t!r1Jlf6!:m•r'i'll0x'Mlf6!:*r!M. mi!t 1fl-B,X;m:A'Mlf6!:$-'=j:. •~Tm~g~~B•~~. mM*~*~· ~~m~fr0~0~~~~-~~~~m~. ~ JJt•?ill•ffl'~m•~ <xmwmm0~xm~~~~u111JJA!. ~~ 2). Fi!if!&11l!Jl1f;JC 2001 :fFtEfllf!'f/f\fffJJti!llJ!J!Jffffifi F tt<Jliilf i'filt$ff£ ffft ifiif!fJf/. !Ii!47/t fi 1989 :fFliilfJff - &iJJttxi!l!fJf5itt<J!Jfjf)Jf!Ji. 3timj/fj!Jf7/< .If. /f\JIE.fff !GJIE.fff Sff.f;ffifi$jjf (km/h) 14. 3 10. 8 B $ zY!f.!& (km) 602, 000 602, 000 B$H1!ft(h) 42, 000 55, 700 $ fj!lj![!{ (fj!lj) 4, 120 6, 160 3-Sff.fJffifi$:i1!rN3. 5 i'JJJ.111!!1, )lg rttttJ/lf1ftt<JB$i'JJJ.!ft, !ft.jj(f!ti'xffifi$!!1!tt Jf'Jj;pj/j 1/3 ' )lg 7 j!;ffljJjf;JfttfJii$!f!J!$' !it>grf!t$fj!lj!f!{Jf'Jj;p 50%' ,[3 tt<JffE 8 Ji)t;;fs:#J!Jl?i!i 30% jg 0 ~ffJJ! o /f\ffJ/f\iti!&ffiFtfM (/£ liilfJl /f\"iiftfttt<JJ.!!11Jl?i!i~'/ft7/t%\tf. tE3 fltitlff ~!fJf5lflt, i'ft. IL$~o/Effim7liilf~fi3ti!l$ifiltfl2~.&&~xi!llJ!J!JfitlffN~tfJ!lt>~ttllBm~~ tfj. xm~s~wm~•0xm**~~~~0x•1fl'~~. -~~~-m**gff~~~x m~~. &M*~•xmwm. ~~*g•~r~.•~~~tt•~= d:Lts:m~-•••1fl' *g•r~-xm~wm-d:Lts:XJ!-2Pmnu. 3. 3 3t'1"!1'±JH1~~~nfol am~~~m~. ~*~~m~~**~~~~~~·~*•·J3:®**~§~:m, •~•,••~~·••&~~.m~mM~~~:A•~~~~~.~WhMm&~~~h~ r~<rnmJiff'71!1:9), rl'fll}1*~5t~Jl!<~~, ~uffil~&Er!Jr}J~~~fi£)~. ~m~ Afil!f.i~u!IJJjf-, ~ ~~~m~Ttt~~~wnm. *~~T~m~~~~m~•· axmwmm~r. ~~~~~-.~~~*•~ww~~~fi~~~. ~*~~~~* ~~m~•~tt.~&m~r•~m~. w~~-~~~~-~. ~*~•Qfi~~~~s~ a~Nm~~~tt~m.m~*~~n~~~m~~~•~••m~•*·~~~~oo* ' 60%1:'.J,-1~-*t1t~~•· frttJii=FOO*rn fr 1990 ~rnm~*~~m~ so%~~*t~4m~•· " f•~r~~~~n~~~m&l:'.J,&~*tt~mtt**r·~~-~~~£rm.fr~mtt. 1990 ~E8:tJt~*tiF~B9~*t1t4P.J~~--B9 80%, -'~~~JV¥~ 100%. i:r oo~miE~fm~1tttJ1B9lf.~AM-fi, fr rnJJ:t~~~51fl§B9~~~•1W•~/F§rmlllfiIB9. ~tJi(-:tJt~~JtJii:p,~,z.-, E8:tJt~*tiF~B9~*t1t4m&-*t1t~B~£*~'J ~¥1J 46%& 30%. xt f•®/f'Jt~B9~m. I~&~ffl~-fil~§frr~~~-B9~-~-.@~•I~!:J~ffl~ B9~*·m~*~M~B9~~. mM*n~~~~~-B9~~~••· ~~B9W~~W~fr~•~x2i:r~w~~~. ~~xMmM~oo*B9~~i:r~~= ~~ &"~~~-.~~B9~~~~-~B9ttJ1~•· m~*~~n~~**•&. §frri:tioom~ m~~~~~B9~•1:'.J,•&**~*~~~~ili~B9mM*xr~~B9~~. mM~m•*B9~m~~/F&&~~~~~. ~~M~*~%~~. ftX~~W-~N i:F B9~m~--_l; ~~ttmM-1~~•mM*•· rm~mwtt~B9mM~m~•~*/F~m ~xr~m•~B9•~; l:'.J,&rnfmM*· §fi*~fiAB9m~rm~*T~m~~tt.m~~@ ff:t.oo~njfi]~~Wttti!JJ~\B9~J\1:1W!:J~it1~¥Uc:&itL l:'.J,tlii-i,@~mJ/J~~!:Jiffl*· [5!~fB9~ite;tc:&Jtl:T ~m. x~~Ttt*7Kf. 3. 4 3t1~~*11M*3tima{]~Plal /Fi1'.:fr1PJlf~W~14r, mM$!:J~!c::tJLM$B9¥1Mf/F~il*'**~W~~ttB9~ff£ 0 ;fJtM *•ffi~~~l:'.J,~§fi$•£*~· ~~T§fi$tttt~~W$~B9~W~. ~mmmxt§fi$B9~~*~~.-•rm§. ~mM*~~~mmmrmmN~~~~fi* ~~~~. ~~*~~~~~h~**~~.rm~. ~~~mmm~. m~*~~*m*m~ ~. ~~M§fi$ilifi~~/F-~~~.@M~m~*~~B9~N. ~~X~B9~W~~M§ fi$ilifi~.~mmm~rftB9•~· ~~.~••rft~•~m•~· -@mM*~Tmtt mnmmMI&. ~~~~fi~~Rf~fi&§fi$fi~B9~m~. ~~fi&§fi*~m•*~ ~.~B9*~· ~mmm~~§~*fi~~#~~.mffi~mM*B9~•h~~m•~· ~~~m~§fi*~~mmMB9m•~m~.frW~i:tioo*~*i=F· §*B9§fi*•*~ &~~m~mmm.~~~~XQ~~~mmmB9~*~·§fi*~m~~~-~/F•~~ffi. f1!:1i:mJllH£tt1::T~1t. :tJtM$!:J~ic:mM*B9¥1Mr~;31tt~m~mmmB9itt•. fr*x~ 4 • ~xt §fi*B91'Fffl1~£~B9f)'-fil. 3. 5 *11M1-t:;t;J-:lplffl ±±ti!~IJ mEHt1 JaHf~ i5 a~~~ P[O] @~oo*B9~mmtt!:J~~*~~~tt~~mnmM~~~~i:roo~m±~~m!:J~~m ~-*B9·~-~T-~.~-®~~mB9±~~fflm~&~/Fffi~,ffi~fr-®~~~.~ 1:'.J,V3AA~ [i'.iJ i:p'G'~•B9t~ B: ~1'3-~~~q:i,~, (CBD)' q:i,~,~&ili:~!R. mttn~M·l'i~W~ti 1E=tm:5J-~WWR*m\*o~-T~1itll~i¥.JtiifttJt~:5J-:;tiJ-T~rtfi:i}dt~ 1 Li'±-t!!IR, Ji!HiAD.&~-Tf<S 17 ~~li*~l¥.JtJt~±~:5J-:;tiJ-T~1Li'~.&WJtlfilifr~IR. 115LlmftlJ!IJ::kW:5J-1.tr-T1f::1J~i¥.Jl:l1!~~3C:Jilt'R* 1¥.J~!Ro ·~~r.lft~ 1 L':l:-fu!Ri¥.J~E!~±tH~, :7Cit~ADWJl'.~~-ftrx11.trWltmMI-Tr~o -~~-~: ~~®::1JOO*~mi¥.JAD.&mi:ft~Jl'.W•. a~OOkliffim~.mtt~~ITT ~~~IR~M~M~~§~i¥.J~m:;ti1~%~o~~M~i¥.J±~~~~~A~m~~~OOl¥.Jr::k ~.&AD~mcftWJl'.1¥.Jr~o 51m\~m~IR1ti¥.JH~~~Vfl!l~1~$, ±~:ff: a)~mADl¥J~ /Jo: b)~~~l&Ai¥.Jm~: c)3(Ji)E$iltr~;zjs:i¥.Jr~: d)~m~~H±:l:-1!!1¥.Jffixtfft**o ~mAD 1¥.J~~~~~~~mm~mm1¥.Jr::k.©£~~45l:A1¥.Jm~.&3C:J1)E$iltr~*l¥1~*£~~Ao .&mtftWll'.~*1¥1±~1!1~. •~m~~m~OOl¥1r*o•fft±~1¥.Jm~~tt&•~~~IR~ 1¥J~lt ~.&~JIJ!Jl'. 0 f~~~•~1¥.J~~~A~~*a~1R~~1¥.J~fflo~1R~afilw~~ma~~. ~a~ m~~1¥.J~1R. &a~m~~~i¥.J~IR; ~1f~~*M1f*~l¥1oo*.&1f~~*M1f**l¥1 OO*o~OOl¥.J~IR~#~~·~A~~$1¥.JW~.W~•~1f~~$1¥.JW~WW~i¥.Jo1E~OO ~IR*Wlt~MSM-T~A~~$!¥.Jff.&~m~1¥.JoW$1!1~~~T=~~~OO~m~Jfr*, ~~~m•~~Plt'R~~tt~•~1¥.Jlt'Rnttm••o~A~~*mm\1¥.J~m•~~~~#rft 1¥.JM!~.m~mm:ff~o±~~-*•·±~fft~~*~•~~OO~mAo.&mtftWJl'.ff~* -TfilW~~OO*~mi¥.J~-~rnoa±~~~~~~~.~fftffixt~~i¥.JM~r. ~A~~* 1¥Jff.&~m~~~~~rui¥.J~IR~o tJt$J1txt:i:JJl1~tLlmft1¥.J~rBJ?J-:;tiJliJrl~m\j1H~:m:~1¥.J1tm, 1.EI~~111.tlz::1:-t!!1tm o rn-r:m*• ~Tffl-•1¥.Jn~n:mW)E$iltrW*, W$m~-T~#)E•1¥.J~~~;@ft~~tt-~~ffl-*,3~ ~1~ ::k# ±:1:1!!1¥.J~iR•il 1m1n 1¥1 o •m rm mM~~±~~m:~mm-~rMm$J~xt~m±~~m1¥.J•~· •~~••3C:J1~~ m~xt~ft.&*•~hl~~l¥.J-~o~~~m%~1¥.J%~--Tm~M~. ±~1¥.Jffl-~*~r~ ft.&*•xt~i¥.J~31to -~·~~tiift~ 1 L':l:-fu!Ri¥.JJ&~, ±±-t!!fft~M!-Tr~. ~&&1!9cTIRHz: 1¥.J~™o~ft~~~~~-::k~i¥.J~lt*~*~~~~-. ~~~tiiftW*~ft~m~~*tii ft ~,c,,~1R£i!!AaJJ~.m.Jifi~~~1~1¥.Jl&A~fX~bt 11~~1¥.J~fft, ~~~-BrJm:flJniJ o wm ~~* )71-tlfil!R~f<S-tt, IJ!IJ£JJ~.m.1¥.Jmfft11£ Ci!IA:l:-fuffl-11£), #JE~;fH~ B ~1¥.JJiib~ffl o ~A Dffi*l¥1 ~ft~Jifi 3 ~* ~-T f<S-tt IR 1¥1 :5t :;tiJ o •ft~,c,,:1:-fu1R~~rtr~1R1¥J3C:J1c&tf~11£ T1-1*-T•ft~,c,,~1R1¥.J)E•~*· -f!~m~~~ ~1.t:~/JoJ&~~,c,,1R~~~£~*1¥.Jttm. 115Ja-t&1!t1.tr-T~ 1 L'!R1¥.J~ft~~$1LlJ11JLlI~kr*, ~w -~~3t*n, #1!e•ft~ 1 Li,xt*fi~fti¥.JJ1.&51n~5l!L W~Ami:ft~ 1 L'o ffi&:tzo*)E$iltr~;zjs:~ ~C3C:J1Mm•~~~~~1¥.JM*), •~~~~~~115Jl¥1M*: mtt~~~•~· mcft~** fto :tzo•3C:J1fimill-~/Jo!1J, {_rt~~ 1 Li'!Rmcft~;zjs:::k~iltkfl-W~-t:ll.&51hi¥.Ji%, mcft~A om~~*tlfilttBoM•~~·~*X1ffl~~~~~~.m$J~M~~~-f!AD.&•ft~*r ft, 33'.c:Jifim~~# £Lu¥1Ki~~~~m~ 1 Li'!Rfl1, 1tftttl~~~::k::k/Jo·t1co ~~ffi-T3C:Jifi mW51m\1¥.J~~rtr1tM~£--t-1~~fl£~~-1¥.JM*¥o #iXrlHf~±~?t:.lJ~~. -~~f,Ji'i~i¥.J~~tll~ (Basic ±~~f~:,lJ;ltft!!.:f:-tf!!R*Htr:±l9f~J?JG~~* 17 Businesses), 1¥.Jff~: Jj-~~@l~~;ij~*~ (Population-Serving), :Ji 3:1:-tf!@~~-fjrfl'.ij £1H~*l¥J1T~o tll M1-t !:3 i:r oo tJi.t m~ Jj; = ~ mB<J :lpjG m- m:ti!!1P" fiU *~ ~ ® 1r B<J :lpjG rtr:ff11t:k B<J & ~1J 0 ~ lil1 & ~1J ~•~ru~A+~*•ma~:ff±*m~B<J~#~xt±**~F~~*m~~B<J.~~~~~ ~:/9~~1¥Jttm&m~*~ofil~~~l¥J~~B~~~.~-*~-tE:~~~ADW~l¥J~~. !UlrmftZ.1¥J~::knilm1J0tl~rii; :lpj{rtf:it1~~11£W~tt-'tff%t~R~JL.\~1¥JI)rPJ~~~-~; ~~~~Hulffi1r00*:1pj{rtf~~~ili~l¥Jo#~~®~~l¥J£: ±*m~B<Jili~, #~~~fil~ 14tk:1E±±t!!1ft~; i&A:lfl1Jo1tA1i'l~)Fft(~:JJIH'ffl¥Jlfm, ~*-tE~B<J~•~m1r~l¥JPJ~mttm•o * liADW~~11£~:/9PJ~~; ~ts+ mZ;1J~~mZ;1J~OO:lpj{rtf%~1¥J~~. ~xtmZ;1J~tt~~~~~*1¥1~.mPT~~-~~~ 1¥J1r~~-~~~M~o:ff~•B<J~£:Extml;IJ~~~m~~*· ~-~:lpj{rlJB<Jtt~r*o~m am&.~M.@1rm*1¥1~11Z;1J1tttf¥~11J1Itll.::::1roo~v11: • +~$W:ff•1¥Jm•~~~~:1pJGrtftt~r*1¥1~-~~.&xt~A+~$W:ff~~F~~ 11Jtl#~~~~_§__il::lpj{rtftt~1t~*M1~; • F~l¥1±**~••~•~:1pJGrtftt~r*l¥1*•·~-tE±*m~*~~~~~Huft~mDo ~••m~~xt±**~l¥1~*·~mZ;1J~*~1¥1••x~~mZ;1J:1pJGrtrm~*~l¥1*W~ ff~; • ~mB<J B~W1Jf~fe:R:lpj{rtf~,L.,~1¥J:t-tMft, ~~f.ij93-~JL:Mlrt19r~l$o 3. 6 ~;j"~gf ~Ma{]~Pfal ~•mm xt~2:l1f~M1¥1 in. fi= m£ ~§rmPtu 1¥1 o ~•mm~ 51~~1J1i :1g:~* 1¥1 • •, 1J1i :1g:~ :Lis:B<J•••ft(~~~Fn~*; ~:1g:~*1¥1••~-~~m~~tt•~~a1¥Jim, rm~~* ;!Jo~:Lis:, #li~fil1t~Fh~11£o 1lilxt1ilit~mmmrnB I~ B<J~2:lift~:K o m~ 1¥J1~~~~~nwm~?JGB11¥J ~*~-W rit:B<J~ -~~~1¥J~:Lis:ill~~~.m~B£: ~~1E~~-~~~R~M~?£1¥JPJ~~~o~-~~ iJL ~·mm£ £:E ~2:l1f:!fl*51~1¥1 ~2:llfml;IJ:lfl110 ?!f ~ o xt:lpj{ mft~ :tm 1J:t, iti: g; ml;IJ~:ff ~ ~ 1¥1 M1~. ~-1r00~~:/9£:E~:lif~:MJ~~mZ;1J1¥J:1pJGrtr~. ~-1J00£~:19~Fl¥J~:llfmm~&.o j2;: @ml;IJ xi~~ ft B1 !'SJ _t~~:i:: !'SJ _t tlH~~ ~ , /l'PJ )Jl!ftc.:t-tl!~ 51 ~~ITT l¥J J(im tJIH1f, 1£! ~ B1 ill -B1J ~ T ~2:l1f:If/*1¥1 :Et mo xt~t!i~J(:lpj{ (Seoul), E~Jt (Bogota), ~~ (BangkoR), JP. B:fU.llt ~RfP~J.idl:$:1pjG$1¥J 18 liJfJE7CV!Jl, :lpj{rff~'L.'~~~/H;.!*l;f~~~~~~*l¥1:&11!:!:1!!1r, J3:®~~D::K.ft'.5::1'SJ_t~;:t:t;ffi *~~B<J~~WWffi®, rm~tE~~~x~1J~l¥Joili~~l¥J:lpJGm~B~?JGB~·~T:lpJG$~ ,~~1¥1~~~~. B§~~B<J~nmm~~-®~+~~•rP:J~F~•~~B<J*~o~~~T -~~~= m~1¥J~mmm~:lpj{rtr~m~PT*~1¥1--tfl3*,mtt~1¥J~mmm~:ftt&:lpj{m1¥J~ :llf~m o 3. 1 *-TfllM1.t~*~~it mZ;1J~~~00:1pJGrtrm•*§~~~•T~Bm93-1¥J~§.••&••omZ;1J~tt~~~m :lpj{$~:ljf~~~M~PJ*~l¥1-$*o:ffA:ftt§*~*B§~:lif:lfl*~ff~±*•·~-~o :&1~1¥JMtk:1J~~*-~%#m~~:lif, li1ft~•~&~••~*o lf*li)fJ'E~ Yl: 3(jfil~~i:1H'f jj, :&mi:i:J=i 00~1'.i)\\l~ (Transport and Economic Performance, A Survey of 18 Developing Countries, World Bank Technical, Paper Number 232,Cavelle D.Creightney)o m~~m~m~moo~~m~~fl~~oo. -£~~~•· ~~~~~~mm~~&m~ oo~~••· m~tt~~wmm, ~*~~~•· cw~~W£~•~~2): =£~m~moo snmm.~~•m~$rnm~~•*oo~~. ~*~moo~mm•~fimtt. ~oo~•~• M~~mxmmm~•oott*~m*1ttt~. oom~mxmmm~•· *$~~m•~•ili§*~OOM~~~£m~~mmMooxmw •~~~**OOxm•*· ~m~fl~#~*= -£~fl~i¥Jft~Bfli¥Jxm~•.~m~~ ~ooxmw••*~: =£mtt•~~oom•~•m~~mw•·*•~tt~~~#~~. 4. 1 m~~l1~1m m•xmft~ili~~~*~~~~~-~. ~OO*$*~mi¥J~flmM~OO#&fl~~~ *~m.~•~mxmoosn•*· ~$~m•ft*~-¥~xmw~m•~••~flmMoo m1T~h. mw~-m~oo.xmw~oom•fl~~~~m•= • ~~~*m•~g, ~~•*m•oo~~: • ~~m•&xxQ~#.%~m•~~~~: • ~m~*~~m~-§1T$.0x$~: ~OOL: ~~*~ft$m&mMLOO*•· ~OOL: *•~00~1T~~l¥Jtt~~~~. ~OOL: ft~~xXQ~-~00*~: • *011100 §~1-txm1ili%¥~: • ~2:!"~1t1f7.Jf$¥tl/M!f~: • ~m~w&xmtA~. ~ffl%~~R~OO*•*· ~OO*~xmft~£-#*IJX;*·*tt*OOm•.@~~~tt *v'i~. -~11itl~#@ffl'j'g.~M•OOttJJtO~JlfiJ, -tBW~1EL:l£Jififll¥1m•M~fti1J.ifoJOO~m z. * tg :FJ!!.lDGlllft i:J:l • i:J:l oo ~mm~•~ x:m tg :FJI!. 1¥J:1:1Mfz:, 12J. JJX;.ll.~W n 1¥1 tJlf1il, 12J. ~~ 1¥J~:a:* ~~~m•~~~flllJJrfOJBOOM~. •~u1l. 19 ft§ f!T~mmmoo~m Cfl®~mB~~~•T @~m•~m•), mtt:tzmm•. m•w•m~•• 3orcr"5o%. ~1LHa~~m. ~fi*~•= §1f$~m~*m1t~~7~mmm. ~JJt~~T~#•~ooM~~~:• ~§1f$, ~*~mm~~~m~M0~xID: dM~m~*· 1Em•~~§1t*~m.~ ~1+~~:f:)J~:EJJl~ 0 •~§1T$~ffl~Fmm@~m~m~~m. ~~ft*~*· §1f$xmm~£-#~~ ooxm~rt:. mr~liieE•ili1T c2-5 011) §1f$xm~rt:m~~-fl~i¥, -_§_•~•~"* 7- § 1+fl~i¥1¥Jxm~rt:. •~ 1T$1¥Jfli£~eP1!~~7JA 1i'JJifi~~. tMLVtl\IZ11rn11t•*oo~~x ¥~1¥Jllih, ®~m0x¥~&~m~-~~oo•r*·~•~l\IZ~~Mw•m~§1t*OO~ 1t»fili~)C 4 : :IJilGrtf3c:li:iE!ifftr~Jl: 00)7~1¥1~.2~, ¥.f@i;Jlt:itHr:itt-zvii~ (Theme Paper 4:Municipal Transport 19 Management:Overseas Experience). #.,' {_§~£PT 12A*J:OC-® ffi l\\ZnTMB 0 ~11 IOC y~ MEHf :$ {!ffl it 1¥J3t:im:tr JM' M§fr:$ {!ffl ii!ItMiE i&-IE i¥J Jt ffl (fE!i3:iW~l11;ttfm3t:iiii1JAt1J-IPJX>tfif) o •rrmM±f:, re~mm•~~§fr±F=1¥J•~1PJ~£~~~1¥Jo~m~•~~~m~m~~ mM~*~~~**· $#mM±F=-0~R±F=.oo~±f:. mm±F=.m±F=cft;tt£~m±f:).mM §ff±f:. 1*t&±F=. 1J\R±f:~~*~~~**'t'~· 1tvtH.1l~~~reB1m£1.rr:tE~m)'rm:1:-t!!1~L §fr±f:~mM±f:~~$~:tE-~~oom~~o~L~~#•rrmMBffi~. ~-~§fr±f:m ~*·1¥1~ffl~MB££~~fl~i¥Jb~. ~fl~f§fr±f:, filfl~fmM±f:, i3::tE~B~~5 *fl£Wmi¥J1rmo * f'F m= JA ~ ~ 3tm 1¥1 :J!lj>!=5tn•Jroi1~'.71~,g , • 1& ±f: £?fi fl ~1* 'J' fil tll ii:l:I * :it1E-.11Mt (!{] mM±f=1JA*X1ii!M~OO~fflfifl~i¥J~fflitotE~m*,1*1&:$1¥J:$:l!~~R±f:~~~. © 1*1&:$X>t~mii!Mi¥J Sfl1X~ !J\R$1¥1-'*-o 1Nft1*1&$~ J\R$ Sfl!PJ~i¥J~mmRi~rBJ (~11 1 1PJrffl),•1*1&±F=m~~i¥1~~•~£~R±F=i¥12ffio1*1&$~§1T$001¥JmM~OO~ffl~~ ~£-~~B. ~§1T:$#1~.1*1&:$Sfl£~1¥J~OO.@IPJ~~-£~A. #HAfl~~i¥J :l!llo ~**'[)~1¥J~RRE• ilifr § 1T$&iti=£r~m. 1EJ.t£3t:iiii~j\1fflm:rm:t§X1~*RE~ i¥J t±l1T *· 1*1&:$mtrt§fr±f=£fl17t~o ~~1*1&±f:fl~~l¥JAA#.., ~~R±f:ffi~fl£~1¥J~~.£*m~n~•o~*·~~R ±F:-~1¥J:J!ll,~§1T$-~1¥J•~~~tt~~•1&±F=xm•~•m~.m*AX1;tt~A•~ ~T-~o:tE•2•*&9~~X1-1&:$1¥Ji'W:J(£§*1¥J, -~~~~~1¥J~, m~mt~~& ~m i¥J *ltI 1J\;§ o •~•t&±F=1¥J~•~~mcft;tt£~Mm1¥J~~~m~n~~m~M*-®~•· 53:.M.~ ~-L~-®~-~~-~®~£m~), m~fil~&~~~-1&$1¥1**:l!llo;lt~X1'*1& ±F=i¥1**~~&£~~1¥1o©~~J3:®nTMB~l\\Z~M~~~m~•1&±F=~-S*m~m**i¥1 ~~0•1&±F=~£mM~001¥JmJtif, ;tt:Mt£1¥J~ffl£~~m~l¥1o *filMii:l:l*~•-~~~~m0~~~= JA~~•Jroill, 0~xm~~mm••~m1¥J~ fflif.0~xm~ffli¥1*~~flMfm~m•xm1¥J~$o:tE~~mmL, ~~~i¥J~A~~ tn!±l:I:i!!OOri&51~:I:i!!rmxieH&~i¥J~uiliJmt£*T. §!W, ~:1:-t!!~i¥11JA*M*~*xm~r* 1¥1*oo~mm~itmw~.m~~•1¥J~fil~I~1¥J~~tt~~T~~1¥Jmm. **&Rfl& •i¥J~m~fl~h•~~~oX1*S**OO~m*~· ~fii!Mi¥1*~•0x*m~~£~~ 1¥JM*b~. i3:iW~~mm~ittE~~L-~*1¥Jff~oWm~£~B~~6o ~~fil0x*~i¥1~~tt. i'W*J:OC-*~17t~nTMB12A~•xmmm:1¥J~~oi3:®nTMB~~ 0x~mm.0x~mM.3txo0xtt~ffiQC~ffi~~~0x±f:rm~.mM§M~•••~ 0x±f:i¥J.¥iJJt) ~~. J3:®1J~:tfi!tJf-LBl\\Zffl1-~H~ru. fE!:tE* 00~1~& £.¥Uo -tr\1 &X11¥JJ.m #..~= 0x~mm1¥J~m•~~~~mM±F=m~. JA±F=m1¥J~lli3:~m1¥J, m.M.~*A~i¥J~ ll*7@-, 03t~fflii!i¥J~$~~~~. i3:~~~•~mmM~ffli¥J~rr~~o Wffl*(l{J~ffl= t±1&±F=PT•~~mmM1¥J~m~•o~12AffiS1¥Ja•~;tt~~•m*· m tJl±f:tE~m* it)l'.><:PT~1~flA 1J\R±f:i¥J~ffl: ilit11:$& PT 12L~ ~~{tffl 0xf11§1f:$1¥J ili1Tit -~~m•~~:l!i¥J~•m*o !±lf t±l&±f:~~m0~3tm~•~~ffi~, ~~X>tili&±f:i¥J~ l±llll$g~£q:tOO~r!JlE:tffilJ!bt~B"Jtz:~o 13·Hr!J 1991 '.i:F~B"Jl±llll$1J=IF~ffl7'J 8, ooo m. ~ 1995 '.i:Ffil:i!**~ 12, soo m, :¥5¥~***:it 16%, iLgrJJ 1994:¥:M:ff1±1lll$ so, ooo m, iGPX;B"J'.i:F~iliii:cMitt:!:i!!.~'.i:F~iliii:, ~"1~0~3t:Jl!,8,gii:B"J 13%(3912'.At'X) o /f'V~~ iJl, § firl±llll$~£?fil.5fUB"J1T~o ~iL*, ~-moo1'11:±:1lll$8"Jffrm~"17'J 50, ooo 7G, =to~t±:llll $0i¥JV:F£~, ~~~~~~~ 4, 500 7G/ J=J, l±llll$~~ff!fn~~~1~JEliJfr;B"Jl&A:~Ot11ili~PX;;tis: EdL~I'.6L ~Vl±llll$1T~B"J~:i!**±DSfl&A*~~~~B"Jm~H-~~Efj~gm*B"J•*· illm~~-®~•fil/f'@m~o~~£:tE*$•q:tOO~r!Jq:t,0~3t:il!B"J/f'tt:it~W$1:±:11T#, ft~£~*Aff!, ~Tl±llll$~*~~~~0~~~1Jl, /f'bt:it8"J03t:*~~l±llll$~~~~ r!J:i:mo :tfif$:A~r!J4i-=f A:M:ffB"Jl±llll$.ii:7'1: iLg 8 m. l:;iBJ 3. 4 m, 13+14.2 m, ~~ -*:ff 3. 7 m. :ffl\3+13.2 mo JZ:~ ~l±llJl$r§j1!ffl$~l$8"Jwm (4i-=f A:M:ff 3. om) *PX;mbLo {E-®~r!J, l±llll$1T~B"J·~:l!**fil51ttTffi@B"J1J:iJN21: :tErtWJE·~:l!**B"J~~fl'fJ~fi* •* 8"J ~ a1, *• 8"J l±l lll $ft ~r!JtJ1Z9J$1m31f l'!f.l JltlJo m1J o iliHIH!!, 1994 if i Lg :tEtJ1Z9J$ r§j!lJ! a1 Bl: , tJ1Z9J $1'iE q:t :ff 60%£ 83 1:±:1 lll $ ~ll.PX:, ~ q:t * fflH} £ 1992 if fH15 l±l :EJl 8"J 1±1 lll. 001'1 $ (ffi. l$ " 00 B"J")o·~~~-m~~~~JZ:~l±llll$8"J~ftbt~o ~f•ml'fJ•~· ~$~Wm1±1&$:tfq:tOO~r!JB"J~ffl,m*B"JM~*1T~~oillJZ:m~ *-zv~JB't:o 1tt.lfil~, l±llll$}J)GJ)J:l:i!!.5$:f~ T ffim0~3t:il!B"J/f'JE, fEll±llll$8"J:Aii:Zf:tEJJ.~l~ fiNl:Xrn~T~r!Jffim0~3t:il!B"Jbt~o l±llll$··~~~03t:••ffi~~. ~q:i••DB"J £l±llll$~m~ffim03t:~~oo~~~*oM#B"J~m•mz•~~PX;*, 1'1ffim~~3t:il!~PX; B"J1ffl31f}J)G*o rnfl±llll$*~M~PX;B"J~r!J3t:im1ffl31f}J)G*~ffim0~3t:im*~~*·M~ffim ffim0~3t:im~~m**~N@£~. JZ:ff~~IJJJJffim0~3t:il!B"Jtt~. *•*M#OOB"Jffim 5¥~0 ~~~~~•: ~J:~m•*~lrW$~~~$: *ftr§j!lJ!~BtB"J3t:m•:>J<: m~~ool'fJ £lf~:)(;,fLJffl~o ~ ~ £-@{Y~T-: • HHf l:~lj)Ir§j!lJ! (Staggered Working Hours): ±DB"J3t:imfPJN2ibt'±.{Elf!fltM1-l'BJ!ll!o l~z ~~•mHJ:~m~ooB"Jm•. 1'1n~ttr~~. ~:ffMf•~i'BJ!ll!~OO~B"Jm~3t:m. •~m3t:il!VWB"JllinoJZ:1-••§fir~~7'Jl:A8±MA~. Dm~~l~B"J*~~ -:m:~no • f~*~*(Park and Ride): {Ejcg]i:03t:*~JEB"J$Jl:i11J!iL ~Hf$EuN'\$f~$:1:m, ~x!JJfJf! ffl 0~3t:im:itl:A rlJ q:t 'L" IR o • $m~* (Vehicle Sharing): Jl!J1~r§j*$l(;B"JtJ1Z9J$ (HOVs) ~f!t5t;f)(*~IJJJJ1N'\$WHif£ $8"J*~· M~:it~:ff~~mm~~OOB"J§Ef{jo:tf~OO. ~filB"Jm•~frr§j*$lt$Ef{jmZ9J $~ffl0~J:Ef{j03t:~fflmo~OO~$Ef{j~~~mttftWl±ll.ll$i¥Jmm~m*X~*~* &IJJJJl±llll$~*· JZ::t£$·~~1R&8~1ToJZ:~m1±1m$:ff~~B"J$lt~$. m~~OOfil ~~~:ff~Ef{j~fflo~-~-~l±l@$£mm±D~iliimm1T~. d&T~m*f~~oo ~ffil 0 ~ 3t:im Ef{j 5¥Ll ~IJ 0 - - I 4. 2 li~~i~~1~ oomm•**OO~m•. ~OOl¥1W$•m~~T*mmm••&m~.*~~m~®•~ oow•.••~~m•M~mmm~~F~OO~•*fi*~· 4. 2. 1 tJ£rln~~i9::1iffiir..J~z ~001¥JW$•m~m~*w~~•sm~T-~oomm.~T~m$~~~•m~m~~. ~®•mm•*~~*fi•-~tt~.~~~oom~.W$~mr~m•~~~~m•*~m h~~~*-~~~.m~~W$•m•~~~~. ~~~~•moo~mffi~. ~aoo•mm • &•:i±:iif:iif ~ JE 0 a~oo~~~m~oo~ttm~£m•oo~*· ~m•oo~~•m•&~m~oo~~.~oo &1-oo•mffibt<~oo~moombt11u~:ti11¥x• 23%, ffit!l 35%, $•~.mt~IR 45%, ~oo• 1s%, *~ moomMOOf9'$1~11£ <:ti11_t~ 5%, 1~1+16%, ~t~ 11%). 12SJ~m _t~ 5%~$•~.mt~IR 4E,%•17it~ ~·liF~·r:f~ft. ft1flm~~•m :11Hr T£ifit•. ta•:twr 20 = •mtif!IR mNiOOf9'$ (%) $•~.mm~ 1 Li'IR 16-18 I j+I ~ Li' 1R 1 8 J:~m~'Li'IR 17 _t~fo~IR 12 _t ~ ® 1¥rtm~~ IR 6-8 ~t~=lffil-*1*1 10-12 1LH!jtA1¥J£_1~m~ 1 Li'1¥JmMOOf9'$*ll$.~J!fftj~!RmMOOf9'$&~$;f§~. -~_t. ~ -~&~•§. _t~oom~IR**•£~~~~1¥Jm•~~~~.w~~tt~~tt••~~~ ~*i¥l&~~?~•~~w~a~tt1¥JP~-1.$00m~oo$•~00~%~~~~£mMoo~ *·••~~m~~w••msMoooo~~~m~oo~~~.§mT•~ooAffm~. ~~§ mr#~m1¥JW:$1R. ~~ -fiti~~~£?fi51ffl oo~ oo~m~JEit•m§1'~ Ti"F$*1f~ffltif!., JA mHtOOf9'$1~t~fffiefi£. El3T-•m~•mrmoo&Jitl£1~*oo, ~;i;ip51m•-1~t~*1~~•m~tt: $~:f~Wfi*i¥lf:P •. ~1f WT-1t~;f.'fl¥J:FJ![ffi, ~;fifiraJ•OO bt$X~51>f9fi*~rtD. JAJ:~tt•~~~w. W$~OO•moom•oo~~~m~.m~•m~m~oow~~.* 1!f;ljj£m~~ ~•mm•&•1~uir~fl:~1¥J~12SJ, ~®*f!f;ljjm11t£~ *moo•mmNi~~. 4-6 ~00~~®•~~~•1mm~*mfi1¥J~~. 4. 2. 2 ~~~i9:AA!*~ mB~*~m•~-~~mT-~oo*•*•m~mmmoomM.m~~£A~ffi~m~~ *~oo•m.~•mm•oo•*•&£~&~~00.~~~~W$ffi~12SJ•.§m0~•** ~.AP~•~oo~oo*~·•m~m.•~~m~~oo~m*~~•~•mm•~~~~. ~~m~m~•moo0~~•· ~~-~$&m•~oo.~•~~A~~~~~~oo•~~~ 20 S • :Jtri1:0'$:Jtri(Stephen Stares), *'.&*· 1995. 2 o tt•~~®~•·•PJ~Mr~oomN.~A~oo~oo•mm••~••m~-®~•* m.A~£M~OO~~oooooo~•m~lt~*m~~OO: ~A~m•*N~ADWN~*; w •~&'l•mmN4tOO itwu. *1-R*aJHfiHr~~~;1;,m1~·ttB"1~*H=t£. ~~~M-r~1n~~ oo•mm N4trm*•1~tl:l{ilit. A~m•*~~Aom~= ~~~~B"J£, m•••B"1~mm•m~£~~n~~~*B"1 $m-0.m.*m· {_El_~A~®-~Jll$'Xt~i&•¥u. pfi~~{fJJUt-ffl•mmN4t*mili1PHIMfA •mm•~~m~.~a~~•m~~~noom•~~w~~~~~~.m1£fil~L65~• mc~~~~-®~OOB"1•m)B"JA~m•*m~AowmB"1~2m. ~®•m~A£~~~~ CJ!l$iflf~tE 10 i:J:::~L) tt:W*~ tl:\l,W. 7 2, 3 {Jz. M~,i#:OOPJ~3@-JJi!., 1~1-1=~ffi.11i•*11J, trlf ~~&~T•wm•m~T-*B"JA~m•*N· ®*Wm•m~T-•OOA~m•*NOO~*· ~{fHEA~m•*N~Aowmt!i1'1F~ffi.1!i•fEl•~*1'1F~. 1~¥iJ005!f!.·li*•1ilitA 1. 0, ep •mADWN 1/100 B"J~{~. ~~3& 1/100 OOA~m~4t*m~:1Ju. 21 16.00 • 14.00 •• • 12.00 • • ~ 10.00 -5 1!:I ~ 8.00 ~ ~ ~ -< 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 • 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 2 Ao .If J3f. (A/km ) ~3&~#A~m•*m~Aowm~*oo~~*~~.m&~-r-~w•oo•~= •mm •oorm*•tt**~mL£~•rtrB"1Ao*m~~B"1.am1~.*WN-~B"1£~00~-r~ ~-B"J~~·ITT·~-~~T-•WN-~.~~~•wN•mffilt.~mB"J~mi&A••B"J$, fil~T-~Ao•Nw•. A~m•*Nm£•*OO·~*~#OO~tt•WPJ~~A-#R~. ~ITT%~153lil'!i:OO~.iF~~(Urban Form and Transport:An International Perspective), 1996,* 21 )(1j;t, 'ft*. 0 jj~ .z. R1fJlflltE PJ 12), 1r!E~!-t!! mWT: Jt~ i:p 00 •nr jf £jj~~lfi ~ wll' jj~ .z. 5tdl~:jl} ;'& .z. ~M-tM~xt fj~$:it:¥1J¥tt~li}l (Los Angeles) 9,l(.~fft'..£Wf(Phoenix) jj~~ OO:l!!fil~HJ!f:~f 7.k-'¥-o 22 11+1, 1VG:m~ui]fl¥Jt£ft,B OOWf;!'i;JpjG 00-'¥-llt BE~ 00~1f~~EEJ{vJI' ~tJ?-¥:;$:tE ittJ~_L j3: *fY:l ~~tJ?-&r' 11+1, 1VG:W~Ui]fl¥JEJ{JA:P.g•rtJmR%Kll1§';!'ffi:P.g~~flff-OO pffiJj(-'f 0 ~ ~~~~ l::tf§~: _t 00 A:ftg:l!!fil%Kll ITT l::t~;Jt~ T /F Pl •nr :l!!R%~~ fi;J JVG 1¥r~J11J •nr m 0 M*~OO~,B:tEm*Nll_t~~~:l!!MOOfi;J1VG, ~~-M,±TM,&TM,~•M&•M• ~. /FPJoomn~~mmoo~•~m*oo&~.~.z.•nr~•nr~j3:~m•~~f1;J1VGOO&~£ 1H~*ll~? :liJT@J~J!-1'-fajJm, R1fJX1161'-00Pffi•m& 1131'-~00•mt-t!!IR :l1HfTgJEit7HJT, ~* 23 ~*6m~oM*i:t:1PJ12J-fiW, ~~•mn.~~£~••m~oo~Mm&. WHffi&/F*o JL1'-tJtZ01t7.k-'¥-1~~oo*_\[E•nrzrBJ~~•mR%OOl::t-Wtl&J1U-tB/F*, :tzu*J?- 2. 4%, ~~*3.~o~oo•nr~~Moo~m~&w~•M*~·~•§*T~~/FPJ~~oo•nr.~ 2. 6%, &• ~11. ~"1 ~u ¥~~-!ill o 16 -t-OO~ffi•nr 16 -t-•nr 12 -t-1J. r-t:4'=~tffl~*•m 1131'-~00•nHi!!IR :l!!R%~ml -'f:ftg{l tffim/i!i& -'f :ftg{i tffim/i!i& -'f:ftg{i tffim/i!i& 1. 71% 1. 65% 2.40% 1. 65% 2.93% 15% ·~-- 1. T:i!!: 16. 31% 7.44% 15. 53% 5.88% 15, 67% 4, 00% ±T:i!! n/a n/a n/a n/a 6.35% 2. 13% iXT:i!! n/a n/a n/a n/a 9. 32% 3. 08% ~•mn n/a n/a n/a n/a 9.53% 2.51% ~WJ:• n/a n/a n/a n/a 71. 87% 5.39% •~••nrmnm~~M~~oo~~£HW~filOO,J!®:l!!filim~~m•nr*iR~oo~• ~m•*· *~•m*IRttm•~m~••1VG-~o•~•mnoo~~/F@~mM*iRttmn ~JiJTl}~~#JOO ll~llo m:rnw 00£~tftZ0$tffl~~ui~ffl 007.k-'¥-:kE1~f~, t£ttt3'-_titi=$ ~fii:p•rtJ jf~~-·ITT~--~~oo·~-:l!!MoWmZ9J4'=7.k-'¥-OOW•~~·~·m•~~JVG:liJ~~. 12J-%1VG~WOO:l!!M~R~~-~*· •~m~~moom~o 4. 2. 3 i:p OO~fil:tP!rtJ~~~*_;_ ii!ii.t itHfiSA:ltg:l!!R%Kll~AoW&EE1**12J-&~~-:l!!MJiJT~OOl::tfJtl, RffJX1i:t:100A~*•m oomn•**~••oj3:®fi~i:poo•nrA~i=roo*•nroo-•~~: Aoa100~12J-_t: A n=~~~~~oo0••~*•~~rlmfi, ~~••rl*.ffiM§~~*· R~*•&•~*•~mm~ 0M/F~~ijf, ~P±ll1Jll:itM1Mfr~~J'fU~rlT~M3(Ji'fi}*~l&~(Meyer and Gomez-Ibanez, 1981,Auto, Transit, and Cities,Harward University Press,P.228). n~l6~•m§M*•~,ff9.~ffi~.ffi-. ES.fiM#·**·*~-~~-.&·-~~--~ ~--~~-*~-~tttt~.mmm~.~®•*~~ff~•••~-~~m••w~. !11!-~:IJiXIP 1: 100 JJB"J:IJiXIPADJ;Jll;fJL AD1f;J)t 100 A/0tfJ!, A:hl3mli%*& o. 39 i:F~*-$ 5%, 7fd~tAD'if;&/f5t. *· ADB"J !11!-~:IJiXIP 2: 250 JJB"J:IJiXIPAdm!;f;~, Aol;& 150 A/0@L A:hl3mli%*& o. 33 i:F~*-$ 2%, 2020 i:FAD'if;&r~~ 100 A/0t~. *· ADB"J !11!-~:IJiXIP 3: 500 JJB"J:IJiXIPAD1Jll:fi, Ar::il;& 200 A/0tfJ!, A:hl3mli%*& o. 26 i:F~** 1%, 2020 iFAr::il;&r~~ 150 A/0tfJ!. *· Ar::JB"J :i!!~ ,g *N (km) ~:iUi*NCkm) :lfiXm)U::J AD~N :lftX -m ffl ±t!!.JID$( ;it .¥1J ill: !Ji. ;it .¥1J ttt !Ji.* f Cslf) CA/km') (km') tk~fi!iit tk~fi!iit 7j("'ffi!iit fi!iit 100 lf AD 1995 1. 0 10, 000 100 390 390 8 8 2000 1. 3 10, 000 128 500 580 11 12 2005 1. 6 10, 000 163 640 830 14 18 2010 2. 1 10, 000 208 810 1, 190 17 26 2015 2. 7 10, 000 265 1, 040 1,680 22 36 2020 3.4 10,000 339 1,320 2,350 28 50 250 lfAD 1995 2.5 15,000 167 810 810 17 17 2000 2.8 14,000 197 960 1,060 21 23 2005 3. 1 13, 000 235 1, 150 1,380 25 30 2010 3.4 12, 000 280 1,370 1, 790 29 38 2015 3. 7 11, 000 337 1,650 2,330 35 50 2020 4. 1 10, 000 410 2, 010 3,030 43 65 500 lf AD 1995 5. 0 20,000 250 1,300 1,300 28 28 2000 5.3 19,000 277 1, 440 1, 570 31 34 2005 5. 5 18,000 307 1,600 1,880 34 40 2010 5.8 17, 000 341 1, 780 2,250 38 48 2015 6. 1 16,000 381 1, 990 2,690 43 58 2020 6.4 15,000 427 2, 230 3,220 48 69 m-~ii{(;it. •z/;J "~15" {(;if (status quo): Mifl.:rfililllfflA:hlJmli%*&Ef1Ar::iW&5!f! '11*~(-0. 1)it~1~¥tl/;J~~Ar::i~*W.RAr::il;&r~mBl!E98"Jmli%$:1(±~*· :tEit~:tl~¥ ~~~:IJiX1P**mn~~fil/f1t.~£~W:r&~.:IJlXnrmn~l;&/f~<•~~0~:1JiXrn~~~ Jifi1ffl1f Ef1mn*&). m=m~tt.•z/;J"~~fil~~:hlJ*~"~tt:~~:tE:IJiXrnr*RAr::il;&~~B"J~~. •~:IJlXm:hlJ~h•~A:hl3mnm~w.~~fil~~:hl3*~~001@~~~m~.~~~h~~ ma~*'.&~oom•~mN•~· &~ma~•~~.~~~mmoo*~~oom•a•.•m *~~oom•R•*~~&~*••oofitldmmoo~•m•R.w~R~~~~*~oo.• ~~~.ammoo~~~•reA~m•*Nm~•~~oo~*~~~*m~oo. ~••m* r&R1rBJ' &iti:1&*-1-tlt2, 12S!Jitft1fJ*-~11liR3?: ~- ~J§' ~ 31-A~•mOOA~ 2020 25 mM*N•~~"~~"~tt~"tttW~~*~"~~oo~~m. :fum 12-t-oo ~T-•moot~t11•~~Ji!f s ~t1J~m1i <2. 4%) X>1"~ 31-A~:lfiXm **·tR::l!~-**&* ~m~. ~m~ttoo~•~*1m~. M*7*PJ~~ili.a**0025~£.~~A~:IJJXmOOmM*N•~fil~OO**·•mm M*N**±•I~JU~~r~7f0012Sl~: a)•mAP*:bllW51~~m3::1'BJ1t*; b)•mAPW Nr~W51~•m3::1'BJ~*: c) •mAP*:bi:i~•mAP*&r~OOx1i fFffl. a~-~A~ •**· 12Sl*APWN~~. m~oo•mmM*NOO*~~~rnr•mAP*~W~-m~• ·~*W51~. ~=~A~•moomM*& 44%El3AP**51~, 34%El3AP*Nr~51~, :lt- 1fil 22%1J!UEl3~*00x1i1'Fffl51~. w~~~~~:IJJXmOOm~-**& 40%El3AP**51~. 47%El3A PW&r~51~, :lt-1fil i'3%1J!UEl3~*003(1ifFffl51~. 7 ~~* oo~•~15T*:l:.001fliR, *~~~~Jlt*1~~~mOOJ'lf$:m~-*-~· OOX>1"•mA i=:iw&oo~f(£, tJM~oo1t*, ~it•1f~X>1"r:JJt1nrejji~m~*PJ~~oom~ut~tJMlXE~1~~ moo. ~~mi9J1-t•~oo~r~-1L xit~•m•~~XE~•m~ff:&!R. •mmM~1!1JiU~MI!r *m~~~oo~~~~. m•msoo~M•~~~~·~· 0.70 0.60 0.50 ..... _ '.§ -....... . -_.. -·· ~ 0.40 ~ ~ .... --. - ~ ~ 0.30 -- . :~::~-:--..:.-_ _.......... ---- ·---- ---- --- .. -----·--- -< 0.20 0.10 0.00 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 4. 2. 4 fJifrtJ·t~j!~~JW *1*•~~~•oo~*:l!Mmsoo~M.~•*oo•mm••oo~tttW~:lt-1t1?.•moo:& M•~.w~•m*OO*:i!M*&~•1~~-N~l, 2~~MM.X>1"-=fW®~*•m&W ~PI*~-~~-. ~4~*:l!~MN~~~~~*-~*~*'.&~OO~MM, ~&~~~+ ¥xXOO*:l!•·~~~a*OOOO~m$f$:·~*•£~~.~~OO-~B~**mMTtltW ~B~mi9J~OO~m*:l!M•R••· ~tt~fil~LOOmM~~mW~r~.lit~~moo•~--~*~~?-hID£1!1~~ITT~ ~- 00 /!fJ ~mffr, jt;t:t: £:tE:l:-t!! ffr~ r'aJ 00 ~m 9=' 'l) IR : 53- h® £J3: ®·t-Jc~IB-* OOfj: A1iltt1' 7 3 :l:-t! mRoos~~m.•ili~~:tE®h00•9='••~~•oo~ma*a~.~~•£J3:~~1!1.L ~IEl•~~m~~~9='m~m~~m~9='~~•*&~~oo~~.55*m~••:ti:mfi~m~ n9='mg~moon~&~~7~~~m~N•~~••*~· ~mnttm••~*••~•m m:oof~~a*an~. 4. 2. s ~m~1.2:~E~Nllji!;tmm 1ifH{~~m·t-Jc~IB-*rxx100·~~Efi*~*~•WflffciJB, ~mOO®f~ff]~~&!lHJLM4'=~E·~ tt~m9='~1ROOWm, m•~~~~~~mOO~!R. @J3:tt~~~? mM•~£~tt•~fi* ~m~:iiWflf11:iJB? :tio*~~ili*-~fil~aoofil~~mm••~~~Mk~fn-,~A3~00i!, ~~ £~•OO:~mtt.~mm••~Rtt£fi*~*~-~-h~OO-•*·~~:tEA~~~0 •*~JEOO~OO C:tio¥~~1i}l), ~ITT9=''L.1 1R~R~iR-•0MLOO~DWflffil£1§3F£00, rroli ~:tEJJ0Jiii1J. 3WTJE1¥ (Downs Law) m.lit1~7 -~t001~JU% : ~lf~D/E!ijOO®fOOmIB-*•~~1~ 71±\ffat 24 ft, {_§_ lliJ at II,& 517 ;t:t:fmmIB-* ~R;t:t:fllih it 00~-· ttf$ ~~tt- ft at fSJ )§'. ~~ ·~~JW ~*ITT 0 Wflf*~; --~~. ®TOOm••~~~~~~*OO~DWflf*~·~~oo~-·~*~~m ®T*oom•~~. J3:W*m:tEoo~••£~r~~~m•~~m~ooM~~~~~~~.3WT (Downs)tE 60 ~f~:l!tf7 L3£~WJ~, m~~:i:,m•OO~l!IZ..-mV31!lr3at~OO~m:l:-t!!!R/N~:$ W~•OOfil~**·~rro:tE3~00W$~$9=',~00®T~D~~-~~~~:ii•OO~B~~~ •· ~-~~~~••oo~~~z~~~~. :ti:9='00~~9='~~~h•m~•*~h:l!ff~mm••~· 3WTJE:1¥:tEffi3-mat~~m ~~~··lf~A.AQ~RmM~*~oo-•.mM4'=~-·~*~**·:tEJ3:~00~-~ •. ~~OOatft, m••~~;t:t::S:tE.Rtt~~~m~:iiOO•~~~.M~~L~, ~~OO~m m••~•FP~£tt•~m~oo~••*~M~~~••>. mB~J3::ti:~mL#~mff, ~ ~~tt1±100ft1frz~ffi~~.~tE.£~tt~•~*•~••*ft~~;t:t:~£~m.£~~h~ ~:l~H~OO~l!I. 4. 2. 6 ~T-j!!m~1.2:(J{J~i~ m••~~£9='00~m~•oo-~m:~h®· •*£1El~~mmmoo~*~RAQW&B"1 ~~. W*£1El~~ttm•~~oo~~.m~~£M~mmtttt, ~£Mfi**~m~nmm: oo~&.W$~moo~•mMrxxJm~h••~~~. m~~-*~· m••~Rtt:ti:mM~m fi~D, M*z~&, J3:*~£fi*~:ii~B00h~· ~m~•oo~•mMrxxJm~s~:ti:~•~•9=':m:ffmfftt*fiRM~~•.mMrxxJOO• •*•S:m:ffff~oo~m.tt*R~~mfftt*fi, ~~:ti:~•~~129=':l!-~~~~~. ~:il0~~d1*/J,U•HJ!:lm'.i'EW (Anthony Downs, 1962, The Law of Peak Hour Expressway Congestion, Traffic 24 Quarterly, Vol. 16)0 4. 3 *T-3limiglf1l5*1¥-l~i~ ~oow~TA#m~m~*~~-~~~. #m~mm~@~••*1TT~~; •~km T~~~~= xm•*~£~f&rlxm*~·~£frm~@~~~~9=1~~km~.m~~ mmrmlf~fr••m~*~~-~~~.m~~ttM~~*~= ~-m~*~-~~*~* ~&H'!-~~lf£$ ~tJt~±r::IJoA, 1r3~:xm f!f iJ\Wm. :kW7txii1:~ff!H~M&m£m rm toiX;OOL ~m1T~h. m~~*~~~~-~~£•m~**~xm•m•~.~~mmlf~~~tt~ *i-n cm 'J"t.mtl~BJl::f!f:Jt£~olit). ~~£xm•~~M~.~-~M~. M~£= m~xm•*~£:kfm~xm*~· ~ lit. ~~•m~~m~•**1T~~&•~*~~~~.~•£r-•m~w~~. *•~w~xm•*•~••· xm•*•~••m7t~~*~·~oogm~.-~£M xm•*•~~;~~m~±r:~Wlf.$•~~7J±r:mwlf~~••;~-~£ftW±r:mwlf, mm~~m~1T~~. ~*•~m~~••·~~£u#~~m~&~~~~-~#mM&.fr w~w~~®••n. ~-~~mxmwm~~~Mfr~ffl*1T-®~~.~ 5. 1 3limtlflt1tf1l'~ (Congestion Pricing) ~~£~±r:m1T~~*m~. ~£~0~xm•~m~. xm~•~~~~-~~~xm •*~*'J", ~~~*~mm~~3&1~~xm•*· 51JE9xmwm~ii*}jji~frf- 1N'\±r:~m *~~xttT~*~-~w7t. Mw~~T-®~~~~ili1T. w~~~~~7Jxm•*•~ ~~r!Alfit$~fjt,B. f£VF~*iA71: 00Mili1J~3'::W~*-*5.t mtt1:.~~*:1Jo_t~~ftl!. A?!fw*~~*±~:1Jo~- 1N'\±r:*m*~ ili1J1T7J~lf ?!fBJl:1t. M:•51 ttrxmwmm~m~. f,£11W:iZ:~~mtm~JE:1~i!~. -®~~1l,~lliruili1T*H~~IJ1tlJ1M' w'.ll\~lliru ili1T JJ!IJ~l'H~*1T 0 ~~7tMili1T£~~~~£~~~~~?~vr~*iA7JM:~~~ili1T*mmxtt~~~* 1JcJE:. jj~®m~xN•d>£3'::~~**-§ 5-t ~*flf :IJo~~ftl!.A?!fw*~~**:IJo~-miA7J £'.ll,~!lt~. Wjj~®~mxN~3'::W~**JJ!1J~~~1Z,~11iru. JJ:~it_ti}t, J'G3'::fjE:~'rttlJE:--t-Wm m. ~mxm•*~*~~~~~.m~m~T~~~~-m~~M&~mm. ~m*T, ~m 1JrH1f~t& IB. fr~~1ft9=1, 1~xt'rttl~~~-f~m. 7JT 1~H~lf~j:. ~m1l,~9l~Jlrn-trSJ5tft-!F-•~at•. rm fr£~Jl~~rlf-JJ!1J~1~1~$; ~m1Z,~9!MI:!:i!!,12:5tft-~m~ii:.-1-r.H~1R~m~~f:&t1:1:i!!1R~m. Rlf~~~~~xm•*•~••~~~~~--t-~lit~~~m~~m~~.fil£,W$•• •£t1Jffl~f~~~tJt'rttl*~¥1Jmxm •*~*tl ~ § ~, *~lit**~ :ft~ftl!.~~~~xm••, ~o Comprehensive Transport Study, Opcit. Methods of Traffic Limitation in Urban Areas, J.Michael Thomson , OECD, Paris, September 19972), :i1i!W·1H!lltffl'fl11'd'f1'1.1M: 3ilu~IE!tl'fll-'Hft (Congestion Charging mechanisms for Roads: An Evaluation of Current Practice, Timothy D. Hau, World bank Transport Policy Research Working Paper WPS 1071, Washington, December 1992). S • 11/i@/i?/l/i, :t!/XiJi 59 1E•~~.m•~~*~~.~mmmHr~R£~m~•Hr~ITT-~~oo.~*~OOffi*Hr~ Ii&~ITTii~Wm~@itX 10. $!WM~ ~~ Hr~1T .IDl:N tu if;2fs:ffr~ ~$N1tiJ :1:-t!!IR Hr~ $Wi/Et9i~~ ~m~:f!i t?&:¥4m 0~fil4Ltf~$ mJtti&• f~$Jfilf PJ1jjlj :l:-t!!IR~1r !IB~~m 0~fil~:5'H~$ llft:fJot~itiiE $Wj;fjf\fl -!f!. xx-'% AA! jffi ~ J!fil~i&• ~1-Afil~:5'H~$ J!fil~Hr~ f:iU~ r~ tUB,l(Jjj IE A:'h~:'i'.~~ '§ iE if PJ iiE 1jjlj 5. 2 *~tm~H~iM (Controls on Vehicle Ownership) $Wj;Jffl~N1tU£mu~I:iif. ~*~~-¥~X>J$Wi~•'*1T F~Nttl' l:J.Jt:jlj p~1jjljJ!fil~~J.m.• ITT§ITT. 5.2.1 $~jlfHJij~~}t(Vehicle Ownership Taxation) m~tE$WiITT~~~-B~~AT-~*;fil,l:J.~R~~tE~ffl,a~-~~-~~~~. ~@m~~m~~~*ITT~fflx*, x~£•~~m1&.~£•~~m1&, mm~~*~ •m£-~ITT.~/E$Wi;filITT§ITT£m~•mMIJ&i&A,@~~m$Wi~m~M, M®~~T $WiITT;Jffl~. :'0Tm~~$ffr~Jt:jljJit-zvN1tlJ$WiW~,~.• ITT §ITT, tE$Wi~il'.llft:fJo;filITT~~. PJtiE i&~$M!~~-. f~$-~. Jl;®IJ&~:tE;gfmR*JT:bo±Jt~i-l'J T JJX;J}JITT~ffl (Ji!, ~t~ 3) 0 $WiW~;fil£ffi~WgITTN~m~,@~K*•~~ffl$WiITT~·· M®•&~m~•* ~.m~~®~MT~~*mw~mITT~ffl~~PJ:ttff~~~.~~:iitfi~*ilifi.~~mw mJttfil~ITTN1tiJ£i'aJt~ITT. -1 t.ffi~OO~*•mfil~oomw~~~$, ~-~R•I~OO~M·*~~OO~*~~~OOffi h~~T~#~m~~g~ffi3-fta1~. ~~ 3: *®M~~1~~*®1Jim~$S9JtPtoJ JEjnpj±f:i!f#111 rt$J:jjjf $1!1J1Fli!JeftjjjiiiJf!f!tt<J, $fjl!j!JttlJ$J!dtX1$fjl!jtlJl!IJ1f!lt81ffGx tt<;jjfn/fij 1973 $ llil$fjl!jf:fJiE!k i:-1¥!/Jr/i!f#J:iilfj T -&xiffIJ!tt<;$fjl!j!Jtf/jrji)Jfj1'£, /f\A !itf/Jrji)ffJ!l!Nflf 0 $!!Jc~ T fJf 11/!iJ, $fjl!jf:fJiEJZ -&'/J.fifl, i%.fJJft T 1982 $ tt<JY!xiffIJftt<J$fjl!j!Jt f/Jr/ i)ffJ1'£, $fjl!j/f!/!l!ff tt(}(:If iiJ!itf:fJ/Jn T 1 fff, fiJ±f:tt<J!fJl!ffff±f:lfl!Jtf:fJ/Jn T 2 fff. fJ{JtEtt<Jrt$/f11!/!fftt&:If ia!JtxftJlJJ1 * fjlJjffr/lfi flt# tt<J 90%-120%. 14.A 11 rt$tt<J!fJl!/!ff±f:lflJfJfJllf iJz- -T£ iJJIA !/ti, fif ±f:x JfttE#1 ifJ 3, 899-5, 800 ;ii. 1982±f:tlJ!Jtf/Jr/i)ffJN.fJJftT11rt$1!1J1!8tlJ##rN, fiffr/ 1987 $/ff%Jf#t '/J.fjJ{f:fJ iE 0 300 250 200 150 100 50 ------- - - 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1982 $X1$.A /.Jin$!it/IJJ:fJ/Jnt/3-fJJ& T Xif11!lfjjf$ §!$tlJJ:fJ-lE (jf/Xifi!iflf, fJL!ff£t!Jff;J • ,f1!lfJif $f!!J1ia f/(Jf:IJ iE/f';ff:ii 1991 $11!lfjjf$/f11!/!ffttIX:If iiJ!itft(; f1l rf¥J ifiJ{:ffJL EiJJlU/eft(;$fjl!j;fljlfi fft#tt<J 15%f!lrl¥1°3I 90%. J< 1987 $/ff, k!Jff$fjl!j±f:!f!JfJIJfGNiff11ifjjfjJJ-lf$:iit1J T-&&tlJttlJN, * ff1!JliJJ$f!!J1iax -&ifl:ii!f:fJ/Jn. llli!i11".A f!l !iJ fft1!!-J1J -&f!l rf¥1 fjl!j!Jt, ff11!!ltt;tz:!iJ!!!ll!tt<J1i JI!, 11t!f6>ffiJJ1x!/11111tf!lrf¥J $fjl!j!Jt. ft/J f/JJEtE~m 7J-1fIll 01Jtt. 5. 2. 2 :$®1J~i9iWc~* (Veh i c I e Quotas) *•oo~•~~~re&~*•OO**~~a-~~~-~.~#~$a~oos~~r~m m, ~~~•~*· mm*H•~*OO**· F~ 00 ~t9l~~tW::fof 51~:!:-tl!rlfttltJtZ9J$ 001'J!Fff t, 11ltE1A1T a1 @i1'tJUX$. t~ J31J@ 38:~ ~ ~A~~·=~~.~~#~~*~oomZ9J*~*~oo~~~~~~xr~~mm**oo~~. •n*~~-~-~M~. a~OOOO-®~*~~-ffi$~1TTF~OOrl~. fil#~::fof*~· n*r~~moo~~~~fitt~•F•oo~~.x~. ~~ttoo~•~~~~~~~~-w* *•a>ir-oo ~ iGAA! !ffi jg@J 1tm ffi ootJ1fi'.5L. fi9 JJt mI ~::fof ffi flffi. 1E!.~* ~ fiiJ •. moo $IHM m mr;:a i3:amoooo*m~m~~~~*-~w~.m~.~*$*m*.w~•m&oo~•~oom~ $AA!J~U~:ti~~m11.u~:!.fr. -®~m *IIR 03fts~001J:rt7lcttnJc•~oommu~:ti, 1J-Wrnitm$3C *~~.fili3:$~~~00~W*~· IJ,~gre~~MB~OOK~~~*~AA!~~~3&~~. ~~ Jrt~~%PX:AA!~~rn5t~ rn:l% .' ~~~re*•~•re~~~~i3:~#1J~PX:~~~~~*·~mm~*~**~~a~1J ~·*•~~~~~$~m*•~~~ttfil~.w•~~llioo~ttfil~~-~~a-~~~•. *mtt07fts~oo11~*~~.w~~~~m•~•m~m*moo~~~~~~~£~~~~ oo s 1#01JT1Jo~Jix~oo*mwrnoo>7t-*o). 5. 2. 3 1¥*J$~*(Garaging Requirements) ~~~~~~W*~oomM*~moomMB. as*&~oooo-@~rn~~~r~mm.a *•m~ftfil~. ~~lli~~~oow*~fil~.~m-@oo~&-~fil~m.~~m~m~* ffMff00~~.@~W$~00~~§00£•&•~W$m~•~MBOOSffl, ~~oo~~m~~ uiPJ$m,ffi,•~tLlH11MBOO~MB~;t*, m~*!Jl.00~,1)!R::ft~:tin.llt. 5. 2. 4 :$ma".ltF/l!:j ~!& (Veh i c Ie Standards and CI ass if i cation) aW$OO*.mtt•~oo~~*m*•oo~ff~~*ti~~m~*~~~llif~~oo~~. fili3:~~~*•oo•~•mc~~~i3:~oo~~m~*), ~w~~*moom~•~*·M*~ wm 1986 ~~MB00!1!F~OO*•~~tLl!Jl.£~3&1J-J§JL~*•m~•~IH~r~OO~~z-. i3: 1ifr~~~JHJJ~83 1982 ~;J,f\:$&~1Jn?Jf'71~. ,ffi,OO*i}i, i3:R~b~-1if!ifflll}J}i!1fJ]ffi. 5. 2. 5 *T-*m~m~1~i!illa".l~i:t: mttm*•m~~ff~~IJ-~~mm~*~moo~~. i3:#mMBoo•*~~£~woo~~ tt.~~£fr~~m~*R~*~~fr~~~. ::ft-~-.~m~J.3:#~~. R~~~tt~IR oomM*R~**~a*oo*~~.1J-~~~rn~5tmmmoo~~.mi3:~£-#~~oo~~. K~~~~. R~•~oowm.~~~~~oo~•~-rn~~~~mtt*•m~~~m•~~• ~lf~rn~mm:tlf § oo oo. a~oo. m~re~~*•m~~~%~1J~~~~~~-mm~$~ffl~~--~-$*· *B=l~~~fflf~-~~~-OOM~~A. fil~~·-00~-~~m@.~$-~fflOO~~~ W!1!~~f~oo~~-rn. i3:a-r-~~~~w~. 5. 3 ~'f*~1fffl E~t~iM (Contro Is on Veh i c I e Use) m*•~m~~~~!1!0K~~m$*~~•~rm~. a~1100~~$1J~. ~T~~ iiiQ-, %PX:IZY~l:l: ~J=:{fr~fr~~m~. ~*1fr~, f~$~1!JLl, :!:i!!!Rffr~, J.3:®1J¥taiti=q;1JOO£ :l:fi:OO. 5. 3. 1 ~Fffi'~~HT~ft~ililJ (Nonpr icing Access Contro Is) -~ ffl OOJ:11J~;lft1if~;*~~)till•OO~~fik· ~i~1iti$ruOO:tJL~$1fffl. i3:1if~tLl00ffiijfil~ m*oow•tt. M~~. ~~. ~*ruoo~~-~~;lft~IR*~ttoom~*•fr, A~~r= 3liiif!I£f.JW-5!(Traffic Management Measures): :tE>$:j(~ 4 ljr~T-m~iltn-*~~:;c$, ~}JQ$$il)3Ji 1f ~gfJ i¥J pg ~q:i-1? nttxii ~:FJl1.i¥J j}~~nf MH:ltHT 7 itit' :13: ®1J~lli PT ffl *lllHttl $$PJ3i¥J~ffl.~~xXQ~~.•~•~1T~*~· ~~wfrm, ~~re~*PTii1Tm~*i¥J mnttlV3W1TIR~o iittx.f;fJL~$xiii¥Jll~1!itl, /91*1±!RW(;r!Jq:i,L.,IR'B 1Jm~~i¥JPFmo J3:®1J ~!~1E0Eti'i /9 "xii1tll1!itl" (Traffic-Calming), 3f *pj(;X>f lf!WJB{J I§ am~iiff~gfJ l§~ffl~$ nf Ml!i¥J:.f~ fto :l3:W3~nfMHi¥J1f;fJL~-fr, -1JOOPT1!xiiJ!ii ~~. 53-1JOOlli PT 1!-®:l:i!!IR~:ll m~~xiii¥J~~o ~~x.t~~xii1J~mn~m~~i¥J~~£•1f~i¥JxiiW*~:FJ11.3'J-$, A1ftt~W(;~M~®xii1J~i¥J~ffl, ~H$~$1?-fflmW(;~ff$m~o xii11llM*~:tE-®~~~~m~~~o~T-m~$~ffli¥J•&.~~Wm~~~$IM, ~~~9~g~N~:tEoxii1tlJMX>tLlWfr/9.:ti¥J1*1±1R&•~iR~#£1f~i¥JoM~z-£ q:i~~~i¥J*~n,*~n£~~i¥J~~•~m.~:tEWfr~•~mB~~MHm~*•1TmMHo ' ', 1fW$xiiW*~M~~-~-~i¥JM~,fil~~T-M&~Mi¥J~~. ~~~~~~*~ -~1JOOi¥J&X101fB1-1-1~~-1tf7f~!A {f]V-_ i.Q3§Uxiill~11Jtli¥Jf'Fffl' 90 if1~:tEffitzmq:i,c,.i¥J -~~tt•~~~*IWmMffi7W$1-~, ~~Aillfiltt~~7, -~~ffl(;7~~ttMffio I ±il!l2$J~fi (Areawide Bans): S~~it~1rl1$$ill3Jtl:A r!Jq:i,Li,£1lt.jfii¥J o if$~1'JH~mX1~L. A/J\~$lli~1f:l3:1rrnTMHo fYd:fio, :tEi*:fU*c':'.: (Milan), :tE 7:30-16:30 zfBJ•it~L.A/J\~$ &:2.ttr!Jq:i Li'o :tEwm, •it1:IfPJ~~~:m$:tElfi, aft~-~$-$i¥J~fBJ&:2.tt.:t~i¥11*1±1R o 1 a q:i ~, *~:m * R1f:tE:fl1!.7f_J iti:&:£tt*~m q:i ,i:i, iR 0 £~X1*:tE2fs:rtraM 1¥1$mJt1:1r ~M-~£~iti¥J~B.-®~mB~~M*~-~$i¥J:lttAo:l3:#1J~~~~7-:FJl1.I~I. lli~~-fr~•.:13:~~1A/9:2fs:mm~~•~mmn~~l§~~~m~1¥Jxiim~•~1¥1$0 :13:#<~1ftt~tt>1J~i¥Jr~~m~~~~~m&~~m~m. lliPT~~~ffi®~mM~~@ i¥Jm~mMHo~$~M:l3:1-~Bm~~~:ltt1TW~Mito I '1 ~)!Ji ~fr~lE (Odd-Even Number PI ~tes).: i-f$:~rtf, ~ti5¥!E~, 1.fz~Wf;fO~lffim~:ft l*J, ;Ji~ B :li,§~O$Ji!l!%X1$$1ii¥11f~:1Jo Lllllt!11ltl-Jt!l!Jffi%/91~~$$1i:tEXX B ?f~Mf.qf, Jt!l!Jffi%/t-&~ i¥J *ma• s 7t ~~ w .qt 0i3: 1r111J~ a 19838 if & ~ ~JE: ~ :itA rBJ mfl!l 1tm tt , 1f ~:;c 1~J:• T xJm. :J7': t:R. 0 I " 01ltr:tE q:i oo-®*~m fil~1T T :13:-t-77"~. m*11~11Juiitt~r11q:i ,i:i,13: 1¥J.$£:~:m* 0 ~•••fr••••#•.ma~~~••tt.~••••••*•••%•#•~• m•&m~*~~~~i¥J~~:lttfr7~~, ~it£: ~~~~1¥1mB~m••o~/t-#mM nffiffi, ~t:tio:tE~~~JE:~:liJlfBJ, J!~r!11Jtt1lt1f~i. ffL'-A *MJMJ~t. :lt1tl!.1J~J!~to 26 I ~Nifi1Jii~§.ltj~)E:~~ (Route Restr jct ions or Route Designation): *1~~1R-1fi¥J1J~ .:t•1ffJ3#, a~@~mi¥Jmnx.t~#~m<M~*rum*>i¥J1T~:ltt1T~M, W(;ffl~~i¥J~~ ~~m~ffi@i¥Jfr~M~o:l3:®*•nw~~~m~IR~m~~~m~m£~~®~i¥J,fil£ MX~••N~fr•&••~-~~·r &1f /N9:.:$1¥.JIP.tf~, ~glfilf:ffiX(Rationing qan Backfire:The Day Without a Car in Mexico City, Gunnar 26 I •S.Eskeland and Tarhan Feyzioglu, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1554, Washington,D.C. ,December 1995)0 .A.7.Jiiii~i~(Planned Delays): B~£M':l±JT-]UU1J$~nf»fil,iittA/91¥J15ti'.3liiM ~*{J:E1!-® 1N~$1!ffl 1lf tt rtiJ 0;tt3lii oi3:lifi£~ 1¥J1M/t (IR ~#U:m11ltlll) :tE 70 :q::1~lf. :ltA@ffl -T~OO 1¥JWTtil (Nottingham) o •:W:A1±~lR~:i!A rJJq:i 1 L.'l¥J$$WH6@~:tE~:J:J~at:;ff3~iiJi, m~nm~~%n~M1¥J~Mm*o~*~~~~:ttmnm~1¥JlR~~·~~03l±i=-::i!Artrq:i ,~, :ttm~15ti'.T3lmi~%nl¥J~1J, 0;tt~$~~~rniiff, ~~~%n1¥J~•o~W~~ ~ll**~~~~o-1JID~/t~~mn~nWAA$•n~tt*·~-1JID~/t*at~l¥JM~. ~~~~$1¥JA~m•mM~%~~1¥JW~o~ilitt~03l$1¥J#m~~~~. &w•~T~ Yf~j{fnlo ilifii.!f iiJ"iiE (Operating Permits) : J!J'L:tE $*~lit!Ll::1¥J~$JE.ffi/f ~ iiE11ltlll:tEffi.tzM': l±l Ji, m£•~~n~~. ~~£m••~-~-r~•~1¥J~fil~mo~SRl±l~1¥J~~.ff ~~~~~fil·*•~~~tt~~~.mxt*$*A*~·m•~~-~/t*Am•~1¥J#n ~ »fil l¥J ~iiE 1}$ 0 ~$3<:i!~ifi1J(More on Goods Vehicle Traffic Controls): ~![#5tl£~1ii:$JttAq:i,c,,IR1¥J nt»fil:ttq=ioow$~mB~~»filo$m1±11¥J£rn-T1ii:JE.3lm~~rtr~m~M•Wffi*, ~~i3:n 1¥J m»fil ti: 1±1 El'~ m:i!ff ff~ 1¥J liJF Yi 0 ~rtrq:i1¥JJti:~~~~:5t/t~~::i!A.•*·iitt~m&~m~$~~on:tEW$~m1¥J ~~-~q:i, -n:tE~1J15t$•&~rJJq:il¥JJti:~~~o•~~.£I~rm.*±i=-:•mM~* 1¥J1ii:~•a~•~i'.:tE~m1¥Jmm~1R. #~~m-m111R.~~1R%~7t~o•~ttmmn, t1Gi1Ettm3lmJJ!1J£,~, ~t.ll1:1W 1¥J ~ -l*JJ!IJ 01£1.:tttt ~ 1¥J 10~ 1s :q:: q=ii!f $~m1¥Jffl±-lhtJ11;f:l1t5-LEfilJ!, ~~T~m~lifi~»filfBJl¥Jffixtffl:i'., iv, ~1¥J~mm~!.M!.B~/t~rJJq:i,c,,1R1¥J-$:5to 1f B 1¥J~ rtrttm0n~~T~m~$mMoI~IR1¥Jffhl.ttmmn1¥JJt~~£•ffl-T~rtrmm1¥Jr5-LE. ~~~~-~:tE~rJJl¥Jq:i~!Rfil~~-$:5t1ii:JE.3(mlM*~Wo §~1¥J~mffl~~~%~~~.~~£@1±Wlll¥J~*·~m~~~IR1¥JffB~~~~* *~m1ii:~~~ 1¥J;f:l'A: oi3:lifi ffl ±-thW ll~11£ 1¥1~~~ ~1tt~~~ ~ l¥J ~-¥: (:1tJt££~ll ~fl~1-t) ®~~~~. ~~~~~0~~~*1¥J~ffill*~*~~l¥J~hlo~*~•~m~l¥Jff~, a *a$1¥J:itt1±1~m1¥J1ii:JE.5lm~tt•~~m~1R.-$7t~m~$1ii:JE.5lm<a~~~~i11*1¥J Jti:±E) ~m111R1¥J:7tftW:5J-ft, JJ~®~q:i,c,,IR~~~~~~if§*l¥J1ii:JE.JJ!IJ~~m o ,~,w§z, :tm § ~1¥J±~f1Jffl~1-t~~~~H~~ ~. IJ!IJW$ q:i OO:lnXm1ii:JE.3lii~fJo:i! ffi~iTf q=i L.'IR rti:J5'~~fto :tE 1 :InXrtr~~-~~xmm~q:ixt~m~~*l¥J~~. :tt~m~1Rm~ffim1¥Jmnxm~»filw,M':~ •19cJ!, ~fJtl¥J3(ji~*o ~rtr±±ihf1Jffl1¥J~1-t£-~*'A1¥Jttl_!f, ~~:ttif§3-~atfBJ ~, 1ii:±i=-:fil£~m-q:i,c.,1R;tJL ~$3lii1¥J£~~ll~$:5to S~~ilf$*~iTf:tEq:i,c,,IR~1r*~11i$:i!Al¥Jnf»fil£~:EJ11.1¥J, ffi -T1ii:JE.5lm~~m~m•Wffi*, ttlll¥J1ii:$•1Tnt»film~n~~~~o n~~#··-~~Rm•OOillili•.~tt•moom•·~~m·~··-~OO~~~~~a•m~.m• mtt•m••~m•~o•m~••••~~~m~~~~~a•m~woom••~. - - r .'.tlt:i::fr s:oo~9:oo to 16:00~11:00, rm:m$JJ!iJ.'.tlt:i::tE 9:00~10:00 to 14:00~15:00 o :tE~$5f ~~m~~•*ili1T~~m~~~m~£5f-~B"l~m o~•*m!:E~1T~~ili~-#m~mr B"Jn~o~~~~W~*~mi:pm~~B"Ja~~:m:$~1T~~#•1TB"l•~m1Tm~W~o ~Fffl'~fi~.N~ililJir-J~i.t: 4FffrtMr~!l:~itJlj~~m-Tf~Hf1ijj~t-fu.IR, wt:tEm~ftm~i:p£~f B"J7Hrr:m~'.S::i'SJ 0 4Fffrl1r1T1ff~1tlJn~R~:tE1AJ{liJf~, ;&~JlX;*iO~~~ZJ§T~g~~o 5. 3. 2 ¥;$:ff)-~ (Basic Pr icing) :t?H~~i:l*13$ir-J$mff.J=IH~(Fuel and Related Car Use Taxes): JL:P.m~B"lOO*:m:tEt?&t4 _t iil)&-J:E B"1mEi~H'F7'1 lfi'I J:E B"1~-t~45c" o m?§'Jm ~ £ 4F ~fij 1lti B"13'.c:Jm~ 1tJ1J n~, ~ ~ Jl'iJ~~ ~m~$B"l~fflJJX;*~•&m~*B"l~fflo~~B"1~$mn~.a•$#~~M~~~•&m. @£~~®*$#~~AAB"Jfilm~~~~*•&~~*~· Mrm~~-T:$•B"J~m~~o ~t-tmw7'1•&~rlHJ'1H'frB"J~Jm.~1t1Jn~. ?1Tw*B"J{!jR:~E3£~JJ~®~1T:tE4F?§'J~~rSJ, ~ mm~iRB"1$mEi~1T:tE•~m~_tB"l*m~~~~:rn-rmm~iRB"1$m~~~~. ~n~ •±~:bo, ?JT~:tEm11rn~m_t~0¥w1nB"1~•~~-·®o f!1£:fr~ t1i04F?§'J~~rSJ P'Jill~::tr:• t§3-T?§'J~~rSJ 213 B"l~•o ~ll':l.~~B"l~t-tm<rtriR?§'J, :RHf~)16,~~1tll1t1Jm~mm~B"lft mo 5lftQB"Jff:tftm£: -@ 1J\~*1tm~7'1T1H!tff!'§:B"Jf~mt?&t4JA~m~*¥1J:Rt1 o ft7'1~ m~Jm.~1t1Jn¥:b t?&t4mrt:$mW~m~~f-®o ~t4B"l~m¥. ~fJEft 1J,~, fi£~n*mB"11tm. ~M 1111'i''.&f~to:Ef:ljt*1?B"l~Jl\,8*~£ lHf!ltB"lo ?§'Jt9lB"J~~m¥. ili~{JEftAffHtfflf~:fU¥1IJB"J~~$mo :ti:i:poo, ~~.'.tlt~tJL•I ~@ffl-T:R~$m~~R. ~~~£•wmm?§'J~~m*•o a~@itx 10 ?JTJ£, to1f:!J'f-J:*$*OO*t§rt. §f1I"POOB"l~t-tm£4F~f~B"J. ,e,B"J*i;t. ~£m?§'lm¥4F~~tB"JJirn o ~~~•r'i'Om¥¥-tmtt•B"ltJL~*1tmftQ¥1JT1tutB"J1tll1tHtm o ~imq5[~ (Trunk Road Toi ls): '§.=1'159==100:tEl*l!¥Jilf$00~, :tE~m:fri:-&Hl¥Ji@J~0lf4l, *1f ~~~m!it~ll'J.tt~•· m-r~~B"J·~~*~o~ll':l.tt~-~~~~m~•· ilim~m-T~ 1j51jj(Jifffi;;j<j!o wJJL!,~~ 4 0 ~~tt~•B"l~llm~rM~~~~~.§B"J£~~jtm•~*fil*~~ili1TB"Jm~Jm.fio ~-*~~~#~-%A: ff•rt~~~Aoff•rt~•*~£~~~~~-o.~{!jR:~£$ mm~~~~~mtt-~m~*~~tt~•B"l~mo ~~A~•*~~:frillili~•m~B"lm~ iliAo~~~•~· *filT:tEmJ:Em~1T11tB"l:$mjt~•mo~{!jR:~£Sm~~B"Jm~~~~ ?§'j B"J Ji~&~~ PX;* 0 ~~~-~~~{!jR:~= m-. ~wmtt~~*•~~*1T~•m~*•~~~JJX;*.ili£ sm~~±~•Jt~•~~m~£m~fiB"l: rn-r~mm~B"l*m~~~m~~m~~ •=· ~~•B"lm~. #~~~®m•B"1Wffio7'1T~~~~~m~_tB"JWmilifffi~~~jtmVJI• .0 3~• o~:tE~~'*~~_tw~~Sf-1rB"J~~•~~~~. m~tu~m®*£4F~~~~B"J o ~ mB"l•~•m~lfflB"l~~m•£mMB"lffl~o3~m1T~~~*B"15¥-1T•~:tE~.m~~~ mjtm••~~~~fFfflom•~•¥-t:tEJ§OO•l1•~~-~-ill1TW~o s . JIJifiJffeJIJi, ;tlj,=;JJ 65 iY!lffJfX1;kjjfj!!!$f/Y;Jf!fP/iJJjnff/£jft, i&ff/& I# 7 1984 ±Fi!Nl!llff/ilM:iitfJnfff!/f{JfX1;kjjfj1f!Y J!f/lfiJ(E:iJ 0. 70 ~7G!Jl#JJ"Jf!/ 1. 3 ~;iG) 11i't$!PfiJ!fl$11i1?!il~' 7 15%, 11!-ffftf$(/fl~· 7 13%, 0 ifif;k' cp!ffPf$/[\~J!f/lfiJ JiJ.11.'t~ /})/iif!Y;kjjfj1JfJiE1$:ff 7 jjjJ_@(/flyf!Y:kJm1, {fjjj}fftj 7 3 $ 0 f!YiElf&itf!11/a]o B$tlrE.S: Cf-~) 120~---~---~---~---~ 115 ---------~---------~ --------~--------- ' I 110 I 05 - - - - - - - - - t- - - - - - - - - - +- - - - - - - - - +- - - - - - - - - - I 95 ---------r---------r---------r--------- 1 I I I I I 90f--~~~-t--~~~-t---~~~-+-'~~~-4 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 /Jff~Jff-T 1990 $JJ;:ff ?T/lfJf!YiY!lffJ!J!JJ/6/ll!lff 581Ji!fl.Lf!Y:XJmf/ff1o 801FfttEM"i/f o/1/)/%/J)}'f~~f/Y 2 £/jjlJj!/J{J{K;iYJlffJ!, Xif:}Jjf J £t£"i/Jcp1l,•f/;jf/YIJjj{l/[\!/J{Jfo jf;JlgfifJf!JtfJJ! 1 2 £!/f{J!f!YJJilJif/ff1f!l1 , ififjf;:fj 5 81Jil/I!/f{Jff!Y!/t;JtbJii, lfl1JZ#ltff!/JJilJi__to IEIJiJtjjj1 r ,£?.1?!il:k· 25%, itifi:itiifxjfj,£?.1?!il:k· 12%0 r 5. 3. 3 1~:$~$1J (Parking Contro Is) W:U ~ 9=1 1L.' rR 1.:1:11-!B :1t5c:Jli ~ 1~!'.11fHff i¥J±il! fR , IEl .tl:~Jlittxtm~ $ 1¥ $ fffi=*:iti 1T~ #ltlPJ IJ. :ff ~:X ~~~:itilli~®~fRi¥J;fJt~$lli1T•o~®*~~mJ:E•~~W$~~•.W$~~m~•R ~11 iljJCW $1$ ~~;fff-tl ~ o 28 - ~Jt1J1! 15-:ff1Jt {fyJ( F.t: , ~I= ffr *&W $IE t9H~c ~!'BJ t~ 7'J :flt~$~ lJ11: ff! ~W;1~915 , ff f~ .A• i¥J ~ A~~.ffi~-~OO~~~-ffr*fr*X1W$:iti1T~~~PJ·~~~**~·~frm~~$~:ff %1::JJ)(;1J,\.i¥Jt'f'f ?£ ~:Jt:1t~ri~, ma 8"11~9151~ -ar~~~3&f¥$:tmttfflf~~ o f¥$:tmf~~•i¥JEiflJ:E m ~~m-~Affl~tt*Affli¥J~~~~~~oW~~mtttt~~*~-~~$. ~~~5o W$fffi=*~~~7'J~~5c:Jlifffi=*i¥J~¥!~-:ff-3&~HF.t:: xt~~®m:ffW$1T7'Ji¥Jtt~ 5c:JJi~~~~ffM~*-~B~Mm7'J"WttxtD~$m~•*~00~~1T~$mi¥JW$~ i¥J l*J fr IPJ n2 " • 28 iJ~tiutEZ:tJu~. ~ ftitf¥:$:tmte o WJ rtJtf7(3C:Jfil:l:7':T- 2s, ooo mi¥J~mi!!~. i!~~j:±fil!l~1M Tm- 9=1IR1¥Jf¥ :$:tm~§ o l!f~JA!,:~r!J3(Jfil:l:~1M1¥J1i¥t(Methods of Traffic Limitation in Urban Areas, op. cit) o tEi!ill!J, 1Sffd~$-if!JiffiJ&JI, fJL.ilif!tit# dJJJJt!f!!!fJE" tit# f#!/J£1tfff:i!lJIE# f:t/J fJ!t/Jf, fJ1: ~~ftffe$-if!Jit£!£$~~eo/f~fil~ffiW#m$o~Affe$-if!JiffiJ/tJl~~:i!lffe$-ifl;Ji &~~JE~~~&~~Mffet£J:t!JgRR1f[~~ffi~~Wfiffe~ftogR1f[ffi£~7fff£-ffitE* i!I!ffix~JJ!f/lfiJ7f!Ji o/ ift fl)j i&mfl ffix~ wtt!!t~ f!!Jliffe$-if!Jil!Cfft:rf1hJJl!, ~71jj{fJ/J 'iflfltJ/lf# ?~Mo * ~ fJ ffi:IJil 1'/fx~1t$tJtJ!Jf, z..lx7J< f lllflf, ~!lf/CwR1f[7fff71!!ff!l!ffilJtfJJ f!lmJ/lf#/::11 ffiffe$-ifl.il" g ffiR1f[ff $Jilt# 8-1 oJI!ffiffe$-if!Ji, /::/:::ftJl!J!l?)lf}ffflilfN ft!x~Bi/J" MJ/i f!i-, t£$;Jf$JJfffe$/lf!J!/EJ! 11\/lfftj/lf/B]o ' w*a* ~i!JU if~ s 1>E9tJ~1~ 1~ $1:tr. rm ±fll :no EJ<J $mt~1f tlJ t£ ~i!JU 12<: ~ ff'l l: r 1f*m EJ<J t1:1 ~.~f~®•~. W$~m~*~t1W*~*~~~12<:~m~*~~~.m~12<:~mm~~ -~-~l:EJ<JM*.rm~•W$R*~*iE1f-~EJ<J~~.@fil~-~~~~m~*~·~~. ~*~&W*•*~*· ~~3(m~*~3(m~~m~mm~~*n~~.~~~~tJ~-1f :l:i!!IR ~mEJ<J~rjJ, 1EW$R*~illU311'~'1&m~, #ff:tJ:l:i!!IR ~m~*EJ<J1r ft. 5fH~0~1¥$ (Pub Ii c On-Street Parking): tE±~tJM~3(m~~*l¥11iril!l:&JiN4t:iilf~ *m, m~~*W*~oo. -•t£157t~~2~~~~00.~:iiIW$tt$1f+7t~~EJ<J~~. #H~lit£~3(m~~tt•~EJ<J~~.~#W$~1fs<Jm~~~~m, 1fs<Jt£3(m•~~~~ ~-~~~tJW$~*~ffl.~:iiIW$m~~~-EJ<J~~-.@~~-W$~~~1&~~EJ<JW *m*A~<•t£~008<J*$7t~•W$ffl~)~~~JiW$tt~•~ft•m~&~.~~~:iiI W$~-~~. -·~1f••~*~--.--;fr~M~OO*, ~rmM$1¥JW$R***· m~~•W*EJ<J•~~A~~~tt&~~••m•AA*mm. ~5'1'0~1¥$ (Pub I ic Off-Street Parking): N4tjr0~f~$m~tlt1~*Bti'BJEJ<Jf~$¥81flo f~$~m~&@~¥l»t@_f~$&~EJ<Jilltt't1J••AA*· tE~~EJ<J:liJXm9=i 1 Li1 1Rtltf~f~$~~*~+7t 1f~mms<J, ~r~tt•*mM~~. m~*~~~EJ<J~m.~ft~*~$EJ<J:immre~*0~ f~$;f$3(tlA ••. W$i&JN••EJ<Jf~$&~1BE.t~•tl1fft. wm-r 1984 ~~1fTtl1fft. if$~m5fLlffl~jH~$EJ<Jm~titlJffrm1ttJ~illU*A ITT~ 1 Li'&:ms<J.±~:1}¥!, itHJi!if~$Bt OOEJ<J*m~~~~EJ<J~•~m, ffl*~~*~OOW$~m~OOW$1¥J*~·~WEJ<J~1f~W$ ~~&~Ti&JNEJ<J~mi&•. ~EJ<JW$&~m~&.'i'.t£1f~•m~~ha<Jm~m~.m~~* 1li!i1f~l&-*1f~'~ITT7ttJT. ~~N'kA 1¥$ (Private Off-Street Parking) : tl1f EJ<JN4tjH~$m ~~][*~·, 0-fjj llR ~~~ma<J~1fm~--~ffltJ~tlt~EJ<JW$~~.-®~WEJ<J~ffl~m~~-W$, H~~ 0~f~$i&•EJ<J~u[lij. ~~m~m~~W*&~~m*~~~1fEJ<JW$~~.t£mM~*~~MEJ<J~M~m. ~ ~•ma<J~M~ill-~mtJ•&W$&~YffiSffl~OO~~OO.tJT•&~mt£•m~ffl~EJ<Jm ~l:-~W$EJ<J~•· ~~~~T-*1¥JW$&~~m, ~#ffl~~~§~W~~OO*~ma<J ~~.~-r~A~$EJ<J~mRS±$~~*m1~EJ<Jwmm~M•~#~~. 3mM~*ftlt ,, ~ ZJ§' t~ JJIJ £ 0~ J.E• /f- bt:i2s:E1.IZ'.3l::i!tlMH1lH1Ff 1Jt 1¥.J't~ t£ -nim• 1E~ ~ f' $ ~:MH'F ~ ~ll 51 m fr~ F 1¥.J 11~ o fri3: i'"Pfi- f&, if$ ~r!J ·~ rtJ ~]J:E f' $~I:~ PlHitt, Jilf- ~iJ ~~ tt:I: 1¥.J $1JTE o ~*f~JD[(Goods Vehicle Parking): fr1lliJJ:E~:illfUfil-*>'1-W$1&~1¥Jlj§!JBt, ~mm$1¥Jf'$ $*£+*~Dl¥10*$*•~•*•r~m•1¥J•~m~J.E•.~mJ.E•1¥J~B£•ili~m. 1£! fr 113~ti=X 1J\1¥J1fji}j~,r;1;1: llftili1111xt1f #;ifll¥J fil-*>'H,$B, ?Jf 12J-;f§@1¥J~:illW$£+*16'D 1¥1 o @~mm$W$mffmMi¥Jm~. ~~~•AA~~$~ffli¥J~•AA•*o ~ -=f 1~ *~itlJ a<:! ~i~: f' $ $ * ~ 1!Jlj lift,:ff -@{!jJc pfi' 1£!'t f)}?t, £~ 1!Jlj;j:JLZ;b $1!effl i&~ 1¥1 mDm~$*ofr~OOl¥1$#~mm~r. W$~R1¥J7J~ff$Dmtt0~W$1E•*~~~ Af'$~1:5.911!JU·t~Hift=*11-:7Eo ~Tri&51mD:tz~ji}jri!:'Of. 1111*1lli§.J1X'.oo:f'$~1:1¥Jtift, ~ 1§'-1¥Jf1tl-f-i:#.aJJTmf'$~1iffil¥J~1Jo@.:Y-J:El¥Jp~1lJUo jgT~tiJfbAfil-*>'H,$, $Dmbt~ji}jbt ~tt~~i¥J~•mm**l¥1xmffihmffxm•~*fio 5. 3. 4 it!! !R fil'~ (Area Pricing) ~IR~~£mfrmJ:EiR~~m~Lff~l¥1$mmff~•.•mm~iR*~•~i¥J~•~tto f&~fr•·tt:i!tfil-*L1T~l¥1$m~~~~1~ ~1¥1 R ffl, 1£!£t2tt#:EJ.J!ff~U-*fUBtfBJ 1¥JPJ i'Jl J:iJ l2A -~~-~•o ~rPJm•*T~~•i¥Jwm~!R. •&T•~m~Ll¥.Jxm:l:o ~IR~~1¥J±D•B£~tt-~ttm$m~•1¥J7I~oPJl2A*~-1'-/f-lj§lj1¥J7J~C$m~-=t :ffil~Ufu~•1¥J:i:11~1t1!-t5-7J~fBJ 1¥J~§J1J~rm~) o • ~-IR~l¥Jl:l:IJdJ~RtiJlt • llft1Jot~ifi.iE1lliJlt • ~-f-1t:i!tfil-*~•-*~ ±t!!!Rtl:l.A.i:lq5(~$1JJl (To 11 ed Cordons): J3:1if~R1lliJltfr1~J:EIR~l¥Jm1f AD ~:'i:~R-ro :i!tfil-*~•@~m::;r-lj§fjs-trBJ*~::;r-lj§lj1¥Jtitt. ~•st1¥J~RPJ12J-:1Jt-®, 1£1.fr~F~•strBJ, f,!ij* fU0~1!£ B PJ!2A/f-~R oi3:1if1!JljJl'. Bt2~t]~&l(;if$~r!JJlJf*tji;j, §5'cf 1986 i=Ffrffjj\~ (Bergen) ~ff, ~iX£ 1990 i=Ffr!~Jtirpm (Oslo) fU 1991 i=Ffrt~lli!®F~ (Trondheim) ~1r o fj::jg-~:J!t~~ :00!1¥J~JS!f 1J:ct:, ;'1s:11JiJ!jt Bt~~ 0AJ'JT*)t, :3f li::tEJ'JT=ff 1¥J~®~r!Jr:J:ixmii•=ff J'Jfr~o ::tE&: $~#MI o. s ~~~•1¥J£xmin:1:1¥J 12%r~. ~MP*~• i. 6 ~~. in:l:r~ 5%o ~•m xm~•1¥J-~filt~15-1'-~r!J1¥J~tt1f*o J3:1'-~lt1¥J-1'-/f-~~~£~T•~~•-rwsm±~ofr~Wlt1¥.J~r!J~, !2Axm~~ jg§ l¥J s m*•~nrm±i!!.£~F~~xtl¥J o~-1--;f§*Ef1/f-fU~~£~•-r1¥J~1:~1!xm1'~m. ~•-r1¥J~:1:•~xmM~l2A&~•r~1¥1*~ofr~:l:*l¥1M~r.•~mfftth~1¥J~~ ~&D:ff61'-~R-r~'.oo:-1¥J~Rr~o~LOOW~l¥J:i!t~~--*~-~PJ'2A*~§Z9J:ffiLM~ -~#1¥11I~*~~tt~ml¥11J~. 12J-•RL~~~~~o@£,~ffli3:#1J~l¥1~WTPili~~ lli!®F~f)}ft,D jg1J~®~1f~#l¥.J1JLZ9J$ C±D=* § §J1J1¥J~r!J) tR:~-®~R-ro -®~r!J~f~~l¥J~:EJ.~#. ~ffJ3:#~•-*~~jg~~oW~. B~#~iliff*~fifil 1¥Jmmm~~*~~1¥Jxm~~.mttm~.~m~m•~•1f~J3:1'-~~mm.A.~*~~1¥J xm~:OO!~tUo 1-- flf1;1:rnti!i:i!fiiEitil]Ji (Supp I ementary Licenses): i3:~iJi:~U1E~*$m16,~lllt-ffftlll7tWJitITTt'¥W iiE:;t fm:lttA t'¥ JE [8)B1; l*l ITT ilU* 0 i~ ~ ~JE ITT~ :Ufil ft - JE l'f Jl'.J: t&~ -f- $m 1l'.ffl '.?R Jjlj ' tm :!)fi!Jiffl JE T ftW:lttA$mITT'.?Rru, ~~:tE~tr:lttAm~ITTAom~~it~§~oi3:#~m~J:~ITT~~~ ITT~•~ll'.~'.?R~ITT, ~~~~:tt-t-~~:tt~m~mwm~:Ittfi~~ITTJ:E~,:tt~m~~wm ~~F•&tr~iffilITT$mfi~o~~m~~ffl~fi~mffl~ITT~I~•~~~~~mo~~ :l:ffi'.ITTt'¥ilfiiE#JUJ.lJ/l ~~ 6 o Iii!Jn:f/t-T J975 $]};Jfffffi/%:M!fof i1 iiEf/J!flft, N $ tE#lJ //JIJJ1/a7:iitA cpI/)/%tfJ$f/!ff!JI.fJ!1#1!!/if i1iila tEffe1f:iitAJ¥f/J!/!%:Mtf!N o ~Jlf!lf-?-tiU!f, f!lf-?-tJ,'ffp/ff11if.if'fNf#1f!fof i1iiE;::fd£i!ii!itfJ JJ1/a7fiifJJ/a 3Zili flll'r»!N fJfftfJ3Z:iff1 t!l!2:iitff_ff{[fJ!!/, i1JfiiHJ£tfJ$f/!fflititll!f!$ :fftfJl, !lb'il:fftJti1J iJPffef/a], M:@/!f{Jtf P;fft(Jl#Jfj;;X;~3ZM!fFiflJ!l!tfliiEifff, ID-TXifi1Jfiitfjjffj!If a w 1fN tfJfl Iii/Jn fJt (jg !r/1 f/J!/!ft-Jfl tEIi N]}; fofr iif ifffJI!:iit ff f!ff i&JJi iJJfl tE _!fl if!!i11!11.111& 7: 30-9: 30 ]};Jfff, ]};JffffJ.JJ~JJ U/if;X; 7 ~~~ffli f/J!/HfI&f/fJR/if/c8 $f/!fftfJti!JA, JE/Iii f/J!/f/iJRl!f/a7 Jif:i!i~ JO: J5 a J989 $ 7Jj/if, J(Jf//Jn 7/ffE#J'J//Jltfl/flif/J!/a JiiJ]Jl rLp 4: 30-7:00, 61'-jj fl) !ifJZc&YJ rLp 4:30-6:30, J9941F J JJ!if, !fifi1iiEtflf/J!llft!!l1i ±x, fJJ;Lp 1.-30 ~rLp r 6: 30 (Jj!.Jf!j/, -r rLp 3:00 f/fJR), {fj-Sf//Jltflt&J!jfj»ffx'fff a -r J975 $f/J!/J£ _fjl#f'J//Jltflt&J!ffe#;X; fIJfi!ff 3 JflifJnfJtx (ft 2 JtxJ, /if7/ti2i!i 6 ~JJtfliifffJZ~#J'J"Jfl/ 4 l!i/Jn:l/txa J9801F 3 JJ i&YJ 5 J/j/J!JfJtXo ft J994 $±7(]};/j!fifi1iJEtfJf/Jfjlf[Jif, ±7(tfJJ!/fjifJJ1J!;XJ 3 Jfli!JnfJtj'G, 1t±7(tfJJ! JD (_!fl JO: J5 ~rLp 4:30, !Jljf/j/\_ffl JO: J5 ~rLp 3:00),;X; 2 l!f/Jp:f/t;iGa J3-7Jjfff, /fff;J/tj{!,J! tfJ$f/!ff, J!JtE !EN$»!Jtt&J!, JI; rp fiJ, !f!iff! lf1$, /Jiit $$Jt$ JiiJJ»f#J'JftW~¥]};ff!£!!, o {fj-@$$£.A fxJx;X; 7 j{!,J!jjfA /Iii f/JI/IXi!if/i)jifL~$, ;X; 7 f!/jJf.jgjrji]jJffi, fl MJc i1fl!, J!jjfA /Iii f/JI//%tfl!Jl if/J$fJZ 1fZ..'3Z$, i!!<JP$, Iiif!/J$~a »! Z..' ffJffifr$ Nt&l/Xiii.A$ 2 f{ftfJJ!JDa Cf/J!/ !%:MtflfffftRBtiJ J975 {Ftfl 5. 5-Sf7JZ..'!Jl:ff/f;pfflj J975 fFtfJ 7-Sf7JZ..'!Jl al!ifJnfJti!£JffBi2Hi!/% fJ jg ~f/Jljlft, #Ji &j£Nm fJ if/Jfgfj!!ftfJ rt!, T F Jt ft H1fifJllf5 tfl!fif i1 iJE, # lifnt:iit-ffejJYE~rt!, -TiJfJff Jfxjff/*!Ji a Iiij;piJt;Jgjgjrjif/f!Jlft, jtJ!;Jl (!ffiE 7 JJ1j's]g fJJ/;JgfJ;MJl 1t 1ltfiftJIJ ;Jg !Wlfi.Jt!J iii: ~~~ 7 cp C 0 1 I !%ffi3Ziliiff8, #Ji 1Prf11C•/%ffi-Sf±t!$i1!fiU#tE 30Z..'!Jl/111l10 !$.i!if]};ff!fifi1iiEf/J!/lftRJll!i!JP iJt.i;J 1fJ3ZiliJ/£Jilffi-11/l:ff, t:ffififtJIJ]};Jffff!Vt!.¥!ftJ; fiX8#7/f3Zi!iJJiLt!/cp~ff! ffiJI;ft!J-@J!JJfff ffi_R#, jp j}J1f;/JffiXili t!fJ!l!, f.!!Jf!i Z..'3ZfPit/!, ~ftR ffi &Jfffi i'ftXiliiif fiY, fJJJ!JtJ¥f/J!//%ig(fjg N~~JfffiJP1!/!!11fffffiffe#J/£Jilo33-~~Nffi&$Jlfi1fmP#~~mi112ffi&;/J{H~J;$ MIJ:J;)a ~~~~:l:ffi:ITTi3:#~&~~®B:lttA~~~~M~ITT$m~N•ff~~~o §~B~~tt T~~~fiITT~&, ffi~~&ff~:Ufilo~#~fiITT~&£~~~mmfi&ITT~~~~~ffl~~ ~~ITT~iffil, ~~~•Mmmfi&ITT~~~nfil~~ITT~mam~, ~~~~ITTtr~~Wfilft W:IttA•WmITT~~.~~~~ITT·~~-~~Wfil~~:ttmmfi&ffi~~-®ITT~~l*l~mo illffif$~~-*~w~~Wfilo~ffltr, ~,-~~iffilITT~~~~~ITT~tt:tE~OOL, 13.:tE~:iiim ~Tt~;t o ~~iJillft;IJo~ilfiiE#JiJ&~~~~~iJ~:Ufil¥.f~±~ IOJ~o ffi.ttITT r:fl 1 L.'~ ill ~-f- * 1974 if:J!i>l1l'.ffli3:~if#JIJ&, 1El.~•~&ff~:Ufilo 7'JT~1~ 90%ITT3'JtJf~:~J!i!:M1ilitw~ 400 ~<g ll!LvL J'JfwPX:*~~~'~'~A 6%0 s • /ljjf:ff/j?/ljj, ;ttj,'f!J 69 ft!T-1.t@:in~1t~*~1E (Electronic Road Pricing): rt-=f1-tJ1!ni&•*m£li5t:lttB"JIR~i& -~~. &£filW~B"JW$-~Amm~~-Ef{_J§~. IRmf~OOM:ltl:Ada~~IR~~fii& •8"31litl~. f:§.-=f1-tmni&•*g1t£M:tE-1JlHfflR~P-J1tffl8<.J;fJLf9J$~1ri&•B"J1litl~o 't8"3±~4'if fil£~$*8~f9J~*m~n~i&•omtt~~~-·~~1Rm~~~m8<.Ji&•~m.~~a -~HtB"Jil!~i&l&ll~•ffl' IPJ~:fM~FtJ!Hffil!~~:ltt1ri&• E8f:i3:1-t~·11. rt-=t-~mnfft~ 0 m~Tli~~B"Jrr~xmW~B"J~~o m~B"J*mm~*a~~IRP-Jff~B"J*mmtt~~an~~n~B"J~n•~~.~~m~ ~m~B"Jffi@•~oW$~m~tt:tE-~~~.~~~B"J~m~£tt#~B"J&£i&•~~~B"JCfil ~t7)oW$rt-=t-mni&•tt#B~ili~am~~~.fil~tt~•B"Jrt-=t-mni&•tt#~filB"J £a 19s5 ~B"JwiiL :13:m~Trt-=t-m~~i&•tt*B"J~1r·11, 1iia:'3~~J&¥i!~~wx~1j;~. $*£E8f~t7M~B"J~A~~Ef{_J~~.@~-~00£~~0A:fffi~:i3:#*m8<.Jfftm~~ ~tto~~mtt~:Jtttt#M*T~aB"J~~c~~aw~~). mawmd~~~~rt-=t-mni& •*gJtfJJ~,R.£-1-it:J()J 0 !1ZmT ffflmtt;t7Jit;, itr:J; F/j rmhl/fzJtJffJfl!t~fif, # iE:iilti:Jc§m"iiffiiI rt o ik@tt ;t~p(flpflj~ffe,ff~~,x~F/!,R~~it**~~$M~h:i!l&MHMm~ffl$$$JJ~a fl7xJC, f!l 7?:f/71£,,.*fJfJfJLr. t/JJl£JCkJFmo r!liim1J~mitr!l!;X;:Jc£tm!;#!Po $Y/'!P$/XJ/ffjJ!1(0ff-Vehicle or On-Vehicle Metering)o $J'f&if!!/JlXif~J:ll!IJ!Jfit!Jfj{;Jg $M:iilfjjj{jjt!, #/£ rpYe if jf!Jl rp#filfXifjJfJMfPmm l/fzJ!tlN2 it]!Jl fjjJj #J!PJ/; ft/!, i2:Ml/fzJ!- 0 #l/fzff!f-fl(fPfljl!!JMmhml/fzJ!!/11€-if!. oik!1';/Jii/£ 80 :!Flti!f;iffm?FliifPfll if'!Pff!/?Xif-1-/Llliiff tt~~mm~, ~$fJfm0&:/Jt~F/!,rl/fzJ!ffifJfxJCm~ntt~A#~~'f'!RifH!Jl'f'mKJC #~$Mmff~M~m~#oN~mM$~fM!l!Mk$L&M*E,1£$Lx*--1-BN~# ~m~M*K(0&Jl--1-N~mF/!,7Fff), 3~J:lh:i!li2:Em&M*EIJ1, *&~JfE!PJC 111, 3 r?:mJtz!ffJF!16'gr& 01!l!!#! l!!JfYEJPm 0 ,81/kH!n~f~l/k:/¥ (Point Charging or Continuous Charging) o jl}j:jff/}gfj{Jjtj}l: l!Ul!!f($ f}JiJ.:&J:lil:ill~if!!/.P.::iilffl/fzJ!iEJllliIJ!:iilAJnr!!JfJfl/fzJ!!%fftflf~J:lh:i!l*EJf£, JC#1$L lfJ[ J!*E:iilfi~fJ!lfJ[J! o .!if.f'!.?!ff-!1';/Jli;Xif$Mmi1fhfPfll~fft!l!Jfsgjj{jif!!fo f!lJlXif i!f$ itJIA* -tJt, rkm x~Jt11J*w1*t&rf!J°mlfJ[J! o !fU--1-7.Ji/;XiffPml!IJMmnm l/fz.R ttuJEM, m fPitl !JZ»J/jf/j~JM~fEl/f[J!pj(f£-fj?f'!.?o /jf/JEfft!R!Pii!Jffftlff (Fixed Rates or Variable Rates) o §JtftEA. mff/lfllJ!J};Jjl!IJ!Jf!!llft <5f~$j$JJJ!ff0~fft#l/fzJ!mfff11J1, -@~!ftmf'!.?X1TffflM!%JJ!ff~~fft#l/fzJ!,XifrA!P ~#M!1'l/fzJ!;/JlL !ff1ff!l!K ;&, f!l!fU1ff!l!JJJ :/itJ!l/Jll!Pl;#!P o ~~filM=~= ~~~B~~filT~IRi&•*mB"J~•~tt~~~mB"J~A. &m~TM ffiM~•B"J*m*~.M~:lttfiM~~--. ~m~~~B"J~-M~B"Jtt~o~§~~~. ~ ~~8"3~1Ri&•*m~m&@ffl5t:ltt8<.Jtt#ofil~@ffl~ftfil~: 5t:ltt8<.Jtt#:f£~~~1Ri& -~~8"3±~~~. U~£:13:#tt#*~A~:l3:#mho:l3:m~Mi&•*m~~OO~IROO~& ~-~oo.~~~oo~&~•~a*~oo.~~hoo~m~m••~~~. #Hmtt~m ~~~~-OO*•··~··*W~~m••·9=100~$m•~~#I~~~.:fr9=100. §~ ±•*•efi*~m.~~~m~~~•oo~*•~~m••~oooo~•· ~f•~~•oo0 ~*-~M0~~*~~m~ID~$~~~~-OO*•~m.•m~:fr~M~~-*~~- 1ttl&. ~mi~#1ttl&~f:t21ttlmZ;JJ*fJIH1f~1P~~~i 00. *•@•T**li~moo~m~•tt~. ~@li~~moom~~*~•••f9=100*~~ $. 7-JT 1£fitit. :frOO 10 9=1~u~T § 1960~1990 ff±D**li00*00~~11f:!fH~'tllH5t. tt-00 **IJ:l:-fu~OO*-lf~W-ll~~fff~. §*-lf~~$00 1960 ff~*-lf~rvi:tmOO 1990 ff. JAOOifi~ •fim~vr**<A~oo~~~~oo~m~*W~*~~a•&ooffi~.fioooo~•*~•* *~~~30f]:::~~.rmB*~~~~~:fr-~11f*~~m~*W~•OO**ID~•~:tE-~ *~· ~~~.~m~~~-$~OO*~*~OO~•tt~*~Tmtt•*•m~m·~~:t2~ ;fJL~**-KOO;t~;i:t. 1000.00~---------~ <!'[J;!i!f~ 100.00 ml- ~ w; 1'!t ;fi: ~ -< If- 10.00 1.00 +-.- - - - + - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - l I 00 1000 I 0000 100000 ~~9=10000IDtt~~~rm•OO.§~ifiOO~~:frm~~~·OO~M.0010*~ifiOO•• •**liOO*~•oom:i:t.~JA~-OOfil~*~~2•~itioom~~~•oo~•tt·*•mtt ~**lioo*oo~m~m~•tt~mfi@•.~~rewitioo~mam~~m~i:pey~m~oo~ 6. 1 ~oo, wm wmoo~m!R:i~Ut*X 1J\, OO~ilU~ 1, 070 .If1J0If!, f.§.£:k$7t£t1J:f:tl!*ll/f:IS-€;-T An!H± oo~~·•*&btMOO•~IRR1f%.If1J0If!,~~~1fW$£m•~mOO±:l:tl!.rn-T~~ ·oo•~. wmoo•*±•~a@I~.~M•*~Ll&:l:tl!1Rtt•illmu.M2ofil~6o~ft Ll*· wm•~~•.If~-~~oo••&~m**·Au&Moo~~003oonA**~~~ 00 600 n A. oom6o~ft~AAmMwm~&oo•~~Auoo~•**·wm*~•~M•-*~oo~m ~±:l:tl!~MOOM~.~@~~~&OOMmmr, #H-~M~~~~-~-~m~±:l:tl!~m• ~£wm•~tt~--~~. #m~tt~30~~-:kOO~m~~R~OObtM~•R. ~-·•7W$~00R~.@£wmm¥•~~~~m•oo•R/f~--±~R$W1f• **OO•&·*AAOO~mwm~~~:l:tl!oo0~~m*~oo~~.:l:tl!oo0~~m*~ft70~ft¥ 1~ilUEI.• 85%00gillt. lzsl.tltft 1973 ~:±1€!'7-r~*i>l: mtt:A~i&••1J\R$tR¥*~J3.Jt1J\ R$W1ft00**: # Hft 1982 ~:ltl:-zv-~7 1J\R$00tR$, ~f.Pn'l~£~~00 (Jli!. ~~ 3 ~oooo>.~*mMW*•*~~.•~~moottM•Ll&ffl~ifhOO~mww~m~-*~~ r~1fm•*~~m~•*~~oom~. 1t 1986 ~oortr!R~~'N"t*•~~fr•'J\at 20~28 0-II! 111\at. ~w. 1986 ~ifJLZ9J$OO·l2!<~**· 1t3tmwmw-11z~l\7Fm0011:lJ&. ~~'J\st.If:f;)J $•Xr~¥U 22 0If!/1J\Bt(1993 ~xJl!~tl). wm~~*N~mbtM,±•~~frB*btOO~*:l:tl!w.¥AAOO~m~~~~7Aillt~ m)C:m*~OO•R£tt5tbtMOOmB. fr 10 if1~~1~wm*~& 7:1:-t!!r:/\:illt$iLm~m <MrR> oo •~· ~~ftl\7Jt, B~*m73*:1:tl!~~•-•~22onA~~goorl5Jillt. ~wmoo:l:tl!~ ~:7gfil~±·~~OO:l:tl!~*m, &£~-~•mtt•~~A*·~-~~ill•OO:l:tl!~*~-~ .tlt~Bt' nft-r ~J+l~N% (KCR) :iitt~:EYl±•~N%~/''l1-t*o•~-*@$iL*~5E <•~ill·:/\:~"J n 100 A11z> re~~*1tM¥1Jm1R!lrm1JT~:l:il!1R r'i5'J•:&:•oo~m. ?JT1fOO:l:-t!!~~@$iL*m•£rn~~ tl.0i'fJ?JTW1f ~~£•. ~Wfrtt~ 15 if:~, 5*±-~$iL~M<*N:/\:~"J 100 0If!)/fltJTJ!~*ll3t~. fJ:l~0~R *· 1J\E*11:±1fll$C5HJ1JJJ:l'f!. 350 n. 110 n*o 100 nA<1zoog~•>m~2iim7±-tm0~)C:m ~-5~Ll±l¥Jillt. §~W$0~R*•*~72W. •r@J•**.If, 0~$1Jt5tOO~mw W1J~ft-~~N±*~70~1¥Jill•.mtt~~~E~•~m&t:±l@$~•~<*~-~ 110 Wi) ~1fr~~l¥1%Jt, **iiE0~R$1¥11Jt5tif5l. i:f!.$*11.m~it:fr ft. 7 0-~~:ii*~JE. F,JT1ftl •0~0i'fJ16'~~ftli&Ht-tfflf11¥JWWr:itl:ff~£•. wm§~~mLl1f~~oo~m~~~~~0~~m•*~$~~~-~~~•oo~*-~ ~M•*m•~~~±*~· 0~*~•~-~r@J~~hOO*~-&~~~~m~m~~~oo A~fr~OOmM.~m~mfr/fWT•~.@~&~~~-~~m~~~/f~M*MBOO.mZ9J $W1f•OO**Ll&w*ffi@OO~mwm~w~~~0~R$.~E~lli@$OOill••*· § :tc$:~Ef(]~r!J3(Jm.:fl'-m i:f:1, ft:'f!f~3itlr:37tlAff-! Ef.Jj;:fJf/Hl}J: Sock-Yong Phang (~,IJ~#t), George D. Esguerra 29 (J:b*jffi]E.),Rodney ].Stickland(~~), Bob C.L.Lee(i:f:l®E!~t)o I - WJ"'rlitlfETilf$3t:tm~'rttl1J-~, ;tt9,~HJ51;'V§i$~5t 1~•• <r 1985 :ff=:'rlitlfE1_§_3=f*~nffi) to~m:tm 1r• (~11NJtftl:t1EJ!1!!~*11¥Ju;f¥), 'AH!t1~H?0~3timiE~~~ 0 6. 2 noo, Dl.m'l &:IJIXl¥J:IJIXm±±i!!%Llffl/3tim*mJ!W$9!E:IJIXrtrl¥J~J\l~iJ:lltlli](W:1l~P~:Jl*1¥J;f~j\o11':7'J[ll!J W&~m:1¥J::k:IJIXrtf, ¥JZ.:IJIX1m1f 1, 700 7JADo 9 1 L.':IJIXm1¥J~m:B~~flH1!':1ttl~JJffil¥J~1tw?fi~'rttl, rmJJ~®~l¥J~m::7t;;{JJr:IJIXrtr >'r~ 1¥JJJ_£:1J1Xfiio ~® JJ.£:1J1Xfiiimtt~·t'±~~l¥J~R~to0R~.EJ 9 ,c,,:IJIX ;J'!tii~o 9 1 L.':IJIX*~ir*&7'112101!!.1¥J4 ~±i!!~~Rtllru~1!!11¥J03t~MH1g~ 422 ~~ to 8, 700 mn±f::) o ~rm, &:IJIXl,W.:tE00111E1¥Jii::kl¥J3timfPJ»filn: B~:bllli!fiJl¥J3timfmt'to :tt~m~m:1¥J~M.M~1¥J~n*•*•*u, [ll!J~~&~::k$:7tA~~m~n±f::o~~ M&n•n±f::I~1¥J~•~~T~~. fioo•mre~m:n±f::r~~7'1~•~m~~~*~~A 1¥J1f~~~o7'171f~rI~l¥J~m:. •m~oo~n±f::~~*~~m~. #H•~•~&~;tt ~~$~ffl•o~~~~A*fl¥Jm~.~~oom~~m~±f::tm1f•M~~:l!***oMl~5 :ff=:~*· &:IJIX~$~4ij:ff=: 20%1¥J:l!&i3imo ;tJL~$f~$:l!ilJ-,A 1989 :ff=:l¥J 3301!/1H1tr~jiJ J,W.:t£1¥J 20 01!!./ !J\131 o 4ij~·~~~jiJ~ilJ!a11¥J3tJmfmfJfJ_ffi~o 83r9 L.':IJIXADW&7'J 18, 000 A/f1J01!!., 1 JL3f¥j1f1i!Jti:iH~3::fSJl¥JPJ~~. ?fi~&•re ttah•9~~·*~*m1¥J•~~o~ITff,*~m*OOJ!!Rl¥Jfmf1fl¥&¥j1fff:W~fio~ ±i!!~4ij~:t£[ll!JilJ!Bt~P~fmfff, ffi1fl. T 500 7J AiJ\1¥1~•· 1£!~1ft~A~J!~~~~$:fr~~7fst (~ ~-ffi~m~•)o~M*~~·~~~&§WJ"BM•ill1¥Jrtr~.mPJa:tE~~~m~m*~l¥J *Mo~~WJ"-~.~~*~1¥J~m:#~ft-~*OOJ!!R1¥Jtmf1fl¥&. ~7'JM~m*l¥J3t:tm• ~11!·11c SM 83r~**~W-:P~l¥J±i!!OOJ!!R3::i'SJ o 83r3t:tmtmf1f1¥Jm*· 03t*ml¥1*~-n:tt::k•*•~o~*m:tE•mmfEl¥Jm~®~ Rr. 83 90 %tlA0EJffi.~~~. ffi1fl.T4ij~ 1, ooo 7JA1J\1¥J~~-(S,8,l±Hf•l¥J 40%), :1f H~1ffl~ff:1PJ ~B':frM' *1tiA7'J A=ff 00 ~ff-;fff-fl1¥J[ll!J~:$0¥o {!:IJ!3timfmf1f 1¥Jm*, 1!$:l!~f~, ~~**f~1t, 51m*~~rtl*~tlAA:$tlll±\lll$, ~3&T~~iitll~fft451.:A!¥J•~o !JlJBt 03t±f:::l!!¥J~f~mtu T ~~ 1VG*to!*~tJj)tJ;'f, m~~•1¥Ji3i• (4ij:ff=: 5%) to1VG*l¥Jm:JJu (4ij:ff=: 15%), &•*~ 7 7f-WF03C:~ JiH!i!:tmtti:ti 1L.':IJIX1¥Jni:Dffi, ~r:rytttt:M!!tl!~T 03C:±f::l¥J±f::J£, IPJl1'tfil ri&51T1J\n$*~~rtl*~03'.C:$o &•~•n$I~l¥JpjG~~-:tE~IE%~$®A~w*A::k~~l¥JIPJa1, m~~~~l¥J~ m:m~~1¥Jmnmm~~m~®~§o&:1J1X•m:tmtt~•*~*•@mn1¥Jtmf1fl¥&. #Hm 111l*~l¥J:frM. tl!~§WJ"{J)ffi:ffl.Ji::k~~•1¥J0~3t:tm1¥Jm*l1!•0 03t1Jt5tl¥Jni:M!!m03t$ ®~~~~$1¥J~fflm1f~~. ::kC&~fiT03tl¥J*~·~®~~l¥JpjG*, ~~tt•m~o 6. 3 ~oo. 3£~ !f.tl-~rB1H1~If~¥iiJ:iil (Chao Phraya) 1¥Jf~*Lo ft 20 tlt~2.tJJ, !f.tl-.±~1¥J3(:im1J:r\J!¥iiJillo rur•~1f•~•~&WW1¥Jm~.:IJIXrtr~m:-n~r~~W1¥Jtt~oiE!R~1¥J~filJ!Jt~1¥J .±T-J!!(::k$:7t¥G~*l¥J Khlongs f1rW•;;{JJJi) ~&::k•~1VG*ml¥J, ~ffij~ittJl¥J:stRo :IJIXrtr ~$,[it,1¥JADW&$X~. @:tE:IJIXrtrl¥J:ii1¥Gl:51R~W&~JE., ~·~¥1J~l!'rttl, .A.DW&1l!f~o s · Jl/Ff:Sfft/IJi, x!J,=& 73 9=1tbA1N~$#1~:l::tEtt-*i¥110 i:F9=1i:F±iH~$~:it 33%0 Jtrti:i:OO:ili 50%1¥J;fJLZlb$ (75%1¥J1N~ $)ffMtE~~o~•~~~i¥1**•~.@mZlb~*fffi~W§~~~.~~:tEmZlbti-::W1f:it ~m~~w~~~**~m~~m~-ft"Mo~~~i¥J•~m~i:F~**~~. &~•tts i:F;fJLZlb $ JC:J1!1:1:wc O-:lf o ~~xJ1!1]UJtli51Aff § 1¥1~ B£7C~::ft£1¥JJC:J1!1W11fo s~rnl*Jf:l.5J$•::fJE. 10 01!/ 1J\", # iEtE~~~1tfrto :=j~JJ!MJC:J1!11J:r\ (:flll:l:t!!J~~) 1¥JfliR:::E l~t&~~7f~i¥J:i§~1Fffi1!~ s ~ 16 1J\" § 9=1;1)~~>7r 20 01Emlll*J:f.5J~-TJC:J1!1W1Jf~~o ~T~:l:i¥J~MJ1!1~W*RMill*, ~~~*~1f*•l¥10~JC:•W*o•®~1f~~$ R•~$1¥Jiliff~Rft*•0~~$.~0~~$.W@$.~R;tt~03C:1J:r\~·~=~ili @$~)o0~~$-~m~~O~i¥Jgill;l:,fil~JC:J1!1W11f•-Fm.#OO~::f~**i¥1~A 1J\~$R-~$1¥Jj=jfi~o ~®~B~B~m~#illffT*:l:i¥1~~.#:tEtt-*i¥J20i:Frti•iliT~$1f**ill:l:gill JC:•~R~rn~•m••~1¥J•~o-*~m~Amm1¥J0~JC:•tt~B~•~.fil~~1f ~•IEmA~ffl, tEiEtEillffi¥1~~~§9=1, -~~~~ffltt~o~•-®~§§~~ft~~ fOO, 1E!.1JHm'MilittEJ.1*o ~r!J·t1c•mll!l¥J•~·51Aff §, ~-JJ!ll!~~BmAillqf, 1E!.W$ JC:JZ.r:JfiltE~]~IJ~-~o *W*•~* § 0~~tbA~~1JOO, ;lt9=1&t£Mi5l1EJ.1*. ~1~~ ~ i5lm**~1IOO~ffiT*•l¥1~mo~·~~.~®~•mM::ffil*ftM*~J1!1~B. &W~ B~1W1Jf::f~i¥J~r!J9=1;Li1 ~ 51A£$1¥J~J1!1:1: o §W~*JC:•±~1¥J#m••~a~m0~3C:J1!1*~~.~•*m~~A~~ti-::~mmff ~•· mam•~AM~~§mi¥J#oom•~Am•~· a. 4 ¥.Ji:ho~ j[1J0Jtt£-~1N~iill~OO~c Ar:J 300 ~. 00f9' 630 f/J01Eo ~T;!O!R~i¥J~:FJI{.IL.i'.~m r::1>rrj[JJ0Jtt~1f£$1¥J~~-~. ~~j[JJ0Jtt-1'l*lf)(~i5l~11.&51>rr-mmff1M~~. ~iM!~. rm~~1Jooi¥Jmm o 13 60 i:F1~ ~*j[1J0Jtt~1mi:F**-*:it B%o §60i:F~fflM,jf~Jtt•7f~mff±~~ffl~~~i¥J*~~~oOO•ffe•I~~~R~m 0•tt%~(~8~1¥J•Bm~T~m)1¥J•~otE~~"*~~Aili@±~ffl-f-jflj~.tt%~ R-~~-1¥J7f~-~ojf~J:ffi:03(~Jt. #A1f~Mi¥JJC:•~·o 0~0PJ::f£~i5lm?JTW1f•£~i5lm?JT1Kl• 0 2~~* 66 0JE1¥J~~~•a 19s1-1990 #m:=!Mb~0PJJiJTW1f ~~}~ 0 ;lt~--ffl~$mi5lmilim, ill~!JXAR~~~:fH}~ i:F7fJ1!1, mmo~~*~l¥1m-w•~~-~iE:tEmff~oi5lmB~~*•~~~*m~•~~~*m ~;!t~~~i¥JJC:J1!1•*ojf~J:ffi:0~~$3(J1!1±~m~*0PJm~~. §W0PJ•~o0~~ $$1f03C:~fflJJ!,3(JZ.r:J03C:~*~*•o~*~"9=1E:tEmtt~~~~~-~~m•m*o ~r!JJJ!MJC:J1!1W1JfJJJG~±~fOJBo Yil7M*31!MJC:•W11f, 1975 i:Fi5llff mA 10 i:F1~ffl, ~-~~~~filM~<~~@6)oliW£:tE~~-~-. ffl1tm~'.i:~om•~•mi¥JmM~ ··~~Wti-::~m.mM&~~Mili~o~Treti-::M**-*~M:tE~~l*J,t£fil~~ffl&i¥J~ "~qf$MIEWHf~iMo 1990 i:F~fil > W:J!kjf$~§7t&,~filJ1!1tt07f1?3tff>~~W:l!kif~filo 1995 i:F 10 J.f 1~$MW:l!kif~iiE (ttf::l:tE 1. 0-1. 61) 1¥Jj8~1fl'~:it 30, ooo ~7G. ~1JDL:1t~i¥1 *5L 1995 4 1 mi:p;f~{XEfJ!N\$~~~ffl'~•J! 90, 000 ~jf;, j;::g"J:~J~IJ~ffl'~l¥J 5 f~ Om1Jn:!Bi:IE 1*11' 1:tz: 1-\ $ , Jifi :ff 1¥31-\ $ ~ iW Fi=J IE )'Hti: P ) o *•~-~~~ffl'~~-~~~M~T~~:!Bi:1¥J~-mmn5tmmm.a5tm~~~. •~ 1Ht-t1¥J;ffli;IJ$$Jlf-:l::>JJ!jlj 30 0£/ iHrt 0 *•mmJ;J~Jff~1JnT M~43LA, :ili:JLif*g{j d=1¥1J ~m43l1¥J1~, J;J~m5tm~•1¥J•~•~r•~*•o ~wc&~~~J;J)~~:!Bi::tE*•~~L~~T~~. m~m~®~*mm:ff•m•.5tm ~--~1¥J§:A1¥JffihoM:il1:1¥J~••~*~: ~~:1Bi'.4~-~•*ml¥J~tt:frfi:ff~el¥Jf /%i:f ( §f!fj;::g{j 86%1¥JA Pr.5tt:tE•~0-i:p)' 3=ffi:ff-m1Nl\$ (§f!f ~4ij 10 Afi:ff-m) 0 X>J:Affl3% A*iJlJZ:R~:!#:*~. ffi~JffM:ili:~~X>J!lt:ff?fii9Jf'l==o :fr 1996 48&:-=K "tlt:1H~~005t m*~JE (A World Class Land Transport System)" i:f, ~Jffjf(-J,l:'fmu~mmn•~ (fili/f-eLtE i:p~~~~~Jlmn1¥J•W*••*mfi:ff*f-~4il1A1mo:tE!lt~~-~~•*•~m~ 1ttl1¥J~•1JJ1U~ 13 rn5tmm~~o ~.:rmn43l~*~it~1J:fr 1997 ff-::~•o it~1J:tf-eL1150~5tm *~i:&:i1!1J.&mt~ Fi3i:f11)~~ rQ] 41'-{'Xi:f 1L.•l¥J~f$0 6. 5 ~~~. ~~1li ~ft~.1il~¥1~q~l¥J1t~. OOfft 636 f-110£, AP 890 7J, Fi3 81'-~m& 91':!:-t!!1J§¥€1~ Jff~ll~o ~Mt'rl¥JA P ~if:IEA P 1¥3 13%, if:IE~m AP 1¥3 1/3 , g}$tz:f.lld=lif:IE 1¥3 1/3 o Mi::W § Fi3'8iffi)1¥J~tf, 1990 ff-::~$7f:!lil2[3to J;J 71tM*:!:-t!!1¥J1\:$~~~. ~Jff~•T" A ~:jffl:fff-C$1'ri9J (People's Car Program)" , f!{~$m:Jm:ff ~ftfflm:i!~-!fo fbA5tm?JTd=11¥J !:tWtl Fi3 1980 41¥3 26%L3t3?Jl:frl¥J 35%0 :fr43t41E i*J11:$I~l¥J 80, ooo m1J•1\:$lj!j~i:p, £"1 2/3 ®f-C$ff:M3f:tED;Mifrftffl o fbA;fflZ9J$:Jm:ff:I43t41J. 12%®J!J!lJm~, ~& 7 :ili:JLff-::1¥Jm nmH~h1¥J••· 5tmmms~&~Mifr5tm~mo:tEI~5tm~oo. ~~~~ml91$-ft.>J $J!f~r 100J!/1J'~ o :!:-t!!TID 05t:fr~ Mtl d=l 0~5tilll£{g:xf f:iJ:_]l, I~ Fi3:A:I1¥JfbA:Jm:ff1¥JE ff l:±Hll.$ (jeepney) ~0~11:$m~omm~0~1-\$5tilll~~Mt'r0~5tm1'm%~1¥J-$%oM.l::W~•~~-. 05t0~,ft~~0~1\:$0~:A•*~' $~fil:A:ff*~o ¥:fr 60 {ff~, :tED;MtL5tilll!tM~~i:p!]9tB!Pfrlf51A~m$JLm5tilllo ~WmtI&~5-lC fH:fr 1984 4~Mt'r:tE~:fr5tilllM~·ttl¥J5tm~oo•~T~-**l!lJ;J 15 01!1¥J~$JL~~~. 4lj:7(1_§ ffi_ 400, ooo ,AJ.Xi¥J~~·o ~W § 1991ff-::IJ.*$~-]1J1H~=:tEf~ff)-6 ¥f=tt~Jf;(O. 22 ~Jf;), fH~* C-=B43LA~1I*~ili3ltl:lzJt) -OJf*t-J::tE i. 5 , J!¥1JTt1tJf-~m!fJLm5tm1¥J~~*f- o JZ: rf 43LA~5%J\:f~ 3l tl:l )'~, fJJ~~:ff ~1i9i:i1t ff~ 4Hff IS, fHffiijiJt)tfi!P1~xt43l@J o ~$JI.~~~!:&~ 7 ~ Mt'l~mttm:, ~*~~~mfti:&~IJ.&~$JI.~nill~M~1¥J•ft7f/to ~Mtt1¥J5tm~BI~~~r0~5tm~~-mmn~~1¥J~~omZ93*5tm~*J;J~A~ K$~r1=lmn2~m:A1¥J~-'llftl:lm$mI$, ~fftl:lm$~B:frttB1¥J05t~nL1T~om-% ®~*~s~•~.m~-m5tmww-OJ1'~~. ~~tl:l~n.&:ff!3~~~1¥J5tmwwa•~ m•. ~~mn5tmmm~m&.JZ:~~05tm%*-f*-~~~oJ;JTM~sAmm1¥J~m xm. 1995 4 12 J=J:ff*1¥J5tm-tf!Hl*~7~~ 1J,~$M!1Jixx%tr~m•o ~4-J;Jit, ~J~fil!I •~•1¥J~•~~A•. ~!lttt~re1Jixx%H~marm~05t$m.-eLmtl:lm$ 0 §~WW ~fiiJre*m'&ttfi:tE~mm~~•~& 1998 4 3 *~!fJL~~~l¥J7tio s • Jl/;{;1/j\Jl/i, jtj;:;t. 15 6. 6 :£!!*Will!. "E l!l:t&: a=R:11t~9='Tl:h:~fiffi.illi:.±~1¥J~~. Wi*ml43. oof9' 245 .sr-7J0.m. JdJ 130 Ji, :liJJ\!iJll ~ffl•~T*•~•~m~.~-m~.a=R:11tatt*~10~9='AQ***~.~~oo-~~ AA=**f~J~a•~ 8%~J::. (;~'Ji~~$I~£00%I~/t~~~~:i,:F.;t:, ~-@3&~$ffl'*l't~~f!£. § 1985 ~ Proton Saga(~$ifliAA!1?i) 51:iit~*~$1JfJ:fftIB:ii*:fJo, fru* 10 ~l*J;j:Jt79J$¥1M~~ti~ 8%~:ifil ~~*·~*00$.00:iil:Qfilfil~~-&~. A Q*:bo. ml431t1.K .sr-~•~-@3&"ER:11txmrm*~t:R::ii**· a•m~ q:i,r:.,!Rxmwm s~m~. ~-~~a~.±~xXQ~rmxm••*1T~~-~.xmmJmtt~~~*~~r ~~~~. •mm••~§ iru~9='r:Et•¥~JE~%~. ~•$f:•m9=' 1 r:.'1R~xmffi7J. El3r;tL. ANM~~A. m••~-~:iitff, ~®m•*W*~~~~-~. 0~~$£"ER:!Jt000~3tii.±~. ti~%~~€tlOOJiA~. fr°ER:l1t*ffl0~~$ -H~~li7£~~BWli7z~xm7J~.~~~-oo&~T•mxm~mJm~~.m•~&~ &0~3tii~£F.;t:.aMB~~~m:m~a:iit03tm*~·· *-~~ANM.aMtt~~~ Jf.JE0~~$. 9=' Efr:l)Jjtf!J~€3tii~f'Fffl' a•m9=' 1 L'IR&r•~~€~€~MH. aM~tiJfJ(: T a•m 9=' 'L'IR 51A03tf;Jt5tntflfil~iffr1~:K 0 El3 KTM (Keretapi Tanah Melayu Bhd) -~OO$Am~MH:liJli:~j1j:l,:©f £f,Jf, §115~=:%.-.5f-1T $Am~•~· $Am~~ft~R©T±i=::MJt~. ~Il!gr 1995 %PX;, **a:iil:T"ER:!Jt*~m!R~ m~m*.aM~tt~~M%JJX;"ER:11tOO$f:$JL~~*~· 2:%.-~*500.m~$f:$A.±~~£El3~ 1f 0~NM~Jl, t:vlitti:%.-~·~€af1~7Jli7 16, ooo A'IJ;.//J'~. it:1GIJ:f:E 1998 ~9H~J:l~€M~ ff5W%I.$f:$JL¥~00~MH~**m~03t¥~00~~~)J, #•&xii1JfJ:J1fOO•~.@~ mm~£$f:$JL¥~OO~§R~:f:E~X~$Am¥~.0~~**m~m~~~~~ttw. §OO~~~AA"ER:!JtmaMff~~~~~mttm••~£*~~~-~B§**003tii rm*·~.t1taM:iit1fT-¥JMJ\1:1G1J~it~:1ma 2000 ~ft 40%~;tL.Axm~~0~xm. m:8z -~1tM~~g€7J~WW00~~03t¥~.am§W*~~~~~*m**~m:~tt. ~:f:E ~Jt:oontMH~W*a•w•.*$~•~•*m~&~1Tm•~•· 6.7 i:flOO, ~:It '§'jtoof.Q 212 .sr-7J0.m, A Q 264 Ji. '§'jt- ITD:Etw. ®'l{ii*1.K¥PJ. :Jmm~lffi1tM. ~tt **¥PI. #mtt 10 ~~¥PJ#f--'=:7ilit-!!-~x1m•mffla. ~~ ~ooq:i,i:,,rJi~IR flz:r:Jmmoo9='ww. Ji5f± IR ~~X&r. tl.AtJtl43$3tiifr'Bit:Jmm3tii9=' 2:itliS:H!~flz:~. ¥1MJf:ft$ 90 Ji$§, /J,~$ 42 Ji$9, *~m~r•mg€~•~3~&2~.•mmM±i=::~t§W~a**· •~*~1nm~J::. W*£~7i7~~7J~$&Jf:ft$I~~~~. §Wfl~~&:ff~~$$§1Jfj:ff~a•.~m~A J.K.sr-oo•~~~~~--$~~£••· 03t7.K.5f-OO*~X-~7~AmM±i=::~ttM.:f:Emffli ~q:i,r:.,IR&.±~m~m•J::. xmmJ:J1f Bffi3Fm:. ~-~~:tJt29J±i=::.sr-~±i=:::ifil 15 0.m1 /1,at, .sr-•atfilfX:liJ 18 0111//J'~. --- I V1Z9J:$>f~ J'Dljl €! ~tJi)f 00 llfu l¥J x -x1U1L 0;ft R4t~~W$:f:m~~~~::f ~grliij JE f~ $ fffl *' fil1l :iiI W$, ~F~W$:tE:lflXml*J ¥1J~ PJ Jlt!,, ll*f~ T:lflXmJ!!R4til!1r~gjJ' 1Ji:I!IJ Txil!1JfHif :li:ilimJJ&Ht 0 ' ~~*~-~1¥Jm~~~~AJt~w$~o 0;ftr-\$~ t1Hll$£€l~tm-=E~l¥J0;ft3til!1Ji-\:, 1El:ffJ. 7 ~m 35%1¥J~:IE:iL lltr:ff 10 % § 0;tt1-1:$0ifJt.2~lf 3, 345 ~0;ttr-\$, 241 ~~fil1l, 7JUEl~€l~t~-lt:lflXm1¥Jxm~*o '@.3'15 :tEml 13fil:lflXma:&rl¥J l:l:Hll$, rJl:tE:tE€l~tm:IE~l¥J l:±:lfll$~".1 50, ooo ~o fEl.£0x~~~:®::f~grjiij JE1ffl;1(, •*M•*~o~T•M~~. mJJ&m¥mT-*~*~· .gm0x~mm.$am ,@.. ffJilil¥J$1*J~~. !3Z9J45l~*g1E~~n11510x*~o mJJ&Htl¥J-1-£:A § ~1FZ.-£i:~~Cf!f03t:Hli*M•. "1151*~ El3~lA3til!1JitttrPJ03t1Jito § 1988 ~~* 5 ~:J:i!!.~~fil1lJ'cf§f:t£Jt~i:p' :JfJmitft 1998 ~JGio ~-~~fil1l}]i:it~IJft 1994 ~NAim~:IE1r' fEl.El3T-Jt~.&~4&~1JOOl¥J!.*IZSJ~~R4t~:tEif.!liJ\i:?' fmit:tE 1996 ~to~=~ ~fil1l~~NA:!Effo §lltr~mm~mm:ffJ.1¥J~:IE•~s~~~:IE•~~o 6. a *~SIE~~~~a{J!iH~ ~8m*~m~1¥J**~:lflXm1¥Jxm~M~fil~.&xmwm~~~-~ffT~~o :!JiXm~OO% ±:!:if! 11'.J'IH~ 1M f\$I~~itr :!flXm$JLm*~ 07:Zfft7t /J,f\$Jll'l1tu ":ZiUJ!Hjj:~ t~ r:r oo , 7i!f m b a b b b b ~-00, ~X:!JiX b b b b a a ~ 00 ' _It :tt a a c a a d i[)JQ:!Jt b a b b b e ~HI!'.!~, lb Jl:J, ill a a b a a d .!:b*iffi~, "Elli:!Jt b b c c a a r:p !~], 5' ~ t a b c c a a i±: a t!i5EEf/f!/.if1f!il b !Ii e ;t;1fffIPf/f!/.if1f!il c !IiiEtEj}i, ff1Xf/f!/JI!IPf/f!/.if1f!il d t!i.if1f!ilmf!ft!JfJ!& e Iii.if1f!ilmf!ft!iJtJJ; ~~~~*~1l**~~1-xm~MM~•~::f~1¥J:lflXm,~*£xmwm~&ffi~m:Ao *~~mZ9J*~*~Z9Jr~.:lflXmmfil1l~~M~,mm~~~::fn.0xm**~*~· ~* £:lflXmxmi¥Jm&mm~~fil: ~mxm1¥Jm~~·~~xm~~1¥JmMm~T-~*~offi JX, ~1J1J~il!rlF~1¥Jm±-&~tu. $~W1f~11JU (1\\ZfflFJJJl¥Jffr~JJ&~J' $WHtffl~tU (fJJfflF 1JJ1¥Jm~JJ&•>· *~*~~1¥J0;ttxm. PJ~~B~M~T~m~m~•o ~~**~:lflXm~~r~~z.ooo~mxmmm1¥J~~~~~~:tE*:A~&~~~T-JJ&m :tEffl~,$~W:ff~~m,0x•**~~1JOOl¥J~~~~tm~&o ~~~~~m~~~~m~OO-~~!Rft$•Wfl~~L·F~. @~mffiOO£~~~~ ~MWfl*OO*~~~~**~~mm~A~oo~~fl~~#: ffl~fl~, x~~$~mr* 005&;f1:1:i!!.IR: x:l:i!!.1Jf\$I.'lrriHliH? o f£!£~;1J11~~m* 1 Li'IR~1ttl;fJLZ;IJ$f!ffl OOPX:J}J*o~~m ~OO*OO~fil#x~*· £~£mM~~m•~&ffi~~-•~tt.g~ttOOM*o mfloo~mft~m~M~~*~re~m~m~M~A~m. -®~mB~Wfl~m~m. ~~&~ftm~•~o ~~A~~film~tt•: •-.A~mflL~~m~£OO*OO~~. l!I ~fl•~oo*OOM~~A~m. *W**OO*~~mftm1T~m~mm~•~~e~~$~m m~~~~*~~~ooM~~~: m=.mfloo~m~£ft~m~M~-~~m£~*~~m ~m-~. l!l~fl-~OOMh~•·m~•· ili*OO*~OO~m§~~&fl~~ffi@OO*-'¥: m~. &£•m~oo. ~m~m*~~~•~«~~~. Rfl~~~±~~~m~~~•flm M*~~~~~fl~~~~mwmoo§OOo W*~~~~m~~oo~~•M. W*~~*~~~~m~w~w.m~#~OO•~· m *ffl-M~001J~M~~OO*OO~~m1T~~~*~~Mofil£00~~00~~~~~~£~A ~m~•m~~~OOM**fi•~-®~•o~@~~*oo~moo~m~•~£R~ft~§~ ±±~*f'1:.. ~Mo *oomf;IJ~~ft~~~m. ~~m~£~m~~OOo~#m~~*OOI.'lr**7§*00~ $~~.Mft*00~$~Mfl·~~m~~fflOO~I.'lr•££~~oM®. mZ;1J~m•*OO~ oo~e±~~1:.fr~m*, ~mwmBPX:A*~**OO~~~•o*Xfr3~*oo~•oomm ~w~mf;IJ~*-'¥•~•*oo~•~m~*~oom•o 1. 1 @~igi1~mJJTa~~ii £~:tioflst?fi51ffl OOJJ~0.Fm. f£Iif~ * oo~moomg% SflOOfR~~1~11£, I!!~: • mf~fl~~N~~~~*ff~~~•~· ~tt~~-~•mn~~~·~~~m~** ff~*fflW, ~M~~fl~mWW*~~~*~~·o • 0~~mnli**-'¥~~1it'~$)~j1J~mwmoo~nlnJ®~f1£, l!l.Ll:~~,~lllM~mfff:~iHfto §ff$ ~mmrJLZ;IJ$~m~ttFm, f£I § 1T*~mfr~m~m*~~m~oo1tm, frm*'Li'IR~ -~~oom•~§1T*~~mZ;1J*mff, ~--~~AmM~m~m:ff~fl~m•~~* we;, 'E1115*~~0~*· §1r* CB*~*~) *11~ftMJLZ;1J$OOf!fflmm 0 • ~L~1J¥t:?~. AT f!llflOOmM*~£fl~)[, ~m~ffl~illtlll11tUCTraffic Calming) ~1J ~**~-®~IR~•ttmoomf;IJ$~ffl.~~£W®~ffAA±OO~IRo • 4- ~*-Ioomg1t•~£&:,@~oo. fil@i~£~m1t5-K& *'Li'IR~~M~OO-W*o • -®~m·~~g%•~R:~F1it'fl.9.00. f£I£it$~mft3MOO,e,~1~t1J*•llirmtttttWti moo~~••~*~· ~mmtt~~~~. ~~~~~BAAOOM*~m~m~•oo~*o £~~~~~~m•~~£+*~~00o • -~~oom•*~*~~M~~mwm~•-~m•*~£~~mttm•~~. ~oom• -~~mMWW~~~~mR*WWffiM*o 7. 2 ~il~*~l.l •ms~~~ffis~m•*•~~f~tt~~mm~w~~~~m~•~m•~~~. • ~~~mm~~~~~~~~mili•m*~~~~*f•~~*·~~~•rm•*~~ M!fft fiiJ, ili ~lit±i!f ;IJo T ~Ji&~~. a) --l';JE-, M=~~~mili•~~i**~~~Jt·~~. J'l.1*~itif2:J[~Rfili12:)( 10; b) mtt±i!f ;1Jom.&.i&~, :1tJt~m•¥4:$tD~*41fl"~, ~JEPJ !2J.±i!f;1Joti!!1r!Ml&i&A, x PJjtl] tu~m•*~·~jfil**· • fil~~~~~~*~.~~~mm~~~-~:fr•~~~~X1m~*'~~~~¥4:*~ Jfj:t$ft•m~ 1 ~'1R~1!Jtl~1'fF~~~ttll&~. c) ~trmtt~~tDt3il!ifttllt~ttl~ 1 ~'1Rf~$~1J~:ff;lt~ft~M:,~. {E!.'t:{JJ~§fijji) ¥.Z. 1!ffl fj{j ii)(~; ct) J.J. *~*lf, iett~ti!!IR ~~.&.mli!-Mfl"~iia:~~:ii:ff~~~m•, 11H~:1tt-zv~liJf~: e) frfJ1.~1t•itttM*111iizfiJ", ~ 00=ffflti?"ft{~~=ff*~~~~£litll-171.lz::ff~~~l&~. • ~ ®:fi•PJ :imMX1~lifi~~ ~fJ1.~$~1T F~~ttlW(;IR~tl:~ttl1~ !2l.1~ 1E. {El.ft~ 00, if ~1r~sm~m~~'X1m*~Jt1~W*!2L.&.m•*~M~&:ff:1ttfrmM~*fi•~•r :P'!$~1'f, ffi&X1+¥4:$~'itffl-1L*IOC1~'.~Fif~~lt. fJf:ff~~~~$m1tffl~tU:m'MftE ~·ft, ~W:ittfrW~,~A~*fi, !2J.~fil~i?-**•*~~m~~. ~fij)fj:t$£-1'¥-J~~l'QJRfil: • ~•X1Jfj:t*~~ffw~~~~. B'mPT~~~~~**· #~•m••*~~f••: • •m•~•j:t*~f:ffX1~~~~~n~~F~~~~ffim•~~~. PJ!2L~*~~~~ ~~~=*· @£:itt-2V~~~£~~~; • mtt±i!f~m•~~~m•••j:t*~~~PJ!2L~~-*~**· m£~~~~~tt•j:t* ~m=fr~~ffl, fr•mB'm~•m•~~~Jtl: • fr•m••~~*~~. ~~•m•j:f;*~ffl~IR~-OJ~£+*~~~. 7. 4 59.ti=:I~ X100~~*I~m~fJf•~~~oom~~*~*~PI~£~~~.~~~~: • OO~W*•~~fil00~~$I~~~~: • ~:rz,J.mtt1~!J!ti, 'Mi&~l!WtD1~!M*JT$W=fr~~1r~*;iJD'~fJ1.~1t~zv1Jt: • •m~M$115tl~tl:l~115tltD51~X1fJ1.~$~W:fftDf!Jtl, ~~JZ.~fit.&.¥4:$I~~l&~. M • f}E/j\ff 79 M • ):;k~1t 1 ~ f~'.$'. if $:(""~%: *3<: ~tt~~10~0~~, ~oo~m~*~•*~~~; ~mm~~~ill.millm~•&m~ ~-ff (JJl~ 1); PJat, fJ(N-*ill$1WJE~gzv[P)J:Uiill$1Jtr$!f~(~Q~ 2 m7F:) o mu±~~rll~***1~~ ~~=m~TA~~mtt~m~tt,mm~~~~~m~, ~•T~noo~m~m•,m~@ ~~B~~tt~~~&~m**~~~~~m~m, ~&~$%~~~mo III 1 : fJil$~~*1lf1:J?ilimE~til±~H~ illJH~li ~mi~Utiii 1,200 500 1,000 400 300 200 100 0 0 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 iUH~li :t; iE Fa] ~~ii mJ.EFaJ~~ii (1000 01!!) (10 {Z:.A. 0 !!!) (10 {Z:Jr.li0!!!) -a- --+- ---+-- :Lfs:~i1nt § ~~= **H~OOJt::iil~~ -ffM~~~~ffl: ~~~-~#Jt:m~~ 101Z..A.0!1! soo~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~-®~~:~~~~Jt::iil~~M~~~ ~~~~;*•~m-Z:V%~Jt:m~~~ ~ ~!ii-;fJl~±fO?fiffim~J§~: i,fffl'~ OOlJl 300 tt~**~*~;~~•m•&*•~~ 200 ~~~,#ttM~OO~M~m~•&m~ 100 *~~~~~tQH!fjjfgo 0 1980 1993 ··i- ~~$.~$ .•ffi$,~M~R0~~$ffiW*•~--~····~~W.&•~~ w~R~#•~oo•~.~m~m~~£~m~~~moo±D*•·~®ffi~w~m~~oow ~±D~m~F£~~. ~-~~~~T~@~~Mw*OO-®FP*· ~a (Lead) aili2o~m.Am~moo~m***•r.~m~*~~••r**&mm~~·•~~ m~~OOID~. 2 ~M~®~~m#OO~M, *~~I~~OO*~-®~M~OO*B~-ffl~ m~m~~. -®OO*B~~~D~~-~~m~~oo~m. am~**· mM~mtsr:Nil'71~fllli&OO£:t.m, * fllli*&moo=m·11lfla 40 ~1'-fil~c.~fif, AA~*· a~mm~. Am~*~F~oo~mm•.@£, ~~•ili. **&moo~~-~. :;t*Et~~~ if{. ~1'-~]!~tf'B 1J·l11¥Jfi]f'.n'f*llfr H • Jt!ii,.w;~tw± (Dr. Herbert Needleman) tOfiB~ fi'iJ:J:ft 1979 ~0011t1S-~' 11Bfi'H~W: *•oom~•aJL£003f@~' ~~~llJ!!~001'f7v IQJ:®l. 11£~• CIQs) tnB::~th~•~. MiliOO:J:~~a)j, ~1xaarmoo~rBJ*~11tnF£l~&~~3& 3 ··~w. WH~~-fil~~~. ~~ft~£D. ~lv"frM~A~. ~r¥®~~. ~~JL MW~~~moomw, W~#mW~W~~3&*MOO.F£00tt~~~mFP*· " 4 ~0000-®M•liJf'.nfiliiE~T~®~:El. 1-iBillffl~~iiEM~a)j: m~3&1T7v1'QJ®l, 11£~ 5 •~a:•h~•~.~~~1s1'-tt~~-~~a~.m~~m~~~•m*31'-~.&~~ ~a•1'-•~oo~:n~B~~*~Moo£D•~· @~#~M00-3&ttfila)jT~#~*· ~!J~, i.w;oo OO=Bft!i:R:tw± (Dr. Winneke) OOliJf'.11:~~ T ;itl;-ZJ(OOiiEM~a)j: ":ff!lr~*l:SL~Jfn. M~moo~•~~" .moo•~~-~£•-1'-m~oo±D~~.m~£a~oo.m~a:•~ 6 t9!~00. -®~TM•OO~~~'.nB~~~. ~illOO±D~~~D~~= • 1980 ~. ~0000*~4~liJf'.nlm (the US National Academy of Sciences) ~~T-1'-)¥Z. ff\-1';-ittiJii'!f, 1977. 12. (Lead Exposure and Human Heal th: Recent Data on an Ancient Problem, Needleman, Technology Review, March/April 1980. Air Quality Criteria for Lead, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency,Washington,D.C.December 1977). JL]t:f ttff\-1';-itll~ ~3&JLil•L.<ElU1h:l4tlif:fr:;.kJ 1¥JfliH5, IDT~:fi\'t ~ ~~ JH!J (300. 13), 1979. 3. 29 (Deficits in 3 Psychological and Classroom Performance of Children with Elevated Dentine Lead Levels, Needleman, et al., The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 300, Number 13, March 29, 1979). ffixtJLi11¥J~ll]tiJ: M'~~ll]tij, El~~;il;;(283), 1980.1. 24(Exposure to Lead in Childhood:The Persisting 4 Effects, Moore, Nature, Vol.283, January 24, 1980). ~1:~fJ*1~~jJ~IfIL~9=tffi1';-it1¥J**= -1'"1J\1~ti]f'.H;, JLil*qi~~. 1981, 23, 567-576(The Relationship 5 between Blood Lead Concentration, Intelligence and Attainment in a School Population: A Pilot Study, Yule,Lansdown,Millar and Urbanowicz, Devel, Med. Child. Neurol. 1981, 23, 567-576). ~i)(. i~)C, F\:nlJ 9=t 1¥Jffi, 1983. 3 (Comments at Conference, Lead in Petrol, Winneke, May 1983). 6 M •;~$ff 81 OOliJf~ "A~:f.f:fir:p OOlfl-" o i3:&liJf~OO--t±~001tl~mi:~ "~l'PiiEli:;&~, :IJilmlf:fi 1 r:p*1f/F~f¥!.l00lfl-, JL.Ji~_giJ~ 3 57 ~ rOOJL.Ji, :i:JltEi3:~~*lfl-OO~l=(r:p, :µ,;~F1: F~/F Li!.1:4m&J\\Z, Yffi:;ftr:p d>W?t JL.li'ttt5r. +?tie:Et" o liJf~~~Jti5t. "~001\\Z*I!Xm'.OO! ~fl£1tffl m 0011£ ~tUitt,, 0 • 1982 ~ 8 JI, f1::7gf$'1f§!Wlfl-#-:lGIJOO-W?t, ~0000%lff*fiij(the US Environmental Protection Agency) £if?ttff T i3:1'fPJH!, :#1'tl:li3:1-F~it: "::k~~-J]i!.~{'jc&X>Jlfl-/F W~0~--~BOO±*oM~ftOO••ttill~~~~~~OOM*•£r:p, 1f60.*&xt X1*lfl-tifl11:1ffi1Jt~lt. rm ii W~Jti5t.1A:li11\\Z1Jo5.!a~1ttl oM:!:i!r1J~1+11&ITT~¥1JOO 32 *•£, W3tM=1*00§1WOOtifl~1*1?00 ~oo••o ~~OO~i5t.1~ili ~ IWOOliJf~tllftMfJ § :!iiJ OO~~Mz. WiiE~ TePf!1~fl£~!.lOOlfl-xt A ffJfJJ1f/F Li!.OO~ofnJ, YffiiiliJf~~¥*A, Jtl~lf\"PJ~*~OO f¥!.l~d>o fmffJi-A:liJ: :li11*1? A~•·' $;f;, 0*~13-f£00~1L!W*Mlf:fir:p~¥)(lfl- o" 1982 8 ~lOJI, ~0000%J.f1*fiiJ~ri3:1'1$'1f, {}c~*-~~d>~~r:plfl-*Io • 1983 ~ 4 JI, ~OO_ti)l:~~(the US Court of Appeals)1GJJX;X1~0000%J.ff*ftij00*r~ ~~~r:rm*•~tt{}c~OO~*o 9 ~~ti:~~r:rmtl:l"1f~OOfillifil~~~r:room~~ 3&JL.Jilfl-r:p:Jloo±~1*12SJ"o tEf~JltJ9!1->ffilat, ¥t~ttl~ "iUli:OOliJf~:;& ~: ~~ r:p~ft- 30 ~31oo·m:~tifliTOO:k'.OO:t~ • .Ifn.~r:pm*•epf!ffl£¥tl 10-15 ~£/ft-, m~~~~~n 0 10-15 ~31/ft-OOlfl-*Ie~c&~Jillim~o "~~fl~: "Bf~iiE~OO Jj5'~00liJf~1~tl:l.Ifn.~r:p ~~ r:p OO*lfl-Atll.Ifn.~*lfl-:ZJBJ 00**, ~~ r:p 00 30 t't.i:R:/ft-9Jt£~lfl-*:l:xt••OO~Ofnl; ~&.Ifn.~q:t 10-15 ~£/ft-OOlfl-*Ix-t••1f~ Li!.~ufnj, :µ,;P,X;:liJ~OO 00%J.f1*fiiJiG~~itf! ffl*lf\"~~~-"o • :flij§, 1983 if. 4 JI, ~00~%lf:fi:r5~~!J':J.~(the Royal Commission on ll~tE Environmental Pollution) 1'tl:l-1'~it, "X1-!N:A*i3t., .Ifn.~r:plfl-~f.lOO~~fifl~ 13~~3&~~1J~o!liJOO~!.lzJBJOO~~~:ti!!~:tE:k1J-.···, :7v@*-~£, ~~Nd~~,f*_t~*~~ ·117-1-" ~ ¥*~:®~ oo qr~ , mmt~ iJt., ti: ff fPJ :ti!! 1f ~ mz ~PT e~*IIX m.bl!! *·~y. A :7v oo mft ~···" 0 10 ~r~~~~~OO'ffi:r5~00~1i'5H4. 1985 if.~00 00%~-f*jiij:JE~~r:plfl-OO:lli::kfti"f=*I ~~~~~~0.1£0 ~at. :tEi3:~•~oo~~~~r:p, ~f*fiiJ~tt~T.Ifn.~r:p*lfl-I~~.Ifn. &.ZfBJ:ff::tE~-~00~*0 ll 7 ~OOOO*:J'4'¥liJfJi:~Jr., A~:Ef:fj;rpi¥Jfa, 1980(Lead in the Human Environment, National Academy of Sciences, Washington D. C., 1980), 8 lf¥:'~1c:!R(47.P167), 1982.8.27(Federal Register, Vol.47,No. 167, Friday, August 27, 1982), ~ffillE*lff*J,lj, ~ffil~~r*il1G(82-2282), 1N~\!m;¥111r;J~fll";13-fil:.l!L 1983. 4. 22(United States Court of 9 Appeals, No. 82-2282, Small Refiner Lead Phase-Down Task Force, et al. v. US EPA, April 22, 1983), ~00£*lf:!i:~~~ Jn~, :Ef:fj;rp 1¥Jfa (.h), 1983. 4 (Lead in the Environment, Ninth Report, Royal 10 Commission on Environmental Pollution, April 1983), ll ~00 ffil*lfi*J.li, ~fll";f\¥11! r:Ffil13::!ii¥J~j[_ful£§ ~ ffl: ~:El~lfoJ:5HJT, ~ffil ffil*lf1*J.li1R1!f EPA-230-05-85- 006, 1985(Schwartz, J., H.Pitcher, R.Levin,B.Ostro, and A.L.Nichols. 1985. Costs and Benef1ts of Reducing Lead in Gasline:Fine Regulatory Impact Analysis, Report No. EPA-230-05-85-006, US EPA, Washington D.C.), mt fr :li:ili: , ~ IE B"J li}f Jt: ~ff]~ l:ffl T 1979 if \2J. * 1±1 Ji& B"J :ff ~la ,fo ~ fi'.a B"J 4i f5HliE ff :Ml~ B"J li}f Jt: tt*4, JJ~®tt*4-ii:'i:lK T~d> 100 1-ff<-=f B<J·t1f ~ \2J. ?Hff lfilE!JG~ 9=i ia--&5:1:, :1f~tl JE ftMfJ B"J ~fi'.a o ~ -TJ.3:®~~1iHffi#Jt;fff, ftBffH~l±I: JL!ilfi1~9=iia15:1:JA 10 ~5'U7T~tf~U 20 ~:R:/fl-, ~11*lf ~fi'.afHr~ 1~2 13 Bo ,gi, mfl§"Z., :EJJl:ff iiHJi!i~~: "taxtnm.¥Lz#ln~l3*f~i~:t&1f*JWH'Fffl, xt-T§ff!J1fil, iaJ'l:ff:Ji m~~§ffijjfilB"J~~~Jtj,X>Jf~~§ffijjfil, i?r#H~ft~Fm, izg~M§ff!J1filz~B"J-~~~T~ ®Jt-=fB<Jfi!f~:JEZ)fj,j.3:®Jt-=f-§.1~:!fr'3(sodium),~(potassium),~(calcium),j;(ft4o/J(chloride) ~. m~~~~nfnl?t-=f!'BJMJJJX;B<J~:lfs:JJX;?to " 14 ffU-j!j-jjtjflj (Lead Scavenger) ~m~~m•w•~~~\2J.•~~~•MM:l:B<J~~. Afil&~~m~~m&~~mZ)fj* **W~~·o•F•B<J~a·~~~*~•9=1%PX;m~4o/J, MW~*T~m~•· ~Tfi~ J.?r®~•.m~~m•m*~a~~~. ~~m•~B<J~~£1f~*B<J~~tt. \2J.~-TMmZ)f] *9=1*~· J.3:®ffi~~ma~~B"J15ta~~i:pg~~fflo J.?r®~~mi:p~~PX;?t:li~MmZ)fJ*9=1*~1±1~.J.?r~mm~B<J, izg~~$B<J~J.?r@m~ ~1fU*®Jt~Z:,#ff (ethylene), B?;£ftZ)fJ4o/Jf*4itBC&JJJl~3.&~izg-=f, :1f H•00%~1lfliJfJDtJLMI 15 (the National Cancer Institute)iA~~mftB"JA~B"J3.&~izgTo Jijf\2)., M!lf~¥1'JffiB"Jf~ffl, E!JGWn~AfilB<JM•**§*B"J~~o -ii1-t~(CO) --~-(~15-•B<JmMm~~~Jt~, %PX;B<J-#~!1*,~~B"J~f*)X>JA~B<JM•1fF mB<JOOZJ]J}o -«ft•xt'Li'fil±:AAJA.fOBiJJLftJtfe:~ft, izg ~-m ft•--'=5 lfi1~9=i?;I§ff!J1filB"J*fO)J l::t« --'=5tt§ff!J1filB<J*~JJ*2oom, -•~•m~«Mlfil~ff•~m~i:p~, ~~. ~T•~~~B<J m, ,Li,fil±)]'Jt$~#t~*:l:B<11filo ~-TA f*--'=5Z)fJ4o/JB"J*:l:1iJfJt:~~: :ff,Li,JJ~ft~ (weak hearts) B<JA, :ti:lfil~ i:rrf:ti:M:1:-m ft•B<J-t'l'f ~ r, ~ ~j:_$91:17~ B<J ~5* 0 1i{ijJ7l(-fl•1iJf Jt: B?;£~7F 1±1 JJ~ ®:ff,Li,~:lm (angina) B<JW9A:tE~~~J3t-m1t•:Efmi:J:l;J1£11l>li,~:imttftB<J~~JJr~o 16 12 Need 1eman, 1989 o 13 If:fi9=1fa!j JLJ!.!& fJ: i1t1fffelnE~m:PJfJ/;, 1994. 9. 5 (Pocock, S. J., et al., Environmental Lead and Children's Intelligenc~: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiological Evidence, BMJ 1994, November 5,309:1189-97)0 14 fai¥J:Jl•li, 1f:ll40Jm:J'QitLJfl1$-il1HR. 1982. 8(Lead Poisoning, Dr. Ellen Silbergeld, Toxic Substance Control Newsletter, Autumn 1982), f\::tj=:Ifj'.ljij]If:Hr~. 15 tJLZ9J:tj=:,ij'.4,9=11¥JZ,'.i:m, t/:820786(Automotive Emissions of Ethylene Dibromide, Sigsby, et al., Society of Automotive Engineers, t/:820786), 16 -¥\.it ~xt l'il ff 1'i ·Ii~$ r}J ~~ ~:~Hili\ 1¥1 ~ Q[ll] • ~ 00 ~ ~ 5i¥ ,t; JHIJ • 19 77 ; §:11-'f ~*JI! 11~;;1;& Lt r5 ~ 3:: 4. 9=1xt1l! ii 1¥J~i(n]. -1'fil~i¥1Vf1fr, 3::4.r§"~:J'QitLJtl1'~5i¥Jit;, 1978. 5(Effect of Carbon Monoxide on Exercise Performance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Aronow, et al. , American I ournal of Medicine, 1977; Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Regulated Air Pollutants, A Critical Review, Ferris, Journal of The Air Pollution Control Association, May 1978), M • i~/i?ff 83 jtl¥'l 1t4P.J (NO.) 1'F:lv-~~1-ti;4PJ' ••1t4m£xt A~{}!~fU$~i'ii1f/FfU~n[liji¥JI:f:!il:fil~z - 0=•1-ta (N02) !ij/FWfmiE:i¥Jlllfn~1~~m (respiratory infection), ilq:Pifilm (asthmatics), niP:rJJ~g~~~ (decreased pulmonary functionH~mn£1f~*o EJ2iiE~~:t.5t!!ti¥JJL:il§P1.f:tE=•1ta~ 17 :1:~11HiiBti'i3Jfil~~3&$1~11-Pll&1fiIITl¥J fciJII, :tzu: Pi<ilfX (cough)' 1'TEJ!Ji-¥.~ (runny nose)' nm~n~ :Jj(sore throat)~o 18 tE~OOl¥J-t-E1Jm't':ti¥J~!M!~, l&X-~:5'ltW:±(Dr. Orehek)iifiy:J, ilq:Pifilm Axt:tE=•1ta~:1:~ep1f- 1J,etm1~~~0 :tEJ3:t-il\!M!~, -®llq:nifilmA §r7t:t:~t£-1~ 19 ~~3&~~~;ral¥J:!Plrtr::tt~~. ~J§:l:~:tE=•1ta~; §P1f*ll£tE o. 1 87J1Ji1fOJ~~fl£, ML-~Bt. fil1f®~~~~~~~mo ••~W£%~*·~·~-m~1¥J1f~~*· ~7v*~~=~~~i¥JM*· ··~·~ ~~:iif!JDM (nitrates) P~llfttE~~~~*111¥l*OO o 20 J't¥'l 1t!l-m (~¥'l Ozone) :tE~~m~~~-~£1¥J~~~~£~•.~•£:tE~*~m~~••~•~~ (hydrocarbons)&@J'fi1~*1¥J,JJ1t$£a•1tWfU~21¥J.3:J;~:*~o~·PJF1:H~lfiWl¥J:J¥?m(eye irritation), Pi<ilfX(cough), AAJ:im/f'~(chest discomfort), ~:Jj(headache)~m!JJE, ]!!,PE:i,: 1¥J~~3&LU5fn~:iJ!*m (upper respiratory illness), ilq:Pifilbt1'F (asthma attacks) funijJ:r}J~g=a ~~o 21 1~$liJffi:filiiEIY'l T *1t~~~4PJJ9J:F:i,:1~~ T:t:l-4mi¥J~tE:o -W~:tzo, ~00 OO~OO-=Wrnl¥J 00~ li}ffi:1Jl1~(theCongressional Research Service of the US Library of Congress)btfJJl "~ •m~i¥J~n[li]£JY31fil.1¥J, xt-T~i:f:i¥J:t:l-4PJF:l:*iJL ~~1~:K*~"1tE 191l3:I 4312'.i~JT;o 22 *9if.'fl (PM) fii!i!Li:f:i¥J-*JLlliJffi:*IY'l, ~*}[(particulate) PJ~g£fipE:i,:1¥J~m~~~~i'ciJIIo xt~ ~OOOO~Offjfiii, 2~9=1a*ltttmtffefl, 1980. 6; ~Hi'f';%~J1!1f!d,RJ3trB1~2~9=1X1~~!¥Jj;llJPJ, -1-£~ 17 !¥JWffr, 2~0~f2ftijt!J.~5f<iil,;, 1978. 5 (Air Quality Criteria for Nitrogen Oxides, Draft, US Environmental Protection Agency, June 1980; Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Regulated Air Pollutants, A Critical Review, Ferris,JoYrnal of The Air Pollution Control Association, May 1978) 0 IB:R:lli::k:'¥:X12~0~!5~~!¥Jli)fJi, PFm~~Jjt,lf{, 1981. 9/lO(The University of Akron Study on Air 18 Pollution and Human Health Effects, Mostardi et al., Archives of Environmental Health, September/October 1981)0 11£¥-RJ3t-=*l ttaX1~!:~H1Ji:~ ~ilf PffilmAl¥J~UJH'Fffl, i!fiiJ5tdJlil~JHIJ (57), 19 1976. 2 (Effect of Short- Term, Low-Level Nitrogen Dioxide Exposure on Bronchial Sensi ti vi ty of Asthmatic Patients, Orehek, et al., The Journal of Clinical Investigations, Vol.57, February 1976)0 w};:~"f~-~~W~tm. -~~~-~~*ltl:&@F~m•~o ~00 OO*:f.f{!ji;fiij, 2~miitTffefl, j,*l;f0:7'ttl:'¥:*ltl:t0, 1987. 4 (Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Other 21 Photochemical Oxidants, US Environmental Protection Agency, April 1978)0 2~0~X1;&~;fO~:_lH*1¥Jj;llJP], OO~liJfJt:~it93-$, 00~~45tEI, 1982. 5 (Air Pollution Impacts on 22 Agriculture and Forestry, Biniek, Congressional Research Service~ Library of Congress, May 1982) o 00 61-~r!H8~11R, ~~¥5~tuYI:t:-¥Er<Jlt!fX, l4~%J~JYl~F~~rYE-C:-¥~-=f _tft-, 1t _§_l:ij~ ~~-~*N~Wffi~, @l:ij;lt~Y5~W~*~*·H~#ffi~tt~~a·~*N+7t~"· :tzu~1-~m•*fl*Nflff~J:~•filtift (the Federal Limit on Particulates) Er<J 23%, ~fijtffi ~ttm~a.~~.~®7tfimM~nA~= a•~*N~-=r-~~-=r-~~Er<Jft~*N~.•~ *g"J:ff 60, ooo ~OOM~YE-=fllJ1A!¥fi!fil. 24 •ili. ~-~~n~~.-~m~Er<J~~r5~l:ij:7Et:-¥z~:ff+7t•~Er<J~*·~~~~ nEr<J~~z~a-=r-~Er<J~filtt~tt.~;tt~~-~llJi~,~*~•~~~~.~*· ~~~n £W~*Er<J, #£i£~~~~MM~~•*Er<J· ax-t 1511-~00*~m~~r5~l:ijA~••zrBJEr<J~*i}ij]~~, iiltt 1982 ~-~iG*~l:ij ~r]li11Jfna<J 552, 1381:trMtta~@~m~ Er<J~~A 111*il\l£7tt1T (1982~1989 ~Er<JYEt:~•1f1iffl tJJiC.:JR). F:t:r5~Er<J~mt~$.f:Nr5~Er<J~mYEt:-¥*g"J(illj1±:115%~17%, m~r5~Er<J.3::~£~~ ~(sulfates) tu~~-fil. ~~az-q.g.~oo~nmrl!f~~:.tift (the us Federal Clean Air Standards) Er<J~m~, YI:t:Er<JJXIJ!fizfilg"J(illj l±:lmrl!f~m 2%~8%. -®•*fla<Jfit~t~J31j*· -Wtl:tzu~¥Ill-fiLW (diesel particle), EE-=f~ff]Er<Jft~~7tlU~1J\ Er<Jf*f}{, X111MUU:E"f:fi';1f00Er<J~ajlij B~~'Jl>EQ~fl:. ~¥Ill!¥fi!fflW*3&~1§-=.$7t: •mttl!J1~F 1:.Er<J~1?., *•~n,&Jftfr~1?. ~ Er<J:t:1*mft.g.w (heavy hydrocarbons) tri1Jfit~~ (sulfates) • a~~Er<J~¥I1J•~~~1?.*~~-~~•Er<Jw%~~.~¥I1J~mr5~~tt*Er<J~M.~~Er<Jm r5~*~~m•&Tffi~Er<J~1?.m~.~~Er<J•~rn.3::~~*M~1?.~llJ1~Er<J~•*•Er<J:t:• m~w.~•£•~wm~mm1fmW-tfl37t, ~s@. wF-tfl37t*~~m¥I!l~. -tfl37t*~*• ma<J'.lt&;f4~. -tfl37t£a•mttl¥~.g.~Er<J. ~_tJLf+wm~~. ~~~:.tJL~~®~~. 1988 ~ 6 ~ OO~imi11E1i)fn~_§_~~(International Agency For Research on Cancer).X'f:EYl:ffEr<J~-=f~¥Ill -~wm••~~-~*fiT~.g.w~. ~~~¥Ill-~WX1A~m~£3&miWM.~ x ~ ~x:iJJf nJifi (Fraunhof er Institute) *qr Er<J1iJf n1~ 1±:1: ifl!Jff~ OOEr<J:fftJLWtu;ltftl!i!ft~ 4mJPi, ~¥Ill-ffl4m;;fs:~ ff"Jt~3&~ Er<J. EE ~·~ajlij:ii}f ~,Pff (Heal th Effects Inst i tuteHUI.illdt -II&Hli.-t:1(;1J (Industry-Government Program) ~~~J!;l]Er<J-J]Ji:iiJfn•ilifiliiE~T~-~it. "~ ®~~~&;tt~~~Er<J·~~~~~= a)~~~a•*N~¥Ill-~W:E"f:li';~~.~¥Ill'.lt&mtt~ ~m~Er<JmllJ1A•~~1?.•~£~3&~~Er<J~;;ts:WJPi: b)a•~•*Nil\~~.llJ1ma~1?.~ 27 OOEr<J;tt1mft.g.wx-J~rr~Er<J%~~niti:JtliH\" • ~£ffi ~:ff~xa<J, ~~~:t:~Er<J£~1ttl~¥Ill• 23 ~00 1\1-:!JiXr!J3':1=\.¥5~~YEt:$, *1f~~~~~JHiJ, 1993. 12. 9 (An Association Between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six US Cities, Dockery, et al., The New England Journal of Medicine, December 9, 1993)0 ~:!JiX3':1=\.¥5~~4lj: BYET::$, ~OOHiPJl!tt1J.~ 1991 if.~Jt§, 1991. 5 (Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in 24 Philadelphia, Dr. Joel Schwartz, presented at the 1991 meeting of the American Lung Association, Anaheim,CA, May 1991) o 25 Pope et al, 1995 • ·oo~&~WJl:~ffl"•&~~·*~~®~•Btt~M*~~~-· !J1billtf&~M~:OX~~1*X<t ~HiP~t!lHi:ll~, f!~~ifoJWJl:f,J=f:liJfJl:11H!:H68), 1994. 10 (Pulmonary Toxicity of 27 Inhaled Diesel Exhaust and Carbon Black in Chronically Exposed Rats, Mauderly, et al., Health Effects Institute Research Report Number 68, October 1994)0 M •;'}($ff 85 tE~J§i¥J)t;j;}fq:t, fil;J~U'tojli];iiJfJl:?fi (Heal th Effects Institute) M~-1'-Mi~tif:lli~fciJ o 1tB 28 illiAA: ~A~~i¥JM-~$eBr~~Ni¥JM~9=t, ~~.~-~1¥Jm~~~~M~M~~ j] ~19l w1¥1 M*' Mrm --B' 3&13tJtf0 ~ JffiHk:J!l3!* 0 ftMf] ~ 1A A:tE ;;ttfmti?~ 1¥1 M~ _ljf *f'=~ IP] 1$M*o J!~Ai¥JMJL:~:tEillff, ~~fil~~-~W9=t~#wm~•~Wi¥J,~~~~~~1¥JM~ M~£@1PJ~•&~mw~•~m~wmo AYM~~w~~~-~~--~w, •ilil¥1-~MJL:~OO~-&~~-~w~•-~w ~--~~illff~I~MJl:o~£rX1~~1¥J·•~A1¥J1A•~M, ~~~Mlli: m~$~~ !!.•& 1 :R:i¥J!1lJUflfUa«ftwt41'J1~, ff!Jtlmii 10 7J~!!.1¥J$Wj, ~Wj$~?t~1Jt=~ 11, 432 ~ jG;j'Q 1, 175 ~5Gi¥J~f~o ~ 1992 if:y~~li}l(Los Angeles)1f!Jti¥Jt1(;:£:f'l:$Af7tl. ft~iAA: a «ftw;fo1J\r~r 10 V't.i*M*flt41'J1~••& 50%, ~*~*~Llt=~ 9, 200 ~5Gfri 13, 500 ~5Gi¥J ~f~: ~t4FJJ~I•& 90%, ~~)t~1Jf'=~ 16, 600 ~5Gf0 24, 300 ~5Gi¥J~f~o 5.$i~~®••~f ~ftm1¥J••£m•~1¥J, ¥M1¥JMJL:*~· •&~wn~,m~~~1¥1~£&1¥J~m~~~ £+:5J' .lfil~i¥J 0 ft~~-~&~~tt•:w*~9=ti¥JM~*~~#m~,*~lli-~~1¥JM~-1.~~-1. W~-1~&~h~i¥J~~o~~: •~t=~l¥JM~, ~~~~~~-*~: :tE$m~~9=t§* 1¥Jft~~&@f'=~l¥J•~: ~*~13t%~1¥J~9~: ~&*~9=t*~ni¥J±~~-~~o-® ~T£~~1¥J, -®£~~1¥J, ~*-®£A~--t-~~~-W*®§~~~i¥J~To~~9=t 1¥J~n•~*~~m~T·•~:lt-ftB5G~-~m~~w. A~~~w~o~®~~-~£~~ 1¥J, *~-~~*orm~mwm~~~~o~~~~9=1*~~~#~m~~w, §mm~ (alkanes). i!#fi(alkanoic). ~£~(carboxylic acids), ~lf7Y::l"f•ll.ft~W(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)~&*•~;j;JLft~W(nitrated organic compounds)~o ~TH~*~?t4-t-•Ig, M~-t-~9*~1009*, m~t=~i¥J~T. ~13t~m.F\: $;foo,&~f1=~1¥1MtflH1£1£ o. 01~19*, ftft~&@t=~l¥JtflTH1£mll1£ o. 05~2 :kl Vt.!*, •m~f!Tt=~i¥1*~1¥1H1£mll~ o. 1~50 V't.!*~1!*-®· JX\.1t*~· :tt:ffi. ;i'i!Jo/J1i¥Jt. ~& *~*1¥1H1:£-!1N:tE 2 9*~-10 -~1¥J~r-~R&1¥J~•~mW~T~OOOO*lf~~i¥JM~, -·~*~•M~ (fugitive dust) i¥1MtflH1£*r 2. 5Vt.!*, *~•»-•~j~U¥9=tt=~i¥1MtflH1£1J\r 2. 59*, 00 3 1¥1•Wi~J;\ 1986 if::tE!Jo5fLl~iftBE (California) 1¥1/G IPJ~~~t41'~1¥J~~9=11~tl:l 1¥1 o~i:i\~ *ffl-#~$tt, ~r~~~i¥J~~1$*~&~~, ~*:lt~&~~~~~~~&~.~~~ 7f~iJ, i:i\~~, ~$ttX11$*9=1H1£A 1. 2. 5. 10 frl 30 9*1¥1Mtfl~~ 50%, ~®Mtfl~:£ ~~$tti¥JAD~·~ii~~_loM009=ttillim~t=~i¥JM~H~~~~r2.59*o~~£ fil!fflt~JljliJiiJfJL?,JT, 1995 ~o 28 tm.ft'..tl.ft'..SIE::k~~M=~, 1'JLZ91$¥'5W=~ fa!HHJT, 1t*r~!ilru~2M= JHIJ, 1995. 1 (On the Cost of Air Pollution 29 from Motor Vehicles, Small,K and Kazimi,C.,Department of Economics, University of California at Irvine, forthcoming in The Journal of Transport Economics, January 1995)0 11NH3 J€ 00 00 ~UiF f*J.'ij *-U.\l!!m 1'f-11E !it~, 1995. 4 , 30 ~rffi~MVLB<Jttl:Ji)(1m-~'J'-f- 1. o R*: ~~s<J•ttn~~~Wm*s<J, ~~~B fi'JM~A~. Bfiln••A~-·~m• ~ D >1Dµm Fil <10µm *·®~®·~~--8<.J~~~-8<.J~~- w II <2.Sµm • <1.0µm 100 ~~~-~~-~=*~~~~~* 1flJJm•tfl.1m (primary particles), Y... * 80 60 1fW:1=.•tfl.4m (secondary particles); f!J ~~MR~S~B-*ilis<J,W~~~~ ~ EE~~'.1=.JJJGB<J, :tzo: =fl.ft1ifit (S02), W.f\. 20 ft1m (NOx) , -~ (NH3) , t$~·ti~ ~ (VOCs) • 0 M~~-#mm•tt1m.*Ji)(s<J±•sey %~BS (point sources), ifrEMS (mobile sources) *°®S (area sources); ~®:\$~.A~ 8<J, ~~. §~S (natural sources) fil~~3&•tfl.~~. ~-~-~~~~*~B*°~~*~M~s<J~tt~~**·@A~tEPJT1f*~BL~~s<J *S'1:\$~PM10~-(::::; 10R*)8<.Jfftl.~. tE~008<.Jif$*~B· $'4:$~~ttl:Ji)(8<.J PMlO ~-s<J•tfl.5f:f:):Jr!11;:~8<.J 40%. ~>'~l1i1m:l?&Jit &~~*tt•~•~mtt~s<J±~R~S./;:$~00*00%8<.JM~•§•M&m•*~'a~ *~'•m&±•§~.M~H3~*1mM~JJJG.~®1mmH3-f-§~*°A~s<J~~rft~A~~. A~~~~m••,m•*~'•m1ms<J•~*°m$,MM*Ji)(*°a~*~~. •M•±~~:1=.m••~~,w.•ft~*°t¥~tt1fm~.~~m~=•ft1lfit&;t:s<Jnm#. ~~~rr./;:$~~ffl¥4:¥rtl~~rffi~Mms<Joo*, ML:tlli9J$~•±~8<.JifrEMR~•.m~@ 1JLM$141:Ji)(•tfl.s<Jft$f1J~ B +'19~. lfLM$~~*1f~*li8<.J1f:tfl1i~UD7CfJL:@R (organic and elemental carbon), 1.~HtMfJB<J btfJtl~JJJG~*~-~~1ftJL:filR~7CtJL:filR~pjG~~~~~s<J. :tE*tt•~~, Bfil*3&~t§~s<J. ~~f:E~*-!i:tM&~'i1: Mff{PJ/;:~R~~Wi§, ,e,1JUI (total exposure) ~EEJ.1~~~8<.J ~~~-·~JJJG.Arus<J~~~~m: P*'~~,Lm, iliff&W$Jt~P~-~~--# Arus<J•~~•MM•eyE±J004~ili. ~ffilfi:ll~~ (Other Toxic) i«M 1990 4s<Jm¥a*~~~(Clean Air Act)~0000*~1*fiiJ3CJJJGT-J9ifJLM$&Jtmt4 ~*~1f-~ttl:Ji)(B<J,fiJfJt: 1990 4:tE~OO' tJLM$&Jtmt4f'=:1=.8<.J1f$~14Fn~~3& 7201-@!J.JE ~{Jtl. MJiff1f41i~it, 1, 3 -T=#t3(1, 3 - butadiene) ~@!J.!Es<J±~.7G~. Br!llJLM$1f$ 1mMJX\.!l1iZ(toxic risk) s<J 58%-72%, ~~~~ 1, 3 -T=ims<J•f:fl:JX\.~frffi~~- MiA~f~*Vl M$$~1flfl1m(polycyclic organic matter) 8<.J¥4:¥rtl&~¥IB•tfl.~. JtJX\.ll1iZ*3&ffi~, ¥4:¥rtl& ~¥IB•tfl.1ms<JltKit JX\.~i (combined risk) m-f-,e,JX\.llSiZB<J 16o/~28%, Jt~ ~If;Uj~-f-PJT·iJWH~.ts<J4fn'-. Jiff1f4fil~, ~(benzene) 8<.JJX\.ll1iZ*3&~,e,JX\.ll5iZB<J 10%. Z:.M (aldehydes), £±~8<.J~ Efl M (formaldehyde) tEPJT1f4fil~/;:3&S ,e,JX\.~i 4%. W$*Yi*~· :tE*=mm, ifrEMS~•-~s<J~~R~S. WReyftfil~~~1f$~M9 •mW•*s<JR~S.M~.-M~OOOO*~f*fiUB<J*Yi'.,~00&4*~R~~3&8<.J@!J.JE1fOO% N •;~ff.ff 87 ~~J9i;_;fijf-;1£ ~ -T t;.t..tWT:i!, i!t:W JI1:~1i~.R (WHO) *u ilf ~IE% ~*ffl ~l=(J91:iUi1li~H? 0~fil!J.~Ull£.f :Ii * o 1 N::i!®~ilfMJ<J~!J!U,~,~o -¥{.it~ -=¥1.ttilt -=¥1.1t7llit *9ifM!/J ~¥\. lG 8 1J\nt I 1J\nt 1 if 24 1J\nt 1 1J\nt 1 if 24 1J\nt I 1J\nt 1 if 24 1J\nt 8 1J\nt 1 1J\nt 1 if 24 1J\nt t!tW .TI4:fil~Y- 10 30 150 400 50 125 350 120 100 150 0.5 ~00 10 40 100 80 365 50a 150 235 1. 5b B;;fs: 22.8 80 107 267 100 118 0. 1 ttOO 30 80 200 140 400 100 2 ~::k~J 50 200 40 100 40 100 f,lj~ 6 40 175 500 830 150 120 0. 5 2 1111:;$:::k 6 15 60 200 400 30 150 450 60 120 30 100 9=100i'!"~ 22.9 100 133 267 240 ~00 20 50 320 100 300 100 330 10 i±: a. .#€!9Jf1/Fr;/!J-T JOµm f!<JJ!ff!!.Mf.lft, Jf.:ftEjf},(jjftJ!ff!!Jltf.lft: b. fi/~65JZ:i$J/to J!/i-{fL: -1f{{!:Jj/(.f/i-{IL:mg/m3 , Jl;ftE.ffi-{fL)i; :µg/m3 o 280 260 • :§!fi 240 0 ~* 220 • tl:Hri:j:i 200 180 "' E ~ 160 QJJ :::J 140 ~ ~ 120 ~ Ill 100 80 60 40 --------------~.t_:ll[ 20 O'---'--'----'---'-~'--....__......____.___._~.__....__......____.___._~.__-'---'--'---'---''----'---'---'----' 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 :tEfil~~~. ~~$.~$. 0~~$~ ~~mi9J$$~:tE~~- ~~R~~~2~~ ~i:p~-ffi~-~~~~.~ill~~~~~~ ~±~*•: =•~--~~tt~m~.•• 1 ~ 1-t~. ~-}i'f (tropospheric ozone), ~jij (acid 100 rain). -«1-t•. ~-*~~~~mYQ!#§~*91 so *fl. ~(diesel particulate) fQ Ji. j( 1-t '.1:2 60 (CFCs) • 40 20 f11jyQ, :tE~1-W\¥HIII*M (European Union) o mm~. •L~~-*~mi9J$, ~-•~•- • « 1-t ~ *Q ~!=: ~ m• 1\. 1-t ~ (nonmethane hydrocarbons)~±~*·· yQlfil 5 ?ff~. 31 :tEJUJ~lt~~~~. :tJlZ9J$ili~*91tfl~~±~*¥1ffi· f11JyQ, ~00:/i:llI:§;trJ: "§IW, ft; ~.XR%00:tJlZ9J$~~~~S:X~9=1&«1-t~~ 74%, S:J:l!l~ 94%, ~9=1!#§~~Z9J:tfltiFnJ~i!W3~~¥5 ~~5j-jJlj s ,~,fiFnJ~ 32%*Q 87%, (5j-jJlj S:tJli9J$tiFnJ]I:~ 43%*[] 92%) 0 ,, 32 YQlfil 6 f000 7 ?ff~, :f£~ffil*oB;'1s:, :tJlZ9J$ili~±~fip1JJ¥Jffi. :tE~OO*::ltfffl2~¥5~J'ciJ~ *rjJ1Jf1Em, Q!."Ef 1990 :¥2~¥~Ha¥!1J\l5E T F~~:tJlZ9J$1-iFnJ:fffefl, ~Ill OO~UF1:W:fiUt.Wit, ~lj 2005 :¥0·•L:tJli9J$1-iFnJ~·-1-t~~~1nS:X~~ 38%, ~~·t'±~;,fJ];~S 22%. 33 (%) 140 ....:------------~ 100 60 40 20 O · ·• Jti't1t4ill ~~fll~ij;~1t4ill -i\1t~ !lili*i!(o>10µm) I• m..t:li:jj ll'il m?~;t:m ll'il :ittl!! I the Emissions of Other Mobile Sources and Machinery Subparts Off-Road Vehicles and Machines, Railways and Inland Waterways in the European Union, Andrias,Samaras,Zierock,September, 1994). 32 ~illl$~11~~1=3~m2-4.J9J'.~, ~m~-4.mJ'.~ WfM.fi:f~ 15- =, J:\ll:q;:fjt#fl~*rmillfrE8, 1993. 12 (Diesel Vehicle Emissions and Urban Air Quality, Second Report of the Quality of Urban Air Review Group, December 1993). ~~~wm~~~§tt~WE8M••m,:q;*~~••*mm~••~~®R•m. •€.~•~~~wm. M • f~f.j\ff 89 ~~&1f%~~~~.m~~~.mf~Mq:ioo*.~A~m~~. mZ0*m~~AW$ ~-~±~*··~AMfil. 008~009~~~tt~fiOOmZ0*~-~~~~-~~~. (%) 140 r--------------, 100 80 60 40 20 0 ~~~~1*mZ0*•~m~~~A±~~~-~.~mn1~~~~~*~*$19&=« 1-tit(* 5. 3 @it) tfciiJi!iJL 0 :fJo~M~:fJO 15 :bo~~~~. mt~1f 300 @=«1titt4P.. . *~· ~1*~mZ0*mnfil~~~~•~1;3, nw~=-~•s~1*~~•~•~n$=«~•• ~ 14%. m~oo. tJtZ0*~:tpf1n 50%~~~. t41:W 25%~=«1-t•. *~q:il(IC1t'.i:?:(CFCs) ~±~*•~tJtZ0*~~i!ffJ•, El 1987 if:, *~"148%iJT:i:f"~tJtZ0 **~T~i!ffl•. <••~~m~mf~~~•~tz:~~~~. fili3:®tz:~amZ0*~~mm :!>). ~iF*£"11f 120, ooo n4;~1CIC1t'.i:?:fflfif, IBtJtZ0*~~ifoJ•, S~3*1CC1tJ:?:~3JtA~ 28%. ~~t~;fU$~£'g (Montreal Protocal) ~Jll!E, *fil~C.*ICIC 1t'.i:?:~~aff'JT:i:f" ~tJtZ0* q:i ¥11 1X. i3:~-~tt•A1L.1 J3JlJH~B~~WJJ]ffi. ** 10 iFICIC1t'.i:2~t41::JJJl~~mrM"~fil~C.~±i!!.3* m~MZ:l;f. 4.1 ~* q:i 00 ~tJtZ0*~•13 ~ :it 00 *t§ f:t1~1>-tJtZ0 * /;{;, ~~t ~t ~R1f£"1600 7H~: t!'I&. q:i 10,000 . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 1 , 4 0 0 OO~AD£"1A 121l. ,@fil~ tJlfJJ$~~ 1J\j~$~~:it 8,000 m- • .tlt!11'. 71%~tJtZ0*A -+--- tJlfJJ$~:1! --- 1,000 -t*· ::f¥U 23%~tJtZ0*A;g: 6,000 ~ 800 *· ffif R:ff 15%~tJtZ0*~~ 4,000 600 ~A-f4, i3:~f:tf§tll:3:lt1m00 400 *ffif:tfil~1~1~~. 2,000 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 'fflit 2000 ~,J,;'{$i"'liiit; 100 JJijllj, 2010 ~it; 350 Jj"ijllj iliJL i=f:tJtZ0 * :i:f" 1Et~, mt 2010 ~,J,?t$:1!1l'li"iiit£ 2. 200 JJijllj At01*1fA:ff~€13EJ!~-tf. JA 70 i=F1~:ff~€1%JJU~~i=F 10%1'0 123--14%±~-tfJ!&~-tf. i3:f~~-tf~ ~~f*M'r~. ~QOO 10 FJT:ij;, q:ioo~tJtZ0*AA. 1986 if:~ 400 7H~~:bn¥U 1993.i=f:~ 800 ]]~. --T- /FJE:k~. 9=100~Jt11BOO%-ff, *~~UJLM:tf=~9=1:tE~m*a~mJ)(tili:1:m12L ~aoo 11 rffii;, lflL itJ?-*°_t~:tf 80 ~1~*JJtU 80 ~1~9=1001ltl'SJ1!, ~mtJLM$±~-lfJ!JlJ:tif:00007](-'fJ!'.(@j {lt~o ~a:lf!::l2£#~~H~~r-t:. ~aoo 12 rffii;, tu 2010 ~~mtJLM:tf=:l:~£!JJt:tfOO 2~41-%. ¥~ _t, j~-[f${ltPJ~~(@jT~'li~-lfo IE 11 : ~ 001Pl r!HJl iiJJ $~±tHE Btl ~ ff -T*ilfi 700 700 2,000 . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - 2,000 600 600 1,500 500 i#I 500 400 ----- ~til\ 400 1,000 ---+- 300 300 500 200 200 0 100 100 1960 2010 0 1971 1973 1975 197 1979 198 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 0 I c: 111,¥.:t;t:Er-J£, 13 ?ffii;. Wtl:trn: itJ?-JL:>f 2;5 ootn. /F~~mootn.M:tf=~~1tl&1tt7':. ~aoo M$7ilQ~~*~··*· WtElffl2/300mM:tF=:k•n:tF=.WH. lffl•n:tF=OO**:i!~=k 7':m:ct:Jt1m~tn.M:tF= cmoo 14). :l2£-21~mJ!'., l!l:k•n:tF=w:~o1!:k00¥5~. JtJt£1t:ffl="flP m~Mtn.oo•n:tF=. 400,000 9.9% 12.0% 350,000 D!iJ~$ 13.2% 300,000 l!ltJ'** ' 250,000 1111;1;;-FJl;: 200,000 lllltJ,:a:1*: 64.9 150,000 1111;1;;:a:Jl;: 100,000 50,000 4. 2 ~±lfCJn m~9=1oooomM:tF=•:t:#/Fm~.m~mM:tF=~~md007':~¥'1~t£-@7':~mWBili~ cmoo 15). md:l2£:t~·t¥ft5LOO--t-1*1!1£9=1 oo OO=k~•tn.M:tF=~9=1:tt:k~m9=1 • .!ltjf-, •~-@ mM:tf=£~~-~~~~m~~OO%OO~m~mOO.@ff~-W*£00~00.£~20~ft00~ ~J!'.*~mOO.;tt~:lf/:£, :l2£@mM:tF=OO~Mm~~oo-•~·*°··~~£~00~B*mM :tf=ttF~ilOO 10~20 1-%. wH. ~-r-~mmm*°~#:tF=mm~~*·•n:tF=. ~ff$.~ttm~~~~. mM* :tt±J!'.~mOOff!lf:i!~~i::~11£: itJ?-.=.ff P'J-'fJ:)J$J!11£-T 2001!/ 11,at. :l2£md-«1.t•*a• N •;~ff.ff 91 JEIJlt, 9==' OO±~:IJJXml¥Jr5~f.Mi>c • B ~-2 ;f§ :3 ra'J , t~ JiiJ t&- • 1t 1!~U11 fW{ ~1t4mo fm*~-2~Mltt~mUffei!L Jt • fjf.;jt *ltfl'JR;gxii;Jmt'fl~lt 1¥J~1t rm~ • 'l!Ji1'!i(s10µm) 12 II -~it~ 1-t, ~P:tE3C:iii¥J!f!-, llt~~,ltAr-5~* 10 1§1 fAi\ it'li! ltJt¥iJ1li~llio :tE::lt:Jitm!R, -•1-t a fW{l¥Jf~*ltB~MlttOO*~~m• s ~mormH, mm~~Wtt~IRl¥J* 4 lt~~~rf~*lto /~,z_, -fF9==' 2 ~112 MI :fffe 7:. ~ fl'JR :fJL f;fJ $1~ ffl 1¥1 !'l!1 :1Jo rm !'l!1 ° 1990 2000 2010 :1Jo o :ttR11iS 80 fF1~*x-t::1t:Jit~~m•1¥Jiftil1iJf. ~11* 2 ?fi:7J;, :fft'i;f]$1¥J-•1tTW{, TW{~1t4m*ow.• ~4ml¥J*~-~~*~•1¥J-*~~o r-5~4m " ~*- -g_j( fFf ~ -•1-t:rwt 26. 1% 60.0% 39. 1% 1*~1-t!fo/J 62. 7% 86.8% 74. 8% w.•1-t!fo/J 38.0% 54. 7% 46.2% u.\-15-~!&9==1 OO:IJJXm ~-1'lli1~tt~i¥Ji'Pln2lo :tE::lt:Jit~±-f!!, m!RB"J*l-*ltii~jg 1~15 -5[,;fl. 1f*, 1f®±-f!!IR~~Jt¥1J 14~25 5l!fl1f*o ,g, 1*_t ;g . ;f}l.'i;f] $ P§~;@:pj(; i¥J !l©ltfl ¥5 ~ !'Pl. tE : I t:Jit /!' !& 1lVIE :m: Jt q:i -1' !* IEI Rk :tE ::It*~ 0 :IJJXm~~~~-~$, ~-1'J*IEl!&~Jt~OO*ffi~, 9=='001¥J~~:fJLf;fJ$m~~~~~o~~ ~~tJLf;fJ$7gtlt:m:--F*, ffii)2;:~if$:tEmlR P>J :lik~Jt1r~1¥J 0 a::1t:Jit11i±~1¥J~~tJLf;fJ$jg0~ ~$olEIJlt. :tE9=='00, *~,~~~#!fo/J,=•~~~r-5~±~t&E13r~~M,Ir~m~~ ~:J?e~jjtm1* 1¥10 @1JiS§~VL~*l¥1*~*f~**:li1Xmxii•1¥J!'l!1*~~. ~*•m7f'*~m:3m•~Jt 1¥J~, ~~~rr, :tE/1'~1¥1~*' :fJL'i;fJ$P§~~w*~*~F:m1¥J~~r5~0 4. 3 *ll~Jr!i=:~ E\J4~M:f~~M jg-~~_t~M~ili~~~~~~*~m•, 9=='00B*~;g~fi~:fJL'i;fJ$¥5~~n2lo :tE9=='00fi~1¥Jm:ffmf;fJ*~•DttM, #~~ttMffimm%1¥Jfm1'$mo••:3~0~~ 1¥1$~$ fl ii'!. N$~l±M o 00 F~$ i¥J ~ %~1l~ff~371JA 9==' 001-\$I~,g, 0EJ (Nation Automotive Industry Corporat ionHll 0~$ (Ministry of Public Security) !l*-€3-JJ.11!~1¥J "~ $~F1i::~JkF£*51" • ~$))1iJ/f'~~~ttMo D!Jl~371JA*'JI, ;fJL'i;fJ$1Z,~JAiitt~.29==' 00~$ I~,g,0E]f.5t;f!(.El3 "WJT$FJ'/iif~~JHJHThe Type Approval Organization for New Motor Vehicle Products)" :itt1'fl¥J$i'filo $;ff;L§:f15~~~'i}fj;fJL$1¥J,fil:i!tiP~~~ (idling emissions testsHO~¥ffi /ftZ)IJ:fJL±f-:m B"J 3::4-=1Jn:i!'.lm1?.~~ (free-acceleration smoke tests) o .!lt:9r, ~¥ff! :&Z9J:fJL~rmJt!:1Ti~•m1?.~~ (ful I-load smoke tests) o 1994 ~, ::J~gmm-lj(~;ftx>J~if: $Jt!:1J-~il'OOl&X\Y+l~£Yf~Jl!!~(United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) 15-04 til=~ :fill (ECE15-04) ~tlil\o Jj)t!--, ~m:fJLZ)IJ±f-:t£~±1!!1JB:ffl~i2Bt~rmft~~tl§;lU:Jt!:1T,@:l!*03::$ 1JO:i!il\~o X>J"-TJt!:i:J±f-:mB"JtlfPJ~~tl, '§.:fl!i~~*Otil=Ml~tlil\(safety and emission tests), ffi.m:f'C±f-: State Administration of Import and Export Commodity Jt!:l:±li:JB"JOO*Jt!:l±li:Jfmi:\'?i~~Jij)(the Inspection) ~~Jtt;f$J?i$t£1~5E~~~Jt!:1T~~o .!lt:9r, t£B:ffl~i2Bt, ~mJtJ: i:J $~IP.I OOrz±f-: -;f${E~~~tl~l:*~~~ 0 Jj*, ~~~*r*~M~t£•~~*~X>1"~¥ffi~~¥ffittZ9JmJt1:1T~:l!nMl~:s::•~:l!n Ml~tlil\ 0 9 00 OO*~f*Jij] (the National Environmental Protection Agency of China) ffi.m:115tl!E*O •a~±f-:n~~~~ll, ±1!!1f~*Jij]ffi.m:~~llB"J~•oJtJ:-~B"Jm•IEt£~!E9,PJmili~ l*J 1A1J-, rt 1i'J '§.115: • 1995 ~12).J§, --F$1!ffl~¥ffi B"J*'.,l;fttf'&~1i (octane number) ~}A 80 ~*jiJ 90 , 33:~~~ •~¥ffl:&Z9Jm~~*· ~~•&•~m~B"J§B"J; J,A 1995 ~*~£1, ::k:!P.Xm, ~'~:IP.Xm*o~£Yf7f:&IR~#tl5Yxta~¥ffl ; 34 • • ~~9~d•~~¥ffittZ9Jm±f-:mB"J-•~•~•~~~nMl••&3~.mZ9J±f-:B"J~~n ~tlii\)~H¥*=ffl~OO OO*~*Jij]_ 1970~1983 ~1!ffl J1j:fifl1Et£11?tl!E9, #}A 1995 ~~-~-0 B"J 9-I:fill (the 9-mode) ; • ~JtJ:-~•&•~1t~B"Jtil=nj, it:J(.1JX>j"tf'&;J!4~/ftmP.X:B"J~~Jt!:1T~11JUo lr*:fifl1Et£it1i11 *, tNit ii\; J,A 1995~1996 ~7f~£lm~ru**omru4~•· ftW11i7t111J~ 2 ;'UWJHJ\*o 4 £/Wltl • :ftH! 00 ~ffi;fffifl ~.§J.R (ISO) 3929 :fill' ,g ;I! Wltlii\ '§. :fl!i:tJo ;I! iYlhi\ IE! :!P.Xm 9A'lf!HHJLZ9J*1!ffl 0 :XJ 51 ~. tE~~~UJ3:®1!ffl 9:fJLZ9J±f-:Bt~~:XJ 51 ~~iYlU, Jf:tE~WlU B"J~litll...t1iifl!Eiik=NM~f~ lll!.d£~1t¥ffi~ (carburetor); • X>J"-TtJT±f-::tJnJ!j:lJ¥9 B"J~¥ffi:Jm%=tll=J1jt § 1995 ~~~~11Jut£ 4. 5 .!f!.1iz:. 2000 ~~~~fl\";-T 4. o .!f!.fil:, t£ffl±f-:B"J:fffill7t111J~ 5. o *o 4. 5 .!f!.1ir: • ¥~•4-=mJ%=B"J~WJu-¥r&.ZHffifl1Et£Ni~9, Jj:>7r, 9ru*omru~¥ff!:&Z9J:fJL±f-:B"J~~til=nj:fffi ll1Et£11JU!E, #fJJ~*ffl 00 ~jf-;fjf-fl~]Jf{ (ISO) B"J~Wltl1J$i o 4. 4 IJ\l~~i.£ £~9 OOlYllf±f-:m~b~/ft~OO*~fl\";1~g;;, 1.EI.ili 15 ~B"J~*:l!Jl'.~~~·l:k:, tt**-f&Btl'BJ fJJ~1*t.f·l:k:;l!±~*o E8:fJLZ)IJ$~~51~B"J:S::~~~JA 80 ~1~9:11A7f~al:±ll)hl., ~jJ1J;J!-•1t•, •~1t~, ~•1t~B"J~~t£iliJL~/FWT1Jn!1Jo :fJLZ9J±f-:fil~~B~£51~A1i'JB"Jmf.m, 1.EI.'.lm%=, •tt~~=·~~~~-§~~~~-. M • ,:X$ff 93 IJ. ~ t;R 7g fJtl, ~p ftttH1if$~H~Jil~IJ * **, #*~ -®WJ-fi!t:OO!, ** 1¥1 ~4.1-iFn.t!I: fil:m :;k::I: *~·~m1sm~.~~L.~~*•***:m~£~.~#~~:m+*Fm.~mum~. 00 16: ~tW.:*Jl.M*~ E\~F~~!J} 00 11: ~tW.:*Jl.M*~E\~4F~~!J} Ct~~$1;W.:.lt1Jfj!JIJ. !{~) C£m~~l¥-J~iHffi-5m1J, !!~) iii~ t.IH& C~:.l 1992 $ :;!] O iii~~!U!rm 1992$'3 0 3.0 3.0 6 6 -l\'ltlil! -il'ltlil! 2.5 2.5 5 5 lil!il'lt~ ---- lil!ti'lt~ 2.0 2.0 --..- 4 4 -..- 1.5 1.5 JiKl\'lt~ 3 3 j!lj('(.t~ --B- -+- 1.0 1.0 2 2 =il'ltlil! =ll'ltlil! 0.5 0.5 -e- 0 1992 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 ---- fll1JJ:$~!! --¥- 0 1992 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 fllr;IJ~ -+- $Ji $Ji El3r A ffJX>fr~d>:fJt~$~~14F •1¥11J~BTMm$. ~~. ~~~ 7g~~i¥J:k:l:n•R~~~i¥J~~~ ~£~m~%1¥J.~a~~~d>m~ *•0mntt:1:1¥Jm:h"ffi. x~~d->$ m~ff 1¥J1f~: m#¥mwm1J.m* ~~**~~i¥1*~.W$~•m:OO!. ~= ~~~m1¥1*~.m~$1¥J~• ~-~.m~$$*~W~W£-® ~~'ft~ .@:1¥Jfi!t:h"ffi, ~Jg, ~~f)(m IJ. ~*~~. ~mm*m~i¥J~m~.@: ~a~fm~~.@: C,!Ji!,OO 1s)" ~i¥1**·~~m~*~~~~1¥J§1¥J~.-~oo.~~~am$1¥Jntt*~~w~~*· IJ.~~~~·~•~A~••; ~-1100. rnr~#m~. m@mtt#.~~~tt~~~~~ ~~mffi¥1~~.~~~L~§~. •*~~RWY**•~m.mffl•~.~fil*m•~~d> ~~n•1J.R~~~•*~w~~~tt~•m:OO!.@*~•~m1¥J~~~~~-§~. m~*~~ntt~~~~m@•~a~~1¥J~*~.@:W~~~~.@ttmtt#~~w1¥J¥ m. 11#1JOOmaifJT$~~~~14FnX~ttl~ii C:tzrHIHtttft~ (catalytic converters) gl(;Jfll*il:®: ~~(particulate traps), gl(;aam$mL~~i3:®~Ji). M¥t•~MP~~~®$ftfflMf~ -~~. ~~1JOOm~~~~~·*~~-•1J.R~~-®••·MW. ~*&~*Ml¥1~m 1¥1¥N*~~*mm~*·~~•·•~•*~~~-~~§~. ~#m:h"ffi~~i¥Jma~.@:a ~m~. ~~. ~•1¥Jm~£~fil•:k~~~~~~#~m~m~. 5. 1 *m~~911J~i:igttPit:Ji1J §$00*••••**•· --~~*~~2~*··~~2~~~*~00~-~-&~ ~~tiF¥500:*=~i)j'.:!:fHf, ·rmF:l:OO~~:l\IJt~*/l'PJt'i~ll. 111±ffi3&•00F:l:~·$m&~tz: 1'.:fl:;k 00¥5 ~ IOJ Im. /l':¥00 ~, i3:-'tff l7I.1~d>iJ IJl§:l::t~, 1!179 2~ tiF•/l' ~ '.%~ ~IJ, rm litiF¥5 ~~*~oo~•/l'•~*•fi~.m~~oo~•1•~*~~-~~i3:®~•.#+i3:®*•* qff~JJ!l.. X>t-T~~m·/l'~•oom*.~~**~*•OOOO*.M-#~•00~•1•~*~*MPJ ~~~JJ!l.-~*·~~X>t~*·~~OO$m.mMOOM9&~+*~~.~·*·~~m~~ oom~*oo-•~•®••~wn•. ~&m~~*•-ar~~•~•· ~~~~F•r5~oom ~if~OO*•· :tE:Wt-tL ¥5~10Jtm±•~~~9=t*•00!¥1lltil., -®~~2~00 "~-~~~(smoke inspectors)" :tE1ii~Jfil:t~. ~f.9ltiF~•:;kOO$ma+Jtf~JJ!l.~fr.l~. i3:fifi1J~R m1~&00~2~ ~Dffil;f!J.. ~~$tl:#:OOm~. m•9!79F'.¥.:OO~U~'f-@:, ~M~~Wt~W!U~(loaded mode tests), ~*m~h••m~~m~~I~M~. ~M/M~*~~:tE/l'~~M9=1.X>tr*$·~-~$.-~T~~~~OO~**~®Md> ¥5~*•0000~ff~···~~~~qr~-~--~MM~~&~ili2~Md>00~§. 5: 2 ~1m;;tft!:3~1-it ili~+~*~~OO$mm~B~/l'~~~. #li~*-~~~: ~M·~-~~. ~ZM (ethanol)_ Efl~ (methanol), ~~~(natural gas), ~ft~~~ (liquefied petroleum gas) ~/l'lffiJl>EQ:l::t~. §$,fil~~_±·~-~~~~~*~~~q:ioom. ~PJ~Md>filOO*•XPT~*ffl2~ r5~~~tt#:. ~•~ff~•·~*.m~~ooam.~~M•*~~tt,*~*••,•* J'J:W~ftit!lm (aromaticsHD1¥.Zf!ffl~¥6~1Jll:tfLl (detergent additives). ~ll*~~·fjl;:i::!:i!!@ffl :i:3:@am11~. ~~~m~moo•~~**a•. MrlJl.~$¥5~~ittll11JIXJtl>EQ~OOOO*· @1¥r7t-~f:m~m•~·~GJ.OO•~m•. 1E~~9=1$ ~•~m~&•~~w.~~9=100+A~•~m~&•~~w.-ar~oo~•~~5o.i3:79~ fflJ'c*OO~~tJtm~ T f-:{tf:. ~~·*$•oo*mz~h•~•*~~q:ioom*•· *~~m~~oo~mA~-~••· i3:/l'&~~m~~oo1:tz:~•· rmli•7il~m~~oo~m•~~#.M~. q:ioo~:tE~~tz:• q:i2~~~m~~. ~rm~-r-•&~•00¥*~#. oo~~m~~oo~mm&. *•*iliQ~ Wf)JQ~. :tEu*OO 10 ~.m. Afl'J~*~B:~liJf~1tm~¥amt11-1~•1t~•t11-. ~~i3:fifi·tff~OOJ*l!I ~M~~••m•,•~~•oo~~tt~&•&m~*oo2~15~. "' • jJ:fi?ft 95 •1~1?&*4'P1J~ ft!;l;J'G (methanol)(*§*~~' :):l:f1JM9&:i:!lm), Z:..M (ethanol), :f1i:W¥91 (vegetable oils) , .±~PIG 71- 7'1 ft! m1¥.J &mi*~~ (compressed natural gas) , 83 mm (propane), T;l;J'G (butane) f!Jlt;fi;JPIGl¥.J•1t:fi¥Bl~, ~lt1-ti1fi 9=1f":i:1¥3•~•*4' ~lt;fi;J (reformulated) 1¥.J~-1¥.J~¥ffi;,f1J~¥91 oi!ffld->:1:1¥.J~1JIJJfU (~1jj.~¥ffi rf 1¥.Jfil) IJ,f!-f-1?&*41¥.JJt:~, ill•toi!fflo §$.±~~$1¥.J·~-M~*~~f083*~~~~1¥.Jftl;l;J'G, ft&•M~~&i!ffl •1-t:fi¥Bl~oW~-~-Ml¥.J~~-~~~~~$m~*~~ffi~f":i:l¥.J~~~~~$1?&M:i: (", Jt:~:f1Jill•ufi.Pt":i:1¥.J~~o m-r~~~¥Bl.Pm~~to•~n•m~i¥J~$. •*•$~1!mmMtoz:..•~7'1•*m• *41¥.JW-1JIJ*U~11=7'1~¥Bl 1¥.J{g1~£ 0 •~•M~-t-••~m~~m:1:~m~•*••~1¥.J~fflo~®•Mft~®*•~0~~ **IJ ilifli~*) l:1!ffflJ§:X:Xi:&% 7~~m:l:o ~®1?&*4ftm9=1'Li'mtif #l;J:\IZ, l!IJl:t~MT #!;J:\IZ,J#, ~~1¥.J~mo I fil~.1!ffl•~r?&M~~~m:m~n~~BMl¥.J~*o ~~. 31!ffl&ffii*~~~-·¥Bl IJ,~*•ttWto~~1¥.Jffi~:I:~. ~~~-•1-tWf!JZ:..H~~~W1¥.Jn~:1:mn~*~· ~ lliffii*~~~~!ij~31¥.J~~:J2:1llH~ffflH~c111!ffl, ~x•~~~'ilt~f, m1»,::k:XBJz:%:X~m:1:0 5. 3 *lliiJJ:$~E\J~~Ml:t~iMt.~# :fJL~*~~:J2:1lltltt::tB1f1~::k~Ji, tlt3'¥-l:B:ff PIG-T J:JJm**fflT~®1J¥!, !ij-JlN* •t§bt. ~fi£-•1t~, ~lt1tW:f11a•1tW1¥.J~~JJB*Bll¥Z.iiE~o ~®tt::tl¥.J:i*'Li'~{l1t~ ~ff, ~~1¥.Jtt::t&*~ft~~m~*J:\\Zfflo ~~§$~~tt~~~~n~:t2:~tt::t1¥.J~m.~~*1¥.J:f2:~tt::tB~ili~.**10~~ ®1i:t~~ 11z.±-tE.illffl o •¥Bl~~m*l¥.J~~:J2:~tt::t~~~:t2:~*' ~~~~,fil~Jim~oB*9o~~.PM, r?&~J§M~~tt;t~~l~~illffl, r?&M~1-ttt::t&m~*fflo 5. 4 *lliiJJ:$~*w:EI ~-m~m~*to•Mtt;t~!ij~*m~*fi~£N~D1¥.J~•ffiM1J,JWt~ftM~W$ ::k~m1¥.J~~~~~-otlt3'¥-l:::k$•~1R1¥.Jm~*fi~£N8~~*~o~#M~:X:X~m 71!fflM~m~*~•Mm~*~~l¥.J~~o 7'1•~~*W~:i:~~-~.~~to~m~~A~~~~~~~if~1¥.Jm~,1J,•&~*· ~m~~A~*l¥.J~~~~fio•&m~*fi~£N1¥.J1J¥!m$, ~~: *••~$1¥.J*•~ mm, &~*•$•~: *~*ill•~•*~; mu•~W*~~~~~ftwm~~~~m~ *; i&~f~*~*IJ~fi?m~*1!ffflf5t ~_l[:fJL~*~*IR; ft~·rf'L':flJ~mJ.EJij±i!!IR~{~* ~; ~**•: ~-1Ll3ff*~mmtol3ff*~~~~; ~m~~J:~m~~. •&••wm: ±±-t!!iJ~i!ffl~~o 5. 5 5iit1J·t1~t;ICfj/ltr.J1'Fffl ~*I~OOtt**~~*•&~*~~n~•~rmtt. 6o~~mtt~m~M~~~• ~ft1m00t41=~(crankcase HC controls), ~~X1lltlf:E7-ifilft•fo•~1t1m00t41=~tff-ft. ~IJ ro~~~M.*$•I~itOO**~~~m~*OO~~n~.~~'*ffl~~it~~-~~~ oo+*~~oo~~~~tt***~*7~11tl~~m~*oo~~n~.•11tl~~moo~~~~tt *ffi X11t ]§ ' 1E! & lE tE 'tf(:ifil~!l 0 -~*~ffl~®*~' -~J:E~-00~1ftt~.X1f~~~*I~OOOO**~· m~•* *P*MmM~f=OOOO~®~fil-~.~~. m~**P00·~~7·~~m. ~-#M~. :tE~*~f=*~~•· ~~I~itOO*iliP~*oooo•c~~*®~)@*~ ~~oo~mtt~.@~~:tEm~*m•~f=ftOO~ttm~•~~n~~tt~•·•~m~&tt •m•~fil.mttm~~-~*~*~~~~~m~*oo~f=.~*,@~~*~~~f=r• •*X1~~~~~4*1f~~. ~·•*@*~~~-~~~~~~~*· *$•00•00~1ftt~~m~*oo~•1•~~~-~~·~•1•~tt~~~X1f~~~ ~~~~4oom~*~£X1f~~*~~~~~4oom~*•~~*~~n~oo~m.~•1 m~OO*~•Xf:Ef, §ftOOm~*~--~~~~¥~~*~~.~~~~¥~~~~- ~~B*~~~. ~ftm~. ~~~~¥~OOF•~-~~~~~n~•*·~~~m~*OO ~~~~.•&*•~~~~~•~oo~m.~•1•~tt~B•fil~£~*X1~~~~tt*~ 'Btf11~*2:~m•oo•~t1J:rt. ~z. R~~m•mmru*1f•~oo~•1•~*~· ~~•*~&~~~•1•~tt~oo ~~tt.~@~~•m~*WH1J~0A.m£, ~ftm~. ~~rn•oo~:i!•~X>Jtt~~~ gX;~~t41=1JJl~1!Jtl~ 400 IS *ill£~•xoo 0 ~~ J:X1•11tl*M*1f OOt41='.iW~~tl fil£~ ~00 0 llH!j:$WJi~Fi!f!:iiiiE~fi"~!!:: ••X1~f=$M~it1*ru*1r~filtlil\ (testing of prototype cars prior to production), ~ftPli2d~IJ*M1f~llH~L jfijffll¥&t11~~~1!JIJ¥~·ri~~. ~-~fr~[PJ M&ftP&*•oom~.mtt~•rmmmoom•tt~. ~m•~tt&••· •&~~~~oo~ ~~~-I~: xm•~••~~*· ~tt~~I*ru~tt~oo~tt. ~~~®*•oo•~•~ •**#~m~.~w. *•~ttm~~•oo~-~~IP1~&£~•~~. ~~1*~*•£:tE AI~m~*1f~MOO.~~. ~ttM•*J:fi~~f=M~gX;ffif*·gX;~~*-~1f~m& ~llOOt~3*tfH5U31~00*M1~~. &~~~fi~*·~~ff-m•oo~t=t?. ~wc.~_t.;~1Jli\:: •*~filtliJ\&-7fJT*, ~ H£Pl-mm*~~*•:tE~ilizftuffl~~tWJE.t1!=1J!l ti-ftOO:tt*· ~w, ~itoomm·ri (durability) •rni;~~1~~00~[l&*~J:E. ~.ll:t~~f ~ ~~f=Wmfil~~~~moo~•.~~. -~~~f=Wmfil~•-~· ~#~M~ftP&~~~ ~ffl~~t=t?OOm~I. M • ix*ff 97 @~W•tt~:b~fflP~3-~$m.#H£~-~-~~-~*·~~~fflAAOO#~. ~®#~R£ttm~3-~$-00fflP~---~*-~MOOfflPmm~oo.~®#~~~R ~tmJJ~®B~mPX:rlltr5~* HiE~~~1tmoo*•· £¥5~FP~*~oom1ifil . .i1:t:>ir::tE$m1t m1~~FP. ~~~tt~**~~.~w. ~Armm~~~~moott~. ~~-~m£~~ $m~tt~~m~ili~~-. ~~~~ffl~$mF-~$. -~1•~=£•~~moo*•***~oo~-ftwtt#.mtt*•••~.~~-~~• ~oom~•· ~~•1•~A~•~mmtt~•tt~m~~~*•~tt~~. ffif::tE~AA~ft~-~T~~h00~9*~· ~-/-~#~*•£•~~00"tt~$" (anti tampering) it:J<.1J. ~~ip~ffm:itf-zvifoJ•~11£$mfll'r5:fffi~:1tA~_@_. ~W, ::tE~~V~i ~~~oo~n. *•~m•m~~mili##~tttt~. ~w.~•1•~tt~OO_@_~~~~~•~oo~~=mAA~•£~~%.:itl:fi***•oom *~h.M::tEOO~tt. ~~-~FPm~ftW$m~~~~~n$. 3*mtt#~••oon~m**~**•r5~**~.w~•*oom~~~£: -noo• ~-*Ju~~~OO:tJt:ttJ, -§:trsti!!n. ti!!IR. oo*•mmH1oo~:rJUJt:ttJ, A~l'l-1:ttm•*11*m1tum ••~JE•oom~: J1-noo•~~~•mm~R. rnf~~oom:ttJ~~~~~m~fioo~~•m~:ttJ. ~~~~~~oom~.~w. ffMm :ttJ~~oo~•~~£A~~dtt.~fi~~~-~0~•~*•oom~.m~. £rnoo*•m ;fJt~iim3~00liJf~ ~z;t* § ttl:Jf-Jl'.±~JHR (WHO) OO~f1J1J 00 OO'Bf *4*1tLl~'til-3 OO~ftLl~~¥5 ~00 I§ :f1F*llfiff. Jf:lj;tfl)j'1 (Environment Ministries) ~Jl'.±$1'1 (Public Heal th Ministries) ~if§3f--t1fJOO:fJt:tiJ~£~~oo~~~:tJt:ttJ . .i1:t:>ir. m~ rn 00*5J9!11J~JT*fll'¥5r~ftU:t1FttU11~NM •tff>ft, Wffiff:lj;$f1A'f*ffi.fi~:fjfil. tEif$00*, $m:fffi11£ffij(:@.$f1 (Transportation Ministries) ftLl~ (Jf:lj;'l'ft)m~••), W~*4M•rn~~¥Jl$f1 (Energy Ministries) 115§~. *n•mm~iim~~moor5~~~*~~¥5~**~11E.~•1•~tt~~m~~N~£ ~n•mm~~~oo.x:@.~~~±*~ffl&£*n•mfi*~-~•ooM~~. •&~~**~~*~~m•oo~••Mm~~*•*¥500W~ili~.W$~~-~-~ ;f!t~$r5~n$.~~~®~~~Mf~M*Tfi;f!t~$¥5~n$OO~l*ffl~. MW•~~~ ¥5~fll'n!x:OO:littn~. Tfi1Hiti~ftLlr5~fil:i1ifilOO'tw~. m~~Afl'JX>JJJJl~~-n~oo~;;z~·ii:itf fiw~.~oo£-®~•oo•~*•r5~n*oo~~: - - -- I • ~*m~•~*~•~: *•~•oo~*••wn~~m. ~*•~Moo*m~mooffi~ *•<*•~*·~~n~tt*ffi@oon~••· ~~-~~*•*~~#~~~••· • *m•~~F~~m*~'r:imfi~~¥±1t.mrm1:m:m: i-'¥1t*••*~*o~ff 1!.*-~*:Dr:rffffmJJX;OOtiF ~~1t't~?5L. xti5¥1t:tEffl$•tiFJVc~P1ltm~. ::f~~~OO$ •. 83-Tf!ffl::f!PJOOtt* (¥.)[lf -~~oon~~~m*•·lf•~~•oo*•·~~~~m*•~>•~fi1!.~~at~oo* ~.~~n~~~~}jt::f!PJ.~--~~*·~~OO*xt:tEffl$•mffOO~n~~. • •~~•: ~-~•~ttxt*•mlf~~mm~~a~~~M•~*•*~~~*~.M ~o:JJFWT3::~~(air pumps), fl1tB(catalysts), ~~~itlJ*;JE(evaporative emission control systems), ~~:j!}f}i:Et*~(exhaustgas recirculating systems), .9::k~at* ;JE(ignition timing)~. ~®xt$•OO•~. lfat~tt\'~~J\l~mJJX;OO. fmffH111iA/9J.3:~ •~~•~*•ff~.~~-~. ~~m-r~M~~.M~•m••at~. ~*•••m ~·*•*~*~-~OOM*~~M~~OO*OOm~--~~.~W.xtBn~*·*~ w~~~OOOO*· xt$••~OOM?5Lm~~w~. • *m•~: ~**•~~~~~¥.)[~~~~*~~~*~00*•>¥.)[lf~n~m~oo•« mqTti:J? C~o: ifoJm:, (spark plugs) ~tiFn3t~itlJ7Cf4 (emission control £~:k::tt:£ components) • n1tB (carburetor adjustments)) , ~t!fi$.00tiFn3t'.16, ~ ~tiE'.Itti:J? 00$ ••m$.~-~-~~~~.~~*•~Moo*n~oo:tEm*•*~oo~~-~mttw zv1tit. • M•1•~~M-~M•: lf~OO~n1•3?*~~~-~ili·*~*·· ~-~~®$• ••<~•~~•w*•*7Vt~~*~>. lfM-Tm~rn-T~*•~~*~~&rn-T*•~ ff~j!_~~~WmPX;OO~~n~.xt~-~~~~oow~~-~~MOO*B*fiOO~~. • f~#fill.5X: 1!ffl::f!PJtt*OO$•?JTi:'i~tf7tlC~O: ~~*·· 7Cfl1tBCnoncatalyst). ~ft 1lftJr=U (oxidation catalyst). - fi'.iJfl1tJr=U (three-way catalyst)~), X1i5¥1t.~1*$•tiF ~~m-~oo.-~~TM~W~~~OO*OOtt*~JJX;H~®tt*X>t~~n~oo~mMm,. • $~: 83-TIB$~-qf~1!.f¥$.ii1ttiF~F•. ~!lt]iffl~~oil!-~$~00$ ••:i:. ~ -m~ii1t~rn~mmwlfoo*••~••~~~. • *mB~:m~~~~~~filOO~*••· ii1t~M*••~••~~~. ~~~m~ ••~~m•~Mw~••·•~oo~xt**~filoo*•mffm~oom•. • •m*•~mfi~e: ~~~il!m~~~*••~~ttoo~£•.~-•¥ii1tMl*•w 1t1t. IB$·~~qf £f¥~&®. ~qf £f¥•:tt::f ~ IIl*lf m::f~. • *m•m•M: ~*:tE-~~~~ili~*mn~~m~xmn~. Wlf®*••~ftffl::f *m•~~~:J?-~ff~B. ~*m*mn~•~oolf•~•*•oo~M~~~~. • •*!!-*Hi: mf400:W~·ti Cvolatili ty) ~tfc~$·~~tiF~00·~~~ C~~tiF1Vt2i$ •.~, 1*~tiF~00--'¥-). ~ftl!.mf-H~·ti~o*Mtt (sulfur content). ~'®~·ti (distillation characteristics)lO*~t(oxygen content)IPJ~~~-~00. • ~ml~i!Jl: 1l,~9l~oil!BSf:i5J~jjt(ii1t:lifl'blO:li1!£) ~tl!fmWltl$•tiF~· ii',It, X>tlll*k\(J! ~7.KSf36tlJ~f!) lOl't*~ (-~1t1*1.KSf fl'b) mqf $3!1!1-t•JIJ iliW~;Wi(i. :tE~**~oo±~~m.•~*~••~~.lfm•~~~oo±~*•· ~-•~•~m ~~OO:li±~*··~~~~m*•~Mt~~OO±~*·· ~*1*~~00:li~~*~·~$± ~~~--~-~fil~~. #H~B~~--~~~1*-~~~~lf~.~!lt. ttxt::f!PJ00$ •~~~Mtfcm:~*•~~oo~m.9:. HtrOOBm:tiTm:~*·~~~1M~~OO±~l*J~. far§~. 1l'J9l~1J•$•ififtr€qf 1!_~00 n•t.1PJat•&iliff1!.~.•fil~ff1!.~n~t~iiMa~ff~~tt*•&<Sf:l5Jm}jt.~m ~~~>.fr~~ff~~tt~•&~ff~~~fr~fr~~.~~-~~~ff~~~oo~•~~~ ~-TM~-~~$~~$00$m, ~M***Tm~$m~n~. ~~. fr~•M~~tt~~~oos~~M***•~**·~mm•.~~~M~~~ ~¥.t~~ §~~11=ffl. ~rm, ep-oc*•***r~fMfr•iFR1f s%Citi=$ ~*¥-f**lmiliJS:-* **>· *•*~fr~m1siF~m¥.t•~· ~~~~M****· ~~~$~•&~~woo. 8. 1 ~~911J/!it? fft~W/ti1?it:lGIJxt~f~rY/.1f$mt-1FnJ1fWH~:1JA: • ~**~~ttfftn#w~•~oo*moon~. • B~*•W1f~**~~*•~~~*••~~•mmttrm~~oo•••m. itHJi!iM1f~Wlfi1iit, -~~~ ~frf OOfftWl~/ti1?itt1J~~fiJ$~~~aJHUi!!•& ffi~t-1FnJ. xt-F• •~w~-•~•~•&2~.rmxt-t-••~w~•&1~.••~w~~~B~•&~~~fft •1•1P~tt-~tt~~R~*T$m-~$, §~ff&1f•~~~~n~ttfft•1•~tt~* ~l¥1R:1m.« 1tWt-1FnJ 11:11 •. &~~tt~ffi~n~•&~~*~~-~oo.~m~~~*·~~fftn1•1?tt~~~-F~ *•~*•*~~~~*· ~~. ~~*fflfft•1•1?tt~~~m•*~~ . .= ~ *¥ ~ 'i9l i'Jl ~- 1f; $ (two-stroke motorcycles) ~:Im~.•« 1t~;fOfffi*.fz.W.±.~ ~~~~J'ill: (g/kml .----------------, *~· ~0019M~. fr~~. -=~~~:z9Jm 2.71 ~1t*•0~fff!~wn~•A~~~~m~ $~0jt1'($-t~J'.'b. ~MMm~-m*•*~OOtt*~~~ - [9~*¥11 :Ef ~ 'i9l i'Jl (otto cycle-powered engines) flp]JJ(:Jst;f:~fi;I.. •0>•*4 r:J:i~ijffi-¥E!J 00 ~ lli fll ~ -t :It: m ;;Ji iill $ *•~-~~ffOOMIR:1J~.~@MfflOO~• $ $ fQ ~ 0 n~M¥.t1fM-F~B•&•C~~---~· $ ?! ,.,_ $ ~~~n~.xtJS:®~:z9Jm~~~~*ffl~~ $ft!!. ~{tM. 35 (separated lubrication system), mr'<'b T•~~ni) if$rY/.{~~'i9Ji'Jlf!l'.ffl7t~ OOnilffl*~Jt ffl~OOttf]L Mrm1fM-F•d>'lW~t-1F~. 1986 iF1f111t1fUOO:tllM~~Mffl$(Mopeds with Catalysts) frfiM±;fo~±i!!~Ll*frfl{!J'.ffl, 1992 iF~ ~ E'r~00~1t$&f~T~1bl00~~. ~~~MJS:~oom~.tt~-=~~tt*~~*•:!m~*•~oo••~~w~•· frtt*~ B~~~~~Ji~OO. WTOOtt*~i.iEMiJtJ3:®11:i1•. -Wtl:fto: nffiI~-Tmif4001LJ~ttA (Direct Cylinder Electronic Fuel Injection), ~-Tit~i'Jl~~U(Electronic Computer Control). i:'21.ffil-f'f'~.'&J¥HJHJH1988a), XJi!i.~J.f:Jt, E~(OECD[l988a], 35 Transport and Environment, Paris). - I {1HtifU!%ftlffi$Ht (Ca tal yt i c Exhaust Conversion) ~, £ § f!J';lt ffl 1¥11J~ Jlt:>tr, 31~7tJtl: 1¥1 o =i'lPl'Utl)IJfJL (~Q ORBITAL 0i¥J iEtE1iJf11JUi¥J), lf 3HtllYi'lPfi/tZ)i]ff1£¥J!t~, £11~'tf'&f4o tEA$~I~~OO*,~fflxmt?&~B~lO~ffi~7oB*~~LtE~1JOOB~:tEttt~i¥J fir~, B*:ili 20 ~*' 90%12ALl¥Jfom::r-~mo miftit, 1994 ~~ttt~:ili 213 1¥Jnas£xm naa 0 ~i•&~~~im:>ir, PJl2AttX1nall1~Jt:t-Z:t71¥Ji~~l:'~o ":M:ttJ" (reformulate) 1-\asPJ•&n aam~tz:j_:i¥J~lifttii=n>c!lm o ff ti •&±f=mti1=n>c~il-1&~1¥J-'i't1Hr, •*4 :m:ttJ::r-1x ~grf'i ~ 63-t-5 I Axmnaam*~i¥1~~~~, ®H~•&E8naa&±f:mn*tz:j_:1¥J~•!lmm~~•mA•• 1¥1~~0 80 ~1~9=1 J§1Jl~m~=t1i;~1~t?&*41¥1&n±~1Ju, £:ttJnaa 12A•&r5~!lmtii=n>c:tE~oo 51~11l*~ tto~*'~all~n$I~H~T-~~~1¥Jil-~W~, oo~~W~fflZt7~J§~&•T~~l¥J ~~,~~-£~~W$1J~aJt:tna!J, PJB~a*~~M•om~aJt:ti¥1~*-~tt~£~ PT•&m~L±f=m1¥J~n*•' •••&naa9=11¥JmPJ•&m~±f:m1¥Jmn*-ffo :m:ttJnaa•&tii=n>c•1¥J•:m~1JJ-t£: ~1f£:f*tt·t1 <•&•tttii=nJc), •&ME~.iik <a*111t ifU~:5ln), ~1Ju1E«*H4 <*' •~*1;fGf.Jlt7H1H~, 1*M=·l'€!37.K-'f) o a*~lift?&*41¥1il:tE~:5l~, 11ii~ur a ~*iEH¥~H1 (Lowering Vo I at i I i ty) : tf'&f4i¥J:f*/t•t1, £ 12A37U ~•n& (Reid vapor pressure) **~1¥1, X1~Wc~~¥i~•tttil=J]Jc~11JU~~JE (evaporative emission controls) 1¥J±f:m1¥J•tt tii=n>c11:m:ff tj)j~~Q(<ij o mx~t~J41:n>c~11iu1¥J$mil\~~tj)j, •?¥437u ~~na:J-J. 9 @1-'f:n~-t <62 -f-~E!) ±~;IJQJ§UA~"J @/-'¥1J~-t (82 -f-~E!), •tttii=nJc*;j1!3£~J!i~-:;:o m~•tttil=*~11iUB<J 36 12 ±f:m, ~~~£*o~0000*~1*~tt~•~~~•n&M62™*~~s2-f-M, ~•ttn *~11lUl¥J$m-'¥~ s::Ktii=nJc±~;IJQ 5 1€f$, Ji: H -'f~Q»_~til=n>c•*1JQ 25o/cr-100%o ~-/ttil=*~ 37 ~±f:ms::Kn*•l¥1~*' £E8-f-~~1¥J~~~~~J§B<J•tt•~n~~~9=1o m~B<J:f*tttt~B1X1±f:m~aa~B<:ln*•~&W*oX1~-$mJt:t~i¥JX1~~~*~' ~ aa~naaJ"u ~•n&n ti 1i. s @/-'¥1J~-t <19 -t-~s) B1tz:j_:1¥J•ttti1=n>c•~~t 10@/-'f1J~-t Evaporative Emissions from Modern European Vehicles and their Control. SAE paper No. 880315. SAE International, Warrendale, Pennsylvania) , 51tOOIE~Offjfi\J, 1987, J¥:~i)llJ~7ftfT: Wf;j:Jl.l;IJ$fei!ii:J1j:~,f01!R¥1.ft4m~~:tt~JRl¥J~1!l~, $~'l!m51t1EIE* 37 lffjfi\J, ,j;Jl.l;!Jft¥5~~j}~~(US EPA. 1987. Draft Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Gasoline Volatility and Evaporative Hydrocarbon Emissions From New Motor Vehicles, Office of Mobile Sources, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C.), N • ;"J(/j\ff 101 (64 T-~B) i%5 30%(-~ti!=:QX)f3Jljlg 1. 89 :R:lfr.fo 1. 45 £/ft-) o 38 ttxt~flf1'6H4, ~0000%:£1'1* ~B-~T~OOIBR~~~-Rffi~mo R~~~tt~~ITT-~--tt~~~~~~B~~~~aill~ITT*•*nx, ~HR~ill· ?t~M~9=1~~ITT~~o~~*•*nx~m~~. aR~~~~~~~~h~~. x~*•ITT R*•~oa~m9=1ITT$mm&~~1f•~~~¥~ITT~~. ~*•M~~tt~~~§*ITT• &*nxITT~~~~*~~o~~a~•~m•~~~¥~ITT~~. ~~oo.~~-M~~tt& 1f~~~KmMITT~~tt&M~~¥~m~ttITT*~· MW~~~~o ~oo oo%PF'f*~J&.tt?t:tJT37u ~•R&1JTI1.$ <1987~)1~l±! = 1t:~~oo:i~Jrnm*437u ~ffih lg 9 @P¥ ~~-T (62 T-~B) ~-~-l~JtJJ ITTit:lW, ftit~ ffl ~1 lg o. 0038 ~7G/:ft-, ffe.X/Ejj~ 20 ~7G/ :tmo ~~~fflJZ.*~ El3r&:it!:ITT£~£YfITTmf4.fomM•~t~ttITT•&W~-~UIJ1H~, !El.tit, ftiitrl'J ~~mx11ITT~ffl{)(lg o. 0012 ~7G/:ft-o ft ii (Oxygenates) : YO~ ]if 1~ A & ilf ft. ft -g. !lo/] (Oxygenated ti:! ITT, rPJ R ~ r:p r~ Compounds), YOZM(ethanol), 1'!3M(methanol), ~TM(tertiary butyl alcohol).fOl'j3~T ~(methyl tertiary butyl ether), ~~•&itif:tr1*f9'm~ITT*•· ~Btr&~m*4m1Ui, M WJiif•&tfl-.fO)j'::gf~ftB-!lo/J (harmful aromatic compounds)til=:QXITTftffl o ffe.X!E~r&~:it&f4it •¥~, ~*-~1*~-~*·~~~-~*•&ITT2~mMmB-!lo/J, MWif~~-&-•~ 1Wt .fO 1Wti\ ft !lo/] ti!= n!£ o ft.iin'A:-EflifiliTM (MTBE): rPJR~9=1~t.m 2. 7%1'!3~T~. ~~±~:1Joa•ft!lo/JITTti!:n!x:o yo ~~~JE•ttM, ~~~~~~ffi&ITT~ffl: -~1if~*~•*•~mr%5a•~!lo/J*··~ ~1if~*·~~~~·&••~!lo/Jo31'!3~TM*•&tt2.nat, ~*•~S~ITT~-~~M ±~:1:-tM:tro ft.iin'A:-Z.fi (ethano I): fx:M~~~rPJR~9=1:1JoA *••:It2. 1%ITTZ:.M, wa•ft!lo/J *•&1f~Bm:1Jo: fE1Yn•mtt~~f1L IJ!1Ja•1t!lo/J~B~m:1Joo fYtlyo, ~0000%:£1'-f*~xt 100 ~•R*:it!:11'ITTiJ\~~~ = JE••:1t 2. 7%W(;£~Bt, ••1t!lo/Jtil=n!l.~m110 3%-4%0 il'Jtf>IJ*~ 39 :Jt&~liJfJl:(auto/oil study)f#tf:l, f\:~9=1~:1Jo 10%Z:.M(t§3 3. 5%ITT•)••ft!lo/Jm:1Jo~{J 5%o ft.iin'A:-Z.;fillTM (ETBE): Z:.~TlID!~-fiJ11~1fll&51hITTJE•t~f4, ?t,W1~~'~iGK § ~, tt xt ;ti; a• ft !lo/J ~ n(iij ~H4 ~~ ~ & , IE! .tit, x r!xt .tit 1~ tl:l B- ~ITT #'IJ WT o il'Jtf>IJ $ ~ m iJB liJliJt; (auto/oil study) ~lJi',Z:,~Z:,~~~~·•ft!lo/J±~)Jo~{J 6%, f_§_JJUJ!l51i!:xgJtit~5<.o ~*!J.lt-ffilniii~itt: Wit~l(Other Fuel Variables:Sulfur): xt~~ffft~.][ITT1J'R*· • &R~9=1~•~*~~*-•~1Wt,1Wti't~!lo/J~••~!lo/JITT*nx•omf>IJ*~•~~Jt:9=1mtl:l: "~@~?tfi~~.•&~*•X>t~**nx1fB~~*·~~~ITT10$~~$9=1,1Wt.~!lo/JITT *nx•~~B~*·~9=18S*ITT••~!lo/J*nx•~s•*ITT-•~•ITT*nx•&~~B~*· 1988. Factors Influencing the Composition and Quantity of Passenger Car Refueling Emissions- Part II. SAE paper No. 880712. SAE International, Warrendale, Pennsylvania) a 39 A I 7.'>~ilS I /\.X.ll!lo wn~•~H*~OOM~~*flrl"~.~--~00·~-~~fl··· ~fl~r~M~•· ~%oo•&·••m~*~•MM~.•~••••&1oo~~•~·••~•oon~•~~ 11£ 3%. ~5ar1fim~i!: -!tf!B(Other Fuel Variables:Other): Mm~*~•M.fi}f~-~. "&« 1t•0014F~·~inH2 (olef ins) OO•& W•&, ~ Too (90%~M~tt00tl!Jl'.) 00 ~11£ W*1Jn, ~71 ifM€••&W~~**" -~*iJL •&7JifM€•lll~fl£ Too(90%~M~tt00£Jl'.)~1t~ 41 • ~~Fltli*~~~-(nonmethane hydrocarbons) lll--~~OOtiF~·~H•&. m~•&!J!IJ~ ~~FEtli*~~~-00tiF~•*1Jn, @~1*J:~~:ii!t~~-00~~7J~fl£. 42 X1fl=fi•J.Vi, 7JifM€•JA 45%•&~1J 20%, ~{!~(benzene)•& 42%; EtIM*JJll 23%; ZM ~ (acetaldehyde) *111l 20%; 1, 3 - T =m*1Jll 10%. '.1$~2JA 20%•&~1J 5%, !J!IJ 1, 3 -T & 31%, 1E!.X't;l:t11Bfl=fi••u!liJ/Fj;:, Too (90%~M~Jt00t\!Jl'.) JA$~ 360 Jl'.~f1£~1j 280 Jl'., !J!lj~ =m• 3&~**•&; 1, 3 -r=m, EtJM, ZM~fil%111J•& 37%, 27%, 23%. P.lt*~ia. (Cost Effectiveness): m.f.;j.:j,:;fi;j (fuel modifications) OO• .ffl&;l:tP.lt<is:5ij(_@_00 -~~~~-. ~~/F~r-~~OO•M~tt~~m:X.mMOO~**~T~*· -#~%00 ~~~mr~-#~*••~~~*·~oooo•~~~*fi~~~~~~. ~~~~T~~~ •= 1Jl~$/mM~2?}f.fiJf~1*00t~#J, ~~' J*~ffl(Turner, Mason and Company)lllOO*~~ ~;ffljJ~ • Jt~~JJH4~~ (Bonner & Moore Management Science) OOf;~~,fi}f~, ~lk1Jll:fiJ;fifflSIE ~'=(]%~~.IT.!~ (the California Air Resources Board) OOifoJlHa•. ~~•:MJ~Moo•m<~~~~~~~~~•m~~ffmm.•3£-¥~~~-~~* ~~*~•&a~ttflm•n~~moo~m. ~oooo•~~~••-#~~OOffl(;%~~m~. mffir-~amttflm•~••~•oon ~~~mm. ~#m~~m~~*a~ttflm•oon~c~amttflm•~J:••~•). ~oo ffl(;*•lfll!%111Hi£r 5, ooo ~:7Cl1110, ooo ~:7C. ~~~ffi1ilf, J::J&ffl"~&.~ Tf~$:I:i!!IR~~hz1r~ «m wr11pj(;* B<J J: ~~. 1Jn :fU iM ffl SIE CCalifornia) •:MJ m AA {ii it ffl(;*lll ffl(; ;2js: 5ij(_@_ :tE /F WT ~f1£ , 1Jn ;ffHi ffl SIE 3:".'=C 1% ~ ~.!T.!~:tE1!JIJ~~-Wtl~. 1 ~HE~~~ffl(;;;ijs:{i1·~·1Jn~ o. 12~0. 17 ~:7C. :liili:. ~00 00-~~~% *1f•ffl(;*~~•tn~ o. 08~0. 11 ~:7C. ~-%*ff1ilit. to:fU:fifflSIE•:MJ•M•&amttflm• lo••~•til=J1jB<Jffl(;*5ij(_@_~•lfll! 4, 100~5, 100 ~:7C. ~J:~JJ&JN-jtA•:MJ•M•&amttfl1fl :t?Mmq:t1i1ii*:l:X1::k:l:~~ti~J))(l¥Jftffl, ¥1'1:$/:l'?&nll: 3:'.~JJJ::l:i&~liJff/:it:JGtl, tt*1~i!i--=. 1991. 2(Auto/Oil 40 Air Quality Improvement Research Program, Technical Bulletin No. 2, "Effects of Fuel Sulfur Levels on Mass Exhaust Emissions," February 1991). :iJ~¥1'1:ne~~ti~J))(l¥J:fntVtaii:, ¥1'1:$/t?&ne: 3:'.~JJJ::l:i&~liJff/:it:JG1J. tt*1~ i!i--, 1990. 12(Auto/Oi1 Air 41 Quality Improvement Research Program, Technical Bulletin No. 1, Initial Mass Exhaust Emissions Results from Reformulated Gasolines, December 1990). 42 A:tf:/:l'?&nll: 3:'.~JJJ::l:~~li)ff/:it:lGtl-'t:~ft-2.., 't:x~~rjft-2,., 1992. 6. 7(Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program -What Is It and What Has It Learned?, Colucci and Wise , June 7, 1992, Presented at XXIV Fisita Congress, London, England). M • ;~/ft{f 103 PX:?t *•t£ttl PX:*~· ~U9' ~~ ~~ffJl 4o/J•&:1: (~)t/:JJ0-0) (%) «I=\. 2. 0% <:~ti:) 1. 67-3. 36a 9.0 ~ 1. 0% (1*t9') 0.69 9.0 Jtl ~~1-Clli 8. 1 (@Pf-11~-t) 0.57 17.6 37tl~~1-Clli 7. 4(@/-'¥-11~-t) 1. 67 25.3 1ifitlifi 160 CsJJ ijifft) 0.35-0.57 26.4 2. 7%(£:1:) 0. 59-1. 18a 28.5 -~ 1ifi'X2 5. 0%(1*~) 1. 81-2. 44 30.2 1ifitlifi 50 (Ef ]J ijifft) 1. 45-1. 86 31. 2 HW• 20%(1*t9') 0.61-0.98 31. 4 - ~jl:ll w••~oo~~. ~~~~*~•m-•~~~*•&~~r-c*~~n~oo~m. 'Jlm\£:):!,llo -~IW:l&iOOW31ifii.ffl.1•11itRo: •&1ifitlifi~7t*l1•Y.HW1i~--1t-&r4o/lo *** Wifiil-g- _;_(Su I fur Content) : •&•~ i:p 001ilitWt*:I:, /FfJZ.1l11<•Y. =« 1t1ilit*l11ifitlil~• tt.~n~•*m*l=\.i:r=«~•~••~•~OO~JJX:~8>EQ~~~~fflo~M~~~s Angeles), 1tiit4lt@~fll=ili00=«1t1ifitPT~*~i:ptz:~~/;j-@~•*.ll4o/JMo ~JWtRo~. -~1'11 n~=-~1ifitm~•f=~~-tt·~~1[-~f=•tt•ffi~o=·~-~-tt4o/100ff~. -~ 8N~~~~~#*#, m~~~M~~/F~-m~~#o 7j=:j:~~~ 1-t~4m (Aromatic Hydrocarbons): •&HWn~••1t-&r4o/JOO~:l:fil~~-Y.~i!t ~1*n~:1:. ~~~Hw•4o/l*:l:•00*11~~~Bomt~~-~~~m*~· HW.4o/J001* 19'~:1:hA. 35%.d>JIJ 20%, PJ1!1!;.fr~-f.\L4o/J (transient particulate)•& 10%-15%, im.«1t4o/J •Y- 5%-10%0 ••1t!lmfll=n)C PTm~m~!lo/J-f.\L (the particulate soluble organic fraction) OO~~g~PJftfil~•Y.o•~I~OOmm*~~~.mM~•-~OO~f=~~~~.~M~ OO~-~~IM8, ~PT•Y-Hwa~•~~~8No •Y-•~Hwa4o/l~·~~~~oo~~~~m~m. ~~. PT~•••~oo•~m•. a 9»~~~~ttoottn.*~~~~m•~o•Y.~ffl~~-~~~tt~n~~~•i:r•Y-m ~.hA.W~~--·fflofil~~-1100. Hw•4o/J•Y-.m~i:r~•*•~~. PJft~-~» tn·l1Mo mn;j1Jllff1J (Fuel Additives): if~liJfJt;~~. -~OO~~a~:JJOJfiJ~~IWll:*ll~~~~-JgJ WOOvi:rJi:(injector-tip deposits), M.W•&ttl=~:l:o ttl=~•&. •*fl4o/Jfil~Z..~fl£. ffi~ F.H~*1~¥tliiE~. IEl~mf!ffli:j:l00$~Jt!:1T•*.ll4o/Jttl=:l:t&Wltl00Rffl:;t•o m~®~!o±~mt4. +A~~~MPJft-t:E.~•&••~4o/J~•tt4o/Jn~oo~mo :IJ1lftHIJl3_1JJi_j!;;fi;Jfl:¥!!11¥Ji7\:l'.5L-*~tl'.fll·tA'l'.7L, 1993. 5 (The Case for California Reformulated Gasoline - 43 Adoption by the Northeast, Dr.R.Dwight Atkinson, May 1993). - r- tt~1o~m.Ams~•~m~oo.~~~oo•~•~~.~~m~•fr•~·~~~~ •*•OO~~~~~~~~.~fil~-~~. §Hu~-~~oo•~•fl~~M~. ~~M~~~oo~•.~~~~mooM~~~~.~ 1i~m•~•*41j,.&~m111nir•~•*4t3iWX1~:00!tn~tM=fitJS'Z*tJEoo~mf~:itf-zv-liJF~. a. s £rn:ma{]'J'~~*~o***iF't ~$I~OO~-·~*•N~~~~~$002~*·~~~~. §Hu•*•$OOOO*B~ ~~~.-~-~~~00~•1•~#~~r~~m~m~~.•~~~R~~~oo~~~tt* Jj(f. 9. 1*11 M*~;n: .!=Hf ma{] m 5E m JEj fr 1950 ~. ~t!:!J'H'-J~ 5, 300 7J!fillH\ 800,000,000 - - - - - - - - 800,000,000 ~$, 13( 40 ~ J§, ~fjj(;fJl.~$ B:it 4. 56 £m, ~~~~*001offl, -'¥-~•~*~ 600, 000,000 950 nm. ~~-~~. :trnoo 20 m~. ~* tn0it~*lj,•~ 360 nmOO:i!Nmtn.$ 400,000,000 moom~~-fr~:itr~~oo*e~•~· @fr~~OO*••ADm~~~m~.I~ 200,000,000 ~~*8W~~·~*re~1£m~~-~ 0 0 *<tt~ 10 ~•~mto 4oo nmH!?,'§.:tl!ifr 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 l*J, Jj~~~1*oom~$Bili: 11zm. * l&X ¥fH ('§.115 l&X tll Hu 91- it*) tll ~t ~ £"1 * ~lj 11H ~ ~ -ttt Jf- ~ $ 00 M •;~$ff 105 9. 2 jIJUff :X'f ll:t 1¥-3 .& & ~~~~-M~mM$: ~~~~. A~~~~*~~B•T~3o~OO~h. 60~~~ M•¥ili~~M~~~--~~*~00~~·••¥aM~~*·ili~--~-~--~~* ~1ff-f1£, 70 ~~tJJM~9='1JL ~~.±~I~1tOO%tJ)~ili 7~$~~~115~11-~ C!JlOO 22~25). 70 ~1~9='J§1JL ~00, B*OO::kfflHt~$3fMl*fflfl1t1fUOO*~~tt::t:: 80 ~1~9='M. • ~~,·~~•n•oo*mr~oo~m•••~~ffl*~~oo*m:M::k~~'~**'~~, •~~,••,~A,ff~~~±~~**~~ttm•: ~~~®,•~,•®•· soo,~ ~~,fiOO~R9='0000~~,~m~~I~~OO~M9='00%~~~ilitJ)~~TF~OO~~*~ *JI!~. 1990 ~. ©\ifliUM.~~. ?Jiff 1992 , 1993 ~a©\~1* (the European Communi tyH~~OO {lU#.~$~,@it-J~~~fll:~1iftE (::k~l1.Jl33f~OO 1987 ~1.K3f), #f 1994 ~ti~~~. ~a 1996 ~~fiJ~rrjg=zvm•. g/km 1.2 .-----~-~-"<\------------, \ 0.8 ODD~\ \ 0.6 :.:-.:•'•·•· · . *··\ ~ -----··----------- D D D D D D D 0 ····•····· Q4 ·~. ©:J111:!!;~1* -~-- 0.2 ~OO:IJn,rJ~JEill!.#1 0 -··..,,.·-· 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 ~00, ©:J111, B;$;*J'll:::f'~tl{J;mrJllt1f~*· ~~PioJ~JJ,j;f.ij;)i£tl{J~~ g/km 0.4 . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . ©:J111:!!;~1* 0.3 • ~ l~JllHJJil&lf.f 0.2 0.1 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 0.4 --, . \ 0.3 ~ \ '. \0 D D D D D D 0 D 0 ~00-F* 0.2 <ll..... ............\... ................................................ .. . ......... . 0.1 ~~~-4--+--4-----:.:.·-4::.:::·-4-:.·~~ -~-- ~ 00 ja] ©:ffll ~ raJ i*ttt#t'Flt 0 1993 ---~·-·· 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 ,,,__ _ _ _ _ _,_ _. 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 ~oo, ©:iffl, s*•m::r-rail9!1Jit1J~t ~~~PiDJ~ltMiF/l~lifll:iE. g/km.h 20 ~~ ~~~ ©:iffl~ra.ti* • ~! 00 iaJ ©: iffl ~ ra.t i* ttt wtiF ::, \ : n p n 8:$: 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 ~oo,©:iffl, s*•m::r-rai~~•n-•. ~~~PiDJ~ltf-tiFlt~i1f!:iE. ~~~gh~~oo~~~"•·~oo~x~~~~•.ftx~~~•m~.x~m•aoo '¥1-t~:l:iMfOE.~1§ 1970M~a~'4.$.(the Clean Air Act)ft 70, 80'¥1-t~:l:t!!-lli:ffitt.o ~~ 1WO'¥~M~~'4.$•G~•~BM.~OOOO~~~T--~-ti.~®•tireg$~~~~ -·~%*M*Tlffi, *~~™~*•~m. •*~fflf~~ft··~~-~-~. ~" ~AT~•~m~•&~•~m~m•o 1§~~"' ~*-~·~*·*~· ~~·m~~~--~m~~~TEF~~~**• fff-m, &P11£fll=~:IJJ1.Z9J$1J~ (fij$ LEV 15~) 0 -j~j§lj~®fff-m, &lR•5t*l¥1~'4.t2ittltt;;f:, x•~M¥afflH4 0 •~*m~£~m= ~~~•· ~~~s~r•1¥J••~•~•~mZ9J*~~*~· m~ OO-~~W~:l:t!!·~~~~ml91$n•~~~gh•~-~$mn•o~~,~~, B*$B ~~•«~~~•tt~n•~m. -~~~#~m~aoo-¥~att=*~~•:A~•o 70 '¥~~5tit!:~~~tJ1.Z9J$tt;;f:M~~~:>E~1P:l:~~·-"~A: ~T--~m71HJL 90 '¥ ~~11X:~~5l•:Al¥110 '¥0 M •;'};$ff 101 •~*=~ooa~~w~~TF~~•~*~m.m•••~*<~~~=~~~~m•~ $) ~~d>. $~$fOJ®r•.A.11'JiHW. T. i&XJ61~·t¥ftR.fil~-ff. t't,mL a 1988 ~. flffl±l&Jt-HT liltflfi01ttlf:ET 1990~10 ~1:.~::lc~~~-~$141=1=ttim. 1991~7 ~ 1 B, 4t00$~f:&t!i!i~~ 00i&X1fH~~:ijf~ji~(United Nations Economic Commission for Europe)~ECE R40tim. :te• ~*141=:$:-*1.1tiR~timM&0!!. 8. 8 £atJ 4. s £, iR~Ht!lmf11w.-.1t!lmm~!lmtimJA&0 !!. 6. s £atJ 3. o £. ~.11tz.~1-4too$~if~~tttJT-!lF~~•~*~*H~:fifil. ~P~*m~~ ~=~~•~*w~~~-~~w••~~*~·••i3:®~maoo~~•••~*m,q:ioo $~~11.tPJ~~fr~~J5tttl:l£F~~~Jilf:E. lJlfrB~A~tl:l: X'fff!Ht 1998 ~1:.1'=~$~$~1-J x~1=t141=nJctim. 1910 4l:J.*, ~oo-1lt7Wz~h~&f\$~1=t141=nJc. *~i<¥$m:fifilm~~1=tm:I:. '§:t~m tl:l3[Jfff\as' ~~~$tirtL /Jo5.!iix-f IB$~~W!V~1tlft l:J..&!lili*ffl'.i:t1;J.&f~~~·tif\¥EB~ ~ 0 .llt.M*254*~000ML~f\$n:$::1:B*8~~~*···~~~**:$:~~¥~~~$ ~1~¥5~$X*~IB$. 3 trfi.±~¥5~!Jm~fll=J]Jc:l:W¥ r~~~. atJLZ9J$~:1:fl11-JJ}t!!.~¥fil5! ±il!J;IJo~·t¥ftR.r. ).3:-~*7G~~~Attff~. 1990 4~000liI~L1f!Jt~f\$~t 1970 4$ 500 7.H~l:J.L, :tl11*&0!!.~141=:$::1:~~~&. JJ~-'l:.1990 iff\$~-*1.1-tiR, iRil:.1t!lmf111!\.*1.1t~ 141=:$::1:~4Ht 1970 if$ 65%l:J.L. MiiJi%iJL :tin~ 4 m:lf-, ~$-*1.1tiRfll=J'JJc:l:~Jt¥tl 112 n<H. rm/F~J-.A 68 n<H~tJ 21 n<H. iff)t -*1.1-tiR ~11:.1-t !Im ~~1-t~ 1970 ~~i 67.9 8.87 4.36 1990 ~~i 26.9 2.65 2.34 1990 ~W:~t!i!i a 112.0 14.6 7. 2 ~ 26 ~lf- T "Ef.4-tJ ittl~J'JJc~d> 111 26: ~~'J'5~$}~~Afr~JiUMIJ- Cl-.J. t9701f.7iJ 100%) ~'tflftR., -~ft~, ~11:.1-t~~IJim, ~1t~7t§J1J~d> T 60%, 70%fl146%. <%l m~fll=nJc:l:fil**~f~. JA 1910 if 200 ~ 171, 960 n<HT~¥0 1993 ~~ 150 1, 380 n<H. 100 J.3:1'-fJtl-TiiEl'IJl, F~~tJL~$ ¥5~~~m:fifilm~~~~*~1=tn ~ J]Jc:I: 0 0 1970 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 53 --t-¥tl iiE ~ J¥J /Jo 1+1 ¥.§. ~ liJl ~ · D ~Pllli!iUlft • -ilit~ I ±i!!±i!!IR (Southern California's Los fFil JU\1t!j!J D :$\illi!T.lfl!llll l Angeles Basin), ~±i!!IRfrM* 40 ~l!*ltti¥.JfJlqJ$¥5!41!1211l!J:ttUl!!tEttt:W-l:~Aif9'f.&.:EM 1¥.J o 3.3:11. 1¥.J~¥i.~4' 1955~1993 ~, 44 ~~•& r-¥: 1991~1993 ~raJ, mttIEo~~•*ffittEB"J:k~.Jt 1916~1918 ~raJ•& 50%; ~ at. ~.s:iz-tsJmttlf*J:~-•tt•ti1=n~>rffittE1¥.JatraJJA 30 *•&jg 4. 3 :k: mtil=Mt:l:&bt 10 ~~lf. AA•&T~%o+A~~1¥.J~.J!®~M~t£-~$.I·~*•-S:V-tsJ~AS&tt~OO-S:V-tsJ* -Sf-1¥.JM~rltt~l¥.JoM~~.~~~~I~~~~~~m1¥.J~M. ffi&,W~ffiK~*B"Jo ili~*· li~~ttt:W-l:~M-~OO~IRo~•ma. li~W$OO*OO-=E••m•@~•F moo~~¥5!41!~Bo*•M~Tli~~~OO*~~IR00~~¥5!41!~~. ~&*1tt0012*mMB. -@~M4'00*&*~T•*~~•12*¥5!41!00~•· J!®mfil~~~r= *M*~m:1:•m.~••~*~~~m:1:~~~~~*.s:iz-· ffltt•re~oo*•*Mtoo• *iLW. -•1-t•frimoo¥5!41!*~'1~11£ 85%. 47%fri 13%0 !liliOO•m~~. *•mrJ5<\.~oo~• *-s:i7-~fmB~¥!Jfft~~~OO~¥lto E§.tlt, *ittmMB•&%~~¥i.005t/R:~14-•¥i.tt.W~im.¥i. tt.woonMt. ~-#*~~£1¥.Jff]go OOMF•00~~¥5m•~··OO~ffOO•~~~Mtt~B-~tt5t~%~~m:1:. #ll~ ~T~M§~. ~:tEt2*~~-=E•WmJ:M~W.-¥i.tt•~moo~nMt:1:0 !J\!fil'.t-]1J~: B*itt-~uumMBM/R:~~¥5!41!fPJB, t~·~1J~E83t:lmf'=1:.00~~0m1PJB0 J!®mMB~~12*2~n~. Wll~hr~*•¥lll~~Mmm:1:.•~am*•~•~•~tt ~.~M*~:1:0~xm~~.~~xm••·~*xm~#~o•&*•n~oomMB~r= • ~ffl7Ciftf\:¥!1J, 1991:{f:5~7f~f:t): # ll fft~11£r1?iiftf\:¥!1J UJ-. • rcrm9='il:kffi*:ii:!A 0. 4 RIJl-~1~7g 0. 15 R/:fl- (1992 ~ 1 Jj 1 B~~~); • it:iW 1996 :{f:~t!7iti1Jtt\1?iiftf\:¥!1J C-®0'P'J Bf~itm~1?iffif\:¥!1J): • 1992 ~ 4 ~. a*~•miR~¥11l1?11iJit:l:JA 1%~f1£7g o. 5%, 1992 ~ 9 ~ J§J.3:-mJJffia~oo ~1r. 1993 :{f: 9 ~f£*~5!Uttltt1tfflf1£1?11iJit~¥!1l: • 1992 :{f: 4 ~, tE*~•mlR~¥!1J.00 90%~'®llffi.lt, E8 370°C ~f1£7g 357°C, 1992 :{f: 9 ~tE ~ 00 t1Hf 3.3:-m MB: • ~~If*-frOO@(tJ·M~m~fft~oo R83 tffifl, 1993 :{f: 1 ~?JT~~1:.f'=OO*•~Mm1Z,~.W*r 1600cc, 1993 ~ 9 ~ 1 BJ§Wf~$$i1Z,~.W~¥!JJ.3:-tffifl: • tlHll$trlfJlM-mtlH.ll$ (Tuk-Tuks) Btt:i1fil~~7g1tffl~1.t:ti¥!1l~: • 1993 ~ 8 ~' HMJf1t$*ffllf*-fr00@(¥f!i~}m~fft~OO R40 tffifl, ~~•*m R40. 01 ti fl, •MB*~t2*Jf1t$1¥.Jm=t!7tt~. JA~~7f~~t!7~MB: • iEt£~h~MBttM£~~¥11l-t*OOif*irOO@(¥fM~£m~fft~oo R49. 01 tffittE: :IJQJt!Aift!.]EJ+iJ'z:::k~~£8f~lfiJHJfft:f,Jf, ~:IJQft!.;fift!.]E:J+I Er-J:fJl.Z;iJ{t. 3':1'1.~~HJ\!JJ!IJ. f!J~iJf (1965-1990), 44 1995. 4(The Automobile, Air Pollution Regulation and Economy of Southern California, 1965-1990, Jane Hall et al., Institute for Economic and Environmental Studies, California State University, April 1995)0 N • JX~ff 109 • JJ&mtR:IE•&~rmi=fMt*•· rnJJ\f.t£1¥J o. 5%(£ii:, rFPJ) ~u 1996 ~~~ o. 25%, ·2000 ~ ~~ 0. 05%. §fJj, rnMr•:JE.•mHthe Land Transport Department)_±~1¥J$m•~Ht:l(.1Ji:f, *IfXX1$ mlliif~t4t:1Dll¥Jmtl-Jj\. PJT1f ~$&,~Jll:iilii3:#mtl-Jj\. MrtEffl $m, 63 Mr•:JE.•¥*~ (Land Transport Act) .fftfittnfrl¥J$m (0~R$~£ru-F$Hll 63tlliefJ$¥*~ (Motor Vehicles Act) .fftmttnir1¥J•m*•<wm*,mZifl~~*,m•*)~~-tt~&ttnir••·~~. ~•:JE.• $~~*PJT1ftEffl$m*fi•M.~ffllO~~Ll¥J$m~~-~*fi•M. ~$@/EM••· i3:JJJ!I fi:~rn~•:JE.•W~OO.fftfi, JJ\f.t£ft.iffl1f•~tl9=' 1 L.'1=ft£. **•~=*-~1¥J~ft~~~tE*fii=f,ft4m•~*~@,•ru-F**IfX£~F~l¥J ti-ft, #ii~~ 200 ••fflffiJmi~ft.~1¥J0~R$, ~-d>~~f4t:)'D(. ~~~t£~1Em~*~•~~1¥J~~~•·•~•1¥J••~~-r•~*~~rmm~*•tt ~n1Dli¥J••·~·l¥J~, ~~J.3:®~*•M~&-~-~Htri¥J•M·~*·1f~mtt~£W ~1¥J~~--~~1fffll¥3.~*· ~~1¥J~~m•~•*!JtNA~ffl",~IEM•~~~m• ti-ftl¥J~··· 0 ~~: ~~.~fil~~~*~m-~,1=ft£•F£1¥J~~:ii:JE.•ffi~1¥J~-~~.AD* *~~m~-~. ~*M•~i:r~~~~l¥J~*~•.I~~~~m~l¥J~~. li~M±~~ m•&•~·~L~:ii~•.sm*~~dF•~•.rn-rm••~~m~*~•**~~re. ~.&&1f ~fl1ftJL~$-~ f!.M-1¥JiH~~:ii~li~*!Jt, ~fX~dT~:ii1JIH1f, rm ii 1t~•1PJ~ £n11F£. L:liW3-t-~•1JE~A1i'J£]11'f&)ijt;fb1f$m, fArnJ~l&£F£1¥J~:ii~..EI.~. Am~~~m~mtt-®m•*•M~:ii~•.J.3:®m•~m= a••rmm•~~*~• ., •WJtl/MH?it~1J, $mti-ft, ~:iiW*'ifJJ!l (~11:ff~:)(1¥J·~-tt:iE.*!Jt) ~. 1JJ:ffiti=g;I 11=W~ 1i1ifl, t~3JIJ~JAJJ&W::Jfifil~ittl~:iil¥JW* <W*1f001¥J'ifJJ!l). 11. 2 if no~ t£~~:11t. m~**1Dl~•±~1¥J~••.tt~10~~. ••~*~~~mi¥J~•**· tJL?9J:$•:G:N~J::fl-, 1993 ~fJJ, ~1J11:11ttJL?9J:$•:I~i1i 55 JJ!WJ;io ~m~ili;tui&~: ~]ll:flt~•:JE.•JJ&W: (Land Transport Pol icy) l&fJ rtE*±-~ljim:ii1¥J~ m:JE.•.~~~±3:-§~.*IfXT~JJJ!JJ&W:: ~~.mtt*!Jtl¥J~m•~.~~m•*~~• *: •=· •~r~l¥J~~1¥J0M,•••~*!Jt, ~~:ii'ifJJ!l***M~*!Jt~ii:, ~~~ :llt~~~-~~•*W: m=.•~rn~••:JE.*!Jt~0~R*~d1¥Jmfi:tr~1¥J~~0~~ :ii*!Jt: ·~· M$!WJ;i**~~ffl*fi'ifJJ11, m~m-~mo mM*~~= ~~:11t1¥JJJ&W:JAW3-t-~oo*•&m~*~~.a*~~m~•rmm•~*~ •n1Dl: :iitt~:ii••m•~~m~***~•rmmn.~•~~wn~*•ttnirwnwm~ 11=, 1*iiEL:liW31'-~001¥JJl&]lft~-· I, • JA 1981-1987 ~*filRritll¥Jfil*A~i-tJTJA o. 8 5117+~~ o. 15 £/ft. J-.A 1990 ~ 2 J=J:lf~t:I mttml&JJ&W:~JJJ)J1tmxm-Rrm. t£tormM•:ttxfilRrmrt*filRrm1'1l: 10 ~*· 1991 ~7J=J1B~.PJT1ftE~~:lltttnfrl¥J~fflRrHll¥Jtll~*~~~mxm-Rrit1.J.3:®m•mm rxfilRriB~W*m~~ffl. 1W3~~~~:11tPJT~RrHl5~~7CfilRritl. §Htr.~ritl?ilit* :IJl!itltltE o. 5%(m:t), itl 1996 ~ 7 jj 1 B, ~~1~~ o. 3%o • JA 1984 ~J=FM!, /FM!ITF~ftaamz;.1r$1¥Jtt!::iVl;fiftE, lJMrtiftE~~¥fliiflMtt!::iVlt~J;'f;fiftE (the European Union Consolidated Emissions Directive) 91/441 , W,,& B)js:B<Jf4j:,5)1JiftE (M OO±F=•~~~J\!JJ!U 31 *ff#\) o • 1992 ~ 10 jj TfMt, J~Hfi$*0W3mmz;.JJ±F=&H9l.7'G~:i!itl~~~J:~~~J\l (the us Code of Federal Regula ti on) 86. 410-80 B<Jf4j:JV(;fjftE, 1f ft ilF:tEm:bo:lltiEM1!ffl o • 1991~1jj7F~€J, ~aa$•&,@Lititl~#OOJ&X¥fli~~?Jf~w~B<J~ 24. 03 ~J\!JJ!UB<J:mJ~ttFJVlti m, 1fft wam110:11taM1!ffl o • ti:m±F=••*IEM~ft.~ft~~mML~ffl~~~~~~:iVlft~o~~mttft~B<J±F=•. /Fftiti:£~mMmAA!o :5li!1i!lfet"M!: m:bo:l1tB<J't~~1l!*fJJ1Jo m:bo:l1t~1-~r!JOO~c A:tAr:::1mtt:tE-1- 1 Ni?JLo /FM!IT**i¥1~?Jf~Jt!:~rtr~.I~~~¥~N••N•~~-otE~~-~~~~. ~*~~ ~'3B<JW•~t2:~m•.m~±F=.&~~B<J~•~J;'f•FmB<J~~~•o•m~±F=w~.mXt2: ~-~~~---~~~. JAW~~T-~~*f B<J~BW•m•o • $m~oo~~~o:tEm~:11tM~~~m±F=•B<J•m•~~AoaM1•~1't$z$~~~ Jlt$1¥J07Fr!r:f:m1fr~ (open-marketvalue) 1¥1 45%~~ltl:r:::im (Import Duty), *b~$1¥Ji'i M•~ 1, ooo ~5G <01'fl±F=B<JaM•~ 5, ooo ~5G), l\:'tlet~•~~0J=Frtrtm1fi-~ 150%81\lft :boaMm(Additional Registration Fee)o J'j~f-, 1J\1'\:$M~1!t4lt~1ffl*~~z;.IJ;fJ1.~t~~il!~~m (the road tax), 01'fJ$81il! Mm~*b*$1¥1 2 1-tf o m-T~~$-. ~~~Uthe diesel tax) ~ft~mz;.JJ±F=il!Mm81 6 1ff 0 ~ttmhA1fJW.~$£~1S$, JA 1975 ~7F~€l*IfZ£~~~1¥J1fj\;, !lP: tt•llft:boa:llft• ~Nom~**·~*£~/F~1o~~mMB<J~f\:$,~~~"tt•m~aMm"81~~. m w.m:~~$Wi£Mat1ffl~~B<J•ffl 0 1990 ~ 11 jj 1 BZJ§if;l}J}B<J1N~$1Jt;!;llft:boif;l}J} m81~~. t&~JJt$1!ffl81Btl'BJ*~1iWJE; 1990 fF 11 jj 1 BZ$ii:M81 1 J\f\:$, *im$ -~~m81~-~~met~. •J£tt•m~aM•81~~. m~mM/F~10~81~1'\:$, m1#~~1¥J1Jt;!;llft1Joa7IJt•~~o JiJTifr-q=,g. J:it*1481$~j, R~£ff'JT$if;JIJt, # HIB$ £:fr 1990 ~ 11 J3 1 BpJtz$i'i7IJti¥J, $~~1~~~81~~0 • $WIJD~tffiili1JJl (veh i c I e quota system) 0 m-Tfx3•m~tUN1n/F~~~$-:!:fH~•t2:tU:tE JJU.tlB<Jm~ P'J, 12Sl1't*lfZ T:tt::•~t~11JUNo § 1990 ~ 5 jj 1 BJ§, f:IfilJ#~i'i7IJt$.81A, ~~~~-tt~~~~:tt::•aM~om~•-~~%81if;l}J}~, 4JtjjJ!fi-~~~o~~ B<J~;fi1!tPJW-~1~1¥J•m~1~fm1fJ1¥J;fitXo J,A.:tt::maM B :itAJt:~, a7IJtif~J::!!Ji~ 10 ~. '3 aMM•~et.~•:tt::•M~1!t:ffi-~g••m.~~~w~M~~•mc~~•m*~~• fJJ~t~mmB<J 50%*0 100%), W.~i~J'j-1- 5 ~p,J(; 10 ~B<Jif;l}J};fXo • J!J*'J';~$1J~ (weekend car scheme) o ,m.];ij{1J\1'\$1f~JA 1990 ~ 5 jj 1 B~~,00!, ~tE ~£~AM~~f\:$W/F*~•-etOOP'JB<J~mMmo~~~f\:$if;l}J}llt¥~m•tt•~· 'E1115~& 10%1¥Jil!Mm*u~~-®mRtfiti:i. ii:Mlltfti'i'Utt• 15, ooo ~5Go .m.J?K 1N~** / mtt~$~, #:bo~M~i::n•o ~~rfi 1J\1'\:$Rftiti=:tEr~uatrBJ P'J1!ffl: £:itA-.3:?:£:!!JBiB<J r~7".3:?:~=~·~7"; £MA~~3"~J§~£M~~~.&~~Bo.m.l?K~f\:$& PJtELJi"l'BJzjf-f!ffl, @&,~!Jl:)t~-1- "*fR1!ffliiESJl (a special license)" , 4¥:m~ ?K~~$4lt~~--1#51-"*fR~ffliiE~",~PJW.~~£~1¥J~#"iiE~",4Jt1-20 ~~o • ~i§l~ft~JJ~(area I icensing o !R:hij;j}\Jffi1f~}A 1975 ~ 7 jj~·· ~:fr~&~ scheme) r!r9=' 1 ~,IR~-Bt~P'J~BMmo ~-1f~Rffl11=-T~$. § $1Etf .&¥UJiJT~$~. ~1?$. M • ;~/j\ff 111 ~j($, 1f$tD0~ft$~~ro • 0:!t?ili!o *1f1Jo:litl¥.J0~3tim1~JiHLV-'--rz_, i111~·~:i!t!~*~JE. ~il0~ft$1XXJ~tD 13, ooo mtl:lfll$o -~: ~7tt*~~~N(:&Z):ljm~•~m·~~). *1f~:lit*ffl3tD~~~NX1*~~~ mI•l±l7§*~-o~-~1Tm•~~TmW~*·*1f~:litfil:tE~~~h~•~®m•o*1T 1Jo:litil:tEiE:tEJ£1T .=:~JiJiJ!~ it! -Ti&Jt *gft 1¥.JiJ\,~JiJf J't:, 1997 iF~*m Jt i:p-fiJi•-fr;lgl¥.J *gjt o 11 . 3 i:p '~" ~~ awm•~~:li'::•F•l¥1~~~•· ~~. wmmZ):l]±r=:~~~~±••hr~~-~ 1ilittJLZ):IJ$tiF:tiJll¥.J PMlO •*.JL~ di ,ffi,ftF:tiJll¥.J 50%0 ~1¥.J~1!51Jo IJ\l.fi"~ffi'Mi!: • 1995 iF 4 JJ 1 B ~J§, ~M1lfit15I~d>~IJ o. 2%, itt1J~IJ 1997 iFwt 1998 iFJ!-zv~d>~IJ 0.05%0 • 1995 iF 4 JJ 1 B~. 7lE~£F~l¥.J~~tJLZ):IJ$tiF:tiJltirf:L M1f*1r~$16,@tit~IJ~OO 1990 iFl¥.JtiltC•*.ll~tiF:liUilt7v o. 12 £/01E., W.~1t~7v o. 63 5U01E.), wti&X¥fliiti(M~ zvtilt(the European Union Step 1, 93/59/EEC tilt, •*.ll~7v 0. 14 £/01E., W,~Jt~ to®t111t~1~i1~7v o. 97 5u 0.m), wt s .2Js:tilt cmr § m7v o. 84-i. 265 utti:1¥.JtJLZ):IJ±f=:, • *Mm7v o. 34 £/01E., W.~1t~7v 0. 72 £/01E.) o X1J'Jf1f$£:~, 9=1~:W'.$tD$£:~0~ft$ -IE.:*~ T:ffi1i;J.1¥.Jtilto Mf~it § m7v 3. 5 U4:d 3. 5 U4:~I.1¥.J:W'.$tD0~ft$:*ffl~OO 19901Fti1tC•*.JL~7v o. 801u0.m • §m, w.~1t~7v 8. 04 £10.m. §m), di&X~·Miti( M~-zvtilt(the.EURO 1 Standards, btZ):l)tJL$Witl:l:tE 0. 36-85 -f-p[, •*HP17v 0. 61 £/0 _m, ,P)f1ftJLZ):IJ$W.~1t~7v 8. 0 £/01E.) 0 • ~tli§i&X~}li~M=~mfil¥1§831Jo:i!~H:i\(72/306/EEC)' X1:tEffl$:1W~tiF:tiJll¥.J~li1!51J, ~11£f 50 Pift:;f1E.~:IW~~1.fl (Hartridge Smoke Uni ts); Mf ~1-1}1:FifPJiiEl¥.Jtilt, 11£f 40 '.l:IEI~ ~{.fro • 7CfilftM ~t15filftMfft~11£ 1 M7G/:7t, 7CfilftMtllJ1§: d:J,ffiJi1¥.J 71%, 7v~liJ}J1~ffl7GfilftM, 7CfilftM1¥.J:i!t15IR1f 3. 44%, !315WftMffi~ o **AA1.x1J ml9r$ ~ :!1!Xrn •tft 4nr5~**1¥1 liJf ~U~ ti:\ , t!ll9J $m!VG 1¥1 ll©!tft r5 ~, = 11%* ~ 0~ft$, 63%* §:W'.$, Jt~.±-:li'::83 5. 5 U4:~ r1¥.JmZ):IJ±r=:f'>:1:1¥.Jo • M••~~' wMhrn~$£:~-M$M,1:11Mtl:l@$~~7v~fflftM, iE:tEJ!1Tl¥.J-®~ ~*fi~W*d~Wtl:l@$~-7v~mffi•~M~dit!hl¥.JPJ~tto • X1ff&~V~1tl?itt1J, •11ntt1J 1996 iF 5 JJ tl:lb"-J_Ui1!5H'i1J~o • wmm~:ii1i:0~ft$1@1f ~@. i11M~1Joft1t1fUd•IIB•M•*.JL~tt~~ (diesel particulate filters) o ftMfJ B~_l!E¥fli-~OOil11'ittiJCthe Asia-US partnership) in:~7 -~-~~. -~~~~-~~§, #BH~.!:3i&X~~:ii1i:~tt~~~-o .11.4 't!E -*~X1~~m•~~~l¥.J•iE. ~~001¥.J±r=:mn~~lt£~F~o~*5,*6M~o ~l\1t~ ~l\1t ~i,f 1ft *ru *ffl Btra:i ~tlm -~1t~ ~~1t~ MF:IJ)( CR:/~tlil\) 1j\~$ a 1987 7/1 75 ru 5E :S: llX fH>l 8.0 1. 5 2. 1 4.0 2000 7/1 15 ru5E:S:!lX~tt 2. 11 0.62 0.25 2.0 ~$ 1980 1/1 10 1rr~llt1rJ\ 26.0 3.0 3.8 - 1984 7/1 10 1ir ~ llt1I rt; 18.0 2. 5 2.8 - 1987 7/1 15 ru5E:S:!lX~tt 2. 11 0.62 0.25 2.0 2000 1/1 15 ru5E:S:!lX~tt 2. 11 0.25 0. 16 2.0 1J\{j!f$ b 1987 7/1 15 ru5E:5:1lX~tt 6.21 1. 43 0.50 2.0 2000 1/1 15 ru5E:5:1lX~tt c 2. 11 0.62 0.25 2.0 2000 1/1 15 ru5E:S:!lX~tt ct 6.21 1. 43 0. 50 2. 0 £ ru :tJLZ9J * 1980 1/1 61ijl~l}t1Jj\; 1. 6% 2,200ppm 520ppm 1987 7/1 ~ 00 W!tl iJ_\$) ~ 15~ 15. 5 10. 7 1. 3 4.0 1991 2/1 131ijl~l}t1Jj\; 33. 5 11. 4 1. 3 - 2000 2/1 131ijl~1Jt1Jj\; 33. 5 5. 5 1. 4 - #· a. fftiff;!flfeffiI< BOOml; b. $$Jff-£Z< 3t; c. $$Jff-£Z< 2t; d. $$Jff--£Z 2-3t o *ru *fflBtfa:I ~tlil\ -~1t~ ~~1t~ ~l\1t~ !¥JU~~ i!El~ ~$ 1980 1/1 iiJi;i¥\t - - - - 50% 1984 7/1 6 1ir ~ 11t1I rt; 980ppm 1000/590a 670 - 50% 1988 1/1 6 1ir ~ 11t1I rt; 980 850/450 670 - 50% 1993 1/1 15 ru 5E :S: 1lX t-F tt 2. 11 0.62 0.25 0. 12 - 1996 1/1 15 ruJ:E•!lX~tt 2. 11 0.62 0.25 0.08 - 2000 1/1 15 ru5E:S:!lX~tt 2. 11 0.62 0.25 0.05 - 1jv-F-$ 1980 1/1 iiJi;i¥\t - - - - 50% 1984 7/1 6 1if ~ 11t1I rt; 980 1000/590 670 - 50% 1988 1/1 61if~l}t1Jj\; 980 850/460 670 - 50% 1993 1/1 6 1if ~ 11t1I rt; 980 750/350 670 - 40% 1996 1/1 15 ruJ:Efl!lX~tt 6.21 1. 43 0.5 0. 31(0.16)b - <2 Uti!-F$ 2000 1/1 15 ru5E:5:1lX~tt 2. 11 0. 75 0.25 0. 12 - Jt1tlvJ\-F$ 2000 1/1 15 ru5E:5:1lX~tt 6.21 1. 00 0.5 0. 16 - £ ru :tJLZ9J * 1980 1/1 iiJi;i¥\t - - - - 50% 1984 7/1 6 1if ~ llt1I rt; 980 1000/590 670 - 50% 1988 1/1 6 1if ~~~1Jj\; 980 850/450 670 - 50% 1993 1/1 61i¥~1lt1IJ\ 980 750/350 670 - 40% 1996 1/1 13 1if ~l}t1Jj\; 4.9 11. 0 1. 2 0. 9 35% 2000 1/1 13 1rr~llt1rJ\ 4.9 6.0 1. 2 0. 25 (0. 1) c 25% c. $$Jff-£Z< 2t o }A 1991 i:F 2 }] 2 B~ 1992 i:F 12 }] 31 B, ~¥IE q=i1iflt:JJX:7tli:::.k:~:S:~d>¥1J o. 4% (l!!::S:), JA 1993 i:F 1 }] 1 B ~ 1995 i:F 12 }] 31 B ~&jg o. 2%, zJ§~~jg o. 1%o II • ;~/j\ff 113 m~~•~tt~-~~~ttfr*fi,§m~#7JA: m*rum~*~*~*m•~*~tt ~~:!'.(burner system); m4'ruVL~$PJ:Ql;1'¥EE!.-T:1Ju~*~<e1ectrically heated system); m1J\ru**ffltrl!mt4~:1Jll*~ (cerium fuel-additive systems) £~~)(:0 lj!!JOOttfr*1rr:9UliJf~: EE!. -T-:1Jll:tM!1Ht1fU (electrically heated catalysts), lli~*~~ ~~m, =~~~~m,•&••~woo~~M~o 11.5 i:t:ioo. §~~ 4'00il~:Eff*fiij(the Taiwan EPAHtmtJLZ9J$:Ef:lt¥5~1!5tlJ:ET~.g.~1151j7J~o 1990 if 7 MlB, *ffl~001~3if~~ru*•*~~m; JA1W5if7M1B~,*moo~~001~7 iftffem, ~-*fi:WtlF~tffem~1!5tlfr 0. 2 £/*11L m:ru~~*-•*flWtlFJJ>ctffemJL*:it¥1J~OO 1990 ifJj(-'f, l'!P: 4Jt1J\Bt~~tJLE~M«ftWA 6. o £, M*flWA o. 7 £0 JA 1993 if 7 M 1 B*ffl~OO~~~W-1J\7J¥!(the US transient test procedure) o /F.7'.~*' gl(;ilf 1997 if 7 M 1 B, ~*ffl~OO 1994 iftffem, l'!P: M«ftW 5. o £, M*flW o. 25 £0 lJl1r~~~1i!it~·A 0. 3%Cm:-.:)' §iWtt~m¥1J 1997 ifj)fffkA 0. 05%0 JA 1992 if 12 M 10 B7f~fl, m:li.&2~¥5~~1!5tl¥!~~~~~~mff#\,e,t9lm~T 17 fifC~ilffi), ~~mff#\1>1! JJ!IJ~tt~$m:r5~~ra'Jfr:lff#\t91JA 138 ftm~¥1J 2, 357 fto M~m~ftE!ftltr7JA~~-Ti!Jff#\m:ll ~. §m: ~m,~oo,m~m•~o~#~~fr:lff#\m~~fr1W3if0~1:.~o 1lt~~. il~~7JAA~~~t~£o ttm1*1t$61JLZ9J$$Jt*btll!, #li~~.±~~¥5~ S, ~#~£ff~~fr1*1t$~~Lo • 1984 if, R40) ~lj §riJzm~JT1:.tz:~1*1t$115tlJE'.tlFJJ>ctffem, *fflJt*.g-00~11+1~2$~ ~~ (ECE W~7J$;, 1*1t$tlFJJ>ctffemA: -:¥(ft~ 8. 8 £/0£, ~tl.ftW.fllM:¥\.ftW¥~.g.w 6. 5 £/ 0£o • 1991 if, 1*1t$tlF~tffemj)fffkA: -:¥1.ft~ 4. 5 £10£, ~tl.ftW.fllM«ftW¥~.g.w 3. 0 5'U0.l!o ~-tffemfflT 2 if$Bti'BJ~zvtf:t1'f, ~ 1993 if 7 M 1 B, ~m-Tm~mi!f~~ **'*o~®m~~~~•*m=~~~~A$m:~~~~~~1t~m•1t$oM~~~ tz:~=~~~~m•n*~~~T~~~~-0 • § 1992 if, eE!.-T-A1*1t**Am:l:m, 1.El.mi!f::f:*:@;*llo • § 1991 if, m•n*~J®m·ri1~T1JllJE:, MJmst~. mm~~1:.tz:-**'*~~1J-1J\, ~*z ¥1JtlF7l>ctffem~1T~.1!*¥::fff£-T 6, ooo 0£ o • § 1991 if, PJT~~JT1:.tz:1*1£$16,~g!~~-*1J.~Jt~1151J*~o • A•&frffl1*1t$00¥5~, il~:Eff*fiU~JE:T1*1t$~R/•~tt~ott~OOM-zv, JA 1993 if 2 M~ 5 M' :Eff*fiiji~fo\T il::!tmJJi: 113, 000 m1*1£$, ;ttq:i' 49%001*1t$Jt:¥1J ~ia~3:f<, ~1~~--f;-; 21%:JtJJi:tlF~tffem, ~~~-¥; 30%001*1t$*Jm.tt~tlil\o • 1993 if 12 M~ 1994 if 5 M, JJi: 142, ooo m1*1t$:Jt~~~IJ, ;ttq:i 55%~~~--f;-, !:tL?'lz ~~tlmr'il'l T 6%, btL-IJ\j)fffkT 3%, f~:@*Jirl~~tl~1*1£$, ±~~ 27%~Jitt~~IJ, £~2~tt~U, -'JL:l:$]1fr~A 20 ~fto • A*-zv1Jllm:1*1t$tlFJJ>c~1!5tltffem, :Eff*fiUittiJJA 1998 if7f~fl*l{l(M-zv1*1t$t1F~~ff51j ~JllJJ!Uo ~OOtffem~-«ft~tlFJJ)(j)fffkA 3. 5 £10£, ~tl.ftW.fllM«~!!m¥~.g.!lmj)fffkA 2 I -- ~10m.m-zv*·*ffi*mmtt•z~2~0m.•m.m~m~~~~~•ffi*~• ~zjlJ,ffi,•~ 5%, :Eff*fiij~m-zvtt11'.&mv~iUf1it:1w. 11. 6 ~i£ ~~~M~~=~~~~m•aa•m~*~•noos•m~•~h·*~••~hr~. J3:®IffPJV3#J.:;hrJIJJL,?,\~it: • :tE~~*IR· B•~T-~m~*~·~~~~~n-; • tt~~~m•~*IR~~•M•&~~Mh.*~7-~~~~~~~--.-~m•<* IR) ~--~~~~-f-Wf1f00* C*IR): • a•~m~*~•~~#ma~.mmm~.~~~~mxm~~~~*•~~•d*· ~~tl·lif'Fffl 0 12. ~i.£ -~m2~*· ~~~.:;h~h~m~*~•~-r•~tt~xR~-~¥•.~M~~m~ ***~#~~.~--TA~ffl~tth.~~~Wf*1f~~--m~m*.fil~*·•~K *fil*~l~MB, gm~0*~~~Pf~OO~~-~. AfilB~-~~~J3:®~B. ~*51~~Pf~fr:lJBB~x-~¥if~$~. rm£l:tE~J.JJ<mlll*J.IEB~F£. ~Arn•*~ $~~~~~*·~*~0*~*· •~n••s£~~-·~*~~~-•~•~wm~n ~-·~*~~~~•*~~-•~••M&.rm£I.~•d~•m••~m~-~:m:~~~. J3:®~·~H-!iJtfaJ~*51~:!:i!!J.JJ<~rlffi.~:fl--. tt~~~m.~J.JJ<m~*••M~~s~~•*~s£~m.rm£I.##~•~~.~~• •*to. 20 ~mm~~~*to 1fl'.fzjlJ10 fz.m. ~~~:X:m1Joooo1.mt1nott*1r**a•. ~JL~ *~•oo~~~@~~~-~~n~~~-~*~· m$~~•ffloo~~~-~-.~~oo~ ~~~Jitzv00*1Jfil~rJr7§"-jt. ~:tE~®MBB~~m~oom~*~~-~--~~~-iliT~m*1fOOM~.tt*~~ ~~~--~-~~~~~~~:x:m~•1J~~#-~OO¥•.:tEM*M*OOffihr.~~ ~~~~£~~.~~.PJ•.~~-Moom~*· ~"*~x~•oo~£~.d*~~§* oo. £~•oo~~®¥~~tt•~ttw#am~•*~~.w~•tt~~~~~~-~w~~ ~0*••· a~~~~~-~~"· m~~*~m~1f~••~tt*· ~zv•~~~~•.gm*~ WIJ$:1J.~~¥A~~·~IS*; flllj~£F*lt~W.•1t•. ~m~1fm¥fil~-. -«ft-~iJr*141' •t~tl: *tt· ~m1f&•JYJ:*•fi£. ~~m~~•*.!J.: to5if.&!M!/~tf~itt1J, -§m~141'~~flltl fit~&li&'.:t1'~~~tl: re~•~t1Jfit~~1tm%• Ms~c!iJts n~£) fil-tE:jlJ 10~ c!iJZ 10 n~£). ~~.FU~tt.~~f.&•1••~M-tE:~ffl%•ft.?g£•.~.?g~®m•1fM~~i*Mm~~ tt*:tE~*oo•~~m%•~~~~m~m . .:;h~**•*•·~m~••ft~~A~~*~~*~*•· ~m*•*·0*~*· ~ *~**·™~zv~tt~~•••m:x:mw•~*· •&•~w*.f*~•oo•m. ~~~~ M • ;~/Fff 115 a~fil~M~~-fi~*•·~~w~~~oo~•~~~$~OOooa~.•~~1o~m oo~milifi, ~-~~*w•0~~*· ~~~oo••~•&5~75@.~~m0~~mrA ~~~•**••~~oo••· ili~•&wm~m~•~.w~*~oo~. ~~~*~~~~ ~m.M~. ~*~0~~*~*oo*mc0~~moo.~•~~ftw.~~~~~~$A~• $}L~fi%. ~m~A•~*OO•*z-oaB~~~~oo~m. I~.~~.wtt.x~.~~-~ ~~~m~tt~~~-~•&••· ~WB~~A~tt~OO-~*W*z-o~#W*OO~fil -~'t00tt~·l1, t!PJAtt~004it1-A¥1Jt±~OO~t'flH1•~r~: =~'t00~1itll·l1, t!Pt±~-FN ~~~~mw~m.w~~~m~~m. ~~~~~~tz:~~mm~OO§~o~~.~ooam ~M~~m~m~•~~••oo~~~w.m•~tt~oo~r•~A~tt~oo~mm•.a0 ~OO@:~~-~~tt~oo~m•*·~~~m~m~~~~~oo±•~~z-oam~~OO% ~-~&~~mffi~~&~~~T~m~m•~~Moo~•-*~· ~~Ttt~~$n.~m m~~~~~~A~m$~00~WW*M•o i:J:ioo~M$~OO~a. aammm~m~moo•~-•~· ~~~m~moo~•-••· ww~m~m~•~~oo. ~•••wT-®~•o rnfi:J:iOO~~aJAtt~~m~~~tt~± ~m~~m~~ff~OOM~i:J:i. ~m~~m~.tz:~M~n~m~~m~~~a~~-*~~ ~oo~•· aM~*AAtt~~m~~~*~OO~m~mww~~§fi&~~a~tt~±~m~ o e5i:¥7f:fi)(~*· i:p oo oo ~~tz:,~,fi~ 10%tc:tr g£m~11Jtl001*1J!1J:i:JT;fkJmJt:~zviGwOOM~i:J:i oo~~***M=~*:1Jo, ~m1-too*~El3 1978 ~oo 8. 3%±~*¥1J 1994 ~oo 22%. ~mA1Joog15 ~•smM~~&z*ffM-1-00*AJJ~•· ~~~mm~~m*~~~~••oi:J:iOO~m g£m*1t±~oo•:l!~M1t:~~tt~~~moow*:§li!f1J**· 1.>lmt~m0~~J:E•;g. ~~oo 1918 ~ITT~ 132 {ZA{J(, 1994 ~B:it¥1J 290 {ZiAiJz, ~m~±f::1*~• 1978 ~~ 95 nm. 1994·~ B~~5WJJm.~m~tt~OO~:i!~M~9=100~m~m•~•WTJTOOM~. ~~9=10000e51: ¥7f:fi)(X~~m~m•~~*T~~~Moom~o~ttm~. ar~m~~~•oo*~*~• oo~~~.•~Jt:iGw~*oo•oo~m~m•~•w~~.~~~f~~~-*~&•~s~ **OO~m•*~~~*~m~m~tt~oo••~M•~+*~•OOo *xmmti:J:ioo~m~m~~•w~~&~~~.ama~m~mi:poo~~~~m.~m~ WWW~~OOB51:¥~. ~~1-AOO~~o ~m~•~•*~~~m~m~tt~*~00-1-~*~o~X~*~~m~*~m*~~ ~~~-*~· *x~&OO±•~~m~~~-*~o ~m~~~-*~±•rn=1-$*~~= • ~m~-~~~-*~=~MmM.~m.m•~o • ~m±E•*~= ~m~m~±E~~~~~*· wm~±f::.mw.~~~0~~~*~; ~ 1 £~: •w••m•w~~~~~*~ffm~*>·••I~~. I9M: •w••m•W~I~~-~m ~ (f.!t{fj1J~*>, ll#HJIJM, liiJm:*~ilt2*133tJillil¥*fx:~o ir*·*~*~~~g~*m; ~mm~*m; • ~mxm~~*m:§Mxm~~.m%*m, xmmg*•·~-.~~.xmw~* m~o i:roo~mxm~•oo1T•Ww*m~~~mxm~•*m~£~fil*~~m~~~*ffi~ ~•ooo-&*-mMi:r*.~~~m, *~ffi~~-~~0~M~1T•*m~•~mxm1T• ww~~~, ~~-~*m±woo~~mimJ%. ~m0~xm, w0~*m±woo~xm~tu* ~fto ~Jl.~ 1. 1 /l=I~ i:r oo~mxm~•ww~tu~~ i:r oo~~~~m•w~tu1i:1~ffi~OO o J.Awri:r oo•J'lj1Jllt£ ±~*~~~~~, ~*~~Yf~~~~.=ff*~oom~~Yf~~~tt~±~$~~Yf~~~ ~o 1. 1. 1 i.t:l~JJ~51f-f*ffjlj~j'j'~~ tt!JlJJ!i±-tl!-m' }A. 00 ju a:f-7f 1i)CZAJJ (ep }A 1949-1979 ::¥ 00 30 ::¥) ' i:p 00 ~$3tm WW ~itu% ~~~AA*~~YJ=OOmA~~OOo~~M00~1TOO~~~-i:poo*~WwmAo~~~~$x moo~§N•~•.::¥~*~oo•~.•~•~•m~~*£~rni:r*•m~~, ~m•m§ ±il'JZA~1J>, Jtij\JEj:m~fJZ.~~~$3(:mOO~Jil)(.lj, N•. ffr~. f5V&rmii~$·m~J~J~WWM •~m3tmoo~~,§M~*•~~m••I.~~~•.0~3tm~~~~, M•mm~~ ~~1T•£~~~~~00£r~.M•£~1Tm~m~o~#~~oo±~~~~-~m3tm~ ~±~•*:n•*oo•~, ~m•m§±~*~' -~~mJt~mtt, rm£L•~~*·~•~ ~, ~*~~$3t:®.$~~Jl~'tfo }A 1952-1978 ::q:, t£~$i'JL$J$f~FfLS:~-!X 201i!f. §1r$ f:*lf:l:±~-{X 100 ?iZfi:f. 03(:g~:1:±~* 5. 4ff:f. ~mAD~* 1. 9ff:fi¥J't~m.r, ~$A:tYmN% OOfRfJZ.~* 11%, n A:tYm=ff oo 0x*m±~* 2. 9 ff:f 0 ~mxmm;£, •t&~~•M=~£:ft-, ~-~~ $:J'~~ j)itf~ 0 1. 1. 2 t±~::t::~r=IHm~B'fi*ililJ~f'f~~ J,A 1978 ::¥~1'/-, i:J=i00~1T7~:!f-7f1i><:••o ~~~fr~JZ.PJ:A3&*~JA1978-1993 ::q:, 1994 ::¥~il~4'-M~~fr~o J,A 1978-1993 ::¥:tE~mxmW:FJf~itu:1J001¥J~:!f-±~~~~1Tlf itJC.1J1¥Jm ~~Yf~~~1Tl¥Jott~•~~*·~*~~i¥J~B,t£~$0~3tmi¥J~Jl:1JOO•~T"m -m~.m-W:FJf.$*~~. ~oo~~±,~••~~~~~~"1¥J:1ftt,a~mmn:noo, ~1TT•m~M-~mmM•IOO~~HM•m•~•1¥J•~•~:tt~Y\=£*7fOO••o~~ ~M•m~n~~w~, rntt~~w~mxmoom~.~§~•.N•.~~.:sz.w~mxm~ ~oo~~~re~~oo~~§±~r~~~~; ~~i:r*.~·~m•mfil~~re~§•~~• ~.~mxm1T•wwm~~~~~~hr~~~m•m, *~•oo*M•.m~ww~~oo a:!f-, 7ffilT~m~~•~m,~~~m•m~mfil~OO±~mr§M~mxm~•a~oo0 ~~·OO~l~~Jt~, ~~~OOA~1-t~:A~filM-T±1!!:1J§Mi1ti'tll$X:AOO~$iJtl=ff*:1J1r~~, ~~*:nnu~m1r~~, a~mxm:noo~~**OOA~Mm., a~m~oo*~~.~mfi •r, ~1r~00%A~•ww.•m•~-~~:noooo••o~~~~, ffirMi:J=i*~*:n• ~00~*£,re~mxm~~~m•moo~n, *£Lr:AT*1f§±~, ~~aN•~~.w w~tu:1J00~1T7-*J"ua:!f-, :ff~~*fl~T~mxm•~oo~Mo M1919-1992 ::¥00 14 ::q:, ~oo~mmnto0~xm,8,N'.ti:it 4201z.7G, ffi3r M1952-1978 ::¥ 26 ::¥raL8,N•oo 12 fiL 1w3~. ~~~~~iliT"*r•~tt~.±~m~~m~~~~~•oo~~"·•~r~ oo•~tt~±~m~~m~~oom~.~~. ~ooamaff••·~~.Ma.m~.~~• ~®*~~•r-*~~@tt~.±~m~~m~~ooa•. ff•••~tua•~i1t1m~oo;~@A:A*rm;ttJa•oo~i5l:it1:1roo . .~,~.~,•~= ~~11 ~-~tt~±~m~~m~~oo••· ~~-~M•**~MW.~-.~~00~~.ff~M ~.•m**·M~••· -~~--~~~~••· M~~~~~~:ittffr•m••~~oo a•.a~m~•••~~~oofilmM~~~~m•.±•Mff~M~.•~~~A~.M~ ~~Ut-t!!~~-t-~?X:itt1r71J1;ttJa•. 1. 2. 1 i:tr:!k:. -E <~ 5ai2S:) .i&H1~1tplffi"3l~l¥-J3:~M~ § 1994~~oo•m1J1;ttJa•zFP. ~~. i!ii'<§m12SJamM1r~••J§Lt~ . .±W~m~ m~W3~tt1H1: •~$. 0~$if11~~·. §m12<:oo•~<•~ff). 0~rr. :ffiHmoo~~mmoo Mmm11. ~~= • •~$a~m~m~oo±•=~mm•~•.~m0~~•<~~=~m0~n~*.mm n*.~~~~~). ±•M•~~~~•••·~~••· ~*M•~.~~a•~~. ®~ffi*~~.~•· ~~ffi*$nm•.tt*~fl.tt*••· • 0~$a~m~m~oo.±w: ~oom•~-~~~-~~-~~.±•Mm~®~m•~ -~~00~~.~-. ~~~*OO~*M•~····· • ~i!ii'. (§m!R) -~<•~ff). 0~JTOOMm*J11J~-~$. 0~$ffi1i;J.. • ~~m~mooff~••z*· ~m~m~oooo&•*~~~~.~oo~~••·~•~~ OO:A~-~~§~~$1lt.~0000$~. ~*~~M-$. OO*#~•m;ttJ~*· 1. 2. 2 ffiXr!J.i&H1.f±ffiXrfJ3l~nim1¥-J3:~M~E ~mam.±w~m~W3~ff•*~= -~•~*~· =~0~*~· ~~*~-~m;ttJ~~*~· §~~oo~~*~~m••~-#. ~~m;ttJ~~fil~- 1-¥. --~VJ31ijt;fJt;rt . • ~~ffem~WOOMm.~~ffemA~••M•OO*~?X•••:rt. 3-i'-B9m. 16-1'-#~ ii!Jtlm~&i!ii·~~mifo 100 :n~~Ai:Jm;tJtOO~m~it£1140 -t-. ±•~*Ifl(00~1+;tJt:rt. a~#•:rt~. -~&mSi:JOOffi*~.±~M-~*~: ~ ~*•~~~~. ~m•moomd$* . .±~M~~~-~~~m~•~•~•·• :A••· ~HHffi:lW. ~ltit:lGIJtll±~~Ufa!HlU.iJ: •tir:W § ~J:W: •m~-t•.rm•. ·~ *re~~m~~~; ~ffi*$n. ~11it:JW. ma. 0~. ±~. J.t'fi~~~m~m~ ~.~•.~••*~~·••.±~~m.~~'fi~~•*ff~•: ~•~m~m ~#&I•~oo•~~-~fil: ~wmai:Joo•~~.0m•~~.m•I~~a~ m~mm~.•~·••~ooooMm~xoom:A•~: m~:A~~-~~§00~&. ~§~emai:J~~~m~m~ooMmoo~~~~-~z..~~~~~*~••.m £.R~W~.±. w ~~*·~~~~mSi:JOOffem~m~WM~OO~--~: -~~.m•I~~.~ ITT0ffl$~ft-~o&~•**·~~0ffl$~ft·~~~li-~00,~~·*·~ ~o c) ~~~= •*3tm~OOOO~•Mn~m~-~·ITT~~3tm~*-~'~1l5gili.m ili.m•*~~~~-~, ~&•*3tmA~m~m~.~-.~~oo~•.~~• ~~w~•~; *mrt~m~•~~§•~•~m~•~Wmfil ~I~•~wm .• fil~~~, ~•*3tm~~-~.w~•~liffl~.~~~~oo~~W~*•o ~ ITT-I~~=li•ITT3tm~0000Mft~~··*m•*~00·~~--0~•£•~ ~*M&~~-~#~,~~ffi~a•, ~-~~~---; -~··*~*m~~ •;*m•*m••oo~•~oom~~Mn,~•••••,~•~#•m~rtmm. mM*~··;-~mMSfflWmfil:~···•ITTmM•I.~~--~·~·~o e) 0ffl$~ft-~: li•ITT3tm~OOOOM~~£~•·ITTgili*~~1l5l±\fllfC$. 0~¥4: ~*·~m3tm.~•oo•~~--o~•M•£~~~~••·~*M~~-~~ ~~#~; m~~~I~~§OO-~; ~-·ITTgiliITT~OOft•,~M••*gilioo ~~*fi•~~-~fil,•~~~wm, ~••*mt, ~-~g~w; ~-fr~• *0~3tmoo~•~oom~~Mn,w•m•oo0~~m0~.~*0~.~~0~. ~-0~~0 • ~f~~•*· •*•m-•R~•~~•*•~~-~m~,re*•*rn~.~*~* 1f!OOM•, 3trni3:~$f1~-*1f!o 0~••0~•*~~-0~~00~~li•*~m~oooo~•Mn£~•~m~*••· m~$$•ft•oM·~-£~·ITT~B~**~*fi~~. fil~*~··ITT~m~~ffl-~ •· ~••*m•~m••~•oo•~~-~, ~~*•••wn~sm*fiWm*•' ftfil •~m~*~-~~m~*oo~~*fi~•.~~. ~•m~*~~~oo••~~m•~~· .0 1. 2. 3 i:F9i!:. ~il&Jf.f ~:t/i.lrllil&m**Jll¥-l:lW~ ~-§~$0000••~~,~•-m~•~oo, $~amoo~~~n£~rr~~~•.$* M•~~&~-.~~·•·tt*a•.~~tt*•M,~~~-OO•ITT3tm&#.&*: ~ A~OO•*~®' ~~~t9l~I.OO*i:f=t~-~Jm §OOJ'LJ:m. '~71*5'r'8f~, rnf~&lll*~~-~ --~~ffl*•OO*~ft~, M•rn~~·m••~OOOOM~*fi~~~-~*'~~OO~rn •* A~•m~• 0 ffL;MJ~•w Jli!.00 1 (~ 100 lf Ap ~_t•rtr $.!.~;j1UiJ~-~1Jtl) 0 Jit;m, IR/#-, J!Uliili 121 ---- ~'0~Jf ~'J!'&ff ------------- rniJ&Ilj '&it~ w fft. ~ rn 1:l!n'&it ~JlltU11Ht ~ mil& mil& 03C:0iiJ ~j?i3(Ji'llf:EJ![~ -------------: If¥ If¥ ±I!! lJc 0 if] ~i1~ 0ifJ m1it0if1 'llfW fft.w 'tfHllf\$ i?i~ilf PJ' ~ ~rn 0iiJ i?i ff~ n ~Jll fft.w 1:l!n ttl, ~i?irtl 1:l!n bi I :l:mtkJ¥, ~ 1A~IR ~if~ ~~~' i?i 1lifft.w n~ ~tl.11Hff- mH~-.l:l{i 'llfW 'I ~i?i-rtr:J:m ~tfHlln * $, ~ 1J\0~ f\$~0ifJ 3C:iiM'~'llf W -------···-------------------------······ $$S1lrW 2. 1 1.mrr~1ti*it1Ja~1~,~ * q:i oo :!nXm3t:mrr • ftJI 1*115tl:l!-~r!1 q:i ~•m ~ jt x.% ft JI, rm ~J)JJlm®:J1'f ftJI7-J :± oo 1*115tl o ~~r!11*115tlret~~M.*x.%_t51~:!1iXm3t:m¥~oott~. x~~7t7ttt~:!nXm®:moo § :±;&. -t~:!nXm®: m~MLHt.S:Lfs:moo~2m, *±~tt~Jk3f, 3t:mw*, ~2AA=ff<~~~n. 1ZSJ:!:l!!1!5tl1oii!.tt~:!nXm3t:m¥ ~oa:!nXm3t:il!:Lfs:~~~oo~ttrm~. rnf~±•:l!~m~3t:m7-J:±, IZSJ~~•*oo•m,Jk 3f,m~*••~*moo~m®tt~tt~Jk3f,#iXm~~,~~~~,m~m•7k3f~~. rm ~®~~X>J~~IPJOO:!nXm:l!~&~1Ji¥J, ~OO-il~:l!1ltk&~1Jo !zo*/F1~HiE#iXm®:J1'f:tE~~~m, N~it:1W 3'.Cflk' JJH3 ~- ~1foo 00 § :±;&' rm~ EB q:i ~-Rt~ jt' Jl1Hl:Vl1!f ~#iXm 00 #iXm3t:il! :lffmL:Lfs:m A1*tllH5Ltf)}if.iJlt~o ?JT~:!nXm3t:m~n ~#iXm®:J1'f7'1 *'~" 9=t ~, i!l®:Rt R~~*x.% ft JI oo fr• ft JI1*115tl :l!ilJI oo o #iXm3t:il!tt~~-~~·;l!~~OOOO~if.iJ,~~OO~*·~~f~m~·~~. 1*~7~ ~OO~ilfflJI,•1*ttfilOO~~o~mnttA1*Mfi-~••oo~-~~•oottN*~~~ ~~o#iXm3t:B~ilfflJIOO~tt:l!•M9=10000fflWili*OO· B±•ntt~~~tt~tt~~~OO oo.*•n•,~m,tt*~oooo~m. M.i!Jiif.iJ•3t:mW*A~.m~3t:•~•~*'•& 3t:B$~1t~$,•ft~~~-oM.~OO*~·~~~ttB:tEOO*OO~•,®:mmm~T1*~. •*~~:!nXm~•mm~ilfflJIOO~tto@•~~:!nXm*~· A1*00ffl~/F-#, 3t:m~ilffl JIOOA1*~~,®:Jft&/F-#olZS1~9=1~#/FWiliA1*00~~. rm~~;&~~mo~~~ttA 1*~~m. ~~~rn•moo••~~$r1. mM~mxBIN,~mm~,~m,tt~,IN ~~OOOO~*~~#Wili~~.M~E13~m•mm~~~*•Rt$n,tt~~*~OOOO~*~ ~*rr~fil. m~~••·m•mb0~~w~~. m~~~~~#rnm03'.C~,rJJ@~R~ ~ffi*m~~•o~#retmmrq:i~mmoo~ilfflJIOO~tt. IPJ~J<.~i!T:Lfs:~mA-f*ffl~. &~Ttt~~~OOOO;&~o~tl~~N~. ~~ili*OO~i!fflJI~-. -~~-m~*OOtt~ ~~~o ftJI1*~~~@~tt~:±~m~~m1*~oo~~:tt~~:!:l!!~¥ttfi9=', •m~~~,m~ ~~•&••tt~±~m~~m-f*~JI~~/F~**'~a~/F~JE~. #m~oo*~~*~ llft/F~:!:ii!.if.iJ., .Jtfg:, rmli~~M*¥f-f•M=~;f§~~Bti'BJo :tE~f!J~~~frft, ®:Rt;fft~~~Ji ±•~M~,~~,~-~~~-~~~. ~~~:tEff~~ttN9=1.±•~rntt~~tr-~~ 7-J±tt•~•~tt~~~,tf®:,~AA=trff~~#~m~~m. #~K*ftJI7-J~*ftJI, ~ $nftJI7-JH~ftJI,tt~VJI. ft~:l!:tt~m•m~~~~. 1ZSJ7-Jtt~~~~mrm~K•~ M.¥:!1iXm3t:m~~~,•I,~~~~~. •f-f~~ff~~•n~,fttt~,~w•mm~. xt!Jt1Ltk, liJfl ~ W• ffi ~ ~ M*i o 2. 2 ~11.m fri* m1J a~1¥1t :ttoo*•~~m~1T1*115tlrn-t-tt1J~m11:1H±~:±~m:1:m~2m1*1!5tlff~~tt*¥9=1. :tt~mxm ~rrVJI-f*~~oo. •m~~~~~H7-Jffilim~. #:tE-*~~~ffi*~~-0~~. M.~ m•m*~· B±V~m3t:m1T~oo~~~~: ~@~, m®:~, 0m$~ftJI~. ~®;fJUi:J~ H®:§~:l!•*~!Jt:!:l!!m~tt~X>J~mxm~•*· :l!-#~tt~~~7'1•*~~§~.m~ iiffl, .Ell/If, JJU!Uf 123 ·~~rBX~~•m~m•oo~mmn~tt.•I~~.~m0~3(illl~~fi~ooflmFm fl&OOM~, *•£D~fil~®00fl~~-FOO~m*m; ~~~®fi•m~xffemfi~OOfi •••&M~, ~~-m~.mmm~, ~g~3(mm~.m•~tt.•Im~;~#M~• f-~.~-M~D*B~~~-*~h~;tt.-•OO~~~~~~~*OO~m~~: J§-M~ D*Ba~m;tt.••oooofl~~a~oo~-~~±m~oom~~, ~fil~~±oo0~~·,~ filtt~~.~~~~~~003(DE*m•,~~~£~MOO,a$•M~r, £•~0~~· 00. $~£~00~m0~f\:$.~$iJ§B:iis 9JJiJ§, ili•~Je-* 18 JJ0JI!., iFgili,~.• 280 flA ~,~oo~mwmf\:$wnm:;tt.~E8~m•m•~~•oo0~3(m0~0~f\:*•ili*•~ •7'15.8 JJiJ§, ili•~M*l.l 6. 5JJ0JI!., iFgili,~.• 2101lA~. •mH~f£.OOiliflif\:$ £'-Jd:l,~.-00 I0%1C:tl. 1F•MH~f£.000~f\:$, iliflif\:$, fl00.00, 1fl.*$•7'Jflp~:V.f ff0~~~·~±.MM•~~*~' •m•~~•0003(ffemTgili•OO±~, 2:17~, EB f~@0~~•mooD*~m*•*tt~~~7'1~•*a, ~*$•~7'1••tt~•~~, 1993 iF~1~lii:iis 70%, 8M•:fHJ!M1B-=f, 1993 iF~1~:f~Y!li:iis 171l:7GA~ffi. ffi&, ;tt.ftl?.0 ~ E8f~£•m-~f£•' ~~~~lYVfU~I1•*1t7'Jf£•*a CWtl:tz11mfH&00~-~7f~~)' JL :P.:WEtfU,•~-1a•m•~f£•000~l:iJ1F•m•~f£•000~~·~, ,~.£~~~f~~. 1fl.£:Q11*~-~ft!J.l~, JnU:Q11*1F•m•~f£•000~Dm*tX~f001±~:t:)[~~' alJ.ll.fiOO~ 1!Juz r, B*xl~1~tU•mooM•:f~Y!li. •mf£•0003(0~Fm:~1~00FP*&tt*x~nfli1• mM~OOff~, ~7'1•m~£~~·tt~~~-*~7'1§~, EB~B-~~·00~~*~-~ ®§~x~£•~~hoo,~~-*•£•~~~®~~*~*~·~•~mmn•I~~~, ~iF*, ~iF~oo~mmf~mmnoomm~a2oofl:7Gtc:tJ, ~~mmmm~2:1~00~~• Fmmoo2%,fil~#&fl%~8m~.m~m~*~~•I~~.w£JL:P.mffi~~~m•m ••oom••I~~*~··~~~**~' ~iF:WE8•m~-~~nM¥mn•IOO~ffi, Xff*ffi•m*•,m••~ff*m:~~~~, ~~xA~f4J, £•~•~-~~•oomn mm:t:)[~T. M*~I~oo~~~, §~OO~m3(m~oooofi•m~, £~~m3(illl*~m~~oomn *~·gili*~.3(m~~•·*~*~woo, ~WMfix~~m~ •~•m.~#W~fil~ ~.~§*mw~~~~~*' %~~~$nz~Mfi3(m.m:•.~~OOM*•£,-#fi •fi]g, $~fi•±~~fl~*&.~fi•±~~~.ft!J.l~~~--, fl~-~~W.M* ~-~~, ilifi~•~~.~~M0~~moow•tt~*~' ~~~oo§~oo~m••~~, ~m0~3(m~m~f•m~ft, ~7'1~~~~m•oo~*•*~§z-. E8ftt~JL+iF0 ~3(il11~1HlilfU·t1f!£~·~· ~J!t*1~ ~*~1~ffi §FI, ~7'J~m!Jl-t•oo §:jc:ff:t;f_!L :tm:ft~ m0~3(m 1994~!Jl-t•i~IJ!6s1z7C, _l~f>Z.0~nEE!.* 1993 ~!Jl-t•i~Y!liz 5. 21z7C .. ~~ir~ •~fl~m~~·oo~•, *fl••~•.~•~§oo~•.m£••tt~••~r~•tt~ m,ft•~•.~•~§~~•*M•*rOO±D~~~~~£•&~•.-*~~m~~oo. 51AJt$i'JL1!Jtl@~£M*~®fOJ~OO~W!. 7'JJ!t, -~$f 1994 ~ 5 JHJ'W;fJJT "•~W*fM ~m0~n$, EE!.$~1T~•&ft•OO•Jli!." . ~~·Jli!.001'~ 1 L,'•£51A~$;fJL1!JIJ, § 00£ilil tt~•-~0~3(DOO•~•**~.~~~~-Jli!.OO~•z-£Dfl-~~·oo~mmM, ~M•mw@mtta~m~ool:iJ~~~u~~~fil~~~~-~oo~~*' ~~~~m*~~ ~¥1J~5tkOOfUnIJ$, ~~w~. ~~ffi•m:frM. m£~~hlYi!.a1JHfJJ-1£xt~tA.1fOO. ±D ~~-~-~~·oo~mtJL1!luOOfPJ~. "•Yi!." £83~~**~~00·, M~moo•~±1t$n ijf:, -!f.•~g!~~1~T 1mffJmW T Jl-~00:f)l.1f~~' @Df£J:1J:i)~~mOOM•. ~m. it:iW~ 0 A$$f100~iWJ, WJ3:JL~$n:Wfl~*&, :7t:tt£a•:tL~•oo~mtJL11lufOJ~, !lm~®f11E!. ,c,,ffrmOOW~D~ofliJ~mOOW~1~•' j)lj.$f11£! 1 l,'-_Eil:i}~~~T~~. JJ-XW~T~. ~1~MM•*W:f~IJ!6, ~~, xt~illltt. ~J!t, --t-J-A•~~flfUf~mf£m, tt~~Ji, fl -- -, ~r•~0~xnm4ttn~*~.~~r•@•mM•~moo~¥m•. ~-~~ff.XW *~~•ar~1f•mm~ooMwxx.m•.A$m~~~~-~. •~~~~--~oo~ 5J!o ~~~.~•m~~~•ma•mxn~oo•~oo~*· ~~.~•mffemoo*~••• ff,AA~ffimoo~m~•· ~®~*~•••w~n.~m•m•~~~~-~-"~~.~ •m?JTffe1.E!.OOM~~±•£j'!ij-t~oo, -£X1"•mxnoo~•~•*x.m51~. -=£1*M=•mzrE1J ffiX1"~•oo~&. A~~•£~M=~m•mx••~oo~&oill£*•~aoo~~. ~~.~ •ma•mxn~oo~~1ffflr1*fil~j'Jij~OOMttm~~~~•ooM•~•~m"~~~pij~ OOOOM~M~x1H~J1J~OO:l:-tl!~-" •*x.m51~*;g, :tio•mm•. m: 10 ~*· rar•m1±~~:£iifOO•J!~&. •mm~!xn 1Jfl11f, jE!i1ftr~::lc$M~r~BPX:~ilitl~"JOO~~iif~&OO~tl:!~~" ~~004~ 1989 a ":X:r31W ~~-•~BOO*JE"~~-*~•mxn£a0031W&~~--t"m.~~*•~~~~• B~M'OO~~z.-, *•*45-Wf1BittlJEffi@00~-1J.~" -~Wr 1992 ~-~ittlJE#~'OO;ffJT "•mm~!31Wtz:~••~•1J.~" 0 ~-t1J.~1.mJET•mm•m:~Jl& ~moo~• §!ff-,- a1* -~¥~00-tl:!T~9~~-~.~~ff•W•.•·~-~N.~•±~*~•~.~~tt **~.m~~-~~~mn~A~m•.~®m•±~£~*•*•mm*~OOofilMIE* *7i·~~ffM~m. ~~£~$00~£X~00*1*fil"~•1J.~"OOmMo~~z..•m~ ~~ff~-t"~-1J.~", &~~~~ffoM~~OO~~mMM~;'@-, ~1-"~-1J.~"#~ 1f1~¥U1fnOOmMo N7i~M=~mumxn~&oo~•"m~~~~~~•mxn~•*~~B~~iif~~~ ~~oo•m•"~~~oo. ~•*~~~~iif~•*~*~oo~~.fil&~7i~~~.~•m aumxn~oorar~1f~•ooM•~•~m.•~*ff~~~-.~~~~~~~~•r*" umxnwe, M*~~N*•r~•~*oo•~~•~· ~&ffi:X:•m•n••~*oo -~~-~"M•~~~. M$xBWe~&45-~~··••00A~•~tt~~~ffhNo~ *,ffi:X:Wf100~-£~.45-~XM&£~•···~ffOO:X:W, ~x£a~---~*~~ •~OO'tR~ r££:tio~" 3. 1 5*~1** ~-~*§*~W.~•~mn••" §iW, ~oo•mmMxnweoo~•~*~•~" 1989 ~ 12 J:J, ~Tjg@1±~~:£iif~&OOW• .• JE.$1.fil;f.i. ·!iJ.VJ:, ~llH~~iifOO~•§ ~. ~IEA*~;ffJT<•m•~~».PX:~•m•~•~oo~-w~w"a~~w~. ~•• t1:1•~•m•~m~~•mooxn•••*· ~"~•*~~x•~*•~~A•m•~oo :rmm•l*l~o <•m1.m::lW~» 9-£MMITT~~~·OO~N. x-t•mm~!xB001.fili.U•~·tl:! T ~00~~. ffi~M~X~•· ~W•ffi:X:~•~*001*filo m•x•§*m•x•~•oo•~·~•~••.~&••.0~xn~Mttmn .. ~~ ~-t-~1.m~*~.::'.::.mtx-~1.m. 1988 ~~'OO;ffJT cm~!xnwe~-wu» o~~-WtlMxBfkJ'f, x -~~noom~Txm~~.m%.~~~•~•~; •~T*•~~Am.fiAOOxmrr~ mM~&*•~~•w••·*•wT~filmMmrr~hOO~*•~·•~m•xm$•~*· ~§fi~~R~~L-~$$.-~~m.mrnrmMxmoo~~$.~&oor. ~~~~• OO$•~*~~&mMxBWWOO~~. ~~. $·~*·~-~. ~~filtA$~~$~*· ~-:7Joo.~~OO$$$•~~&m~~m~M~w~.~m~•· x•~•oom*· xm~ ~oo~~.w~xmww•wT~OO~*·ft~£ili~~•mtt~~m~~~. ~zw*W$ ~~••x•~B.MWW~~~~OO$•*~*$•~*·•~.am*~~~-~~oo~ ~:7J~W3J§. ww~ttl~~~¥. rrll&tA$$f100:im~7tI~JiJT~£. ~~&mMxmww OOff~.•~x•~*· &•~~•$$$•~•w~~~·~ff.~$$$m~m•••ffi 11 tfrM< *u tl1' w. tA$~F&•~TmMxBOOftWI~.~A-7t•m*~*·~~OO$$$·~~A~ oo~•~IJ!U, ~m•xn1r~ww~tttt£*•:1:-tl!n~*001J\l~. 1J.$~11&•m•. w~@J& •m•~~ L:fl-~$$$1J\l. ~w~z~1IDG·11. ~jt1-~-@Ji1e.mMxmwwoo1r~. rnrtA $$f1~MJ&i&x~ttl. tA$~Jdn•i5!:~:7Joo~~oottlt"J, ft~~e~*0tA$. *e~~-Tffi& oo~m. ~z. •mxmww•~L~~~-oo~m~~-~m•. §fi~m•m~a~nw~w ~h.~•~i&OO~Lft~£~~~~m•OO$~ftW~~.~~~**~moomMxB$• ~*· 3. 2 .®:~1**'(f)~.lr. a$•~*~~•~oo•~~·••~*~•~~•~. ~&••ootArrh~.~•mm MxB~~.~ffOOft:FJI!, ft~£~. •~••~*~*=~m~.m-. m•M~rtt~~m~•oo~~.•wm•oott~~ •=· 11& m~M1Jl!:l(;LJ, ti1'i)ijjm~ixn~ffi*'M-iH100**· •wm•x•*~JEoo,~,~~•,11iHi: moo0~xm. ••~:ime~•n. •w.e.§oo:ime~7tI. ttl~A~oo1r~~•11&•: m- . .e. ~••oo~•·•=~•-m~~•*•*a-~oo. 3. 2. 1 00~*3!.!ll~Ji.il&~ +-~~~~~zJ§. ~m*fi*tt~m~~a¥. ~~T•*~*~·•m~mi5!:•oo ~zwF£~~•m~m~tt~~•oo~••*•~B.~mmMxma~oo•m~mi5i:~OO ~~~£~~ma~~~•moo*tt~£~. 1~1~m*~'*r~~•m•i5!:I~~•~».•w•m•i5!:~~~n~~•m~m. ~*~fi*~oontt.~•m¥mi5!:••i5!:~§~A•m~*M~~~*~· m•.m•.0 ~x•~•i5!:~§~rr~-ww.#•w~mm•~•a~ooi5!:•£•m~m.~rr~**~ 00¥**#· £~~.~m~~~&oo~m¥m. ~~~•m•i5i:OO£~.~~ha9•moo ~mm~~~. *h~•0~xm. ~*#OO*•m&~~~-*~•oo~mxm. ~~~• •~·•i5!:.Ww*•m£•m•moo~~:imm. 1~9~00*~a<*r~fi~~••~~oo~~»~.~~rm•*~w~.~*m~~ $00*M~~~-.~~7~~~~oow•m•.~*~·*·~·ITT~~~MA~ffl~WOO 1990 ~ 12 ~ 23 B 9=1~9=1 !k:•+-=:@~ffif.;:•+tx~1*f.;:i5UmJil¥1 "~-T11ltlfi::OO R;t£YF*ll ttf.;:tt&+~1.m:1w*11 'J\.Ji' it:JGtll¥JJt.i5l" m1±1. t£YFJ!.fi!:1¥J!tl2:ftk:A.:iJir.J•t£YF~#J, :JJo5!i a~.£~r~~£~1'il•Jt.fil.#~mm~m•fil~~-~F~tt•11J2:, "*•~•tt~ tt&1¥1••· ~•tt••~~l2:.••~~fffil•.~~.1*•~m.m~0mfil•1¥J•&* ~". ~~~J.K.nJ.K.~~.~~.m~.mn.xm~~~~0mfil•Jt.fil, ~~AR.~ m, ~:E.W. 90 ~1-~:itJ~U 1J' 1*7.K ~ 1¥1 t£ $ Jt&!t• § ti. 1W2~6~1689=1~9=1!k:. OO*~•ttT<~-T~~--F~l¥1*fl::». ~~mma0 m•~a~1¥J•~F~1¥J11•tt•~-~~1¥J•N.m1±1ttf.;:~•**~~mR.~mm•ftk~ 1*7.K~1¥J!t•fil~$*·•=F~Jt&J.K~Jik~A~~tlf.;:~$~~~N1¥J!t•~~. MWft *Rm~•-=~~tt•~•~ooR.~m1¥J~B~m~m.mwm1±1TJt.~~~mma0m•~ a~1¥Jttf.;:~~~-*1**ftk~~~--~F~l¥J§~Z-.a•-F~Jt&l¥J!tl2:9=1£~~ m0m•~ftk~OOR.~m~&Afl~~tt.~~tt•~1¥J£~ff~. ~~~ff~1¥J~•~*~ ~m. ~~fi::A1*1¥Jff~tt•••m••~T~M. 1w3~oo*~•ttT<~oo•-~~tt••~£*mn».m1±1"ma0m•~~-r•M xm~51L r:& i!f~mN~:F:f :!jUo ~ mPF:lj;, mm~m ftmf¥Afl11•1t m,, . tt& § tiftk "~ ~-~~~m~ttf.;:tt&ffimm1¥J~~~~.~#J~~1¥J~m~m~~~~%~1¥J0~xmfi!: •~&~nJ.K.~~.~m~~m0mti!:•*m·M*~*•~~-~~~~mxm~~~• *~JE. " 1994 ~00*~ <90 ~f~OO%tz:~a•~•» 1~1±1. •t~M "m-1.m:J<.Ll. ~~~~. IEl:!:-t!! ~~. ~~*~· ~••fil"1¥J~tt~~~mma0m•~1¥Jtt&. 3. 2. 2 ~rtJ3'.lijffl'miESI:~ ~mxm ffl'~ J&•f* * EB~ m~•. !Jo/Jffl'it:JGIJ ~ $ n ~ ll5J t11- ·rJHlilJ IE. EB ~mJ&1t-rtttm ~ •. -•*~· ~mmnxmffl'~J&•1**~~mfilffl'~.gfilffl'~c0~xmffl'~)~~~ffl'~1* *-xmffl'~J&•1¥J~JE:Mmnxmv~1¥J~N.~•£mttffl'~m~~~~mxm~•1¥J~ *· ~M*~mxmfPJB. ~~ffl'miESI:~ ~oo~m1¥Jtt•~mT-~Mr~tt~tz:~m~~~tt~m~~1¥Jtt~. ~mtz:~~#J& •z~~T**ttl¥1~~. m~ill•a~mxm~•9=11¥J~11~~- §~aw~~m9=11¥Jm!Jo/J ill•flffi~-$*•-Ttt:lj;xm.~~V~£~1¥J£mttffa~~~~. mtt"oo.n~1¥J~ ~ttm•*M*millxm~B.WH. Mffl'~•·l¥J~N. millxD£Afl*~tt.~oott. ~-~~~JE:~m1¥Jxm1¥Jmill~•· ~&&~~-~mffl'~a•1¥J•~.m1±1~m1¥Jmill~ 1¥J:A~'·Xiil~Al¥1~**~%~~*-T~~ml¥Jffl'~··· W£~*r~001¥J~$~&1¥J:A ~~. ~*r*~~m•wa•~~m1**9=11¥1~m~N-ttftkEB-T~~~IEI. ~JE:~m1¥Jm illxmv~. ffl'~••1¥J~~~m~:A. ~~1¥1£~•-rff•~~- fftfif, Ellf~, JJUii,li 121 ~*~~r~~~~ITT~~. tt~tt~~. ~~~mm$mmillxmITTw~~m~*·®HM ~•*ti, -•**ft~~~~~~~*~~~~-m~. rnr~~~M~ffim*~~r*w, ~m~tt~~MM~~ITTxm•~.gillxms~ffl~~.millxmms~•~*·fr~~~ ~~m~.~~mM~~--~~~~~. ~--··=~~~±.~~~-®~~$.~* *~~•a~~±ITT~m•~· millxms~ffi~~M. gillxmc±~~0~xm¥~~* @.@ft~~~-m~. m~xmITT~*~~#~~w. WH~m~M**~~IEITT~~~~ITT ~~~-~~. &~~M/ExmITT~~--~A~•~tt. ~~. WrPJfitt.~~ttITT~m.millxm~~••ft§~~oo~-mITTmnxma•~ -*~, ~ft§mZX~ITT:!:iMfz:. ~ Jif 3lim fft~ j[j(~ gill~~--~~-mxm•w~ITTm~m~•*·gillxm~*0~xm~~Axm.0 ~xmft•~~-mxm~¥~s~•~•~ITT~~. ~~. 0~xm~~••ITTMIE~w•~ I~~~~-~~mITTxm~N.WHftxm~-~~ITT*#~. xmM~ITT~~~~T~~ xm~~ITT~~*~~W**f · ~~~~*ww•0~xm~~~mmMxm•*~-~~ m. ~-m~~~~A~~~~~m~mtt. 0~ttm~. -I~~0~•~mM, m&~m~ ~~ttITT~~.~~m~ftITT~~mm$W~Z.*.ftffiZXOO%~~~M~¥~. -~0~x m~~~AOO%~MITTmm.~~w•a•ITTw&•m**·~--~~**· 0~xm~~ ITTi~•§5'Gffi~Jtfia1ffi~ifJL~ CJ!~!j,l,(;0ffl$~fiJ)~Wi~ffr~~. 1~J!!lo/1~$1'1'$'~~-J§, rn!lo/l~•n1~iwmam'$'11t, m~i~1fr~R.B1~~ITT1r%1i, ~mm~o*f&•-mam~/E. w mr~~~J?-~t~2*~-m, ~-m•m~19:~11tft;tz, ~~~~ttOO%!lo/Jffr$n1~oo*im11tftJ6~PJ ~~.W$~m0~xmITT~~~+~-mM, -n~fi**~••·**~£0~xm~~ -·~ITT~*~~.~~~~T*M~*m0~xmITT~m~-/E~filZ*·~~-~ITT~W raffl~m. 0x~~ITTW•tttt§5'G~~&tt~.~mITT~J:E, w~&~m0x~~ITT~~ MN~-~~mITT~M*f·m••~~~m~~. !lo/J~~~~~ITTfl1M, 0x~~ITTW•& w~~m-.m~. ~£~~~tl~~IE*~IE~~ITTW•.-~~~0x~~ITT·~~~:i1 ~.wH~~~-mamM~~~-~~m. *~••~~M~~&mm~rITT0x~~~a. ~£0~xm~~-•MIE~W•ITT**~~~*•·&£0x~~-~W•ITT**~~.M ~~~£M~OOITT~~~£MOO~SM*ti·~-~~0ffl$~ITT0~~m±~*•ramITT YIJa1rmi1i, fg~~ oo B"10x*ffr l:ij~~ffi~*zfBJ:tzo~§*ITT&tfff~£&~ITT. ~ ffil 3l jj fft ~ j[j( ~ ~1mxmffr~ft.tl:~±~mD~xm&epw$i&m~. ~aftiJJJH4txmITT~T~~xm)'~, ISL W$~~~~~-mxm~£ITT-~-~~~.zM~W~filW$, ~Tffir~mW$~ITTFm ~~)'r, ~ftrflY(z~~::ZITT~~11itl£"1ifJL1!iu. -®m~ixm•w¥~~~::ZITTOO%, mw*i&•~ F~ITTm/E.Wft~OO. mW$Si!!i&•~~%~~~ITT•wm1!iu, ~*·*~mW$Si!!~ ~sm~m. sm~OOITTmM, ~-W$,M®~*Ti!!~ITTmfi~h.ftW$~·~-~ ~W*•*ITTMN~.MJ:Ei&••·~~&~fi~i!!~xm~aITT-*~~~*'W$~m• m&*~~m~mm$ft~~oo~w~h. ~fi$xmft~mxm~s~~*~M. WH~fi$•w•m~*.-~oo.~~-mm~ -mm~~fi~ff$*~••· WH~fi$ITT~*ffimrm~i&A*~~~fth~~~~: ~- ~oo. §tf$W$~ft&£m~ftWl¥J-*~~. ~~~-~•.WH&Wfil~~-&ffi~F m.~~~m~mmn•~m£. ~LW3~oo~•M3~L~~T§ff$1¥J~M. •z&~* 7i/f$~m~:M!iMl¥J §tf$3t:ii11lJ•. M§fU~m0~3t:iii¥J'tl'HR.~o §tf$1¥Jt~f.i:7i, xt~ Mm~••i¥Jm~m~~M*ff~~. ±~m~£*•~~tr••w. 3. 2. 3 :tJifffi'jl~igJli)(~ 1986 :¥r:f OO®:mf&1fi:Tm~*3t:iiftW1*#5tl. ·~m3tJiftW, 0~*3tJiftWtiJV30J:()(Ji ftW~IHT~:OO!Mt-ftW. i1HJJilfRN7J-I, ~m3t:ii-fi~2ZW31-#!Jfl, ~J!$fl±~'.61N~m m~*xm~:00!1¥J1.m~1JJt~2)ZJ*®:ftw, 0~3tm#!Jn'.61N~m3tmt1krt:1¥Jftw. ~m3tmt1krt: ftWA1*~M:tJtf9J$~~ff! 1¥J'B:f~~:t~-- 1A!ffi~~JZ:¥$' :tJtf9J$m, ~l=::tJtf9J$mA?f.&Wl& :¥$. mnxm•w~:OO!i¥J~~,~•,•~. 3tm•~~w. m~,m~,~:00!~~3tmft 11itl~~. ~ mmnftw, s-m:tJtf9J$, ~i:::tJtf9J$1rf~4~rt:•w~~. M/i!J,:l:L~tf3(:Ji,~,:l:l111J•••· 15-~m®:J#Jt:JiftW®:•m:OO!:fr,~,:l:t2#5tl~OO±~~M: • 0~3tJitt~®:•.:tE15-#~~1¥J3tDIAr:f, 0~3tJi£~$fi~i¥J3tJi%~. ~&a 3:1:*· WHffim~mmnoo~~.~~. ~~oo~, oo*••tt~~M0~3tm~~fi *~m3tJii¥Jfi±~~*·0~3t:Jitt~~7tE~~~ML•fmf.i:~Mi¥J~~ff~*· a3tmftWL~m~ntt~,m~,~~tt~~.~•15-•mi¥Jmnoo~,mnM~~n ~~~#aif$~•· ~tr0~3tm~m~cn>a~~L~-~-~. mwa~w~h~ 0~3tm1¥J~-~~*#.ar:tioo1¥J0~3tmtt~1¥J••m:OO!r:ti. ±~~tr~~~~-~ ~1=:03t$mW$. 03t~ni¥J7f~, Mf.i:i¥J~Ji0~3tJiftW$flWM:l-Ttt~•·· :frlf!. ~mtrmnL0~~*m~~~mtr.a•~~ft~1¥J3tXnQ.0~~*~~~~~~. ~@m:00!+7t~~f0~3t:iii¥J~M. m~~••3tm•*•~-~~m. • •~tt~Jt:m, ~~*•*•·-&•mam~xm~. W3tt~~m~~a•~~m. a~~*~~~g~Jt:m1¥J~~~~~1¥J3t~. am*tri¥l•mm~w•r:r&~~•*~ g~~·~~•~*aB.mf~~~tt•mi¥J•~~•·*m~~••· •~•~*• a~a•~tr~. R~a~oo~mmttm~. ~~-~1¥J~M~L•1¥Jxm•~••· m ~7~~1¥J~003tm~-~3tJift~M:OO!. • Pll11itlfflft***••· fflft$1¥Jfil3i**£if$•ma~m~~B1,J11¥J±~3tmrPJ•. rt ~f~~mf9J$-~§tf$3tJiZOO. 't~•fmf9J$ftWl¥J~-.XA~§tf$mf9J~ mi¥J~f.i:. m~~•w•~~*· fflft*~~i¥J~~~~,3tm•~~$.WH. a~~ Jifi~•mr:ti, .R~®:m#!Jn&~t~2*Pll11itl®:•. ffimf~f1MJtf9J*•~o~i:::tJtf9J*, fflft* fi~:l:A~£~1¥3**~~.~~. ~W~Wt2~fflff;$1¥J**· £15-•m®:m:tEfi*~ ~3tm~•~JZ•~•*3tm~•B1m~~*~1¥Jm:OO!.~~£afflft$~ML~~~w 1¥J•m' m~*~ 7£~F~i¥Jt2#5tl. }fM, ~-~•mw1.m~T fflf£;$~:¥1¥J~M!l&:l: 0 MM~L~7txJi~:l:.M~Li¥J3tJi:l:~*~1-~00.-£15-#~~003tJi~~i¥Jm~. ~omi9J$, ~l=::tJtf9J$, 1f A~~; J3:liftM:t~~-1111~,~,:l:1¥JW•ffiM~. ~ott~~M0~3t Ji, ~~-ff;$1¥J**~~.:tE~713tJi~:l:Lm~JZl¥J£M~W•l¥J~-~oo. ~8100~~ rBJµ:i¥Jw•. :iitffi, .Ei£flf, JJUll/Jl 129 ~~~mmn~m~~~-~~~00•1*.ffM-BOO~mw•m~~-~·~~m~m oo~~. ~~. ~~~*•*••~~mmnxm~oo•~.-~oo. ~-~m~*oo~~tt *· ~Jixm1~%~ft1J]UJE, ±001t:t1~mxm~1E005t:11J~(JL, :ttB1raJ_t~fttlxmooifliE~, x-t ~m•~xm•oo~~~-~~m. ~B1~~~m•~~~~5t:11l.~-~oo. -~~m~~ :f.H~OO-~. 11&5l~m~1E•. ~~ilU1E:tEf=1:.:fJJltAmt~¥1Jt-t!!.~51-:11J00~ijj, ~&xm~£:EJJl~ 00~1:..~*·*~-ttI~~. m*_t~mB1oo. ~&*m•~~m.•~~~q~~m~ MB100~~oooomN. w•~moo••~~oo~~••m•.x-t•M~m~•oo~(JL~**~ m. 3. 2. 4 :l;rif$iH~.Qim.iE.11:~ :ttoo~_t~$OO*fi~tt~~M0~~m~~M~~mmnxm~~oo••~~. :tE~OOOOtz:~••OO•B~~~m0~xm~~OO*:tE£*•~~~~-B~~OOf=~z -. 1990 it•~$1&1@00*~00tz:~•··B· ~J!~OO*it~OOfttl!Ef=~--~·13-~00• *· ~~T<~m0~~m~~tz:~••~•11-~». ~~~~0~~m~Moo••m~. :tt~ oo•mft1J1Eoo0~~mtz:~••~. ~ <~m1.m)G1J~» OOpg~1*:EJJl:tt••oo#1ifJ._t, *-zv aJHffl@fttl!E~o :fe~~m 0~~mJ;_m)G1J, H~UA~m ,8, 1*1J\1)G1J, tE1J\1JC.U IS ~rg f&m. if• I~~-tt~~rg.~mB~~ITT~~*~0~~·B1. ~~~Ji0~~m; m~ffl~R~§ ~•~m*~~-ff*~CM>.~~~~~0~~mmmM~. ~B1~T*film~oo~•· • *~~mm~~A~m~mtt~~M*~~~~~~xm~•~M*~~&~IE•tz:N•* ~.:tE£*•~_t·B~~0~~*- ~*-~~~~OO~Ji~~zffi~~oo~.M--Q~ 1:.f=~j:_~~·-~· ~~ffl~~M~W~M.0~xmOOMB•~·-Bfi~~~~~· ~fP]~. 3f;1Jo:if·~:i!$nm•~· 0~~mA~1:.tz:.1:.~~•~tt. ~~m1*~~mM~~1:.f=ff~~•m~~oo~m~ ~1*~m*.m~. 0~~moott~~~tttt~~m~~~~••.m~~T*fil0~~m• ~OO•IE~M. fr~~tt~~~OO~B1. ~~~**fil0~~mm~-~1:.~~~Moo~m~ ~. ~~. X10~~m*~ TaJl1iffl00~~-·· M,8,1**iJt, :tE:iliJ!A C"J\.li" 1AJ'aJ~:i:) ~ff ~r~H~1U]\tllfx:., ~;:4s:~;fll0~~Jl[1!J§. ~%:~&; JZtAA (2000 ~) J£tv71iLm\~Sm:f:~fr;~M=t¥J ~~m~. ~!E~~oom~••· ~~~~m**~·A1*a•m~§~= • 1E•mmoomM~. ~~R•~moo:::E:~~~~OO*fil~m. ~m~mzm~m*t@~~* oooo**m~**·:tE19wit.~~-~~~m~~*~ffm~w~zffl.~*fil0~~ m~~oo~~. ~oo*~11-0ffm~. •~$. oo*tt~. oo*~M~. ~00~~~0~ •*~~T<~~~m0~~m~~~~•M~mz~aoom~». m1E~m~*~~m0 ~xm~T~~oo•~~m. ~~~m•m•re~m0~~m~T~~oo•~m~. ~A ~~~~M~~~Ji*~.~~~~0~mz~~m0~xm~~~~oom~~~~Bz-. ft~*fil, ~m~m~·~*~~. MW*filT0~xm~~OO~M. • PT:tEft5t~m~Ji1fl'~m1:m~~oo£1itll_t, ~2•~1r•£1fWn~~1M•$nm~~~1JT IS$, fi1'Jc£if•~OO/FJE, ~OO*~~m!E~JE~fryfi1E~•~5uAOO*~ff1~~it)GIJ. • ft7t~m~2m. ~i•~-¥~~~w-m~1fl', llff••·li-5"1~*~M. ~!Ri~~¥Jl~m£~. w ~£~~ • • ~ffN•M~•·· ~T~~~-~ffiOO~m0~~mN•-~*·~-~&-m•0m R&~--~-~*·*~$#~~---~.~-~fflOO*~a. #~~~~-~•m 0~3(·~-~~. ~**~J:EOO•~~mo 0~x•~•••oo~-•-~3£fi~W•oS~fi~W•. •mfi~W•m~,fi~ fi~-~.m9~§00fiaW•~~o:tE0~x•fi~OO~ML, -~~*00•0~~$. ~ *·~~~•"~0~~*"·:tE*•*~~m*$•m~•~•m&~*·:tEmrr~m•• mtt•~•m•.:tE:ff~#oo*•*~~•R~•~mx•.:tE~*•*•~~An~m~~ m$. Jf1£$00~M. ~$7tzfjHHr$x•l!&51itl0~3C:•L*o :tEm*OO*OOtz:~a•:ff *~•*J:Eifl, xt~•0~x•xm:m Ta•macm 3. 2-:P-: ••1**00•~) o:tE0~x• oo~•••ifl, ~~m~~~±•.-£tt•~~oo:ff0~x•oo~m: =£:tE$~m.$# m~~mtt~•~~•0~x•oo~~. ~*#~s~-••0~~~•£s~fi~••·* fil0~x••~~•oo••••*•m•o~~£m~~m1**~~-~~-~. $#~m~ ?tillA0~x•tz:~m. ~~~s*~w~.*fil•m0~g~x•m~oo••~•.~~~ •m•m*ttOOWMo~~. 1~3~•RW~~T<•m~~g~3(·~-~:ffmiliil~ffil oo~T•J:E»,m:mam~m:ff*OO~fil~•m0~g~x•~•~•tt~~.m~-~~~ m~.:tE-~AA~~~:ff~mu~~•*· ~~~-~oo~•*fil~~:tE-~~#r~~•~N ttBo~•~OOiliil~ffil,±D~~~~~:-~~-*~~~*•m•m•~oo•m~#: =£•Rqra±wwnffi.w11itl~*11~ll~~~•t£•~oomu*11ttu. ~-J:S£~1Jl!~oo~,c,,m::ff, ~§ooa£~T~s0~x•g~m~oo••· •mm~fi~. *fil~0A•~~~-~• ~•oom*· •~m*m•a~ill-~~@•~m~~m1**00•*· s~OO:ff0~x•~T 1E:~00±1*:1:-1!!1ft, ~at51illJt~;fJt1!iu. a~-1Jl!:1G1J. ~Jt-tr•r. ~Jn~ti?t£mn•~11-0~ x•. ~*•m0;1:tx•1Jt7t~•· 0. -=!t-~-·00~,!Ji!.» 1994 ~•RwxnJJl~T <*-Txt•m0~~*· ~*~qr (~Yi!,» ;j;JI!~: 1&1i:ff*~$. ~;j;JI!, •tt~~fj}f (:ti3fi9,l(;~-T)' # ~•mA~•m~•m~~oo~m•~fia±wwnoomm, ra:ffm~ffemoo1E:~; a•m~ m~oo~•gj(;~•· ~~*~*m~~~•oo•~~goo~•· •m*~~-1E:~oo*~~• ~~*~~A. #~m•~•1E:~-~~~g·~~~-~~.m•.m~.n~oom*o ra-r0;1:tx•ff~oot~y;j(·fim, ~.&§f!T0xm:J:moo~··~~. §f!T0~x•OOW$•• m•~*-T~-~-~m. -~~m0~x~••1**~~-~~~*~-~o 3. 2. 5 ffi.lr!J~Jmil&~ m•~~moo~~. ~~m•~#:tE~~•oo~m~~*~m~#o:tE~mmM~ffiT~ --~~-N~•-N~~~~-~~"~•mM")OO~~~J§, ~m•M*~~~-~~ mmM001J\!:1GIJ, •R*oW•Ift, ~~9•moomnx•)jf\{JL1ff*T$~o ~00 :tE 1990 <•m 0~x•~atz:~••~•11-~»ifl,am:m"re~mmn~m•~~•R$:tE7tfi00~~" 0 1992 ~x»Jl~T <•mmM~f!Ttz:~••~•11-~» , ~~t~.@!m~i•Rw•ooa•'f&lio <•mmn~atz:~••~•11-~»~•T•mmntz:~oo~•~*~~~••*•m•o aifloooomntz:~••ifl, ±•M~sm•*~oo•~· r*•~~mm-rmn•R~tt*~ ~oo~~.~smnoo••~~~-~~oom:mTmntz:~oo~•~~. #m:iliT~*filmM F~~MOO:ff*a•m•o •mm~i*~JtOOJ;Jl!)Glj@~OO~~£;~-Rit:1G1J~1&1i. ~·$,tr),-f*~fiij, il•~ttF•Rit)G1J ~~•~M. ~•m~mtt~~-ffi~Wo~mmM•Roo~~*~~~~*~m~zAA~~ ffi~*· 1G9M~1J\!:1GIJ, ~~t·ttc•i!!•*~Jt1J\!:1Gu. ~ia~1tx•~m:1G1J. :A:ifl~mmillqr~i=:;t:Jt~ fftjjj, .E~f1f-, JJU.ll/Jl 131 $3tmm~.•~~~•m±~~-~~•••~· ~m~n~~m.A1fttm~•.w*~ ~~1f*••~· rrm~~~~m•Q••~m. ~•••~~.a•m•~~~•~•~& 1s•~mi:p, A:n1'JHl~rm•mmM~1-r~~*:&· nc~•~· ±~i;J,•m±±-t!!:fff~tl:lil:. ~il: i&Am-t-mM&;ttftBi!1Ht1Jli7*•'~. 1;J,mMwZ9J•m£iit1J~••~*u•m:&M. i3:£ili~*• m•~••~oo-~•=*=~•.~~•~r•mm••~oo•~*•~•· x:ffn~mf9Jr• ~•mOO:&M. m••~~~••£W~:&Mi:f:too•~•~aoo~•.~~mmm•m••~•R~~~ •~•OOM%, ~-r~~••m•~n.m•~~oo~•~~Fm.~;tt~~~*:&~@A:ff 00~~. MWtl:l~•mNA§Md~m•oo~~.xm~TmM~ffl~~*rOO~~. -~T •~~•oott~.~~.ai:poooom•~~••i:f:t. B~tt•~r~•~•~oo**· ~I;),~ ~--~~oo~~--~~m.mtl:l~l;J,•~m•~w~•~·••~~m•.~filmM*M· fr~£~~~~---~. ··-~-~mMI~M•. / ~~m•oo••wm£•mm•*~:&Moom~m~.a<•mm•~~~~-·~~b ~»i:f:tm~T*~~~1f•Wm.•~1f•±W$n~•~oo•mmMOOWJ11!.I~.~~~ •• ~.~~--~---mm~.~~tt~Jli~*W~•mtl:l~OO~•sm.~••mmM. ~~m•sm•Nmttrm••~oo•N. ~~--~~. •~••&~•~· ~*••~m ~j(*OOlJJl~. 1992 ~oo~~b0ff~btTd~$. 0~$ <*T-1Ju5!\•mmM~3tmWmifi= . 1J11~•mm•1f®:±W$n <•~1f®:±W$n)*u0~3tmWm$n~tJJ~~>E£• B:J1rH~r» ff, ~~~-•~mm~oo~•~~.•~••~mM&;tt&~~~ftBm. ~•~n.F~* m•mmMOOlilii~sm*u~m. *msm. ~mmR%OO:&r~•i:f:ta•mm®:1f®:±W$n*u0 ~3tmWm$n. :1H~1!luam~. ~1~••*tt*urn~. ~at~@m:f:m~~M=:&Moow~. ~m ·=~~ffl~~A1Tm&W$S~oom~.~-MW$~~m~OO-~~~~.~~·&•N. ~zv1~¥UW$:i!:f:m (g). ttf}[:Aj[. 1993 ~-~$X»~ttr <•mmMsm~•i&•trmb ~». M~m~m~~sm~m•mmM:i!1TT~M.~W§~~m•oosm.~•~M~M ~T-*~••m~.m~-rm•••~*oo*•tt.••~1fnNi;J,&1f®:~~~oooo•ro. ~~•mm•*~oo•~•m~oom~aw~~•· ~-r•mmM3tm~;ttftB•m£~&•-~~~A:ffNM*·~~~m~~*oo~~. m 1;J,am~.-~.WJ11!.~~gf;ttftB~~OO:&M.~X£~¥Jf~Lt~OO-M~NAtttt•i;J,~ ~.MWF•M~T•m3tm$~00**·~M:ff~•••&-~i;J,-~£~&•:&MOOW~. B~~i:f:tOO•m®:ma~M~¥i:f:tOO-~-~~-. 4. 1 ~ OO:tJif$3tilii~~i~J1U?$1i~~~*imt •m3tm~~oo•~~•~£•mm~. ~~*~M#•~•m~~. ~~~~m•moo m~~ffl.M§~•m~m~~•~oo•~*•~· ±~:ffi;J,r~~~oo= 4. 1. 1 *B3l1 tt~~&.'.i:E ~~~*;mi: t§~~t*X~~oo•~*•ai:f:toooogJEiti:f:t~ "•rJHtH?•~•~&~.£1f·iii&A" . 1994 - - -- ---1 - - if:JltJlJ!i&A:it 6751Zi5G. ffl-Tlif1-~rtf~tH?J!1iOOxte~ 6581l5Go :tE~rtr~tH?J!1i:&t~bt~} ;g·t::ti&A.P-M§~ 1\JlJ!l*J~: • W3JlJ!~rtrMH?Jt~:&t~: ,~,it 1ss 1Zi5G. §t5~rtr~tH?Jt1im*o0m¥~1lft1wm, J3:W3J1J! ·~~~rtf7!1iOO±:~~~*•~m: • OO*~•l*JN:&t~9=1~~~nM•~~--:~tt8I£5G,J3:~~~rtf-~7!1if5l.~0ffl •~m~m~*OO~W3•±~*•~m. §t500*m•l*J~rtr£~1i•OO~*•~m•. 9=1 ~:1:-tl!.nmt••• <x.?t~~JlJ!*rll}J:&f~*o~~*r!M): • 7j(:&f••= 4. 71l5G, J3:~-J]j!~J])!•ffl; "• OOl*J*o005'r~•: 601Zi5G: • ~rtf7!1i-tf1H100~}1f·tii&A: 561l5G, §~ffiHlli&A, lm*-*i&A, lf~i&A~: • ~1mi&A: 3161l5Go ~LA~i&A~-$7ti&A~-~ffl*,~~~~rtr•m~•*•· tE~rff£~1i-~$ f1 i'SJJ1!1T7tWCo tE~xte 9=1, 6o/<r'8%.Z.i'SJ o Ml:~rtf:!:~~}$001tM, m~3tiiJiJT d=l ~tfJtltEili:JLif: ~ OO*Mh~Jt1i•*~~*~~OOM~r.~rtf7!1irl?t*•-t-M•OO~OOB~m~~. 00* ~•l*Jmm, *~~~nM•m•:tE•~*•.Pm2=1oo~•~~r~.~-~*~-Trtr~oom ~-~if:m1Jll o ~rtr3tmmm:tE~rtr7!1iNm1*1!ltl~¥oo*~~ r. filJF~il~zvJ:EL~~J!!, ~f~%:rt•~Jt1im~OO$JLJ!!L*o 4. 1. 2 ~it1J&1fi:Ji§"jJTl¥J~~~IH~ ~-T~rtr•1i•-t-~n•moo~~.m~~~~m-•m~m•~~OOA1*M~. :tEOO*~ 1*••oom~r.~•ter-*~1Tz~~. ®H~m~m•1*~~¥A~•~•~oo•~• mn:rt. &*~~J1!T~~~rtfl!!~3tii$~00~Mo :tE00*1*~~¥00*~~r. tt~-T~rtf3tii~tEOOFm~•~&OO*MhOO~~. ~- 1-~rtf-~N•1*~ffi~B. ~rtr3tmmm1*~~¥fil~~Tm*l1tMo~*~mm~m-oom ~.WM~*~~Jf~, ~ff~*±~~~iliil~~il. ••*··~-~.~~*~~~ -l';t, IS~E&m9=1WC¥7!1iil!~3(ii-l';t •. -g;;if "~Niwm. ~)%*~" ~~f~J!!~3(ii]i-i';t% ;rt, /F-OZ.-OZ.~Mf}( TJ!!~3(iiJ!~OOm~fOJB, £±:~~%PX:T~•Jt1im~OO t~:timllf:tfl1!Jtl, ~~9J!!~3(ii~~-~TM~MMo ~~~1T*•1i•WC¥•~1i•OO~~~fflo~~*•1i•wc¥mooi&~OO*&~tt:r\OO •••~.m~-t--noom~3lii1i~Jt1i•-t-~n•m~n. •~*•~~~nM•.1i• -~oo•~•*•*· ®~nM••~-~. ~~1i-007!1i~AD00**'~$00~M~W •*:tE-m.:tE~•~•~-~~~oo•~r.m~1i••*•~~m~•mooi&~. ~~-T m~3tm~•OOttM, filmtPX:~~:FIOO~*o 129JlttE~~tfJJ!i1!Jtl~Ti&~rtr-~•wc¥•OO~ n••·~~n~•OOttMmT-~~fflo-g;;1T1i•~m~ffl~~rtr~~$1tMOO~~o~*· ~m~mnmr~~oo~m~3tm•~oo#oo~m. /F-OZ.-OZ.~~~0§ttOO~~.filttmr~ 1::tz:·ti, fil~*~~~*:!lJ OO~M1Jl!W€1r o ~iJ\, -g;;qr~f~1tfflfil~rtf:!:~~$~MOO&H't-~ *ott!if1-~$1*~~¥00*~~r. m~3tiitz:~/F-OZ.-OZ.~~tl~~§. filB~T£%~~ m~•~n~m~oo3tm•#.tta~:!lJOOttM. -g;;1J--g;;•~m~m~~t£~1T•#rOO~~ n:r\o §~~~~m~ffln:rtfil~-TWzv~•~~.fil0~3tii~1f~~mteli~li,~1f~ ~:FI,~*i&•~~••m•s~1*~te:tE~Brtr~~moott•,•~m~3tm¥~tt~€1f q:iooma~fflo®HMJ:~rtr~~m1*~00~zv~*· ~m~ffln:rtfil~~zv~~. rtr~~mPX: 4. 2 19J § ~i~a~,~~3:H¥ *mmn~moo~tt. mn~moom~-•W:.•~•famM~. mn~m¥~~fioo M~~~**~~m~m~tt~oo~~-•~·••~&. ~~~m•m~mn~m¥~oom § ~1J, •W:*o•~F~~tuaamooM:txm~z~ D&m:frJ~ •W:oo~•tt;f¥q:i, *M~m~J\l 0 ~-*· M~§OO~~--m~A~~-·~~ilill&Mfi~OO~~o-ft*~· ~§-W:Nm tt~•*m~m~~m~~m•m~~ooli~tt~&q:i*Mm~.~*••n~W:fiD&±•s n) *o&-;tt;~mJ£~$:tR•W:J~ § it~UJ¥:¥, ~2•~- it~. IJlia~•n~ll~.RitiiE*o~il-'f~J§, ~*mD&mmm~•~~. mD&sn~0;tt;~mJ£~m~~•o ~f §fi~~~mammmn~m~¥~W:•oo~~~T~Boo~~. m~att~~m~ &q:ioo~m~r~~W$OO~~. ft~£m•~~*~~m. mn~m~¥~W:••W:~*~ m~&oo~m:~m. ~~~~•mmmn~m~¥~W:••W:~~T~*•~. •~mn~m ~W:-•W:~:frtt~~MOO~~o~m£00*~0m•~~A¥~tt-~~tt~~ZJ§,mM ~m~W:••W:*AT-1-~M~~o ~ills~am*o~il"*~· mNi~m•W:J~ §1±tt~~ ~m•moo~~b~•I~. ~A•-t-~m•W:oom~~§. a•~~*~~~tt~.:tE*~ ~#7I~•••~~&~~*h~*.mLla~~~oo~m~M~§~.mn~m~¥~W:• S~ffi~*OO~~. ®H~f~mll&ITTOO~*· ~~&~•T-¥~fiz~~oo~~. *~T W~---~OO~IH!:L 4. 3 t9:~.p.j.cifi1J E~~)C* ~•~m~~a¥oo~~. q:iooJ&m±•M*~~m~m*tr~~~m~.•~~~** OOtrD&•~~*- m:l:h~2tr~¥. ¥*1-lti~H-~*·. :tt»W*OiJl~J£~~J!~H±~±5<.mJ&J~m7JrP1 ••~Momf~~m~~~A~~m•~m~oomn~m•~. :tEOO*~~a¥D&•~· x •@M~~~. ~~ffi@OO~mD&•. 1JJLl-~LlOO* ~, C"f :l:i!!7J) mtD&~±~OOmNi~mW:••W:~mf*•~*~q:i,G,o -§.:fiS ¥*•Nq:ioomD&0moo~¥m~.~m±~lliil.~fr~~. m~~mm~~.~•±~~ mm. ~*•~•Nm. 0m•~ffl~mLl&q:i~~~1IM•~~m•~~~m•~~.a~ 1*•~*"f,Nm~m~oo*~*•0mN•~¥•. t£$m¥*•~~£~am~§~.m ~~¥~ffima0mN•oo•W:.fi~¥*•N~§~mD&&-mN•~~¥OO~fio:tED&ITTx hNA00¥~q:i,mtt•lli~¥-W:OO•*· ~·~N•-t-~~m~§ffl•mn~mN•OO• &. ~~~~£-#mtt•~cJ£~)~~oo•mtr~.~m±~lliil~il~~-m~~mm~ ~-~•±~~mmoom*m~. ~~~f"Poo•m~~oo±~~m~Na¥, ~~±~oox 1~x~~,JHtffl;Jf\?JL~T@*·1100~~. 1t±:ti!!firma~2m~~q:i1~Ll~:rYJ, ~J1Jil~*H~. jf :tEOO*••q:i, ~-m~±~~~±•m~~7Jll&Mfflf¥~N-•W:. fi~T~--~*· fill ii. ft~£il1~*~~1s~am. mn•W:. ~m~il"*!t~N•~tua¥~~ r 1r-A~ § oo~ao®1*•~¥q:ioo~~•*·~•amn~m~~•-t-¥~N••&Nmq:ioo~~~~ ~~.m~aN•*•q:ioo±mmoo~~~~a~. ~~"amNm~±~"00*5<.B~~~ ~ 0 :fr~~-~q:i, BreNm~±oom~M•~~~m~.&•~~.J&ITTOONm±~~N~ lYlfEfE,~,Nmq:is£*ttfJtlL, W£~lJltEll&MOOd>'•NA~~'Jl~*:IJ±~•~NA¥1Jmn~ mJtNOOm~f'!=fflL(iJI~. ]8l}lj.~) §fim•*-iV%*00~;1JQ5£a•~· ~*~t9i~~. 0 -i---- 51 Ar!J:l:m tJl 1!Jtl, ~zv J!J'.L ~ m. 0 f!H'imsff f~f!ffl (fff~ EIH~-' ~13-Bri*) ];] .±1* B<J ffl'tiH~ m1**·•*~fl"Rmsa<J~#~ff. J;J•m~~~~m•~~MB<Jtt~~•*·~0~xm~ •~:ffmWfr~fffr.••~•,~~~m~~•R••,mnxmRms™B>·~*' ~m t&~~m~*H~%:rtJtRmnxmRms. %mtt5tm-•R-~tt?-tJtm@t&B<Jm~1~:11m1lfm ~. ~mnxmRmsJtR~~•~zv~@m~~m~ma<Jw~. illfi0m•~~•ttffl'~¥.am~~m~mz~. 0m•~ffl'~1**£~~-£~n~ ~~~m. n~J;J0Am~ttm•*B<J•~noo.~~0m•~ffl'~~•£ili~~*•m•R 1~~B<J-J,mm~mms. ~o.L?JTJ£, rnrmnxm*f7JK·l1m*o:t&ffl, ffl'~~¥ff1~:A.xtlt. iliffl' ~~¥B<J:A~~~Wff~. ~Mam*ffl'~~~mm~~•ttffl', £~••m~~-~~ma •B<J•~~w.M~~B<J~•*~· ±~H:a~~tt~~~B<J~mr.~~ffl'mmw~•~w wmnxm•~.:ff~#B<J~%~illAm~. ~m~~mmw~~-~m0m•~ffl'~~•• BR::: ~zv:FJl!.JIID!~~-B<Jl:~ffl'~*· reg£1f·l1t&AAAAffl'~fiWB<Jm~; %%1Jttlf61:1~91i1i1!Jtllt, ~~-tt~~~••tt~m**; ~fi~#~--~WfrA1*•~~. ~M~r~~:ffl'~W •~~am*~~mmz~. #Ham~~~*; a~•~**B<J~•r~wttffl'.~~~• ~**'•~•w~~~fiWB<J~¥. ~&OO*M•~m. 5. 1 ~~~~ 5i ft i..A tJii r=tJ:!l~r:E a{] tJii m3t Jm. ~rt f* iM ~m~•*~1s~*·•mxm•~B<J~~~m*~•fil~T~fi~•mamJ;J±B<J•m ~mfill&WW1**£d~B<J.~~.~~@-~~~~·r!JJ;J±B<J•mxBfill&WW1**· ~ •mamJ;J.±@1*~fr~~nOO: -H:fill&WW;fJl~B<JRW~•rJJJ;J±,=H:•mxBfiWB<J $;&1J-:lft.Xrn::k±. ~-*~~~R••~m~.~1*~~•mamJ;J±fl"~M*~: -H:M~~~~.a• mxmw:FJl!.m~a<JR~.L~n*~~. rn:lft.Xm~~*ma<J*f2,xm~~,m•R•fl"~a<J:lft.X mxmw:FJl!.m~. ~~~@m~B<J~fi•~; =R::M:lft.Xmam*~*~·~n*~*•m~m a*m~m,tt~~m~B<J:t&w~~m. ~*a•Jttt~±~m~~m1*~M~~. ~m•m ~•£•m•m~~*ma<J~n. &£•m•m~nff~~B<Jm2.Mm~Rwnoom2~~ ~~.wH~~m•,~~~m~m*~a<J•m. xmnoom~Rwm:rt&e~~-•· §~ *•ma•mxmfiawwnoo.••mxmm~,~~,mn~nooa<J••*~~•••B<J m:rt.~-~~~#~.~*fil~W~ft.~*filA1*fiW~ft.M~~~fi~.~fi~fr~, ~zoo~nx•,~•~*~•B<J~B.m£~B<J*~a~~~mfiafiw1***~~B<J~• r. ~£~qfa<J, :ft~£M:ff~±-f!!~W*n!ltw•mxmA1*qra±fiff1H1zrBJB<J~*~.&:~® A1*qflf61:±fi#IH1~·m0~, 1Jttlf61:, ±±-f!!, it:1G1J~:f§~'i'l1H1B<J~**~' ££16,~B<J. fr~'J" •m~fi-gfi:FJl!.B<JG:r\&H:ff~B<J. ~£m~ttaa<JH::ft~00fill&WW1*~~Mfal,~ft~-B<J~~illfi~¥B<JM~~. • mam1Jt:ffa<Jtll*1JOOl!fii;gaw. •mxmnooa<JfiawwtJl~&~~oo11fu~~rPJ•. il&Jf.HJL #Joo a• x-t-T ~IYlJA it tu ~2iJf1*ttl iPJ H~ .±.>lmj:m~2i1f1*ttl oo tt• ~&,~.moo , :tE m ~oott•ttfi~.•m•*OO~®MM@~~~.~·m••••~iJFMM:ffiflOOMM@~ ~~. Mm~m~oooom#J~M••m~~~. •*~~~-~~~~•*~~.Mmil&mffimMm~•~•~oooo.±~mff, ~~m• ~Mmil&mflffim~@mffoo~.JJ.~•§M~~.~~•m•m:tEMm~•~oooo•~~* ~m•00~$1*~.:tE~$~OO~*oo•msfl~$~.x~•*~~~~rr•••::tEMm ~-•~&~•rr•••~oo.~m~oo~•·••·•N~§OO~~.*m.~m~m••· ~mmmoom•.~*M•~.~~•N*~~E13Mmil&W~moo; :tE•~••~~1fl'~oo. Mmil&m#l@OOM~~~~~ 0 ~-~OOt&.!lfi,m@~~-mil&Jff:tEMm~•·N·~·-~1fj-~ft-~OOOOMM. §~ ~~Mm:tE~~~m•$W,$•OOMm~. ~~:tE~~.~-.1fj-~~~~00fl§.±~. ~ ~•m•m•••**OO~i1f~•*~&~••*••*•*•*~•~••~· 5. 2 j1i:~.U:*±~::E>lmtm~Bt1*it'Jl¥-1~*· ll!-~*~3£.iEiHtJJRfiE, no·t~t,6lm3t~~ ~1¥-1~~ ~~-M~ff~-~~n.:tEMIP~-~*-~·•*m•••••~OO.il&mMMB~ ~~~•·*•~m-~•M~~~*$~il&.:tEMmg~~••~~oo. •m~~ffim~w m~OOff*X~ffim•ffi,ft~m~OOMM. §~~-~*~·fl*,M#J~•OOMmg~ITT ~·•*~~~-~~~wrr•*·:tE~wg~m~oott~~.m~*~ffl!A*~~iJff*~iPJ 11~.±Jlmj:m~:2.W:1*tutt•~-t-m~. JA-7f~~•tllltt51A:s't•rJLttl. 1trr1t'!'~ttl~~-t-* •· ~--*~%~0~J't•.W•fl*00fJ1~. ~ff·~~H.F•~~•Mff~~~~ff~.:tEMm~B~OO@~rr•~*7fOO.±~~ 00flMmg~~-~~~00flmil&IfiN*•~~-I~~.il&~*7fW~fl--1'-tlfi, -~ fl*~·flm~~~nm•oo••~~+~~mrr.~~ooil&mMMOOtt•m~~•moo. ~ ~MNS~*-™MMtt•. ~*·~~ff·~~. 00fl0~~~~~.00fl0~~-~~~3Mili~~fil~OOMIP0~~-00~T.il&Jff.± W®nX>J-J3:®00~~~@~Jmoo9}-1Bt~r~•~~m111uoofl*$~J\l. mtt~oo~~~~~:2.'!' § .±a.•~mfl0~~~~~~~~~. ~~re~~miPJm~.:tE~-t-ttfi~, ~T§filMm ~•±•• n0 JE±-tMr1!1ril&ft~~.JJ, il&Wx-tmfl ~~JiJTflaa<JM~~m~rr~•~aM~~ *~· WTflalIR~~ffimflmtz:•~•fl.l!,1(;$W~aoo•nrr11. rmrr~•~a@El3Mm~m1r •±••n1r11. ~§iiE0~~moo.H~*J9t:I!:, 1fl'~. •m•mg~~•rr•±••nm51Ht X>t.H~*J9tt!:, 1fl'~OO~ftM~~. ·*~-~~~w~•tt.•I~~.X>tN*•~@~~a~~~~. ~~-I~~~~ ~±••n~~; ~WMmil&Jff@7f~MmmM~BN# I$~. ~rrifiN*··I~ .• §00fil~.~~~.~00fl00N# .• I~~~X~fl-~00~~-#.~•J't•.~~ili~ #t¥:tE1T~•~~~wrfl~*~OOfPJJWR, mffimflmtz:•~•n~rr~±••n*JjuffifJL w~•~•flm~~•~x.~n~•~~~·~fl•m~•••m#J~MmM•·*~· ~1fl', ±~. m*••nMm~x. M~~~moofPJJWR•~•tt~~$OO%:rt. ~J\lffiil&m~•n , - ~•*~~-~.~~oo.aru~~--~~m•oo-®~•~fF~. ~·~fil~m~•· ft ~~-*~•oo~•~•~· ~~~. x•~~--~*· •&~~•oohl~. * 5. 3 i:p iE.t If.I Ei:ff~ a ~ ~• *f!!:t/il r=tr3t im * :xJA! trJt ~i:i 1~ 1~~ m:tJil m~ im ~ mnR ~~a~ *Ei ~@¥m~•mM~~oo= -~fi•tt¥m. =~~mtt¥m.~~B~A4. m=~¥ m§s~~A4.~¥oom•@~= M~•-m~•·~~-~~00~¥. ~9=1~.fi•mA4 ~~~mfi•.~m¥m~~mcfi. ~m~)•m~••~oo~&illfi~~~~oo•~.A~ ~fF__tiJt:, ~~*lf5t~m7HiEOOmf9J$:1?&$1il~t1Jom <WZ~) ~1T9=1 ~. fi l§•m1!2-1E:ttff~7tJVG, q:i~.fi~m~~f~•oo1~oo~AmfF~•-m~m~•oo~~-~. wz~M~•~¥oo• -m•~•~m9=1•lf5t~&rl1~oo~MfF~~~~~•~·~•~oow•. •9=1~•m*~· ~~7tJVGM~s7t. -S7tfF~•-m~m~•~~. ~1T~m~m. ~•~*~*q:im~~• m~-I~OO-~: ~-S7tfF~••·tt-1~IIJJ-~. -~fflfFfJEill-®%~Jl\i}ffJ~-·1¥r15'HW1* ~. =~m1'F-1~11JJ~rn•-moo~m•~~•· R • 3*:$: 137 R • *~1 ~ l&l»t if ~~)I $;!1!I ~ ...>..L......._ 1. ~Ij i:::I 9=' 00 ·~:ii 00 ~2 i}f C:j(!Jtif:IJJJ<mx:ii 00 ~J\l:M *ll ft mff!Hl ** T ffi j] ' itZ9J AIJ *ll :fJtZ9J$~il: 00 * *#f1~·~X>t:IJJJ<mx:iii1EZ9J ~~n ~PF~mf•tz:~F£ oo .OOGJtJJ 9=' oo •••J'r-1-#JtlJE::IJJJ<mx:ii 0 ~•••oo~*.m~~w9='00:1JJJ<-mm~X>t~~m:1:00:1JJJ<mxiitm*OO**~•~&~~•• m•~~OO~M. ~~ff·•~:1JJJ<m%~~lf~mi:l:o•~·i3:®M~.X>t9='0000:1JJJ<m•mm iliT*:l:OO•*·~~.-·~ffl-1-X>f&#~~~~~fiW~OO~~ttfi,~ilim•OO~~. ##Ju JE: mf£ 4!f oo it tu 0 *~00£, 9='oo~~•~W$OO**•-moo~•. i3:®:1JJJ<m•~ooX>t~M•~~•mx:ii tm31t7JOOt§f~OOfciJN.filo :E,W.t£, ~1Y·Ull::lt~¥fliOO-®bt:it:IJJJ<mB~21f~il~~*tl'N~$~A:IJJJ<m' # HX>t0~x:ii~fi*:l:NAo-&*~· 0~x:ii•£~~#m~~•m•mmw~. g•• *:1:00frlJ4li**~~ll&5liJ, ~'ffft~ 1N~$00~1~IAo fE!.£, -][~jU.AffJ~¥100£, :IJiJ< m•mW~OOx:ii~am§*~~~ft~~~-~. fil~ftbt~@~EJ{]~ffl·~~ffl~tm*o ~~. §!WBflltl5ET&t~-¥~*51Aw(>rl1J'J~lAWnmA~0017Jt.®J:fJt#Jtl~-~~:j(-$*1l¥lW~•*o ili~*· ~~00-®~•:1JJJ<mtE.A1J*~~~iif**~®~9='00§!WOOM~*~t§~.~ ®:IJJJ<m B~2]5JGJ}J:li!!1tll#Jtl T :i: 00:fJtZ9J1-t ** 00 ffiiJ ' rm H 51-\1' A{fJ 00. *~[Ii] B~2btM:fe 4!f 00 0 ~3t:iio •f~jtli3:-£, ••~JE:rm~~:j{:OO••*ofi•ftm~#ltlo fil~-®:IJJJ<m~~~J5JGJ}J:l:i!!1tll M~~*OO~ffl~btM0~3t:ii, i3:atif:IJJJ<m00lf~~~iifw*T~•ttoo•-o :tE~~JE: oo•mt!l!-\1' r oo-m••m:tJt:fiJx~£IfR~~m: tiff£ l*J W~iJ\ootu7t•~F-m~~, # A~:tE&mm:fiJ~~w••~*~oonn.i3:~oo••~*n•~••ooJ5JG~~fi•~•Moo ~mo 9='0000:1JJJ<m•m•ili~~~i3:®~#o 1t11MmM~ffiiJOO~W£m~x:ii~a•-¥~f&30~3t:iioOO~~-~~: ~~.-~ -m~&nroo0~x:iiA~£MEJ{JJ5JG*•~· #H~0~•-roo0~x:ii£n•~~m~oo• *:~iJ\, 0~M~J5JG*@~•**r~WWOO~*o9='0000:IJJJ<m0~3tii*~·~m~•oo *~•~m~:ifg~*~,:fe:i:~Mn:tE§~~•J5JG*OO!Wmr.*m~tt~x§,i3:~&m $7tf&3~l-$f1o @£, ~l-tffHlR~tE~ffi'Li'~~~Nm, i3:•t&304Z, m~, ~~-* ~N-~OO~~~~~~OOfi•fi~•WOO~mftm~Mo•·~i3:®~#.a~~X>f9='0000 :IJJJ<m•m~ili:ffi~OO•*o 1. 1 iEJ(Jff a~~;x ti:/F ~ 1¥1 m~c ~1-•m, ~lk. ~ - Mix/F ~ wn ffdf! 1¥1xmill!flltr1¥1 iutSl'tHlt:k~§J1J o ff. ft:tm .lit, ~ ®rnl!J!U~~ PJ ~ {! ~ i¥J o 1. 1. 1 ~ 9i!:il&Jf.f ~T~®•~1¥Jm*~R~•-•mm~1¥J"~mm*"2*.~~m~m*ti:xmill!flltr EOO•~M•~*~~~•m~~Eil&J#~1-M~o ~~•m~•:fh•m*xm••~*~~ lk.~-~~-,~-~~~tt*•~~i¥1$*, d~l:k.IE*~IE~0M,•M~~AA~ill!ftuE 001¥1•*0 ~~•m1¥J~-~Mn~m~,m•,~•m*••••~· ~~m*ma,*re ~a.lo:fr%~ o ~at:fiJfJnott*7f1tEl3 ~ ~ll&J#ffi.:'6Hll~-Rfil!l!!~~~:1lo ~~•m~•mtt~#,m*~•,m*~m,~•~~-~~~Ell&J#otExBill!flltrm *E00.~~1¥1•~~. ~~•m~~~*1¥J~m~m~,*•~m,wm~~~~1¥Jrnt~, ~-~*Am~1¥Jm~o.lit*,mttmf~m•~~~~-~1¥Jm*~m.ti:-~~~LfilPJ ~~P[lijill~J;f:l;l o ~~•m~~~~fil~~~~mwmm~1¥J~~~•m~~1¥Jm~tt. /F~•~fil~E• J#~~·i¥J~~«h**~ftm,~•~~gill&M«~W~IE*ll&•ffi~·o~Ell&J#Jm.# *;3~:k:il&!#M*W*•~~lk.tJH~i9B1 r1¥J•~:fH!}J, J!;ffmt•~~~:k:ll&J#tE-~~~Li¥J ~fttl.lom•o 1. 1. 2 ±fil l2S: ii& Jf.f ~~M~l¥Jffl~~ll&J#1¥JM•~*fgfil$~1¥J~~~~-EOOl¥J~ffl«, ~&gfil~~ ~0M~••*~-~1¥Jftm«oti:~m. ~ll&J#$~r~1¥J«h.ff..ftJ!®~l¥J~$~Ao ~•*~~1-*~*· m~~mm#M~•m~~~~l¥1Mil&~~••m«. ~at. filPJft~ t~ ~ 3§1j ~ :9<:!1'Clff i¥J ~ 51:5!1£ ftlj 0 1. 1. 3 i/£"$il&Jff ~•~m•mmmm*d~ll&•lk.••~~ih•m~film~1¥Jftmoti:~m•m~w. ~ M•~ttM~*~~1-$flo~.lit. ~mll&J###~f~•1¥J:f:l~: -&*~· tE~~M~L ~~xmill•••~*~i¥1Mn&~~-~~. *ff--arn•~ti:m&~1-wn~:m~~T~ fftm.lo~11itl; wnJ¥J~.m;t~.lo•~~~X/F1r:t:~, f2Sl.lltffil•mm~m1¥JM~~mil-~2k.tt*~ **~'1*Wf1o • ±:1:-tl!{!ffl ~,m~1j; • xm~~~•,m•~~mxmm~: • m~~.lomM1tmftm: • 0~xmtt~.lowm: • M*-lMJ!:mo R • 7/t:ft 139 3tmill•oo1T•••~n~~~*~~~oom~.~~~mtta•m~~~n•n~•~ ~oo~?t&•ili*·•~m~••m~oo~n.~~~A~m~•~~r. 2. 1. 1 im~~ t£~-m~•~~~*3tmill•••~~•tt~~~--~. ~m±*~m•~~~m. 3(W:1JJ:t:!W7t l'lf~. ±•J!!R$3tWt!l$JLJ!!3(W~1itll~·· ~li'$!'100f'Fffl, ~*@ll&§;f~~ •am. ~-m~oo~•A~-~OOaM*~· #H~&•m•oott~~«*§~.~~3tm ill•••t!l1Jl\:;l(.1Jtf~/j'-miK-1.00·~~9='t!l;Jc-!MF~'.16\•oo. ~~tE~fgg~i:pf-/j'-±*1! m13tmill••~m~.~~-~-~•~oo~wm~.~"~••~3tmill•••~*~§~ &r~oo~m~tt~tt~~w-~.-~amoom~~~~~~tt~&~~tt~ffi~w. ** -~WOOill1TM~.--~~. ~&tt~~m~•m~~-~. ~M••~•a. 0itfif1X1~1itll~-t!l'.'.lt:Will•:1JOOOON~@3~*1JHt:;l<.Uffi~W. #~Jffi~/j'-it:;l<.~*:3'.( nN•m~.~~*Mtt~~~@~ili~1T00~~~5~~~00tt~~§OOB#"OO~N•. ~/j'-tt~@3•~mff-~**· #H•~~r-~. ~"~EZ~~i'snoorit•tt~~w ~. Ji!f~it:;1<.1J~@&•'.'.lt:mill•am1*il5UOOtt* §;f~. #El3~~1A1T;fJL~ill1'f~•t!lW•. 2. 1. 2 f*llill ~~-#1*~~~-~*·~~/j'-•±•00~$: • t:E*~001*~4'tA1Tm~@•-r••m~~~2r ~•*••m~m~m~&oo••~~A~~~n*~oo~~.~~. ~m'.'.ltm~• ••~~oom~@3~9m@~mtA1Tm•~~m~~~•tt~.'.'.ltmw•.0it'.'.lt mw•~~~oosn.'.'.ltm~•••~~~±*~m&ttm•••m~w.m~~® m#~El3~~••m~~•~•oo.a"m~m~mJ:t"-~*·~mT•ili~~oo "~:b!l~llitR$3(:®.~•ftU(Singapore Land Transport Agency)" 001-*itU. llitR$3(:®.~ •JlU.CLTA)tE'.'.\Eim.$( Ministry of Communications) OO~~r~OO~m:i!!M'.'.\E:ii. 0 it'.'.ltm<~m*ill•~~gill~oooo•~~~.~oo••~~~~mm±*~m*~ oo~~.~•'.'.ltmill•ftU**T~#tA1Tm~.~i:p~m*ill•~~0;tt'.'.ltm0~ (Mass Rapid Transit Corporation)~floom~. ~m3tmill•a•m~@~m•m~tt~•~&@~• i:p~amooa•-•~mttr~ooam.B•~~~~~~m*tAffoo.m~. 3m a3fiU~-TEl3* § 4'~•m~~ooa.Jtit~~itur", jj9i;~51JE91111~. -WHm 1984 ~~ 1.:tE~OO 001111~. 3"~ittl*ffi.ttt-Sl~ (Greater London Council) OOI}t (Socialist) *I{l[T "tt~·li (social)" :1Jj\, ftif11£7.K5¥00fi~@]l&, # HWttffi•3tW1A1T~ · ~~(London Transport Execut ive-LTE) ~1-r T 0it1\:$t~~- 0011£~1J'rBIHh ~~ ~"T}t (Conservative) 00 "fllj~·ii (commercial)" :1Jj\ffij!£ftt:I!. ~ T M~~~;;f ~, 4'~•m•mTffi•3tW1A1T~~~. ~*m•TKMtE4'~•m~~rOOffi•*~ 3c:B~·~ In~ (London Regional Transport-LRT) 7IH~~B. •m••m~~~Btt$~~~*•~~~~oo3tn~m~.~§m~~tt~m~oo•* MW&@.~@&@~~~~~~oooo. El3~3t•~•••oo~•A~*•OO•ffltt#~~~ r~oottm~§, -••••-~•~oo•~m~•~~oo~•*fiW•.~•~m~n~ ~#&oom~. ~~~R~~•~•*fiw~.•~m~~rn*~•~.~~~~*~oottm ®!~~~Jl}JX;, fm1fJRf]}niH~'#U~~JJi!.~~~O!iSlOOfB~, *~~~J9t·!iOOtciJ 0 wm(HongKong)3(B~•W~$f100m~&it~ri~ 1 Jlff7J';. A~:f/J.Jf3tB~•W~OOtAtf m~ - ~. f4 (Transport Branch) , & tE :f/J. 1f a . ·ji ®! ~ 00 q:t !fa!: a J(f ~ ~ JSj (Central Government Secretariat) Zr , # El3 m~ 00 3( B ~ • • ll:iJ ~Jn ~ (Transport Advisory Committee) :f/J.Jf§i1iJ. Afff f.!a~ri. ~~(Bangkok) *ij~t)i.fi~~iOO•m5t:BW~••· jt±•11itl~"1~~~•ooooa ffl~M.•oo•m~El3-~~-~00$~--mJJX;, WH~~-~filjtffMMm. ~~··· ~~Jtft.§00, # H@l:l~1U~Wit~ri~~11itll4Aml}b:tf:~ffli3:~~~ij~51m\~~~JJi!.OOmMB; amq:i 00 ~~•~*aT•••~msnoo~h.~~oo3tn~•••§~El3~~•~:fflw:-~:ffl•• ~.-~:ffl••~· 1.3:~~~~~*~-~oo••mMB.~•~~•~•~•m~In.m~~ Wl~OO § 1i$~~~~. I ~•H I I I I ~·~ lil*•~ • 3tB~Jll:lW · ill lil* ~Jll :1W • 3tBifi • il!N~J!N ·~tDl::tf:m.&~ • il!lil* ~t :J? ljf t)i,~ • il!lil* :I: ~_m ·0:;Jt3tBW~ ·W:$W~ • :tf:m;fft~rn ·~)!!-~ • J!!lil*~~ if/ fj: i!i##Jti§ _fj:ififi!U!ffli1f!ift;Jt8: lftftfl (Traffic and Transportation Fae iii ti es in Hong Kong: An Overview), Ernest Shu Wing Lee, tpfff/.If!J!-9£/!l (5. 3), 1994 c II@'. !\1} ~ MrII@'. Mr II@'. !\1} !!@'. ~ ~W! !\1} ~W! ~ W! ~ ~nn l?sJ ~ ~ {1111 f( +< ~nn ~ ~ ~nn * ~ {:>{ !\1} $ ~ .up <~ {:: ~ mg~ ~ ~ w- !\1} ~ ~ ~ ~ {!IE ~!!@'. II@'. II@'. II@'. • ~ {:>{ ~ <~ ~ ~ ~W! IB3I ~nn IB3I ~ II@'. : :j:j( I--+----. r-- I <4 -- - I ::f8~00,*ROO•M~*~m~oo~~&~F~-~.m~z~~$fr-·L~~- ~-fr·M~$Xd~T-~-M~OO~-m~. ~~~rr•WmM~~~£~~~··oo• moo3tw~••mM~:tio oo 2 JiJT:lj. 2. 1. 3 JJR9! t1iJPX aJL.:P.m:tt•mIITT~~oo•~M~L. rr•wm <1x~·1:±0* AIJJ.) :f!.9@a:!!!••1Mtl~&~~ ~Jll:JW. ~atm~~i:f!k:•moo•**q~m•M~J'fffi:li!m. wm*••A-iir~r=li~~= TM •M~ff. ff~~JJ•m••OO*@C, ~3ti!li~!filtr1f~q;ltf!B~~m=•nzrSJOO~*:ff ~OOTM. w::f••:tt~•oo~••*:tt~3tw~•~oooo~~~~<~~~. :ff®A~~~~-~::f~. 83-T~~ AOO~-~jJ(fbZ~~AF~iliU.W.) •m*~*~~rOO:Ji#:AIJJ.~ § c.•~~~~ 0 .m. ~mmm••~~&•M•#oo~~~~••· ~•Moo•m~IJJ.~:ffIJS't000*AIJJ.,f!Bill~~83*§~~·-·M-&OOrr•WmA 1JJ.i:f•*· &~~*E3m•m~~*oo•M••,•~••*~·~-M~oo•m~1JJ.oo~~ A. ••A:tt~•oo~m. &WflB~*··~~*· A:ff~¥M~~~~f!B3~00~··~~ A@3~~~tt0*AIJJ..•*1fMI*~ffi00~~~0*AIJJ.. 2. 2. 1 !JR~~ :f)lJf;fJl~ *Jg ~ITT •m 00 r Mtl!H1 ' _±~ i!litt~ ~A IJJ. j'_§_ ~ ~g: tD :Ji#: tl!H1 * r!ITT 1Ei51:m 000~3tillil51:•ff~:7g03t~~OO§~,-~~Nmtt~. -~~:7g~•$n~-0~3ti!li00 $•,~•~•m~•*~m: ~~~~•3tmwm~m~m•: #~£•M~•~•••~ ta1~ 'S-1A.1f'tl'f~ 0 2. 2. 2 f*ililJ ~-m•moom~W:il16,~J!i*iiEa::f ~• n OOit:lWtarm § zJSJ ~g$Jit1T1~#:-t1J.W. :tza5F':•• m~z~oo~*~~.am3a••m~~-M~:iitrrt1J.WI*; ©~I*~*•*~~wn ~a~-I~M~L:iitit~~.M~. 3ti!li-~AIJJ.~~q±~~m-~AIJJ.liffi@C~. 3ti!li Ifi$n~~q0~3ti!li$n&;it1A.$$nt1J.W;lttt~.~*83-T•M•m~W:WOO~~. w ::f~:iit1Tff~~t1J.W,a•~··t1J.WOO$*m~~J51:•m~~*M~. $n~$. wm~~I!•~$. 'tl'f~•~~~. ~•nzrSJoo~*•~-~J\it1J.W~*· ~~ i!litt-~-&·1:±oo••;fJlfiJ <Wtl:tzawti) •-~••~ <Wtl:tza~;JJ0Jtt)~q3ti!li~!filtritt1J:ff~8<J$ n~w~*· •*a~:li!OOM~rn~•noo~*m~-~#W:~IJJ.~**W~•I~.!!!•oo ~~JJ;fJltlJ00~~1JtDM~@--~fr~M$11t~~$1'1f:*M=-•00¥1itlJL, ~tf~~faHt.tb,ifoJiff, !N:7g4lJ~$f1.R•iJK-~~~1J001~*1iP~. 3i!li#Mix001~*\ijlem;'fft, $f1~~iJKt±:1£•~J31J 001~*~1*iiE:L1s:$f100fLJ.@:, •*X11£~001~*~~:1Jl¥7J\W, !!JG¥1Kt±:\JL~1~*~1*iiE~:li!3Mix 001~*~ma~. 2. 2. 3 JJR9!11;J~ ~-m•m~~•noo•.'iJ!~~~rr•~mAIJJ.•*~~AIJJ.. wmwn rn1t1.1twmIITT~~*a R •*:it 143 tt :;f: IUHJ~ 1¥J tl!: ~ ~H PX; o tE 3t Ji!)E ~ ®! ~ l¥J tt ~~PT IV. :5t PX; if~ If¥.&. Jt. ;f§ ;}t®! ~ l¥J " f4 $ (the science)" lllif~])(~lllit::lGIJ1¥J "AX (art)" W31'-1JOO, J");if~£iff$%, ;f±~~%lll!t!tf!$% 1¥J~oiJt.l:i!:~F1t:m~l¥J o 3t:iiiE~W:FJI~*~oiR001, ~J{9'JJHl~~tl(;lijtt~~l111~]#r~oiRl¥J:fJL~~F -m-:m~o 2. 3. 1 119..~~ )!-~;j:J1;f1J ~ 115xm1}~UOX10if .&.tL.AtJ1Z9J ~:fJL;f1JX1~ft~~ffW:FJI®~9. ~filit~,~m®~•i¥J~•· #~§m*£~~~-~o *ttl IE1J\l:f:ttlll'.lll ~~tAJffi 1¥JtUJ $ n0 )! J!®M~PJIJ.Ji!tt~W®~ft, ~Ji!tt])(M~m®~ffl~l¥J~W.&.~*~~1¥J·~~&m*~ ~otEB~•~rxmm*~•~*l¥J~7J, •PTIV.mtt•~~~tA!ffi®~W~. ~~tr:xm HIHHJ!:ifi1HJ\lm1¥J:l:-IH7J, ill~~~" '8f~ (quality)" tAlffilV.~iiE~£ft~l11~1ifJJ:! '8f1Vf o iEft'8f *4~-!&~~*#110 IV.:5ttff 0 x-t tL. ftW n~1J\l W:FJif¥ll'. ¥.f *IE ~1J\l W:FJI w n l¥J 1Jllt~uo tt::f: ~• o fJtl :tio tr:~ ~ #Jlm, 07J:t ¥'\$, l±lf1l$l11 1J\07J:tr\$~$~.±~~~m])(Jl1Ji!ffmif, W:FJIB1fJl¥J~1J\lW:FJI'tfili'1~:ifs:J:• £tu IE W:Mlotffim i¥J w n, l! -t-w n¥.f •m*#J i¥J Hit*§ tffi~1.t~ ~£ftit:JWloiE qr1~tffi o l! -t- w f1 ~Jt ::f ~qr~~ 1¥3~§ IV. i-'f 1ft~£ ft~~, fil::f ff 1tX1 Jt. ":Ml~" m~~£ft tJ1;f1J l¥J 5! ttllll ttlS i¥J~n. B::fm~~~~~•Bi¥JJ{9'~0 ffix-JW~. W:FJI~ft$f11¥J:fJL;f1JtEfilmG®tt1VfJ:ifm*::f~, B~~~~-~®~81¥3~ ~, IV. ~iiEfl ft$ f1ifil:FJI1¥J@HfU11/t1.tffl ~ti~~ $1¥3, (;lij~:'.x: l¥J Hit* o ~£ft~ l¥J § El3 Jl'.to Hit *:W1f¥.fJi!tt1EJ:\'.;-=f-~, *:tio~1$, fAJffi, t~W~lllil~~. IJ..&.~FiE:r\;1¥J•!J!IJ, ~!eUOJ'eWtl *•IEo~•W:FJI:fJL;f1J~1¥JI~AJJ:i~~m~•~,{¥~,tE07J:t~~J:0~~ff~J{g~S*o W:FJII~~~BW:FJIX1•1¥J~~W~~o~~~~~1¥JM~~.X107J:tr\$®~07J:tr\$ 1¥JW:FJI*$*.I{)( "iEOO(positive)" 1¥JW:FJI-=f-~, :tion~, :~'Hfr, 11=~1-ttlJ, $~£11=F~1J\l IEl¥J, 9. jj~~£ft~1EVJ\1¥Jtl!:.if~o 1±1@~$~~~~~-~~~.m*OO~*~UM~OO. mM*~*·~~*~•*·• ~$ftPJ~~*•*oW~~::f~•J:El±l@r\$1¥J~~®n~. ~~X11±1@1':$1¥JW:FJI*$* , I{)( " ffi. 00 (negative) " l¥J W:FJI-¥ ~ o 1±1 fll ¥'\$if] ;j:J1 if :iZ!i ~~!'BJ lll JE! ~ l¥J ~n 1El £ 16,@i :fLH!Ji ~ IEl¥Jit1ftMi&fto*$~1¥J~--~~m@1':$ifJ:fJL~T*~i&AW:iZ!i~*~~§l¥J~l¥J::f~ ff~,J!-§1¥Jm•~~. ~~m$1±1@1':$£-t-Afmif1¥J, ~~~PJ~$i&Ai¥Jmm~~~ *UB•1tMi'J o *~Ji!1t;ffl-m~~$7J:t*, l!~11E.ffJPJIJ.7H.§.ftffl o X1f~07J:tr\$®Jt.~1¥J-~~iE7JJ:\'.;,~™£•~A~~~fmif~, tE~9W:FJIJ:#tE •ffi~i¥Jm•o~07J:t1':$1¥J~ft~~~*•*l¥l§m,tf:W:FJI::fF1¥J~7J, ~~&Mft~m II to Ji3B1J\llE filtEJ5Jf ::f •t! 0 flj~ 1¥J~lj·~~/j\ 07J:tr\$lOJt.1IB~F iE1J\l~)E1JJ:\'.;X1m* 1¥3~1-t~F -m-••om£, tf:W~::f•~•i¥J~7J, l!~*8:iZ!i~n~w~~1¥J•~~iE1JJ:\'.;£aR1¥J, ~~-m$fil~~~. ~ft*tE~A~~~-~~PTn•~~. #HtE~~®·~•m•"M •"~~l&I{)(Rfflo El3f~ifl¥Jtt1Vf, l!#M~m•~~*•gwo 2. 3. 2 'f*ililJ rn~vwn~•~m•m•~~••*~~~~•oofi~.~-T~m•moomm~~~1f ~~~~:kOO~nfliJ o §5'G, -~m•mm~oom~*~&. BOOI1t:IJ'11!YfiWOO!Jlt:7J, Ahmt~&o ffi~:l:t!!. ~11* ~-~•wnm~£~OO•*·•mmt1W•*-~~MBOO~mwe~~o~~•~~•e~ vwnoo-&rPJ, t~i!ftl, lliit?~1r.&m:tmt~m.1W•~*100~W:*u•e~*o ~mweoo~~S~M*~~-~~~?t•ili*oM~.~m•m~-~*m~•~*OO wn' JJ~.Z-33:~Wnmt/FSWfi=:~flA~m~•~£-~OOWJJ!!.®n {£~~. ~~:kA~•m 0 (Bangkok Mass Transit Authority)£~m0~$'9:$00.3::.~ft~, ffi-f-Ji1f~Wf{X, JWi:PJ~ ~:fr B 00 ~ n __t~£ ft 00 fl.A.~£ ft~ ~Jtx:t)U!~Ht rP1 B ffJ ili !.<1~121: 00¥9: $ o ~~J\l WJJI!. 00 3!R.ll·t1 PT~ Dliffl#J?t• (f7tl~113!R.llOO~~J\lWJJl!.*JL*1J) 9,JG-&rPJ~tl~~~iiL 2. 3. 3 IJR9H1i!P.X ~mweoo~~PJ~mtt••moo-~Wn9,JGtlhm#J~oo-~~~•&*~~.~~tl :nm#J§m-~••9,JG~~~ffi,-®~•~••~•~~~~~mmmoo~••J£A~o:fr mm~r~m•~~~-~~~: m&~m•~~~~~•~m, m~~•~m~mm~n: r~m&xnm~.M~Mmxm~, ~~~~•mao~T~~mwJ£m#J:tE••~~•oo ~-__t~-~~~:n, :fr~~w~~~~£~mmoom#J£~~~~00o~m••:tEA:7JOO~ m__tJi1f J37rOOfJt5'G·t1, fmffJPJ~~7C~9,JG/f!!~-ro~~-~ffill9,JG~fmtR::t__toom-.o 2. 3. 4 3!;ffkg~Bi15tm.~ll--f*tifHIHr~fffllftliill!:ili1J~~3¥{tr ~•wnPT~:tE~m•mooxm~•M~~~~~1Joooo'ftm, §mm~~~*'~~~ -~~•*~00~.3::,~m,M*,m•,~•~w~cw),fte~~~o0~9,)(;~ftwn~ PJ~~fti&mwn, 0~0PJ, nll*-&rPJ, we-&rPJ, fll.f!-&rPJ, ~i!ftc Jt~-~£ft-l$x (BOT) -§-lilJ, irf:kfllflft{t~00Mf$ o £~J2t;1.f-~flft®n~M$-J]J:iI ff, ItlU'fi:-T~ltflt£00 § t!Ffll rn.tlt1~~1JOOfHL ~®§:f!S: • we 00~~·11f113!R.ll·t1; • ~£ft 00 ~)(Sia.; • .!J~; • mttm~~~~ooma•*~*•*••; • ~j*3!R.ll, §m51Afl.A•*o mtt~ r JL~1JooPJ~mr'i'UWJJl!.f11~£ft~)liia.: 51*f'iij~*JL11ltl 0:t~11~~£ft J-.A•mwn~J1J0 ~0PJ) 9,JG~:t£-~~~~__tn11~flft®n~Ei Cbt.~11mtt-&rPJ~-®~noonit*9,JG~ftWJJ!!.~1t ~flft®n) o 1f®We1J~,m~-&rPJmm.~~~woowe~.3::tl~f'iij~~~Ei~ft~N•macm~ t~iti:tl)-Jt9~-Tflft®n, ~br.R~frMfJ1f~~oo~Ei c-wtl~unit**uwe-&rPJ) ~~Il'>t~£:k~£* R • *~ 145 ~1¥.J~jcfiao fLHJi!l~f11¥.J~i)C BOT 1fA*°~$f$3(~flA~±PJ~~~1JH~~i¥.J18t~*$i, :#~ 1i£•m 1¥.J r.l ~JXI. ~ o Mli4*°•JJl!*~PJ~~JJX;jg{EJ!::kfr!ll l*.Jfl:ff 1t~:iib'&~i¥.J-1-~JlJJX;$7t o E§:lil 0~$ flfO ~•-tmn1¥.J~*M*•~~~~•.mttamPT~~~r*~•-rmn•~1¥.Jfi~.•~~~M ~jgfAtf o ~m•m1¥.JWff~7v~m~•~*m1¥.J3tm~••**°3lm~•o~~~~~0~3tm~ '8f~l¥.J±•~~. :lilT~~.{E~ffl'*°S4*~1JOO~~~*~ffl~i¥.JMm. ~~~~~~ ~~·o f£~•1¥.J~~~.~@~·E§·~~~-0~f£W4~1t01f0~J!~m*~ffl~i¥.J •*·~••m&1t01f0~:9!*o~m•m@3mili0~3tWS41¥.J~1Jtt~tt~~~i¥.J§ ~. lt~:lil3tW~~-~PJ*~i¥13tW~~.$#3tW1JAd•~····-~1¥.J~~-~ ~-~~~PJ001¥.J~MH~OOfti¥.JW4~. ~~~-~-~~•::k1¥.J§•~~-~1¥.JoE§~. ~~{Er.l~~-~0~W41¥.JMWZ.OO~~~~. ~@~@§*f£A:ff$$-~1¥.J$••JJl!m ~~0~•$••JJl!1¥.J§~*°¥*•~PT~~~~~•m~•~.m~~a~m•mm~~m 1'fl¥.Jo E§:lil~m3tW'.ll,@!X13Jtl!l¥.J•*~~1lt~~. ~m•mPT~f'FW•1il1JtWT*IN~Mli4~r.l ~zraJ 1¥.J~~ o ••~-1-*m1¥.J$••JJl!~~.1f~••~Jtl!~~•m~~fi~*°§~1¥.J~•.$•ft JJl!1¥.J-~•¥*1¥.J~m~-1-G~1¥.J.1f~£tt1¥.J:#~~-$-l¥.J$$~~. ft~~1f*M~ m1f~~*~1IOOl¥.J$ •. $.ftJJ!!i¥.Jfi~~~~~.~f-~*°~1Jt~ff.$•ftJJl!I~i¥.J -~·t~i:*O § tff-1¥.J~~·!i@3~~1JtM~. 31f 1l,•x-Jffi~1!itl~ili$;1;J\!Ht, ffr~i¥.Jft:FJ1!1J$@3~~ %JJX;M$1¥.J§~~~.~~-~~•mttm•~•w~~oftJJl!~1f~•mttH*~•~m~ w~~1f*•*m•~~m~m•fi~1Joo1¥.Jmg. ~m1¥.J~m•m&1fm~1¥.J~fl£A$•1¥.J#m.mtt*~~~-~~w~1¥.J~aPT~• ~-1-{E~~*°~·*~~TM$$1¥.Jttfi.~PJ~~-#ltM~dmtt~#%Ai¥.J~~~ *•~-1-~1¥.J$.ftJJl!m~J!:lil~~i¥.J1J$o mf~fil*~A~m*1f~7ti¥13tmm4~#1¥.Jtt~•ff. m3rn•mmttM•~•*• ~*r!M. *rlMPJ~3t~3tmMit41¥.J~2•~mf~r_m~J£Wf:r, :tzo*PJ1'fi¥.Jil5&PJ~H**"IJ!i'l~ X£••1¥.JA.~#•m•ff1¥.JftB~~am1f*~~W~Jtl!~~. 2. 4. 1 i:p oo~~~i:i*lf11ll±&: ~m~m*°~~~i¥.J0~3tm~•m~mA~~•~ar.l~•~¥~~. noo0~3tm~ ~~Mli4rnfl•tmn*11L $Ai]!3tmrn §±~2•1¥.J0~0~ff:tm, Wilifllr'\±i::fo1J\0~r~c*<1X a~m) :lilflA:OO:ff. a~~-t-~m. ~m1¥.J~~**~~T~A~~±i::~m•*i¥1**· #H~~-t-~m~• ~T~~J£~1-§~:lil¥~1¥.J••m~: • 3tm¥litll~•1¥.J~Jl; • ~*0~3tm~•~~1¥.J~M; 1-- • wwm•~oo~moo•*· ~T~~•xmh~~tt~~. ~~~~•xmh~.M ~1J~flJvN'4:$001!ffl o tt~~~mwwm~oo~~~~~-=~•~~§~00~•*#·~•••~~*••0 jtx•*~oom:11:$oili•~~n o ~-~~~~•A~~~nw•~oo•m. ~~~~fil~••A~$~OO~~ttwm~• fflh~LOO~~ornf~ID*~•~.fil~ffimoo~~.R~-~•-m~oo•m.~~<~* ~>•m~~N•mm~m~Nm*oott~~m•~~*m~a-~o a~~~~m~-jt~oo••· ~~*ili:11:~mxm~~0jtxm*~oo~~.•*~~ *~m~mxm#M~~~•*OO~~~-~~•oo~•o~~mWT~A0jt~*~~~~ •*oo~~. 0jt~*m•~~mxmffi~W#mMf~mxmo~~m. *ili:ll:~mxmoo *~~$. ~WftW0jt~*~*ili:ll:~mxm•*~•o~T~*ili:ll:~mxm~•· 0jt ~$OO~•**~T-~~m*~~iJll.l0jt~*m*: ~-h®· ~T~m~OO~iJllJ0jt~$ ~•· *ili:11:$Amxm~f(£ T~ffro rnf~~OOili•~~CAP~~-.~~~A~~$00~ffl.Wfih~-~OO~*~*~OO :7t;ffl>, 1t0xt;~•*rnf~±~fo~~~N?fi*:1JoOOPX:*~~81*JWOO~~*rlM*-s:iz•. w~w •jr$00fr!Mfo~~OO*rW11itl!l*~OOh~*MIRo a~-~~~~.ffim•oo•m•wxmili•*-s:iz~~~oo0jtxmili•m•m~*oo~ ~-1l•~· 1t1~t;~•*.t.rBJoo~•t'll~~~f(£ To ~.t1t•m&~w.mr0Jm-1l=1~1t~B:0jt~* fO$JLmxm :ttili•~x$:fOPX:*~ML~~:it.¥1J T Jlff ~~$:it.¥U 00* 5¥ 0 ~lfM:f0~:1Jo~~~~ T ~~f·~~~f~wwm~•~m~~oo••~*· ~~~m~~oo~m~~fil~*o ~T~*~*· ••~ffl~#h~· #~1t~ffl~®~ff~~••~•oo~mooo~~ ~iyj. tl•Wf100~~@J4J.Ji~·rt. •••~~~. :t£ttZ;1Jm•~x$hOOJlfff~OO~h~x*•~&o ~~-~~m~••~®~ff~. •Mm*moo~~oo~~••~*•~~~-~.~~~n $~~~•••~~00$, ~~filw*W$~OOOO~n~omfm~~*%~~*m0jtxm* fiW~OO•M*~.~~#a•~tt~#Vtt~M~•oo~m~•~xmW*OO~Bom&~ t;~-0jt~$00flA0EJ~~~@Jt&~WPX:*o -f!.:fiJM~JM~f:&~frlJ!M!f91~. m#Hr!J!i1i000 jtm~•~w~~~~. ~•*•~~~~n~•ffl~~~w~~0jtxmM~fOO~~o ~~--~~~00~•~~**~•0jt~*~~mxmm*oo~•~· ~~~~a~~ ~w, ~*5i•maxmili•J:Jllt1Jfo~~~•hoooo~n. *•~®tlhMTl)iliIBtxmfil•m (LTA) 0 l)iliMxmili*ffrrftUOO?;ii?;f{~~tiom 3 Jlfflfto 2. 4. 2 Wf:bQ~~m~3lil~ttufaJ (SINGAPORE LAND TRANSPORT AUTHORITY) ~~~l)iliMxmili•~oo~a~: •~•m:11:.-~~~~~•~l)iliMxm*~·•~~ ~~A~OO••~Mm. ~~~m~~~§~. ~~~•Tffrmo :tE~:tfT 4 ~•m~Jl~ (~JLZ;IJ$~ii:'i~ (Registry of Vehicles). 0jtil'll~mMxm* (Road and Transport Division of the Public Works Department). *ili:11:·19tl!~ili0EJ (Mass Rapid Transit Corporation). xmW±:l:i!!.~(Land Division, Ministry of Communications)) R •*it 147 ~~~~.$·~-~-~~~ttmmrM~~~~~=m~~-~-~~·~~-~-•tt. *~~•m. ~-~~••••~•~••·*~•~-~~*~~m~**~•~•*~~ •tt·••~~•••.m~*W~~•*•m••·~T±~~m•~*· ~m~~~Tm ~~~~·~•~oo~•m~ft.~~~"•*•~m~~~m•••~m~"~-~~~m ~~f~no~!E ~~--m~ (Transport Authorities) /FIPJ, mtt~JJ)ctt\.Jra*o~~~jJ, ~1J\lm *~•~-~~*~-0~~*~wm~*~~•m~n~. fil#:IFW~~®*~~m~~. ~@m~~•••0~~~~0~•~· A~-~fi&~•m~~tt.~•~•~•~~~n mtt~~fiff•~~*· ~mrmn.~•~-~~~~oo~•~•~~oo~•m~~. •* fi&~~*7~~~-~~~-~~~••n.~~*~•~·~*-~~m~.~~~ttm ~]_~~~ 131'1~~~].JJX;~~lT.!~~~. 1Jt~~1Jll M~~IB~~-~-~ ~~J'J mIB~ If¥*-Wtl -~-•tt·•·~-~-•-Anm.0~~$M.•~-~~M. ~~M. W&~$M. -~--~·a*mM~m~~~~%.~m~ 11Jlj,&Jra l:J)j. ~ 0 f,$:J:~*-Wtl ~~m~*~*~*m~~m~$V~tti.Jra~~~~••m. ·1:1c·~~*~*-Wtl 1JlltiJ. •it.••. ~~V*o~iH?·l:1c·~~*~JE C 'E11!5*~•·1:1c·~~]UJE- MRT) *~•m~®*~~~-~~~1Jlltfm. mIB~~m*-Wtl m~*~M-~$mJra~fil~&•. mm•~•~JJ)ctti.Jra. ~flB~fX tJt~~•~•tt~Wmfil. ~~~••m~~~~~. mr~•~•• •*oitt1J, *1Z- ·!1J<~~~f1HEfi'IJmM, 5&1TfilfflmIB~tOt~UUt•ffl:I:i!!. 00 3 : *Ii ;/JO~ ~m Jffl- 3'.l ~m *ID1 fciltil W- ~ *1il ]if$~ 3. 1 JJJ~a~~~ ~i9lli~mM,*$•~~~~~oo~m*~ili~~m~oo~m0~xm,•~~•rn~ i'Wf1~£i', g*~~¥1J0i'Wflo Jtttf¥:tzor: ~•~rtrm•oo~*' 0~~*· ~*~~m~~*~~~~~. m~•••~~mom $3$00i~-lf*~il1'A0~xml!&'31*~' 1!1-@-/F~£vr000~xm~~~$o 1El.£Ei3-Ttt~*o~M~ oo~~. ~®~~m~•~•oxmmm~*70~~*~~*00~i'~•~~att, M®~ 0~xmoo~*§~*~*-~r~o~Tre•~~~a*~Am~oo~~*~z~, m*~ 1tz1~-T1tJ-tH\~$00~Yi!.~*' rm•*-~~to:f~IJ!tio ~:W1~%1i00~1Jo, J?*ll)l:Jf.f~~0~ xm~~~~m~~~~~iliOOll)l:fflllihM*M~~o xW~$iltr~£1f~01f$1'100~~~f,ij~¥~h00~~£~Jl'.-3&00o a*$•OO~l+H~m*o p)f:ff 00it~¥Hl~m' Ei3-T £$:!:iM.!iH'"-l0~xWOO*±~fF,Ftl-~iiE1f:OOOO~lt93-~~~*0~$tlZE!m ~ ~tt93-, 0~xm-m~~•mm:ff, ~~3&a~@~rlH~IJ!tiBMitt~1f~*oo 213 o m*rn-T ~A~*/F~~~~3&m~~m•~~mm~oo/F~-~~~£$OO*tt,~~•**~oott ~ § tffe/.t1-@- ~ ~ 5.!a 0 a~OO,ll)l:J#OO~B~~fil~-~~fro~®,att~0015~~,aW$00*~#"tt~ -¥.§l (social approach) " B*Bi "mim-¥.13l (market approach) " ?JTIOC 1~, a1~7cf¥J.t_t, ~lt93- oo••~M• E13 m~**~ o~#**~~OO~~$%£~~_t00, W%£~m_too-/F~~ -L~001~%1i o ~®00* B~£7'G1f:$:* (1J1J:tzo~OO), :ff ®OO**Jtt=ff~11ltl00Jt* C-Wtl:tzofiMA), ®:ff ®OO*ID•~•Jf.f7'G1f:~~oo•0~~*· ~*-~~~~mxmm93-~-~000~xm~* -Wtl :tzo i:@; 00 ) o C 3. 2 ±,6frtJ.®:mtm~3timiE~IDi*;tta~ff~~ ~~, a~~~~OO.Aill£~ttm•~-#0:ff%~, ~#%~~~~~}!;*~·· ~ ~~&•~-#a•~tt~rm*oo~~~•E•~•oo~~o 3. 2. 1 0~ •moo0~~~*•mm-t-~A0~000~~ttm~~~mff0~. 0~oo~i'~ttrn• *~*~· •*~~~•~.&A0~Jl~~~·*~IJ~IJ~ §tffi, 3!1.!~:1:-l!!mmtm~1tfl:m&s, ~~IJ R£•¥~E13ll)l:Jf.fff•, ~fi*~•mm~o 0~~-•tt~m~0~oom~.M93-~~mm~.~®*/Fm~-t-0:ffWflo~A0~ oo~•tt~£::ff~fiff.~•~*-Wfil~~~--lfM~att~W*~_t, ~@~ll)l:J#OO~ ~/F~-3&0 ~~~A0~n~-t-•*· ~~Jtt•*OO~§~$Jm,~~~~m93-m•~~~ X>j"ll)l:Jl~1jjlj/F~~o R •*it 149 3. 2. 2 j[j:Jf.ffi~ll a*009Wffft00~~ITT0~~$.~~~$~~*m*B~rn-1-.~1-.~1-~~~ OO®:J#'i'flHTl'£#to 1-!Ha-f- ~~tOO~g:EfJl-!iJEOO*~· ~F:~f~OO'J"~$1tffl$. fi'ijAD~It ~iEfrWfi'ijOO~A. 0~x-~goo*•*~*~lf®~*~~-~~~-~-~-.:i3: ·~~--0~xnmnoo~moM®. ftWOO§El3It~~~~.~~oom**-'f~a•*~ m * IEa---n~oo*~•* llJj 0~x•n~*::f ~~rtWJE fffi* o El3l&J#Sf1*~2g0~xftPJ!j~1i~OO. Bu~•0'iiJ~JL1-%J}IJ~JUl000'iiJo n~*PJ ij:flHJiS-fr!J:rJ "~Jit(bought in)", ft:i3:~ifi~.!H1U~:r.t~. ftWOOw1fx~Tl&J#Sf100fftJltA# ~~ftl&J#~~¥*.A•mM-t-OO•I~A~•*mJ£,J'i::~OO•~*•-t-®:J#OO~It-•. #H~~l&J#OOB•.M*~*#OO~~o :i3:~oom~mfm~~~~::f•~oo.m~oo.fi~~oo~~*~OOoftWOO§rnlt~~ !iJEOOB•.FmOOM*·*~~A$~ItOO~~. ·~::f~filililjfil~*mo~ft0'iiJPJij ~J£maoo~g~I~§~.m~m-t-0'iiJOO~:ff~-::f~:ff~:l:t!!ftwm~oo~mi&m. #:IF fffr~iE1Y:~Jl!'&f1f$00ftWfJ11jjljo ~ITTl&J#OO-®ft!_f § ffiltPJ~~jE~~~IJ*~®:J#OO~~*Uo ~•®:m~~•~x•~•~oooo~~~m.m~~rn~•mx•~•~g~~~~~i&•~ t~~. ®~®i&•*11t~~111J:::ft1it~~ffi1'ffl•, ft!!ffJ1~d>:ffatfBJ*11~~9;11iR*WM~®~~OO 1PJN21, ®~2-g~ai&~ffiiJ~ ~~F:~f!fU~OOo ft:i3:~ifi%~~, xn~•~2gsnoo §fffi, t¥J:liJ ~~±~x*--"'l•~:tiJ~ZfBJOO-'f~, fgpf B~2•::f·~3±iMftlJET o OO~ffi~2%:~F:~~~:J:t!!*ll)j, -~ll)j~OO~g§~~~-tt~§~~·~§~~~~-Wo lJlft~OO B~2J1f~f:ffi~ITTl&J#00~1-$f1*~g0~x•OOf~¥!0 1985 ~HiJJ.::filOOxBr! ~(Transport Act) t0111Tm~000~~$1f~00~1jjiJ, ~¥t~•*Yrlfml&0~xB1i::~. lj Rft-®±•*~mffi~~xB:JA.1ffft~ (Passenger Transport Executives) ~goo0~xB ii::~ ~--iY: Jffi ±•:l~:,Etl -f- {lg$ fl 00 0 'iiJ ¥*0 'iiJ ft o fr 0:ff 0 'iiJ 00 ili ~ :liJHBJ, ml& 3 fiU J=U5}~ -1-tt*OO~~oa~wTgrnoo0~xBii::~m.~oooomi&3fiU~~fft~~JElf*OO¥!Mo ~00 1985 ~OO:i3:1-¥*~~Jijflf AW#tT-1-frl±Mm~g-~~lf:f~!M000~x•~U-!OO § El3 o ft$•:f~%!i000~x•~~__t. ~ITTl&J#OOfi:JitM:f*iiE:illlf-t~:l:t!!:fiJffl•~o ~g~allf~ :f~!M7K-'f-OO~iiili__tfttt19:fffiJit1fJt*o mtn~* "~Ji!:" rm§, BMmt)Uffi1!tlt'El.00~1jjiJ, :!:t!!~ ~~~~frT"~*"•*~•~1lfttWo 3. 2. 3 0.fi0~ (Pub I ic Corporation) mfrfffr*~~~~000lf0'iiJoMJ£x__t*,~ml&J#tt~0lf0'iiJ-J£filtOOJ&J#• ~~~. gffJ:ff§aoo••~·M*A~. #H~•lj*0'iiJOO~xmmw~~•mwo~T ~8l&J#W#t•~~~:f~~-*' 0lf0'iiJB~~M*~~00.®~1'fflBM®:J#OOB•.M~ {ll*it$f1o BPJij*tJiii~f100¥!1**Jl.ll, #iY:Jl:'&ffi~jiJ®:J#00~1jjtl, *§1&1#00§.±~ ft~gmm~OO~~~ili&@o0:ff0'iiJftfil~%;r.t__t~$#~~00,§MMA:ffl&J#Sf1~ fil OOtJt~ jtl--"3 {lA 0 'iiJ ffif~ OOtJ1~ o *~~$Jt~·l~j!~~0~ (Metro Corporation) *~•~•~•g~~~w=r•oo§••~'ftm~'fta:ill:ff~~goo•#~&~r!~~rn~ Am~~§*LtJ!~o~~*~·~-~-~~0'iiJ•M~Jt-J£00M~~ftW§.±~. IJ:rJat - I --r aM•~m~#•~~~-~~L~*ili•~m~•gili*moomm~;ttF~-~-~~$~: *ili•~m~•gili*mOO•N~-T7C~1tffl~*mOO~p-ftffl~fil~~JJIH100:fLl~. ~mt::f PJ ~gF~Jt~. E8-T~®Jj~. ~Ptf:*ili•~m~•gili*m-IN:•~JHf;~-1-~JJJG*§Jl&*'3M~ *§~000~.filB~~~-Mm~.-~fiN00§±~1t~*ili•~m~•gili0~~-T* §aMOOaM*'3-~llih~-®§E8N,fil~--ff~#m~--~~~~*~-~#0~0 ~oo•~t£i:poos•*Mm-r-••&OO*ili•~m~•gili*m, ~-ft~;tt•N•*T•m• M~~OOgflaMOO~nJn]. &~~*°*•OO*ili•~mgili*m•~E80~0~•N*~•-*•OO*ili•~mgili 0~ (MTRC) ¥~t£m~if$~4~~room~ § ±~. * £!.~ T !k.~•M-TtJi, BJ;EA~;lt~Jil}j[ -~OO~;lt~-OOW*-*••M-~~~OOX*•*MmOO~h-•M~*ili•~mgili0 ~~~}fgllbm~. ;It~-~ §1'f•~· filJJQ.t£BOOi&AJEl::J,3tNBOOm~, iliB, t!flS*of~J;E ~--~•••~•~•*·filPJI::J,~~ww0~oow•.*•oo~•~-#•~LOO¥~. # £1.~p~JJJG~, fil~1JJ~Zft£00fQJNfil~B~~1E7t~~Tm~OO:ii*5ij[~. ~;1Jo~OO*ili•·~·g;TE0~ (MRTC) ~*ili•·~·gili*;JE (MRT) oo•N;tJl;MJ, •JJJGJ5aM ~~;/Jll~*ili•·~·gili~~~0~ (SMRT Ltd. )j]Ji~T;J}l.Jffi, El3B*t£Bm~~M. -T~NJJi*O ~moom~~~~-~*··~1t~~-fiW:tEM•L~T§±~.*ili·~-g;TE~~0~ www•oo*~s~•w.~~oo~~*°•~ooPJ~tt~•~••oo±•~•~~.~:tE*ili ·~-g;TE0~B~•~i&~~M~mili•~· 3.2.4 03lgJ!fcl(Transit Authorities)-~00fl~ tE~OO. 0jt~mOOt£BIPJ0BWf100tt1t~P~IB-. 1949 ~~~00 1171-~::k-mi:f:t~ 1071-~fL.~000jt~m*m, tUT 1979 ~R~ 111-t~::k-$J;E~*L.A000jt~m*;JE. tElffi~*'3~00. ~tlit~*Oi1fifoJ0jt~mOON1:I~ff;tktif!.7J~~oomailiBWf1~~p~1f~ oo~~.~A~•*o0jt~•~•*A0~wm~. ~®*~fim~~::f~oom•:JJ~.-® *~-~~~a•n. ~A~•~B-~. ~~M~aB•,~-~--~~-~-*~-~ oo•ms~~m~~oo~~•~T~§oo0~wm~.:tt-®~*oo•m.JJJG~T~•0~w m~.;ltfiWM~M•m~M~~~OO~tt.m~~@m;MJfi~I::J,~N-~~~§~OO••~ m•*m.~•-1-~~oomfZ1M~T~mili•*m-1-n~-r-~:JJ••~oo~~. ~PJI::J,~ ~il)(M00-1-~t:t.mmi'X. ::f~m~oogili~mm*•E80~wm~~•.-®0~wm~:tE*mfYi•,~•,•~ *OM~*OO:ii~~h00~:14r, mtt~t£Utt§~~P?i~HV0~WZ-~0~ ilf$0~fiW~*m 0 Jt~007J~~1f~~001A1'f~, Mrmt£-®~fr!ih00~•51A TfL.BWf1t£U. ~000~fiW~OO~lit~7JA::f~;ffi~. -W?tt£•J:~UOt£UL~tUaM*ogttf;j:Jl;M)t£1M, ~-$7t~~ft0~007JAA~m::kOOfiW§±tt.A~OO~~~. 0~fiW~~~~1-i1$ ~oot£11Ja, ••~OOJJJGff!~~Ar:J 1::tf9tlWZ•~*HJ1liOO$&M~mawnoog ~ i:p~w*oo, m ~J;E~-1-~~tt0011!1'"JmfZ1.0~wm~m~&~i:p~aM00••·~®••~0~~moo li~~~~~-~tEtt~-T~~~§OO~-.--~*· BfilR~m~oo••§Ji&§~. ~~ 1f•OOM%~~Ul&§R~~~iliBJJJG*OO-*WZ~&.iliBJJJG*00!&3t~E-*8~7J~i:p ~•moo*~MWZ~ f1 oomi&. 11fifoJttF~ T t£U~zJBJ OOJt~, ~.tlt::f~::f~f~~IJ•••oo•1~ "¥-1i. R • }fit;a- 151 ft~OO, ¥1*~11£ ~~:imrtrll)l:Jffm~lfRJ:~~ili*rM bt-Wtl ITTil)l:ril &hfilftitf )co OO~lJil.ftiE ft itit-1'-i)l~ ' ¥1 ~u ~lfRJ:~ ~ ili *" M' iJ:: :im ITT ll)l:Jff ffi t!l. !! ~ ITT~ ili --7§" t.Bl :tzrt!JJU3: 1'-i)l~:i~Ui' 0 ~~~*~~m~~ITT~OO•A· fil~~~:immll)l:Jff~~-®•*~§~•~•~~m~•o &X>f±tl:bo~ili 1rMITTil)l:ril &iJPJ t;J,;@-1~ "~J:Jl!•:i:!!!.1*1fitlf}j!j:f,f (regulatory cycle) " ITT-1'-!lfl-@:, :tzo III- 4 Jiff lf; o 3. 2. 5 3liMlf*~~JltJU1!1 (Verkehrsverbund)-t~OOf~:it ft•OO.fflll)l:lff~•~~~mili•ll)l:•.w~*:imm~mrtr~•~m~~mili••:i:m~c~ m•~•:i:mmtt.J).~1'-mtt.J~~m•~ITT:immll)l:lffili•~•~.#~-~~*~~~~#~ili E&%-:itHf-1*1-t•:i:m. # ll t1}[{1j tl:l-1'-~~ITT~1fr'f*]UlH)lmit:JGU o ~~--j~ VVR( Rhein - Ruhr VVR)tJJ·ifoJlf 191'-mil)l:ili•r2•~tllOO*WcMfflH1ITTr2-•o ~m~ MVV( Munich MVV) t11'ifoJ:immITT0~~*· ~*~*ili•~m~m*~.rtr~WcM~0~~*.oo*~M~*~so 1'-~•~ITT~ili~WW%-offi•ITT~Bili•mtt.J)c1*ffi~. 0~~*~*ili•~m~mili•ITT •ff•fJ;~~A~ ITTr2-•0EJ. #*ffl Ei3ffi.ttt-f!!~~Bili••:i:m~1tU~ITT~1frtllER%-1fAo r2- •0~~tt~~~~~M 3~ITT0~~*~·~· ·~~X>f~-~~-®~aY~$o 3. 2. 6 ~iE3liM1J\.frtJlf1;J (Passenger Transport Execut i ves)-~00f~:it ~OO~Bili.ITTlfR~~t;J,ROO~~miJITT~~~~ft~00fil~&~oW*~~£X>f0~~ ft 1933 ~. ~J:Jl!•:i:!!!.ITTM~~rn:immll)l:lff~~~m $r£•~zfEJITT § rn~~?Jftz:1:.tit~ftITT&mz. ~ff!~(Traffic Commissioners), r£•~zfEJITT~~?t~ffi_t•~r~T o ~=fJ\ttl:JY.)c~J§. ~ ~~·ITT·~~m~~~&ITTm~m~-~~~M~~. 0~~$ff~~WcMff~ITTJ§~~~ 0~ o ft 1933 ~. -1'-~1tU 11 1'-mll)l:~Wffet!l.~ITT0~-fJl;j:iJ-ffi•~ili~B~Jl!!~ (London Passenger Transport Board)~.:l.LTo ft 1968 ~. ~OO;tt1lli*Wm~ITT:imrtr0~~mr2•wn•~#*n~fJ;tU~ili~mtJ1Jf-flltt.J (PTE) i~ m;j:t] ;/& Ei3 ~ :im ITT rJLZ tl:l ITT 1~ ~~ii.~ ITT~ ili ~ m. :i:!!!. ~ (Passenger Transport 0 Authorities) ~1tU o ~ili~W •:i:m)ljj•~~1~~~:imrtr%\1r~ili~W1Jvff-flltt.JITT-7§"19l o )cWm ~ITT~Wili•m%--1*~£~k~ili~W~ffmtt.JITT~~§~. #ll~ili~W~ffmttJ~m• ~ 7 0;itf\:$Jj~9}-. ~t~~7X>tllil*f!JcMt±&7Jjj~9}-1¥Jrli!Jtl (1~M~~#HrM1¥J~1J:) 0. -:ll.~!lu'r.1¥1 ~mili••~mtt.J**ID0;1t~m~~~~if~1fll)l:JffMn••~~mili•m*~m~oo•~ m~~o 3. 3 03l~I!!EH~'A:a{J~,~ Ei3~-~iE~*~i¥1~*@~£-.:l.L0~·~Jljj~#ftITT~B. 0~-~~*W*ITT~* ¥1-t&~*rM' ~.litBffH~~&,~tU* § ll)l:¥iJ1flfilITT~TJl, ~fil~i~~ll)l:¥iJ!J!R~ITT1i$~xt-T1ifH ~-:i:!!!. § fffio ~~~)cITTIB•mt1f~~0~•JJ![~X>f~1JttITT~*~:t\~~o ~~t-t!!1J·lim:f4ITT~ffltll Ei3 ~~Rili•Affl~*ITT&mtt~·~·-~~1fm~~-.~fil~~-**~~~1JOO~*~ ffi~0Zo@£~t;J,WMW*~~·JJl[lf9'~.~~£~tt~~m~*~Im~B~~~1J,ffi~~ 5$*ro •~~~~m0~R*0~~•oo~~-~~~~m*F•oo~~~*~~~.~ifm~ m:fLlffl:fLl~IJfF~ffij'.fl=ilt~!Mm~A~OO~J\Hi~o 1f1iiJim.Ji1?1f~Jt:f~'JIAfl1ffillf100it:lW816,~Jlff A$00M::fr~1f*•~· ~~*~W*~·~•*003tWo~#M~:tEm~~~~~~OO~M fillfljt~aJJ~o 0~ft:Fimm-T~ !R:i&wH~m~oo*~1Jamr ~ !R:i&• § :t~OO:fDJJL jplrtJA:A0~ftJiffij (Urban Mass Transit Administration) ~~OO~im.$ (the US Department of Transportation) -~~-~1T•ngill~Mtt~OO$f1, 'tWif"r~w••~MOOft9Mm", ·ili~Sfl {l§~im.Jil)tjl~~li~fOillfftl[~~~Wf:OO!:*$~m0~R$00riZ.JIM, ~~tfZ9J·•iti:$AiA~ ~mt-ilr1Jim*OO~~~o ~oo*~~m•~-~~~~•0001f~%~. ~*~&am~tt~§WOO$mrm~ ~~~•wmooR~OO~n~~~~OOo••ill1f~*OO**·~-~A:tE~$~SOO~~~ ~r~. :tEA:$~~OOta©z~·H:!JJ!m, ~®*~1MB•7@-1~~1±~, J.f~~.&:lt1t!?.El3-Tm1Ja1!ffl0 ~~mw~~00$#~~00-#~~o • ~OfiiJft:Fl (~11Jtl) 't: • *fflfiiJ~'\i:fJt1lltl1iirJJi::l&~fUOill1f § :f~: • ~OfPJJi::.>ltOf:*iiH~~o ~~if*0~i&•~~*n0000$*,:lt~B~00ft:Fl~~~~-T~~~~~oili~~* ~~~ft:FIOO~El3~. X•-T~-~-o~~~ffOO~~~-~.&mmr~. ~1f0~~~L ftm~M~ttilim*MOO~mill•i&•. ~~~®m~oo~~.=f-~ft~ff•~~~:lt~fiA. ~*· m~a•oo•0*~~~•. ili~~m~~~~~~~~M~ft:Fio•~•oo~•~· :tE•~3t$00~#r~~~m:-#a~m~~1*fil~$00.=f-~o**' ~M~•,ff•~~M l&~~~#~~~~if~OO. ~1iirl000~§W,ft:FIL00~~~~3t$~~1*fil~$00•1f~ .=f-~o 3. 4 ;fk~1.t-5!U\l.~!Ii*ili1Ja{]~mLF (THE REGULATORY CYCLE) t£W$00 •. ~Tf:*iiE~~-tOrjiij~~~**OOgJ:g*~lMOOfi:lJB, B~t±:\l,W. Tmif'JIAmfl 1fSf1a~l!l*OO~~o ::fr~OO, ·~ T ~l~0~R$~1i*~~±~*OO'li!ffl~fH.*¥1J:l:funft:FI1Jt ~~LOO•~· ~~~001*~~I&mtA.~~~~:FIOOo 1~5~00~m~~~*· ~S01f0 ~R$0~-~~~~~1ffillf1, ~~~mmifm0~~mdM~~~oo~~.$i&mWifOO 00•0~R$0~::fr1Hl!!.007t0'§jlJl:tEB~:$:LiG~~~Iffo ~T•mi&fillfltOA:8m!ROO gill~m~1Tm~~1f000~R*0~ili~~~Am~. B~~0~~•:ltam~gill~m0 ~0~®0~R$0~Mif~OO~~I1'F&~::fr*1To -f-~,::fr~OOB~~~T30~~~000~R$·~~01f~OO*~B~-~~To0~R $1T~::frft:FI1*1ttlLB~£:AtttT-~%~001~J.f, M•*JJ~F~1J\\~1lltliliif3t$00tlff11Jtl, mu -~ifF~~1J\\~1lltlJt$, :K~~~mn0001f11Jtl, X@l¥iJ~!o~1l~1lltlPF~rOOflif1lltlo WT£ ~-Ffil11iJl1iJ%~{!-->g-1~009!R::IE•~~% (Central Transport Board) ~1t~ 104 ~flA0~ 00 ~1f~•Pfoft:FI1*~00•PFOO~~~m~004M~. R • ::Jlt:ii: 153 ~03(1£~:7t ji 1Nt-J ~£ 1f 1fifft t ~03(1£~Jt jJ 1 J\ 00~£1f 1(i{f[ l ~£ 1f~:tE~1JU1rrtJj:~ iJ 00 ff ffl ii&Rt1ttl!EH~Jr.f1:E, rmlBflA* -r-g.:Jt7g~*001fi{ilp_J,~j)~ ~£1K03( $ 00 PJ ftB ffi. 00 ~ n!(ij ;fo ~:1£~ i.fflJ • l lfij~WiiJ~fl£, ~:IJotHli'iPJ.~iM= ~i.ffl10003(~~*~ tHli'i1.K -o/:tEii& mJ: BX! PJ. ~~ i ii&Rt*ffl 0;:g-1ttl 00~£1f1J:r\ PJ, E8 -=f H~ Jr.[ 1f 00 ~ n!(iJ *o 1fij ~JlilJ ~i 1? § c. 00~£1f :tiJ.@_ ~00-N:~, -'5"1Pl:l!-t.17~:1Jo W$•ms~~~T•*•~· §~~~m:tE0;;g-Moo~m.~~-t-•m. ~~m.~~ #t*o&• (Seoul) B~£~7f Ti3:-t-1m~, ::tt0~f\::$:-1l~E8~;fLl00*lA0PJ~£1f. 4. 1 q:i ~ ~~j£j(Jf.f~*1J ~oooom•3l~~~·~~~:tE1~oo•m~~*~~~~~m.~~•m~--t-~-oo •~.:tEoo*m~J:.~•~~~•nm1:1:oo~?t&l~*&~:tE~~•moom~J:.~•~ :tE•m-gm~J:-~ffimoo~~~~~. ~M.A*~~~:tE~-t-m~J:•m~--t-§~m ~.•~~#M~~~-~~~~m~~~m~.mm~~~~~oo•m~~fTJtJOO~~.~ rm,~m~~moort•m•mmwr--t-~oo. §~~*•~oo~*·•m~M$OOm~~~ r•~J:oo•~· rm:tE~-t-m~, J:r-~oom~&•xm~r•mm~oo~~. iS:#•~oom~~~~~•m•m:tEm*OOff•~nPJ.*~~~m~oo~~·~·•-t-~ ~~m~ffi.moo•*A~~NooEi~~, ~~~*Ei::tt:Mm~oo•~.m-t-•~$-t-m~~.fra oo~•~~~g~J:~~.~~~~~~m*b*~· rm~~-~~i.ffl1.005~mrrfflma RtOO~H~R~~i;J. 4. 1. 1 i5!:Jf.HJWi1!¥-JJm~gw.~& ~~~OO§~~M*7~ID-~rM::ttffii&Jr.f1:Erm&MM~M~OOPJ~tt, #~~M~ff :tmn. it~u*o~1.m•~:tmn. uJf~1fi1:V:*o1£~53:#--t-~JJm~~~rM. 53:1~1~~ ~~;:g-7 -1E8NOOff•Ei•~-~~W-mii&RtB•*•~OO*•·@~~~~T~~m~~~~a Jr.f1:E~ffjJOOm•PJ.&:tE§1?~rMm~&~.fra*S1JOOOO~W~.@..~ffOOi3:#ff••~m i-- - ~.~mwwm~®~~a~-m~~~~-~oo•m~•T~~~~·~*-~J&m~~a ~~A~~oo~*~~M•~~~rnm~~m~~~tJ~. ~#~~%~~. a~~m&~m%~~~ilim~oom~~®snz~oo~~~~-~~~~.w~~~tt ~~~. a-~Hft~snzraJ' X>j-1jjU~l&J!UlltJJ.ifoHTl&11°:7'1:Jt¥UT'rtU~"J, fAW~:JJoTX>j-J:filSn 00*~·!1. ~mill•i&•M~f~m~•tt.~H~S.#~.~mWW.~fi®l&~~*~1JOO. ~•m~~--~•~1T~. m~%*ffl-#~~~**b0~m&m••~oo"*%~ (campaign)" 001JA, ~1*iiEJiJT~OO-tflH1~~~:7'1T~1'-~~00 l~HiFWgtJ. ~ff001T~~~ H *•oo*f3~-t-SnOOiti=~mix001-t*· ~H~f-'3t*llA!:~Ht**%001&~1-t*· ~ff001T~ •f~~*fr·•~fr~OO~*®ffi~~~~OO. ~~I~~~~~~*fr.~#~~tt~~ f~M~OO~&.~•oo••~H~§OO~~~~~~oo. 4. 1. 2 ±t!Hl~'H& m~oo~~~~*JA~wJ:*fr~*·~•moo~mill•wwm~~-~*•~~*000 ~-~-:J;.l,\l:!<,IJ, Mtl'?*ll~Will.~li*· ~11~mill•~~®oo•~mill•~~oo~1J$%a1Ti&WwJ:*•~*·~·~~~• ~ww. ~m•m~TX>j-~•~oo•*~*·~~X>j-~•ooww®fftt•~oo••«.~•~ *a~••*J:· ~11~~~•JA00•~~.ma®m~oo•w~ff*R~oo•®~~•· 00•®~11oom•~m•w~•*~~~. ~a•oo•.~®~rtr~•~•. ~rnoom~ ~Bt#~%±-•. ~•~m~¥oo~A. ~ooi&ma~~~~1T•~~~¥oo~~tt. ~m~~•m~•£ ~m@#X>j-tt~~~*oo~~tt.m~ff~a~~~~•~•·*•*~~-~. 4. 1. 3 !.!.\!fi-f*ffi1Jir.J1:tt~ r:p oor.m~oo~rtr~mill••w ~ttl~%'tt• ~¥\lijJE~ ~ oo m*. ff!§ ru- a~A~iti=~tmrF M*l¥3~¥?JTmi¥J~~~:Ptll: -A~~~«~009=t!k:. ~*o~rtrn&m~~~fJ*J:OC~l}ci¥Jtf~. f71J~o~tlttl 1N~$f!ffl1¥J~ *· 7'1*~~rtrmM®~M~ff~~i¥J~~~--~~~®~--~. • ~~tJ1¥J•9=1~~~.~WOO#~®~~i¥J1Ti&m~: • ~filA~1-t**%00~i1lJ~'rttl: • tt•~M-OO~Jt'rtU: • I.W.~m~1~001i**ll1J°l&WWtt~~: • ft~~Am~•~-~~m~m~••*oo**®~•· #!III L ,-- 4. 2 at~(l{]~tfn~ ~oo~woo-@~oo~~•~woo~~.~~mr~~ooum~•~•••1*Mmtrw~. ~~mm**OO~&.:ti:a•m~&•~~wwmrtw".m~~n~~~~tr•W•1*MOO 1JtB. ~"-tE.$JfmtrM¥J·tia~. 4. 2. 1 i1rl~il&Kitr.J11=m ~•~ma¥oo~A.amoo*m~~~ma~. ft~••n*ffi£$OOI*.~~•m ~•ootr~~n•~-~~m••· #H~~ft•~oo•~~m-tB~~~•oo.m~am:ti:~ m••oo*mm••mwaft~•M-. wM~•~~-·~·••~m.&wm~oo~•• •1**~M~1*~•~~m~trm~. 4. 2. 2 ~S£t.G1mil&Kitr.Jill~Jl~*~ oo~~-~~. ~~~~~•~tr•••••~mM.m*~umamm¥Ja¥oo§~: • -~ftMtraWm~~MWBm:fiJ~*•W*: • i'ffiU I~ !Tl~ 00 l*J $ ~ll.~9' M:fiJ* B1t: • *m~*M fiUI~ m ~ .&Jt llft ~ • noo ffi~ m;f.'lz; • 1!f~m¥Jooooimmw~~•·*•: • Mrma~ftU~~-~-~~~~rOO%~•~•*m&•oo••~.ftJt~~~~ ~~. ~m••oo~••*~•~•oowmimn*#~£&oo•n.m~~oo~••m~~~o OOM:fiJ~~~~ftOO~~~§~-T~#i'ffi:fiJ*B1t00tr~.*~-#rtft"MOOm•.@ ~a*:tE~n~•1JOOOOa•~tt~OO~WI*· •~~~$m•. ~•••~~m&mT~•••~~~mft~~- ~m~•&•~~~ ~m~•~•••:ti:~tt~~tr~•••n•~®±•*moooo%z-.~1!f~marwen zrmooimm:l<.H*~~~l::'itl!lxt. @~~-1*tiJF:f.tt~r~M~t-Htl. ~T1E~WW•1J•OOttl ~~~~ooimn**·~~•m~•~~w••1I•ooimn#A-~~noo~ften.w~n ••:ti:Jt~ .R®-~~ii310011'ffl 0 fJ.\ltra•Jtt»WfbA(1~Hl5;r1-ooA)tE~B~•mH~-fll~iilfl&•nOOf)t:•. ~-*-~~oo• ~ft-~ITT-· ~~@~rEru-@m@~#~f.tOO§~~.~~-®·~~~trOO:~OO• ~ft£$00fift§±~. fk~E1fJOOU~5l*· :®G~E1fJJiJT*11!00;f±~5l*~r*H~. ~~+1± ~Jl*-E!.115= E1fJ~rroolim~~ttl. ttm~m*'Jm1f, ~JJ~®~~~w~~:®Gfk.~~•~it* 00Am*moott~•~·••oo~m~~~rrftm~*w~0~0~~·~•*00~•~~. JfM~~-B·~~i'fJt:tE~OO~~#M~m~m1fOOWW~~trn~M•. 4. 2. 4 ~Jl~IJ~±t!!Jlilzft- :ff*UITT00ITT~~~~~z00~#ft:t£•tr•W•W~, ~~•n•••~§WW~l*JOO R •*k 157 03t3'.(jJJrnli93-, m~i(*O:lt{tl!.£:iiili~:OO!HJ\\::l(.1j, Jl~*O~fH?o 1lt~~. :7Cit:£t£03t3'.t:ii~~*if :£ tE m~ m ~tr JI :noo . m.ff tElf m 31- fill~ o tE ~.flJl:JI l*J • PT l'.A :Jt:ff xx:n EJ<J tr JI -t«H1 *~3t IJ:iJ EJ<J ••®VJiff~. wa*M**· •~•:x:m~•m~®VJIEJ<JJ'f.~w•~PTl'.A•••~•m fR~o 4. 3 i:poo~miiT~:J.J.J..00~~~£~~i:p~~~1Ja~~·u11 tEffWOO*· :x:m~••Jim*~EJ<J:nAm&~T~OOEJ<J•m,~~®m~. m-r~oo& :£~~oOO~~--~T•m•mm~®1fJIEJ<Jxm~•m*EJ<J$#M~. ~IJ:iJ00*1f~IJ:iJEJ<J ~*· IJ:iJ-OO*·~~IJ:iJ-•m&1f~IJ:iJEJ<J~*1¥tEo~illPJl'.A%~~m= •m:£m~~®$ tl1fJI~ <!!X:£~1::$tl1fJI~%~EJ<J:JtZ9J~); l'.A&:tioRJ~oo•mfJ~;W. •m~l:£tJ\\t1J~x:£m ~~o~*· if1¥tElf:lt~W$~~~*0 tE~oo•m~. :x:m~•WJimMM~EJ<Jmmtt~~~~:x:m~•••Mm~~EJ<J§~EJ<J •~· ~m~•snm~~mEJ<J•~o tEili20~~.~~~,~m®:lt~W$•mEJ<Jxm~•••EJ<JM~£~1f=~~-.~rn RJ;W&mm-r~oo•m§~EJ<J~•~~= • ~•xm~•£:nili~:hffi; • ~-~~03t3'.t:ii~-*~· 1!03'.tfJX.~ 1N~$*Oltf£$EJ<J1fll&511JEJ<J1§1~1JA; • WJI•mm~~oo~mEJ<J•*· ~~~~•EJ<JxmnAl'.Att~~; ~~*~•EJ<Jxm 1JA, t~J31J:£*l)vN"\$o ~~~~@§~. •~*~~#~wm:hm. ~~~*••~•mxm~•*~~~-~• ~**ffm~®ftJI, IJ:iJMifm~1f~£~~:00!~-,3'.(Ji1fJI®03t3'.t:ii~~EJ<JM~~~{E -~EJ<JmM~~o03t3'.t:ii~~A4~~-,~$•®m0Am*&B~•EJ<J~~o~T•~ mMOO~~®mm~A1f~IJ:i]~*EJ<JW~. l'.A&m~m~~lfMOOEJ<J:JtB~~~*B"JMm&m ••· -~·~-~ttm~IJ:iJ~~W*B"JW*~*o oo~-Fr£•~sA. :iili51*tl•WntotE~*fi::~wiJS-¥~. PJl'.A1f~)(til!m~03txm~• ®PX.*~~o ~~. ~~§~~~$~1rJim~*ff~~o OO~r£-~~. •~EJ<J~1f~*~~~-~$EJ<Jm~. ~1f~~~~01f~~~1f~. m ~~-~*·-~~~~~*B"Jff~M~oMOO~r£-~lliEJ<J-~~~~~:£. ~ffl§~,~ ~®*~~ff•-¥~*ff~~*~••~~-~~*ffl~*m~m•~~-1f~. w~&~~ -Tm~mm*EJ<J••~o Jj-~ }A00~1Ft£•T~¥U*5l1JJ1:£,. it1Jf:E~*@Ji&JJ\\J:E:£-~~l::~~~B"J3ffi#ijo - £U&~1~-T ~*@Jl&1.1<..sv-. t£•IDt•~*~•ITTEJ<J*~Yli53t#J, fA1ffi~¥1J•mto1-r•WJIEJ<J~it1J, ~{~~ittl :£~*fil•ITTEJ<J~•m*-Ttt~®;tt~--§~o-~~*@Jl&~M:£~~~-. ~-T~~~ ~~~tt~~B"J-·§~B"J~*· PX.*@Jl&IDt~*-~~~o~:£M$OO,•OO®~OO~iliEJ<J ~•otE~~~OO*~*@Jl&*.SV-k-T30~6~~oo. •mxm~•••§~~~tt~®~~ ~i~. -51~mlitil!:n*o ~ !k:•ITTEJ<Jfiff,Xto~131Jm*~r-1~. m~•m;tn.;t~mm:1:m EJ<J~ 1PJ to;tn.~ ~ ••· ~f1~51~xm~•~•~Jlij~•*EJ<J11rP3t£• o r- •~mwoo~,fr~m*•*~*~~*oo~•~mh*~~~d*@t&~~-~~*• ~ro.fr•m•~~~&•oo~mm,*ili•gili~m3tn*~~~~hfEili•d*·&3 --~d*@t&~~0~~*~*ili•gili*~m400§~, #H~ffl~·~~~d*·~~ 0AW>Jt&&ifi~ltOOWUaE51•. ~~~•0~3tmrr~oo-•*<~~~~~•)&3£~Am~.~T~~•*· fr0~ 3tBrr~OO~A0~~00~F~~·· #H~fill~~~0~00~~.~~-~-~~~~ •••oo~~-fra~~~m. £N•z••••oo~~B~d~~*~*~~-~~~*~ OOfQJ»J!i. 4. 4 03t3t~l¥-J5t~igll1*ifi1J~¥ ~m•moo0~3tm~~~¥1JttltEf>'Jll:i"fl~fttl, ~•~z, ::f.IE1ifflOOd*@t&, n&47.Kf §;f,iF, ~1800$.*0~fitll&M!!~if~E§·OO~tJi';. #~itlTIXJIJIXJ1J®Zi7~FJ'l.~JJJl1~~3Slt;fi~ ~tt~oo0~~**~~00~•-•~~••n~3tmili•~~&•~m4Nmoo••s~1iffl ;E. fr~m•m~, :EJlrr0~3tm••£~Z17:1i!!51A~••n, f_§_£~1=ffr••¥il~£1.h. ~~ ~•m0~3t•rr~~•M~~~••n~•· ~~-~~rr3tmili•••oo§~£~$~~ 00. 0~3tWill~•if1~7v~*OOH~R&4, ~f~R&4B~£t&iH~JMfif•T11H~~fBJ, # HilJI: •1ttl/Ei!tffJ~iiJ::f@3~0~3t•*~:JtrtJm~. *lAWflln$*0'J'0~~*B~£El3~f~:l:il!7J ~~(§~:li!!7J~OO*~•oo~~)~•TM~~-~~£-~, ~~-mB~~m*~·i!t~ ~. ~*moo0~n**~~-~-~~woom~0~~*m4. ~~m4~•~frm•0~ 3tm~~~•oo~*m4~M~. f£, ~gx~T-#~*-~Zl1:1i!!, ~Am~0~~*m 400ili•~h~m~oom~~-~~*~-~•wn.IEfrH~3tnili•m~oom~m4W*· m•0~3tm~~B~#~a~:li!!~m~~-~. *~*~-~~7Joooom4.~£fr~m~ 1fi00%l~~~~~itlf~7t~OO:Ef:IJtr' ~:EYl•~*lA~•, 51:itH~::if:*Otit?8'i•m 0~1-\$R& *M•~§~~~*H~~~7J$.~~~7iJ,BJ:ia~-~titWOO~~~m. ~#~-~7il :ltt-Z!7~M0~1-\$R&4~/E~fi:fl. •m•mfr:Jt~~~:ittfi~®·~*-~OO~ffl-*~B~§WTff~Ntt$•·~~~ oom~·!i. ~ mm~~~fttl~W*l•wn~~3tm:iE•n&4001i~%:rt!JX;m%••· iiJ § IW7v ~.~A~•ill~f~i8£%:r\,~·oo~-7J£ITT•0~3tm~~-W~~·B~El3f~7JOO ~~~~*~· •moo•~~F~T~#fr~Mtt~~~oo~w~~- ~~OO$mW~~*~~3Sfflf~#3tW7J:r\-0~1-\$,WC1-\$,~0~1-\$~~~. ~~:1tt0~3tm~~~*oo~•· 7v~•1lr•~~-~~h~0~m4X4.IE1iffl~~oom~. #~fil~~oo@m•~~~~•••ooE51•-~~&~-~•~oo,::f~~~oofE, ::f~• ~Tfi0~3tmrr~~•oo•~~:IJt, ~•~r~oo~*3tmili•••7Joooo~m. §IW~* *•OOW~$m#*~?tW~~-1!tOO~h~X4~&$mW~m~OO~h.~XW~~~~ fil00£.~~~•1lr~~~~oorr•rr7v~w. §il,$••~m~~~£0~~00-~~• !f'-1fl., m•0~n*, Wflln**o'J'0~n*oo~~•fflill£-1f. fr~*l~$fll¥l~•~· ~.mt·!iOO~•tki*W~£m•3tm:iE~~~. *A••n~:EJl'tffJ~itl~P~ § 2.00;fiJ:fra.X~~~ •oo~~ooww.$mwwoo~~~~•~-~~ffM3tm:iE•~•1lr~~~*oo~hm~. ~*~~A0~~fr0~3tm7Joommooffl~,$•Wwm~oo0ftt~*•~-JJJlrrOO~m R • 7/it:it 159 ~rm, :tE 9=1 oo~nr, n1GrJJt-&JttffflA.~:£1f 0~1':±r:~~*i¥1if n--'=5fffi:J<iiiJ#~~~-m;'§j1¥J o ;'§j ~M1¥J~~*g~~~m*1¥1.~§~~~1¥J~m~A~~0~~-A~if:tE1¥J•~mno~ ~nlG*~~~~1¥J•::k•~~~ftt~i¥J~~ffli¥J~~~-~1¥J~~o£~~mB~~~~m mmm~~~~~1¥J••tt.m~~fil~*~A~~~~-~~•m~•~~1¥Jtt~§~. ~ 1J,mi1~nr~mm~1¥J*fJ31HrlJUifo~rP.JtrlJUi*~:i:JJl, iiiJBt&~~~fi£~~:£1f~1¥J•~*U•o 4. 5 ffilr1J?)timE~tu*Jt*~~1itE{]i$filt!~~ ~~~~~~IJ,~~W--t-•Jtt~~. ~m~~~9=100::k~r!J~~i¥J0~~-ff~M~o 4. 5. 1 ~-~fi"f9:-:EJ\!~ • ~r!J~0~~-~~-~~*i¥10~1'\:$W*: • ~~mnr~0~~-~~:tE~1¥1*•0~•~m~0~1':±r:m*: • IJ,~~·~~~~. ~~~~~~0~0~-~~0~1'\:$~W@1':$W*: • ~;J;]tf@.1*1ttlftif51AtlA.*M~:£1fi!ffOf!£Jjt, ~t£1ttli¥J~f#l-: • ~;J;]tg:FJI[;tJUi;J liiJB1~~:ffl:W~:£1fr!J~~-ili*fltr~~i¥Jr!J 0 ffl$~fii]l¥J-1'-$ fl: • ::kiliigili*~~:tE~~•~nr~mB•~*f~m•~•~1¥J0~**~0 4. 5. 2 ~=~fi"f.£-~.ll § .:E~ga<Jfi"~~f1il • r!J~0~~-1£:~11!7tnlGJL1'-t-tf!!Rtl:IXXJ~~. Bfi'J1ITT~~ § i¥1nlG*~l& § :tffe, ~ffM* • ~A~1f 1¥J0~1'\:$~~0~~$W*~Mn1Gm~m*, ftW£$1¥J~1f*M$0~ ~-~~*, ft iff!f:ffl £::k~A 1¥J±r:m o Mi:~ Afi'J~AtOJtJl~i¥Jm ;'§j, IJ,,& :tEr!J 9=111) !R :tAZ9J±r: r~ 1ttlm jjfg 1¥151 A, mm ;'§jm 11!" 0~1':$1¥1 ~~ * ~~n iJ, 1lii3~~~±tHE:1¥1 ~-~*: • ~~m~w~mW:FJI[f**, 1J,&~~-§~.~M•~~•l:5m*:Wffz001¥Jf~: • nr~0~~•W:FJI[fiiJJ\\Z~~~fnr~~•ili•~•1¥JffM~~z*·*~~*fi~m ~~n. ~~~-~~m•~f*~~~~ili~. m~0~~-*~1¥J-1*~~M: • ~~A~8~~.~-~~~ft~-~~*~::k~A~mgili0~. 4. 5. 3 ~=~fi"f9:-t±5*~:g:i:1t1¥~PBi~:EJ\!~~J.U~~ • 51Jtt±!5$0~1':$t01J\0~1':$~~*i¥1~$~~7J1**, ~-Tj)l:tffii!f A~~P~~~;f,RtO ~U;f,R~~-. il-®*M0~:tE~~~---~~1f, IJ,~Jtt~A.0~z00.~A. 0~--'=5nr~0~0~zrBJ1¥J~f#l-: • nr~0~0~&--'=5~A.~1fi!f:tEm~m*~*ff~f#l-. ~~*rn~ff•~~A.0~~ ±r:~et. nr~0~0~~~~~~§a~~1¥Jnr~fil•: • m~~M~J:.mW~i**· ~1rsmi1l'~IPJ*rM~1l1:tiPJ0~*g*rM. ~t~iti:a~to!k. m1¥Jf£1.tt~~~i¥JErt*m~m~. 4. 5. 4 ~IZ!l~fi"f9:-~:J.m~Hkg:g:Bna<:i-ma • r!J~0~~~£~fil·~~-0~.~W~fil.:tEf~i¥1*#r--'=5~A.~1f~~f#l-: -- - I • :tE*f::k~m, ~flAt~~*Ht~il±flto¥U 6-10 1'-!2Lto5iJt~; • ¥*~J.11•wmttiatim~~lt!:-zv3J!l¥u: ·a) ;ijl:IGU~fm~~= iJl~0~3t:iiff~~Jl, hl80~3tmm•at~•· ~~mifi•wmtti•w0~3tm£m~•at•*•~· c)11J-ifojjcgit~g$)1J!3tm, 0~f\$, ~~*a1J,0~f\$Ht~li~. ~~¥*••w~~*ff~~~••· !2L~fil¥*•~w~~~~Ht~*~~~Jt•, ~~0~3t:iiff~·~~-~-*Ht~~~~; • -.EI.::kgil~g$JIJ!3t:ii0ii.J~ti T 1:.#)J, 8riJ!2L:iili~WJN:filiJIAflA~6'£:2fs:o A • G • 11~!1. C • J • 16~/Pf. D • N • itf#Jlt# 161 1. 1 ~ frtt::~il»&~~~~~·ti :tEtt!:fff.fil!E V3, El ff$£:t£~;1:_t;®;®Si:VN~$B<J3t:WIA (1994 :¥: 8. 5 fz.m El ff$, 4. 1 fz.m,N~*; E!ff$:¥.F:I: 9, 300 nm. ,N~$:¥tz::1: 3, 400 nm), i3:fiJi~fiiJ 100 :¥~1W a#:tt. ®H~~~~~m*-~~oo.~~~? 1.1.1 Jtj~ ~•B<Jfi~£100:¥~1Wmn_t§ff$Ef<J~;l:-SttT~$: E!ff$B<J~M~~*~·· -mwHtPmT-B<J El ff$B<J 1±\fYl~@Jtffi)jjlj 1853 :¥: 1880 :¥~afl TfYlf-t El {f$Ef<JIW ~' ?JTWIB<J11£ ~§qr*: 1896 :¥~tttfff.~1:.tz: 230 nmE!tf$, Jt~~oo~ 100 nm. ®lijiJ 1810 :q::, m -m~~~*:;t:tE~OOUJE1:, :Jt~ 1886 :¥m-m~1=1aa~t?&*4Ef<J~*:tEi~ooUJE1:. 1. 1. 2 Ji:ifiJL~ :tEW$®1rOO*· Elff*~~m~m~m*B<J~•.a~m~mB<JwM. *••~*~• t&$ §qr*3'.(~1.fm!ti!!1±1tt. llJH~~£mB<J:itt-zv~m. M*M$B<JA~~•m~ 1J\~*· 1£W$ OO•Eltt$~i.$Jf~jlj71X~:!:i!!f:IL R£11£®:Am~. ~:~c ~1:.B<Jx:WIJ!., !JX;:f£AffJ1*1*1~ ~ffl.x:W••B~*~ME!ff$AB<J3t:W$$~&E!tf$~~$3t:WB<JM~. W$~~®1JOO•&~~tfjfi1J00*1£M~JL+:¥~ §qr$*1J~$Ef<J~M*m.· ~m:~~£mB<J ~m. Eltt*m~•~~mm~**·r~~mf_t~m.m~mM~~~·~*m~:1:&1£ **· ffl::f:tm §qr$f!fflJJ~~r¥z.. 1. 1. 3 !Ji!~ ~T~*m~~~mm~***· E!tt$:t£-®~~oo•~m~~~~mm~tt.:t£Jt~ -®®1r00*, E!tf$&M*M~~~.M~~*fi, E!tf$1£W$OO*••~aJJ£-#~~ Ef<Jx:WIA. J3 5t~, M*M~ Ef<JA1fJiJdJU!Jff El qr$£-c-fiJi~ ~ f ~ 1*'fi!~B<Jlf~m7JJ:\:, IPJ a-t, ff$B<JA~-~~m~~&Ml±l7~•· A • G • 4Jjj\§! (Anton G. Welleman): w~3C:li$ (Ministry of Transport), 0~15Uf!!!57.K~mi~fJIBliL Eltr$,g,f**J\!:lGIJ(the Bicycle Masterplan)J9HL±:~, 1tfit3C:li1f*: C •I• i'i'-11Jj):l\JT(Cees J.Louisse): w~3C:Ji$, 0~15t00!!57.K~mi~:Ef$, 3C:liiiJfJE9=1•L.', 1'-A3C:JiJ9f IH~:Ef: D • M • ;ftl!f.'t~*f (Dirk M. Ligtermoet): w~3C:Ji$, 0~Nnf!!!57.K~~~:Ef$~!f.'j~~i1lJ9=1•L.', El tr$.g.f**Jl!:l(.tlJ9f § PX:ff! o --T lJl:tEilf~ 00*1~H3~ 00t!)~~,g¥Ulffi1JOO*!fl-~tt1:ati·t1Jt5r.: tJti9Jftatl::k:S:ttM5 I~ T 1311= mi9J3tBIAati~~.~#~~~*~m•m~~.~~:ti:~m~•tt•ati~m. ~+Aom ~m~. ~~:ti:mZ9J*atim~®~m~~+-~~*~~AA.mZ9J*tt•ati~~~•:ti:tt•~ OO*>WC1t1~1!=~iyjB. 1. 1. 4 ** §fl*~•m~ati~•.~ati~m~~~~iyjB~~*.:tE®1J, §fl*:tE~OO®~m~ atitt~ x:m:~~51~a:•. :tElffi1IOO*~:>tr. ilf~OO* tE.J_l\Z3~riT~~~±srea:•n, ~JBJ®Im •~nR~:fil+~*.M3tB~~atl~A*fi, §fl**fflriI~~M~~~~A: • §fl*ati1tA£m~•atin~nati•*·®1IOO*tE.~•~m~~+mZ9J*ati::k:S:~:ti:w ~*ati~~-~. ~~~m~~m3tnmm~nM•~*•r::kmM~:S:*~*· • ~m~1:fflm:S:®3tB~~B~B~:fil~.:tE~tt~•~*at!IA~. AIDB~~A~• ~:tE~m*~®~fflatl0~~**~·~#b~M~~::k:S:ati•~A•£~~ati.@~~ ~~--~. ~oo~m®~gatimmt!)£ffi3mfiati, ~*·W~ilifl~m0~~**~ 1J~.~>Wt~§fl**MT~fflatim~. • 0~3tB!3 §lr*ati•~~NnR:JJ~®{lj1cj>0~3t-~li*at!±-t!!IRm#tT-~NHR:b~. ~l$ ati•~%JJX:-~3tB~ii*~· ~~•1~v 1J'~*atiKlll'!•ili~f. 1Hr. ~frr•~m~~~±s:k :S:§fl*mmw~%JJX:atim••~· R~0~3tnn•illm••~ati~IR. W§fl*n• :tE~®±-f!!IR~:9ratl0~~*ftti1~~. ~~:ti:•ffi~, w~oo*~~~m~§fl**~· d§fl*!3*~~*ati•~*~.m~ m3tB*~Jf1:}1~~atitt~f~ili Tffi3at!fft!WJ\. •ili~~. tf:IJ'HtHffilM1HJ1.$J*3tBf"1:~H~. lijijfi§7Cit£tt:it OO*d1tM ~ 00 *t!)J_l\Z*1t~11=tJ1.$J3tBIA. 1. 2 *i~xa~pg~= 1'F~,~,1*3'.<:imi&*$~~~B7ta~~fi<*i&* ~-~~£*M~~~A-~ati. £M~~mN•A·~~~§ff*••®§fl*3tBatl ~*· ~~MW$00*~~~$~--~-~A±~~~T:k•*A· ~W*~~~&~T~ ~OO*:tE~-~~EnMtR..*~fl~5~#~-~T~OO~m3tBff~~-m.#W~~-T 5~~~~*· m~®~mEn3tn~~&§ff*En*ffl~TTfi. m2•w~~~En§fl*tt~~~.~~En§ff*~ffl:tElffi1IOO*•r~. ~~tE.£~~ § 1990 1J01f atJ;J'~*fi~:l:•('§jEnOO*Z.-, ~~•ma:~¥U § ff*fri1J'~*En1Jt{lj1c,B. ~~*· **T~C-~§ff*~ffl, ®B:itm('§j§fl*3tB~~~··· •3•W~~OOat!§fl*~ffl~t5(..~--*re~~,g*-®•~· M~ri]",g~~OO~m e eiatit1lm.frim1Jati·t1Jm.. m4•W~~~~IR~~OO*at!§ff*Mt5r.. ~f0Htt~at!-~*·~~. Rftm#t$ *~~~m§ff*3t•~m.ati~~m~. m~®~mati•m!3~ooati~~~mffi~. A • G •*ff.fl, C • J • /§~Jl/i. D • M • ilfffiftff 163 37, 4005¥:1f01!), i~litli:ft;iHJ (the North Sea), 1:fl-T~~¥PJ 1\if~£-~/J'III* (j)ili~TI01.Q (Rhine), ~WlliiJ(MaasHll1JTlHJ$1!¥PJ (Scheldt) = ff.!tHi-'f !* o ~1r!':l:i!!:FJ!H:frit1ltkl'ill_t*;E T w~oom~. -:1Joo~~~w~~*~4•; ~-1Joo,~#~~-~TmMOOM£m~o• ~ft (Rotterdam) £tttJf-_tM::kOOmr=iz.-, ±~£t&$~®¥iiJ$'.iTE~AD~ll$t~OO~i+H~:l:i!!1* ~mMOO*~•*· #B~~~TmMoo~m~~o w~£-~AD~~OO[j*(l994 ::¥A 455 A/5¥1J0J!), tEffi~*OOatfaJl*J, AD±~ *~tt~~-~ttff.~~%~T~•000M~.w~~~-~OO~R**~~.ill~§BOO 1i!$fll §ff$I~o r-1ltt7t:fl-mw~ 1950 ::¥l2l-1ltr3tmtt•oom~; :tlf!'Wit 50 ::¥1~-9o ::¥1~00'.'.itmtt• ~~.~m-~3tmtt•OO*•~~;~mW~MlWO::¥l2l-*003tiitt•••·l2l-&31ltrw~ ~§ff*tt**~moo~moMmm~T-®M~. 12J-~~~1Iltt•~~*ff~$to 2. 1 1950 ~1-.A*1~fi*~~a~m5t:K ] 13 [l4] ::k£'-JtE 1860 ::¥it~ §1f$, rmtEfitr~ 1890 ::¥'tkE£-1rfi~1~ifbo =-¥$001fr;f&£{j/lg 40 £$f,-!, rm3at::k~rtr,A~*IA-JWJOOif*/lg 1. 83 £$1!!\, ~ffij!}jlf §ff$.R~r-/H'.f1Ht'i':lli ~fr Fz!: 00 ::¥$£A o tU 1899 ::¥. ·tw~tt".t T 1~::kt&~. 3::¥ § ff*m~•A 94, 310 m c& 53 A~ 1 m> 0 1905 ::¥§1f$21&IA 324, 750 me& 17 A~ 1 m), ~*~~OOA1!ffl §1f$_tr3JUD]§J~3t11o 1910::::Pb:::tlttl~]§JH~IAfll~~®:A~frfz!:ftE~-ffr§1f$, 1m¥Jf§1f$1fri1&£'-J/lg 55-70 £ $f,-!, 3at-~~M%IA00::¥®:A£ 750-1, ooo £$1!. ~mc~'*ff §1f$fi~~~*~~OOA iJ(~o 1912 ::¥ §1f$1Jl:l~I£'-J& 10 A 1 mo w~ 00~-iJz'.'.itiiir.l~ (1908 ::¥) ~~il!IB*_tOO'.)(': iiIA 62%/lg §ff$, 1916 ::¥±~;1JlltiJ 75%0 tE~iJztltW::k~Z.~.w~OOJJ!M'.'.itii~T~Ho 20::¥~~AA.~R$::kI".t~.1fr*&r ~.~~*'.'.itii~~m~. 3o::¥~•ttoo~m~mx~m~~'.'.itii£*W$o~rm. §ff$00 21&•~~~~;1Jo, }A 1924 ::¥00 180 1940 ::¥00 400 nmC3atAD£'-J:lg 800 JJA) 0 nm~;IJOtiJ 1913-1938 ::¥. ~IB*::¥~illI~:1> T 800 7J A't'J\., r~tiJ 4, 780 7J A't'J\.·o 0~~$3tii~A5! ~hOO~··· ~at§1f$5¥~&2A1m. ill§ff$fy:lg-tt~*003tiiIAOOat~B~m ~To *: 1: fof=3l@.IJlUm~.;.(1930, 1937) Kin 1rfi~ 1930 ::¥ 1937 ::¥ /J,R$ 67,845 90,839 /ff£;$ 31,314 54,084 0~R$ 3,526 3,800 -1'-l'.:.* JD. 41,227 48,000 §ff$ 2, 700,000 3,500,000 ~at. il!M~1~tHt: 1916-1938 ::¥, w~00::¥5¥~3tiiIC~mff A)~;IJoT 5 {ffo ~~ 003tii1JA:iJ(1f!003tiiifll~;g:ifJ.l&1J1Jill~*~*· 3tii¥Ml~~~*o 1934 ::¥'.'.itii~L::A tE 1940-1945 :¥it\OO S®Hr.t1,ij, gHf$1¥J1tffl:fil.lO-f~ . .±!lit~ gHr$&;!t~141¥J B~~ •. ~-"Mi¥JBM•~.w=~~i¥JA:¥~BM&+*~~. 1W7:¥1¥J•§B~~.fti¥JI ~iliff~Mefitt:, ~-~~*·•~1¥J•0~~*·~"1¥JLrmAm1¥J~•~tt*~~1¥J ~~I~AM. ~W~®•~m1¥J~~Km•1¥Jiliff. 2. 2 1950~1990 .$ffiXmmtiJJ~?x:J.ma{]~~~1R 3 Kl ] 1950-1990 :¥tEif~1f00%'13~7CJ¥~Ji. ~W:UJf~AP~Ji" ~fBJ~Ji1:lGIHllU~~Ji~~~# m•i¥J. ~~~ill~~Bi¥J~YiaWffi~. ~~m•~m~~-*~~---~1¥JU~~·.~~~w~~-IA1¥JB•~~ffli¥J~ •M~.••w~~~.±-~m§~~·*~i¥1~~. •~w~~-~~~ooi¥Jm~. 2. 2. 1 u~~ll ~~APB• 1950-1990:¥EB l,0007JmK¥1J 1,4907], **T 49%. ~"-~APmK T 56%, EB 390 nmK¥1J 610 7J %ffi!?BEB 1947 :¥1¥J 210 7J ?mK¥1J 1990 :¥1¥J 590 7J?, 0 ~"?±YAP EB 4. 33 Ar~¥1J 2. 53 A. ~fifi1t1twYi!.00 1 0 ~®1t~~~-~T~B. ~001¥J5t~•**•~T*#~-~~msi¥J~M. ~m-fflGIROOfQmK T 3. 4 f&. t~}JIJ~tE~m ~~3&T APW/l'.~f~. JAW 1950-1990 :¥. 0 1tiliqTJi!E~5tK. 1 : faf=,~,pj5(~p±1:.J.A.a~1t~tt [l 3 IE ] (1945-1990) 6~~~~~~~~- 5+-~~~~~~---,,~ :~~~, 2 ~ 0+-~--~--~--.-~-- 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 ••m~m*•*~· -H~.tt~~~•~±•r•~ti:~~~mffi®*IR· #B#~ i'il'Jm•$1. tE 60 :¥1-~~1,ijif•tt~IRJi!E•~m~iC,\~ 25-50 01l:L ~jffi;j;Ji1~1JAffJ~~-:!:i!!.Ji9[;~. @~~R~-~S*mt*mt~. ;!t~*-**8~~$*A~IRI~. ~•m~u~•m1¥J:J;Jil•:m~Br*<~%•:J;Jilm•&*>· ~F••~T~•~~~pjGl¥J 5t1t. 'EJ.1150~, 15-fifi%~1¥J~1f, ~Jm, :UJf~;fJt~, ]i'tjJJ1Hofl'tj~~,1)~Ji1;J;~=lil31t*T •.~,1¥J* ~. ~#~-~·~3&iliffm~1¥Jm~.~~·m•1¥J*~~~-IAl¥J~~=m~-~.AM *ll0~1¥J~~1t&~3&iliqrJi!E•i¥Jm;JJo, ~~1t~'*·~~-f1~&~%1¥J*1t. ~-~TL rm~fl'tj~~-.I~~•*~1¥J~~~•~fl'tj~~·~~~~•.m~~®5t~~3&ilifim •m~. #~fflG~~tt:~fflB~m~. wefitt:i¥J~ffl~•&~ A • G • .fi{Fffl, C • J • J8JJJ/Pf, D • M • il/#ilf# 165 .Fflt-~•~±~•:maM~•~A~%1*,~,m~, eP%1*1¥Jm~ifl~1~•· ~1'-11?• 1988 if:~ 1950 $1¥3 1. 85 {if o PJ § 833zJIB45l:Ai¥J:l:ftlJo1~·tk:, jtJJ;t£ 1960-1970 i:f:o ~Jj1J~tE 1960 :$=~)§, ~*W~il:~-*~' ~~tt~'l*i~Wffi~o ~1f-1'-~•.~~~1%oi:t=~m1¥Jtt~•~.~~-~~w.tt~~±~.*•••• ~~*•~&1¥Jm~~~~~M~~~PJ~. ~®*~T~~i¥J*Wm~m~. &•~T~ill i¥J Wff ~1iHn mII o 2. 2. 2 3l~IAl¥.J~~&-lt1ffflt~l.R. 00 2 ~~T3tJiIJl•i1:1¥J~JtH~H5L, 1J\~$W1fil: 1950-1990 $83 13. 9 7J$1i*to¥1J 550 7J$1j(1994 if:~ 580 7J$1i) o §IW 77%1¥3%1*~-!fl~~d>W:ff 1 $1i1J\~$. 16%1¥J%1*1f 2 $1i1J\ ~$d~~o ~~1f®00%1¥J~$W1fil:~w~~. @~1f-1'-00%•~~0£1¥J~~*fi~ •~-t-w~ o § JA 1949 if: w ~ 51;.... m~ 13 1T * IE 2 = faf=A.o. ~fi*· 'M~*~n,JtM~ (motorized bicycle)~*' Jt•il:~'tgA1¥J•J.t fi*~*·t~l.R. (1900-1994) **· 1971i:t=W1fil:~190 7J$1i, J§*tJL~ §fi· a/.f ~=tx-tttJT-:k.'& JJ£mmfi!; $1¥J.i1:7f~€l~d>. 1994 i:t=W1fil:~ 46. 3 71$\i 15 IElrr* C±~~~~*~~i¥JA~~~'J\~$) o 1tit:tt 1950-1960 i:f:ra:i. w~ §ff*W1fil: ID ~500-600 ]J$\j, 1970 if:~ 700 ]]$\j, 1980 if: Su 1, 000 71$\io §lill §qj$~ 1, 500 ]J$\j, ~ ~•A1$1i, ~~tt~~m~45LAl¥JA•Ml3ff 5 $ 0 4 3 2 ~-~·~~$W1T~A0m**~~83-f 11! 3: &WJit]';~$3'f.-¥~fi~t$~.mJ& $Mffi~o =~~J§. ~~$A0£•W~-~ (1963-1990) ·Ii**· 1960-1990 $83 159 1ZA0£*to¥1J 20000 1, 251 1ZA0£ (1994 if:~ l, 290 1ZA0£) o ~ 1'-~AAm~§ff$, §1T$~**1¥J~A0£* 15000 •a BJ.tr~. #H~rn~m*o**g~A0£ 1990 if:~ ftli~H~ffix;J~J:E, 1990-1993 if=* *1~~. 1994-1995 i:f:xffiX1r~o© 1990-1911 10000 5000 if=****l¥J±~~~~~~W~0*~-~T ff£1fl**~o O 1963 1965 1970 1976 1980 1985 1990 13ff$1¥JA0£Si17~$.0~~*~~-1¥J~~o~®~~~~~~~**M.~$ M~~-M-~1¥Jl31T$A0£.otE-®**M, A~-¥1¥JAM§1T$JA%~$M~-o ... - I 125 r.~$ 120 {_1~8__ _ 70 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 ·" 2 ---=------ . - . _____ -·~---··-·· -. - - -:·_·_··.~:.::::.;:Q o~~~~~-,-~~~~~~ 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1960 if:, gHr$1¥JA0£~1JJbl:1N~$~0 IV-J§, gHr$1¥11tffl3f~€ff~, 1974 if: 1i~IJ * EPff $ 1¥11tffl r ~ ~IJ 19 50 if: at 1¥17.)(-'¥ , :i3:JHJ1f9J $:A :S:btft{tll &c Z. tJ} i'"1 1¥1~1R 1-t:lttl¥ ~ o :l3: ~atM~~§1T$1¥J~~~--&, ~~~$~fflT~:AB"J~~o :Ag"Jfr. 1975if:§1T$1¥11tfflX3f~a±f§f1Jo, :l3:Jti:f Jt1-ttot±~~~:xt § 1T$1¥1~~~~F'm'£ ~B"J~fflo*~~~gmi¥J~~~Jti:p-~~~, Afil&M*Mttafi•~~~~~o ~at. Afil~m~:A•m~m~~$1¥1~~~~~-~o:l3:®~m~~~*§9m~m~m*.~~ 115 Jl)Uf.f'g ff! tll JI&~% o 2. 2. 3 fJilill3li!4~fil w:>:::~F'm'm-fr~ § 1r$, § 1r$ffl-T~l~ § 1¥11¥11±111' o w:>:::~11J::~;fi':~J31J it$~14$*Llr ~f' @ffi:¥~d:l 6%~7%1¥JatraJ' :l:t!!~f:liL AD-if IJt~' 1~-tE:-~atraJ' AD I~)t:;(p'{[lj\~ uUo*1l±o l!lrnL w:>::: £-*~~F~-if, 1~~£~1J:it § B"J:l:i!!.o AD(A) ~ij~Wft'ifft(Amsterdam) 725,000 4,550 Jit'ifft(Rotterdam) 600,000 2,980 1&3f (Hague) 450,000 6,980 A • G • .:/f ff.JE, C • J • faffe}/l/i, D • M • itf#Iif# 167 § 1f$£-*.P~JijE~i¥J3tiiIJL tE 2. 5 0!!.l;J. r*J i¥J tf:l1f£zv1T~ § 1f±f:, JJ9tfi;J~71HJL 2. 5-7. 5 0!!.m~r*J, §1f:tf:::t{:Hfi!1Ttll¥:§:Xi¥Jbt17tlo ~fil~~:Cl!!iJl~ 1l'T 7. 5 0!!.m~r*J, 0;itf'\:$>E9 T1lVJ,1¥Jfl::ffl o ~@~i~W£#H~i¥J, G517vt£fi;J~:Xffl!Jttf:l1fjt:!~$X~:ii. 11,-T 7. 5 0!!.1¥Jtf:l1Ti!l~tf:l1Ti¥J~M:XT-ro%a - tl:l1f1JA 0-2.5km 2.5-5km 5-7.5km >7.5km ,~~nu 1J,t'\:$ 23 52 65 75 48 0;lt3tii 1 4 5 14 6 §ff$ 40 34 23 8 27 tv1f 35 9 5 - 16 JlJT1f3tii1JA 40 16 12 29 100 ;_t, /Fr 12 $#JJl1(t!J,t;.A a#J 15%) #Jfiffftff?Jl#Jiiffl!ftfJ!Jf} 1994 *:dYfJftt#fif#lo ft/JfJJIP!tJ fJff$t!i m fffiJ ffm31 %0 Jf!J 4 $ t;J nuft/3 fJJ±Jfft7.7 fJ ff*J#lfi <ill!Jiff*A !JN!fJ, MJJ/Jt;J!ffft/3 l!Jif!?ftif!$ ftlJ fJ a !Jiff fJ ff$o :tE~mr*J, §1T:tf::::tE3tii1JA~~~i¥Jfl::ffl~~--o~OO•=MiJl~,*4£fi;J~M:X ~m!laJm:JtJT*ffJ-1¥J~!Jiil (AD 11 725, 000 A) 0 i±l1f1JA 0-2. 5km 2.5-5km 5-7.5km >7.5km '~'*u - 1J,t'\:$ 13 33 47 64 34 0;1t3tii 4 18 17 28 16 §1f$ 28 35 28 5 23 tv1f 54 10 6 - 25 ?JT1f3tii1JA 39 17 13 26 100 ~mM*ffJ-1¥J0;1t3tii~~tE~00£M~l¥J,*41¥J~!Jiil~l;J.iJl~o@£, ~mM!f.ffJ-1¥1 0;1t3tii~M~£~-t-§1T:tf:::tl:l1T~Mo~~~tl:ltE~-f-50!!.m~r*J, 0;1t3tii~§1T$tf:l 1Tbti7tl~"1111:4, m~-t-f;;J~rm§. ~-t-bti7tl7'11:2. 5 o !laJm:JtJT*fft1¥J1J,f'\::tf:::ti:1~r 10!!.m ~ i¥J tf:l 1T bl: 17tl 1~ -f- fi;J ~ 1¥1-'¥ Y.g 71<-'¥ o ~=-t-17tlf-£~~'Tm (Groningen) (Ji!.* 5), ~£--t-1J,~m (170, ooo A), B-1l:W1f --t-~$X~•1¥J1f~-f-§1T$1¥Ja•o i.\\Z3iE-liiH.flfff.lMs:Jtr:j:t "¥J1f.l)IJJ'ffl3j(" (mobility needs)-iiij, :tEw~. 'Pl.fl5Jtft!!.1¥J-~IE*, -'W:i&H8tJLl)IJf..t ~dAill~*~•l¥JBl)IJ, Wfri¥J~~~m~oo*•a~.@Wfri¥J~~~N~~~~:tE**·~~~~ J::~A fi'Ji¥J Wfr0.~J&:tE*JJQ, ffiJ¥J1f.l)IJ:Jf~~**" ;$:Jtx•H.iff.l)IJ (mobility) i¥JJi:'.5(~: nH~, 0"'1~tJL#J MM••~tt~~~~ffll)l)i¥J~N"•·~~Ji:'.5(, •l)IJ@~*~~Wfri¥J~-rm~~Wfri¥J~·" Wff1f:r\ 0~2.5km 2.5~5km 5~7.5km >7.5km ,~,fa 'N~$ 15 37 57 72 36 0~3C:iil 2 3 9 17 6 §ff$ 41 49 30 11 35 !Vff 41 9 4 - 22 PJT 1f 3C:iil1f:r\ 47 17 14 18 100 1o~~~m. m~~-~ffT-~Fm~1f~r§ff$fa0~3C:m~•~3C:iilW~#~. ~U*~~~·*· RftW§ff$fa0~3C:iilM-~S**A~-~·*·~*· ft•**~ IR t'Jt:ll~$~1f!R. ~>11-, ft 90 ~f~4ij~*-€~ soo JJ~~~f~~ § ff$~~tllt'Jt:001, :?:::t'=~~Jf;SJ31L m~~-~W$~~~-~-~Affi= ft•m~~Wff*-wffm•~r7.50~-ft§ff$ ft~~~$~~·*~-~-~~~- (if!. ifz: :%) _t-fJ}I WJW ~±3C:*O~R5f- W1f1f:r\ <7.5km <7. 5km <7.5km '~'*o '~'*o '~'*o 1j\~$ 42 58 37 43 37 50 0;1-t 3C:iil 2 6 2 3 1 3 §ff$ 42 26 36 32 30 24 !Vff 10 5 24 20 29 21 (55%) (100%) (80%) (100%) (65%) (100%) 005:ffl~~~~~AB~~~~~A• (1930~ 1994) ~-1fOO,§ff$ft~6m~~m1f W~§OO*A~W~T·•~ffl.*6* m~•~A#Wfi§~MS~Wff~m 80000 m_t~~--~~A#,*~S~Wff~ 18%, 25%*0 33%. ftJ3:-rJnW1f*, !~Hf 70000 $SJ3H•m~,0;1-t3C:iil~rm~~~* ~-~tt3C:fa•5f-&WJWWfi,tJ7ff~m 60000 ~~3C:iil1f:r\. 50000 2. 2. 4 ~~~~·11 40000 ~r3C:iil~~~~M~?R.~ Jli!.00 5. 1950~1910 ~. -Si1J\~**~as±~*ffl 3000 30000 111, 3C:iil~~~~m7f~a~1t. 1950 ~ 3C:iil?JEI::A~~ 1, 021 A, ~iC.~yt:f%A 2000 20000 ~~ 19, 500 AC;1t*$J§ff$A~*~1J S 32. 5%*0 41. 8%). 1972 ~3C:iil?JEI::A 1000 10000 ~~ 3, 264 A, yt:f%A~~ 70, ooo A (;It *$J§ff$A~*~1JS 17. 1%*0 12. 7%). o 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 A • G • I#f.RJE, C • J • 16~/fi, D • M• it/#lf# 169 ~iiJi%-m, 20 :ifr:pJEt::A•~-lf 200%, :3l'.1%A-~-lf 250%0 i3:f!kl2§7g1N4;$/FWT~-Jf, rmA illi¥J~mrr7g.~m-~~~~~·#~~ffi&~•· ~~~&~~R$7g~~~&i¥Jttmo 1970 :if~J§, ~m:3'.i::i:~JU11.t::keJ:~, i3:filt~~li~~Z;IJ. fg-][f*~JU:EJt{L 1995 :if fiU:':'.:1¥J~m¥i!i~JEt::A•7g 1, 334 A. )t-f%A•7g 50, 970 Ao fJf~ft~~m~.!§~1¥J$M!:-$• :tEr~. fg!jjf g:rff$1¥J1%t::A•tP!:t*X~5Eo 1980 :if~J§. ~mJEt::A•OO!:tfYtl:tE 20%--22%~ J*J-1r¥¥Z9J, •)t~ffi¥J1%~!:tf7tl~ 22%--24%, ~1tl!.~i~i¥J:3l'.1%A•~ 23%~25%o ffiX>JITiJ§, tHf$1¥Jt±:11T!:tf7tl:tE 27%~29%ZfaJ~Z9Jo 3 tHf$1!ffli¥J~-jf,~,fikf#~M*Ai¥1:3l'.1%•:S:rmr~. i3:JA 1980~1990 :iffa] §ff$1!ffltO :3l'.1%A•1¥J~Z9J~~r:p~~B~tl:l*oi3:~"M' E!1T$t±:lrrl¥J$0~-~-!fT3~. ~R$ 1¥J$0~-~-lfT2~.~"'ff§ff$1¥JJEL:::A••&T3~.rm~ff§1T$Fm'.3l:1%1¥JA• •&T 25%0 ff$Ai¥J:3'.i::i:1JJ:tE::fWTe51:~o 1995 :ifJEt::A•!:t 1990 :if•& 12%, ITiJ}J~®El:(f)t-f%*~ ~1¥JA••&2~.i3:®•:tE*1r:rB~W*· ~~Jclft{~i¥J)t1%A• (A) JEt::A•<A) t±:l1f1Jit 1990 1995 1990 1995 R$ 5, 115 4, 778 702 657 Elrr* 3,277 2,499 304 267 Ii}JZ;/]$ 2,691 2, 129 98 118 J1Jr:ff1Jit 13,652 11,688 1, 376 1,334 $~~~~ffi¥Jft~~m1%t::A•20:1f*-1i¥r~~~ofilME!rr$A1¥J~m:3l'.1%A• ~:ffSJJB r~, JL+:if*A•4lt:1f~{j 8, 000~13, 000 A. ,~,oo*-m, ~:if*f:l5Jt±:lff A0~:3l'.1% OO~~tt•:J>T, ~"ff E!rr$A:3l'.1%1¥JFmtt&~~r~o 2. 3 ~imiE.5!J1H1~f~1-t ~JMB"J~Jt{#~l=~T-§~, ~TH~. :l::faJ, AD~Jt{ • .X1-ttOt£:lJfB"J~n(n), ~)M~)t{J:E muJ~T-ll&mittl5Ei¥1ffi*ll&•. ---roo~M-it~mll&m:oo~1-t, ~7E?ijiJ!itit 1990 :if~ HtrOO*r El ff*OO~*ll&•.~filit-it~~~•oo•~·••w-it~Htroo~mll&m:.4lt-W*•fik7EM-it soo~mll&m:. ~fil~it-itA~B<JElrr*••· -I~~#*•·~~~tr$~9~$~~~--$~*.~#~~~~§tr$00~ffl~~-~o$~OO• ~~•§tr$ilitrA0£oo~•m~A•~~~*•goo~~ffi.-•*•·~#~~~~~~•oo.~~ ~-#fl!'~OOrt~. g~oort~/J~~Si~HEmJtiili1rOO 18 :jj I;J,1:$f$A~3f$A1Ht~, ,R~~fHJl!YE, §fr*~m~*~~~~oo.s~reA0£~~~*•$m••oom~~mwAn*~*w~&&~•g r=P OO~i!f*(ifil1f ~ kEl'.9:~ --t-3f :f!L~$00A 1Jf$f § tr$00A:tlJE). :llri*~fHt1/:, 18~40 :J; 003f $Amt~ i&~$i'~1T$. w~~~tJa~n•$. 7±~#t1rm.-v. $i'$Am~~g;a1u/J·~*oo•:1:~::k:l:l11\X&. I --- 2. 3. 1 1950-1990 ~ ~ fi'.$.il&~ 50~~®60~~~-~~~*•~~oo. *••oom~~~•~&•*~· w~~~• ~. ~moo~••~~*••mxre. a1o~~~M.m•~oo~~•m~A•~~••·~·~~d~affl~•.m~~*~ :il~&OOJ!i5l~¥u•*•$OOA1fJOOxM=. to5.9iX1 1J,~$OO~B~JJUo•fl§0~~-d~iiit OOi!B. a~mi=r 1 L." W$:I:m7f~ai&:m, ~---tzvff !R tlll.Yl T c---t ~ !Rt.~tRXifzvq'f~tt5t. w M~~$-N.~AAOO§ff$a•~-~~filM$AOO~~.~T~fil~-A.7f~W@GJ! §ff*~mm®~~•*Aa+~•ooo~~.WX1§H*~mooa~•mR-®.i:ti*am •~1Bf~~i!i, m:I:-tE.1Jam. m~•u~~m:lif!!*•~ § q'f*OOftm. *~'-la 1915 ~. a~z (Hague) ~o;,w$~ (Tilburg) im-i'~mi:ti, :itH'f T•Jffe::l:OO § H$~mm•oo~!M!. iffiiOO~* £~-m•~-~~M. m~~mm. ~~~§ff*~moomr. 8o~~••~A~~.~-~~~~~~~~-.~~-~~~m•oo•~.~~~~~ B1r~*•·*~•~m~*~mm®§ff*~mm. *~~mtt1R~ooff•:11~~00m1 1J"at). AffJ~•iAi9'¥U~~~~~&~o;f±~ffl~PJ~·t100£•. 1J"A$~~£A1i'J~B:OOi:ti1L.'. X1§H*•*oo~~. ~•~•Am~ma~mm•~~•OO§H*•~.amttAo~ 1982-1987 ~-~T ,@{,X1ff~OO.:=: 90, 000 A001~$::R~ (Delft) :itH'f T*~J\l·OO~~. ~ma •~m•=~mm•,~iRm•,®m~oooom•.~~*£~•00= ailiM. ~~~•oo• ~-·T§ff$00~ffl$®M$AOO~~$: X1~AA. §ff$~fflOO**R~T~BOO•-~ &.~-~~B*~*·M~M§ff$00~B$~~~-~.ili~~®£mA•~~B*OO~ ~ [7] 0 2. 3. 2 1950-1990 ~i!lilllii~ilii 1950-1990 ~. lllB~m~~N, 12, ooo 0£~&¥U 103, ooo 0£, ~-1f0010Jld!R001t*~ ~; m~-$7t:1Hm~T iw:~m~. 1950-1990 ~. iWJ:ifil0~J-A 120 0!lU~-tfj1J 2, 000 0!tt. ~&m•~oo*~~~. w~•~*m•mM1--t~~~2, 3d4--t.~•m~~oo~n3 :l:B***·ili§l~O~~~.wm~••*•P•.~~00-~tll~a~•~*atOO.~~ £a(i:IJJ!0~~10:1JJXrtr~~If**)tt. (~{u.: km) 1978 1985 1992 1994 §qj'$~ffl~(bicycle tracks) ~m 2, 120 4, 140 5,500 5,920 3;il'1 6,540 9,280 11, 110 11, 550 § H$m (bicycle lanes) ~m 480 880 1, 310 - 3;il'1 140 180 260 - §M 1978~~*· §ff$~ffl~~~O§ff*m*~~Ttltit•mlC9i!.~8)o i:p*am¥H-OO~ 0~tJt1BtJ!~§ff*~•· 1915-1985 ~. ~•amtE.~•Tx-t§ff**•~oo*riMm•. ~ ~n:1:-tE.m~T §ff*m•:1:ooiE.m1J~*· ~jj1J£aJtd1R~. 1918-1992 ~. 1~H'f*m•dfa: A • G •.:/I$£, C • J • ffR!JJ/Pi, D • M • itf!/ifjf!/if 111 ±il!:lt*, MiiiT 18, ooo 0!L :;tt:i:p 63%::(£~r!J~pj(;!R~~ro !iTIIPJ, .~,1¥J~~*It:lt1Jo7 10%, zjU 105, ooo 011L ~J!0~:1t* 28%, Mitt 2, 100 0£o 1o~tt9=1M~*· §ff$~m~m&•1¥Jm~~R:t£§1T*•~noo~r~3••1¥J~ fflo AffJtt~T §ff$, E§:lgftf?.ff]::ffflf!~A)IPJfa]fil~, ~1\tjUbt:t£~#$!iiJJir~~~__t1r#f£~ ~To 2. 3. 3 90 ~f-t~3liliES!:* w~-m~r200-~.~~.3(m1¥J••:t£tt~~~~~-~:t£~-~~o~~~~ft, ••1¥J§~fil~£-~B~i¥1W*~1P~~~i¥JW*,~:t±~M*M~m~~3±~~-~ *oM~w~tt~~~--n~::fWaCw~£~±~§rnr!J~~moo•>· mmm§~~ff~ 1~WJ£:=j~~~ffli¥J-zv § 70 ~1~9=1~A~*· A fi'J*OftBffJ1¥J•ra1~~~-3f~ftJlM=i!-R:o B 0 ~Pm1¥J2~~~.*~~.±~~~.~1P1¥J~ili.~~~~.3(m•~~~1¥JmL.~~ mqi,L.,PJQs:·iii¥JrlH.&•nf!iJ~ftAffJ-Jlt~~iJUU$·t~!16,~.Wi&~, f!L!zofPJ*iE~~i,Q!p£--t-W• ff~ i•Ht 1¥JiJU.21 o •m~•~~mm•.m~~m1¥J~M:lg§~~~T--t-~1¥J••o:;tt:i:f~~~*~ffl£ :;tt:i:f*••l¥1$*, §1¥J£Sre~A.~~*3(m~~:lg0~3(m~§ff$3(moi!-t-••~~ ::(£ "~={'jz3(m~f1J~Jil:l(.IJ (the Second Transport Structure Plan) " 9=1, *)Cftj:1g !l!!J 7 JU 2010 ~1¥J3(m••· :Jt:r 1990 ~~~oo~mft, ±•-E1:ti!i~r ~-t-i!IJG~§1~= • •~m:~:tc~l~It. 2010 ~1¥J3(mJEL:Jd&Jt 1986 ~~& 50%, ~mA~~fi£ 40%; • 1J. ~$.~.ff~$0£~bt 1986 ~::f1~~r 35%(~31PJ~M:l!ltTJJHt 2010 ~~bt 1986 ~ !~* 70%) 0 3(m•• i:r • • • 1¥1 l!1 ~ = • ~~~~*o-E1m~•~*~~~~.mtt±~~ffl*~~~~~*~~i¥J~m&•~M ~~~m~$~M~M~§~~~!Ro • ~~-~-*omt.t:£•m1P~~m.I~.~-~#mm~1¥J~~~~1¥Jm•o • m#t~:ii\;1-¥1¥JPJz·ii-Cselective accessibility) o ::f-~iJ:?Jr~i¥J3(mnAW~~7E~:i!A ?fi ~ 1¥1 ±il! n 0 • mrtt•~~$1¥J3(mIA.:t£gili3(m~oo.mrmff*.0~3(m~~A~*~~*o :lg7~~~-t-3(m••1¥J§~.:;tt:i:f-E1m~~§ff$1¥J••oi:r~•m*~Tr~•~~ m~~~~~m•o~.~1P•m~~~±•mff,i:p~·m:t£~ii~9=1R~·~~ffloM~. me¥~. ~-~~•tt*, m#tM•~M=~~-~$&1T••w~oo1¥J•~· 2. 3. 4 90 ~H:~ ~ fr*iES!:* w~i¥1 §1r$£A:~PJ:lg,1¥J, § 1T$bt~*£~~~.H:Re:~ iliff. 1J\~*iliff9:1 ~:P- 40%/F Mitt 5 0£, 55%/FMi:tt 1 0£, mL§.A:$*1¥lili1r:t£~pj(;!R~. * 11\~*ili1ri¥1A*~:;tt:i:p 1/4 1¥JiliffPJrn~§1r$1~9. ~~ 1/4 1¥JilifffilPJ~§1r$, R£~~::fntfo Jis:mt£i#.~ -~~r!J£, 5~1¥J~~$ili1TPJrn§ff$tt9o ~§ff**ttV§ftrn~~*m*m1¥JiliffB~B~~rm:-zv1¥Jm~.m~•~*~~ 1¥1 §1T$m:=ti::~••· rOOiatJ!GI-~~. 1963~1913 ~w~ §1T$ili1Tr~7--$, :tzo5'!Jis:l~'tR I -- ~N~~~.-~~m•~*·•*~~0~~*Wff00••~**1om•~~~*Wff~m ttw%.0~~-~~~oo•&**m•oo~•JL~~~~ffi~oo. ~~*~moo**~~~ /F%~~*1t~#JOO, -t!?.~/F$mW!J\1.00. 4 :;lgTi{~ gHf$tE~BJJ&•i:rOO:l:t!!ffl, 1990 ~{ijf~~BW (the Ministry of Transport) ~~T-1-~§Ifl=m, ~~nM•mreff*OO~m. ~at•~•eff*OO*±tt~ma. 19~~«~BMT-~~~(§ff$•·•~»OOJJ&•~~~.~1-~#re~~If1=m~oo~ ~~*~:Jgftnr JL1- § 1i-= • 2010 ~. §ff$W1r A0~rt 1986 ~~w 30%; • l:&J!§ff$*00~~-00•JE-~, 2010 ~j($W1rOOA0~•rt 1990 ~*110 15%; • 2010 ~. ~••Mti:rM §1r$OO~t::A•rt 1986 ~~& 50%, ~115.A•~& 40%. §ff$~~-~~§If1=m~a§ff$JJ&•£~BJJ&•/F%.d>OO-W*· :;lgT*~•§ ff*~m~•~~*±tt. mm~meff*~••oo.m~~-~oo~/F•OO.:JgT~m~@ § 1ff-, 16,~9! B5e~11if ~,tr], oo~BJE*6tr~~, ~£ -1-1lt:k 001JEi!il4. ~ -zvmt£tE•m ~R.•m j!- ~mm :l:t!!~~ oo oomm~nfl= w~~; -r-zv•£~WatOO~:l:t!!~OO/F~. *~•®~·~~ tEtt~~#rftW~ffl~®ffl:i:t!!~00.~~00*~£/F~~R~~~$~B. §ff$~B-0 ~~B. ®~re*#~-~~-~~*~~. ~M•JE~B. ~~il5tl~$~BOOJJ&•i:r-1-1~m•oo~~~f~$JJ&•, 1990 ~IV-*· f~$L&~~:M!iti~. ~MtE•mi:r 1 1)!ROOj!-~. w*L&~**1~·1*. ~att£'7g•7fWtT::km~oo 1J'¥9:*~1'f1R, ~ -1-1J\¥9:$~1'f f<S-1±1R-t!?.7f~fl~Jjffi. §ff$a•~~OO·~~~~-·£*/F7f00, ~Wffili~•IV-R.•~~fil00~~~~£ 16,•oo. :JgT~!J\1.§;J:ff-, f1=:Jg~B$,tr},00~BJJ&•OO--tfl)*, §ff$,~,~~J\\~1JifF~Jl§ 1990 ~~*m1201-*~~§.¥~m~~-~~~I~•~TMJJ&~~~~~mr.~@I~~ -~R.12!11-1'f~®!~: • Nd'\$~1J § W$1¥J~~: • M§1r$AOO*±: • M¥9:$~0~~-~§ff$~JEOO~B~~~~: ·• §1r$OOw$~JJffi*oiw~. 4 -~~ffl§H$~~~~-~m1Tl¥1~*ft•§~~~-= • §1T$;ii/.ltR. ::ft;ttRo:tt:lfiXm9:i. §H$*1!liiE~tt 5-7 0!!!mll r*l tt 1N~*~0:ttxJmt~. • * § 1T$~ BtPJ ~JJJ!{jH1 tiJ fl l¥J ~IHL 13. PT 12UEili Bt i'BJ. • § 1r$iE1r~f~!Dl:Bt$~~fBJ1J,,*~1Jffix-t~*rm §. -4} 3. 5 *!tl¥1Jmmfli~_t'& 1J,at1¥JxJ1:1: 2, ooo m11'~*· m § H$1¥JJmrt:i:!P:JiH'~*l¥1 4-7 ff§; i m1J'~*w*m±m~gwJD1: s-12 m §fl$ • • §1T$Ro-#~~XJIIA.~~~~.-~~2~~~w~m. • §1r*~~xJmJJ~ffix-tttX&. • M§1T$X>ttl~~~A**W~ttX@~. Nmm~-~~1¥J§1T$'.'.ltil~&~*· PJ~~~~~*M 1¥1~§: $~~~*~•1¥JNm. xJm~~~~~~~.:ttm~§1T$4ltH~-~*0mmm1¥Jma 0:ttNm~i::~&. 1>Ui11J,~$1¥J 1120. • 9§1T$~f••~~~.~~·~·•§H$~f~~•m•~,·~~•&rI. A • G •-=#/ft£, C • J • J6JJJJP;, 0 • N • it/#Jr# 173 ~#~•oo~~-~~~mA£~§I~moo-~m•ff*, ~#oom~£~~~-~~ ~OO§ff*3tmR•.~#ooma£~.um~0~3tm0~. &§m~~oo0~.~•~• 00 m~JH'O~ft!?.tJl.:MJ. 2. 4 ~it M~~oooo•~· mttmffl~003tm*~*fi,m~~MW~rOOJL~M~. ~®M~± -~,&~r JL~1JOOOOt!Et**= • §ff*1!ffl; • 2i'SJM:MJ; • 3tml!&•. 2. 4. 1 ~ fr$1fm ~-ffl~1-\:***·fil§ff*oo~m&~•&.~~a•m~. §ff*att~oo~o~~a 3tm1Jst:MJPX;~ r!=i" 27%--29%, ::k~UmOO §1-f*Wffr!=i" 30o/o-40%, ~~11*~::k~'-J 50%00;;fs:t-t!H:IHJ' :Ji!:fjj§qj'*· §qj'*ffl-t-•••OOWff§OO: _trm(26%), WJ!im(32%). t±3t*O~R*(24%). ffl ~ §ff*JifimH§U001'Fm±•£El3-T:tE1-\:*:&M~Btr. A1i'Jmt::kii1!ffl §ff*tlHJ'. fi:U~1t!?.~¥fli Umffi~, ~~fil~::k~~oo. ~-~~n~•~noo0~3tmRgTm~oo~m. ~rg§qJ'*affl~:&m!tX~f, f_§_:::f•;E;1eia 1960-19so ~rSJ, §ff*1~::kl'IUt_tsiJ:1ft-t- 1-\:*. a!tXmoo-m~oo~. 1-\:*oown~•~~~r!=l~±~~~. ~#~~£~••M:MJ. Um~m.~~~*Ilit~±~*~~tl~:&M*:::fHOO. 2. 4. 2 ~fBJ~Mi!l ~TBtrOO•litOOJL~*' 200M:MJ&£§ff*:&MOO-~m·~-. ~~,ffl~§ff*~ m~m:::f~~•~m200M:MJOO~~*M~.ffl~§ff*OO~maum~~~~oo~m::k:::ffi:U, ~~l>M;lt1t!?.~1i;HI!!~, :tzo~OOOO~t~mf-00(;~~¥!1tJ+I (Nordrhein - Westphalia) *Offi~$m t-1!!~, t!Ht&~1~::kOO~g1J. mBM, 2~M:MJ~§ff*~ffl**•*· oo•~~m~. ~ADWN.AD~~*~a *•~•!tX~ooum.~®~•~ffl~PX;T-~§ff*oo•.~~ooffi~, ~~um, m•oo AD~::kii00iliff~1-\:$W~iiffi~~. ffl~-~1J0~001-\:*W~ii~-T~OO. ~AD 002i'SJWN*X~rm1f 1J'R*1ffflµX;liJ IP.JM~, §11'*·~~~.&51JJ ~j[ffl~oow 0 n~~~*Xm, MPX;Tro%00iliff~-T7.50~00Wff~fil.~:::f~~li1ffl~oo•~· &~~ ~~um~.Um~*~~~WWOO**· 2. 4. 3 .ii&~ -JN:rm§, Af1TPJ~iA:lgEl3-f-2i'SJWN~*om §qj'*001t~1.\ffl~, ffl~?t1E §ff*f'F:lgM *3tm~&OOb¥!.mMso~R~,ffl~mt1E§ff*~/'gM*3tm~•oom•.;tt~~~~~ ~]Jf-,&. -----i- • a3C:m••~· ~*re§rr*~~£-#3C:DIA. ~~~~~~oo~~~£c~~. fil!1*. I*HM o • ft~3C:m••00-1-1f;fJU!l.JJ)(;$?to ~Tft§1'f$£1fJ!,&51h. m#!;~f00~1itll~~£ ~•oo.~m•~"~~~3C:mn~**ffimoo••~m~o~Ta•M*AamM ..t.OO~~tt.~*m•~mZ;:1J3C:D**~•oom~.#amM..t.~~#3C:Dn~?t*o §1T$3C:D*~£~~oo.m~£~mZ;:tJ3C:DOO~W. ~wm•~~o • §1T$~~~3C:Dn~OO~~~&. ~$1f£W~oma~mZ;:tJ~3C:DOO~~~. ~ moo~£9§1T$00Ao §1T$~W@~~~~~. ~~£amZ;:tJ$-~tt~"o • JAJ3-noo~. M$Afil£~£~¥umwoo. ~~AffJ.XW?tB:~n~~~aflA 1J\ ~$..t.oR1fa•m~~~~aaoo~~"· §1T$~0~3C:m~~~ffi~••oo~ mo•m~§1T$00~~. ~*m•~n•m~*~•moo•~o ~-W?t~-~~00§1T$a3C:m~m~oo~~~--t-•~o~*rn•tt~§1T$~ffla ~OOOO~Mffi~: ~·tt~§1T$~ffl00~~~£o~-$?t~~~-T-~$~fil~-tr-T 1995 ~ 4 ~g!J.gJHr~~~lilfr~~IJ-M, JJ)(;~ • ..t.~. VfWff, ~t~"OOE:P~fllJiJT~:H~OO'&"f'f4o ~gtt~~**~00§1T$3C:D••1f*OO~&oMg, ~_t--~~~§1T$W~ffi~. h\ 11-t-noo ft--t-rn•~it 0 3. 1 ~OO~fr*ilfflJJJ5e. §1T$ft~3C:DIAfr~00B1f 100 ~oom~. 1949 ~~$A~~fll00JJ)(;:fl!2J.*, 00*3C: ···---~~tr~M§ff$, ~-~~~~-o~-t-••m~•mOOI'&"f~~A-•.F ftr~ifiUmZ;:tJ*1m1fOO••ffi*o J3)7!-, •mrem~I ftfom11~11~aPJM$OOmll ~ (g'-J 5 01l.) . fil£-~2-o ~~~~~ . .X•~ffl0~~$. §1T$~ffltt&.W~1f&$?t~«~~ ~ffl~$o §1T$~fflOO.X•**£ft70~~*-~0000~vr~¥~m~~A**!2J.go ~~£M~~. §1T$tm1f••~tt**·~£rn-T~vr~•**OO~*oW~•m~§ 1T$OO••mtt~.&51Ao ~tl:tio-®~m3C:m~'HHtlJ~-T~ffl0~~*f;!ffl, :tio•fmffJM$..t.~ lJI, PJ!2J.re~~t&ffl-T§ff$00~1Fo §1f$ft~mll.**M·I*, 1982 ~:1hCi00§1T$~. ~%a~-mm. ~m~~~•3A~1M§1T$0 1~0~**~•2A1M§ff$, 11~•-t JJ)(;A1f 1•§rr$. 7':$~m~ffl§rr$..t.~mo rn-T~~oo~m~•m••·•-t-~m§rr $1m1ftf\:ts?.fil~~ffi~o IJ-M, !HDOO §1T$1m1f$h\ 1971~0017%it*¥1J 1991 ~00 78%(W ~~ff-ftffl00§1T$•sA1f53M): ..t.~. 1980-1990~ffi15%it*¥IJ55%: ~t~. 1993~§ 1f$1m1f$~ 70%, 1980-1993 ~. §1T$OO~•JJ- 290 7JM1t*¥1J 740 JJMo m~m~~OO~ 0000 §1T$1m1f$~ 37%, 1985-1993 ~ §ff$,~,~n7-:;:, J,A 2. 25 flMit*¥1J 4. 5 flMo §1T$1:.Fh\ 1949 ~00 31-)*, ,~,~F-~ 1. 4 7JM, **¥ti 1983 ~00 1151-r*~ f'=• 3, ooo JJMo 1988 ~Jl?Htt 4, 100 7JM, ~ 00 § tr$~~00JJ)(;ff!1f 3801-r*&~pjC.fttr*· 1f 10 *0i'IJ~1:.F~~hil?Htt 100 JJ•. 1f 3 *0i'IJ~~F~~hil?Htt 300 JJMo 1989 ~. *00 ili.XOO § 1r$1:.F11?:~-x?* § 11'$~111. ~1:.F~~jJjtjlj 610 JJM 0 ~ 00§1r$I~m•:it ¥1JOO~ff-;f'ff-ft, :i!filft~OO §1f$tf:! i:::i•rn 1990 ~00 370 7JM1t*¥1J 1994 ~00 1, 050 JJMo ;t~ A • G • Efjfj\£, C • J • JfiJJ}Jl/i, D • M • itf#!Af# 175 liFifiimf:I:, 1 m§ 1f$~ffljg 200~400 7CA~ ffi (~"J 35~70 ~jC)' ~iliITT~-1- YHl"Ji[Jj(, m~ffl~~~Jg~B.~~~.X1*W*A*~·~~$ITTffl~~~&ttT~~~tthC~~$ ~ffljg 8~20 7J7CA~ffi). tt~-@~~. §1f*~*W*~OOA~~~ili1ftth*~m~. m$~~-ITTili1f&~ ~-; g~ili·~~~~-~~-~~- ft Jg §1f$iffl~*af.f:ffl**ITT~:!l. 80 ~1~ITT § 1f$ili1f ~JiJT~3C:JJ11f:r\ITTbtf7tl**1~ ~.~mtt~~0~3C:JJl~BM*ITT,@m•~~#·~~~~.~jg$~ITTITTM~~~m*· 3. 2 sfiJ~fi$1:fi!H~fil ~00§W3C:JJt*mITT~~~&§1f$fr~~ITT~ffl. ~*Am•m~~ITT~OO*Wffl, ~ ~&~Jg{fjk:zmbtITT~li- Ji?t,~a.!lt. ~.!I!ftffJ&~m~~mJC:m*mft-®IE:l:*:tJT, ?t,J§X>J ~~3C:m*m~ITT~~~~~ITT$1-1fOOill1f-®!EttITT~·ttITTWffl. 3. 2. 1 ~fi-:$~~111r3'.l~nP::tt!r.X: ~ 00 101-*~ITTITT § 1f$&~fm3C:JJ11f:r\:ti;J~'t'l'f~Jl:7& 9 '~~li*~T~ITTITT 0-D ~~ 0 ~~-1-m~ITT~~~W•ITT. ~jg~®•liR~~ITTfr~~~~~ITT-1-•~~~.H•li &~~~~~.mmtt~®•mm~•ili~OO~ITTJC:JJt~ITT~~= *W*~ITTITT§1f$ili1f& tt-'¥-. zv:1r~fr~=1fr. ~ITT ~fil 0~3(jjl El 1f * (-'f-:f)J ili 1f j§:.) ZV:1f *lA~$ ~fm ~t:fj'( 1986 24 54(5.2) 14 4 4 ...ti'HJ 1986 36 24 (4, 0) 36 2 1 ~¥$ 1990 8 75 (3. 7) 11 4 2 r-1+1 1992 22 34(3. 8) 31 - 1 ~~HI 1987 3 63 (2. 5) 33 - 2 tt~s 1985 10 59 (3. 4) 29 - 2 jJC)l[f)i 1987 22 25 (4. 6) 40 - 13 mt~ 1987 6 55 (3. 4) 36 - 3 lit¥X 1987 20 35 (3. 8) 37 - 7 ,f,fiJi'I 1986 13 56 (3. 4) 28 - 3 El 1f $ITT) ¥.Z. ~ffl mffl ~ -'f-:f)J ili 1f RE: ~ *M ~ , 1o 1-.:E ~~ITT ITT El 1f$-'f-:f)J ili 1fRE:• fr 2. 5~5. 2 0.!I!. -'f-:f)Jjg 3. 9 0.!I! cw~ 1991~1993 ~jg 3. 6 0.!I!) m-t--J1N~ITT, fr~1-RE:~ 0 l*J, ~fm3C:JJII.Jl.fr~lt...t1~xll:ij§1f$}t~. :7&10~F~~iJUih, 1J\T-50.!I!ffi~l*J, El1f $1JtT-0~JC:JJI, fr 5~10 0.!I!ffi~l*J, i;1JH!f11f:r\ili1f~fSJ&~1J~r~o :7&1o~tt~~ff§1f$~~~$M.~~~M.N*0~~$~~~~~ZV:1f~$M~~ 1~$~f§) fr 8~10 0_!!!ffi~ i*J' 0~~$~:1:-fu~l:ij §1f$lf*fflfilm~~~"J~f§) o -@~if K ] 15 *· Afi'J'Tl!ff §1f$, 0 ~:!*~~. ~a:!l¥1J0~3C:JJl$fii1iITTRE:•*T- 400 ~l!ZV:ff. fr~tJ¥-, 1990 ~. ~"J 30%ITT:l:-fu~*~ff El1f$*11:1:-fu~M. ~®•MB~T-~-~ITTM~: ~@re0~~m~§fi$~~ffili~$ITT~W~A*X1 *·~~m~••~ITT~&.@~m-~*~~Mre~#~W~Amfim*. ~~~••ITT~ *· (~ifl: min) tl:l ff~ A\ tl:l ff Jlg fl'l 2km 4km 6km 8km lOkm §1r$C7Ctt*) 11. 0 21. 0 31. 0 41. 0 51. 0 0~f\:$ Cxtt*) 16.5 24. 0(21) 32. 5(34) 40. 0(34) 48. 0(40) 0~f\:$ (-i,Xtt*) 20.0 27. 5(24) 36. 6(32) 43. 5(37) 51. 5(44) ±-l!!!tJ( C7Ctt*) 31. 0(22) 34. 0(25) 37. 0(28) 40.0(31) 43. 0(34) ±-l!!!tJ( (-i,Xtt*) 39. 0(30) 42. 0(33) 40. 0(36) 48. 0(39) ~#m~~AITT~-~: §ff$~~ffl~Lrm.~~M§ff$W~&~~A.~~tl:lff ~-&~m. ~oo~m~filITT~~~~~~~~~re§ff*~~g~IA.m~•~&~~~ fflA)J-=:::.$2-~1&$. 3. 2. 2 3lim*;1Ca{]J.Efi· C3lJi!;911Ja{]~:W:) *~~~~-A·G· ~~*-~71~5~4Hfil~Wffm~ITT~OO~m~Wfi~~ ~. ~-711+1, J3JGW, L;4lj:, vr1¥Jtll~t;?-. mttxt~®~m~W~(JLITT~J\\•. ~.&_!j~W-1? *M~. %J3JGTX1~00~m~WITT¥*~-.7C~~®~-~~m•.@•~-~T-~X1~ OO~m~m~~~ITT5'r00AITT7@-¥!. 3. 2; 3 ,\t,'f*fP~ W$~~M~OOITT*OOA=Wfr~~§fi$~~ft~OO~m~~~~~~. w•~§ff** JiJl!l'~ftffl ITTW~ A. __l:jftl?,1i']M'~IPJ~J\\2 m~•ITT 5 ~~ITT ITT'~' E'.P-~: l'Jt~$jf~ft-:l:L 0 s~~~~. @ftmMITT~ffl~m-~OO%~LS~~~~. ~~~·~®~ITTtl:lfi:I:, §fi$-~ft-®mMLS~~~~.~m·~~W~ITT§ff *· ~mg~~-~ITT§ff$SfflTffi~*-W%ITT~~~mw:1:. Jtm~Tm~*ITT·~· ft-®Wm, §ff$Sffl*W*~~~OOW$. ~mAffm. $~. ~mmm~H. *:l:ITT§ff*~~J3JGm~*~nmm.~m0~~•mmITT~~~ -.~mm~T~n,~~m~~M•**•m~*~B.W$mML. ~,m~nm~** •· %J3JG§ff$m.~~-@mn~Aff~m-1?-n~§ff*~ffAm.a~ITTM(}Lr.~•tt am~n~JrITTm~Lm~l'Jt~*•~j~**fl'l~n. mw~ITT~27@-, ~OOITT~m~BB~~~~~~~.~--ITTm~~.&a~oo~~OOL ITT%••~~*~: ~w~~-~~.m~tt~m&.Mw~~. ~m~••~a~oo~~~ -~~~fflG·ITT~tt.rOO~xt~•ttITT-®~mITTW~~~. A • G • ::fi.{j\§!E, C • J • 16~/l!f, D • M • itf!f.fjft.f 177 3. 2. 4 J£m JA m JJX;~IH~~--t-$~¥PJ tit:Ef~l¥J"tl~, 9=1 ''~"~tt~-=r~ 35-40 *'it 1¥J:tftMM¥1JJtW3~:Ef~ •· •~%~~-~~~~.~nr~m®PF~~~.~~•1¥J3tDftn®$••~~*· n• tEJ1~1*JiWd~3tD~D. ±:-=t=-m__t~~Jt1¥J;fJLZ9J$J!!, W319!tl~~1o/JJJUilh•l¥J 5-6 *1tl¥J El ff$ m: {j(-=fJ!!I.;fJLZ9JtO~~mZ9J$¥iff, El q-y$~B:l:l!!.$:bff1Jt, fil~ d>:S:l¥JtJLZ9J$3tD. :k:S:1¥J §ff$3tD. ~&M§ff$A®•$A1¥J••tt%JJX;T7Cm~1¥Jffi#~m~~l¥J3tD~.±:~ 3tXPz001¥J~~mZ9J$m&.~~mn~•~~**~*Amtt1R.ti:~~1¥Jmtt1RmMI.. ~~d>:S:l¥J;fJLZ9J$&m~M§ff$®~ff. 3. 2. 5 1#1 rffl~m•~· •~•m®~mm•••~:k.~ftmZ9J*W~*~~~*·~nr3tn~ m~•1¥J•:kW:S:~~s•m~T.~nrMmm••K.mJJX;~~ilinm•1¥J*~· £~0~ 3tD(~f80~~$, ilifJl$, ~$t07Jci~(Wi~)) 1¥J1tffHttrrz, f.§J~~-$:5t A1E't1i'Ht:lv ~ 5i)( l¥J ili ff I Jl • 3. 2. 6 _t;tj m•±-=rm~~·l¥J§1T$J!!,~r:p-®J!!MR~t£-~~OOl*JftWmZ9J$Dtt.~~~ rlJ9=111)1¥J:l:-t!!!R. 1T$•1l~~1t{I<\;, ±:~~:lv3tDl;J.l:J.'((§jt01!f:i1!7~:ct3*~~*': J3:®:1:-t!!!Rtfl.Z0 *~ §q-r*11:M-r. m~rBJ~!! 1J', m~~toJd-rm~~-m-~. I.;4lf1¥J3tDftnt&~t-. ma1txD1T7v *£•~x••~~oo~~JJX;~.J3:~B~*T3tDftBm•1¥J~*·~~~~. __t;4lf1¥J~D ~~~~B~~rffl~f¥.0~3tD~f80~~$,~E®~$)tE3*~W•~l¥JWJ!!I.1T~ ~®~M. J3:B-it~l1~*1¥J0~~Dl¥J-itffl~~. 3. 2. 7 rn:Wi mm~~m~m**®·~-~~~.tt~BH~~M~ffl:l:l!!.H~l¥J~!R. ~~•ttl¥JX {IB~rntt$X. 3tD~Jf~7L(. 1;(~3t-~9=1tE~rntllAPtO)'~m:1:-t!!1R. {!!tE~rn9=1 1 Li'!R~ll:D q-y. B•JJX; l¥J Pf~~ ffl *iElittt 9=1 1 L.' !R l¥J 1;( ~3tD. tJLZ9J $ i~IHJLH $ ~ bt$X ••, {!!X>J M§ ff$ A ~&~~.~fil~~~~~mJJX;~~1¥J~w•~9=1w-m-R~mmZ9J*~m1¥J~*·tE9o$n~ ft,ij, §1T$tErn9=1'Li'!R1¥J7Cf¥W:tftH~f:lpX;]vfPJM, mJJX;TX>J~Dtitfllff Al¥J~~,P!jt. 1994 $115tl;E TF~1¥J1~$ll&W:. §frrtE~rn9=1 1 L.'!R&XJ1fJll~'itT 3201'-J=l'HJ11H~ll~*l¥J l~Hf$1~$~; t£-®:f:l!!.IR~~$W$XH~JJX;:lv~B. 3. 2. 8 :It* m~~~;fJLZ9J$3tDtE~-~!Rl¥J~B**· ~rnl¥J$$J!l:PFM~~T$X~l¥J~ffl. ±:-=r J!!W319!tl~ 5-10 *1tl¥J §ff$J!!, f~jj(filftif03t${tffl. DttJ1~$X*m•MEi1T$t£J!!MI.~·· %JJX;TJ3:~1¥J~•= ~1'-~-ffl~l¥J,~$m ~•~*~1¥J~nr.~~#re3tnm~~£~®.~rnPFM7vmZ9J*~~T$X(§j1¥JmJttt®~ :1:-t!!1RzrBJ1¥Jlf**· ~111Jti:~nr9=1 1 L.,1¥J3*~1!im__t, 0~~*1¥J•J.t•:k:S:1¥J Ei ff$JlJTlll[#Jtl. :Jt ~~(§j-~, 0~~$W3·~~§1f$, 0~~$tE$~W$~XmJJX;M§ff$A1¥JM~. 9=1 1 L.'!R~~ ~-3=:1'BJ*~:'i:1o/JB1%•, Affi!!fil:k:ltffl-TW:tft El ff$. :J5--t-'JIAB: § 1¥.Jt~ ,B~ §q-T$t110~R*~TffiE.f~7t1¥J1tm. £~tEif$tFf~rrt:1fJffiE.~m. ti:~rlJ)7rflif$0 r· x$Mfflili, ~~§ff*W*~•·~*•*~~m•#flAW~. ~®~•~m~m~. MfflGT7t~l'n §1r$!j0~xiil'nIEt*1**, #t!WJE T:lflXm7'r~jtl*'~'IKl'niE:ii~fi!ixiiJf*· * 3. 3 §liiJ(l{J~fi·tj::fCJ~ :tE~•:1tJ.JfaJiitt:A:l:B"JJ:E:1:~m, :x.m•fox~. ili-tJJ~jtl~~ JL-ti!&W:fPJDm351~tt~= • PT:it·li, 9,l(;X>J- ~;i:ip 1r#f $m:1~HrJ1!~2 raJ l'n *re: • W$, 9J(;X>J-~#W~$mmff0~2~1'n*WC: • ~~tt.X>J-&~~#xiih:r\En~~tt. ~®i!&W:fiiJDX>J- § 1T$1'n**l'nff ffl~~1t£Jf, f.El.X::f£$~'1!B"J § 1T$fiiJD. :tE* 00, § 1T$i!&W:£•-txiii!&W:::fPJ*~l'n-$*· 3. 3. 1 iiJils•ti -®:lflXr!JW~1!fiUt §1r$£xii~1U1fl'n£Jf1Ifi:l!I. #$~rlHlltl §1T$:tE* 1 ~'IKEnftffl: ~--*A~A§ff$~~,a~~~~~~~EnXiihJ:\,@~-~~m.-~B"J£~~~ 1!f2~B"JA, ~AiliAA~PJ-~:A:l:~ffl§ff$, W::f~~tt~~£~~~~.M~~~tt~ pj(;*~&2~PJ~~~~•~xiih:r\6m~m&~~. ~~l'n~~:tE~:A•~*§ff$xii JiJT6B"Jbtf7tl£~PJff9,l(;~'Jjf? m~ IP]_tj4lJ (£'-J 24%HOl1+1 (£"134%) §1T$xiibtf7tli1H1i' BiiEEIJ3 §ff$£:1JiXmxii*~*-~PJ~~l'n~~~B"Jffiffl(;$*.:tE*OO:lflXm*·~•~-~~1T~ ~l'nxii*;JE#::f-J:E~~Jf:tE 1N'\$, § 1r$fo0~xii*f1=1±1~1-¥= -;i:ifth:r\~fl~ § £Jf l'nftm. ~;i:iJtxiih:r\:tExiitj;jffl(;* B"J~1..&tt-WtlMI:lflXm::f 1PJW::f 1PJ, ~-,~£:EJJl~l'n. it~i¥11 ~Bt-®xX o l'n § 1T$xiiiiA 16, 000~20, ooo m, :tm*~@ § 1T$~tJLZ);IJ$J& f~, ~t¥~ ~~~~mm~~~.3~. ~t¥:Al'nxii:1:m0~xii~~~.~w. ~t¥:Al'nxii•£~ -®~~l'nxii•~~Wffl(;B"J, w~#•A*tt~~l'nxii•#::f~~~0~xii. w~~~ §ff$. 3. 3. 2 1~$ ~• 1m§1r*f'*R$Jf6fflA*f'*rnH9'1'n11s~1110, 1.El.£3 §1r$~ttlk:Aet, 1' $&£-~~Do:tE~•l'n5~:1JiXr!J*,W*~Dffi3~H, ~&£*OOl'n-~-~~D.@ ~•:A~MI:lflXm::flPJW::flPJ, ±~Efi:~£:lflXrtr•m~&::f1PJ. IPJet§ff*~~A*W*l'n*~ :tE~*~~*~~H. ~~fiiJD:tEit~ B~~tl:J:EJJl, ~~B"J1!fil!fi(flW$2faJ, A$f,jtl7 A1r j]!_t' ~;j'ijt:EJJl~!l~ff ::f £tlk~F• 0 :A:l:B"J § 1r$f,J])(: (fllltfl A-~) &mfflG T ffif~En fP] D' tEif~±i!i.h B~~ 6m T :A:l:2faJ. 3. 3. 3 ~ fi$:tl:~ xii~~&£-~~n.:tEm~A~*·*OO:lflXmxm~~~~::f~~-mxm•~~~l'n ~:1:£1\U'~ l'n 2~3 fir) .f£J.Mxii~ft~-:1t~£x:m~n:1:B"J:A 1J'-~~rPJD£~:tio.t1:tF£ff PJ ~Wit. -~~&l'n--t±Jf1Ifi:~&iti=£xmmm51~l'n:i!&~11£, £~1ti=~xxo1tu1u1L, 1£J.$l $A~~#fA~~l'ntt*PT~•&$m2~1'n••·~®xii1TAfrffl~A~*&#::f~§. W2~*filil'nxii~~~-&ft~~~. #~~7£Jfffffl. A • G • 1f~JE, C • J • /H.JJJl/i, D • M • ll/#Jlt# 179 arem~~m~**•oom~r.F•oo~m•~~•&.M~a~moom=*~*~~. EHf$~F~$, ±=f-i~JJ1~F:B-•1~~Jli!., ;tt.$~$~PJbtOO/it~~OO*~mffibt~fi£ 80%. _t ~OOJ!!~~~mHffl31f, ff!$~$~00~7F7K~~F~l:tili:C::k£"1~ 100"JJA-:ff1001-~iiJEt:~). re~m~~f~BV3~-F §1'J$, J-Aw~~_m~;g;'!:::fIBfHOO. \2),~~JiCOO~~JilWL 1980 ~If iC.OO~mJEt:A~lil 500 A, 1985 *o 1986 ~£1,j]g 700 A, 1989~1993 ~fr 450 )\._tr~z;iJ; !fi2.00~m~f%A~M 80 ~1~lf.M 7, 000 A~¥1J 10 ~!§00 3, 000 )\.; ~;j:J1z;fj$-:ff*OOOO~m $~M 80 ~1~lf.JtAOO 80%_t:f!-¥1J 1993 ~00 98%; $i §1T$AJiffr!:i00:9Et:~btWtlM 80 ~1~_t-¥ JtAOO 60%r~¥1J 1992 ~*o 1993 ~oo 40%\2J,r; a!f1c.oo~m•~~. $J§qf$Af1Tr!:i~f%~bt WtlMlmtt 70%T~¥1H'."J 35%. ~rma 1980~1993 ~fa], R$*1JoT 4 fir, §1T$*1JoT l ftr. ~ it;'! 1980~1993 ~§1T$U-ilH01J\R$f!ffl*:i:**· ff!~m~~~¥1Jffi§OOBJ!:~, t~§31J;'! §1T$~~- IE:tirr~trlfilf1Ti,Htoo, J3:1-)jj\:~aw~tt't:OOJ1~~ B££/it1:., w~lf.~l:AB£211ntit. 3. 4 ~i£ a*~w~oo~m*~~. ±~~~a\2J,rf11-7JOOOO**_t= • §1T$f!ffl • 3:: fa] ~;ft] • ~mil&~ ~~oo**&PJ~m-r-~~oom~oo•m. ~rm~*;'!:::fn•~oo.i3:±~;'!tt~~m)jj\: ~:::f~ C!l~~w~ 60 *o 10 ~1~~M), :)(ftJJJ~:::f~, ~§3iJ~"ffOO**'J\:::f~. fiij~;'!-1- Wz~·li1J\oo, Aolil 1,550-n, ii*oo~m-c~iiJ~WTt~ft)R-:ffn.5nA, lr*•oo,J\~m-. :tt=Jbt tfX, ~OOOOOOfQ;'!fiij~00230f{r, AD£"375f{r, lfit$8nAD*~*· -7JOO, 1~xtbtti:X~ m-~m*~\2J,R§1T$~m.m~-7Joo, &PJ\2J,~7il.m•~*~W$OO~m~mPJMw~ oo~m/it~~~¥1J*5lv11. PJ\2J,tt~¥1J, W3ooa~m- Ao* J3t_too&:1F:::f *· 3. 4. 1 ~ fi<ti::1fm ~0000§1T$00~fflftrl't:*=f-~--*~·±~;'!ffi-FAill~AOOma~§1T$~·* ~-~~am~oo*~m~. ~~*a~m~~~~~m~~~•m•. 0~~m~~~•oo ~mM*-~fiij~~mffi~, ±~OO:::f~ar~R$~M00~:1f.Mi3:-~~. ~oooom~a -J:E;f¥Jl'.J-.~fiij~ 1950 ~R$*!it~IW.07ffifbl. PJ\2J,~J:E, rn-F£2m*ott~7J0000*$1*1!J, 1N~$Jiffffd.!:!OO~m~~M=~*1Jo, fEI.~~ §1T$&PJna~m~~M=-1-ffi§*oo~m. • l±Hflll!iWi~~*)Jo, {E!{JJ~lf*:i:~lilll!ii!itl:Hf~~M=. w~ 70%00l±.\1TtVJ\-F 7. 5 01IL ~ 00 00 btWtlPJ~~1~-® C±~ l!l lil~m*o IR~:JiJUl!fX*), 1E!:::f PJ~Mi£-F 40~50%. • ~w~-~. ~OOAB~t!Jl-F$J§qf$. ~~R$~*~*~lrP215lh, 1E!AffJTfHHf $, ~ol!!;tt.~ OO~IJ~, ~oil!:tio1PJ~1ti3:f~·t~~. i3:f~:)(ftl!l~:::f@11£1i!l. ~-f~BR: § 1T$~*;'!~~itffl-F0jt~ii. il&J#OOil&~~i3:1-f~®ifJT~~}EQ¥iJ001'Pffl bt M~R$fJTM}EQ~OO~ffl~*~$. 1!17ili3:1-MB*~-Fil&J#f;IT.~000jt~moo~~Jj(~. il&J#OOil&~~F~-~. l!]Jil §1T$~0jt~mOOffili1'PfflOOfill'.~llliz*-F§1T$~1J\R$. i3:-2w~OOWtl-TJE$1Jt~, 1991 ~~1:.!R.~000jt~mil&~-@3&~1:.f!ffl0jtR$*0.'.k$ IBO ft-Nit:Jt 5: i;5Jl/fJ!Jf7$ filK~K.~~8~00~~~*£ff§ff*OO.a~OOili~~~~.~£§1T*~ffl~~~OO ~~. 0~~-*~~~~. &~~~. 3. 4. 2 ~f8] ~OO~m~m•MB~. ~~~fil~§ff*~ffl~~~00~*··~~0£00~APW& ~~*•oomm•wqr.~m*mfi*OO~m.~®~~~fil~•~~~**~•*m~•oo ~rt.. ~oo~-m•mm&**mttm~.~~~~~*~•oo±~•~· ~~m•~m~~~w *~•~~w*~~.M~~~~~.§1T*~0~~*~•~~~~-m~m*m~froo~m. ~~~~~~•· 0~~*~n£•Moo~m~rt..a-~oo~#r. 0~~-~~~m ff*~~tt~. ~ffi, ~-~WM~m~B~OO~m~mR~.~~0~~*-~ffi~~-00 mNittJIG~, 0~~-~Jf,~¥U~miffltrOO~olfij, *~~~*~1JOt0~fi4M:Ir~. ft~~'Xtiffl moo~#r. §1T*a~m~w1T~~0~~-~~tt~. 3. 4. 3 il&m ~~~*~oo~m~•~~~-. 0~~mm4~~~*~m~-~~.•~-~~•• *·®§fr*•~~~-~~~. W$A~•~*§1r*·~~~~-~. ~oo~m*~~ ~~~~-oo~m~•·*±~*~= • ~~*~~~~~~~~~OOW*~~ • ~:X:X000~~-*~1t • m1r*~-~~ ~rre•~OO§fr*~**· Tfi~00~*~-®~~00~-~mffi~OO~~OO*~-~ £~m~.am•~*D~~. Rn~wm•~~•~•.~®••~n~~~•· ~~~® ~~*DOO•M£~Jj~, ~£ttat~(if$·tliii~£§f!J~), ~£~5G~~(~tfiiiR~R-$ Jt~m), ~~-tin.lit, 'tfi'Jili1tft1fJxt§1f*~m~~$~Tfi. *~~JIG•~-®~~~-moo~~~tt~~m~•; •••frm~-m~m~rt.oo~~. ~~n~Wffi@OOfi~; -~W~§ff*ft~f!J~-~-~oo~~.~~£*~00-~. * 4. 1 ~f8]~i:lf±~1=i* ~•*moo~filW*8&~~ftt~~~oo~~~-=~~~mAPmm.AP*m.~ ~!&A, ~mIJJ.iffl~'tlf~~. Jifi~*OO-®~¥}-M~m Kro] 00~~-Mw!Ji!.* 12. fA* 12 ~~~WAP*&tn~mIJJ.iffl~·tlf~OO** (B~R¥UfJ1.Z9J*~~1fl'~l~1nfil) .a -®AP*m$5l~OO~m. Wtlftn¥ilJl*J (Hanoi)~J:¥HJffibt, §ff*iffl~ii:~~'Xtr\SJ; ftJH~-®~ m, fto:fj\ttfj]\ (Kanpur), §1T*iffl~tffixt~11L *W?t Affl~1r1~f*. £~~~-tfiiiiiE~, A • G • ~ffe!fi, C • J • /!6~11/i. D • N • ilf#Jif# 181 m~•~-~~~oom~*#.~mtt~tt~~-~~.~~~)ffim•~.fr~#M~f~ l±ltfjE~~~lio §1T$(1992) f\$ (1992) 1991 i:J=.~00-'f:if,] 1992 i¥ 1991 i:J=.A a b a b ~-m 00 ~ :i:f" ,~. -00: AD DW!l (~jG) cs:m CA/km') $9/=fA f-:lf,]ffi"*?r (~jG) $9/=fA f-:lf,]ffi"*?r (~jG) ~:ill.(Pnom Penh) 200 0. 7 16,200 156 40 16 25, 100 ¥i!J I*! (Hanoi) 200 1. 1 25,600 909 36 44 35,800 :it~ (Dhaka) 200 3.4 27,400 12 61 20 ? 1*~%0 (Kanpur) 330 2. 3 7,600 227 53 93 6,400 J:i'flJ: 370 8.4 23,500 865 60 17 34,000 WJJ.)( (Surabaya) 610 2. 7 9,300 129 138 53 24,600 lb ftl ttz. (Manila) 740 8.4 13,200 12 176 73 31,300 fr'JJ2I(Chiang Mai) 1, 580 0.2 2,300 100 178 136 19,800 31:¥€1~9! (George Town) 1,490 0.3 10, 300 528 180 221 16,000 *;},(Tokyo) 26,920 11. 9 5, 500 534 160 234 12,000 ~iiJ:!l&J:AA¥,fft (Amsterdam) 7C 0. 7 4,600 7C 7C 7C 7C ;±: a YJ 1992 $ fiJ-~fA !JIFff$fjfljJ&" b YJ 19921Ftf.lftJJf$ffl.JfJJJ-fftliJ, J!f-IILYJ~xo :;/Ji:. 12 :JLll±IL&A1.Kf*1JJ(JJiIAWlHI: (1 ~:$~~*lli) ~ffi1L~*~b~!!Jl-®fOJ®.f, -JN: ~~~*L&A*fm@~•~M~*fu~J(JJiIAC§M§1T:$)~m~~M~-fu~J(JJiI Ao lift.ftJJ~®OO*L&A*ff~, 1£Hfil1fJ:ft~-~ J=1 ~Ii'6'£rM::f~x1L ::k$7t A~~1!$*1~~ § 1'J:$o 4. 2 ifil r!J jl Im JJ~~j~ PX; Ei1T±r:fr~m)(m~~~~~~fr)(m~~~~~m~~~M~~*~~1±1*·*-13•~ T-®li~~mfr~~oo~mA. m~~m~:;/fi:.12/F~o (.!f!.f:fl: %) ~m\1±11T~~ i:pfil 03( §1T:$ iV1T ;fJLZ}/]:$ ;ttfm/a :fj\-ff~ (Kanpur) 1977 0 24 72 4 0 ;f;f:E:JJo~~(Bangalore) 1984 36 12 44 8 0 l&* (Bombay) 1981 58 11 15 9 7 JJ!i: (Bandung) 1976 ? 16 40 46/b - :f!E:JJ!Jiis: (Jakarta) 1984 25 17 23 21 14 ~*(Surabaya) 1984 13 25 20 35 7 :JJott\m~ (Kathmandu) 1987 16 8 56 14 6 l:bmifl (Manila) 1984 14 0 8 23 55 *Et (Tokyo) 1978 64 ? 21/c 15 - f±: ff!:fJI:!/Mfill:1f:It /fJJfl!##!IX~I/ImIX ffJJ&IJ" a JtltEf!J,jf§!Jlif/JJ!iE$fO!fJ!il$o b i'ftxi!RfP!J,A.!Jlif/J$o c ffeffj[J Elff$o ~®··~~-~~-Mtt~10~~~--~*~·3tB~~~ft~~Tm*~~-~® :~1lm~~ 2~~~1'PJ: M~llf:&~f:tflZ;IJ$~~nL :fm*}j( (TokyoHO!bftH.ft (Manila), ¥1J:tJLZ;JJ $1!J=lHill11!f1£~~m, :tzo:bo~~W (Kathmandu) 10:fjztf $~. ~F:tflZ;IJ3tB~•:I: (~=M § fi·±f:, - ~:ti::10~1r*) 10mZ;JJ~~~&:ff ;ic. m-~~~-m~~F:tJLZ;JJ3tBr!iffl 3 ~ rtll!. :tEJiff:ff~fjtl -=f"P, §1r$1!ffl7J<3f1J,fl:!X~-t-1W1IIHt&~"PIE~m. {E-®~m. :tzuru:bo~$ (Bangalore), ~~(Bombay), *}j(, 0~3tBdl:ff!f5t~~btf7tl. M~®~m3tB~~:i2Mf~-· (~ 13), H4~dM~~3tBIJ'U'D:ff'tM~ (~ 12) ~l:A~l±l (!zll:lj\tf$, WJ7j((Surahaya), !!;Jg1.ft, *}j(), ~~~~X1"3tB:t~~~l±l-3&~M~. -tE.~:ff ·~~$M~:ff*:l:~F:tflZ;IJ$~~rjj(:fj\tf$~W!7.K)10JtffuW31'1Hl!fi£~F:tflZ;IJ$btfjtl~~m~& m.~m~. !!;fg1.ftff!X1"!f5t*~mZ;JJ:ti::3tm~M~ftffl~A7.K3¥~3tBIAW:ff••*M~. l'PJ"m~tt•~~*}j(~0~3tmr!i:ffm*~M. 4. 3 ~ fr$~ilil&~ :tEli~*~•oo•. §1T:ti::W:tE~m3tn"Pm••~~m. ~w-n#~remr§ff:ti::~ ~--l'm~~~~~•-•~_t. :ff®M~roo••m~•~~~•m*~~-~§1T:ti::1!m ~-~. ~=M¥"iiJl*JX1°* §1'r$, )E-t (Dhaka), 1J;Jg1.ft~ft1JOJE (Jakarta) X1"*-=:.~$~1tffl. :tzu)E-t, WJJj(fo!!;Jg1.ftX1°~F:tflZ;IJ$*~ T 5Jii11itlttmH~:ic.•~· fg~~~_tA ffJ?;~~~iHHC., fJ.\ ~~*!f5t&. :tE-®srUfHOO•<:tzo~:botl), :tJLZ;JJ:ti:::tEfil:m_trt~F:tJLZ;JJ:ti::tt~ K lO], *UWT~f:&• ~*:1:~ §1T:ti::1J1mT3tnmm. §ff:ti::)t¥1Jfttt'f.±~~~:llll*tt. :tEmm:_t5ix-¥~~ K l ] . §1T:ti::~~)t~~m. ~~~~*•ffl_t~"~~~"3tm~~~~*· ~~li~OO-.A$W~:l:Btt~~·~A~m~wm*.~~M~3&!f5t~~A$1!ffl-¥. §!i'i-(Bangkok) ~-1'~Jifi%19;u~Wtl-=f. J3~!1!'Bj*:ff*:l:~3tnm~. l±l1r*~3tnm~~*~ -~~1'~"' 3&1!ffi3f-*I~1~16~"~m~£~.~~3&7Fll!~H~-~-~# -~ffim-t-Jtffu~•~F•tt~MW~Jtffuli~~m~~fil:~mwrm*.AQWJ'.l~+A*tt ~-1':1fiif, ft-1'fR¥iL {E~A~*~t±l1r{j\•ffll'PJ~'tR~r. :tE~-mmm:_t~3f:i)J 25, 000 A/-'f1J0£, ~~~iiJ-tlllJ::1JT*fftl¥J 5 fl}, xitA{f]ti;;ir, ~ § 1T$W4*0~)t;W, 1$/f'~ttj:_)t nwm.m:tm•~®3t•~~Wft~~~A:ti::. •~-~~~-~~a§!i'i--~T. MrnL 1JJ~-®~m~•Tmr §1T:ti::1tm•~· nmJ.Kfo:fj\tf$~11!-tifl¥J-WtlT- K 1 :fE:fj\ ]. tf$, ~~WJ~§1T$.~F~$~. ~®~m:tE3tmfoJE.trtu_t~JiiE11:lJB~:tzufPJft§1T:ti::fuA:ti:: :tE-m1!!~f ~JE.1r. ~•mZ;JJ:ti::3t•~**·:tEffili~•~~#3tm~~~oo•~*~~~~~3tm200~~ ~-~~.~~tt:tE-l'mmm_t,:fE•-l'm•~~~"Pl:!X:tE~m~-l'~~~oo.:tE•-#M~ r.~~~:tEm•_t~~l'PJttm~3t•~•~*~200.w~li~~-m:tE•~~~.mm*~ J\.1rm1o:ti::ffm. :tJLZ;JJ:ti::fo~F:tJLZ;JJ±f:, ,J,A:ti::100~A:ti::W:tEl'PJ-mfil~_t. 1T A:tE3*~~mfil~ _tff~rn•. ~~dlm:ti::m~ff. •~TmZ;JJ:ti::~ff~.:tE~®~m"P. §1T:ti::~mZ;JJ:ti::ffi* -~R•m&.{E*}j(, §1T$~~1!fflA1T~m. ~1!1TA~§1T$liffl•~· ~-@~-mm-®~•~~~*~§1T:ti::3tm~mZ;JJ:ti::3tm.:tEml*J, *~R•*m8m ~-~: :fE:fj\tf$,mm•~~**•~~3tm: :tEnmJ.K, :ff§ff:ti::~m~•- A • G • .:ff/i\.!£, C • J • #JBJIH, D • M • il/Af#[Af 183 &~~fr~mAOOmM~M:-m~*~·~*·~-~OO.aW$~$. ~~***~~ $m~~-~*oo•~.$m~~*OO~g±••~a~~*·#~~m~•·~~•-m~. M:f~*~a$X~JtOO*bt$X~ ffl liilOO~) 0~~*a••~m~iiil~:.fc@.:1Joo~ 11 c:tzo B*' [ ]. m*oo~m.M:~~-~~**••~mg~~mOO-'f:i5Jiliff•&.mli~~mm~~*•oo 0~~*~m~•.~~~~~Am~••ft0~~*~~~*oom.~•~~. 0~~*~ fflM Cm) ~£~~:5l:l:i!!£1l£.R~iiil-~T:tJ1.~. ~ ®~m:tzo~:ill (Ponm Penh), :!Xli~, ¥i!J f*J *0$17.k~ § 1T$W$1~HW T 0~3::fBJ K M: 1 ] , ®W$gaJJ~®11,&51Ai"TEoo~•llftili. :tzom:f:m*o**M~. ~®W$:f:m~~ AW:fll!, :tzn¥i!JP>J, ~m.a:!Xli~,ftW$I~~m~rr, oo~~~b0ffiili~§ff*W*~· W$W*~• ~~JN:WJ[ B:2fs:.:f;JJ\ltlOOW$~-·a:k$M.!JX;~$M, M:~~-f~1E§ff$ft~0~~ 1 ]. moo•!E(rA. ~~~~~oo. W$~:1Jm~•tt*W*~•· §~~~§ff$, ~•m~. ~-'f:1J*±:l:i!!~fJffjj 3-5 ~ § tf$. 4. 4 **= ~fi!i=:a~![~ *gOO §1T$~M~51Att§ 00, ~~ 1$lPX;~2l~. 1i~M:1-~§~~1~001Bt*-'UOWil:fiH~ ~.mAm~~.am~*~M~~oo•+~~±•~ffl§ff*.m~. *g~ffiT§1T*OO 2l~. ~~ffl~§ff$~0~~iiil&~OO*m~~iiil. M:&iti=A'*1fif AffJAif-jiJT:tJt~*~m_tooftUr~tt [ 1 ] [ 11 ], £~~m~M~~ilifrNe:~ m~. #~Wff~M§1T$~-ft~~m~~-. @M:-~~&WA'*1fifAffJB~~--m~ T:tJL~*a~mP>J1tmooftUr~·11. *- 141;J@T*g 1968-1988 ~~D:1J:r\1tffl_t001tft. clf!.f:v.: %) ~ffi' W1r §ir* /J\~* 0~~* 1968 42.9 8. 1 *:tE* 0 16.8 7. 0 ~- 24.8 1978 33.8 12.9 2.2 24. 1 4.0 22. 9 1988 26.8 14.8 2.8 27. 7 2.8 25. 1 aM:-~AA. Wff~~~iiil:1J:r\~B-~.£~~·m~~~~ITT~-~*~~~ffih, §ff$~ffl~~*~·*:tE*~~~**~~M9R.Wm~0~~***~~~~·*g§ 1T$1tffl±~*±•J=i=Ff §ir*~0~~iiilOO&iE. 25%00 §1T$ili1r~ft~0~~J1•!£(~J1 Kn, M:&*.~-'f:i5Jili1TNe:~mnoT. *gOOM~~~-m~. §1T$a~~~~-~&~~~-_too~~~~oo. B:2fs:OO~*~ ~B*OO~M:i~J~R:-1'-~iJll: JL+~*X>fi'J1.~ft~miOON~#~~1t~iiil£·~. £~~::fl*, ~ ~fr~mr*J, ~&~~-~~~T.1E-®li~~m~~$X. &~~B~~~TM:-~.~~ ~~-~$X•OOm~~*-'f'-, @ili1T•&~*~_t-. *gOO-'f:i5Jiliff~&~_t•~2m.m~~~m~*~150£.M:x-tm~*oo~tt~•~ 100 0£//Nt>t*i3l~1-=l~~fl£~::ll*OO•&. R~*1f;IJQ;11t~g;1tj1J$X~OO•&. M:R:J&J#X>f~iiil*J ~!imi*~ T 5la~J!OO:t2'.fl5tll&W:OO£i!i 5J!:, §11S••/1\~$1fr~, r~fl5tl:tJ1.~$JttA m~ 1 Li,~R 1~~f 00 0~~iiil*~· -- I 3¥-:1:5.I Iii fij!Jl (km/h) :ft:JJa:it (Jakarta) 15 _t1HJ (Shanghai) 8 ~ 1§'- (Bangkok) 9 lJ;~ift (Manila) 10 1Jl~ (Seoul) 8 *JR (Tokyo) 15 §iJT:JJa:IJ.t(Singapore) 30 ~~§ff*ffi~~~oo~*~·~~•••~~#m~~~n•mw•~· *~~~oo• ~~-~~•m.~f@~~oo•~~n•m*•w••~~~~•a~~~w~. ~f ~~~~~~. *x~•••~~mft~z~~•m•m~w~~~= • *itx~~'L.'§~£~~11§,@-: flH'i1J:'::~§ff$1t:m.to§1r*••~••.to9;oiP-, ~~oo ~~~~~oo•~••~ffi~ffi~~.~~~-~~A~§~, ~~~~~m~: m-, ~®~A~~OO~*··~~-~~m~~; m=,*x~·~~OO~*~B~~~~~ ~~~~~~oo•~~f~m••~eff*••~&A~~mntt•~~~~~~. • e a*~x~, A~~•i>l±•~~f%P.lG ff$m~~~*~1i:t=·t1•i>l, JE:tio!ltffTiWOOtt ~tt~.a~~~•••~~~•w~*tt~~~= §ff*a~oo~***~~·~•* m~~~~~@~~¥U:&;~~~ffl? ~~1fil~B1J;i\'.;ffibt, @~~~ §1T$ft,Z,.~~~fil? ~-·ft§ff$~~-·~~m, ~R•*•A~WW~~m•. ~&£•:'::~tt~m~. ~-§~£mreff*~m.tt•h~~f§ff*••~~~£ x~~.tt•h@~•~~~f§ff*~•~~·~•*m~~~fil~~*tt~~_t.*~x ~ 1 L.' ~ iE£~ ®~*·t1 IPJB. ~~~•~*~•*m~**mft~~~~~~•m@~•~ffi@I~, afioo~•~~ s•~~tt-@tt~.~m. ~~ff~m~~m&••~~1J•, #mwa•~m&_t~M~ -~-~•*m~~~*MW:&;~~~~. 5. 1 ~1t~!l.J-!31f$ ~~*~•:'::A~~OO~*~m~~.ft~£§1T*~m~~~-~#~rn~, ~~-:':: ~•s~mT~-tt~,@~~~~-~~~m~.tt•~~oo~~~~~~m.~•~~~ ~•••.fim£eff*~•&~••· ~oo~m~~~~1t•~f~.Pf~xff~, ~~~li'.iJfilJ1J? ~•fbl:>f X{tta~UJO= :tio•~t&~ ••· §fi~-~~~•~mm&, ~*••~~mw*, *~•~*~mmh•m.~£ #~•m~¥U~'t~~. A • G • .:/ff.Fffl, C • J • /6.JJJJI/;, D • M • :ft/#f!t# 185 M~®~ttm~wooM~£:~-mxm~x•••oom2m~Mr*~~~•m•ff•~ ~M~*~m~•~*; M~~~*~0~xm~w~~ff•~~xm*~~w~~.m3~ ~~#OO*~: ~#xm~~~~~-§~oo~m: fr~~oo~#r.•#xm~~~~•~ jjtlOOmJHi. ~#~E~M-•£ey~~~00.fr~*~~~~$00tt200~"·~~*~~®tt2& ~m~.~-mxmoow•. £mm•~•oow•*•£~~oo.~•-~~-m#m~~~-~ ~. ~m~OO§OO~•@~mwa~~.~W~#~·~•ffMAfrffM"OO~fflffM-#x m~~-~~~ffM§OO~.m~~@£~~••oow~2. m•frf~M•~•-#xm~ ~frtt~"oo.tt~~~~~~-~oott~. 5. 2 j[j(~filt~ ~-mxm••~~~fr*m~~#mw~OOMiJl200. ~~~•m*•~~-~m~~m ~00~~2oo~*f•.~~r~oo~~£~m•~-m~*OO~iJl~~-m~•*~fr•~oo~ ~.~@mft§M~-m~oooo*~~A~xm~~oo~m.~~: -~~~-~~~~000~ xm*~~ey~~-~rem~~oo••~f~~*•*OO*~~~; -~~~weymttoott~ ~f3~iJ::kA1J\~$7C~~ittltil!nl:A: m~ 1 L'~eyf3~~ ~~00~~*-~JiJT~~~xDfr~-"fBJ ~ni:A.~~-#xm~~~~•~x~ooxm~~. ~*11'~~•~&£-#~~.m•M *eyf3~£?i'i500. ~~m~w~•ooxm••·~~£§1f*••.ey~~~£fr~~~~~ni:1t-*~~ ~oott~.x~••~oo~~r~2. 5. 2. 1 ~RffirJt,6lrtHt~* 3~mAP**#~·~~r*"· AP~~*~**· @~-mm•~~r:k: 3~~A P~~~-f~~oo~-m~•"c~~~~m*~~•~). ~~~w1tm~*~·~•mfm ~~®W1fooxm~~~~3.~~~xm~•oo£~•*· :lpX rtr 1'.filt~Uo :lµXr!J tfH'J RE fi!i Hd'IH~ 1¥1 • @:lµX rtr ~ ftJ tM~:m: ~, $ 9=' 1 Li' 1¥1 :lµXrTf rt Jf!. 9=' 1Li':lµX rtr I±\ 1fjf:!•~l!. ~zgr~·tfliiJl, 10 lf AP oo~-mt:~tiXm;l'.It, ~-tifi1JllrJtfOCeyfm:1.l~-mm~ffi~~*fOO ~•c•m.~m. ~~m.~•~•~). x~w1fm•~fs0m. ~f~1t*ffi1f, ~• ~~~~-m•oo~-m~~m~m*~~*·~~-m2oooo~*W1t£&~~~00. ~~OO~m*~·~®~*~~£~~oo.~-~~. ~~~~ey~~~~OOOOMiJl~~ •nlnJ, :tzot~J]rJ£~1ttl*Hr:!•xmc±~m~:1g:xm). W1tHI:!•£~m §1f$00~1itll. fr 10 if~. ~~mm•w1foo~~•&£§1f*~m•&oo-~•~~~. 5. 2. 2 fl~JfJ±tl!:cJ.Jfi~~3l~~M~~UE!i!i~~* ~m~~£~*·~~~fil00~~~~~00.ft®~OO-. Afiley~*MWmtt~--~ ~~I~~. ~@~~~~~£F~OO·-~~. &~~~~-~~.w~~~~mWfr~h -~-~~~~oom•.fr~ITT~~~.rem~W$3ntW$W.reey~~OO~OO£~~iJ:~ § 1r$~01T A 1~ffl. . -T amtt~. ~~~~*fi•. rew*•~mtt~~•1¥J•~w*~~>.~~~1¥1~00£ ~*·~~tt~ffl~ULmffl~~. -~~m~>·•~~~fi$®0~~-~-.~ffl¥.Jam ~m~l¥.J~WIA1¥1~*~•*1¥1•~· a-~*~~fi•®W$~001¥1m•. ~~~~~A fi~*~fi*, ~~a~#M~~. ~fi$£-#~~w~m•1¥1~•~~. ~~•*~•1¥1~~*~~-~mmf~001¥JM~.mxm•£••1¥1.~m~~~•f U#~~.~Mm~~-*~··#~-~~m~?ft§~~~*~*~M~~*~i¥1M~~. ~m~~w~m~•tt~~m~oo~§i¥l**~*•~~m~n®~m~oo1¥Jm~. 5. 2. 3 !i!~.il&-'f.fjt~13'l~IJl~Jmfl°~l:tf~JlHY.J~Plol •@~BMMa~m-~d~~~-IAm~®~ffl.0~~--~£-~Amm~l¥.JM T-.Ma~m&~~~~·~~~oo1¥1~$. ~ T rl-HtlJ;fJt~*~· a~-~~1¥11!ffl' P]" W-~:ittA~ ~~~1¥1$4WH.!iHtlJ1!Ei&m• 0 1!Ei& mms•fil~£-#~~*•~m1¥1~~~•.M~•~mPJ"W-•~m~~gm~m1¥J~~fi ~.~~-~~m£~BIA1¥1~•m. ~aw~mfil~.ffi&, aM•~*~•~1¥1b~& PJ"W-•('3j*mi¥1m~*· :tm•~~*'fl't~, ~•£X~1¥1-~-Wtlr[ ]. :Jj:>'!-, ~Tm~Jtm 10 ~fi*·~m~•~0~~·~~1t~fi*£fi&£-~b~. *fm~~1¥1~•~~1.~ ~~~m~£ w~ 1¥1iii~. Ma~m1¥1•~£re~*l¥.J•('3j~-~TX~~OO.M~M-~~-~-~cm~I-~ ~.M~*ilifi~®··~~~~-~m-~.R~~~~~~-('3j".~~~~-~~·~ * §1ff-. M:H~*1¥1.xJ1LB~. re~§ 1¥11¥J~rBJ%~1't:~a•51~1¥J~m•b~W-~£m:lfi1J~~£1itll 1¥Jam£$)f*1J~M11£1111~m. 5. 2. 4 £ii:flii~ ~00••1¥1~***~~~~*f~·-·· ~001¥1~•-·ffi~-~~~*£~~-. ~-~~M•*~~-~~$%~~~~m~M•1¥Jm•~~~*-~T~~f*AA~Mi¥1£ ~.&~•~~*~•£~m~m•1¥Ja••~Tm~.~•-~*~®&-#~m~~1¥JPJ" ~tt:ittfi~~. @~£~m~mami¥1~~.~~~~m•§~saw~~oo~m~@m.m ~@~£r~*ftmtt~®~~m~*·~~fi•1¥J+~*~•~~m•.ft-®~oo~m. ~••~~fi*~mm•*~i¥1PJ"~tt.~•~*~~fi*~m®~~*~•*~1¥1m•~~. ~•Bff~~--~~fi*~mm•1¥1~•.a••~1¥J~xo, PJ"W-*ffl~*~('3j1¥J%•m •; a~*•~1¥J~xo, PJ"W-~•~%~; wa~m•£*1¥1~xo, ~-~~~~£~~ f11~~1¥Jm•. ~mam••~®~•~oooo~•m•~*·M•••1¥Jm•®••1¥J~m~mM~~oo ~~ama£~~•m•~~ili~*·~~.m•••1¥J~•*M£~~***~M~•1¥Jm M,@&~~~~£~~•N•1¥1~~~*®~A.~f~fi$*~· m3$)fil~~*-~A %fi1¥1~*~£~A*f~*·~~~fi*£~~•1¥Jm•~*~~.w~am1¥1~•~*~ ~AWm1¥1W*~•>&m~.wa~m*~•~*~m•£~~•£~™~m1¥1. A • G • ::/I8'JE, C • J • MJJJIH, o • M • it/#1# 187 [ 1 ] Cai Jin Xin, "Bicycle Transport in Shanghai: Current Status and Future Prospects" , in The Wheel Extended, No. 90, Toyota Motor Corporation, Tokyo 1994. [ 2] Chiaki Kuranami, Nonmotorized Transport in Asian Cities, PADECO/World Bank 1993. [ 3] CROW, Sign Up for the Bike: Design Manual for the Cycle-Friendly Infrastructure, Ede 1993. K41lmmt. §ff*~•~&: tt~. ~a~**· •~oo-~t~§ff*~•oo~~w ~. 1994. 4. K 511 mmt. ~t~§ff*~·~~:f:!I!.. ~i::;tJtZ;1J*~•11~7Fi~Jt~. 1994. 5. [ 6] P. Midgley, Urban Transport in Asia: An Operational Agenda for the 1990s, World Bank Technical Paper 224, 1994. [ 7] Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, Cities Make Room for Cyclists, The Hague 1995. [ 8 ] MVA Asia Limited in Association with URCC, Guangzhou Urban Transport Study: Final Report, Guangzhou, March 1995. [ 9] Nong Ren and Hirotaka Koike, Bicycle: A Vital Transportation Means in Tianjin, China, Transportation Research Record 1396, 1993. [ 10] PADECO, Non-Motorized Vehicles in Asian Ci ties, Part 1, Inventory of Needs and Opportunities (Main Report), Prepared for The World Bank, 1993. [ 11 ] PADECO, Non-Motorized Vehicles in Asian Ci ties, Part 2, Technical Guidelines, Prepared for The World Bank, 1993. [ 12] M. Replogle, Nonmotorized Vehicles in Asian Cities, World Bank Technical Paper 162, 1991. [ 13] R. J. Scheele and J. A. C. van Toorenburg, De ontwikkeling van de bereikbaarheid in Nederland van 1950 tot 1990, Transpute Consultancy and Utrecht University, Gouda 1993. [ 14] F. C. A. Veraart, Geschiedenis van de fiets in Nederland, 1870-1890, Thesis Eindhoven Technical University 1995. [ 15 ] Xiaoming Liu, L. David Shen, and Futiap Ren, Overview of Bicycle Transportation in China, Transportation Research Record 1396, 1993. R • J!fi$!K# 189 R • :!l1F]&'.1~ 1 ~ ~-~ --~ • ~fi *~il ~ 1. 1 *~·l:1!:ifiltt5E3'.l~®:~a~~~·11 R • e-'if*(Rudyard Kipling:~00ni1H1=*, '!¥i~m Jn~J\:X~~) ~?&iJttt: "xiillmt~)C ~- "~~~ilW**73liillRW$li~*•m~~-~~ffl,@#::ftt%.~~~~~m* ~. xiillM*•~~>c~~m~•fil, *~~~~**~m**~~~~~. li~~~~AE ~~~~~"~~*~ff~"-~~@~*~-®*~ff~n~~? R~®~m~. M~*Mxiillwm~~-n~£xiill~~-fil~*::f~~~m•~~~* ~~~n~-*iE:l:·!*J!~iExiill (MR'f), xiill~~it1Jn~ttttrn-t-~¥il_t~~~rmxt1J.~MH. 2 ili*iE:l:~J!~iExiill~•~~£-~~m~~1J.*•*~~-~§. Brm££, ~::f£-~ PJIJ.~£f1=1:1J~~;ff. ~~ W~ (Hong Kong) --SJf,ff:JJo:l:ffi: (Singapore) ::f n::u-t-;ltfiB~m: BflTfiJV¥4~1J**PJ~~l±l !~~ IPJ»fil, #~AJJ:l:t~~IJTfiiR:~n~, rmli 'tfl'J*f*_t~i~ 7 ~:r}J. ;ltfiB~m, :tmt'z:f0$ (Laho~eHO rlflli:l:ffi: (Kuala Lumpur), A~~ A~~~~rtfffi:!I, f£IR*$~~m, :EfJiiER~~3(:@i~Wj tti:\10 ftfl'J~~ititfttirz~~JJ IJ.1t::kil!~~~:I:. f£I£!A*~i~tt:~U.ktt~:r}J. -f-~-~~~;ff ~ ~1iili~M!!f1=~~~~1PJ•~ "ffl}lli;" R1~$±-t!!.IR l±ll~ 7. § ifu", ~,J§t'z: (Manila), ¥.£~(Seoul), i~Ji'(, _t~,&:J.'i:* (Bombay) -~T~~i~ MRT *~JE: Eli~, )j+l&elli:l:ffi:1~·1*mt~W~T, rm .'1'.:tt(Bangkok)]Zm£]O~(Jakarta)/f.0.-t:B~~i@:. 1o~~*M,R§~~alli:l:ffi:mitin~xiffi~~~~1J.~~rm~~.*li~~~~mM* ~i:i\Jt.lr~~x~f~*~*tl· R1~~~m, :tll~*~!lf1!t±-t!!.fir•i'§J: rmR-®OO*~, 'J'~*I ~A~~•tt•~-~.~~~~~~*~W~itiff~~m~•--R~R~A*~~m(~t'z: f0$) M*mW~~~ljjf)ClffF~~ftlj~~ITT (~oi~Ji'()' xiffiWm~::f£1~Fm, f.El.~J!i:~~A~m i'§J, ·t~i5tfil~f~·!*~i~M*M:t!. A1fJ,e,~~~E~~~mi'§J~i¥*~7 JE.~$~mMH. ~o51itiil!f{1t~N. *m~wWR*~fl§ ~*m.m~Rffili~~,*~~~n~noo~~•~m~~~~~~~M~. R • ~$~%'(Roger Allport): ~m~ffiti Halcrow Fox 1 0EJ±.l:r o 2 ~•~00~~~$fi~$~*~~-~-~-~~m•.~~-~~~-~--~M*· §~~~*·~~ ~Htf~, ~~ am$~ITT· ~mwms~m•~*~~%~B, ~~~~= • M*M$~A~~m~~m*-•*"~m•a~•~•§~, ••~*~·z•h~~ 1tUt/.t@1% AffJ~¥1J1lt m~' *~ITT~~ m 0 J.\\Z ~JE [PJ fPJ 9t? ft ,z_ /.t £fit9t fi:i1 B ~~ft? • ~T-¥1J 90 ~1~;;K, OOl*J~,tz:,gi,1J[(GDP) ~ 2/3 EB~ITTMHfl,;, E13.tltt2$~%1tHf:l~tl~~~J.\\Z X100%t2$fiJ~~~O[lljJf=~~~~1f;fLHi!i~o • ~ITT~-~~r*,~~m~-~~--~MW70$0£,Wi*J~~IR~±~~~~El3T ~1f~W~DMW•~~~~m***o • ~~~~~~. -~2~M*M&o El3T-~~X1~D~~~. 2~~-~m~T-~~. ~ ~· A~fil!Jl, Wll¥1J9.tJt:ff•nJ¥!-tf o -®AiA.~R1fJ~~:fijet~·t'.EJEa•L&3t-$ T-fil f~~·t'.£, & T-fil~_ffi!tJ!?o ~~ iCJ~3~H£ l:J:t f=f:t± (f.J ~-~~ ~•~&Am~~~oooo,m£a.t1t~•~.•~m~z~•~~~~w, w£Lam~~ ~*m~-~~*~"tttt~~~~~~mo*~ITT£Mtt•~$m•A~, ~"m£~mm M!!~M!!.-llmxt~:l:-1!!.IR ~.tit, X11:f1PJ•J#*iJL •m3fMfflW(£LWm~~ITT~'Li'~*~-~~ 0 ~m~D~£-~§*M~o$~fil~=~•~1f~~~~--~.fi•W~Sn~OO~M~o JS!f~fil£fPJBz -, ~~1fP'J3~: §5'G, •15t:IJJXITT~D~1itll15tM!!D~*1iJS!f §*, !J.~T-'JI £•m~oo~tt~, NJS!ttt$~•~-r~•~ITT· w~~~~~m&o ~.tit, ~fit1t~~~• w~~~Am~~M!!•mhm~&~~§, £-#m*m~m•o~#~~B1f-®~~~m M.a~~1fm$~§*~*m~#~~o~tt.~#~~~~~~fil~ITT~D~§~JS!f~• m.•m•~m~£~§•~~~••*· ~••*~•m~~0~m~z~*i~~. rn.tlt mWT-~Wf~fi:iJ&o ~~. £#a•-#"tt#fit9t-m"~~~. tt#•*fi~fit1t-m~•~~~o §tt #a•~~IR~~m~m-~~~~Mtt~~"~' ~*~•~.X1~§tt5t~n~.X1•~ ~1f~~ffl~=~~~~~~~~~~-~o @*:iui (j{J JJ5! -~~ITT~mwm~•~#aoo•~~~. mm1f~~-~~~1f-~~~•~= §5'G, *MMh&~•m~~£~~~~mt1t~•t5t~§~n~:~~.X1tt5'G~§~~~m:Mm, ·--~Jf=~M!!tt5'GJ9l § 0 1. 2 ~ l~Hf.J:kiEm'l*~~J.E~jj ~~~*$-~M~OO%~~. ~oo~~ITT&~~-~~M~£IJ.mf.\\Z§~~~~-~~ §~~o~~~a~fi$a~ITT~D~~~~~~. a*$-~00~ITT~~fi$~ffi•*S* Wfi, wa~~~M~00%~~~~~~~-~~-&£0~~$&~~~±o R • !J!!/Rffi# 191 ~m ~1f (%) §1f:$(%) 0;;!t~:$ (%) Jt1m (%) )J+I 1984 39 34 19 8 1992 31 34 24 11 PX;~ 1987 36 55 6 3 J::~ 1986 24 38 35 3 ijf1¥J 1988 23 63 7 7 ~~Jj( 1986a JC 60 21 19 ~1$ 1981 30 56 11 3 1990 11 75 8 6 ftm~~mOOffM~fil,§1f:$~£~0~~*·~~$00*Aill••~(~ffemoow1f• itJf) 0 ~~~mll!.0~~**1_§oowqrt/f-JE 10%, rmft-®±~~m7'J 20%--35%, ~oo~-m ~·~***ffemTffi~BIOOili1fo ~ 00 § mrmilllOO*illI·l'f(if~ill3till&1f;i'7'JB/f-$ 00:1:-t!!~ (JJJt/l;J Metro ) ~tJE, ~.tltZ.:S'r, 3 ~~ffft~-~~"~i!"1f~0003t~mm~Jt~~ill3till~~o 1. 3 *~~i~3ta~IAJ~ *~•~Jt#/f-&&~~*illI~ill3till,~~R~~OO*~m&Jtm~~moo~MmT•o *illI$JLm3till~~B~i$Jf PX;/l;JMtk:1i:lJB00~ 1 Li'o 83fi3:~~tJcft'Bf§*, ~~£-1'-~m ~~~*OO•*N'Bf, ~.tlt~T-~~~m3tillOO~•A~~~ttoom~•~o*~•~Jtmn T ~1100~2.!fu~iJll, :P1B5ET ~ttfPJB, X1~bAN'&f 00¥in:itHrT Jtffr, #Wi~TJtX1**il)l• OO~njfijo X;ffJ!#gill~~~ft~~#-~/f-~00~~. -~~~: • -~~~~-J!~-#~~~m•. ~~/l;J~ili$~I~~§~~MfM~3tillWm, ~ •0~3tii, m3~m•oog~•£~moo. ~R~~.tlt~OO-®~~o • *xJllOOxJIL~-J!tiftxJ\l,~iE~~*~$00A 11'JJi!f~ PT, ~P~ill~~~~£~¥fli*~m "fr** 1JJ~~$PJ1~H~~M" OO~tto *~•~Jt@MBttOO~!fuRX1**00Mm, x;JJ::~~~m1fTmn, #~ili~~~~: ~OO~m*ill•~m3t:D*~ft**W$~~~R£-#$m, ~~J!®~mOO~iJf~M~M nPJ~•~*illI~m3t:D~~OO'Bf~~~~pj(;/l;J~~o 0;;tt~:$gill3(D£**~mm*001* 1 Li" rmli£*$B*~m~~4!t5ROO¥:Ptflo i3:mt~ *m~tt-~MOOtt~~~o*JtmiliT-1'-W~PJ1f00#ftMil)l~OOPJffe~OO~~.Mrm~ ~m~•~~*~Jt~~oo~~~mo Ji~~JJX; "!-IB•" , f!=!:~1~$ ::ff!:tE!-IBmLt!iX:r'i\'J!¥!t'i<J, Jk!j "!-IB•" t'i<J~,\l.J,-1'#114, ~Jltft 3 Metro "Metro" IDtE*~~--~~"*~•~m~m"!iX:"~m~m".filJit~•~•~•- *~-~~*mT-#M*M~.~~-2-~MT~OOOO~iE~•&tt~: ~--~m ~R~&~~m*m,£~~a~oo~~a*~*oo0~~*~m*m·•3•ftmOO*~•. *~*iE•~m~m&~#~*~*OO~ff~~~•*· *iE•~m~moooo*~•~•*•~-~B~~~oo~~~~~oo~~m~moo~~. ~~m•~•~rn0~m~~•.m~w~m.~•sna~m~mtt~&~~~oo~m~~ •*•~w·*~•~~~ftffiT~~£*~~am~mm~oo~•~~·~· #m~0~m ~~£~m*fi~~OOM~OO~~&*fiT~•· M4•~~00***iE•~m~m~~~MT-®~•.wwr~em~~oooo~•m~ ~~.M5•··~~~~~0~~$~DOO~•tt&~•m~~~. MRT -*iEt$Jtm~mBJZ*iE•·t~jl~:iE~m LRr -t£ru$Jtm~:iE~mBJZt£ru·1~jl~:iE~m Metro -*iEt$Jtm~m Tram-It$ Transit -~:iE~m ~*l*~~#*mOO-®~•Mfil, WWT-~~~oo-~. ~: "~mttjl~iE*•~~s~•g. " *~-~~*MT~~OO-®Sffl•~= • :kiE~·l~j!giE:st® <MRn-1~?fi1f .tl:t~*m, 1.~1115$nm&0~~*· • :kiE~$Jtm:st® (Metro)--J~U~ ~l~~ruoo :Jc:iEt$1Lm~m*~JE, BJZfa'i~$1Lm~m. • @~••siE~n-m~~iE•oo~m*m.m~£a~tt~~~~*~•~~.~~* ~i1ir~m:J7\:~®~it~. • 0~~*~mm~s•0-£m~am•~~~~~. rn0~~*~m~~•· • 0~5~*SiE3t® (Bus Trans it)-£*iEt·tRJ!0~f\$~:iE~D~fa'if~, Jt~-§1150~ ~*tt~~~#~~. M~0~~*~mm. 2. 1 ~}£ ~--·gftffl 1995 '¥lf, rnfil~iHf' SIE.1J+l~~iHJ"&~OOJ!~S~ir~~ 5 ~~m. **fi~~~~~·~· rn~m~~&•TmM~~~.m~*~&~&~-®~~oo•~· ~®~m~•~•~r~oo~•oo*iE•~m~m~•. &wmr~~-•~mm*fi~~m ~mm~oo~m. rn~~oo~~a0~~mm&~:iEt@ru~Jt~iE*m,m~1f~~~~~ ••R~T~OOm1f*iE•~Jt~:iE~m~~-. •1: ~~*~;~~~~~mE: ~~M~-$ )\l::J 0;ltl"~$ J)J~TJj 3l:.ii!i 1J jt jg }J)(. {!t)t ::*: ili :I: $Jt iii!: 3l:.ii!iili ii' liUl 19: $Jtil:l:~~mi1J }li,9:fj~ff CEfJJl ±1!!.l!J; 0:J~i'1:$ l'mr ~IB '@]l~fil EjJt{t!'.3l:.ii!i::tJjt tl!:ll't ~ili:fi: i&A/iliil' tl!:'tt t;1i;jg (%) (%) (%) t;1iil" (fl]G) CBJJ AIJ\/{f:) Jjj(,;ijs: r·1+1 x x !8km -[.(:(fl 1 '%~ ::*: Sfl?t tE ii!!. ti: 21 H.5#.\'{;f (127. 5) (135)1l!:Aili TY!m~, ~ffb;i& J'l!l)'~:!;'tffb;: :30'X1 3 *:llt!.l!J;~:57km 2 %~{!: 1998 {f:J§ iEtE~lil. 98 {f: r. Jifr~m. iH'llllJE.tl!: ii'. 5 {f:J<j:j4~ AtE 12 {f:l*J mll)i!N : :30% ]J;Jj*4£$Jt~: 49km ~m:w 1 %~}1111: tl!:A@!\E. A 67 {Z,. flj (250). ~~1ltriliil' 7ft,(:j@j : 40% ;It: 106km. Jjj(,;ijs:. JiJUi~ 2. (i JC ()% 54% x (! 'i}f'£: 1:lkm) <±i!!.r> (50) 4*:!1!!.l!J;fil(t-f~:IJQl 1%~ *J:f~. ;J:li 43km • J:ifij 7-8 m& 1 %~ 16km, .7Glll:5ttE±l!l x1'Hr$&0;tt 1 %~(101) 1995 {f: 4 Ji i¥J ffim~a<J~ffb; !'%~ 2%~ 7 *:llt!.l!J;~-238km 1 'i§-~g{$$:5tiE. 95{f'.4J'J1l!:Aili r. i"l:tt:a<Jmmm 1995 {f:{fj-:flf tJJM~ifiil:tJ 65 lfll:A{ltrili 30% (30%) :bu 1 *1I*1r~4£$Jt OO?'~:!;tffb;: {E}!W;, ~lllltE±-1!! rg 0 :l(.!J. tE2%~!¥J ()ff<:lfl-[.(:). i\'}jj(,;iis:. mll){iN: 70% (40%) ~;It 340km. ra<J 2 %~~m:w !I.S,>!.'\'{;f~m. 7ft,(:j@j : 0 (:30%) }119;. iJl'JB JC 7% !i.'1% vx~lnl o "7tx: I!km) (r:J:i 'G'IR ~i (10-12) 3 *4£$Jt~ 1%~ (1988) YR , '}(Jl IR ±l!l lliD ~Ui\ 1:3 4% 21% 60% m& 1'%~:!9km m~mi:i: 0;lt)"-{"f-Ej±l!ll'Ji ~0l!l.: 1994 {f: 5:3:3, l!m {f::tJ 0. 28 ::tJ:flf~. 12 *:llt!.Wi 1 '%~1EtEi:&:i1i !!). (!986) 2 -'ij·f'£: 2:lkm Wti:±i!!.r. ~{fj--f*{t :llt!.r:4.o (!M~{f: 11%!¥J ~;It :iookm. ~ :;k Jg :II ' # j£ ff ;tt 42km, WJ'ff ?1' {ijjczl'Jfftt:wtt: ~~::l.O J!fjt:lfl-1.(:). g{$. :11!.2 '%tHsil" tm±I!!.. ±-ti!llii: 1. 0 ll1J2i!iiJ~W:. 7d'f!: ? 8% 75% x 1 "J-tx:7km t;1iil" ~h'iltE±l!l-F {[); (J:Fif' fj~ft .::t 6*':!1!!.l!J;fil(t-f~&l I %~:!4~i:&:i1i!M (1990) IJfj~iji'ij}liJI:, * 7'J j;:Jg:fi:) • *:!tt!.l!J;J:fl{;~,;J:t ~:;kili:S:, #i£ff !!.2J:t:9£ rlr '1" 'G'. 107km • g{$. it: ii t:f1 fJ' ff !*JYl l'f!if!t/ f1IJJf).Jff1!/fN, A o f!J, ff§i1f£;!;A o" S2: ~00*~;~-~~l@~~§~M~ B~1&riJi I§: :i ri)j ffl=l,i:$ltt&1"!J!i!Jm I§: 3 rm Bt1tf~i'tl,i:$ltl;Ji)jl§: 6 ri)j Btli:3t:$'lttJiJi §: 7 JiJj ;ltft!t@: (<iJ : 10 JiJj (2Jl)j:(:E~) ~tffitt!!t'k 1 , 2 l}rx I ~tffittl!l'k 1 %~~J\.I:tll:fl(]Mf$ffil?t. I ~t:JiO-tl!.f'J( 1 .,,}~J\.Itt~JU!·. ~tffi:l'l!!l'k :l -\}, WJ~t(<i] 19. 5km. ¥?iwfl'!fJLJt!.$, 11. 5km fH&~~!fJL. 12km(f'HlD. ~i~!t!!V; 1 '%ft ~ i4t !-t!!t':k 1 -l} ~ :jJ ::*:Jg :i: .& (<iJ ~ tM J:.illJ~$JL 1 -\}~~fl:@'jjfr, -lf~fj!fJLI'@.$, 12km ~~.PB<J 8. 5km ft t· ?+l!tl!l'k 1 %rx <1:E~J. 18. 5km. tl!:\1f I 1$ 10. :lkm. 13. 5km<f:f1:EF'll!i'f.J1'1JJI!, ~•::Kfm ~;J:tMf$. ~iL-* 16. 5km Ef<J~!fJL. iii 127. 5 fljt. Wilifl(]n•~«B~.~~*::*:l'f.J~~ 1ft'~151l5t.:.lt.P:l'l!!rQm,••6~ J:. icy ±I!! ti)( 1 \".} rx MQm.m•::K~~l'f.Jn•««••oo !tl!OO 6. 5km • 2 tt1tm$JL~-llftl3L 25km. tl!:'Gf 181z. - J:JllJttl!V; %rx <.llill!:;ttJtlttlftl. 1 J:.l'f.JttBl. (:{f:(:E1il'f:©:i'1l.li2i). , 7G 13.5km. j;:Jifj!fJLI'@.$, 12. 7km ft~. :MJX!'f!!fJLV;Jla 2 -\}~. 17. 7km l?+l~HJLl%~. :n.kmtl!:1il't56fZ.5tl (EJ)js:J5!:Jf.ftli:W<'&t~l. (1£: ·tJ!f/Jl,)f'feffJWl. ,§1,'f~:JGJJ 40km ~IR~!fJL. fl'Jff,:l'l!!V; 1 %~, l 7km tl!:'il't 35 fZ.5t w.'iti!l!!l'k 1 -\}~. 15. 5km. Ci¥1:E1ilt:©:1'1JB. $tf~lttlftfJ:HJG)f'jlJm I f:lllw~tJ 20km ~IR~!fJL. 7'H1Htl. filJX~!fJL 1 \J·~ rni:rn BOT 7JJ:tl' .fJL?+l~tJ 14. lkm ··~!fJL!ilt!'f!!fJLtfclla, 17. 4km tl!:'ti 101Z.5t(Bf'1oF'filfiiJ d~llitl!tfc, l:l. 2 <wt 14. 8) km, tl!:'il't 50 I iiiift' 101l5t. •=•mH~ft~d±:l'l!!ff~.m* 1Z.5t (liiH'ff:f:(:EJ& iJI m7'~'6't:©:l'f.J 1'1JB. tli:Wi~!fJL~i.l1:\1f:©:, []Jf\:Ji)jl§ BW W~~~:l'l!!IR~·~Jf!:.~W~•::Ktl!: 11::). 'il'ti'tfl'-@~Hl!O. I i!il'~i1HUJ 14. 5km !-1!!.r~~!fJLil!. ~?+i~:J<.Jj 16. Okm ~!fJL. •~••1%~.~~•mtt•,&fl' ~•l'f.Jm*tl!:•®*&m•tt~mm. m~I~~~0~~~*m••nA· :t:!*~:l<.m!fJLrlJ! §. 25. 4km, 22 '\'Jl'i'itl!:1ilt 1591l5t <'El.M Btl!:J... 65 'JJ~Jt). iiffl'J~:J<.m!fJLrlJ! §. fE\:¥51.~!fJL 1 %~ O!H§ BOT nA), 'il't:©: 1"1.ll!fl'fflftililf}I;, 8. 9km tl!:1ilt 11 fZ.Jt, :i:~··· R • f/g$f/I# 195 •1MfflTm5~~006~•**~·~-~-oo~~. ~~§fflBmA~•OO.tta• ~oo~~-~~oo~m~•*~·•2mfflr~oom~~*~•~m~n~~oo~§&•~· -~~•~oo.m~&~ili~m~••~fi~oo~m~•m. li<jlJ §!W, ~OOR~ 65 0.m*OOOO:l:t!!.~~~ttfr~1-f-7t§jlJ:t£~tg. ~if • .lJflJ CM 1995 $ 4 Ji17HH€J)-afi~§j1J•m~f¥~d>•~~rt!.±i::. tta•~oo*~•tnm~imC:i:i!!~). §ffl ~tg (1%~M1$$7t-11. 5 0.m), lfM (1%~-18. 5 0.m). J:1HJ (1%~M1$$7t-5 0 _m) • ~J! ®~~tl3mA 1!.ffl fr5. ~ oo OO*~•~m~n,~, *~zjlJ 102 0 .m. m~J!@tt~~ffl0025&00iliM•~~-1-ffl006~~~m••mOO~M-~)M~ 7~ooa*~•tnm~B/$£~:1JOOOOfil!httM. §!W, a 20 ~·$,~,;jt~ 29 ~If¥it:1W. 2. 2. 1 ~i~::kii£~*1t~3lil~rnl~ t!tJHlHrfi'U*m~ oo•m~BfOJJl!fil:Jtt1rM*~iE·t100~•· ~rm' --~fflltOt!tJHlHf 1995 $;tt~*fi00~5~•moo~•~Mftt~~•oo~•· oo••**~•~•g~~-*~&A~~mPJfitt.mf~~A~~mPJfittOO~~§ ffl: ~**oo 30 $ cmA1!fflfr5 25 $) ootm~~: liffllE*=ffl1PJt~tt#--tzo:!l=Ht 1Nt-t!(!~gin•a 10, 000-30, ooo AzraJ, JZ1;~*£tA: :tio:!lgin•£*, IJ!1J•JZ1;~*~iit~m~n: ~.tltZ.:9~. ~•*fi~mPJfittOOlifflR, ~~fil~w~m~~•mtt1~. •~*~•~m~noo~~-@m~~§ffl: • JJ]!£~•~1?1¥J••; • mu~~~~~--~:l:t!!.r~•~~: • ±:l:t!!.~~OO§*&h~~m:l:t!!.~00-*: • ttz•moo~~-~: *~•~m~-~~•oo: • B•OO**•*mttr~•0~oog~~n. rm•m•d>~•~•*oo•~1f•: • ~*•d>g~~·· •moo~mttM~F•~m. 2. 2. 2 ~~1J&~1lffil~~ +?t••OOHd:~'~m-..:v:-~*~JE1-too•~l~ff, a~ool!-l~ffA~~r JL~t~2 c• 3): 1. 3C:B:JE!ffitr;J;Jll~IJ 2. tNPJ1-J·t1liJf~ 3. l§t{j(ijrftt 4. PJ1-f•liliJf~ 5. =(X'$'1lt 6. ~it/'9;~ - ----,- • ll)(m•>1H£rlWHJ\'$'ftt C1t?X'$'ftt&=i'lz$ftt) -Z.Jfiti, PJ7f Jt{J§~I f'F o • xm~~:JWliJFfi:zJ§, @i1Hrf9!PJ1r·t1liJFfi: ctt1x'i¥ftt), 1t*:itHrPJ1r·iiliJFfi: c=?X'i¥ftt), ~J§mm•m~~~rr&~~o~~-~moo•±~oomm~:Jcoott~.~~~m•m~ 1f ± 1;IJ ;& 0 • oo~~•moo•~.~rnooa£m*•mlf•~ho _t~~~~&*~-~~~mw~oo~~tioo. *•~•~= • ~~~-•ftt*&I~~~. W~m~.~~ti®ffi*•&o • ~~m*fr~oo~Jt{§~ooxm*~OO-$*· *~•~mxm*~OO§~*~~-~ ~o••m*m•oo~~. •*lf~~oo~•••&m**~o §~•$JAQa0~xm ®*~17tm•••f(jBo • ~~~•~f~~m~.w~~-~*MOOll)(•§~o • lr*xm••~OO-®~~~#~~~•oo. ~~~*OO**~m. *•OO~~--~o • m~~~•~••oo~~o~~~•~m~~.•~mR•~•~-~"•••~oo~m" tO-~*~~~~i'8JOOIZ9~, f.El.!P~lf:itHrtt!J!tll)(~~:lW C:tio~~--~~:f~M) o • ~1fm~~*OO*~•~mxm•~n•c~0~~*ti•)tittW~o*•~~~~~f ~ "ft-2,.fil~{'F" ;f§~~$jt*f~*·o • ~1f~•xm®*OOt9!nti~oM~.mf®*~~~~~~oott~~m~~-•~-0 ~~*~~ff*OO•~~tt~IZ9~00•~· •~1f~•oof9!nti~o~~-OO~. ~ff* ~0~~$-~00-~••tt~~~~~lf·~~~o • •m~•m*•~aoo•~~OO¥®~~~#_t,w~@@~~-~•~&~ili~~-~ c:tiommJE~l*OO~m) o ··~1f~•*~•~mxm~•~mc~~~~_t1oo~•@~•~a~*oott*w~~~ _t, f.El.i!·tk·tk~+*m•OOo • ~lfF~OO~-J§'vfffl-liJfJl:, _t~OO!-t~/t!k 1 %~mt~-~1~aJl~OOfJff o:tio*~r£i!t.PliJf Ji:, --~~UOO$~ti*M· m~•-~OO:Jc~•~mxm*~*ff~•OO*ffio lf®1~i!!~j1JOO*l5l•~~~ 100 7J~ 100 7J!21_LAQOO~m@~•lf:Jc~•$Jt.il!~Jll, f.El. :J!Mftfi'JT~lt. ~~--~~1F_t*~t¥ao 2. 2. 3 -~ m~a~§OO~~tt~~Alf~~tt~fflo oo•l5lmB~~= *~•~mxmoo•~•m -~~mc§~mlfs~A~~oo&~a•~oom~~~*~). *~a•~~•~•mnoo~ *fflT~~~:&h~~OOti~. ~-ti~OO*•~~~~: • ~_tm~. t¥a•-~~§'i¥ftt~*·•m•*a~~ff~~§z~~•mff~?X'i¥ftto • oo•~lf ~•oo•~mf:Jc~•~mxm~•o • oo•~•mtt•••.M~ftW~*•m~moo*oo~g~~. ftW±~7f~&ftW~m •m~1rlf*J.9! §oo•~0fJf o m~~•*•D-:Jc~•~m~moo•~-~~~_tR:ff-~PJ~OO*•= • :t,offfi"j[j{lff-*=IfX±!-t!!iliiJ:. m~. ~1f0fJf&OO~?F~~ C®f~~) ~%~; • *~-mttx#J•~oom~; • 3f~~-J1\J17f~~.@00%~: Jt1.§~--~~J§JA~1;1Jtz:~1~jlj~.@o R • ~$\;,&# 197 -il!~~~: • :IJJliP ]1${JM ii 1t ~ 1f ~e: jJ X1 :Xili :I: $Ji.jj! 3( iil!1f *:I: a<J ~ ~ (~ff IE '9:.-ni;. 01~): *ft ilf ti' ff]~~ '.flt ;fg\ ,& • ~ IE Jijf 1f iE frJE ~ ~ iE fr. fit a<J ::kili :I: $}L :i:!!xii ~ 1f ~ ~:H~HH!li ~ $ m ~ ~*" !J!6 C!JLt{ x o : ili • 45cA 1:iJ ili~ nX;:zjs:z rBJ :ff::tE~&, ~11£:~" ::kili:l:$A:i:!!xii a<J •fit• ffl : ~ ri _t, JI$J!£~ a<J~~31H"!J!6iE1ta<Jili~ bt~F£~ o ~~::kili:l:$Ji.:i:!!3t:ii~§a<J~~bt~~--ii1t*~rH'9:.45c~, ®***'9:.45l~a<J~& *~~M. ~m~~T:Xili:l:$Ji.:i:!!xiia<J'9:.M: • ~Tre±~H'9:.~~-~a<J~J!*•·•~~~~*~•*'9:.6rffl~~T211-~~•* '9:., **m~••~~%a<J•fitnffl: _t•2%~a<J•fitm$m±~H'9:.45cAttm~3~ a<J ~fit n ffl o _tj~Jr. -Wtl :®:® ~ -T ft ffJ ~~i:i:i:!! a<J Jtffil:l:i!! IR a<J • ~ bt fYtl: i!f ~1HJL:i:!!3t:ii* rJE a<J ±:l:i!!H'9:.45cAr:!i~fitnffla<J~~ibt-Wtl~ 15%, 'ft~ Jubilee ~~f$Il!ilm$m~e::it:¥1J 15%0 • a$Ji.:i:!!xiim~M~l!1T:X:l:IPJ~H'9:.1f~J1X;~M-T*1¥JOO~~. #H~X>f~IE~ITT~~ -Tn~!iJ-~xV~Ma<J@~tz:r!J~~f~*tr*o®~~M~Rajfta•::kH•-Tmh a<J~m~n•~w~. ~rffl~_t•o • ::kili:l:$Ji.:i:!!xiia<J±~H'9:.~~~$£rnwm.&~~a<JH'9:.m~mo@£a~~~~~. ~®7f'9:.rt1a<JffJJ!Hi#bt~~m0011$.lfj'jfii!IJG, ~£-tif1f_@:a<J:EJJl~o £~~1Ea<J~r!J]l${JM ;Jffl1f~$±:l:i!!-~af!Z.;Jffl1f7-J:W§7cW~J!a<Jajfflftll'i!a<J~SofE!IPJ~ffifflJ!1f"~ ~~"MM~~::k~-~~tz:a<JH'9:.,t£§~a<JM~r, ~ajftnX;~-1-~~~-o \~~~~~1J~-1f=tif••~~a<J1J~~~*-11Hr H~e:$nX;~**l¥J:fjtA;: • ~ffl-T~~fit4a<JIE*m'.fl't<-&~~$•ffla<J-¥), 7f'9:.m~fi!iJ&:l:*~~r!J]l${JMB<J 'ift".A--#~A±:lcrlL JI-.!.. :stz~-13 ....-J:t J:l ~~; • fl.A'9:.M rt1~1~~fit-~~~-$H1: (BOT) t~ilf;f>Z., l&JM~f ~®AA,l)J}]Hlf~ (5zll~~m45c, ± :l:i!!1lttll. ~ ~) ~JI JJll aj 1T 'i":E; • 1-J31Hw~r, r!J]l${3fiiJB<JM~ <iitt'9:.JJt01~, t~J31Jm45c~11~••) l:iJIEjl-'.fl't!Mz-~ffl -r ~~fit& (5zi:i_t• 1-%~) 0 11+11%~Ect;4lt21%~~JH'~i¥1~~*~~ftl:tirir <~-T1i~ 1): ffl IE 5'1- '.fl't!M\~ ::'kiX 4, rn ITT J&R11~ff 1/3 rlJ]l${JMf5l!J5c 01~ (1fflf~ff) 1/3 ±:ti!!* '9:. 5flJ nIJ 1/3 n~ 2 : BOT -~tif1J:rt:tE~r!Jxii1f~J\IZffl1frlL IE*X>t.tlt~ii·tJ!;~fl, ~®1J00a<J]I${ -~~ff1f®mtt~ajo~tt~:tE1f~ffi~~~~~-1J~,M-~1f~OO~$.&W~fi~~. ~aj~~~~JP:H1a<Jl!Mo I~a~&H*-~-~-~--~~~~ffl-T~~fit4001E*'.fl'tlMzOOaj~fto:tE¥Ma<J ::kili:l:$Jt:i:!!xii~fit~, 5zi:i~tJ}{, ~i-¥, .&:EJJl:tEB<JitJ}{ 1 %~M1$If¥, ?fi1!ffl a<Jfit&~ri_t W£rn!E~~~a<Jo~fr, _t•,rffl.&Jt~~r!Ja<Jr!J]l${JM~U7~;fg\~IPJMIE*~J\1Zrt1~£ ~~m1fflJ!a<J~4$#o~©§M~IE]l${JMiE:tE~~ti'a<JIEF~]l${-o *mttH~*OOOO~m~h*~~filW_t00iliD00.9=100~W#mm~*~~#n~*~M; ili~81~W#m~~~~OO*•~OO~*· ~~OO•M•~~hm~~#H~. =~-9=1003~m~~OO*ill•~mxm~Mm~~•~mmoo§•~mooM*~h~ !'BJ, f¥:tE1~S}j~00~~ 0 2. 2. 4 7':J.E.m$Jtli3l~m.:lW m1~6~~~~~~mOO*ill•~mxmm~.~9=1~~~noo~~tt•: • ~[jjjm,f~-JiJT~OO;J;Jllj(;1J~IXXJ;J;J\lfl~IH~*-~9=1~®~~if§311l*CJlt!.~ 1). fXfX~ 6 ~~ moom~~1XXJoo~m••~§~~~~~*ill•~mxm~mmoo2~m. ~tJ?-OO$Amxm~IXXl~rn 4 ~*illi!PJ& 4 ~m~t!PJOO*ill•$Amxm~#J~oo. ~li*-T~t J?-OOl*J~ti!!!R. ~~IXXJ:tE 4 ~iit!PJ:l:)J~~~~~,J\81$1PJ 240, ooo J..iJ\OO~ill•. ~:i:_vt~OO ~m•xm~~~oo0~xm*~~ill•oow~m. • ~[jjj11J fcj-*ill•$Amxm~1XXJOO:tff~IBE~n~1XXJ e:tm~tffi, _t•oo*ill•$Amxm1XXJ), &~~m~~MOO:tff~c~~~&~•OO*ill•~mxmlXXl). oo~~~m~~-~~~M ~: ~•~m#:tff~n~m~-rmMIXXJM, ili~*~m~r*ill•~mxmlXXJ, ~~~m lrfi:tff ~:l:)J~**~~* C3r&*1~JiJT~*;tJLZ;b$ tlHf OO*~•f¥:tE~lrfi fnJB) • • ~#: @~~7':J.E.m~m3l~-m~9=1mm*oo~x~r: 9=1~ill• C$rJn~1J\a110, 000-30, ooo J..iJ\), ~~~ui. m~:tEl*J~~~jH9=1~;J;Jll $£$A: ;tl~m~jr), ~~m9=1 1 t)~ffi300JEE~. *ill•$Amxm: ~ill• c•1PJ~1J\B1mtt 30, ooo J..iJ\), ti!!r~•· m~al*J~~~l*J. ~*_t~~~B~~~.~M*~: ~*W**ill•~mxm~~*ffl~rn~. wa* ~•~m9=1~ill•OO~ill*;JE•~~Mm9=1,L.1 • _t~-~~~~~iRoo~~~**~~.~~a~~~m~oo~~~·*ill•~mxm9=1 &~ 67%00!Rt9:*ffl~~m~. ~~1~~~m&JtmT~Mm9=1 1 L.1 00~~$£:$A*!JE, ~~ :tE38100~M~@:, ~®·~-ffl~$£*~· • i¥f1l' ..t~l=iT tt·t1: 7':J.E.m~m3l~~·t~i!~-~m~~~~~~~oo·~J!•~M~m9=1 1 L.1 ti!! iR c~o:tt_t•), tP~~~$itH~•:tEm9=1 1 L.1 ~~. 1E!~. rm~~•m~~oo~afnl~ttrm~·~ J!M~~~. ~~~#n~m•wM-&W~~~*~~n•WffOO&~. 2. 2. s ~•&~i9:~m ~--~~tt~9=1Rtt•I~J!~*~*~.~~.:tEJ!~tt~9=1~~~ili~~W~B. *1!I1AM1R~~-~{f~. ~iiIM~i~- _t•OO*ill•$Amxm (ti!!~) ·~~~T 1990 ~. 1995 ~ 4 J3 :;t-~~m±J=:, ~~OO~M~#rn~TI~*~.~~~#J!~, ~£~Stt3000£00_t•*~•~mxm 1XXJ~mtt1oo~:;t-~~I.~~~;..rnm~~$i:~M*M•~•.rfflm~~·~~MBttm tt 5 ~. j1J 1998 ~~m±i=:. ,~,OOiJ?.*, ~~~~itj(;iJ*frJ!~. ~ii~m-~tffi&~r-'*ill•$Amxm eti!!~) oom*4B~~tt81. ~m:m±i=:oo_t• 1 %~@ ~~~~m~oo••.mm•oo£.~~••oo~~~m~. ~~§OOI~•~•m~~*~ ~~~~rn ~ r JL~noom~oo: R • !li$f.&M 199 • 1:1i ffi 9!Z11I ; • :iili1:1i.llfeJHC(Jmi17-W.XfE:l¥J~if: 6%); • ~~~·=•B•m•·*•B£B~:l:l!!M*#,0ffl~-~-m•,ffe~ftl¥J~·~~. mt::kff!Ht1'J±i!!.r1JJ:t1¥J_ti'fi 1 %~:3tH~L IWW3~~--JVG~0£1¥J~ffl1'1 7, 500 li~5T:. Im §1W1iii-t, -1i'li:l:l!!r1J:rt::kill:l:$Ail!3t:iili1¥J~~~m1'J c1995 if:1fl-~, flF~:iili1:1i.llfeJHC~•). ~0£ 7~81Z.7G.AR. ffi, 1ffif1'1~0£ 8, 500 li~5T:. (1995 ~1fl-~. t!F~:iili1:1i.llfeJHC~•). ~*, :l:t!fr1J:r\~f1;J B<J:AiE:l:!fJI.i!3C:Ji 00~15t • J=IHf PJ f3~Jt¥1J 11Z.~:7G/ 0 .m ( 1995 ~fir~, 141:~mm~l*1;51~); @•tfHfPJf3~~~£•, )!-~~ l:.iii~¥1JOO "Jt1t!!,1;51~" ~UJnJEf<J:k1J\ T 0 **:r91JiJT6oo•m 1:t-Wtl (%) :5J-J91 13+1 l:.#i 1%~1990 ~ftjl: ~t;j{ 1 %~ ~if~li&±:l:t!!i!l m • m ? 13 <-E!m 0 mt5t:tiff!am) ? ±~I~ 45-50 30 63 15t 4 50-55 30 37 1fJI~ ? 21 <*~mm ffi 9lt f!t&mm ~!*) ? 2. 3. 1 lli~ JlJT fl 00 :kiE:I: $Ji.i! 3(Ji:mtt:fH)(:l:i!!iE f'F. ' ~ tJi{ &~wt£~~~ ~~J.ll:.~fb), ffi .lx 00 't~H5L ~ ~~~iii~tt*mmoow~~•owJ:.•®r-ffl~filWJ:.W~~*-ff,m:fffilWJ:.m-moo :l:if!~o ~tJi{rf:tt•FmEJ<JiE~IPJB: *MtOOiE•f31dJ~f3~WVE.3C:JiiW~. :ii!i}J)(;Tffi3Fmoomm. tt••~~~~~~+7t~~omm•r:m. •Moog~••*· *~EJ<JiE$tu~h••*· ~ W%JJ)(;T~~~tt-~.:ff~~~~~ffi~~M~~~fil~~offi1%~EJ<JiE~a@I~B~ *je}J)(;, -1!~:JJllB"J$miN:A.f!f:ffl, iE:l::1%Jt¥1Jif!1PJ•1J\~ 40, 000~45, ooo Jd'J\., W:EYltER:ff •1J\~i!i!PJ 25, ooo A'l'A.o iW~tt~Ef<J:;Jl, ~J\.£ttEJ<J 1 %~g{$I~:;ll/l;J 81l$miEJ<J~u$19:it EJ<J, W:EYl1fl¥J~u$R:ff 61l$mi o W•*~11tt•~•= tE§M~•15t4~:ff~~Z.fi,~iW~~W~~*•o3C: tEJ:.•. §M~iEff~~15t4~1¥tt•~B. MW~~T~*•*o·~~~. J!®~Bm~-~~~ M*o tE~w. ~$~fBJfBJ!Wi11i*· ••~ 15 7J-~-Yf$, ~~~-~rBJ 35 7J-~-YI$o ~1f:l:i!! ~oo~~~~{li~f (EE lm~¥[11Ja~) ' ff!/t$ • •:!lll!ltZ fl£1JJ~PJJIM' J!R f3~m $*:1:11£*M ffotE§fiOO•~r. J!m••••:;ll:k~:l:~•g)E3(Jio :!ill~ 1 fJT~, :kJE:1:$JLJ!3(Ji~ §{T$, 0ftf\:$3(JiZ.fBJ{ljjc&fti*o Ji~J!t£ §fi~~t *~B.@83~€-fth-*ft~7J-Jt~®-~T-S7J-giE:l:~&ffi@OO~Ao :EYlff EJ<J•ffr:!lllr: • J:.•:A~ffi o. 5, 1, 2 ···:7G, 5JL:l;)J L 1 :7G(20 ~7J-), :;Jl0ftf\:$~ffrEJ<J 3-6 f~: ~0. :1%~~-~ffr. ~-~:l:t!!~n•m~:l:t!!~m: • ~if: A~ffi o. 3 :7G(4 ~7J-): R • f/i/i\fK# 201 1994 ~. ~t;?-a<J:l:i!!~*g:nr1(Jc~f.J7g 150 li A'/!x, 6~$07J:t~:Ji*ga<J 15%, •Jc•~ ¥fiE:l:7g4ij1Nt-tifl.r:u 24, 000~25, ooo Ai!fl.o Jc~f.J 40%8"J±IB~*g*07J:t1':$f!Jtt±tl!~M~*· ;tt ~*~ 10%~ §ff$, 40%ti71r o 10 ~frJ, 2/3 8<J*gR;ti1EZ9JA r:J, 1!ffJt:tE7l 6Jc~f.J-*- o 'A _t l4!f JciE:I: $Ail!3lii (:!:ii!~) 8"J *JJ gi1E:I: R; 4l} ~ 1s li A ix off!. :ftffJ ~ ~g»-.JS: t-•ii qi~ l±I {ffilJ~-J,to 2. 4 ;k3E.m.*1t~3tima{]11=m& i=iJlr·11 ~ii :i:_tt fl '.8H4, :ftffH&Xi ~ TiiiHi.ftii: qi 00 :fl fl $Ail!3lii 8"J fl: ffl , ff!.R; , !;J, r -®~tl ltJT R; "iiJ !;J, f:!] JE 8"J : • JciE:1:$Ail!3liiJc:l::l:i!!~;IJo T 07J:t3liia<JgiE:1: <~~~Y'r): • -1l'f!f&rffl"M-mE"l'J<J:l:l!!~JcJc•~T07J:t3liia<JM:I:: • -1l'f!f:l:i!!~ <4'-~§J1JR; 2 %~) &r J+l:l:I!!~ 1 %~PJ~gX>J±:l:l!!f!tffl&•nr~#Jtz:::t1&Jca<J~llfRJ: • ~fl-1'-$Jtil!3lii~~MM*PJfftt~~fiR;~~l'J<Jo~fl-1'-$Jtil!3lii~~a<JiE•flPJ ~g~fLl, ~d>R;:tE-3:Bti'BJl*.l: - r?+1rm~~** 12 ~l*l•~iE•;frlJ!ili: - -1l'f!f-tl?.t.W~~T:B}~a<JiE•;frlJ!ili: - ~t;?-:B!! ~ 8"J ~if illi&AJ=ttlHr li::J~ill • • ffl 8"J 30% o ~~. •&•ffl&JcW*l'J<JmF~~-ffl1ffl~M*W~~o 3. 1. 1 ~i.2:7';)E.;.$Ji.ii3lit!ia<Jml~ ~~~-•~iiffi*~· Jcill:1:$Jtm3liiPJ!;J,~•a<JiEm••A$a<J*g,m-tl?.~~•* T~~•ma<J~Bo:tE~#-~r. 7gtt~Jcill:l:$Jtm3liifil~~AffJl'J<J9M~~~? Jg T §J~~t-filJB, ~OOl'i!fY'r7f~:!!-(ODA) :tEtt!:JHtHrfl7Jl'J<Jtt#:3Z:~r' 7f Ji T-Jgi{i}f~, #~1¥ 21 t-~J1qi•nr1~7gt-~liJf~x-t~. Jli!.lfil 2 o Ji.Jffl~®•mWJtflJc.ill:1:$Jtm3liiYJG~ Bt~:tE~~J!&Jcill:l:$Jtm3liio~®•ma<JAr:J~Stt1oon,;ttqi~M-®tt!:~_t·}cl'J<J •mo 20 15 • B1f:A)E:l:$Jl.J!t'.')EJ! 0 f,!07C:AJE:1:$JI.Jt'.')EJ! 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 *~•~m3tm~tt~~~~r~oofi~~? *- 4 : *~~*11.@~i~:t-~:iiJf~ ~ ~lj :ffll tf a{] 1* llSI ~·~*ff 1¥J~§~~~1¥J~#~arnm~T-~ m•oo~•· m*4.~~~. *m*~•~m3t !111. El3 :IJ1X rlJ C % ) m~~Jt¥tl ~ -r oo § 11F = i. :i:.m::ff 0~3tm::f •~f so • •~0~3tm1¥Jmt•~~•; 2. ~T~$£3tmfifif 65 • fHR:3tm1JlHif i'UJ ~; 3. -~jJ&PJlf 60 • 1JE*±±-t!!5¥Uffll&~; -1JE*±±-t!!1fffll&~ 50 • ~Ml&~PJ~~. ~~:it~~~m::ff §~. -~*ffl~tl1¥J~¥lit1lt~ 45 4. ;it1m= ~mm1r i~$:1J1Xr!J:ttum=tm~.oou oo~ifL~•iA~ = "Yi::ff1f :Et:!Jtl&~ M-~~•"m•~*~•~m3tm. ~mm~tt :Fi!t 25-45 ~m~m&••~· m~£~~"*~•~m3tm tr-~-~ aM•~B~£PJffl¥J"B•r~-~. ~~~-· 3. 1. 2 m,~1J ~&~~~:1J1Xrtr,;1t~:1J1Xrn1¥J*~•~m3tm•~~+*m•.w*$~1¥J~~£El3~* *ffPTfftt~~~PJfftt~~m•~wm~oo. m$tt~::fW~~.aM•~&~~*~' WHatt~$~~~~~~-· 83$~~~~ ~oo*~*~•~m3tm~m~£~~-~•••~-r*, *a~~~Mm~rn~aMa~A ::ff PJir·11. i~$~J\\:JG1J1¥J11Jtl~.iH.w. T*~•$nm3tm~J\\:JGIJ ~ ~,~m~~~oo:i:.m~ 1UJ~= ~0*•0~ t)t]%1¥J~,~·ii, *~1ffl~*~i¥J~1fi, X1±±-t!!i¥J~;K, I*¥]!1)[1UJ~ ('E1:f~- £!.1f I~X1:Et:!Jti¥J •~),&*~•~m3tm~0~~$1¥J::ff~m•.a•~M~~.~•~1¥J•~::f•.wHtt R • f/tl$i!t# 203 -tB#:tE~l!*Fi¥Jf7tl-T-. ~p El3f:A3E•$Al!!5tiii¥J:®~*l3~1J!~~rtf t:p,L.4o.3::~1¥J~IR@tt t=P~.~El3fR~~~.ffi~~:®~ti~*~~~1¥J.l!~m~ijBi=P•F•1¥J, ~~-s~ M!U!19:, -~-7C~ai9JT 0 mPX:i3:~~'t1N5C.1¥J@:~1t1t ~~~;JEJ.;L.\:f;! ffljiji:Ji:bZ.*miirl ~1:It * "~B~•1¥J•~"~~~-fflffimJJX;l¥J,mt~~{Ett~-*·•1¥J~%-;f'.F.fil~J!~~ ~&ffi~3&T&~i¥J~fil.~~g···~A~-~-:A:A~~T.mf:A3E•~l!!5tii*~· •11*1¥J~~-~&H9t~~~rtft:p,L.,, ~~~ii¥J5tii~1::~13U11& 600~800 -~~gi-n• *· :A~ilt~d>. AffJmd>~~~0~~$U3E~-~-~tt&~~J!1-§~1¥J~•tt·~*~~0~~* U3E, :A3E•~m5tii~R~•*f~ff~~i¥J~~IR~ . •7C~~~:A3E•~m5tiii¥J~~ •t-F~~3E~:A••g1¥J~m.~®•~Am~~m~~~~7t~m~0~~*~:A3E•~m 5tiiU3Ei¥J:E.W.~~m. :A3E•~m5tiim~M1¥J~~*~•~•1¥J~~.M~B1¥Jm*m•~~1-~m?:A3E• ~m5tii~W•*f~~i¥Jjtii~•*m, ~W~Mf~~--§~1¥J~~?{E~Rt=P.~at ~T~:E.W.5tii••@1E~fil1:~H~:tE1~ff£1¥JJ.K5f, ~ffi~3&1ffl~:A•i¥JM•:f~!M: ~at1E~fft1* M=:tE~J£13~JJ.&51:A•*g, x~~f0~~*~fil1¥JJ.K5f, JAffi~~::H-t!!~#tTWi1-m?X1¥J0~3E •*m: ;f1Zd>!J&'t~t:JLr, :A3E•$Al!!xii1¥J~fil~1~~~. f~z.1:~~i:ptz:~~~li*· :tE1~~17ffi:p, A1n•,1t~:A~•*Amxii~wZ9J;ttm~:IE~±t-t!!1¥J~~117f~. fE!R~ d>!J&~1-~ffi1¥Jrtr•~*~rm•~~~±~~m~xii~~~~~~§~.l!~1-~rtr~w •-~~*&~1*~. J!®~rtr1¥J•~~atm•~~~ttm1¥J•.1:~m#t~. ~s~~TL~~rtr:A3E•~mxiii¥J.1:~~~= • ~~;J;,m;f~::f~1~:A-:tE:ittff;iJJf~atR~~®~~. VZ.~&WM~~~i:p~rtf~:A;J;,IB;f~i¥J~ ~. • R~-1-:A3E•~mxii*m%~*m~rhA·~i¥J~*· :A3E•~mxiim~i:p.s:iz.~ ~5~:tE~r.;lt~5~~~~~:tE~5¥-00L.~~:tE~"~~"~~i¥Jfi~*·-tBR~ 3~i¥J:AJE•~m5tii£~~f~r. • &'~:A~!J&~~$E13~m9=1'L.'ri'.lJ:5'HiM. ~Hi¥Jf7tl:5'~~~®~~1¥J~~~-. *™ Th*'*~1ff j[, filj2;:®~~%b~ 1' 2' 3 %~3E~l¥J·g~·d>1~~. • ~iW:A3E:IHAmxill*m~~~::f ~l¥J1i*&J!i9:hA• @BffJ~$*fflWJ$MVJ$A1i*· mf*~*iJt, •~,L.,1¥JfPJBmc~= l!1-*m~N~m~-*xii%~7t~. ~~Pl!1-*m~ Nf3~~¥H1ti!i¥J § i¥J. • %~~rSJJtJ,Ji1¥J$Amxill*m1¥JJEi\'j!lt:tE 28~41.0 m; 1H1-tzrSJ, j!lti¥J'i:1c'ff.1:~ El3ffti~E *~· t-t!!OO$Am*m~~~¥1J 19 0m1+at<~~Wftf£$JLH0 25 0.£/1J\at<wMt:l:!:f1tf£$JL). ~s= ~~~~~*~*m•~~~~*m~fil ~flj fj(:;jl: ¥:& !l!ff :tf:rt 1¥1 ~t ffd Jl'.Sffi :A~i'J,~$fiiJl!iih $Jllj~/4ijJ~$ NitiEfl~ 'f:l5J)E'11\'Jig& (km) (%) (km) (min) ('W) (.J../!K.I 1J'lf't • 1\iioJ) (km/h) . :ff~(Cairo) ::kll!HH:E±t!! lllii¥J::kili:l!:!fJLi!BC:Ji 42.5 II !. 3 2' :ion 6/9 60, 000 - :bll~~~(Calcutta) ±ffll::kiE:l:!fJLi!3(J! 16.5 95 !. 0 2' ION 8 59, 000 33 li'm(Hong Kong): 2' OOH 8 75,000 ±ffll::kiE:l:!fJLi!3(J! 26.0 77 !. I 33 ;h,:;lt(Kowloon) .:i:ffll:;k)E:l:!fJLi!3(J! 12. 5 84 I. 0 :l' 30H 7 38,000 :i3 m.% (Island) !i!!.jjjjf£!fJL 2:i. 0 0 O.o I' OOH 1/2 14,000 26 IE fl (Tuen Mun) iJtjlJT:ff!.;ffi~ (Istanbul) ::k ll!Ht tE±t!! llli i¥J f£!fJL 21. 0 11 !. :l I' :ion - 2' :i/4 28,000 - Lb JlHR (Mani 1a) il'li?itllf£!fJL 11. 0 0 0.8 2' - 2' :ion 2 25,000 28 2fttti~(Medellin) iit?ltllf£!fJL :i2. 0 0 I. :i 2' :ion 6 - - llIDHlt~(MexicoCity): l' 55H ±ffll ::kiE:l:!fJLi!3(J! J:ll. 0 75 I. 2 9 46,000 35 ::kiE:l:!fJLi!3(J! 11. 0 0 - - - - - ffll?t±t!!lliiflll?ti\llitAi!i¥Jf£!fJL Tren leger ~iiJ~#'r.@. (Porto Alegre) .±:'J!tE±t!! jjjj 1¥1 ::kiE:l!:!fJLi!3(J! 26. 7 0 I. 9 6'00H 4/8/12 16,000 41 ~w (Pusan) ±ffll::kiE:ll!fJLi!3(Ji 32. 0 79 I. 0 2'00H 6 27,000 32 .@.fi',]1!.\J!;Jp (Rio de Janeiro): :l' OOH 6 ±ffll::kiE:l!:!fJLi!3(J! 11. 6 100 0. 8 45,000 29 I'%~ - - - ~mlJl:;kjg:l;!fJLi!3(J! 22. 0 5 I. 6 2 2'%~ :¥:!1!!.!IE llf (Santiago) ±ffll::kiE1i!fJLi! 3(J! 26.0 81 0. 7 2'40H 5 20,000? 32 :¥:1:Jil:~(Sao Paulo): 17.0 82 0.9 l' 45H 6 58,000? 29 ±ffll::kiE:l:!fJLi!3(J! 1-1}~ I' 50H :i:ffll:;k@l!fJLi!3(J! 11. 5 :l2 !. 2 6 48,000? :is 2%f!~ lll.~(Seoul) ±ffll::kiE:l:!fJLi!3(J! 116. 5 80 !. 2 :l' - 4' 6 29,000? 36.5 ~:IJOJJ!t(Singapore) ±t!!r,±t!!l!ii,i\t?ltll. ±flll::kili:l!:!fJLi!3ll! 67.0 :io !. 6 2'00H 6 - - ~ftljlJT (Tunis) ±t!!l!iif£!fJL IO. 0 0 0. 8 I' OOH 2 24,000 19 R • !/l!ff.f.&# 205 3. 1. 3 I~i~i9:EJt~~ Ag-~m~m~.m~fr§M~ITT~~~~7A$•~m~~A~i¥JA~ITT~-~. * ~~tl11lH1f, ~$1¥J~ 1 Li'±t!!IR, Em!ltfri:Ai.R1.zJJX;-~llJHlH~lxtl¥Jo rm£1.Ag:S:~m~mtJt~ film~~~~~ITT~~~*•*OOfJ!:~o A$-~m·~~7·~~~~~1¥JW$~·· ffij£1.~I~-~(·~~~m•I)i¥J~~ ~nfiiJ¥_i~f/NttWffr offl37t]jEm~. 30AOOmi-SU31®••mJ&mOOT-JY!at, •~Ift==~i§:f~ it, ~#M~•Fmoom•~~~T~m~mm~OO±±t!!m%$~ofrW$~M~. rnf•~~# fr~B. l&M~~~Mitff•~~~o ~~m~oo*g•~m~mI~•~•*~TfflG~oili~*•~•moo•~~~T•*~ ~.·~•JJX;OO*~~~§WAAOO•~n~B~~T*MOOIR~o~Ag•~m~m~*~& ~mA,M~*~~A~ml¥J"~*"~#C~*~·*~·*M¥_i~~~~-.MMOOW•~ •· ~~~~~~~~)~~-&~~~~#1¥.JAgI~m~m~••~o I~JH:[~&Jt~• fflML3t~~~ ~ §tiOO&:ff ~••m •~atrEiJ ¥1J1¥Jf~• CJL'.i;& 6), £"1 75%1¥J$Am~m *~JEm#fr•ffl&•~ati'EiJl¥J"Mt3t", <%> c~m•> c~m•> rmH~#"&~"~mFmo~fflG~# -10-+10 3 3 M~oo~•m$.~~:fil±t!!&mff~ 0 -+20 1 2 W~B.tmtt~~l¥Jml&0ffl~-M~ +20 - +50 3 4 +50 - +100 ~•·*~tt*•~oo~~.mffi~m 4 3 &~$L~~ofr~a~. ffif¥_i~~ +100 - +500 2 1 AgI$JLm~m• ~ l¥J I f"Fif/Ntl-\,-'f fir ' ffi f ffJ. :!Jf ;ffl ~ ~ z t§ Jliz l¥J ~ fJj[ tt *· ~-~~®~•m~&~M•m. •~rnf~~T~~~ffl3n"fil~"~*~~1TMrm~ ~~•mm~jj~, ~JJX;~•m&at~OOffltt~~~o ~Tli1flff:~M~~m*g•$nm~m•~oo•mt~fil, ~fi'J:itt1T7i:~MIBOO•ffl7tttfo ;& 1 ~~77tfi~•.•M~1~1~~~ffr~~•Qo~~L. rnfmffi~m.~~~Br~. ~ 1987 :if~%$1fl:X11995 :ifl¥JJ!Jt.11t7ttffJE~-!El¥J111t~~5(0 I J.A.;& 1 ~~1~m:tirir ~~±~~it: • *gI$Am'.Stmoo•m+7t•~-15 0.m-Koo~~fffift:•: t-tl!.oo. £"13. 31Z.~~ - ·~· £"1 6. 7 1Z.~~ - t-tl!.r, £1201z.~~ • ~IE•moo•±~~-~*g•~m~m~~oon~~~ofr~fi~~m. ±t!!ooLi¥JAg •~m~m~-~~tt•~· ili~±t!!r~~oo•~•m~•~~~i¥J3ffi$o ··mtt~lt~~. tt*~ru*~~~~•moo±~~•o I . 8-27 22-60 50-165 J:tli.J9t~14 <Ji!ff1!l'it) 1ll:k *~t~@: 1J. ;i:p~ (PJ:it 5%-10%) ~rtHtt 11ltl*o ti!!.% <mi& 0ffll'ilMB1¥J a~, ~ 11m rSJ 1¥J III! 11;' 5EiiB5c:il!i¥J~~j]' :Ef:li~l!11Jtl) * ±ii!!.Ji.l(;:<1s: i:j:i~(PJ:it 10%) AIJJ.l(;:lfs: i:p~(PJ:it 10%) ~~+lll~ 1j-.. (PJ :it 5%) :bliillfi.l(;:lfs: 1j\ (PJ :it 5%) l'it~111mmt~1¥JJ't~ 1j'>/i:j=i~ (PJ:it 10%) ~~Ji.l(;:lfs: 1ll:k (PJ :it 35%) ~ :FJ![J9l:I: i:j:i~/A: (PJ:it lOo/cr--15%) m~.~tt11~1¥Jtt~~M1¥JA:IB:1:~m5t::ii~~1¥J*~tt~•.~w. ~-~tttt::f• AillmTM.A:IB:1:~m5t::ii~~•m~~*~~~@~~r*r<~"•*IB:1:~m5t::ii•• 1~ "Subway" , W~~+•~*-:11R~IH~ii!!.rl'it1*). :tE-®OO~c ~~+m~:FJ![fi~11H4-~1¥J. @ ~. ~~~tE"~~"i¥J~~~. A:ill:l:~:il!5t::iii:f 6~1¥J~&&*ffl•~%~. R~:tE~rll i:p,t,ti!!.IR:t"ltl:Jdi!!.r. rmffi$J!:i¥J "ii!!.Wc" ~ "ti!!.rWc:il!" A:mHHtrrti!!.oo~•~· ~~m~~~~-~rlli¥JA:~:l:~:il!5t::ii*~m~•&M. ~-g-~T-J9t:l:l¥JS*· ::f~~ffl~•*·~· WH~@m~~ffl*~•~m5t:iii¥JA&W~~@-~. IB•11001'811lJJm::f~. R~wmi¥J11lJJmtt$XFm. Jtlffi:~~El3rt~J31Jl'i'lli¥Jg¥Jit:I:: ~~~$ ooo Af'J\~J:i¥Jg¥;i[:I:. A:~:l:$1L Jtjiji¥J:k~:l:$JL:il!5t::ii Cii!!.lJc) *~~~~~~-'J'" ijt~ 80, m5t:Jm.1'8~2•*~~, ti:•-t-•~"&l*l1mfn~~~~~-*~"13o Jtl$ c•wHttiti-~), ~~tt MMIB•PF:ii"i'f.J~Mm~-®, ~-1--~i¥JMA:3:1:. IB•~ffl~~/;fJ,~~tl:IWl~fJl, ~~~J:~tl:l~t.W~l=~§:A:. 1J11JC.1J~1~d>'l'im.~•JJ.l(;:lfs:i¥Jfl . ftjffi]!~·!i, ~/f'Tfi$~~"1*~JiJfW~i¥JA::l:~ffl 0 rm~~45cA~T11HrIB•7fx5'r. ~~ 1~~1Jt~&x11 IN* i¥Jtt5fLl. ~-~~oo~•~-~~**·•--t-mm~i¥J~$X. ~-~•~*IB•1oo~•gmw ~i¥JI~A~tE~35A~OO. w•-t-•g~~illVJJ.l(;:lfi:tElO~O~*~oo. *~•~mxn~0~~*•~00~•~~~-~~rn~s>.~•~~moo*~•~m xm*!JE~A~OO'J'~~. tttt{5(~-*-!!JtW3*-~~rn~moo~ 1 L.,~lf:±~oo*MM)EJruiM1$~ ~!R. ~o*¥)[~0xoo•~· *~•~mxAOOllJl51*{~-R~~~lHM:tEtl71T-aJJt:OO!R~. *£"1 ~Jli$M soo *mlEJ*J, J3:~. mt~-llt~ffi~~OO~:tE~~- ~7f Wf~!St0x Jf)E~}t$-00 -1*1-t 00 •ffi" ~~ 0x~~-* ~m nl\:1GIJ ~~ ~J\1:1GIJ ~~ ~J\1:1GIJ ~~ 7f ~(Cairo). x x ,/ x ,/ x ]Ojj\-1§.~(Calcutta) x x ,/ x ,/ x W1t!:i (Hong Kong) : :!:ii!~ x x ,/ ,/ ,/ x ~~ ,/ - ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ W:Wfffi.;tiljj\ (Istanbul) x x ,/ - ,/ - !:bmifr (Manila) x x ,/ ,/ ,/ x ~ ]!!Fl~f~ (Mexico City) ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ ~iiJ~**l! (Porto Alegre) ,/ ,/ ,/ ./ ,/ x ~w (Pusan) x x ,/ ,/ ,/ x 1!£'-l~J*JF (Rio de Janeiro) ,/ x ,/ (../) - x :¥::!:i!!.]E{lf (Santiago) ,/ ( ../) ,/ - ,/ x :¥:1*~ (Sao Paulo) ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ ( ../) ~~(Seoul) x x x x ,/ x ~]O:f&'.(Singapore) ,/ ,/ ,/ - ,/ ( ../) ~mwr (Tunis) x x ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ -~~-=-~~~: • ~~__t~JE-:;!gm-:tE*~•$Ji.mxn*!ri1im#!;~*~~. 12J-Edr A~ EHr$OO:itl:WJm.m. :tE~~~~~. R~m~tt•mt-ar!2J--~J3:-~. • 0~~$~fi!%E81tr~-WO{~H~~~$7v:A:JE:S:!t'f!.Jl1!3t:im.M~ii95-. M:im~filPJ!2),M*f7v "~ ~0~~*~*~•~mxim~*"·~-~~~~~*__tff~m. ~~W$AID~•~ 1~Ji:J 0~~*fl=~1Hi!EI • oo w1r. gJG ~:A 1tPAfJx$ff-<~*~•$Ji.:i!!xJm.$Xt.§'i oo •1fl. • •ffi-00-1*1-t-•~•OOM~~: *~•~mxm~0~~*00•~WffRMM-~•· <~~12J-•1fl"oo~~. ~~*~•~mxJm.~•-ffm~~oo~*~m:Afim>. ~~m~ $~Jt:~OO~~*£••~A.ili~-~~-~ffi~~-. ±~~~.:790~~$00~g* ~••uam~m~mooma*~-~~__t. R~:¥:1*~~~~-~*!1t:tE~~~~~. WJ3.~:tE•m~*~•$Ji.:i!!3timNA*•~-*r!Ml¥J'tfJ~r~l,YlOO. m~•ffi-00-1*tt-ar12J-mtt~#~~"~~"~~~**~~.m~*0~~*~*~• ~mxmoo•ffi-*~· ~•1fl"•lfw1Tm•oo**rm*~·J3:~•~:itl:T~#xm~~~oooo ~*· ~~••moo~~. 12J-&~0x•~oon~tt~~•tt~~~mm~•~~oo~:tE§*& &OOM±~l*~. 11-1- ~~1¥Jg¥Jif.:S:ffL~1lt:ko ~ilJ~~!!. (Porto Alegre) g1'if.:S:~4lt~4lt~M0!!. 100 Ji A iJ\, mE\?:1i~JJ!IJ~4lt~4lt~R~0!!. 1, 100 liAiJ\(fett&.~1l~"Jl¥J•-m7HiU7'J 100 lf AiJ\& 300 li A'/!X.); ·~/Nt-Hit:S:i¥J&R!:!JA~~i¥J-/J\lltiji[ti) 20, 000 A'/!X.¥Uwm~t$5£Jij4lt/J\lltiji[ti)~ M 80, 000 AiJ\1¥J1'it:S:zJ§Jo -~~*· m~"~~"i¥J::kili:S:~m~·~--~ftiJUm~~-Mi¥J.W~~&W~~ ftiJl¥J~M1¥Jg•:S:•*~~oM®mU1¥JM~-·~~tta.~1-UmWAAi¥J3~~--~ Mi¥J, 7JUE!T~§~::ki¥Jg1'it!l:(::k~"J~4lt~4lt~M0!!. 150 lf AiJ\); W~J§~~1¥J~M¥Jt~ ~~-M~l¥J.~®~M~~T-1-~~~~. ~Bi¥J~*~~®~M4lt~M0!!.*mi¥Jgili •P-~'**~•1¥11/5 0 ~iiBft~~*~i¥J, WH~~~M**~ * *9: lE _;_ *11.il! ?)lid! ~~ff-~JEm~f~iY!IJ{i~~~ (Yi'.~ 9)' ~T-1-Umf1£fi5Tg1'1E~ii:S:!~U'r. ~~1¥JUm•*~~~Bft1¥Jg••·m~~#M ~B~~U[i¥J&:ff (%) Um• ~1¥.Jl*~m::kfi&L~rnr•~~ftl¥JM**~o ~B~~-3& 1 wa~~~.rnr0~~*•ili¥Jt~~~Mm1¥Jfi 1 ~-20 1 &.*g~~~i¥J~ii~~~~*·~A~~*i¥1 -20 ~ -50 2 ~m~ftiJ:Aili•~m~mft~1¥J••*rBtt.A -50 ~ -60 2 o~~Ai¥1****rBft.~rnr::kili!l:~m~ -60 ~ -70 2 imfil~~~*~ilR. ~d>Tll&51m~. !;J,Li¥Jt~t~1* -70 ~ -90 1 ~•m~~~ffeg•:S:zzfi£rt~~~ o *g~~~*::kili!l:$nm~m. -=E•rn•ff11*J:E, a•ffl1~11£1¥J:J:i!!.1R etw :tz:T~llm. m~ ~A~m•~m:AW:S:~m~mo@a•ffl~•at. *gM•.R~~~a~A~•1¥J~mo *ili•~m~-~~m--•~*~AR$*~~·~AW~•o&MOO%~*ili•~m ~·*g (~~·ili: 100%) -~!;), 1Wi¥J0~*g, ::kili!l:$1Lil!~ii:B:/f'ff~ll& 51~:A-•1¥J/J\~* ~ l:lHll**g (ftJlJT~i¥J1-~:iiJfJl:Um4i!%J- EHT*~~n». 51 ¥1J$nm~mi¥J ~t-WtlRd1£) )2£~~];] 0 frA~-~~~Um.~~*~-#~~1¥.Jafil.~at:A~•1¥J•~Am~/f'ttfr•W&~!R. W::kili!l:~m~B-M~•W&IR~~o 3. 3 :*:ili.m*1t~:3'.timl¥-J9!~jfj(~/.R. !M°iE.t~lr•ti 003~~Tm~mJt:Um4i::kili!l:~m~m1¥JM•~~o~••~A~mM<ili•~*·* .Jf&~:EI•m (E!P::f~1~1ff IS&~IJ,@,H~Ht~. fr 101-::kili:S:$JL@~m~~JE4i' ~ 51-••~& ili•1r9\li. ~ 41-frB~ili-~~~~J, W~w::kili!l:$1Lil!~imiE~tt.f5fo ~3&l2£®&:ff1¥J-=E•l*~~·ffl••::f~o~wm5¥~4lt1-*g~Mi¥JiliR7'J~~*·W a®mUtP.R~ 5 ~*o ~~~7'Jwm•m7'Jwm:1:-l!!.r~•0~ (MTR) ~J:ET-1-riti~ El ;fffe <~ ~r~fiM::k~~~>.WH~~0~aiE1¥J~-=E~~~~~1-El~owaa@mu.tt~~A ~~•1¥1. R•W•~*~~m~. -~~§~::kili!l:~m~m•ffl::f~r*~*go 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 ~ jffi :iif 1Jo~mz :¥:1*~ !bJfH.fl ~IIT~m llH"J~r*JP- ~w & #iJG :¥::I:!!!}[ :iif 7i'f ml :I:!!!~ Rifi=mt:l:t!rft!H4l011J (MTR) B:lf,T~I,W.:k~:l:~Am3lm~•N• ~'1":1:§145(8<JPJ~~·!i, {!1i3: m/F JE. l?)Jl}l 'J I.flA N. :jlt 0 R if ft .fl AN. 1!H~nu ~ !l}J 45(,A' 3f {t ± :l:·tlt7f 1~:;fU M:itJ§lj ~. N. B<J 15%at, /tif PJ ~~ 1111 '31.fl AN :6'i =11t o ¥_~_:tm, :¥::1:-t!t~IE ~ &Ib lb tL :tE B~ ~ ;g ~ •if:fili tU , i3: PI m~•JE.:6'£~£~B<J:XS*:8i~W*' ~~PJd~~~-~•mmW:6'£~~B<J-~S*o M•~~•&n~Mmffi~,~~ttB<J•~±~M*,~*N•~~;gd*SW~•<tttt &~§j(),WWM&45cAX~~X:k&~~~omifi3:-m,•m~d•B<J~~A~:l:~il!3( Jm.M•~~/F{~L hAl-Tll '3 l.flAN:6'£=11ti3:-J§J.l7!HJL ~Q*~if•mB<J.tt»Jh!lJGN:6'£' !lJGm~±:l:i!tTf ~~JL~~~ #.~L~El<J/F~~-PJ~~~:fil~L~ifffW:k~:l:~il!3lim*~Aifn~B<JM•PJfitt, Rifi=mtB<J:k~:l:~il!3lim*~~iliTi3:-§~o 3. 4. 1 3l;f0~3l~i±~~_;_jjjj1.J'iml'.(.J&~ A~:l:~il!3lim*~El<J*J.l,PJ3tt&~mtt/FWWtt~~~T0~3(Jm.B<J%a,m•T Wfi=11tB<J~mm:1:&•*I~~-. -~A~:l:~il!3lJmWfi~-0~~*~~~. &PJ3~ ~o ~Qi=mt 4/5 B<JOOxtOOB<J~iSlPJ~3(tiFtEI~B, W:tE~~,fQ:flEJJQ:it!IJRif 2/3 o ~7Ctti'PJ, :k~:l:~il!3lim.B~•0A&•~tt~~r~~~o :tt••M~, ··~~~LB<J~$~~&~Pm&a.i3:~0~~$3lim.M~ffi~~oR iffta~:l:Lfl-~• 11\at!J!!.rP:J 40, 000-50, ooo Ai.X~L, **~ftf:/t~1~~ Axt~~~. {!1i3: ~-m~~&MTffW-~0~~**~0 B~.•-~:X~:l:~il!3lim~®-dffl~*~T0~3lim.$:1:oim~·~~-B<J~an n•m•T 3-4 {ifo . I 0:tt1't±f: *~ill 11t11t ~~.@f ::kill:S:$Ail!3c:Jll* m0 flt m11t11t1f33:~ Et9 ~£%: = 5r:1t1::kill:S: ~il!3c:Jll~, 0;it1'\:$Et9Wm~~~::k::kM@, W0:tt1'\:$Et9~-~~fd~~·Et9llihW~ ~~~-~~~~R~~M:S:Et9&~o 3. 4. 2 3'.tiif.mm ::kill:S:~il!3(Jll£~1fMfM&3c:JllWm~?M~£: &1fffW-~~mft~3::kill•~ il!3c:Jll*~~*B1:!tAM&3c:JllWmE8511L~ 0 :tE-®~rtf 9=1, ~::kill:S:$Ail!3c:JlllXJiJ7fJll8'j' 3(Jll ~~~1f-~~BE8~~, mmmB1M~i3:#~*•m~To ~~~~~~Et9~~£:~ftm::k-S**~~0;tt1'\:$ff*::kill:S:~il!3c:Jll, @0:tt1'\: ±f:Et9n:S:#&1f~~MM&C0:tt1'\:$Et9SaM~MftT), W~1'\:$Et9ili~~~~&1f~::k~ :S:~il!3c:Jll~~ffWff•oV~iliE8::kS*il!M~~:tEmB1M~••~~~Et93c:Jll:S:~~£~ 1'\: $ 3c:Jll r!l MT o X'/!A,::kill:S:~il!3c:Jll~m~8Et90:tt3c:Jll~*·•**~~T*#CtE~~~A~*** #Et9*~),J2;:~~tt-~B1~~.tE~~*·~Et9::kill:S:~il!3c:Jll*~Et9~8'f,0:tt1'\:$*~ Et9n:&:filmn•~~•::kill:S:~il!3c:Jll~~Et9nmo @£, ~~::kill:S:~il!3(Jll~3(JllWm&1f•~Et9ti~£~~~El9o~~'t*~:tE¥#W ~~~m~Et90:tt1't$*~<~~1'\:$~~~)m~T~-#~~om~1f::kill:S:~il!3c:Jll~~ Et9~mE83c:JllWm~~~~~~•&1f33:-*mE8~mmnm~Et9~W3c:Jll~•o 3. 4. 3 ±±t!!~1Jffl .!:3±JiJnlHM1;7 W1f::kill:&:~m3c:JllE8~mE8~~mn~~&1f33:-*mE8~m1fm::kE8~~.m33:#~ ~~£ft~~~-~Ef9, ::kill:S:~il!3c:Jll~~mM~Et9•~mmn£a~~~Et9o~tt~~1f J3:~qi l~JWl)E? /.$=i'0::>c?fiuHJ&Ef9J2;: ®~m'EL1~11R~ oo ~1ft·t:t~m, 'tfi'JEl99=1 1 Li'*~~*oo ~ FJ~*~ Et9~2.Vf ml919=1 C." W1f~j:Ef90~3't:Jll£33:®9=1 1 C.':l:-tf!~t#·~~Et9¥/.$:*f4 CW~fXfX~$~) o ?fi1fEl9 1 iiEM~lt~aJL ~-~~~].~f{ill1f, 0:tt1't±f:*mE8~~1F~:S:filfl~~JtjiJ~fi'.i34ij1J,8'f 20, 000 A'/!A, ~*~~-M~8Et9~ill:S:fX:it~33:~nm,•~~~9=1~*~Et9~·~~0J2;:8'f~-~1f~ ~ipm~~Et9~~= -£9=1 1 Li,~Et9 §~**•iff~Xftl!.~1151htx~Et9*~ff•, =£ft~::kill:S:~ il!3c:Jll*m:R:nri0:tt3c:JllE8]fU9lo ::kill:S:$Ail!3c:Jllfl ~~~tiJ->EE81JE:it1f'Fffl, 'tf!~m9=1 1 Li'~~ $••~tJL:¥JJ~Et9~~. f!~m~~$••W~1f-~51il::kEl9~m9=1,Li" mxill:&:$Ail!3c:Jm.#~ -E:1J~ ~ tE Et9** 0 a&n~m.~~-.~~~R~w~. ~mE8~••~m~~•~>E±*7f~R3c:Jm.• ~. *~Tti:::kill:&:~m3c:Jm.Mmili::k:&:•~0:ttttm, #:1t1~•~7f~Et9••· ~r::k::kill :1:$;ftil!3(JllEf9~1151mllo 33:~if7f~Et9~~*~~£:ll.:¥.9l•o f!!£33:~.P7f~~*0:ttm~W1f± *· ~Rttm•~.¥~~--~::kill:S:~il!3c:Jm.Mm~±f:~Et97f~~~WE8~hffiliM~, :tE~-~~J3iJ~:bo~~l-Sf1Et91fh~~33:-~:l: o R • !11/Nf.&ff 211 *~•~mxnm±~~m~*~~1f~~~B~m.~~*~•~mx•~~~f*~*9=1 awmoo~~.~#~~oo±~m1f&~~fil~•· x~~~~-~.a~#•~~~fil±~ +*~*· ~.tlt~~~~am, wamttttxT-~T-~*~~~tt~~~*~¥. ~.t1t*~•$Amxnm±:1:1!!.H~oo•of!iJ~I::~~~. A1fJJiJTftJl~OOID*~•$JLmxn~oo51 1fhOO±~H~T-~~·~~~.~-~•m~1fhOOm~.T-~~~-m*~&£H~~~ •m0~ttm),WH~~•m~~Nfil~·®*~•~mxn~m~m~~F~~~~~oo• o[lij, ~~;tt•~~~$1~51*oo~m9=1 1 Li·~~M=~~M. @IJ'iJ;tt1fil~*~*i;J:ti11$9=1 1 c.'~ffibt. rn .tlt%PX:OO~ *£T-£~1fJJiJTftA~00, ~1f1lt$•it. *~•~mx•~~OO*AA•o[!tJ£~m-~£•9=1oo~mm~. ~1f~~~~a~$~M 9=1~m~ .moo~m:l:i!!.I£~~ooJEwL 3. 4. 4 $t.l ft*~•~mx••~tt~9=1.~®rnI~*~mPX:oo~~•o[!tJ~~~mF~.~~Mm~ @mn.xn~m.~±-~~.&.*~·~®T-~~••ttMoo~~~~•@. m~-~ftm $atf~#*~:EJR,. -§·}JX;~ffl. ·~~~~~ftffMatOO~•~m~m~~F~**•o[!i]. -~·o[!i]OO~ ~~~**·&~~T-*.~$*rnf~*oo~~.$*83fI~~~oo~u.a~•oo~•· *~•m~oo±~H~ffi~~*•~*~•~mxn£~~~*•*~~c~~~gM~-~ ~MOO~~).~-~~fr·~· fil~*fr;it~~~~~. T-~•o[!tJ£BW~.!JlOO. ~at•~oo*~•~mxn~-~IJ'iJ~oo•~m•£~~-~~.a~mtt•~@~at. 1f 1s0~oo~M•±•~m~•r~moo•9=1~~~.wlJ'iJat&~~rem1f•~oomn~x• ~~~~xxa.~£~~@~£"~~"xBIA. wmn~T-£. rnf~ffl*~•~mxnmM~xnwm~mT-*· Mwa~~~·~•&~~~~~oo oo~m#T-~B.mM*~*~· *~•~mx•~~~~~m~~£••· ••~mrM~ •&m~A~~*~•oo~m.~~~~A~oo~•· ~*~~m~M*~•~mxnoo~M 9=1~ilJ1~* El<]!&.@. 0 3. 5. 1 ~B'f ~fi·ti ~M~•m~mx•~~OOPX:*z-£H~T-#~•ttB~fitt~~•ru. ~m*g• $JLmxnr~ § 00I~~~$t'.ffilli1H~·~:i!OOW1fr, ~~~ MRTAP *~rua;tt~Jt•9=1&1fm:frm [4], #H~~~~~mi&•*oo~m~~.fil~£1f~oo.BmmTft~M9=100%*$~Wm~m oo~'c.'~· 3Amoom-~*~•$Amxn]UJEat, ~*IfZOO~~i1r~. *~~7HH*~•$Am x•*~~~mOOtt~~**OO•o[!tJC~"~~&T-•"~•ffi~ru.~#·~~~~-~B ftAOO ~$~~$i&.@.$ (EIRR) .&.~.tltt§~OOm;$ittJ~. 004m;MT~•~~~**~•~mx•*~OO~$~$i&.@.$M~. 3~~mOO~$i& .@.$~11£ C11£f 10%), 3 ~~mi'M~ 10%~ ca 12%zffiJ>, 1 ~~moo·t~~ ~~f, i!f :tioif:1Ja*lt. !I 4 : :kiE~*11.m3li!1'~~Jf ~-ggi:tl!1R f&Vfi&~$ 22% 20% 18% -4------- _._______ Wf:IJll#f!tM!k ~m~~ 16% ~------- *~ 14% ...,__ _. ~------- &~ ~------.... ~w,~~-'IBf 12% ...,__.... ~ ftl Wi tHJL, ~ ftH\'l tHJt. 10% ....__.... ~f*~:li!!~,/ljffi~~~~ 8% ~-------- ~~m~ 6% ~-------- ~~~~# 4% 2% ~------- :1Jll1J\ft~ 0% ~~~·~~.~~*$~*~•~m ~10: *iE•*1Lm3li!~grn:~~&~~~ ~m~§~a•m~.~•~•M&~&~ Ef ?t~t ~~~~•.mam~~~#~.~~m~ *iE:l:$JJ.m3'.lii ~~ii, ~-~~~~~~*~.~~m~~~~ff 1J£"1*~11tl'BJ 70 ~~0~19:~JJn§ffiH:o ffjj[/1J1£ 8 :ft:IJ!l*~ 8 fi:ft (~ijf) *-lj\f\$ 7 -0;t!; x Jili 2 lt1tt!. 5 .~-it 100 *iE:1:$JJ.m3'.lii~~ii:lf, 1j,f\$lklt'ftffl * 18 ;lti:j:i: $~*ffl 1j,f\$* 16 ~*$JLJ!xlili* 2 0;t1;xlili*~ 67 ;1t i:p: $~*ffl 0;t!;fl:$* 29 ~*$JI.l!xlili* 38 *~•~m~mF~~±~~~c~* :ft:IJ!l (j{]Wf*~ 8 10) El3~~I1tatfariH"J, m~/F*lm&~tm r2-ft* 9 ~~~gw~~~~~m~o~~~~~* ;tt i:p : $JL l!xlili f& ft * 3 ~~~~~~~••m<m~~*~-¥~ 0;t!;f\: $ f} ft* 6 ;ttfm -2 ~~~*~•~m~m*~~~~•m~ .~-it 100 111 T) o *~•~m~m~•*~~~~~~~m0~~*w~a~m*~•~m~•~-•~ g,@~~~0~~*~g~~~0~~$~ffi~•@w~~oW~~~mM$mM~~~~ ~~~m&. ~~*~•~m~•~••~mm~~~/FF~tt~•~oM~*~•~m~n ~~*~oo-~±~~~*~· ~*ill•~m~mF~OO~M~. ~f1f-~~Jt~oom •~m~m~~.w~•*~m~£~m•~*ill•~mxmttmoo.~@m~oo*•~M~ £•mm*ill•~mxnm1T~•oo±~~~~•.mM~-:noo**· ~r*IB•~mxn ~~M't'mF~OO~~-*OO~M~~ff~~A. m~~M&~~~~M-LOO~~~#. w~. *IB•~mxm~§~f~~~ff~~IEOO*~~A.m~m~*IB•~mxn• W:OOl'i'l'J~~l-~C~~. 3. s. 2 ~H£Bt~Jlr·ti *IB•~mxm~1fJt~=~:noooo•~~~~~.Jt~1fm~m~•~w~ra~&±~ :tFJt•nitiJ), ~-~£X>J;Ef~OO•nitiJ ('§.~T Jiff1f ~l-$l!I*). 7':lli;*1tm3'.tija<J*±~•ntuJ-ff£~Afiftm£~1tm*IB:l:$Jtmxmitt1*r~ffr: :tio*~ffr *·~®A~~m*IB•~mxm.~~~~~~m~~*~.fil~fm::ffoo0~~*~g~ ~#N~L*Jt~OOmM~ffl#&-~)WMAIB:l:~mxm*~~~~~~.0~~*~gm ttmmm~oo•~· £m$£mM*IB•~mxmOO"ft*"**oo0~~*m~m:1:00~* Wf~¥U~f~OO. *IB•~mxmoo~~-&mtt~~~g, ~~~gm$£*~Afiftmmttg.*IB•~ mxmoo•W:ttNm~~~mfmffJF~/f';fuOO•nitiJ, ~;fLlOOl~~ltt*r1!fB:3Cif&st1100~tt1~11£, rm~~r±:i:i!!ffl'f!OOL8!L ~:1:-l!!g00Jt1mm~m~~m~B:f$, 1m1nm/f'~J-.A*IB:l:$Amxnoo •W:~~M. 7':lli;*1tm3'.tija<J±~*£•~-~~~ITT•@~1f-~JtM•~.#mm±~JtM§~. ~*•~~n•~m1T:tfJt, ~~-~F~~~OO:tflit~M.X>tr*~*~~•~oo~oo~~ OO~ITT, :tiowit:uo~JT:bn:lffi:, *IB:1:$Amxm*~m~~£1itM1~:!<.uoo~ll!l!I*. 1EI.~#~F£-~ 1f~~ffl OO~it. 7':ill;*1tm3'.tija<J~••~-~~:noo, am~~~~~ili1f~~moo~~.*~•~m xmoo•nitiJitt * r ~ r ~~:noo = • I~•W:MN: ~~OO~~N~: • ~~~:ff: ~~!ij~; • *IB:l:$Amxmffemoogmi::1: <fmffJ/f'tiH~~m~*m**1m: • m1i11-ooxm&±:1:-!!!1tml5tw:. ~®l!l**IE*IB:l:$Jtmxnmxnmm&~ITT~~, ~f~OO•nitiJ. mooa1n~~:!fi-Ht~ ®[!]* 0 OO~ff-~£~*iyj, !ijJtft!?.1T~/f'~, xAX1A~ITTOO~i§1flf~~1JOO~nitiJ. 't'~~U:i:iJ!~nitiJlf ~ITTOO~£~IB1r <~mmoo~ITT £1f ~F~~*-OO~ITT), **IE T~ITTOO~i§M:I: rn1Jmmx~ oo ~ITT' ITT~ m !;}, fI;ftl:l:-1!!¥U:iisAH~~~ OOH~~li~W:Jlffi) 0 - T- ~-~~-tt~~~~hOOF~~~OO-~: • £l'rlltl~Bml11f; • £l'rlltl~Br5~1Hf~$:. ~d>$i'Ol: • -~±:lt~ffl; • -~~m~~oo~mm•. ~: • *ilim*11.~5ti!~~-Js:~ntta~z.•oo*•· ~1'1B1'1~lJvN'~'c$R*:t£;*mfj!; T- ~~m•oo~~h~· fil~~rr~A~n~1'1~~. ~rr~mxffI~oo~-~~~~. • 5li!~~ffilj (~ l&i91~~1&~)-Js:~::k~rtr~- PJ1'f 00£l'rlltl~iiM11f00h~, B~~F~lrz OOM~: 0~~*~-PJ~m~. ~~~~~~m~~: PT~~~ :A1.~Hlc&~:Et:fl oom~: a•r:A~•~rtrm~oo~mm•RPJ~tt. Js:#~-~--~a-~••RPJ~~-£~~= ~~iiM11flk~~F~OOW~~~fil* R~~~•*•~~~-~~~. w:A~•~m~n¥~oo•~~~~•*•~oo~m. a:A ~rtr~. :A~•~m~ii¥~m~B~fi~~#~•~•~••~m~••M~*•· :A~•~m~nPJ~ttmm•.aJs:#"~ttm:Et"~•~· :A~•~m~noo*~PTff tt1t~~•~oo•~PJfftt:A~~.~~~: :A~•~m~m~@~••~:1tw~. w@~• 1'J§~m-~•a~oo•~OO-W**W~. Bill00~§~¥~PJ*~· ~;JUE 1991 •rnlf*il007f/lti-tt1Jif, Fox 01'fJ1J~00jjjliJMf,JfjtJ:fri¥J ":fJifrll~fR~3(Jm. 4 tt!:Jr-itHHll Halcrow ~--~~E•tt~~n·*•~•m1¥1. •ili. :fr~~±~OOnOO~~T£~*M= • ~m~~m•~~~&~mftwsntt:fr%~-#~m. MaM•&~#wmoo*n.~ ~~~OOBJl:~&JGB!fi m~N~~Jiffio • ftfi'J:fr 1995 ~t6:¥UOO:fi*7K3¥filiiElljj)]tn1tffll&~/$>J(ftW~BlfiB\J~JJ.1fmtr·ti, ~ft Jh ~_tj(E£~-{Jzo :tE*&JGBlfi~1iEaJ1mtr~J§. ft1fJ~-/X3;1:JmT *f$:1ti,,, @Jt:~a1ti,,1!1fSJ, 1ti,,:l:l!!n~ Jiffi~-&JG~. XE~~~r~r~~~~= • tti,,111~tt•~~*~•~m~m*mooM•w*? • tti,,111~~~~m&JG~tt~~~-? 3. 6. 1 ~iit~~ ~~*ill•~m~m*mn~~~*OO~~·~*•~~~•~mtt~1iffiom*~•~1f Mrm*ill•~m~m*moo~•~•~••n~OOTfio ~*&1f0~m~ooN•. *ill•~m~m*mooM*~-~~*•&:ff~fil. ~~r~ i.iH!iS: • mr~OOliJf9'E7&1ljj = ~6?&1f-~*~:1:$nm~m*m:tEM* _tPJ1r-lf~-§:fl!i~J31JJJX:JJJOO 1lfm:kill:l:$/Lm~m*;JE(MTR) 0 ~~. 1f APJ~~~~i1'.:iJl~®~£0~J9!§' :tm*El3~A *~•d~--~~®oili~Am~m1lfm*r~n0~~~~aoo•~~•n~Er• ~~•· ~JJt~tt~~1lfm:kill:l:~m~mrn~A~•#£~o • ~6?~~. R:ff-~*ill•~m~m*mrn~A~•M*wm~*ill•~m~m*m (Manchester Metrolink), fE!.~~~:fE't11=~fbAt£•JJX:J}JOOm;-Wtl. ~~;it 90%~_t00~~ fflt:Lfs: ~ El3 •RltJ!: • 00 o mtt:ttJ~mt-!1!1"3f:&*~~*:&l&~. ~M1~•mN•w*00-~$~0 m~ff,t£•<* 11) B~ililli~m:m~~••n~§m~~003fttl&~oommomr:kru~§. a&:ff&tt1~00 ~JtPX::Lfs:~JJt~*~-lf ~:fr:k~J\l~}t003f:&mz;u9=1. fY1J:tma1lfm*ill•$nm~m*m ~fit (MTR) 9=1fil~!lto~6?&1f-~*~*lljj= :fr:kill:l:~m~m7tfit9=J, ±*3f1t~~tt•tt~;tt~m PJtf•tio lit*· El3:ffi~00±*3f1tl&~*fi~~§N•1f-~~~OO~~ffl= ~-~-~•om~ ~moomt-tl!t"m:f:m7&:El~ "·~:l!:&M-)Wi:l" 0011~0 rm±t-!1!3f:&l&~OO~:El±~t&~r3f:& ~§:frm~OOll100~Jiffi. a111m~m~OO•#r. tttt~f"~~§~JiffiF£tt~OOJ§*o ~•Am~~~--nOOftWtt0ttM~;;$:_tB)!:~~-~~.@~&1f~•~*W~El3* 7&1ljj= ~•snm:ff~~•~m~m*mn~~-•w~oo~A~•oo•~~~o•~~*· ftfi'JPJ~~ili~i1'.:. *ill•$nm~m*mooN•:frtt'ffi'·ti~:~rw~*•0~N•oos:.Ao •mzJiJT~:m-N•fflr~fOOJ:v! §' WEl3~~'ffi'3'E7}: *~·$)1.J]i~J!l*;JEm'ffi'~F~~lt*OO ~~tt~~. -•**1r-~A~~ffl!lt*m· tE.•~*~mmfiilll&A~~f"~•~·•m ~~:ffwrnmtt~m~mN•*~~~•**fil&~o ~~ , iE ~ B<J at fBJ :i2\Af:§9t;l!--IJJ , ~ mfciJ Jm ;l! = " :tE ~ rtn:iJG oo ~c&nuw 1t ~ ~fl- ¥J!: , i3:~+ tJC J9i :;1- ff~ ;l!1r :EI 8<J " 0 ffit&:~!J.;IR (London Docklands): $HA (DLR) ~r!J.filf$~ 40 $£$JI. (DLR) Beckton .filf$~ 100 Jubilee .filf$~ 15 $£$A (DLR) Lewisham .filf$~ 5a *ffit&:~.filf$f& 40a ffi t&: IJ ;rHY.J $i: $JLJJJ! § : ~WWT~:kili:lt$JI.it!3c:JiJfH~~ (Manchester Metrolink): Bury/Altrincham 0 Trafford Park/Salford Quays 10 i~f ¥)F ttom~ ~ * 5-10 wmti!!r iu~ ~:ft Hopewell JJil § il'~t;kili:lt~Jt~ili3C:Jm 3. 6. 2 ~Mff ~x~~*~0A~~B<J~~ffi~. :EI~~~az~oo*tt;l!~~*ill•~•~•*~· Mm;l!*ill•~m~m~A~•~•M*•~£~r~. 006~M7~~~~~~-~oo~• !V-R t.ltffJX1 2000 ~B<JAA~' .±JI *illt$A•*~~rrf (~~~0llhA.*¥'1 1H'4FJU' /G-§.:J%1f$;/L rt!.$) 0 hA.JZ. ®gJHt PJ" !V-;g ili W3" 1- ~ ~ t~ fil : • ~£~ti\ l5UMi J9i z !'BJ Zf::tE ~ 1y:J ~ 8<J ltj(*-JZ. ill~ t'i.txJl\ PJ" fr *14;f§ ltj(* : • *XM'tfrB<J00%'.#¥)[1f:iN*flfiWf1*~:bi$;/Lm~mo 1EI.:tEtl:IJ'Hi1Efill*JX1~51flfi$f1*~ :El·*illt$Am~m~~iE:tE~-lf, Mztz:it7~ri1PJ1~~fi3:JJlI1'1=8<J~fciJn!o ~~]FJ::~1fX~-®*~iE:tEitt1Jzi:p, #~M'~MB. J3:®*~PJ"H~fr 2000 ~3fm, {EI.;l! !V-f1B<J~MB't'~m.#/G4-Ailm~ o .t1t5>t-, ¥Hr -ttt~Mn, ~~1f-11t*illt$nm~m:r91§3f~i!Jt N~tJCA 1!ffl o 0 J3:®!Jn § i:p ..R1fr-n1-<W:tEE~~. ittlJ 1998 ~~J£HJ)illf9J~M3fB) PJ"H~;l!E8flAMffl ~:bi~~fiB<J, ®~~J::.tlt~~l*JW~OO%'.W:tE*h~~*ill•~m~m~§, :tEttt~X~~ ~' fil1f~~B<J--o~tt~~J3:#~? R • JIUi~f/.tf# 217 3(:Jm.-:ttWJ!i11fl-T~$1¥J~rlJq:i 1C." ~ BOT 1Jj.\l§;:kiE:l:*11.il!3tJ!J9j § ~il-J!§*~Jlffi~J!:!Jll ~~. H~~B. fil~~~A~-1¥1~*0 1000 900 I 800 -9=1~ I - !t1t!!SIEtJll"~"(lflf~l'if1i,~~3!f'f,f!i00) l 700 11li9 *i¥ISIE~#lfilt~ I * El=lflA.111.fiil~Bli /~'11i' I I ~ 600 I mil I <-:i I ~ ~ ~ 500 / fS [bn / l\g} 400 / / / / / 300 / ..... / lli.'iltt* ..... ..... --- -- ffli~$1 TAEGU 200 l\'l!llJ/t-STAR* i!il!lllt-PUTRA* t:Jll '!"JI ,it~ BTS* 100 ,Ui'MRTA §~HOPEWELL* 7i:1' llililtt bn:fMs:'I!' Jl!Ebn:iti* O....L-~-'-==J-~~---r~~~.--~~...-~~-.-~---=.:...:....:;:..:..J. .L..Zl;l!.-~~..--__JL.:.:Ub~a$~~~~~ 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 1984 iF 1995 iF 2000 iF ¥JZ.~ &~ ¥JZ.~ wm-:1:-1M)lc ©T/Ja:ltt ©T/Ja:ltt ~t)j'{ wm-:1:-1.M)lc wm-:1:-1.MJc 5f:tl ~t)j'{ ~t)j'{ ~ ftHiz:-tf:$A ~w idt wm-tf:*A /fM 5JZ±l _t~ ~ ~ tfl-tf:$A ~~tfl _t~ ~w wm-tf:$A Elli:ltt- STAR E!li:!Jt- PRTRA jc.liB (Taegu) 5JZ±l ~1~~·~•rn~•*~•~m~m1¥J~~. ~~~~•*: • *JWi1iclJ~-tJlttlP'J$i'BJl¥J~~~R•R1~tJlttJZ..i'BJl¥Jid'F~~~~~mxt, ffl.!P+?tm~o 83-1' •mfffl f1 ~ir tlAtJlttJ->E9jcJ1X:JJn § ~*PT ~:iJl!fk._tJi fPJ B, ff!.~ ~ffi _t)3:~1ft irft1J ~*~tt•*~•· ~~~mmttJ~~1¥Jm•o • iE.Sl:5€t~~-J3:R::-~*fJ;iJl¥JIPJB, l!l/lvAffJ "1~xt" ~¥1JE8-T~-&r~m~~i¥J~~1tftMi'J 1¥J1:¥i!i~Jifi~f~-:tE-~btM9=1~rtr, ;lt;J:ffiit@R::Wf~ Ai¥J1:¥i!i1J~;flll&A:Jc~ilta~, ~~0A~~--~~~o~-~~T0A~~.~x~~. •ffl•m•PX::lv-~~~o • ilt fi'J :ff fir Ji 1¥1ii}fYi9=1 ~ ¥1JJ3:~ ~~--1q, ~ 1¥1 ~~rii'O 1E 7t a<.! mi.:!W-33:- ,~ R::£;'1s: 1¥1 o ~ITO, -~1100, ITO£Lm=1¥**x~mt'l'.ti¥J~~o 33:~~i!tffJX1:Jc~•$Ail!~mrm § 1¥JJil3*~?£ 1f:ttJH-PI~ >f-x!Alfilit o • 311il&lftt~~S9~~-Il&l#~Mi¥J~~·ti (Ji!._t.)l:) ~~:'Aftf~fil o Afi'JW~~~::f$~l3:~tJit9: ~o~~-R::ft~~~~*~~-~&~fi*Zf!J,~B~*~~~~To • fM~.'~Bil~~l~iclJ~a<.1~~£-ffl.~4-fiD*~~~PX::r}Ji¥J~~~ o r_m § 1¥J1AtfR::~~5'r, ~~ffi_t, 5fb>g1£:~f>Z.~~~1-~H~&i¥J:fLl~iJo Jifi~1~aJl~, tlAMffl&~fi.ftP')~ft:A~•$:JLil!~m~~ •*~o~X~~.-~~~*1¥111~~~.@tt~~~.~*~OOIDR:o~•o • ~-~~~~&M•-w~:A~•~m~m*~<~ff~~rtr~~M)i!l/lv~r~l!I•~* /Iv~~: ~ooJt~::fPJtr, ITO~~~t±-t!!.r~ttJff1iilf~ <m~n:: 1/3 1¥J~ffl) <~ 2) o ~ITO, ~~1J~i¥JJtN:tEW~~rtr~:tEPX:/lv~~o~rtfi¥JW~~~rtr~X133:#~§1¥J~~~~~ ~~~. Wffi~~~~~~$~~mt•o:tt~~zoo•~~~1¥J5f~R::mm•1¥J, •~ ~5.¥. ~ j] 1¥1. ffl®! ~ 0 • ±:l:t!!a<.i~~~-m~R::16,~1¥JillR::1~mxti¥J, •~•m Jt~1~5.¥.1¥J § 1iai9'o ~ffi~0~~m~ff!~i¥J J • &:$ (Juri Pill) raJaJj:!:i!!.,8,~T~~i¥JfPJB: "~f!f0~~m :ffffft~rtr~~~~~. ~~~-~1fMl¥J.~~1¥J§~, rro~§~:ffffi~1fi¥J~MP'l@•• ~t±~Jifi;Jt)t" 0 3. 1 ~1*J.E;$JJ.m~im*;J'taJ.Jn1r~!:3~~aJ.J ~t*~ ». ~f§lfliJf ~ q~ 1±1 1¥-.J~i~ M~mm~: *~•$Amx•*~~~~·~~Mm~~#ffi~§*, ~•noomtt~~ JJ~:f$ (Jii!.7& 12) 0 • -+- , _ _E!.k-J. '-* ;;r.;- ~i'l'i AlE!!!'IJLJ.El.X).!Jl.~;:;1..YC ll'iJ ~ 42>-ta. -s-7 /.\. 'A 7' -t+ xB~!l&:l:fOJilt•. -EL:f!Sit0~f\: **~~¥UT~l!o ~'&*~•*Amxn~:FJI! rn ~i* • fil*~:1:$Amxn~~&fl"MfJc i. [;)l:'f!f~m 0~xn ./ xnMm1PJn! <ti:&~, £-f*~!lJG 2. ~MxBMm x ~filim~-J3:®xBF£Mm~ 3. JJ.fl"Mil)Ci=iHJ"·!i x ~m~1f*~•$Amx•*~) 0 4. [;)l:'f!f±t-tl!~UJ=IH;l~ ? • ~ttt3'1-&1f-~*~•*Amxn 5. rlWJEt~~~~~·~•* ? *~t£9ltll)(J:£pj(;J}J~ 0 • *~•~mxmM±~~m~~ mM~~::ff£~•~.@~~~ftfilM~~Mmo~~~ll)(m*~~H~•"·~M m~~5Jt-tl!f"H~::ff1~JL~~11vt1:t'Fm o 1E1.±~~&1<;•·tt~"jlij£~~m9=1'L.'*~~fit-B1J m%.-14 0 • rnrM*~•*Amxm~V1t:l:~tll!~~,~,£iliUr5ld~-·;~..~£:;t~; rm£LM1i£~m•+~ 1J•~•ti:«~x~~~JE.Afitttt~~"&::ff~~~*1J•PJLl~•*~•$Am xm",-ft~*~•$Amxm*~~~w•~~~~B~~~o@:tE•mti*~~~ ft~l:::tzo1!:L 3·. a 1f£~m aJ.Jmtf1J~ 71-~~IU! ~1fm&~~Yit9=1~m9JG~*~~:FJl!~ffe~*~•$Amxm*~~N•o::ff®~¥ff~mfi *~~-~'&-%.-9JGm%.-~M.@*$!1&~m~~~9JG~&~:tE~*~~oMrmn•~A~* *· *ili:l:$11.mxm*~1Emt~~1'f3t)5)(;~:FJl!~N•. 13:~•~~~ i.RMi"F$~m*iJH~xt*Bt:FJI! M. ~~l::t£%)5)(;*ili•*Amxm-ru-. 1f-®PJ1'f~9=1rBJ•1~1J•. ftfi~PJ[;)l::li!l:~*ili:l:$11.m xBo :tzo!l!~1fi3:fiftw1~1J-. if$~m1JZ.{)(£83r1A~ "~1f~1m~*" rmtEJf:~l::;g·~" 1~~~-*r~~u :to Jt tx*±E•tt11.mx:im. o £~-~~~tE9=100M•~~~?tE~Jit9=1~$11fjjft,~~~WmJ:. ~-q:y~~Mm~ 0~~*~t£-~,m•tt~~~1Joo~~ttt3'¥-***~~*ili•$Amxm~oo. ~*m~~ VTE:l:~PJ~*~-~1J-£tt~~?~W~~tE~~ffe~~Mxml•m**~~"~W~Jitili :l:~ilixB"~? ti:m::ff~~i:p. ::ffm~±~~~~*T[;)I:*~~~: M0~~*~*ili:1:$Amxmtt*J: ~3t~Ll&$m:tE~~J:~*•l3:m1JOO~~-*!itoM*m:tEMOOJ:*~9=1~~~~~•Ll ~M.@PJ~ttB~m~T. ~"±~~~~H~ffi~&~B*~o:tE•3l<*~J:.*r~~ "iii~ 20, 000 Ai](", ~::ff$Am*~PJLlffem, rm:tEi1E:1:$X11£", 0~~*~fflMf0$A•*~JE ~£PJ1r~~*o ~**•&1<;••~~¥*~~£*re*ili•~~-•~m~f*m®*·~MPJ~0~f\:* ti:~OOJ:-ftm<~0x~mM). *••"oom•~1'f[;)l::li!l:J5)(;~W*9JG~•~~*~~••· & fHJk1J$i¥J.±~tt£:£: • ~-~~M~oo~~-~i¥Jm~m1Ti¥Jafi~•, w~~~~*1t*ili•~m~mm~: • ~~~*~~ffi1T~i¥J~m*#~~Bafi: • ~~*ili•~ili~m~•B"J~~~~fil,~m-~~mam~~m~. ~#~-~~. ~~a•*·••m~mfil~W~~-~~*•~*ili•~m~m-~~ ~~i¥J~m~~~~~fflr~~i¥J~~. ~13~iliT-®.±~i¥J*ili•~ili~m~~1J-, §~fr~#~~1J-~R~~#-* rn-*ili•~m~:ifllJJz.-®~000~R$~fflm. E®i¥J~~m~tt~~ §~ftbZ:M~OO%W ~~m~mi¥J.±~~-~~i¥J~~~m~ili~m,wHfil~~•~$7t7t~i¥J0~R*~mm. ~~1f ~ 11£!PJ7t~? 1f:ft-5i~? :£~7Hlkam 0~~ffl~!6 :!:-ili.OO_t :£ ~ 0 3l:-4t RH~ $7t ~ ~ (---F :ffl iit EJ] :l(.IJ) C---F 1Ji iit B ;k] :l()J) ~~}L $7t ~ ~ J;:J.g ilUJLJJ!)l::ifll ~$ :£ -J:ITT:fil~iiJf3'l: ["] B~ilibZ:J&~~m ~000~~fflMi¥Jg1f~fil.~~~~* ~~g~~~. ~~_t03l:~m•m~~ rtlif!.!PJ1J. at1¥J~ii1E:it 20, 000~25, ooo Atx 60 Jtt:kfJt:&:!ll: ('f }l./'J'B1/ljiftJ) 1& 15~22 0m.1 1 J\ati¥Jili1f:J!Jjt. rmiJWJ~ * rfi C1:~tt E ®) B~ft$X~f i¥J 0~R$ ~m~_ta~~i¥Jili1f:J!Jjt~, ~ili•m 50 40 ib:~tlif!.!PJ1J\at 15, 000~20, ooo Ai!A. 30 wH~ 0~R $ ~ ffl ~-M1EI JJz.~U~ bZ:M 20 1¥J.±~~~~:£tt#~m,w:£~~~•· fil~~]UJEl¥J~:!ilU¥0~£VfffrmW:£1~S)jB 10 1¥J,fil~~®~•A*~; rnr~z~~ i¥J ~ n 9;r:i iRJJz. till~ JJ w~ ~ mZ9J ~ ~ tJE i¥J 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 bZ:M.-§~•*ffl*tll,~~frE®, 'f:!;)B1,i! (km/h) ~~~~~i¥J*m~~~•m~•~~:£ rPJ !ti $}1321 ili i¥J Mt JI 1¥J-~ 0 ~f~Wft~*~§fi~~~:tE.~OOillfiM~~~~~#,fil-~*f~1f1f~~$/ @$ft:f:Ebt)t{~~mill+f~~OOliJfJl: K :5HJT7 §$00~~. ii!ii~~fPJN.211~$: 6 ] "~7illm~$oo*g, *~~~~*-~~R~~~~3a•~~m•~m~~~tt. ilf$:&,ll{~~m1lHmm, rm£Lmm-1.mZ9J1~$. :1f1t:amm-1.illffOO?JT1f3t:ii1Jrt:~f=~M~. rm•1fili~*gooft~*•OOM~~~~~:iifinn~••&.~~~~M~•~~*~-ft ~OOillff•*1f-~00:&$~~.~---*~00~~®WRtt#, rm~~~:f:E~Jl{~~mtt tt1~~Jlj. " E51.tlt:l:i!!.00@$ft (LRT)~~~ ~ ~~zjiJ ~ 0 :tt;1-\* ~ m •#I t ~ 00 ill n , llP :tE ill fi :i! It ~ 7E~:frl!l -f*iE:l:~ill:3Ci! 15~20 0~/ 1J\~a1gmtl::JtJ1J l'lll:fr~rl;J:frl!l/4f~ ~1J\~ 11!!~ 15, ooo A'{)(. rm* t t ill :1: $n m3t :ii • iiE llf.I ill n 11.t t ~hii,_ ---- "iWitt*" B<J03Ct\':7t ------ - - - - - - -- --- *-:tE 28~37 0~/ 1J\BtOOillfi :ill.tr» ~ill-~1J\Bt A1X !2A-1.00*g. 80, 000 ~-1.JiJTJ&.& 00 8 00 ~~' ~ . JJffi fH& t& • fA tt# ~It iJH=f: ::f -----~OOjJllJjjfi' ----··~ ~:tE fPJ. 0 Jlj § fi ~ii:, tt# !:& m1Jmoo~•&**~t&•*~f=~ffft•~-#I&, ~~Am~~1t•*~*•®••oo1& mI1'f:. ,__=-h::lt:..§!!. 4 · 1 if T "'lJ F.1 sr-. • a~oo. ~~&1f*f*ill:l:~m3tm•~oo~~•M·*•~~~&1fgmM~•3tm 1Jrt:(~fi$)~*~:1:~m3t:ii~BOOfiM, *f~-~*OOfiM&~~-. ~Z;tJAo~ 03t~a*ill:l:$nm3tmgill:1:oo•u!PJ~f~~~. 1E!~1f*fi*4&1i.t&. • H~~}Vfifl:i!1t{t, ~J&-*iJ!i~, ~~IJ~tl:lffJJ!~fflj~~T•*001t1t-~®~~f~Xti2A f'tlHifftt9l~~ 00 . • ·ili~~OO~:ilf**~*~mmZ9J$~ffl00iflK*~·F~TB~~1t003t:iifi1ff~•· ~~m~~~OO~OO•*Mt&-#ii~~~~~oog~3t:ii*~· ~~ff$®0~1-\$~ ~~~gn. • mff~~MB•~*m•. :tE*ff~~. ~fm~-~~:fffiM, ~B-~n~~TF~ 00~~-~-~:fffiM, *••BM~n. B~~~w~•- ~~filJ'f-m~OO~~. *IB•~m~•tttt£-~~mff~~*•*OO-~Nm.WHfttt~ OOM~r•f~~Nm. ~~~-~~~~tt-. -.~~-*~••tt~•m*IB•~-~ -~#tthOOFmm~.m~. Nm~~~~~. PJfitt~~~*-~· r:j:JOO:ff-~ "~JL~if" -mttlk~if IJ' OO*m~•.lz:*O~~*=iEflU}CJ!gjE)(mll)l•. J3:£m*=iE•~m~-~§OON•~~m~OO.R:ff0~Mll)[J:iJ~ftlk®~§r:j:J*•N•. ~ ~~§H~Rtt•fW®~*·~-~OO~m. ~~ftlk®~nPJ~~m*mm~~~§OOH ~ffJniJ:l1HrNm. *$~OO*B~W.Ui!!iJd,P-Nmoom1r·!i-ft3tOO 5iff!T:ff 40-5o ~~mit~u ••gIB~-~§. W~fr&ff lO~~~ft~~oo•*m~•~·~· "m~,,·~-~~~~~~*· ~~~£W®B~~~§oo~~-~. *~~~~ttm ~I~ll)l-. ~Hr:j:JOO~~oo~~.~ffl"m~"OOM*@~: ~m~~~oo~--~.~M oo*=iE•g:iE~§, ~Hr:poo~m~~oo~m.tt~~~~~#. tp 00ft~ rnOO&A:ff~!Rt~ ,~: ll)[Jtttffl:ff ±±-f!!, ~~iitt±J:l!!WA:ff12:1!JUH~OO~~h' #PI ~-~~ii~§mm~moo±~.ll)lmfr~•*mw-Mmttoofi~L~•±~~m1~••~ nOOA=ff•~-~00~~. ~£~~*$~~Mr:j:JOO*~mm~A•OO*•«~.~tt~*~ m, ~••~r:poo~mft~~m~~A=ff~*oo~•tt~. 4. 2 ::km£$Jtii3'.t~£~~~~? ft-®~~oo•~r. @~~"£", ~•r:poo~m•*•••· ~~&~~f"£". @£ftPTB£oo•*·mf*~~~m~~•3C:m~•~*oo•*)*~· *=iE•~m3C:m~ £~~-trffJir:~~m L£~PJ1r00. &£ff:t1.E!~>EQOO. ~~filJ'f-m:~OO~li'iJMit. •Y-®t~ ~oo.~moo~•. m:ff-~OO*=ff~•ooMhtt~~~m*=iE•~m~m~moo~ooNm. M*£~$r:poo~mmfm~Y-®~$if~)~n•~oo~m~§-~m•T~~oo* A~ii~B. MWOO~•T~~~OO-~. ~~-~Fmi¥J~B. ~~~*~fiMm~-1¥J~~~~~~PJ~ft1¥J.~~£tt•1¥Jll)l •· ~••m~*~· &~~~~film•oo~~. 00~7F~l&i¥J~~~;ttiJl1£1t~? ~ r /\2:Mts7~fflf9=1001¥J±~Mit: • *~~~~~~~*~~~-filJ'f-L~~±~~mm~~*=iE·~-3(m£W~i¥J3C:BI A.~M9=100*1i'iJ#,~~00*~£~#.ft~**•m*=iE•~m~m•~~~~·L· r:p 00~~~00*£ffili'iJOO . • *~~~~~~~~§*-ftr:j:JOO,N•-~~moo150£~~00*IB•~m~-~.~ ~~~~EJG~rn:rt. ~m~"Jft 1. 5-15 fZ.~5GzfBJ. oo~li~i&iiEim, *iE•tnm~•1111 £-~~mm=ff~•9=t•*oo-~.oom~~N•*~· iliJ'f-L~~m:ff~~•mtt•=ff Mhff:t1.E!~>E9*moo*IB•tnm~ii~•oo•~-•~~BA=ff~r*14: ~~m L~JJJ; ~~~mOO*=iE•~•~•£fr~+ifi:p~~oo.ft~~tttt:ff~~oo~~~#: * §:it!:~~iiOOJ't$~&; ~~B1i'JmJiJf~~tt:l:t!!l25:1¥J±±i!!7f~=ff•*•nfliJ, #~~n.&51* g~~~:iE-~A.®H~~*=iE•~m~m•~~~~*·~hm•m~§.tttt R flfix H•1i£Im 0 • Mm~~~ttttm*•-~tt~*IB•~mxmWl~*~~~. ~tt~~~~Mm$£~ ffim@?~12~~T~-~~mOOM*,M*~~mmr~~~mooM~.~oo~m&~ ~~M*.m~, ~~*IB•~mxmaM•L~~*~(~~~-rM*OOMW, gm &~~•~w~~ooAAm.~~£a~r~OO: ~*~*~~•~fi*xmwm~a: - g~Atf~JJ5(~trtt: - &tr~~oo•mff~, g*~~~•~m~oo*••*~· • lbA.:J:i~*~~~~-it$ oo %:t~b~r~~-;i;ip~~:J;J1I~IJ*IB:l:$Amxmoo: :Wl *•m~ ~*fftt•,m~~~gwn*ff·*$~$~00M*~-~OO: W*Lmfi, ~BL~ m~.w~~~mwm~•~*~F•. ~&tr*~tt~ff~. t!tW LRtl--W~ffl BOT ~AiGPX:OO*ill:1:$JLmxmr_m §: ~OO!i.WJWr~OO*ill:l:$1I.mxm aM~ (Metro link). ~£tlAt~iffX~~OO--t-JftJ)J00'WU-:f, fEI.£~ 90%~_t.00"@15t~ffl ffi£~•mtt~oo.~~~~a•15t~-t-~~~§, •m~n~grnAtrM•mfftt, ~ ~g*~~~~w~.~*ilit!W$~§, ~-T&tr*ffJ!15t, m~~*~~mm~** ,~,M~OOOO~£!Jft, m~~~tl:l52;J~OOMit: tbgWnOOMh1bl.:>f~m~~PX:~*ru~*ill:l:$JL mxm*:J;JII;f;~~Jiiti!JOO~j·*~· BOT ~AffftW$1'ciJB, :Jt~a-®ill;Jilt±~~m, ~M/~Affi~~±*H~,*~*•rm*~m~OOtt~.a•MOOM~r,"@~00~~ ~n&~~~~m*~m~oo~•~moo~~. wa•~~*~~m•~r. ~**F• 001'ciJB. ~OO~A£: ~AN~#~£fi**IB•~mxm~~~-~~~.-~L&~1¥fr~~ ~~~. ~i~~~m•m!lX;oo%~i•~~•:fD.1!!J!l5tPX:*~ ~~mt1:tt~to16,~~00H:fPJIBg ~~~~. • "~a•*~~~-~~~•ft~*"·*IB•~mxm£~m•~$£1¥a~~*· ~ ~~.:>fRtr*IB•~mxm~~IB*~•~g~.m~-~•oo~~a-r~-t-~oo.~~. ~.:>fmtroo•*~•~•fil~£•~oo.~£tt~!lX;~~~;~~.$~tr--t-•~~~: Rtr••moo~mm~~~*IB•~mxm,w~~mtr~m~~~~~**ff•~· ~ ~ R tfft1tMfJ00~£Sf-B 1Jmtl:l ~ ~N~*ill:l:$1I.mxmOO~j·~' 1tMfJ/t:fi':t 1.E!~IE9*ill:l:$JL mxm. ~~. ~~~~~-®~magrn~•:fD.m*IB•~mxmJ!15t0025~~~c•w~oo~ ±-tl!srnr>5o ~1Wff"Jt:J;J1Ii1JT*ill:l:$1Lmxm, 1E1.~~•£*~J]l1J!1J~~1i1H:tr#15!~JJ~*•r *IB:l:1=1Lmxm~•11•1~&1G~, 0;j:tR$xm£~-•1~&1G~1¥Jm'Li', *~~**~~ *ill:l:$1Lmxmtrr£11tll-~£*x~ 5WJt~±n. • a$oo~~~•m~~~-a~~m*IB•~m~m~JIM~~~&ffitr--t-e*~w ffi: ~~ffi&tr~tt~§frf~m~M~, *~™*IB•~mxmoo~~.a~~~Ji~ ~m, 90%~L~*IB:l:$nmxm*g~~rrroo0;j:tR$*g, m~®*g&~~m n~m~M*ili•~mxm~~~~~oo~~tr-~oom~tt-~~tr-@m~moo *~~~. m£a~oo~~OO*#~~Z¥a; ~-TJ!15tPX:*001i~L@,£~5G~OO. ~ill#~9;umL;lilt 1 %~001ijbt)]pj(;*~~£$j>, W:i~B°tll~~:!:-tl!f&c"@15t00•*4E~tt~. ~fi'Htit 1 0.llOO±-t!!r~~*~:?t~ l fl~J(;, w 10.llOO~~~n£ o. 5fl~J(;; f!!£~®1titm~M.\i81i£. maw~~m0~~*3t•~~mn1tM•~oo1f~. §n*~· mn:ff~&A•~~*ill• ~m3tDiliff.~&BM*ill•~m3tm•1f~&~~~~-~~*ttMB.ffi~~#~m~. ~~jlJB1fJ~~OOPX:-*· :tE:itHr*•tjt::kill•$nm3tm•~z.n. !flf~1JOOi.i·tJ!t~1ll1~r~oo. 4. 3 .:kJEm*1I.~3t~1¥-J~x11~0~~ ~moo•~~*~Jt~w~m•ffi~~.m~amm1fm. §n~#:tt•~~. ~moonm :JG1JJJX:5ltR~m~Tll&•OO § tJft, ffi~£m~~J§ 1 , 2 •••••• 5 ~00fff9Jit:!GIJ. 1E!J§-~lf'JJX;*1f ¥t: -ar ~~a~~ 1f ID•~~ ~:ff tlJ . I!! jg *ill :1Jnm3tm£~m3tm1J11:1G1J oo-~~• ~lIPX; W?J-.m It 2 £ ~JHfH ~- 00 ~1itll. 4. 3. 1 ~ffi"3l~~xlH~~1Jtt ••~*~@*£~moo. ®~£•~oo-~~w~3tmll&•oor~•~·3t•m~m3~ ~m ,ffl, ~ttnUJl!:!GIJ;f§~@. • ~;t~mm-~~m 15 ~oo3tm~•· fil@*jg~J§ 5 ~•m-15f:tt~MH*oMll&W31fOOWA 1f-ar1*1'1::·11001rf9Jit:1G1J. • ag~~ffl•-ar~moo0~•~oo~~L•~•~· • mm~#J:iJ~00~-1f~.#DMMBillOOW**•~mnoo~•.Mffi%~·-oo•~· • :tt&~1f~~~§M~~~~~*•~m•: :tE*ill•~m3tm1f~~~~~~~~~r P'J3~ip1f~ (J3:£PX:*OO.±~tk:~l!I~), 1tMJ't*1rW* • • ~~~-~~ll&•1f~. #~-1f~*ill•~m~mW3#ffl~.MBillOO••~~~QJ~ jjfil•l'.f*ff*IJWf 0 4. 3. 2 7;;:J~m$h.@3l~~x1J *ill•~m~mm~tt~mr~PX:1f*~§oo-•afil£~-ar•&00.~1fB.~•~• §fil, I~~¥t:~MH.J3:~*m1foo*••n••~•~tt~.J3:-~m•~•tR:oo*•M• £: • *illI~m~D1ftt~~ffl?B•£-~"~~F~·.~m*1f~W~~*~OOm*<:tE J3:~ip·tw~r~~~•*ill11r:trY!b); BJG~B•®rtJ*~~A. ~1r1i£•*; BJG~~:tt~-~tl* LW~W3-t-~~1¥J~~*? • ~~;trtJ, *M~tUo:f:mMmll•:tio1iiJ? ~~@3Ndtr~ 1 L.'rtJ~r$JJt, $M@3itrrg~ i¥J±•F1:, 1!&51~ 1 L.'. W•filfflll}J~tk:±:l:-1!!" B£NJ:iJ~f~jlJ? • @3~tt~~OO-*ill~~~i¥J~g?@3M0~/~1T$~*illI~m~mOO•ill*1T ~~1¥J~~·•*@A1ftt~-ar~~tt. • ~~~~r•~oo1f~~w~~?tt~1f~M*m~~£-ar~~oo?~~1f~OO~*~ 1iiJ? • ~m-arfftt~W?Jt~#~h~W? • ~--IJ£1t~? ;fl7lf$n~•1¥JfiJ:;jU1JW•l¥~:!11J1iiJ? ll&mW•71k1El.OO~•-tl1f~ *? ~NffJJ!!~~? ~§00/t~M~@3£-~tt~M~. W~*~OOtR:•.Jt~*@3£~1f00Mr-~B -~00,:ttB~~W~Jtm•ttOO~§~JJX;--. #~~~jgtR:•OO~~. 4. 3. 3 7':3.Efi*11.~5t~~i5l: ~*ill•~mxm4~~~-~~-~. umm1f~#ADoo~mm~~~r~oo•~ ~-~~~tt*ill•~mxwH~1¥JAm~ili~ff1¥J~~=x~~*ffl~~~~~r~~11~. m~•~~"-~3a~~oon•"·~~~~~~~•ttfi~oo~~nm. ~~~~••~ :&VJ\. @~~JJ1Jtt•~r JL~1JOO: • ~•ttfi@~~m.w~@•~~~ftt*·•~~~~§~•ttfiOOW~~•=~~ff .@~*11i::~i¥J~WfJ'.(Ji:Ml:lWR.1H~. ft:ll~ § ~-~1HJL;fi;J, 11ltllt.Li¥J1tf-t, !MJ&if:lW, ~*m•~m:fi;Jffili~~,x•~~,0~~A••~~- • Ifi*O!M~:~Hf:ttl~W~OO*llt~J;J~~f*J].l § 1f:t:i~-1¥J~*1f~. fEl.'t'ffJfi;J.3f#¥iff fflf~OO.~£.~•¥f1f~ffi¥J~lt.~*8~,IM~~*1tt*~B•1f~tt·~~ § oo~trtt. • @~~~ill•~moo*~=•~tt•~~oo~~§~7il~~.~~*ill•~mxmooill•, 1*rf*01fII;5drWit::lW. • @~7ilJ9Ht1¥Jill•1~1JUi11ltl~!MJ&it~1J (fto•W•1~1JUii¥Ji%). 4. 3. 4 7':J.E;*11.~5t~J.Ei;' *illA$Amxm£-fif'i&•IA. R1f~'t'P&51¥tl*~mt•a-t. ::t~~:i6¥1J § 1¥3. {El.£~~ ~~~§~•~3a:i6~. ~7il~••~0~~**°~1T*~~1f~~ill.wrnmw•= ~u m~~ffi~. *ill•~mxm~~$£~~oo. ~1Ttt~:i61¥Jm~m~~£1f~1¥J. ~~•• mtt~~~~**°~ff*OO~ill~rM*ill•~mxmoo1f~m~m~. ~ 8 frfilT~M~OO*J;JT~t.!Jl~-§ ;fff-JiJT:itl:1Ti¥J~fif'~:rJr~HJ\, :ftfi'JB?&tt•¥1J~~ 00 m&tt•~~*ill•~mxm~~~xmrAOO~illOO*~·J;JT~m~ill~tt•*oom~~ ~. ••1f-~~oow~£•~0011~.rr£rnfre~$~n~~ft~-2.-t. fil~.-t•~~ 1¥J*illA$Amxm-:wm MRT *OWf)Jo:flt MRT-Bt~f$:ili T ~;]i, ~#~£1~~1¥3 0 4. 4 :*:iEm~~~~~JW *j(~ 2 $:5HJHl:l T ~ OO~*ill:l:$Amxm1_mt1J:1J00-"5 OO>'r~ fiij i¥J IZY1't~ F.t" :xt.tl:t:ft{i'Jff ftor 1--fit = 4. 4.1 ~~~*~ ~~*m•~mxm~~m~oo~m#~&£.m~R£~:i6T-#*m· ~T&~•• m~m.~~~mm*tt~~m~.1f®~M~~m~ffi•,m~~E•oo*m•~~~~AA. ~™~•~~~~~1¥J"~Wtt".m~.-t~oo*~*1¥J~~£~JL+~oo•noo. ~a-too~ *ffi~~*-W~~.~®~mR~~~M-~*1¥J~~~fil~g,:;t~OOH~Wfi¥J~~. W Htttt•~*~~::tttm~1f~i¥J~-. *m•~~R1f~!Mn~~~moo•~---r::ttt~~-~f*~~~M~~m. R1f~rtm :i6~T"~:i61¥J"~m*~a1::t~tt~~~~§~. ,- @H•~*~~-fil~~~~~OO.'tm~--~~OOFmm~: • tt•h~1f-~frA1f~fr~§OOm~•oo~-(~ff$0~~*~~~~L. ®*ft~ a~a~#~~~m*~±•mds*oo*~•~m~m•~L. • s~•doo*~•~m~•~~~Lm•ffem~m•m~~oo~~. ~~Jt~~~oo~• #~~~~111-d. 6 1fAm~~m~"~R~-1-111~~·"· m~~-*~#~d~-~~L~-~M~• *1~2o~~LOO~M~m~•oo.~111mm•oo*~•~m~m~§. mm~~~~~!Eoo ~®jG-i:~~- mwmm~•OOM*~= a~*~•~•ffe~H••*~•~m~noo~M~•*· *~ •~m~m~•@3rn1~~2~~•md.mwa~~~•*~~1f3~~•filr•*~~ *~•~•L·®a*~••*~*~•~•~•· @3•~~M~0~~*~~~oo~m* ~. ~~a~*m~~~~~~~*~•~m~m. 4. 4. 2 ~~{jj" faj *~•~m~n~0•~~-~M~•**~•~•m•. x*'tillfilrw~. •~m• ~&111~m•~tf!!*u~~. ®*~•$Am~m:tm~~~3~ri.&51~~H~n•. lll!B=rtmr: • m1fd~OO*~•~m~n•£M*~~~*oomM~-*~•~m~noo~~h~*~ ,c,, oo~~fu~8'f ~*'Mfw *~. • ~*-~~~oom••••~*· ~~~~~0•£~%~oo:m~~L#~•~~.m ~0••~a£d~oo.m£~r*~•~m~m*~·~T~•~xoo~~•••~~ ~r~~*~~£-1-±•oomm111100~1±1.~a~. 3•~*~~~111. *~•~m~ BJL-¥•~1fri.&51hT. m~~IEOOM*£: --~~~~~~~OO*~•~m~·*~~~*fiF~OO*fil, ~ ~'till~1~xi1f~filh00. 4. 4. 3 f.R* 1fflij 1-lll! El3 iJl ~ :tt m~tt: &, ~:m ~~i~HiE~1f1f:t:;:, ~-i:fu xtoiJ•; ~.&.~it&, ~lll $) rft- ~ (~ *~•~fl'fffi~~tt*) .d*±~E8~.U-*OOY£~tt~~Jt~!E. ~~•±~E!:!tt•oos:iz.oo~tt, M~~hl,~---~~0~$, ~fi$00~~~n~~/E. llfL~ 1ml±l T-1-1f•5<.00*~•·t:tc• (~$Am) ~m (MRT) *~JEOO!E)(, ::*:t~l!ll:iJB~: • $m~~~*oo~~•. ••~*oo~m~h? • ~wa~~~·~~mmoo~-r~•~~~? a-@~m~•· ~**ffl:l:i!!.r(~UL~ 1%~)~~~(~U~W1 %tt)%J:\;, •••1~~ ~~~~hOO~~IA. a~-®·t~t'.5Lr, -~00£~~:©:1.lOO~~~. ffi~~~ (~Ul=bfflt'L 1%tt) ~:l:i!!.rx::*;. ~~*~•$Am~• (MRT) ~£$£$A (LRT) #~£~, £~00£•tif 3 00JiJ$*1.l *®'.00:1.l CiJc!E~mmwi~~~oo~~h) *u~•~~ CiJclEd*). 4. 4. 4 i!ffil" .rir.:im tt·ti= :k3E.m*1tm~~~·tJHtm~ g5tJi1Ji!!.i'fffl"i1il/i~wU-t!ff1J:r.\'.Ji'~~~~!i:~i¥J o ~A ~·t£!¥J£, i1il/i~·~jiJ!nJ!rlm9=1 1 L.'*11tiA ~£PI~ :J3<~ i¥J, rm :7dE:A$JLJ1!3t3ilUUJc-~ ftBxt:Ef :!iU~~ ni:i.Jt& 1J\, tP ~ Jt ti:tt!ff o 4. 5 .~1J!m7':3Em$JL~3'.til~~m~fi·t1tr-Jm:m1J 1t5'G@~mJ,A. "~~9=100*:kJE:A·~jigJE]UJC:liJfJl" 9=1~~1±11¥300~~~~ Kn [J] o ~J§!f Ni~ T BffJtE9=1OO~mt~IE~14ri¥J@ffl0 4. 5. 1 00 ~;?-~~ ~ 14 =~1JWT:k3E:l:*1tm~~~~1fmfi·t1ir.:it~i¥i • re~~~~m-~~±~3tii~•e.~ @~A~ rJU~149=1 !¥J::k~~= A1f:k:Ai¥J0~3tJ!gm,w••rf:iJ•~ fJ1lO,000~15, 000 }.JJ\.o 1. B~£A1f11!i1il/ii¥J0~f\$gl(;9=1 EgJEfffi* • Jfili1Jq5(.A7J<3¥-~mi&A7.k-'¥~1f£ (-AA: 2. (~m!i!H~) i&A7KSJZ-~1f£ ~d> At>J 1, 800 ~7G) o 3. (~VfHH~~*i¥l1VT* • ~~~¥1¥-JWJ~-~Vf~1f PJ~~~* 4. IEtE:f)~i¥J~m9=1 1 L.' 1¥J1VT*o s.1f£~.2js:i¥J~rf:iJ~Ut'l1J~ • Jfili1Ji:j:r1l.,~¥-IEtE:f)5*!¥Jm9=1 1 L.', iOf 6. nWJ*ffl ... # H*Ll-T~1f£xtlMJ&szJ~i¥Ji& £-1-00*g1t~1¥Jm~~rp- o ~i&~ • ~•*ir.:i~~•ru~~-*r@R•t& 7. ~IE , Jtt 1± i¥J i&Jff tJl.1-tJ d>o 8. 5.!a1f.7Ji¥J::kJE:A$JLJ1!3tii*~•m • ~~~~-~ffl"J&~~n~*ffl::kJE:A ~J1!3t~,~a1X1f~-T~*X11MJ&~~ • ffil rtJ WJ!-~IE , Jtt 1f i¥J i&Jff tfl.~ o • :k3Em*1tm~~-~-§~M~rm~1f.7J!¥J~±ftmo :tEi3:®:t~1¥rf, 1f~1rFm:•fPJ~= • ::kJE:fl~J1!3tJii¥J~VfPJfftt£~~m:k3tii~-!¥J~C~~ttffi~,rm~~rp-:k~~~. ~~. :tE-1-mtt~m(~~ili), ~-~m~:k. :kJE:fl~J1!3tJi~1fPJHPJff.:tE~~ ~~1fffi~tt&.~mR1fm&1¥J:k~3tJ!~•·*JE•~m3tJi~~mff, rmH£%~ ~m1!JfiiJB<J~,pf1Jo ::kJE•$JLJ1!3tJi~VfPJff·li~$9=1 1 C.'~m~fti*Wffi~. • ~~*~*·*gm~i1il/ii&Ai¥Jfffi~£Brma~1¥Jo~*1~1±1T~•~•o*~*~*= i1il/i~1J~~*r1J~1f~, *0011~x~~~1J~1f~,~fffi~1f~~•1¥J:kJE•~m3t ii~£~~. :kgi1uoi1il/ii&A~*= IElifH1¥JM1~U!1f <m-~m-9=1 1 L.,.1'0±~1¥Jmtt1R); 03tto :kJE•~J1!3tii•JE~*~m~~M~.03t~•*~~ffl"7.k~o • :kJE:fl~J1!3tJl*gq:.ffi~:ki¥J-$*M1VT£*~0~~$!¥Jo~~~~gm:A:ki¥J0~ ~*~•£MtEPJffi¥J:kJE:fl~J1!3tmi¥Jm~o • ±D~§~-r~*OO~#. ~~ DX'f~*:tE~A_tOOm-lf (ll!F.?:) fo• m9=1 1 1:-IROO**~M~-1-1J~. • *~•~•x~~*#~~•m~A W~~B*~~(~9=1*W*~*~ ~*' ~tt!:Jf.~1Httio~), 1£1.:J!~§!P ~·m~A~ft <*~fl:~ a1faJ-:P11ri', 't..!§~A~bt-Wtlm-lf), .9i!.lfil 9. ~~ *~•*Amx~~~i1fPJff·li..!§~Al,f Wtlt*· ..!§*~•~mx~~~M=PJff ·ii~~ 00-1- ftlJ II* 'XHi~: "ft -Z. at :fJL~~~f+OOJ:m § ~il-~? " ~-BPJfftt~~-~DUPB~H~~~r~moott#~, #B*Att!:Jf.ttm~. IBL $~~-tt14#f~Mrx-t*~•*nmx~J:m §*qr~fJi~oo-viz1t1 [ 4 ]. 4. 5. 2 f±i:j:I ~t,tifflll'.r.J@Jf.I ~_t:J!~mr*~fl:~M9=1•m001Jtt.~oo*~'till&~mr~oo•m·~~. •~• ~. tt9=100, -1-"MOO"*ill•~mx~~§@~A~~~~F.?:: • *ill•*nmx~~•_te~A~H~i@loox~•*; • •m!J.i!fl"~AJ.K-'¥ (fl~) ~11£: • B~!JW~Am-lff!r:'-: ~Jf: • •m9=1 1 Li,1R5tf±~:It*f!r:'-:: • 1~PX:*~~•x•J:E~; • ::kill•*Amx&fo §ff$/0x*•~~; • il-J11!.1¥J~fft®:Jff: • ~~fi¥JUmtf:f11!.: • i@l~f-$1¥J$Am3C:B~1if~. 9=100•m~A~~i¥J~F.?::J!::kill•~m3C:n*g*~· ~~fr*~fl:•m~~±~~fili¥J §ff$3(B.~~~&::kill•~m3C:&*g*§03($,d§ff$?~~~&:J!•~AP?~ *~~~~f+ 1¥J~~? ~ ®£:ftJ~::kill•~m3C:&gill•fo?;~M=PJff·!ii¥J ~ 1 Li' 1'tlJII. 'tfn~'f>l *7E*ill•~m3C:•*~oog•~~.~*7E*ill•~m3C:nx-t~1¥J3C:&m~~~1¥J•~· ~®~II#~~r-~~~. 'till"PJ~--*~~~-: • ~-B~~::k~•~m3C:B~~~tt-Z.M~? • :tE~*009=100•m. §ff$,0~R$, ili@$~OO*m~~~tt-Z.~~?Wa1*~·~ mx~~~~~tt-z.•~? §f!r~w••~_t•2%~,~ffl1%~~~§~M*fff!rmx-t~~~.~m~ey~~q:i ooum•J:Eili~Attx-tttoom*-M~•ili*ill•~•x•~•mw•oo~~§ff*10xw 3i<•OOAAit~. 5. 1 :x'f·t~~~~Y1.$~)E3t~8~~* "·1*:1!03t:" (Bus Transit) ~::*=~::1:·1*:1!0~f-\:$g~3(jfill¥JgmE) a ~*.. ·l*:l!03t:fi!U* ft~OO~ITT~P. ~:;R_, ~~~~~-#W*a*~~-~Jt~~o J-J.. 1995 ~X>J~OO~ITT1¥J~~PJ12M~tteW31-m~~i~: • ~ITTm~ffiX>J~§fr$W~~·~~f-\:$, ffiX1~::*=$•MML1¥J~m0~r-t:*®~~· x.X §fr$: • 3(j!JHJlH9t iE fil:l!~ ~ ~ 00 ~ITT l¥J ~-'% fciJ N.2I , :1t JtftiH! 1.1 ITT ~,Li, l¥J mN-* L , 3t:JH!ii: EA~JE:!JM :;g-mN-* l¥J iH! fr~~ j] o ~mH•teff~•Ef<J*~' teffm•Ef<Jfil*, ~te~W*"•~,,o~~ft~ITT~~~. ~~~m~M**Ef<Jm*•~~~*~' 3t:JH!~~~~~~~. ~-~~~te~Fm1¥JW~o m-~*~· &~~•1¥J~r-t:***•~~~•~•~1¥J3t:iH!W~: w•~mMm1¥J~r-t: $::kii**~~-*~~1¥J-~o~~~WW~~:;g-jJl¥J~Mfr~oA~~~~-~? PJ~*~mng~ii:.m~mn®~1¥JM~~m~~m::*=aiH!tt~~1¥J3t:iH1•~~0A~ •*•~-~~•~m~PJ~~~:;g-mn1¥JiH!finJJm~3~o~•iHltt~iH!tt~ITT~~l¥J~ Mmn&~-#X>J•.~•~~~~-~~•· ~ffl~#hi\:Ef<JPJnttn*•~ofil~~•~ ;.W, ~®mM:m~1~·1*fl1l~*l¥J3t:iH!::l::l:Ji;i[lig, mn*~1f~~~-~~ 1 Li'l¥JW~11lJN.2Io m~. 7 fil~m~Ef<J~-*~· ~niH!tt9-~$1¥JmM*M~W~~-o~~. n••1¥J£ft~? X>J~-~~. oo~~•&&m~Y-#B~Ef<JM~h~: ~~-#•~m•*~~*•* •::1:1¥J*g®~£$Wil¥Jr1&~0 ~{~3t:iHlhi\:~**g1¥J~:X$11t££~Jdi'Jl¥J1-A~~fffi&: 0~f-\:$(~ft~~£·~~~~1¥J3t:iHlhi\:)PJ~~§fi$~*~$1¥J* g, W§fi*fr~m~:.woom1¥Jmn~~~n~~r-t:*c•~~~1¥J3t:iHlh J:\;) ~*${-!J$1¥J*go n•~mn*~~**~1¥JMJJM::*=~l¥Jr1i!G~:;g-~1-~•~~: • ~M·l*:l!03t:-3t:iHlhi\:~M:;g-~$1¥J-{~: • iHlttITT~ 1 Li'f~$~11ltl*0!&~~ni~ll~11ltl/J\f-\:$ CMf~H:XEf<J) 1¥J11ffl: • ftmM~~$~•*1¥J••~1¥J3t:JH!~$. ~M§fi$1¥J~fflo 535'1" ~iH!u03t:~£'.!~~~.JJ*a~~!JM1-t1t*•1¥J111m. *~3t0~r-t:$3t:iH!1¥J%~. ~&~~3tA 1fJX103t:l¥J~f.to ~:1!03t:~*~:i!~~*=*=::l:l¥J*go ~~0~f-\:$JH!~~mMLfi~:l!J.tM~l¥J$Wi, ~-~~·J~~~~03(ft~£~~1¥Jo 1 m$~$~OO•tt~~-R*M~~-~-cm~m-~-~M~),@~~-~~~~~-~MMOO§OOffi &. ~f~R*~~oo~w~••~. ~oomn~m~•~oo~••~•· ~mm~~~mff~tt*Im. ~mm-~TM. ••00~•*~1. - I ~f~~~-~~000~«~. §fiMmti:ttT~~B*~T~•oo~•.00*$~00~ •~•s~~9=1oo•m&~T~#n~oo~•tt.0~~mm~~~m•oo9=1*~~0~~* ~m•oo>.0~~m•~0~~*~~tr•~m*moo~*~m•~**M*~•oo~•m •• ~u*~-m•Eij~iiUlHtull)(•-#~•· ~r&.7'J~IJl•m~m~•m~~·11oo~Jt:m:•oo -zv. ~JJ!IJ, J5*~~~~F:m:. -ttM!HJlHff~~1~-m~$. ::K$•fl5~001:ffiJfft:l:~filJ!~{-t, •m ffl:!:fu~xit:l(.IJ:!:fu]lfil, m**mr&.x~~:fr 00115~ o' 0 3l tt7t~H1C m~~®~m:l:§:::k <#t1J\at 1Jl.rtJ 5, ooo A1;J.J:>, ~mtJU1fF:m:oo•m~m:1E•iWJ!'.Jt1:frt~ -~~.~mll)(•OO§~@~~-~~*OOAm~~~*~•::K~.w0~«~~mf~~ ~-§~. §fiB~%r&.T~$#0~«~n~. ~®n~PJ"l;J.~~:!:fum@~~OOM~: • ti:n~~m•*~9=1. ml:J.iJ:: §tr$1!m~noom~~. 1!§tr$~·t:fcJ!~m<-Eim0~~*> l:J.W::~Jlff~$~00J!fl. ;f!Ht•, • ti:~-mMJ:.ml:J.~nrtJdat~Jt!:tr~m%•<Eltr*~m-~~rtJ.Jt~~m~m~ ~nrtJ>. • ti:::K:l:*~~m~moo::Kru•m~m:IE•. ml:J.m••~oo~xaJt1:trmrtJ~OO%~. m ~{lti~f.?:. • ti:::Kru~m:1E•.ml:J.ti:m•9=1**•0~~mm<d0~~m•>. ~ti:ttT~~B~~ pjGJ)J 0 • ti:••~oo~xa.ml:J.7'J0~~mm•~~~m.~fil~**•7'J~~<~~tt~00"3 ~~ m~~,, ~.mJ<i1J> • ~~xmR [ ] t&llJt1t!?.bi:M9=1:1JJlmoo~•. m:t1:1T0~~mmoomwoo~•m•. ti:0~ 5 ~mm~::K:1:oo~rtJd~tt§tr${lti~OO:!:fun. ~~•**~~~x~w. l:J.~fil0~~mm ~¥1Jtji!jt,A ~)(* 0 ~::llj;l!;Ji03'.ti!&Pm. ·tf(J!03t~M@3JA:IJilm9=1 1 Li'rtJ~r$i~t. l!JJ.lt, ·tf(Jf 03t*gJE~~~@ ~:t:)(±1!r~t~:~lm9=1 1 Li'. 7'JTJt~u~-§ :tlF. tt~•J!'.•J:E• 3 rn <-~d$~HJcM~~~~Jimz, mz~~oom•~•· •J:E#J-mMoo~~.@3~n••*•tEmMm@*moo~~. M~= • ~lfi~'t~J!Jt:J&(§1f$){!ffl: • :m:ruKJ!~m~m: • i1z•mMd3tt~m~~: • 7'J0~~$······d1f A~OOOOm9=1 1 Li'm•. mfs•~oo*J!0~:1E•J:#ti:oo~•~~~0~*J!~~oo~l!I>. @3~1;J.mm# :1:~.@"='3m:t1:1aJt1:0~~*~•~~oon•. #m~®n•Jt!:trr&.*ffl•~w~. 1;J.Jt1:-zv liffltEa*~~. ~atPJ"~iW-::K:l:OO~JfftttttAl:J.~~fi*:m:J!'.~J&;EJijJ:#tEOO~B. ~~~-#~ ~---~~oo::K~:1:~m~mffi~, R~-~•~•§.~m~~m•*•0~~mmoor&. *-~7'150~1007J~:7G1011L ~"17'Ji@J~::k~:l:$Am~m*~mz*oo 1%, d±-t!rf::K~:l:$Am~ m*;Jtoo o. 5%. ~•tt~0~~m~--~~0x~mm*fi~•· ~~~fti:fOO~~~@m~•· *M ~~~PJ~tt~~m.~•@§~~~~=a~~~*~0~~*x•~a.fr0x~mmM ~~~~~~xmwwtt~*~•· ~-~~fi*~~~x•*•~~~. ~•&~fi*.0 ~~**11~1tP.xmz..rm ~ii:fi~. oo 10: 0~~m~~r:i:t/ilrfHF~~-i*1.t: 0~~ m~~r:JiJOCr!Hf ~~-i* ".5'l~®EL EW 1-1::. 0x~mmJfPJ~m*mMi:f ~:imm%~ji~~mM*1;J, ~*rl1PJ ~~·11 Bft Eiffi~:R:.£~ E (Curitiba) 1~jlj.i1E. l*W1~ fa'i ~, Yt!,OO 10. 0'.'X:~mm~7vM.mi:fi~, ~M ~ ±:1:11?.~if !3t7f ~~- ~ i:p ,~, $ii!C!l,J(; "!fl"). fr0~~*~mm PJ ~ ~ ttm i:p 1 ~', rm~ftP.m~* *~ ~jiJr~itiJ. M*~f'=~Tf1£n't4s:rm *~~x.Xif!!~x•*~· ~R-*rl1x ryj, ~iff3t.fll~~:'.£$~~m~M% ~- 5l.£~E~*~JE~a 25 i:Fi'8J - - - - - - - ±-t!i.1JJ!~@~ ~~~M~*~· *iEft~m~~0 DoDD ~W llJf :&±-t!i.IR ..................... rt~~~@~ m x~ mJt~7v ~*$X~~tf:$A* ~- rn-t-0x~mm~W;T~~1~JtJ.1 -uoo~0~x•~•· 1E1.t1:tPJ~*~ t@tilft5t (§YJtJI.&fCifB1) ~~:lt~. IEl~i:foo~nr~±~~m~~~~¥~~-~=~.m~~~*~~~ai:poo~a~m~ PJ~tt. w~a~~oo•~-~~m~. 1If1~ 1 : ;klli_;.'t~~~)E~jl~~ (Mass Rapid Trans it System) a{]~.)t ~tiliCJH 1. * Jt ff] ±n.2£: PJ ~J:~:l!:f:t!!ill~:A:I:*~ ff]~ ill* ~JE, s :tf ;;f~ l~:tiifri~ ff A ff] § Z9J2Vi!!9JZ § Z9J1~~**~fto 2. ~it § 1.iF £ 11}1 5 I*~, i3: ~ :1Hx 11£ ff] ~1ft *o tt r%'J ff] ill ~:l!Jl'. o El3 f :&JI q:r ~ m xt ~ ffe :1l: :A :l:B{J*f-IJ!ti, ~~mi;tlf:l~£~xtfciJ®i:o f29.tlt, lg71~H¥11£~1ftmG~'@!~11£JJJG*o ~?!.{, ~ill ~Ji1t1J ?ff~- 1±1 ff] q:r 11.) fciJ n.ID: £: " ~tr :;t ~~ ~£,m ~11£ n!G**o m r%'J ill ~:l!Jl'. " ? ~ili*;1f a<J~1L,'~* 3. ~ill* ~JE ff] JJJG*fk±~ IOC iJt f B ffJ ff] :5t • t~t£, 0 ;t!J~$ * $Ai!!* ~JE:A3&:tio r C ~JE ill£ ffi fb{B{J): Jl~n!G* 1 3 :J:-&r 6 (ft(~:l:-t!!OO~f!:f:rnFf:f*X:A1Ht) Jtf!E.[29~, it:tmtt:;;f:, xtn!G*B{J:l%nittJffixt1LU\o 4. :ff at, ~ill¥~B{J ~it~,~JJ!~&~mlf ~ff] ~~11J1J-tt1J\ B{J-'f tit!~c¥1~*019JZtt(§j B{JW.:J&:~ *oi3:PJ~mM~•®PJ~W~:f:t!!rM~B{J:f:t!!~*ffl(§j~tt#*~*nlG*o 5. * ill~ :l!Jl'. Jlifn f :5t. ff] f.'!Ill'. ' :5t $1;-f.N :ff=~ : • .J'G~Jt~-ill~:l!Jl'. (-§.:friiW:$Btl'ElJ) PJ:it 30~400!1!/1J\a1, .±:~JOCi~f!Jilijt!o ~Jtfm )(;i~Hi :ff:!:-!!! 00 _t ff] xX F.?: o • ~**•-m•~~Jtf!Bi!!MxmffiJt~,~mMxxott~fJtf!Bxm~M~~m %~1151J, lg ~ill*~JE•f~tJJ!~1"§ %) , -f.Nill~J!Jl'.Jg 20 0 !ti/ 1J\ a1 o • WJt9JZ~Jt~-~Jtf!BxmPJ~~~JE:¥~~m~-mM. m~9JZ~1f•~~~m% !ztlJ., -f.NJE:~J!Jl'.Jg 12~150!1!/1J\Bt 0 6. JJJGJJJB{J03t¥~ C11£~1ft /n!G*:tf:it~IJ TJI;fltff]ill~J!Jl'.) W~:Aill:l:o :Aill:l:~*5G~B{J Jt•, WJtJt~ B{J*~JE;;f PJJM~Ji!!£f:1l:~IJ-=ftJt crnf*~' Jtfmxm~'A:foEJ;J;JLB"JtfJg) 0 7. 5G~Jtl%El"J$JLi!!*~PJ~~fYl.7'G~ §Z9Jft-:l.3:~'*~B1fJ;;fW~ "i&.llt~" o ~~.iFJE:~r:p, £~~-~-~~$B{J**~.±:~£~~~-~*~~~~~-~AB{JW~o R • !IM~/K# 233 *·-.ia.:g·- :ie:~ ~i1Ctr.J~~ :ie:, ,_ ' 8. ~L%fiPJ~-~iligill~~~~~%~: ~ * i:j:t -a- ~~~ §Z9Jft? %/f£1J:t-\. fl£ fi'ij %~ x ~ ~ Al::, fk. ~* :1:-IB 00 x x x 1~& :1:-IB 00 x x x %~ x *IB•~m ~* LRT/ (03(-1¥-fflm) (LRT) 1~& :ff$JL~±F:10x~mm 10. IZSJ.tlt, :ff$}L~$~fl£~1fq<of1£Jllt~-E8-FBffJ~:ff ~Jt1t!?.3C:illi1J:t-\.if§%~ o ~1f$}L~$ ~ill~Mlll![@, BffJR~~:!E:i!$3<:&~*~0 0x-1¥-mm~~*~t:1tf1£~, ~o*~itlill~~~~~i%, JtlttE.~$3<:·~~ <0x±F=arm~et PJ~JE!i$, -JlNPJJt: 20 01¥.I 1J\Bt), rmll BffJPJ~:!E:i! "*•~" *g(~it/:JE~ ~Jf ~0x~mmgi1E•-JlNPJJt:~1J4ij1J\etifirPJ 20, ooo Ai!A) o :t-iBOOfffl%%~~t£ru·~Jtgillxm (LRT) ~~*$Xl'El, JtlttE.$3<:·~0 Brm~.& 51£$ ~*g, Jl.1fJ!*~:!E~~-PJJt:4ij1J\Bt ifi[PJ 30, ooo Ai'xo § f!Jtt!:~ Lti1U*ili:EJil.tffl%%/f£~03C:-1¥ mm. m~*:ff~~. &~PJJt:~-~ffi~~*~- *iE•~m3C:m~fil~fi, fil:JE~Jtltm~o IZSl~BffJ~Jt1tB3C:m1J~%~*~ o *IB• $JLm3C:mPJr&51*•~*g, PJJt:~1J1~~~:1E~~o 1fet~TJii@~IP:£1':1i, PJ~:tE~it9:t ¥.f 11F ffU~f1£ o [ 1 ] . "Going Nowhere in Asia's Megaci ties?" by R. J. Allport, Halcrow Fox in The Urban Transport Report 1994/95, Campden Publishing Limited 1994. [ 2 ] . "The Performance and Impact of Rail Mass Transit in Developing Countries" by P.R. Fouracre, R.J.Allport and J.M. Thomson, TRRl Research Report 278, 1990. [ 3 ] . "Study of Mass Rapid Transit in Developing Ci ties" by R. J. Allport and J.MThomson, Halcrow Fox and Associates, TRRL Contractor Report 188, 1990. [ 4 ] . "A Pre-Appraisal Model for Ra_il Transit in Developing Ci ties", by T. J. G. Bamford and R.]. Allport, Halcrow Fox and Associates in Advanced Transportation, Volume 25(3), 1991. [ 5 ] . "The Performance of Busway Transit in Developing Countries" by G. Gardner (TRRL), P.R. Cornwell and J.A.Cracknell(Traffic and Transport Consultants Ltd.), TRRL Research Report 329, 1991 [ 6] . "The Performance and Potential of Light Rail Transit in Developing Countries" by G. Gardner, ]. Rutter (TRRL) and F. Kukn (INRETS), TRL Project Report 69, 1994. ~@~~7: ~*0~~~~~~~&~: JJ\1 a{]~* lllf.f ~ ~ fr i:p 00 #Jlf!J 0~3t:Ji s<Jt~ B,fO ttJtU)jj-f- (;). r j!-~:tis:t~tiE-@ f~JJfj1f s<J .flA:tJLZ91$11!Y. ,fo fa; *fs<Jm•*#.~m~ms<Jttm~•m~wff•m•*~·ffiM•~s<Jmm*#&~~•* ;IJIJB<JJ*~.Z-. @~a1i'SJxJn2*5.!ii.fO~m*f••-OH!AffJM0~3t:Jiti.h'ffimW T~B<1~*· ~m0~3t:mff~s<J*a~"~m~•~~~.mB.~~-~m~ems<JWff*#".ili10 ~*~g•m~0~3t:m~~~~•Tm*s<J~h*•~T**B<1*m· ffi~1f~~s<J~~. §w~~i:rm~.i:roo•m•~••wr~mg~3t:m(;.J.0~3t:m~±s<Jttmntt.a~ ~tlt;;ffls<JOO*~)(ftJ:(1985 ~m 59 %) • tt:;:t;:••C1985 ~~Bl~). 3f!Jtz:~••C1989 ~11itl ~)i:f$1f~•s<J~~.~mm••lirn-r-•~~•li~M~J*~~~~1fm~s<J*m.a~ a-t'A l*J fl 1f£,r2:ttm0~3t:Ji:Tf3~~~M3t:iiffih' ~ a-t&m31LJJ11itlllA3t:iis<Jtt·tfc**-3 § ff*••~~m~ili~•,A1Ms<J~~.-~~mi:r~mZ9J*mffs<J§ff*••~~~n•a-t. 3t:Jift:rJuom•*14B~£xt(;.J.ffe~: 90 ~1~(;.J.*~mi:f1N'9:$B<1**•~~~;1J11·tfc, 1994 ~ OO*~*I~tz:~••s<JW~B~~A~~*B<1*-t.E:~£~, ~~.~~~m0~3t:m,ma ij&**f\;.J.**::.lt:M@~s<J11,&5lh, j!-£~·ti~£~W. ~!J!IJ, m•~~il\m.s<Jill-Z17;1J11J81J ~~~m~s<J~m*#-~m~ms<J~m~~~~~~~£*s<Jm~. 1~~~m0~3t:Jis<J±1*, ~m9=ts<J0~~*" 7C$Alt$B• 10 ~*±~-1:.E:T 97. 38%, • nA1!Jtls<J$MB*tE:T 32. 6%, $M±~tE:·~--T~mAr=J**·~· {g-~g~,~'•R* -t.E:T 8. 66%, ili~*· '*~*JtJ0~3t:J1$Ms<Jt:t-Wtl~~r~. at~*~m:Jt~~w. ~•j! -~il\s<JJ*~~$n00s<J, AffJB~Z17~~~0~3t:Ji#fts<J~M~~\;.J.*~I~s<JM2~\;.J. ~ -g. ¥i:l w o *x 8"J x.m2 ,fo it~ f91U :m:-r-0:.tt 3tiifr ~liZ. ::.It r~~c!J n ~ , 51 Jtl 8"J •-'¥ 1X ~~:51J. 1. 1. 1 JJi!fi-1¥-.JigJJ-f*ifiiJ ~m ~~oo~-g.3t:m~•1** s<Jm~_H, }E97f£~s<JT.f B1tffl. rn-TJJJ .'l:s<J¥'J.!f!:.fo•mmH1 ~~*I~~•~m~J*~. i:fOO§f!rs<J0•g•·••· ~AA. ~it~•m~•~3t:m~• ff~, *~rn1f*$n*•· ~mi:?s<J0~gg3t:m~A"tt~•*~". ®~~A"3t:m~ •~". ~~mi:?s<J~n*.m•m•.•~~~~ff~~~~Ama0m•~m~.::.1t~• ~m~*~~0•~•~x*· ~$*•~~M•.ffi@s<Jtz:~•••~~~~-ff•wm. ij&*tim. •li.fott:;:t;:tff-m~:MJrn~m•ti±W$n:fnwC~Jll~•itx 6). ~oo•m•~Rtt~~~~~*·•••~"cme~*>: *~•: nRs•m•R~0~~• 1 £9•: ~~*·•·I~"; ~¥ili: BRS•m•R~r~~I~"· tt~~mOOWR•~-~~~,15, 9:i~•mm~Mm000~JC:••R~~-m~M·~ ~*r!M, 'E!ffi:l:t!!/t!kJ9! § tEP'l 0 0~3C:BRMBOO•R•~~M•*rlM~ffl3E13MmCW3tN' -~ ±•*•~•m•R•~&9:iOO-~ffl37to•••rtr~m~•*~OO~»•*•*·~•m0 ~JC:B~OO~&&M*M~~-0~~~~-00~rRtt~B*fMmOO•mo 1. 1. 2fJilrfHHt 3tii~$B ~ ~llfi"~ ~~ ~~ 1994 i:F 8 Ji OO~~HtfiU:m:WTf~iTJ5~;fff009:i$A~~*oOO 00~;!-i-ltE GB/T4754~94 «OO ~~mff~*~~~~»mMm0~JC:•~oow~~= K.tt~mH~~ 75. 0~RM!!Bli1.r~ 15i. mP30~JC:•~'E!ffimP30~~*' EE!.$, l:IH.li~*' :1:-t!!~, ~m, $A m, ~$,~~OO~•,WRffl~o **~1i-m~w~w~T .L:12E~-T~-r~ooP3~~1-. :II~J1I~ti:•rtr0~~*9:i'Ei:tl!i "/1,0~ ~$", J5~ § 801f'.1~9:i:ltJIJEgtE9:i00Mm9:i~&1lt·t-Jco *1i-ft£~3C:Bffl3fl±WOO "~$~$iltr~" ~tlA "0M~$iltr~" , t!P G. 53. 531. 5310, ~JII~;t:t "~'E!115mP30~3C:B" o •rtr~moo~•~••rtrmmoo~•r*· •~rR~ff••rRoooo~&:tE~~**·•m 0~3C:BOO~~HII:m&•Z..**o El3m9:i 1 r:.,~Jli, J&5$fR, .TI£MfAOO~Mfil:l!Mf$o Mm0 ~~EE!.$9:i00~*•*:tEmP3•$M&~•· ~-~*OO~·~~Am5$~~J&OO~fA.~~ r0Mg~oo*~~*JC:x, ~ff1~•Jt*<~o~tJ?-), Wf.!Jl*~ o ~-t-il1Jt~*•m~1-. ~T3*$ ~-m§1Jtrfti1=*~~$~Am9:i 1 r:.'[R, 1J@!T*g, 1El.IPJff1*;1JoTMm-Til!OOfm~UiJ.l(~lll 1+1 t'fE::{t[R) 0 1. 2.1 ~~ 0~~EE!.$ft~Mm0~3C:BOO±~.ffemT7~~__toog~·· ~0~3C:BM~•±~ OO~~Z..-o~~~~M~OO±D~~~. ffimr*~IOO~il!JC:B(~~,~~)®~. 0~ ~E!!*~•~,•R~Mm:~~~•*~g~s%~Mm0~3C:•*•· •~ffemMrtrmm P'JOOg~•o 0~~EE!.$00li*~~J3giJ-flN:iA~tE~~M4lf/J,ff1•~~-~mrt 10 , 8, ooo A'IJl.o Wi:F~.*S71Mm0~~EE!.$00~I¥B8W~--~o~TmM"**A"~-tt~~-. ~*1Jo$m. m1~1Hr$l'SJ~~1-, *m~~~*ru1-t~&. nm~*m<*5t* 14~16 *tc:t1Hi *o 0~~EE!.$00**M~£~lo(~~-o*,~IPJ$*00*m~•~1o**OO"~ft£~" ~@!-Tbt~. ~o*ll~ 14 *h::tl$iJ.j4lf~1JT~ L 6 ~) o 7C$fLEE!.$:tEftOO§•r 1914 i:FOO.L~o •ooFP~ 70 i:Ff~~&1i.t·t-Jc, ;t:tf1fa·~t4J;, f~~*f5, JEg~~~~~~~tt~~woo~~ofilEl3f~•~*'m~tt~~#~E!!iJ~*~•~· §lJtr B~-Twi4Ji)jj\~o ~ 1994 i:F~~it. ~00~ 241'-Mm~~-7C$fLEE!.$ 4, 447 m<1JT~1i-!t£$~ 7, 335 iJ.j), ~~- 29. 5 fz.A'IJI., ~-~M*ll 1, 412 0~. ~ 1981 ~ffibt. $iJ.j1JZ.* L 75%: ,_r,1:¥*~ :le ie:lf~~*lt ~gje,~,:JI 7J A.1ffl1f $Wj ~it l=t 1JT1t:JJX;fittf El' (Wj) (km) (flA?X) (Wj) 1985 55, 115 105,512 250.67 1986 56,585 145,695 261. 83 4.6 1987 59,484 123,455 272. 60 4.6 1988 63, 705 141,563 280.07 4. 6 1989 66,842 156,901 272. 33 4.6 1990 70, 140 161,932 276.80 4.8 1991--. 80, 182 146,235 284.31 5.4 1992 91,341 157, 679 291. 05 5. 9 1993 99,669 177,586 277. 59 6.0 1994 108, 788 199,480 f 272. 38 6. 1 1994/1985 197. 38% 189.05% 108. 66% 132.6% 1985 ~oo*~r~l¥Jx14~liff!!E: ":k:tmnr1¥Jg:IEx:rnL J.SIZ*Il'X~zv~nunmxm~.±1¥1 ~tt.8~1f1¥J0ft:R$.~$~1fm1¥J~OO*f**fi~'***'~m.~~,L~A~', ':'k1'f$fil{X, $~~1¥JJ1.1*ftxm. 1E~Jl::k:IE:!ll¥J·~:l!$1Li1!3tml (~1~:1:-tl!~) t1!.¥U B fiL*, 1fit~~*fi•~· ~~J.S1Z:kg~•1¥J••·"~8o~~~M*~·~*:tmm~mxm1¥J•~ *o • ~:l!lt aJl lfilJJo ·~. fEI. El3 f :l:i!! ~~- ~~ § f9: 'Bi tt :k, if :J<.1HflH1 tl:* ~_m ifoJ ~~ •f9:'8£ ~.m;tl l¥J ttfi~.m~~-~~§~*m~tt<:tmm~~•~'Bi~rn~~~m~•.m~~~oo•±•$ n~oo•it~JL.~mm).~§~~~R1f8~:tmnr•mttE•~~~~~~xm~~;B~:IEfi 1¥JR1f 3 ~:tmm, ~~'~'*t"l 67 0.m., :tf::IE:I: 5. 42 fZA/~. ::lt:J5Hi!!~:IE:l:~03t,~,:IE:l:B\J 15%. ~~ffe~0ft:R~$1¥Jfim~~m**~·~fi~:l!J:tl¥Jm~~0~A~~&~MAQ, ~:ij:*±f:W*~~:±lll:l.R$*01J,~0ft:f-\$, f!~pij~1Tild5: 10 i:F*1~.¥UTIB~1¥J~JI:. Mf*L. A~R±f:m&1¥J~oo:imm*~· :±1&R±f:•~~:imnr0ft:xm1¥J-~~mm~1¥JmJJX;$*·• JlI 8 :tf:~:tmmtlH1iR$~:1:~:1:~T 5. 4 ffHJJi!,* 2)' ::It~. lfM~:k:tmm:±lfliR$B~0ft:~ :IE,8,:1:1¥3 15%~L. "1 J,0ft:R$" -M1f 17~29 ~~ffl, :k$:1E1Tf~$:1:-tl!f&*IJ0ft:R~$ fil~, ~~-~.ili*~~#M.WMft~m. •MT:k~$-1¥Jfim,*fiT~~.@~~ fil~niliJT3tmlfAJ¥, ~J}1JH:tl:~*:fti!i*D~~$:fti!iM0ft:R~$1¥J:IE~~J¥.Ji!tJJX;T1~:k1¥J~njlij. -®:tmml¥J~0ft:R$~:1:B~~Mtt0ft:R~$~:1:, -®:tmmBr~W~~~~~m:. * 2 = ±JOCrtJ q:i tf:l~H:tt::~m~ _;_ c19a1~ 1994) 1987 6. 15 1988 8.20 1989 9.85 1990 11. 07 1991 12. 83 1992 19. 03 1993 28.62 1994 39. 30 ~mg~oo~<~•rr~r~m~~~~>~mrrM~m~m•0~~•IA~-. §fi~ OO:ff~mg~~JtOO 1, 123 ~. ~~- 8. Ol 1l_AJJ(. g~· (1lJ\)}() rtmC%> 0~A±f: 235. 16 75.89 1f$}LEf!±f: 29. 50 9.52 7C$JLEf!±f: 2.30 0. 74 :!:-tl!t/k 5.42 1. 75 tl:lfllA±f: 29.48 9.51 m~Jt 8.01 2.59 ,~,if 309.87 100. 00 1. 2. 2 tplrfi0~3liln&~7J<-¥tr..Ji!J!fft ti: 1991 ~~~w~*~ "-tn" oo*m,~t4tt:r.m § «:k~m0~~n*;JE*o*-HA~iiJJA: ~~»~,mtl:lr~m~*fiuww~~~~~m0~~•wfilm~#*·~-#*~~m 0~~-~*f*~~~*f·m**f~~§*f3~~•JJOO,*M~29~m~.~~m **f~ 14 J)'A. 1. 2. 3 n&~7J<-¥ ":& 4 Jill!J(T 22 ~:k~m0~AEf!±f:~-fffVJ<f. *- 4; 0~5~~tj::tf.J-f.Htij&~7J<.!f!. 1 ie~±f:J! (km/h) 2 1f$f!E£¥ (%) 79-92 3 f:i5JMNe: (m) 500-900 4 ~*$(%) 22-80 5 ~*NP:~ (m) 70-500(-tt200-300) 6 if£~rliij~$ (%) 80-115 7 ~Biliij~$(%) 36-81 (-tt50-70) 8 *gf~±f:llti'SJ (min) 3-10 (-tt5-10) 9 iGPX;±f:$ (%) 88-95 10 Ji!H~ 0~PX;ffl $({')(/A. ~) 120-760(-tt200-400) ~~mraJ:ff::tE1~*~~if@:!Z9:tEr: • 0~~-~~Jl7J<f: • ~m%~: • ~£1Jf~Jl*f; • m-i;:~. tl:l 1r j] ·t.!Jt: • ~[.ij]*1fflR~. 01!.I 1J\ at li1:i o± ~ ~ l!l ~m•~1tf: 1¥1~1-t o ;tJtf9r$: 1¥1 * *:l!ll'.JlliJlli:.k-t-i!!R-1! oo 19' 1¥1 * *:l!ll o * 1994 if:~ 00 :lp}flLA.:l~}JJijlf i!!R-1! 0019' 1X 6. 6f 15" o ~tgjc ~ ~:lplf!J ~ &1f 0~~ E§. $-1? ffl i!! o § ff**•**#§Am~*m.~~g~*•§SW$M. "~•m~"1¥J•~*•msm• ~lli~05c:$:l!*Blift~1~1¥J~l!lz- o ~~iE1t~ft~~PJl!t-@3&tf$ftEt.U¥r~o f~M~~~~~-~:.kl¥J±~~i!lft-f-: • 5c:imtf1!5tl-j[t®M~/Fftif~M. ~*Jlli•f5c:R-1!D: • 5c:Jm.1Jl!::!(;lj *IJ 0 5(~ ~ {jt 1-t15" 001¥1 ~ I!] ; • ~fttrmA~~***M~~-~~~:l!ll'.o -~"~0~~$"~ili@~$~1¥Jfil:l!~M. ili~T5c:im.IA~~~l¥J~OO. fi*g~ ••*~; 0~5c:m~~1¥JW•-tB~~•1fMr~. 1!1~•••1fm~r~l¥J~~o 1. 2. 4 ~3t3lim~ill!a~tt71C~rn:t~~ 001f0~5c:m~~tt*~mm~~~~1J"~, ffiOO*tr~~mm~o ~0~~*~*~~ n~. ~M~~*B·*•f~~•atoo.~~~~•••·~~~~~m~•.tr*E§.~. ~ft~A.~ft~~*·f~~~-~~§o tt*~mm~1¥J~~fflmH•**~~~1¥J~m~~o~T-0~5tm1¥J0~tt~fil.~m ~~~~fti¥Jm-@1J"tt~tt~~~~~m~~#m. ~tt~~~n±-@o~~_t~~a~m~ ~i¥1**llttttt+*•~o~~ft~A~~~~B~fr*~i¥1m2S**~o ~m0~~E§.$~~~-~fflOO~*•· ~~$Slrffi~:.kl¥J~~onT~•g**•~ ffl%~~g•£~AA. *mamttmtttt~~M~~*•· :X~ru~~n~~lf•mro*m 1i*~m/FB!H1~~u[l!Ji'i.11J4t$, fMJ§1~~~•111¥a 3, ooo 011~r: §~:.k1~£1¥l0$~1¥J ~~if:~noo~m~PJ~$rul¥J4~o -~~mttom~m~~~~-*~1¥J~Bz-, ft~~ilii=F*•~~~~***Z.~o 1994 if:OO r*l0~~$$;tJt$s 011~~•n 26-29 :fl-, mmrt:0~~*n 32-36 :fl-: mmrt:x $AE§.$s 011E§.n¥1U:tn 65-85 -=f te1J\at 0 1. 3. 1 f.6Xrll1-tiiU¥ ~tr~¥H~~-~*·~*~*fi~B~~. ~*~·*~· ~m~mBffil~lif:i¥J 2251-*}Jo.¥U 1994 if:l¥J 622 1-: 100 lf AD ~I.1¥1:.k~m Bffi 1985 if:l¥J 22 1-*~ 1995 if:l¥J 361-o~m•~~~-~~1¥JOO~•~~ml¥J~M/F~r:X.~~Aofil~**o~m~mfi 1¥J~~~n0~5tm1¥J~M•~rm~~mn, lli~§$Fm/F~1¥J0~5c:m~~~~T** 1¥J&no-®~~~man~~m~:i!~Ml¥1Mfi~.tttt~~Tn~*~~m~•~0~5t m~-~*ilitr~#1¥Jm~tt.g~5c:m1¥Jmfil~m~**~tt~~~~m•~~1¥J--t-m~ 1J"OO, ~•tt~~tttt~~/F~o~n~m5c:m*~l¥1--t-m~•*· 0~5c:mtr~~~mM ~.~mm~z001¥1**~&1f*Bl~*•~o~£~M~@~~~-~~ttttffi-f-&1f0~5c: mm*~~W/FOO~*~m~~oo~~~o L 3. 2 ~rtJJiS~3t>t0:!t:3l~~*a~~1t 1994 ~~ 1985 ~ffibt~. 0~1\$it!.$$m~*T 97. 38%; :@.~~~*JJt~*T 89. 05%; ='ffili J.JJtF~f 1¥J±F:mfil~* T 32. 6% <fr£r±F:m~*fili¥11* l!l~:!PXm Ao 1¥3~/Jn) o ©~P:A~:@.,~, :S:R~* T 8. 66%, J!-&&1E:5t~aJJT 0it3tBtE:!PXTPl*~l±lff:Jrs:t~i'lr:f:i~zv~il!i¥JF~ $~o 1994 ~0it1\it!.$:@.:S:bt 1992 ~JZ. r~ T 6. 5%, W.IY1J!-!Jil.~~tEfil~, :0-1-JT;tt.tf:~ 1*1!1~: • n~~7.Kfo:!PX1Pl*~ili1o~~*ti:tt~,~~,~m,x~~m~:Jroo1¥J~mm:S:~TIY1 Hi¥Jtn:~, t§rtz r!Jil.lfi¥J0~3tnn~~7.Kf B/G~~illijfE1ffl~o 0x±F:mi¥J7r-ff:l¥J.t ($ix, m ~*~14~) *Off~·l1~\JYC~5Jili~Fff£~1¥J~ffl' FJf ~MH~ 0 ~~ITU ~)j(;tt.ftgf~zv 1T$i'SJ 1%' IA.~~~A~a*"~0it1\$"dl±l@1\$,~*~A~~-§ff$otE~~.9 §1T$.l:r:E1£1¥Jbt1JtlB~~ 90%0 • :@.ffl'i¥Ji,mJ•o *WH::J,*0~3t:B~1rff£~ffl'Il)l:Jfi, §t13~t~ §firfJJtEbt~~t!tW:li:ff£1¥J0 3(:$~, :li:ff£ (*~IHTI 3 0£) 9.. o. 10 :7G (ffi3 o. 012 ~j[;); PJ*~:!PXJRFJflf~~i¥J~~Ji ~~ 2 j[;(;f§3 0. 3 ~j[;) 0 _t~~l.!il~~~ff-~1jjtl, 1.10. 5 j[;(;ffi3f 0. 06 ~j[;) 0 fE!:A ~fil::!PX1PB7C¥*~~J!;f¥1¥J~ffl'7.Kf, 10 ~*Bllm~i,mJ-T JLixC~~ 5) o 11b;Wi,mJ§ 13 1-~m, 1994 ~:@.ffl't'f:rl'll T 152. 3%, ~*~r~i¥Jl*l!IZ.-o • i![R%~14o 3tB~£mJJX;i¥J:@.~:i!Jl'.r~ffi3F£, 100£/1Nt1"1C:1Ji¥J:@.~:i!Jl'.X1 g31.y $rru§B7C1!~o 1987 ~i:?OO:A:!PXmf:f:'..Y:fh{ilJJl'.B:lt 81%, §firlnU£F£o ~rllJ §ff$3t mFo£~DTfi£~J.to::k$:0-:!JiXr!JgriJ~~0~1\$~ffliJ[d03t1!~1¥J3tB¥t•o * 5: ffB~~rtJ0:!t3l~-lf-~~11l'~iJi.1~ (~:7C/ A.0~) :!PXm 1987 1994 ~- (%) ~t~ 0.0200 0.0289 44.50 ~jf 0.0175 0.0350 100. 00 ;p-~J± 0.0178 0.0624 250.00 tt~S 0.0223 0.0415 86. 10 -tf 3§: 0.0283 0.0430 51. 90 Pk/J\i1€ (~$) 0.0202 0.0670 231. 70 ilnE. 0.0247 0.0660 167.20 $~ 0.0143 0.0490 242.60 11-M 0. 0210 0. 1037 393. 80 ta:& 0.0212 0.0667 214.60 ¥*:1Jil 0.0500 0. 1060 112. 00 jffi~ 0.0230 0.0380 70.40 lfB IY1 0.0220 0.0537 144. 10 f ±.Y 0.0232 0.0585 252.28 ~rn*~0x±F:~rllJ§1T±F:1¥Jl*~l,mJ§~1Y1. ~0~x•~•JE~r~1-~*~#:tn:rl'll $:if(~ 29. 5%), rtAH~ 25. 63%), :Jr-ff:(~ 16. 08%), mu 80%~.l:i¥JAJ!:lt1Dl:ff: §1f$o ~ffl'i,mJ•~Fo. :A:!PXmi:?•&bt~i¥J~IJi~ffl'~~-z:AaJl'.l,m]fi'lloJi~i:?ffi3::ki¥J~ 1Jtl~ffi1E:~:fh:ff!i¥J, ~31Jt~Fo-@1E:~1Dl:ff:T Ji~*l-Mabt!Jil.~, ~~ffi".L~tUT~JjJ}]/G¥}* ~0it3t:Bi¥Jf'Ffflo 1!11.JW3~h::1Ji¥Jjj~*rM~9lfE~!k-m §1f$o ::k$:0-:!PXTP §1r$~ff~ filAA! lffi m 0 2. 1 )E;gJiX*w..J*~Pl 0;tt~)t:Jm1¥Jill!f ±~El3t?&l4, I:&f, $~fJH'JflB, ~t1~•m~11•JI•Jtln$7t~J3.pj(;o 45-§ FJf ~1¥J~-~~~-•,ill!?~#~•JI*~~~. #a•m*®~#o JA 1994 itm 118 -t~m 0Jt:~~ <$*9=!/J\~~~~) 1¥JiFoJi!t9=1 &~1±1~*®, JJ.:ff 1~7&·11 ®ill!? pj(;;<1s:;M}pj(; bt fftl ~: t?&l4(f-\:, ~¥!l:!WGJth): 26. 4% I:&f: 30. 5% ~t1~•m: 11. 0% •JI•m: 11. 6% $tfW!i~ll~4&1JflB•: 8. 5% 2. 2 )E;gJiX*8{]~1-t ~*!l-o 1992 ittJ-frJf-\:¥!13, ~¥!13, ~fJffi'¥!13~~¥!l:!fLiRi~fi' "x,UA11Jtl" ®at~JL g~*'lffl7t0;!t Jt:m~~~ffl"~~¥!J3", ~~~m~~*o00*~1t~¥!l:!fLiRi~~~¥~.~#tt8B~~ $ ~oiliit*~ ¥!l:! fir~ i¥J *$illJ::1h ~ J& 0Jt:~~ill ;g '** J::ft-, ;t:t 9=1 t?&l41¥J ttm ill'* f&~ 1994 it~ 1991 it:ffi bt, 0;tt3t:m~~f!Jtl 1¥Jf-\:¥!13~~ J::i5-tc T 105. 24%, ~¥!13J::i* *, T 74. 32%0 IR&~~•m~l±l•~**o oo~~~~I:&f~W*, *m®ill~~, ~w•m~~w ~~1~*®btfftl, IB~1*11Jtl%JJ)(;l¥J "~~11-t±~" 1¥J~H~'§t·l~tffJ.1E!xt~~~jt;t:tVJ:mo *m~*tt~~~~-~•••m•~mlli•~ooo•a10~~-~®*•*~~~~ 00~0~,fil~NA~$·~~~.~iliWG@~m~1¥J$tfW!ifil•~ill'§t,W~~iFoJi!t~~$tfW!i g'-J~17.6%o R#0~~~~~lli•d*$Vw•ma•~~~~~~~AMMS~*•w*~o-® 9=1~~~~-fl·ffl~pj(;*1¥J~•B&tt2~. :ffi§~l¥J~~reM~m~,~&%~M~~~ 1*.1$~¥00.±JtttUfHZ.-o 2. 3 ~PioJ)E;gq1rA.8{]ff-=f~~ ~~1Hi~ Fl ~$1JJl o*~m 9=100 JB~11JtlflPJ tJ-ilili5!11~tl 1949 it tJ-frJ o J=J Mffr~~ ~f¥1tfmM ~OO~~M*M*·~~tt~mM*M~Bo®~J=JMOO*g~m:ffi§*, J=JM~~-~. ~ ~oo~•MFm, M7&69=1PJtJ-&~l±l~-Ao-®*~mB~*~-®m~~tJ-~~. ~* w,J::~~m~fi'OO"*•"~fl<-~1±1~~J=JOO$M.&~mw-*.~mPJtJ-~tt~~* Jtl 00-F:r\J=J M) o Slli$•~-~~•oa:ffi§~l¥J~r!J9=1, El3f11'~$mOO~•~~ftfl1*~~~0000~ ~·*•oogill*•a~-~~-J::~0~3t:m*•~•· a;t:t~m$MJ::•~*g·~~~ a~if:l:i!!!Rg¥Ji[~9=100:1:-t!!fio WfffiUf!l¥:1:i!!!R~ll~l=lttAatfBJOO*gfilEl30~3t:illill:i!o 7Cff:OO, ~ mm~m~~•~0~~m~~~~~~w~~ffis~~~.~-~§~.F•~~ilifi~A. *6 : ffB~:t.Qfi'fl F.1 ~1¥-J~~t~l.Sl ~Ji :&:ft Ji-~ Ji•-'f:l;)jftfft Ji•-'f:l;)JJJJG:zjs: :i:e:fi~A.P Ji •?ff :!l1Xm OHIO (Jt;) (Jt;) r:Sbtm (%) ~~Ji( 126. 36 8.46 47.86 43. 96 _t~ 209. 30 25.00 - 47.80 :;kji 36. 74 16. 50 - 59.60 [l:j~ 9.48 12.82 43.61 15. 70 7. 47 15. 11 32.00 10. 50 ~·** litrx <~:ti=:) 5. 42 20. 38 - 46.40 ¥-§.~S 1. 20 17. 17 44.60 10. 30 -frijE 5.50 15.00 26.50 18.49 pg.$i$€ 6.58 13.40 41. 20 22.80 *~ 15. 11 14. 20 45.00 29.80 ~--m~-~~~~1¥-.J-M, -~Am~1¥-J-~Z-.*M~*~-~ff~Aift• ~-Mil'.#ft.~-i'~£~-~: ~~~~-~ft•A~*·~~-~.M~-~~Nmffi~ ~-.M~~-~ff]g~-~~h.~·-~~A*~M~mff~ft•nA~~*··~~~ ili~*~mr~. B~5o-'t:!l1Xm*~~ff~Aft•<~~~ffi)M, -'t~:!l1Xmttft~ff•~~ IC~~~?}}~. 2. 4 if5Uff 1£ 1fti<I' Wi!i 8~ ~ liiJ 11 it 11£•fftj])l:~tailifi!JJG:zjs:~~_tfHiJJJG~0~~m~~-'§"1~~t~~~:!t*~~~. M 124 -'t:!J1X m~ifoJ~*a)j, 1992 ~bt 1991~±I*60. 46%, 1993 ~bt 1992 ~±l*:it 74. 9%(~_t~-':f'*$JIJ lli!Jmff)- _tr*~~)' rm~,ltAj])l:ltf~~jj])l::fHJ!Mt3J1J±I* 27. 7%tD 61. 8%, ~JE$%83~~m:tt:!t~ -=Tr3i.:taJtftM~fiIB~~2firt~1H~. M0~~m~1rm~•1it:!J1Xr1Jj])l:ltff!,117gmm~~ij])l::fum. ~ r ~ § mr JL~•~ ~*r mnA = • :ftum~~i'f!t&t~...t~il'.ilifiJJJG:<1s:~J'~namt*{}c•, rnm~ij])l:Wf1w:'1s:~il'.ilifiit:JGIJ~J:E1r 9[li,8,~. • :ti=:01!.1rlJ!i1i. w,e,ilifi1!.l'HaIBfi~~~-fr7_/(-'f~J:E1rlJ!i1itm. iz_gJ11~·11~ 1995 ~1ti5l~±F= ~1!.1rlJ!i1i7_/(-'f]g o. 5Jt;/$01!., 1993 ~~~~~Ji( ._t~)'r 122·-'t:!l1Xm~-'f:l;)J:fr1J!i1i7_/(-'f]g o. 39 Jt;/$01!.. • A01!.1rlJ!i1i. 5j_tj£:frlJ!i1inAt§bt, J!l~n~~.±~§ ~n:AT¥~~~~~~ilifi$1'111£LM! ~*ff~01!.rmm~~IB•~•*•~.m~~ilifi~A~•~IB•. ~~IBfilI!.~~~ l9'f'F]g~-fr~:fr1J!i1i£~. • ffi~g;~:!J1XmM0~~m~~~1rlJ!i1i*~TtfT-i:j:::C-~A 3 i:j:::tc:tJ)~~. -'§"1~±11Ja~~ ~. -'§"m•&~m•~1J~, ~-~~~n••-'§"it~~.±~tt. 2. 5 )t'f0:!t:jtJ.mi<l'Wi!iiE5l:*M1~~~~~Y:; *'A~*~~~m~:fr9!linAfr~r1kj])l:JN. ~~~~t±~~W51J@T r-~z.~Wit. 5iifoJ1'r~ ~0~·ri, ~h£t1~§t9l:frlJ!i1i~§iiE~~~tt~ilififa:&:m:, -nOO:!J1Xr!Jj])l:JNITTtj])l:xt~7*)t, -noo~~~M*T~~Mj])l:ltf~*•tt·•~T~~fi-~~fi~JJJG~-'§"m; ~ifoj~~~~ ~A§OO~*~~·~*:lt~~~~m~~m.a*$~•~~oo~~roo~0x~ft-am ~~·~~f~~. 0xM*OOtt~~§-~~~F•OO~~.ili~*~*$*0x~ftAd d>lf&JM.fr9!ti, mtt~Jtt~;E_I, $~Jji~g, fitttl:lT1~*00~}J. Wl/F~~!JHt, -fr%1ir:1:J,~,l&AOO ~tm 1991 ~A 28. 04%, 1992 ~A 26. 31%, 13*1~ T 6. 17%; 1993 ~A 22. 29%, :XJLt~l3*f~ T 14. 48%. 0~xm~-nli*1Tft1i:tt~:~a1J~f3*$!i&f~l&A1!tOOt:JJ~t1J§, ¥&.&.¥iJ#JmAoo ;tt§l'ilJ•. ~QfilJliiH:lzA4~oo, i!JJ!l.OO.fr%1ilf&W:, £0~xJ!l~JJttf¥~--t-~~•~ooi*•· :1E••~l'JEX10~xmm:ffl(;oo~Q!li1 = • ggnli*Eittrl3*. nli*~M!-.:E~£$WiOO:ti#~m.rl3*. i±lf':&t~~z.. ~ftxh£ ~*Pit:lWtl1~$Wj, l'{JZ.~Q!liJTX1*~001lJ151h, £if1f;f[1T$$i!i~OOm*~·~· 11X174 1-MmOO:Jm~ir.Jft, Mitt 80 7J01lt~J1t;itJHJJtl:IEgOO$Wi~ 3, 921 €1, Mirl*~1A7Ghtt 1~00~ 5, 337 €1, 15 -t-Mm0x~ft~Jmtt 100 JJ0m.oo*m1na:1E1r. a-@Mm~. ri&: 1s /Ffl*Q*~ nJ11t!ROO$Wi~2-m-PJ 12J~ ¥1J, ~£m/F ~Jt:!:-&IR::ft:lt:Fm. • ~gm~•f•JJ!l..a~~oooo~0~xm~fta:1En~m*__t/FttmJEm~oom*oo• (5(.r' 1985 ~mtl:l T "$%~•' !JE-•l.I" OO:t~~:ntt, $$W.j:l:~)JQT' ~£•1!tOOPX:*$ ft ft' f.§_;f§ J\\Z 00 ~ • • }Pi'$' ft CE1 :t'i!i $$W.j*Q ,!Aft A ff! 00 ~}Pi) *Q ITT :f:m r.ffi W:R~/F __t~}j;' "!JE -•:E.1"~~__t*tt~00~1T.xm~~~~~~. ~~00•0~xm~Moo:1E•~~~ ~~Tffi~*OO~$. -®Mm~~~tl:l~OO~~~WTr**~OO~§. • 00~0x~fti±lf':&t~/FJEW/F~~. ~·~~~~~ftMIOOI':&t~~~*~~;ltI~ ~00~*~~&/FmJ:\\Z, --~f~~;lt~OO~~ftOO~~*~· MI~ffi/F~~.tfillm it, a 1001-Mm~, 1993 ~~ 1992 ~;t§bt, ~~ff!mt~ (ir.J tl:l*lf!-f:fl) A!i&il1JPT 36. 9%. -t-~1J~ft 3 ~*)'rtJ1E00~~ff!A!i&J!iitt 1/3. • $ft1t~£g00ffi.OO~~J:\\Z. ~QJWJiJT:Jt, ~ff#\l&A*Pl&JM-fr9ltiZ..*P/F)E12J-5z:ftggJJX;*. 0~ xm~ft*~T$~~-~~12J-~-fr':&t~zl'JE.-®~ftalf&mftwoo~•m:~~*m T "tJ\0~~*" nli*, ~1frtr1~' ;lt?fil:fljfflf5fl\.fr .:E~~R~OO-=.j-1~ (!2Jff:t¥Jl, ilnEAf-\:R); £$00~ft~~~T~§-$00:lt~M*ft,~ft.~®~•ffl~001i*~§£Jl~Tl& A. 00*~§£A$~AfflfJ!~T•ftm~.~-~ftOO~~Areffi~*OOMhttA~® ~•m~. ***fil~A.:Eftoo0~xmm*/F~~~~. *£~•~~tl:l~~~~~. 3. 1 !J\!~ El3*~~m~~~~r*oo0~xm~ft~*$*El300%c~:nlf&m)tt':&t. :lt~~':&tf'=§ M$Wi,~M,;lt~~M!OOF~~f00~. ili~*d>!i&Mm l:fjfJllOO~~~ftF;t>(~JiJT1tft, ~Q: if*g0PJ (12Jriil-JJ\i~, *aAf-\:R)' El3tt~__t00;lt~I~~ftil':&t~~;i!g0PJ(~__t-)El3~~0x0PJ~*~:lt:M*OO*~~ ~ftil':&t~~; ~*il':&t0PJ(l2Jff:t&,rfflAR:R), El3~~0x0PJ~*~il•~~.0~ ~*' ~*1rft51Jtt)'r':&tOOr.ffif~.fil~~1~ 1J\, m.ili~*tl:lfJll Tl'ltFril*OO~~. -®Mm~P~t ~,__t•,rffl,*a~+$1-Mm~m*•~**Wi~Jtt1TME1~M!•R. 12Jm~mftr~ ~~~Af~~~1tt:. ~~**•OOtt*~~.*~~A.-~S*MI~*~illh-~M~, ~~T-~OOI~. 0~x•~~~~rn~~~T-®*~oo~g~•·~~. ~~~~rwtt~~. 3. 2 D&JMa~19:A. 00~0~x•~~OO£:L1s:•~£~.±Jirnr:1%c-a-~•r. f*~:J:m. ~*:!%). Mc-a-~~11ir~. ~J!ir~. ifoJJl'.~iL.-. ~i11t:M) ;fo~~~J.91 § OO•~· !-tM~OO-~'.Bt~~:J3:ii. W~~~g~~·m~~~$0~xB00£:L1s:•~B£:Lis:L~~~A.ff~-~~~OO~ ~~~.0~x•~~OOL:ii£*•~m~.±Jirn~m•m•~· ~~~Moo~~~&too§ ~'.Bi~. !fXj\:JJJi § ffiilfi' (§~IR) •~tr•±*if!Hl (J!~. J!iJ!:JT) Afr-=f'.B!M. £:L1s:•W:~W:4£~~mm~, .±JI*•r~m~~oo~m•~m. rnr~~~~rnrm •0~-~~00W$1'f~,§~~**·•~~h.mMm~~~~~~.~*~~~*$~ 00' 7HlittlJ0~x•1T~0015HIJJi1tt1J\ 0 1990 ~g~-~~~~~~r~OO~'Y; (j)l~ 7) 0 1986~1994 ~£:Lis:J!~'.Bt~d=!OOl:tI-'fHJ~ 3. 34%, £¥Jf~m'.Bt~l:tI~ 10. 37%, 1994 ~W3JJJi ·~ii-it~ 25. 1 {Z,~. •1: 0~~~•*~~~~•&••~&a•m~~-~~~1t~ £:Lis:~Wl J!W:l:tI £~~Wt ~ml:tI (7J~) (%) (7J~) (%) 1986 22,504 4. 86 33,538 9.92 1987 21,224 4.00 33,606 9.01 1988 22, 153 3. 32 38, 153 8.20 1989 26,212 4. 13 50,522 11. 60 1990 34,267 4.41 57, 139 12. 52 1991 34,949 2. 98 63,084 11. 78 1992 52,821 2.57 96,405 12.47 1993 74,067 2. 11 146,885 8.56 1994 83,032 1. 71 168,033 9.24 3. 3 :ffi 11:HM Jl 00~0x~~~~~1ij.;f1Jlf!l/E'&ff>=001JTIB$ffiL~mt•Wfl$'/E, :E,W.ffOO,fJFft~ 70 ' 80 ~1-tittl/EOO, ~*:IJIJ~ i,m]~. rnf1Jf 1BmitAggm;;L1s:, 1JTIB:!t,Jj00:::f~~M*~3&~4 "~jt,)j mHJ!:" , ~11£ T ~~·ii;fo~&*MI. &•~~:::f-1JTIB~~f1£ggm;;L1s:OO:::f iE~-¥,®:, §!W-OJ ~~F~OO~~m~.$*m•-®~~~IR000~x•~~. ~T~@$:!%~$OOmJI, ~ ~.&51*~*1J~&$M:~~l1~•rn~ § oo. Bt2~mT$•001ltJJlJl:JL ~®~~JJ11J:IJoi!T$•£ i=JfOOJ!Jl'., ~¥~$-:k1~ittl. pg!-tl!,-®~~00t2~-!Biifa)j, :::f~~~M1~JJTIB:!1Jl&rm*:kT~l 1~mrn, •~7ggJJX;;zjs:. 3. 4 !~ft~~ii .±J!rnf'&f~*•:::fk,RI~$·00~A.~~~~W:~J!W:OO~~*~~ft(~~~~ w~~~oo~~~~W:~).~~oo~~woo~•~~ft=ffir~~ffimoo~~~/E.mJI~g •M~000~x•W:~J!W:'&f~~~*··-®~$~m~~IRJ!W:~~E~•· M~-~- w*mr•~0~~mw$~,~~M~~~.m~~•:AOOk$M,m~,~~~~000~ ~m~•~~•~m*~~m~oo•a. -®~m~OOk$M,m~•~m&~0~~~*00 w$~. ±~£ffl~~-~-~ft-~WAA&~-~- ~o ~-~00"~0~~*"~wm~$1T~§WB~•moo*•· ~~b~••1T~a~~ 1TW•fi~: -W*0~~~$~~~b00"~0~~$",mtt~~~I~$-·fi~T~ $~$*·~- -~~1T~•m*~w~•m~•oo0~~m~~c~~~-~~~>. •m••~•~• •ttoo*~~~5'r, fftm T ~*•~*1£~am•~i:J:i OO:AW*. mttiEft~zvm1Toor.w.~~~*tl ~a¥. •m~~~*•m~~•mwn~~oo~•F*•oo±~. m•~oom~~~~~~ AOOMF~*-2:11~~~-. *•m~~~~Wn/G~~B~~oo~•m'iJJ. ft~m•mM•m•oom~r,ft•~~-~~$,~•oo~~L•Mm~oowmr. a ~tt~h-~*•M•0~~m~.-®~mB~~~T-®•~~~0~*1T~~-ft~00 m~,~-•m,~~~MOO~~r. 0f~moo~~~~r0~~moo~M. t~:A~m·~:i!$Am~m-*gJEoo•~ s~2~ft&'1T, 20 $1-~milii:F*~ T JJt1t :A• oow 'AflltI11=, {f!JiJ 1994 i:F~it00%it~JUttflT 71-~mOOJJ! § •t:X.45. *l,l£:1:-1!!~~~$A-* ~•~oo§••~•~•~.~~£-®•mfloo~m.•~•~~~~&~~~-~-~~, ~$A•~•~±~*§IZY1-1f00: a)~m•m*•: b)005'r~ff#z: cH±~••<-•mtti&Jtl( § ~JJ!~ffl1f~): d) iliil±:l:-t!!{t:ffl~*n!lmF~Jf~. Jifi~:l:-1!!~-~JY! WiJIA T 005'!-~ff#z, - •~$N•003~~~.m~~-~~1T~•,*•oo••· £~raoo~•~Mi:J:ioo%~ffi ~$OO:A~moo~m~h/G~~-~~-£~••~~~~~. -£~moooo~~F$mro~ m>.=£mM0~~moo~~~i:J:i~AA0~~moomft~~-ft00%*~~~··~~00~# r. :A•51*5'r•1~•~m:1:-t!!~*:1G:i=.w.~. JiJ§IW~it. s~~iEft1~•:1:-t!!~OO~m~*L1t: m*oo•m~•~m~~•· ~~~&~~mm~~•oo~~- 1978 i:F~*OO 17 '.f:Fa¥. ~2m~MOO~!Hi;J, ;j;JL11Jlj, 7j(f, tt~~MOOJ.tJl, 'iJJh' :!!~. 0Am~m,tt~~MOO-~,AA~.-~~T~:A~--~~£AOOm•,~~,-~00ft ~. £~mi:J:ioo~~a•~~MOO'iJJh~~~-. ~m0~~m~~ooa¥. £i:J:ioom~a•~~~oo~~m~w*· £•~a•oo•~fil ~-~m0~~m~~ooa¥. ~~mM,•m•~a•~~~oomM,~~. ~~*~•~ a¥~~~00:Ef:ll. ~m0~~m~~ooa¥. ~~~~~ffi•-*· *~~:1G~~:1G&&~~ft~m0~~m ~~•1fOOOOa¥. ~~~H~~~ffi*U00~1f00. •m~BOO~•§OO, £~~A~~OOBM.~BIA£A~~~•MW~~oo~~. ·~#~~£~~.em.~•.~m.••tt~oom~.m~BIAOO~~fil~~~~~~ ~.£3~~m.~tt.tt~.~~.~~.AQ.~~.~~oo~#1*~.~~~moo.~ -oo~~.~BIA~00£~##~#00.0~~-~~£~~oo-~~~. £•m~B~M 00 DJ 9:16,~ 0 •mm~*~· ~•m~nooa1*.~~•§oo, £m@•m~••*· ~~~~AOOB M. •m0~~-~~oo~•§00,@3£~~~.em.~•.~moo~~AOOBM~•m M~. ~~-*OO~m~~.tt~~~~~~~~. •m0~~-~~~¥00~•§00,@3£~~~.em.~•.~m~~~AOOBM~ •mM~. ~~~m~~.tt~~~~~~~~oo~-.m@m~~m~~oo•~. m@~¥ ~~Moom~.•m0~~•&•£•m~m~tt~~Moo~~&•.~~-~~~•Moo~ •$**~· ~~~~oo~m•fm~~m~tt~~M~~~~.0~~-~~~~fil•f*tt ~~~00~~. ~~~~~-~~#~~MOO~m~~. "~lJlAOOBM" , @3£liJfJt:•m (-§:fl5•m0~~-) ~MOO~'G't±:l~t.\. :Xit<li}fJE, &*·•&.•~· -~~--~~J3:-£,ff~-~J3:-£~~~00&# . • ~.-~ . • ~m•m~•~Mtz:~::f~Ll. •~m•-m~Mf'=~xt~~*~001~*· *~'i71~il§Jli001U~. ~oooo•-m0~~·~~. £~~1i-~OOitJC.u~2&1*flifF, ~M~*OO· 1985 ~. «OO *~1tt~-~-&~~~t?$~f~¥-m0~~iiif'FtlH!l-OOii§;ll» (00~[1985]59 %) , aJl •"~~-m0~~-~-~-001*~. ~fi$·~·· ~--~. ~00-~~. ~M•1*~ ~1*~•".~00~~0~~·· ~0~A*· ~*·~~~*·~~.~-~~~~-~m ~OO~~L. ~~t±:l~T•1*~~1*000~~-~~. -§:fl5~1*t±:IWA*~· ~oooo•m0~~-~~. A~~~oott~•~~~.l3:£*AA*~~m1*~oom~@. ~~~:±1e~~•m0~~-~~••.$m~. 00~0~~-~~•~*~~~•~•~· &~fifffl*fi•$mm•~~oo~~. ~oooo•m0~~·~~•~oom*.~::f~£0~~£<~A::fm•~tz:~x$~tz:w~ •mm~OOf'=£fll'..ff*, A~¥1H'tOO~~tif:ftP.·!ifll¥FHl00~~:5t*·l1t'lffil), fil::f~£tlA~£ <A ~¥11~00tif:ftP.·!ifll:5t*·li). tl:l~liA*~ (7, 512 /J\~). /J\0~A*~ (7, 511 /J\~) fll~ftl!.mi*J 0~~-~(7, 519 /J\~)-~00'..ff*, ~*L~ftlA~rflpm~. 33:~~~-&A~JE~OO~ ~;txn, PJ~~fi%~oom:1:m1JLfliU. mi*J 0~A~*~ <1. 511 /J\~). $JLi!!~•~ <1. 513 /J\~). mi*J~-~(7, 514 /J\~)-~00'..ff*, ~::f£%~00tlA~£, fil::f£%~000~~£, W£ ~T~~ZOO~"m0~W£"; m•~t£•ffl0~W£~m0~W£Mmm~•·*· ~~ xtt~tt£&~ma•~~~§. m-~m~*~~~-~~~w£~~~~m•: ~~~£ ~~rnJJ)lmmmm~~. ~~{t~-~~~%it~{t~. ~~*~x~~~££o 9=100~001f~m0~3tm{t~, -~~§~tt~~§ffim~o/9~~-~3tm~•.~~ m~&510A~. mm1f7!5m1i. ~IYltt~~~§; ~IJl{t~~unfJ, W*§~ ~·littM•~· ~IYl m~~§ott~~§tt~rm~~§o 9=100~~m0~3tm:ft~. ~ill:l::7c, r~a&a$i'EJo 1ti~m~~:R~JUJit•. itOO~m f~•s•~5'0~3tm$~ffea1.Mo~*~o1ti~rtr0~3tm~ill:1:tt•. itOO~mf~ •s•ti5'0~3tm$ffeill 686 A'l!A: ::ILJ1'1%'i:i! 1, 195 A'/!A, J:~ 1, 172 A'/!A, ~i.f 624 A'/!Ao 9=100~~m0~3tm{t~.:7cill:l:3tmI~&.~mm~&o§Mit00~1f~mtt100~ ~:l:l!!~ti:::lt:Jit, _t_~, ~i.filltr: ~mmNi~ti:I.~fX11rn11tr-¥~m. Jt1m~rtrff~:fftr-¥: :xx m~$&Rti:&•~~~m~~~~~~tf o 9=100~~m0~3tm{t~. r,~,$~&•~&. ~1f~~~N•~mo£~~~~1f ~-' -~~,·~~illtf~~' illtr•~~,$-$j%'jo 9=100~001f~m0~3tm{t~. A$bt1Ytli%1i. ~1fl.1!1o1994 ~itOO~m~~~OO:ff0~A: .$A$bt1Ytl/9 8.8:1, 7C$A~$9.5:1, :ff$A~$ 12.2:1, !1!!~42.4:1, I·~{t~pj(:*~ 3~~~o•~#~II•,~m, ~fi~~{t~~±~~mz-0 rfi00~001f~m0~3tm{t~-Tj-1~Fll1o 1994 ~itoo~rtr0~3tm-Tj-1~:i! 10. 1 {lift, f ~•ti5'0f\3tm$-Tj-1~ 9, 304 fto itOO~m0f\3tmMJJ)l:f~mi1i 29. 1 {lift, f~•ti5'0f\3t m±F=m:tJJ)l:f~mt1i 2. 68 lfft: Jt9=1::1tJ¥-, I.~, ~i-f•ti5'0~A:*~iJJ)l:f~mMtJ;ui%1i:it 12. 2 lf ft, 8. 96 lfft, 4. 94 lift: 1ti~?IZ0~f\:$~IA•it•. ::ltJ1', _t_~, ~i-ff~-A~:tJJ)l:f~mt1i 71J;IJl'EJ:i! 1. 47 lfft, 1. 00 lift, 0. 58 lifto 1993~00ff03t{t~~I~A~®:A::ltJ1', _t ~' ~i-f71J;lj/l;J 4, 984 ft, 6, 742 ft, 3, 256 fto 9=100~~m0f\3t:l!l{t~~gm~.±~ff: $~-710~-0~-~ffi~Mff~: •g0 ~. *·~~·{t~. ~A0~. ~~~g0~. Hfil~0~. {t~0~. ff~:ft~0~. ~ ~ --..r 0 $M-~0~-0~~-~S•ff~o~~*~m0f\A:~$,:1:1!!~,mft~:ft~~g~ ±~tl~z-0 $~A[Q]710~ffi§, 710~ [Q],e,0~ffi~. ,e,0~ [Q]JJ)lm~0m C~~) filJffi§o · ffi§l*J~±~~: §:JE~-. t&:x~in. Jm-Tj-~;f~. ~-Tj-{tWf' ljJIHH§'tit§~ittl: Fm~ttl pj(:*, ~-M,~#,~~h~{t~~--~tf71~111B~~; ~~m~m~. ~tf~WffM §~Mff~~~. ~~*•W~MOO. i'EJ•W$$, ~*mMoo. ~~-};:00~. ~~~~. *~NiJF, $oc$~5ltU1!1:7c~:ft$$~/91ttl~'-J~~li~1§'tio ::lt:Jit~-®~mt£$~Al*J$~iJffi$ **§Mff~. mm[Q]*~ffi§: _t_~~a. ~pj(:~•:ffffi§~~. &tt$711ti~MWpX:mm l*J$71~c~m3~,~~ft~~~3~;*~•M.%pX:~•1fffi§~~.~~~~mml*J$ - -- I 7tMC <ifltJL 40%, W315~~ff!~ 30%): :ifcEl.miX~JifPf o ::ft~ 392;902 fili1lf1-~¥ilJ$~A. _trm 1'8Jdita1tt 392 $AA!, j] ~:ff~~; ::lt1t!?.011'SJtt 902 $AA!, j] ~JC~~; 3::fi$~ 0. 6 j[;, •**-El. _t3t:~~~!/&Jil 50~120 5Go ~#•A~m_t£rn~~~m~m-~~mili•m~~~~tt~~m.a~~~m•~-~ fi~~~T~I~~-tt.mr'8JTm**~·m~~ttmA:o~I~$~A~~T-1'8J,~ft ~-00~~-fi~~a~A:~D.m**~•~Mm~~~~_t~~-~o &e0~o~0~~$, W@~$,M$~#mA~$o W•~-~$-~-~R£S~ ~fi)ttt, #~-~~-·*· *•~&~*~~0~~#~0~~$0if.J, ~~£*ili7~ ~*~~~M~ili•m*o~#rn~~m*m~~••0if1, -&~£rnoo•0~~$0if1* ~m~•~· ~~~M,ili•0100,m~,~1fr.a~wt01ooili•.~~~A-&±s••• ~. ~M_tmo•••~~OO~~~~~~*·~ifl::lt~. ~~~~.R~~mom*••~ Aft*$1~~:1:-IE.~$ o *·~~-~~o*~-~3::-~$7)-.~,$-, ~*~~~~~·~~-' ~~-~o ~&m@~$~ilim*1f~0ifl••~#mA.~M~ft-~M7t~<*~5~.~~~~.ili g-~~. ~Iff~W:lil25G. #~~ff~~:lil15Go ~tif:tlAfr0~3t:m~ft~~tJL1tU. •.ll.m:f:m~-2mili•tJL1tU*n:ii:~. 7C*'1£1f+7t:1,:~~11F ffl, ft::lt~~-.ll.~1fr~•m~£~1fm~~ffl~o tt~~~~~o-ftffitt~_t~~-·~W-~b, ~!/&~rtJ(~Sffl)&1f~•0if.Jo~ 0~~$, W@~$~#mA~$o~0~~$0if.l~n~~~~M,~1frili•. ~~-~. :M<~•m~•±•wn~~ilim:l:m•:FJI[. -ft:l:-&£~£tt1Bft:fi, 1f1~WiJ:~iJ:~:g:H~~~£•&o ~~0~o 001f0if.l§fiffemTgili•~~*S7to~n•m~~~~-,fPfOO,m~, ~ffrili•. Nt!JlU_tj])(:W:·t1~1~S7tffij])(:J#mt•::FH~o 001f0if.l:flA:tE~OOJl.1f:i,:~~, t;=rt~ ~ffl,ft::lt£ili•A:,•~~fil~A~•·*~0if.lo~£j])(:J#~fil0~3t:m~$~-~~00o 7C~j])(:J#~f1W §A:~!Mj])(:JtM'o ~filiti1]0~ 0 Wtilf\:$, 1J\0~~$B1fi3:tif:flAtEililr' -@0~f\:it!.$0if.liE:tE~m ttfil~0ifl~••Ao~#mA£•.ll.m~~mm~~~-o ~~0~o 1?~1?-$iEfr~~~:flA~~o rn~t:03t:~ftm~$m, 03t:0if.JMC~if1* Affl,fr•~*-~0ifl~*~~M1?g, 03t:0if.J~~-~or~,~~-~~ft-ft$$ mffm~~W$o ~~~~0~o:tE1?•&~~r. ~fr~.ll.~•· ~~-~.~.ll.*m1f~~m•1fo_t •$¥0~~$1f~0if.11~5~6J=lWilig, -El.*~~, ~~,~~~~-fr~~16*0~ 3t:m~M. Nt••~_t•03t:m=~$0if.lo §fi~~~~Jil, rnrtf03t:~0if.JWWOO%, !* ~Wttfil~~~~0~~$0if.l~-1~. ~~0if.J:lil-g~A~ft.*m~.ll.~A~3::$~ m•ff: nit*qt~OO-El.*Tl~fr~~±~r~*o@tt~. #*1.E!m~-~rr-~~~ili1f*o ;tt:fm0i¥J nr•mtr*tt1H1t~J11J:JttftEJZ: 16 ~~fil-Mmtr~fttc imm. a<J~fil-*::tF1~~;tt::m:!L ¥?1ffr. w~. $~.~~~rr*~1¥1~~0i¥J&~mM~JZ:#•~~m@nr~~mm~1¥J~nr0~x mili••~·~a~~~~JZ:~oo~~a<Jnr~m~. £M~M*~m0~xma•~~~. ~#•~~#~-~~~nr~~miliftm~1¥J*~·~•~Atr~oo~~1¥J~nr0~xm m±mt£Yfm11iu, -OEJ!~m 0~xma•~ ~MAtr:m• ~x. ~nr0~xm~~l*rima•. &Hmaoo••~a•~~~a<J;ffH,g)jJJ!iJr, f~H~~oo••~ a•ffim@a<Jl!~.~~~-~~M*mr~~·~*a•.~#~ft.Wtt@m~~•· ~~re•~~~•ml¥1**· c~~mtr~~nr0~xm~~tt•~•m~~-b~»• *· ~nr•m1¥J~•1r•±••n•~n•~**l¥1JjJJ!iJ, tt~•m~f3~, *~~~.'frl!1f11J. i]aJ.~-~1f~•·· ~~~-~·*· ~~~~~MFmtr&. ~•1f•±••n•1f~r~~•=~•~~MF~m.*mm ~.~~~-F~-~m~M~J!1f$#~$#~-.~~::tFn•~~MM*· ~~~fE·F ~ftj:fl1, •11>Hfl&±if$fl@Edltl!1f•i!i:f:H~~ml&Jff, ~ml&JffiA~~~/f':§:.Fl'f<J, @ ~~~•M~~*•;tt:~m•. mM~~•~•*·*n~fE~#~~~. *fE~~maE~~ ~•a<Jff~ <Wff. MW) tll~f&. •~1f•±~Mn@~ll5Jtr*Mn, :JJu5i*xJnifoJ:t£, -OEJ!~m0~xil¥~1¥J~M. 11itlfE •nr0~xm1f~~M~~.~tt~F~••·~fE~m0~xmm~*~•~•:~•nr0 ~xm~~~Aoo~~m~tt~~Mtt~. ~~m•m•~·~•~moo~*~•~~~nr0 ~xm~~: l9'~JHt1f•nr 0~xm1fr~a•. ~~*~*•1¥11fr~~*tllMl&*H~1J~, ~ li5J~~~•n&01ifoJ•0~xm1¥J~~: -~~~~¥l!1fm~A¥.*M.r•~~ooa<Ja *: tiMti#:itt~, ffMtt#tll~*±-l'fiJil, ~~~t£ftmM•~f~L\~L ~i1U. ••1f•±•wn•~~~oom~.m-••·~•~•.11J.ifoJ~~a<JJj~, ~~1f~••· ~w~~••nr0~xmnr~~*·•M~m.~w~1f•~~*•m•nr0 *•••· ~xmnr~.•~~~-~~~•·•~•~1¥Jm-nr~:~~0~~*·~*·~a.@~. ~-~~a~nr0~xm~1¥J±~~~~~m. ~m®~*a<J~#~mn•. ~~0~xm¥ ~: ~1f~~nr0~xm1¥J~ft•fil~~A1¥Jm~iA~~~. -~~~0~xm1¥J~~ilifta ~; ~~~~0~~*· iliW~$1¥J~ft&ff~ilifr~ttfra<Jif•,m~•m~A~~M•~ •*••· ±•m~~nr0~xm1¥J~~: •~~nr0~xm~•~•&~~. ~fEA~~• 1:1'~. mfE~ft$fill¥J&h.X*&~WWff. 7t7t~~~~a<J&n, ~:lfMfOOtr~nr0x~~1¥J:m•PFl5. c~~Jifftr11iu~nr0~xm ~~tt•~•m~~-1J~»mfE, ~~~noo•mfEl¥1•F~ft%~, *~1f~~•&. ~~•tr~F~•*•&= 0~~*~*.@~~~•~1f~nr•m-r~1¥J~•~•~g ilitt~.~~$ffili~.F£.~*~~&: ~~1¥Jilift~*~Jm00%tr*m~l!1f&#,ili ~~n~*•~a<JJj~aoo•~~mm~~fE·*~~•mmaE~~1f, ~~tr&•*•ma<J i~$1:Jft't1-7§"13HH~o 1E:~$:ff~fi*~tc *l:Jj o;&, Nff~•tlo ~r1Ji~~r\$, it!.$, :J:t!!tgk, ~~,~~±~rn•M~~. {E:~$:ffMfflfi~xretlo1E:~~flfiF~Wtlo1E:~$:ff~~ fflI;&,A$ftm;&,Ifi,~~?trett, ~wm~~-tl~ffi~~-tlo oo*~•~~~-*~1E:~;&n. 1E:~m:ff~?ttt~. ••m~~m~ttM. •M=ff~w ntt~~-~~ffiB00*#~1E:~tt~~~ttoor~~:l:t!!o ~~8ff1E:~OO•ff. £m~~m0~•**~00~Wo <~~m:ff~~m0~~-1E:~ ~~~•m~~-~$»m~. 1E:~~oo*~~x~••mOOMF.*m~••ff: 1E:~~~ ••m~*~~-7§"~00. ~n~~•tt-7§"~1E:~oom~~mo~:ff~m0~~-1E:~~~~• M1Jh:~OOH~0.@. § ;f}F, ffij~~oo••·ii-7§"1~$71-. @3~~~j•1H~: X1t!?.-7§"1~t1=~r£•·ii -7§"1~~mo 1E:~B:3~n~Jt1'r•±ftsnoo1_m~*o~*· ~*~•~:3'.(~, ftf.?:, 1Jif, r£ *~£~Jtff•±•wnmm~~f~ ittt~€• o 1E:~'.16,~.mJt.ll.?tre~"nluo~• moo*ffl*14: m~o1E:~~~F~~1TOO*M•,m~~OO=fffiFftmOO$W,$m, ~M*ffMFA2~ !¥it 0 oo*~•m~~m0~~-1E:~OO•ff. •£~•*~*0~~-1E:~. -~~m0~~ moo~li*mliio •M~Jt1T•±ftsnm3mtt~~~%:r\;bo5!i:ff~xoo~•- ~®•m0~~~M~OO~~m~MA~~~tt,~~tt•~~&mfi~~~~o~~± ~moo*~· ttM*O%-~m0~~--~. -~~2:17%*00f±~~li*: j'g]B'ffil~~IAjt{ffer;ffl 1f51J, :tE~-1,IB:JGIJ, tJt-ftmr' ~Jn±-tl!1J' wn*o~f*jJji~~o ~-$0~~~~ffl~--~,~~~M~-~o~m0~¥\$,lt$,:ff~it$,~~, :J:t!!~,~-~~~rnoo•b: wmR$,~0~R*~X~~w0~~m. a~w0~~moo tJE-1,m::1<.1J, tJE-ftmr. rnOO:ff1'£~*of±~n•~--'=3~~; Jt.ll.%*00m:l:mr£•1JL1ttl 0 aoo••mm~~~~. ~~tt~~a,~•~a~~m~a•-•~o~~~-*~& IR ~1J 't~ ?JG. ~zv Jt.ll. fJE*~m 0~~m ~ ·iittJtt oo ffl-~--'=3ffrfi1H~m1ttl o ri& 51 *~ oofifm r. ~m~~~m~•~m••~ffl•m0~~~~~0~~~,:J:t!!tgk,0~~-~m~M, ~*~w~m2Imm~oo~*~~. ~m~~re~ft~tt~~tt~~~:3'.(n° ~w•m0~~~~~~-o~~~~~m0~~m:ff~$W,$m. ~~fr~ftm, m m0:tt~m1'£~1T~*om:1:m1T~ o 1E:~~'f:&$~•, 1r~±ftsn~'f:&$1T•*o'f:&$~9o :ft X~~~~~~ili@r\$,~0;ttr\$~X~~m0~~m1'£~00m~1T~~-o±~*~~ WEk001JJ:\, t!P•M±ftWn~1'E:~~.ll.OO'.OtJ9l'$'1~Uo1'E:~~li**~o ~w•m0~~~~-~~-~o~~:l:t!!~~.{:&MOO*OOF~··· •~ttMmf.?:, jt X~*n1tM*€AOO~m0:tt~m. ttltt0:tt~m~ffl~; ft 200 7J AD ~LOO~*~*' ~~~ttm@~,:J:t!!tgkOOm~o~WJt.lr.%*OO~m0:tt~m~-m~,~-wm,~•:3'.(n OOt1J·WttMm1ttlo ~*•~a*a•*0~~~~M*~~m.•m0~~m*•oo~~.*~.~~-~ ~wtt.~~*~•~:•m0~~m~~•~·•*0~~m~~.0~~m~~~M~* mtt•m•~~•~*fi~~tt: •*~~-~9=t•m~~.*~0~~•·•*~m~~~ ~~~~*tt••m0~~moo~~.~m.~~.tt~~~~~*· 1E~~~~~fJliJJ$~~. ~~1J£*1E~~~~ l~Hl-$~~. •tt•9=t00£1-AIJ*OO, •m ~~~~~•~·•mAIJW~*· m•~•.&0~~mm**~~••oo~~·••~~~ •&en*~~-~~m•.mtt0~~moo~~. ~~•~en*oo~~:mttm•oo•~ ta~mmoot'>tit. 111~ en*~m~**in. ~'.§'.mttrrJ&-¥@:5!.iHr~lHttl en*~m. PJ:tE0 ~~m~•~~~. mw~~en*oo••· *~m~•*0~~~••n•~•A~8iJJ, ~~~~~~~~M~m~*~m~~~ ~~~AM•.~M£fil~A-~§~*~.:tE~~.~#.~~--.~-.~~.-~~ ttl¥9=t, Ml~filH~33:-7JH~t. ~ft~~a~•~a~~•· oo~•m0~~*· ~*·~~~*.@~.~~.~•· mm~*·~0~~*~~~•M. £OO~M~. ~~•~noo••~oo•~~g*~·*~ 1r1~J£gt(. ••n•±•mH11~7&00**~xt~~:1tt1rt11-~. 1KP~tb1r~•~· ~~~•1)1; ~ll93- 0 ~~~~-~~~~•~n~~•~•~·••n•±•wnxtoo~•m0~~*·~*· ~~~$.@~.~~.~-.ili@~$.~0~~*~~~-~~M~~~-~:ittff*~~ **~•·*~~~dmm~~~~OOff~~~~.~ff~~~g•m~filM~.M~~F~ tJiAr0~3{:m~it*~~:tff-m, •:sL0~~iiU1t93-1Jt~g;rrHJL11Jtl. xtoo~ /J\0~~*· mf11~* oo~gt(~ff0~~*·~m~.~~iliil~ffil~: •:sL0~3{:m~•~gt(M~. ~n~ * ~w m1!ltl . ~te1.Jll5i~~pq~BWJlfJlililj. ~~::tEfflI. Im. ~liJJJ. ~it93-. ~i.&~:Jf0051Am:f:m~* :tJL1!ltl. 11ltl~~•oo~it*~~:t~:fff-, :J<.1H\PX:*~••1:v:. ~1rtJJtR:ff<'P1, r:~~11ltlPX:*· ,\!l,0PJ X1*0PJ. ~~~ff~~OO~li~·: ~0PJ•~~ffJ&•~~-.~~ff~.~~-~.t1J W~·~~~: ffi~A$~M. ~ff~Afi•: -j'[~•oo•m~m*~m. F~~~.~liJJJ ~ll93-:fff-~-{V:,& 1- A :tE ,\!:, 0 Pl m 0 Ill. •:sL ~ill 1*llRI~:t';{~Uft~ n~~. !{RI :fi ;fH± }Jj ~ fi ~~n~~. IR?t~hifr£•1fl'••·tt 7H~~D~£g·jj:-7§"m. ~*M~~~~OO·$~~~m~•· ~~*oo•m0~~~H*•·~~.ttxt9=tOO• m0~~moo~~. mn•~·•*~~.3{:m~~.m•~~.~mtt~~~~wtt~M. m~oo~~~. ~~~~~~•*· M~ffiB~•m0~~mtt*•••~.m~•m0~~ moo••~M.~~BMRm:sL"•m0~~mtt~"~~.~~•m0~~m17t~oo~~. ~-. ~~•*0~~~~m¥*.iliM~~~9=t*~m••~noo•m0~~mNm.•m• :t?•~fJi. mJ&0mt5ta~:t:~. ~mfaoo~>rrmt#\. 111!l~mF:t!fls. •m~~~~oot'>taN •·•*~~*~~§~~~-~~~PX:·*~B~~~•moo~~~~mooR-~~±~PX:, ~~•m0~~mNm~m. •~~*~~-~~&~~~•w*~~~.~•w•w•~m~~-~~~m~ms~. m~*~~1f~snm~f~m~i1U*ilmt1J, Jt~, 1Wll. Jl['f3ff*iiE~m~m~il~Jllt1J1¥J~ -~~•· •~m•m~m~oo1¥J••~m~. J • Jt;~hL 253 J • ~;~~ill ~ ~-*Jf if *llft)I ~ afilWL*~•oo•*· 0~~*m~ffem~*xmmfl•~~%~~.wa*oo*~• ~*.0~~*R*m~*xmmfl•~6~2~.0~~*a~*xm~•*wm~~filWL ~~oo•.~±D~rnf~~~~~~m~; m~m~~*~m~~mttm~.~m~flfi, ~-m-~Aill~ffl§i'f$.@~.-•*OO~*ffl~OO~~~~r*~OO~~m~~~**· AffJD jiJ:il17!1itt?Jf~t-t!!1J :t;; L'¥:*o~*H~*o~~1JOO~:fJL~. ••i'f:f¥~1t:i&, AffJ4lf~:f:E fr~*L~a1!'aJJl:t!*J!:t!~, -~~~u[lt]jiJ:f±~1:tz:n*oAffJ1:ffi"M•. *~•~"0ft~~ill•~••=~*~g•"· ~a~m~~oo•a~M0~xm~•~ **~~£•*o~iJll . .!i?t.~OOOO't~~~. 7C~~~t~!E~f$:~. ffljj1JOO~~£•m~~~~$001ttl !Em~~--~~~-~~mM~•~· ~~-·~~*fl~~~m~. ~~~Mr~0~~ m~•~*1I®~oo~~•m*fl~•~M*· ~#~•~~0~~*~•£~~~~·~* £{[£. • ~~~--~11ame•M~~~~M~*~!E:f±~~*~~0~~m~~~~m.~• *oft.~1u¥J¥. ~:f-F, ~~:fl 0~xm~•~~*~*rm~~JS'f~~I ft-t:E.@~£t-t!!1Jaml{R ~. :tm.51U-t!!:Jiam~1E~0x~ffl-*iT*~M, t-t!!:Jiam~eat-t!!:JI~~t§@~~A*Y.: 11 ~:JIOO~:f~M. • 0~*•*~*•~fi••~~~g•~•-~•*~· ~*•m~£•~0~*~~m ~•.x£~~•w•~•w•.m~~~~~*~~~~. ~*-t:E.~.am~±Dftm £~0~xmm**fr1.m~1J, t1J.ir.no•w. 0~xm~~*•~trn*L.~Wn. §±~~0~ m~~ttm~0~**m0xm*~A~~~- • -~E~~-~gW.~$*~-~~~m~0~B*~-*~~·*·~~~~~~~ *: ~mtt:fl~•f~11•m~*~~~~.*~~~11•m~!EN~~1I*#~~~; b) 1ttlf:E~~-W*~tl*Oft~fiff:, #al5lm?Jf~~0~ l*JW~:fl:~T-~Ef;flj*'G' (profit centers), ftif~®*'G' §±~~, § ffi.Ei-77; c)~Ef;flj*'G'i'ffl)t~~~~~~*~~*L. A0~~~.§~£~•~•~~!E~~A0~~u~~~fiJ¥; ~~-~~*xrn~A wn•w*o~~. a11:tJ.1:t¥*, t-t!!11amm.H~iH¥0x~~*~tJJ·ir.J•*o*:x.m•w•~1tm. • ~'Hft~Q~l,~i!i. D~J~$•Y.:t-Uo-OE*i-t!!1J~~~M. · 1Jf!xm*oY.:M=:f±~--~f!Hi¥*1ttl !E~ffl'. aitr~~•1~~rJJ~0~xm~•~*~oo•*, ~~~*~rn~~~A*5t-:f~. **x1fflam~:f~M. ~Pf!am~!ED~0~xm•~*~M. ~f!mMft£~A~•1~leJttt ~Am~m0~xm. am-t:E.D1ttl!Em~~*~M~~. ~f!1liE~~$~~n~~. mMJJ~® :ii:1fflDfBM~Aill~ ~~. ~~~::f~0x~•~*~~~::Z~fttz:1:::f;fLl~~u[lij, #f:*iiE• J • ~m.t'l (John Flora): tt!J'HlHr'.'l(J!, t~**°~m/tfifilj'.'l(J!:ld: (Transport Di vision, Water and Urban 1 Development Department, The World Bank.)1:j"J?j!;3(jfil~~. 1'-t±~::Wx1t1~fl:903tIB$HtrEIH~-B<J~fflo :tm5f!m#tT1r9Ui. ti!!1J®:Jftf\\Z:lfm~1mt&A*~· -Wtl :tzo 1iE t& t'!tJJiJ m*~1~m#t1r 9Ui 8<J 'Bi~ a • ~~ilim~~~~~a3tmIB•1**B<l~mm3~~3tmIB•B<Jma£A. ®~£*~" J\\Zft5tbtnUJ~®~t$li1f~iifEAffJ3tm$~8<Jill$HtrIAa JSIZ3mttJ!i5t~1itlJ15thilXXJ~~1* *· ~1fA~!31f*•~m#t~~*•·*~~~3tmIB•1**~±~:7ftts<J~*~1Ioo B<JMM!*~~3tmi5this<J1f~~fflamtt~hi®:m.~m*~·*~tt•m~~3tmffl%, ~~ff~.m~~*~-~~~~B<J~Mi5ttt~*·~~A~Mhi**M~m~m•~~ B<l~ffl. •&3tmmm~~-~•ammA~a0~R*mmMB<Jft5t~fflo~1f~~. JSIZft*~-~~-B<J~00~0~R*~lli~ffl1f~~~*m" J:~' Jt1-t$~*ot±~Efil*B<1PJ :it'l'.E. mrH~~};ijft~**oA ~B<JH~Wi;f!J Aff]B<JJ:JJI, *i}l, £~~-~B<J" ft-®~ 1J\B<Jt±IR q:i, A ff] 8<J1±Jiff*OI 1tJ¥!.1fl, ~;tStg1(;~4o/]q:i,1)2:,fSJ 8<J filE•t§m*i3llli~J1L m~ft 5~6 01I!.~l*la ~~if:A*o~JL~5'r. AffJm~~zv1fgJG!#f§1f *mt~t*13JE3tms<J$~a f.El.£, ~J!F@':IJJlm00f9'8<J~WT1f::k*0~:2.$8<J±'l!f 1f, A fi'J4ij7(11~ r1±Jiff *o~1mti!!1JzJSJ B<JfilE·~~. Jiffi¥i18<JatfSJlli£ *" A ffJ4ij7(~ftfil! J:::ttJ1¥!1~$ 8<J atfSJ" M~if $~m~~mtt1f~B<J±~~m~~.~ttM.I~•~-~tst-•~~~ffm*~•~nffi li•ilis<J~1I*•M~1'-~Bailifil~::k$~00*B<l~ffi~~. i¥i1~~AffJm#t1f~~3tm1* *, f!A fi'J~t$1~¥LlfmffJ~.¥rss<JHIR l*JPJ~t~A~B<J~fi!i~Jl~" $CZ. 1f51xs<J0~3tm1**, ~ -~~m~M=B<l~*h·~~*~hs<J~~~m. 1'-Are£$8<J~h~~tt•~ftTMJ:a ~~~mOOf9'rtt:J5'r1t5-J.E, ml*.JJJJTir~WTJt1L, Mftft~~B<JA4ij7(i¥i1¥1Jmq:i,1)~/Jo~fir $~*o~t~Efil*1f~B<JI ftm~. ~frplJlalEftq:i 00 llilYla M~A ffJzv1f*OM 131f*ftli~ ~£q:i oo~~ B<J±~3tm1J~ (ftJ:-~rffl~~B<J::k•mq=i, zj71f~M !31f*~ 6~~J:: ft ~1J\~mq:i ~ 90%~J:), fE!~~lli1fs<J(X~±f!f/Jo*oRt!•±flf*, r&tf0~3tmEfil*B<l®~B~* ~~~. ~-~filW*$~~~00*~mtt~o .m.~::k$*3tmIB•"**~~~~3tm1J~m~.~~zv1f, !31f*-0~R*·**· 1J\R**o~im. fE!0~R*£::*:$~~m3tmf**q=i8<J±1*a ~Ta~oom~1iJl(Los Angeles) gJG~t~H~ (Detroit)~ ®1J\R* ~xm± ~ti!!ffl:B<J~m ~5'r, m"f-jJ]Ji::k~'-J 6 0 lI!. B<J1fl~*i-5l! 0~R*m~£•±~B<JttzvIAa~~~%~B<J0~3tmffi~. 0~R*£•PT•~B<J3tm IA. 1f1~~8<1~¥ti·l1, ®H1~1JfJ!(mf;J:!;f1¥iJf18<JEfil*)" mr®:Jft;J;J\\:l(.IJ$f1*i3l, 0-~R* 3tm1**~1:fffi)m~~*o~M!. ®H~:<ts:~11£a .tlt5'r. lli*ii\i1:0~R*E8*L.A$f1t:2.if. ffili ~•.~r&~~if~~*#~~3ffi)a~5f!•m~3. 0~A**mPTft®*tm::ks<J3tm~ 00&1J\at1f5l:Ui!!IB:iE 2)] i5*~· @_§_ fil ~tf1£ffl(;:<ts:ti!!~ A D~&B<Jti!!!Rm#t1f~B<JEfil*o ilt5'r. 0~R*filft~-~IB•B<J~IR**~~~IB-~1f•IBm*q:iJtm±~B<J~ffla0~R*m ~~~51A~a. ~~'tffl(;:<ts:fl£, PJE8if$~~8<J0PJ*illif, fE!'ts<JiifH£3tm1f~B<J "±h ~"a 001B~Tfil~~~::k~m~#3tm1J~~ffl(;~&. Mq:iaffJPJ~~~0~R*ft~~ ~~AffJ~~~M=~H~m~1JOOB<J~fflo @£, q:ioo§~B<J0~R*W**~~~filWJ:::k$•OO*"ft~-~M=*~~s<Jq:i~~ mq:i, 0~R*R*mTm1fs<J10~1~. ft£::k-®B<J~m~~•~rffl&R*m*~2~ B<J~illta~~@~~~.~~0~R*~ffl$B~**·®~mlli1fm•ft±flf::k,@ft~$ J • 1/:;'aj.JL 255 -~~0~R$*ffl$~a~~.W$PJ~*ffl0~R$00A~$00~R~0~R$00~~~= •*~m•. ~~M~x~••·W$*OO~moo~mwm~•*m*~· 0~R*~~~§ 1f$, 1T A, 1J'R**IJW~d>.mJR~J!!mHT 0 ailf$~m*' 0~R$00~jfil~~~IJ 10 0£, R $M~J:**OO~$~ffiB~~£~·**~~~~~-$$. ~~~~~~~~ffl$#,W $0~0~00$~AX~-1~1Z,~OO~li*· ~Jlt, A1fJxPJ*1PJ:!:-tMtH~1tffl11£~3l$OO~mIJ!., "~•~moo~~wm~0~R*•*m•oo~-~~~. ~ 1 : tpl"ffJ~im1J~fi!J~ ~tR- (Beijing) jl\gtj:ilf~ (Mexio City) Ill J:~ (Shanghai) r 1'M (Guangzhou) ®l']Q:IE[ (Singapore) ;ffl:§:ltWf)t;fLlWf (Buenos Aires) Ii"'" 1111 ~iiJ~til: (Abidjan) :i:!s-F (Dhaka) ~w (Pusan) Ill 11111 :£J:i!!]E :ilf (Santiago) 11111111 ¥X~ (Seoul) it;."* (Bombay) ~~ (Bangkok) ~m-::k (Bogota) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% mBm ~ ~ lIIIIIIlIIIIIIl C==:J ~J:m~, §ff*£*oo~m~~*oo-~~~m~•*· m~~~~~.•m~lliff~ ~~*~·0~~~00~*IAW~, ~ff*~-~~oo~m~~-MW, §~~~~~ff* a:E.91.~ili~J:001tffl~/JIJ~115U, 1tAfi'J£~!!•*0~R$. a~miTE:S:1~::kOO~~J:, ~8,lt ~~Tm~OO~ffl00*~·,~~0~R$~ffl~~J!!~OO~m:iE~OO*~~~§ff$$~$. §ff4==~a£w~~*&m~~~~oo~mrA~-, mm~ffl§ff4==m~~~~~oo~•· Jj7f-, a~miit:IH~::koo~m~~, mtJLZ9J*o~~tJLZ9J4==mm~1f%1i1i. § 1f$a~m~m:LE$0tr ~~m~m~~oo•~~~~~~*~~m~a~•~~9*W~~~. -~0~R$00E*M•~~·,~~-w~m&£~-~-.~T~J:-~OOm§ff$ 1tfflil!N%~!'BJ~~~ftU~7r, *OOtJlZ9J$mOO~•iffiljfili~/Jn. Eil~*bAW~t1J1tffl1J\R$00 ~~~*~~~m~mN,mmmM•woo*~•s~~0~R4==00:iEff~~+Ax~*~oo M~.~•~m~•~0~R**j!Nff~, ~&0~*m*~m•oo~~~= ::kWJ:n•• ~m~,mZ9J*ff•~wMo,••oo~~,n•w*,~m*%tr~~~~w,¥B~~~ n~OO~M~~,~~$~ffA-g~MWff. -- - I afil~mm~. 0~~*ill•1f•~~oom~~•w•A· &if~m.:r~oo~moow•m A·•ttoom~~~~~~~~*OO•#.AffJOO~~. §~~--.@~,if-®~*~~. ~®~~tttt~nF~•1f~§~~•oox~ill•~*·~-~~~-~0xm*oo~•~fi i&Ww.~m~~~~fillRnffi*~· *•**1f~~*~~**~oo0x~*· re~~~~•.:r-~.~m0x0~oom1f~-~~~-~m~~~~fi~•~· ~~~ i&Jff OO±•ft m ~f~~0AOO*U§*ll1*1ftf1Bff] OOti*U ~0xn~* F~7G¥td~~OO*U§ {lfi~ 0 0 w~. ~-~·~~~~oo-~~~. ~ftW~1*fila~~~m~•#roo.~0A•~~• w1f~oo0x•*· ~~.•ma~-1Joooo±•~m~~•m~.~~~m~~~ooww• ~.@~ffi§±OO.~i&lff*•OOm~0~fr~~·#~rffi.M0x•*OOA~ill-. §W, ~OO~m0x~*ffi~mi&RtW1f.WW.~-~~~~m.-ftrnOO•~-~~ 0x*;JEoon~*tff-m. ill•1~tff- c:ti114im*mwr@e.~1¥J~~ Afli.~) *n~m. !1!!1J1i.txtf~¥U c~-m ~~-~)~~~-~~•.wH0xm*1¥Jill•~ili~~m~~~~fi~.-~w~~§1¥Jllfi ~. •~li'fJ&0xn~*m:1:1¥J~1-r.. ~-fil~~oo0x*~1¥JW1f;f)(11+r:11..n, m0x*~~ 1f PX:~:kl¥J00*~1f~ r~~t.i:: a) ffi!i!!1Ji&Rt~1llU*1111ltl~0xn~*l¥lill•1~1ffe*ll~m: b) ffi § ±~2•1¥J~~~~*ffi.M0xn~*l¥J~2-' ~i&Rtl¥J~Jll:J<.1JWWtflH1F~*· JA ff~OO~ffef2~ 0 ~~PX:~1¥J0x*~m~~~~~~~~-®~~. ffifb;g~Bil~i;. 1i~Jifi1f;f)(*11~JU9'~~~~1fiti=~~~%A, 1£!•1f~)($WHPX:*fl£(~ •**~~mRRRtMR*•~oo·~~Mri&RtRW~m0x*~OO~•m~.~~-*~ m. 11Jtl·~*ll~1T~~J\l, J]j-¥iJ::*l•t~lH1*W~0xn~*· *l•0~~$0~. ~JilM1}~ (route associations) !ll(;~~0x$±~i!Hffe00%A*lit1~fr~-*~!ll(;~~_tmf~0xn~*1¥J;f)(jJ. ~1JOO~~ru!l¥J1Jtl-=f1f: wm (Hong Kong), ~:JJi:i:f&: (Singapore). ¥J.~ (SeoulHll~OO 1¥J~m~ 2Hil T ~MHI l¥J JL 337- Jifi if ::k::lmm 0 EE *L.A £'1H1~~0 xmH~-1¥3 .±:~ ~r:ll:t tE T' 7g T :li:.A ~~J.t:l:-tl!~}Jl)fUr!IJ' *L. '.3£'1H11f Z9J iJ-* ~*PX:*·~~A. ili1f~~~A-~1¥Jm~~·#.£~1f~~~~~M~~-w*•~0 xM~* *~1¥3~:)[$, 1£!#~~~. 0JlRA!li.D-m ~f1B1fJtt*l'.3tflH1JtfJi-m-¥1¥J ~1J°-~1¥J~~T-. m~. rn-=r~amwwm~~m~l¥l~*·~_t~~~~•w~••*!ll(;•~~•1¥Jm•w~ ~~Bl¥J~~·~*·•mm•0~~-~Z9JjJ, ~-M·~~g1¥3g*!ll(;DMm~~$PX:* 11~"Jit:J<.1J*•~*g**ll'.3~~A. ·~_t, !ltffJ~2-m;g¥uOO~·l'€l-·1'€l-ffi&l¥J'tW%: aR!ff?fi1f 0~~-~~§oom~~-®~llR!li.1¥J~R: ~~~a1*1110A~§W~~1¥J•~1¥Jft•m~ ttttPX:~•~ill•~•oom~:•m1¥J!li.I•:l:-**SM~•-~1f~*1¥J0~~~m••1¥J Ah' W~¥il!!li.I£1F-m~xtl¥J. ~ 001¥J0x0~±-fi5J®Iz-wc~~.A1¥JllRII•xW' ~ ~ A¥¥r$00f)Jl~1F-mtf:ij!, w H 0~ ~-*1.El.H~J9l § 1¥J?i•*nx N*ffi:il\!1*!li. I1¥Jil\!1*~. ~)71--1-±•~t~frr, *l•Wn~~~1~-~*Vl· i&Jff0ifl~-m~t&~i&JffMi&tR~ *WJ~ifJT$m. ~Wf!=Hn1~Jl~*M!ll(;~£ft~. ~11:t, :ti11*•m~1J~t9J•xw. 0x0ifJ~& 1f•~*~~*m~~~.JAw~•*m:1:r~.~•0~1¥J•~*•±•••~~A.~~. •m~fl•WnzraJ~~1¥Jn~*#~-5lfYl*11111:ti&!ff-wi~WnzraJ1¥J~~-5lfYl*•~· ~~ 1~~~2*~~fil~OO~E®~A~•0x1¥J-®ft:Jt!•~· 1985 $/J1J!U, :Jl/Jf!Jff1Jf/J1j/f"./jj1ftfJi\.ftFC$JJ/l1J-tfJIJD1f!fJJ!jfJljo 1985 l:f!Jljfj, jjl/J(f it!t 7 kx!ftft, !4.A ff/JnJffft:!t/\. o ft. ffft£ftJi!fJ:JlfJflJtltE:ft!J:/Jz 1n7#t£/f\%1fflYtffe !ff'A!fJ?JtJ!!, fllJ!l Jff1Jf!ffI/~ 7 jjjlf:ft!JfKtfJIff!/i o ftiil:X11'tl9Jt/!!Xo 1985 f:fjJj;iJ[tf!JtjjjM$(Transport Act)X1.tftffr7kx~i!fzo Jt i1!41fff!J/J fJ EiI:ffe:fJn:fJJ"f/f!tjJJJJfl1J-ik, Jff1Jf!jjj!Jf i'"ffl!%1iftf1=ft#~Mf41fft, $11} 7 J;if/;;/J'f!!l!lJ!J!fE.o :ft!J§[i'"J!i-H;tff}fj)tfj (regional public planning authorities) fJUifl 7 J!J!tl/:fff$1JflfE1t jffjik'/!tJJi' i±ft£-1!tfJJJ/l11-ft%1tfJ11=Jtj0 fJ 1985 f:f!Jl:J/t, i'fin$tf!iiftfi'"JJJ.1&Jfffiffl/Jn, -SfBJffJ/fJn 7 24%, fift:efs:Nfff 7 28%, *$i'JJJ.1&FN 7 27960 Jt.'/!!!%/J/f.Jift:efs:Nfff, fl1i'"fii't$J#fltiEP'll!i7-@o *$.AJ&f/1 fJ/:11£5'> fllrifllf!JIN1!i11, !RfJJf 10 $J!Utf!Jj#Jo 1/ikNtfJJ!l, Jff1Jf!lff!lilfl/~7 55%0 - @xl/Im:ft!J!Kffli'Jt--*ilffiJJJ!!, 7-@x1aJJ!.l, &YJ!4.A i'ffl fJ m:iil!if i'xJJ!l1f-ik-I¥J&e- fiYJtftfl)tljfJii, £M~@7M~tt~g!fJ~J£J#f/ftfo~~,m1f-~/f\~J£~fiftffl*$M !le f:tllfffltM!fJJJ/l1J-Jlf!ftft i!if~JifttfJJfl!/eiEN $ o ftJitfJ i'!t,,.*titfJJf .IJZ:ilfjf, 7 ~@/f\fl/tfJ ~~ llffYJftJi~fjtfJJ!l~lf/f\/PJtf!Ytffe!Jlf/ftfo ftflo f/11984 $fl!l!-1/iftJi!tjjjM$ (London Transport Act) zJi, jJj:iJ!Jlffe'/!t/{fpj <l!iJlil3fift;efs:, Jff1Jf!-Hti/ff!J/Jft JJff/jt/fkJ#flt, !/f[/\. EiIJff1Jf!!ii#J ~#If-if!4.A i' ffJ#lg:fJJ mi'xJJ!l11-ik 0 ff§ m, lf1!f!!!JiN i'xi' ffl jJj:iJ!Jt/!ftN ••Jft!ik i' ffl ,, fl1f!Jiif tf, ~@i' ffl t£ 1994 $~Ii!411ft0 JJ!!,t£, ftJi/jjlftfli'JI:Jtjjj$fi (f!!JlfJjflgf-7j(-5f) BJEiIJff1Jf!:J/tJ!J!ttJ, EiI!4A ff/J/Ji£1fo t£x$1&111!£ F, !!JilftfJ i'!ZJJ!l1J-l/ff§Ytffett !fJtf.:J/tJ/lfkYJJ!JJ_ - $ tfJ ft/PJo ~1F~xffiilff41fftzl!U~*~JJ!!,YtffettN#tf!fi$,JJ!!,t£BJl!ilii£:iJ!~hi!ifJ/l fktfllf!Jift;{s:ft/PJ <11Pf4Ai'ffl!il#J!lfk!/f[/\.) :J/tiiftfo -Htl/JJ.. 1998$Jf§, !!Jilftfli'xJJ!l 1J-l/fjJj:iJ!JlffettN#zFffllf!fift:efs:ft/PJ:J/tP'l~ojjj:iJ!Xif!%~:iilli~~:J/t~~~~JlftfJN 1J-o /E.tft!Jlf/jtjz F, ft1ii'Jl:FC$tfJ.iiftfJJJ.!!lffJ/fJn 7 20%, #J$:#[JlJ.tfl.iif1ffift;fs:FN 7 40%, Nfi'J!ii't$M~tflfift;fs:FN 7 27960 Jg!JilfU~#Fifl#!f:t, *$1&ffl//Jn 7 o. 5%o 1/ikNtfJJ!l, Jff1Jf!tf!~/J/j:fff!li~!t' 7 80%0 /lff.tft, }gffetftflv1fiJZf/jl/N (franching) /f\fll m, Nfff 7.iif tffift:efs:!fJ11if1fe i!ifJi#& If*~ i'xJJ!l1f-M~tflJtNtt!fJxl!Imf!:t'fx;m 7f'AZ j's]tflfjj i/ffJo T. ft.JD. n;e -mftl z..Ytrc*JJ!iiJ-1*ffifl e i!!iill1f1ii!fJPill1ffit!fm~*ftliJil -mz..:-frxjffj ' ffif!tz - iiJ.f'!.}J/l:i/iftl!!!!A&l!ltE-J£WN_tJ13JJJ-r 0 X1xjpjJP±it!Jt!fm ftl &ntR:JK, &;I!; o/-~:lllNJ!ftlx~Jlm$Mm$$:i!imiJ-~otE~~~$o/,J1t.!D.nfE"f/fit!Jg3MM JJ!iiJ-til#tif'!!l'!!liJllx.:llffff!l!!ll!J, Y1 Jtil.xffifltftltr$ffff!lJPjjfft!f, # Y1 Jtffff!l z..1.frxjffj i!JJ;ifi!-ifljfjj 0 5t.!D.nfEmftl.f4.Ai1.frrc$i1.ffJi!il!ffm$M 1987 $J;J!$M4-o/!li!Eftlhit:i!i!fo i:$ M4-f#t/JE Ti!f"iif-jj[f#tfN (permissions), !Hff!i1.frrc$i1.ffJ!#!~Plf:i!iftlft~.!D.W!f!tffNt!Jf/J !Jl§Ufff!f, Mi!iil!fe Tffhg!fffilfiJZ (territorial concessions) $!/No j!ljYffffllJHjj!JffJ!Jth jjffJ£71JJ;$ftJM~N~,ffe1f*"iif-jj[~*llif!t-ftJ#Jt,#~!Hff!it!Jg3Mftl~~JIJ.f4.A i_.1.ffjftljjf!f~;fs::Jkf/jtjJE, ~;fs:f!!,jj§!#J~j!fjjf.JD./gf/(Jfiflt <fl/$~$, .AftJJ!Jfj$Jf5tJ JP !Jf:Jk~;/s:o fl nu, 5t.JD.nFEmfr1f 10 ffii1.frrc$il.ffJ:Jf;fftJt£.$-ttftlit»_t!f:i!i, ;l!;o/-@i\.ffJ ftl!f:i!iithi/l o/t£i:$"f/fftJ;#t_@Jfhgo 1f!iYithflfrlliftJ, #;fftfJl "f/f o/lf)iffla, Rgiffla, J!ijpjifJiaJn-@RJ!!i:$"f/fjfJl ~gftl# $ith o !Hf!!$/IA ftljjffIJ!:JkX1 z..1. ffJ:ii!fi:Jf312, #tR: J£ttJl!llff.@itN'i#'E:f/J!f:i!i o JI:J:ftl z..1. iJ11 200 fjlJj!:)_t ftl z..1.frrc$, 1 1 -Arm "iiffft1f 50-60 f/!fjrc$o !411ffiz/fi, J%$.A!f!tm:!IJJnJPil. ffJ !f:i!ifft/'J mJJ:J:flmtA. mo 1914 $, tr?XJfJft !Jl'(#"f/fgf/($/J/jj}-, f{f"f/fg(fij!ljjf,--ri£!fjjf, ftJ;JCjjf~J%$ 5. 4.ffAo Jitj 1982 $, !ffJ1J tfi5if.-±JfithftJ;JC:i!i~i%$40.ff.Ao ~;JC, tEi&l!l~#JIJ~#ft.$,J1~$f/!fjJIJJJN !f:i!iitNz/fi, N~z..1.x_Jff!tftf;JCfft:i!i~ 100 .ffi5J%$, i!ifli~;ts:f££, JJ!iiJ-J$Jt:iifftEEi!!i ;l!;fm:J:o/:IJilmz_t 0 . BfiM~~~~~M·~~~-.W$~$*m~-~~n. lli-~~ITT~0xm*0PJ 1¥JJ5JT:ff*. :1Jrrt£7c$1B$ (Toronto) *01.~001¥J7cW?t~$ (iw Ji!, ~t 3) ~*ffli2'i:1Jfi;tffi;A;, filPiilirl fL1t Jt fL J!R fL § .± m ~ XiiliRli * 1¥3 Xiili ft :Elf fij] (Transport Authority) -Ejj(; P4 •ITT 0 PJ (Government Corporation). !l}'~~001t1$Z r-E:1JJ!l¥Ji2'i:~J\10PJ%A:$~. f_§_ft:ElffilJ:ff't §a 1¥:1••~· ~w:trm•~~~~.±1¥J¥t~~~.ft:E.1filJ~fi~~~•· ~T~*~~mnrn• mm~1tM~~~*· M•k~~••m.m~.iili~~iilirlff~•m~~*A••~*~• •m1¥J~~.ft:Elffij]ifli~~•m:tr0~~iilic0~~*- ~*~~m~~>i¥J~ili. &~•0~ m*i¥J~w~m~-~~~~&~~. ~~B3J!RfL1¥J~ili0PJ (operation companies) ~--~Jl.1*1¥J0~Rli*· i3:®0PJ~~~ ft:Elffij]~~m*~~. 'till1¥JB~~*~~~~ft:Elffij]1¥J~~.£~~i2'i:@~nzr-mm~1¥J m*~~1¥J.m~~~A0PJm~1¥Jm*ffi1t, •m~ili0PJ~A0m1¥J~*~~.~ft~I I fi:1~tti~. f£!Ei*lA 0PJ;f§ ~t. flliffHJHik:~!lltf~~*· -~~:)(:.@:*o*oxt0Atffi*ft tti·~i!& mma~i¥J~h.m~. mttrn*~•0PJm~m*· ft:E.1Wntt•1t~u•0PJ~~•*· Wtl~o. m~btt1Rli*~~&~. *mtLlffl-¥, &~mffl-T~ill1¥J*m~*oJtfm1¥JilitHff-fl, ~ 1JE:itt£ff~:)(:${] ft~ 0 J • Jt;J/j} 259 a~#•~z~.~••w~~gili0~~~A~*~.aM•~~w~. ~••w~~ gili0~~~~~~~. w~•~*~OO§~~~~~~oo~~~~*·gili0~~fil•~* ~~•~oom**~· *a*~~~ooB•z~•~~~oo~•m*·~••w~~fil·~~ ~OOM•tt~~xM'l±IROOU~§f5FC~7-ls:PJf!~7C¥~%~41c§l)BJt5$f~ii~*Pi9:~00~~~*· M~Mw~~~~#~¥m~~~~~oo.m~*•m•*·a•mB•~~-oo~~.~· ftW~-7C~-~BJtmill•~~m~filOOM•stM=.a~#·~~~. gili0~~7C~~.R ~f~lj~~tf~*Q~~*· ~f.'fJJJtF1:ttfJJ:i~~m. :&i~~3&~1-gili~~*mt•oo~i;Ht. M~0A~Ll~ ~•.m~*~~~~fgili0~m*~~.&M*~· gili0~&~mm~~OOM%, ~~ fftW~fiBJt•~~~oo•~· gili0~&PJ~7C~•~~a*~~m~hl•~oog~*~· 3(ftftW~B1it7C~llRif'J*~-*~~~-%gili0~: 16,~]l~~l=J-mg~0~*ft. ~~. ~BftW~PJ~flf~•~M•stM=, ill~~~fl&~tt111t~~*~f~J!f!, 0fkf}{j\~~. ,~,00* ~. R~ftWA~~~I·~~~~-*~~*~-~00§~.®H~~OOOOili~~~f•mm fklt'-HR:~. *~/tf!M'fZ~~~. ~ f/ftff. i!fff\ tlJ i 'ft ft$ !JG 9J- .Jfflt dJ i'ft jJfJ1i, iJUt!/jJJiE lf, ffJ ff! !Jl ;ft;YJ ~ f/ftff.i!fff\ Stadtwerke i'itJ (H'SH' AG). 1993 $~2.'itJ:iiffjf&fJI, /!)lflfff;£;fs:j/J/;!P1fJjjjflj}-%:f-$0 i'itJ 1i250ff/If-C$!!128ff/If/3$, JJJI 1, 400$, fIJ:f:FiE:iE'*$8, 700/JA!Xo tE:i:i-if 5 f:Ftp, $:@$$6JfJ!Jn 7;k!J 40%, fPi'itJ!J;kjjflj}-6, !1!£;fs:tf!/JP;f!jo ~ f/ftff.i!ffJ\1'/ff!iifZ1Uf€3CMffi!JJJfJ;ktlliElf/£;fs:o &J/t, i'itJ-T 1993 f:F:iitfii&f!L !!)lflfff/£ ;ts:, ffl#~1iJ!f nfiJJJ&9J-iJU!Jf~JJ&9J-;mao i' itJ #-Jfr!JPr1ib f~.tltik9J-fll1/:kA, #ffJlil!ifllJJ!l9J- JJffl!!) fit/:iff i/:k/1.3/t#lfo HM~*o~ftWHM~frHft3/tN~/£;fs:o~!!1,~:i!i!JPUm#x#$~KM~l!i ;JJI !PJJJ I /IA fli!Iffi 10%o J:lJZ!ti!!/tf1I/), !i!if-T ~PJJPfDtlJik9J-fl tftjJJf£ IJfllRfffo if!ti!!/tf1 ,,:,.z. fa7~J£!*J ff/Ifr~, !!)J!JJJJ;/Iffff!£$ o ~:i:i!JP r1ib fff /ffi-$ IPfJ!if $f/l!jiJif!Jfff!/~ 5%, mli i.k_.!!JJ±f;fftPJJ 7 ~JJfr!&/JlffffJ/£Pl o :f3Jtf, ~:i:iff£N!£;fs:~Jf, JfJf1f 7 -Ht!/f!lWHtlJ ftmo IH$ gfffri&.A o JJfflt dJilf1 /K~~ WHJllJ/£$t/, /1f/Jit, i' itJYJ 7 !JPr1ib l/;f[/I., if/t!16>JJiff;iE ~*'$0 !J$-T/Jl{£f/£;{s:fljlf;Jf, !f6.jJfll}lij/*'$/£1/3(t{J~/ftJ/iJ]*$, ~j!f;;f/jgt£/f\JfJJf$(}: fllffdt r t!fm fAJ lfflj;@;/J j/tQ.JKff;;@~*'$0 1994 $(I; 1'/ff~"t!r{~Mif/JIP'*'?rAJ!xJfJ!J!l 7 7%o 1993 $tll 1. 02 fZ~J'lN.ff!/ 1995 f:Ftll;k t£f/1#:/JP'i#r1ibJJJi6JJ/l9J-fll~fftf, JJ!Jf$-~Jz;;., Jfi 9, 700 /J~J'lo $:@$i'Jl!Jfxt£ 1993 $, 1994 $}f;i!/JfJ!Jn7 6%f!l 3%o 0~~~~g~0~m=~.~-®~*~~#~¥~*~m.a~~. ~m-•m~~iR •m~•~m-~•m*oo•~~~~.~~0~A*~m~•~m~oom**~~£~~-Oo M~~@~nroo•m-mH1 El c.t?:~gili~~*· fE!::kit?J&~m~l=5*b~Wn~f£-ir~. rnJEf~• ~03tg~n~*· *~~ ~lifflg~~~rx, :&$~J1*-*Q;ttfm~~*tff-fl~&~m o 1E111t. izp*g~ ~~~*t!~filff*~· 0~$~ftW;ffl.fkj (public authority) M~!fX::kOO~:!:i!!*5$f~ (PJ~llR¥~ 1=J~%0~00*~· £if~~~-%0~)o ftE.lffi00:¥:*~m(Sao Paulo), ~Trn-%•m ?JT~0~•~03t~~*~:>7r. ?JT~n~*:i:)J~~lA0~•~c7H~iJ~~m-•m~~~~**~). ~ ~oa:m0 ii1 B~t- JL if: l±l IJL -7§"1~ , 1!!:r&'t:: ~1mu ~fl AtttH1 ~;E* fliJ, rn J§ *m#!;*mrn 1:: El c. ff:t mm#!;~m*zm. ~&mttT-7§"*,®H~•tt~~A0ii1l±lm1::~*••~.m:r&.~~ ~iftt~J:tz r' -B1 Jjf flJX>j 0A 1$3JH1== l:f:l •t1tJ!.&l\\ZJifif$~ ~Z;:I] jJ ~!& ~ fI11 !WOO!YT JU:¥~" fbA $ f1 "' ~~~~:r&-~. ~~m~~~~~&l±lT~~-~.~~~m*~m~~*fliJ~m;E~M* ~14F· 10 iFltP.J, tEJf7tJ;J1/fil::JtJJ!ijJ-,,"5[fJtf'tA§ i$tiJi&!#iEJl!li ifff!IlJIJ!Jlfk 1'-thJJ!J!ffe i'fJ T Jl +iFz/tf, l/f/Jfllltk1'-tfJfJ! ijIi!t T Jfljff!tflffiffi'A' ;P;f.}A :itJJIJ}i; r$(JrJftiJZ' J:t/J;/Ife ff!!!!:fkff! !IIj!f jtJ tiJ !Ii if ff/IlJIll {fl i l x /J/i jJ- ± Jf ff! g JJlIJl l!J.:t; .g. J:t/J ;/Jff! x jjl g JJlfa} Q (~), tiJJ:t/J;/J~K~$ffJEftJ$U.xjjllfff!lfa}fefft$J:t/JK~xMj}-ffJ-W$j}-,IJ!j 1fz.lJB$f!JjJtJlf!ili!f!"ift;)b, f/J!l!E$1Eifftt, 11$.f!I&JtJJJIHft. mvn ff7$iE z.l itJfe ff!!llffl1* Jf.il::Jtjjfij}-, $Jjfi_..litj~/J1JilJfj{fpj, 'Ptf.ilitJ.lj::JtjjjlffJ!l)ifjjjfft/Ifl3*!1lfflil::JtJJ/ij}. $ :IE i_..l it]l!!i$_tjf}!Ii if i l it]' f!1 tE Pf/;/jf}fr/IfJIJ!Jlfff! Z,.lit]' tiJif;jf{!Ii if$Jg i_..l it]jtJ;fl/ii;.7tfl lift, f!lx;iffi lfff!l/ifJ{J}Jf}JiI/:::ff!JN,,~. ;iffii:i:f!Htft /Ifl3*1Ji!JE;g:;g Z.l itJ-1fiI ftz /s7ff!:Xffi. i_..l ::Jt/Jfij}-fjJ/l!/iif/f[j/{!f', 3 ifCNJNilitJ ( VJA-GTL, CGEA !P TRANSDEV )f/(J/fffRilit]Jfjt:/P/llfT E ff# ll/:f'f .g.#J1/f;tfg 75%ffJ i l::Jt!J!ij}-1/f:lk. _ff!.J!Jjft/IfJffl!fif fiEJf}, IiiltfJJff/I$ fJJ i lJ!!.ff!$:IE /J/ij}-lift$ffiJ$Jg i lit]!llffl/li/JEff!!f {if' Jtftifjf}jjfJE%2J:t-filtjf!fff! gf!lft /Ifl, ;J1;*ff!;tff/Ijf jffj Jfl!ftl !!ftm ** x;iffi ifff!lfal * JJJ. fl -nuff!Jjj'}jf} if;g:;gz.litJ fll.l!if;ff!ftl !!ft. i~l*3*ift, l/f/Jf/$:!EilitJffJJ!!fftt&ARfft%rif$:!Elift$ffJ/:::fg-¥, ~&~ Ti&!#ff! f&Jft,&.ffiJ' 11/li!!ltlltiJ T !liA J1F($ffli11if;i!ifIPi_.,l::Jtlffi$a r Nff!J:tfjf. if:!Elift:efs:ff!#-¥tiJ f:t!J;!JjjjJ:ifiEt&f.JJJ!/!Jt3*%1if, /iiftJ A!&tE 915 ll/_t ff!ffelf:efs:Jt!! i l itJ I/!JffJff/JJ!fifJJI/!it, ifM i_..l itJI$!J!P 'Pffi!ll. ~/Jfl ft ffllif/$ifJtiJi!JE T fill/!{#JJl/!Jtff!JifJ!l/!P!Jl$:!/t, tiJ .g.Jtf!x;iffi lff f!l/ifJl/iIt;P;i_..l::Jt,,"5[fJtff!J!jI&ft?£~MfiEt&• .g.Jt!!i&!#rJrJE.g.Jtf!Kfff t&AffiJilftftfjjf:tA ±!£-• x ftftf!Jx!fifJJtJtJt, m tt!!7J!ItI& fJfJr%1;f, /f\flt-f§:JE z.litJ:I&liftfem. !f,#.TE!#Jt!!Kll/:f'f, l/f/Jfl/Jfljf{f&J#(National Government of France)/f\ffil#J1/fi.l5t ,,"5[fJtffJ!llfflfEfii/%2 tflift:efs:ifM. ff!.Jf}, /Jflffiift!##Jffil/:::!ffilfl::Jt;iffifflflRfP/ff!iRJJ!fl !llffl l!!i:efs:RV!ifM. fl nu, fglf 1o 1'-#J1/f1*fJ~!1ffJ:J'iJ!f, _jt;JJ;Jf}XifJt!!ftt!P.f.£$JlfftiffJfliRV! JJ!fl. ff:_:i;@liii, 1f:XJ;J1/f£. jJflifU{g;J1;.g. El ff!#iE-H:ZI/:fJ;f/JJAfr/IfJff!ffeJftfZ 'P. 1994 $ r jj/jJ:tff!;f.Jfl/fiJi!, iJi!Jf! T Jff rJr JJ!fl ff! ft&, /f\/IfJff! ifM :it~·. J:t/J iJiii lxJJ!fl f/fJ ifM .$;X; 30%-35%, 1fffi!eff!ff!I1ffftf!!.fl/25%ffllff!r!i, it!! rff!I1fR fft#J.fl/ 20%ffJifM. ~~~irom~.$OO~B~oo.~:rtoorn•mw~.~•~0~*~~~~~~~m•~· x~~-~~*oom4*~~tt~~~m**®tt~m~.~~J§-~~~·~·•m~~m m3 :r&m#l;~ ~~~:iw , :r& ~ i'"3 ~o <g l.I*, mrn fl Atfl3 na~~~~'-nR:•& fo ~~~Pf:Ii r:p *~ ll5F ~-0~m*.fil~~m4•M~Mf$•Jff~A•&000~~*~!&~~~~-~*·~~~ ff~. J • J/f;-a./.Jt 261 ::ff ®:IJVG°fP, :tzo~:¥Lli¥J:¥Jt!!3Bf(Santiago), ~IE 1¥J:!JiXmfll~iiJ;flU!i¥J;f1JJ:tWWT>t:¥LlWT (Buenos Aires), 1*11ltli¥J1fl!!W£-f'Xtt%~1¥J: 83T-B~*~1tfll~~-'§"1ffl, 03t0ii1wlt~1f, 1E0 3t~•~~~~~-~~•ttm~*~~1¥J~Ag~0ifJ,~Ag~0ifJ:ti:am1¥Jft~~r• ~g~m*.ffi1f®:!l1Xm*~™*i¥1~~. ~®:!11Xml¥1ft$£, ~~~~~·~~~~m*~mR.~~~~•$•**·~**$ffi $ ITT iE tE * 1T i3: ff i¥J tt ~ • $ ffi $ i¥J 0 3t ~ ~ 83 $ ffi $ 0 3t ~ lT.! fi (Toronto Transit Commission) :ff.i.w, 't£%1f:~T-aml¥J0ifl, X1$ffi$miSlfi:ff.i.w. ~7W~03tB~*!j_~r. ~~ll!!fi~~}1f::ff$JLEI:!.$, tr£$nfo:l:i!!~. ~ll!!fimJ::ff 1, soo m0~t-c$, 4lti:F~:i!*g*£"1 2 £A.~ll!!fi~:tEiE~~%lli~1-•~1¥J1f~0ifJ, ~~~~~·,~~--.~ll!!fifil•~ :ff.i.wm•1-03t~~1¥J1Taft~~~w,~~§~~~~~m!j_JJ<.$*~1-0ii11¥Jfi**~· @B~~*' §M*~~--,B-~fi*, 83S*0ii1~B:ff.i.w.03t1f~%fi~~1-%~ :ff.i.w$ffi$~~~1¥J03tg~m*1¥J~1f0ifJ, J3:®0if1W~n~03t~ll!!fim~*~5G~• ~.:ti:~m*~~~.~m*~mm~1¥J~m.~0ii11f~~1T~~mi'X~1T*M~.~•0 if11¥J%~£03t~ll!!fi~m~tt~~tt~m~m1¥Jm-~. •r*1¥J•=~c~**'~m,~®~,mr~~~$001¥J~1-:!11XmWBH~~1T)£H ~il~l*~ 83~}1f0ifJW~i¥J$%B~*§~fb1f$!'1. §~fb1f$!'1W~i¥1~*1f: *~~i1!i, *gw;gf, tffi)ilflll';[MB{*~· i3:JJ9t~1J'\ T 1TaI11:1¥J:ff.i.1.§., -~All!!fll 83T-$~001¥Jffi}JJiJfm 1*1¥1~*1¥JllRII'8f3tili. :tE~®·t~tJlr, ~®~4!~1¥J1f~iliPJ§~fbA$!'1 (11+1 BH~ili3:;f$ f~) QX;~fbA'i'll1!'11*~*18t0ii1*•~~®B~*· t~jJIJB~*· ~:tzo2ifo.1$, ·~$~fo~n/t19J~ Am~1¥Jl';[~iliPJ!j_§~~Atfl:ln*~•· i3:mt/ti-fffrfl1f'i'll1ni¥J~~, 111u~fo5G~n~*f¥F¥m~Tl'Jtfi. nu::ff®mZ;iJ, am0ii1l'tt *•~::ff~~.m~: mM~•tt1¥Jm~*•~03tm*·*~1¥J~~~-~. •~mfttt~ 1*1¥J$1J\11*~. *)C~-~~it:iii3:~001¥J't~%. :m:~i¥J£, ft1i'J~vdR~IJ: i3:®1f/t~,?'t.filli fYl i¥J ffi xi , ij_ R. tt $A Ml¥ /t ft 1i'J W~ i¥J :ff 1fr11I i¥J ~} ~ • tt$ni¥Jm - ~if:::li~ ~fb1f'i'll1nttJC:?!f::ff1¥J03C:~*· amPJ !j_mM111u~110~fon~*l-1Fm, ~w~•~m~**~'tX>Ji3:1-1Tft1¥J~~.m05tm*1¥J~~•~R••~*~if:~rn~A 'i'll1f1:ff.i.w. PTmM~•·tj:11H1F*tJ~~fb1fg~0ifJ, ~1'1FFPPJm:tt*~*mg~0ii1*1tftw. ~~i3:#1**1¥1:!11Xnrwmm~1-~~: ~/tY*~~@ttfi§~.amM~*~m0JC:1Tft:li ~~1¥1•~; b)~~*~•~•g~0ifl~rrm**~· ~~*~•.~-r-~~~•0ii11¥Jm *ttt5l~R*filPT•~1¥Jm**~·0Jt:g~m*~if:rn~1f'i'll1nmM~•m~*~*•~1¥J m-wu::ff~r ~1-:!liXm= ~iiJ~M1¥J;:ffi1ti!WTx:¥Ll:Wf, ~:¥1J1¥J£:1:-f!!_illr~~< ~mwm, ¥X:!l1Xfo~:1Jo:11tc1W _m~~ 5) 0 mM~§~•~•~*•~•1f~•tt1¥J0JC:m*, ~*•m~•m•~~l'>[*m*~• ~•~m~x#.~§*~~~m•~m•~1¥Jm*,§M~•~~1T1¥J~~fiJ¥,m•~m *i¥1*H~~1tJ:fom:::F111.ffil-~i¥J~m cm1&mW1~1¥J1J11~~,@'.i:tE$1t-11HW-m). !ll,~9l~9fos.!a ~~1T~~~~*~~~mi¥J~1f.~ft~#m~~*F~. ~·-PJ~fi~-~.:tE~tt~ ~1T~#m~~~m~oo. Tfi~~•m~A~~•£mm~i¥J.~~1fm::ff~~~~tt~~ 001¥J1ir5fll~~~fb1f$f1s.!aW1~~*r'i'll5i:5l~i¥Jf!f~~*~*1!ffl, ~~~-ij_Jif~l¥J~*·~ :li~*~i¥103C:B~*· iltf!Jmil.JtJJfijf--15ftdJ14 ff ff!J/J Id #8)1/!Jfff!J!t/tlf f#i!fftf, !fHP*7JJi!Jn:#I~:i%7Jf!iftfil1! ffe!fo dJJJft/hf';;ff!Jtfiv$11ifl (ff!J/J) j!j:i:fMjjff'lffJJlft$:Jlt~iiEl±ft*7 ••Ml~'~ fl lifttfil};JJ.l, :i%_JJ...l:;v$11ifl /f\!£Ufiil*-liiJ/lfDtfi-TtJt, -15ftf!1!.JLIfJJJ, 1?:f/Jlf IP#!if/Jttfi'NJJliJZo tE :i%fJJf1'-Mm *, -r dJ ff 1'-11jjff!Jl$iii i\. fiJ~ttt£-J?, ffi!i.ft r ~1$'itt!fivei\. fiJ, iiifl! Jfl/Jfij}-JPlJt/f\fi.?.A;g, .lffm:tklf£JJJt P-o YIJf:t, /fiJ.J!!$tfi/4 ff$iii i1. fiJ£/iifffr !Alff!, fdJIJJ§tJ:iffYtffe*7ifJIf!itlf?/!i1i-$tfiif/J;/; o dJ r !f!.Htfiiii ftJf:IJl (A o 1£- !1t?/Ii, /Illf/f!/!4A 111f $!Pm, !§Ht/n7*7/%fff(Xiffl! If1!!5ft:Jlf!!if)ff-!JJ, $iii i1. fiJ PfIdj!j:i:f f'J ff!J/n7tfi;ff/.JiIfM:Jft%1 #~£ftft*7Ml~~jf-tfi!i.ft*1xf!tM#ff!J#5ft#MoliH#tfi'NJJlft$~~~~N~tfi $ /f!l!Ii-$jjffJETJil?!IiJ:. /Ill o ifHP*7JJi!Jn#lilft!h'NJJlff!J/JtEi\.JtffifJtJfff f/f!fJE Htt/*7t!J iAtfiftm, !!ffi1.Jttfif£ ff# * !J!tjJfl_,.*fJt (fi/c$J/to Jili!£ 'lffJllff!J/J/lf fl! (fi "MJ~ JfJj(Jfl#J i,\.jfJtj!jMJffJ.ljlJi(fiA 1 iii1~m:Jtj!jMJ~~MtE-1?oliH#Mtttfi~$1mx&Jit,%ft"iif!d.lff~ft1f$$ N iii!!llfYtffe, j!j}.j:.lffM ttYtffetfiJ/t!/!Ji, X IP.J!!mft&tfi5!i/Qi\.ft1f$$iiii:flil!Jt!!lJfff:Jfto Ji!jfJ1fJJ!-jgJt 4, fj=jf R • ;!K:ik(R • Meakin)o 1.JT1iffl1*0A1~tUJiJT:Jl:Jl~!'l"J~!i*J}(-'f, 1*iiU!i*!'l"J3'.(~*o~1:.. X10:j:tf\$g~~li*:ltt1-r •~~m••!'l"J.~~•ma•~•m03t•*~~~@§~m!'l"J±•~m.~~03t~•• *~rn•m0~~~rn~Ag~0~*•~· •m•~~•1iffl1*~~~*~~&~~!'1"J3'.(~. ~~~-~~. •m•n1¥J~~~~*·~~-~~:m0Am*~ili~~&@1¥J~mtt~ $t•·t~IJ9t~~. l!JJlt, t!:f:Jt.J::A$~03t]UJE!'l"J~J\l:lW•~~=WiA1.J, . };\~"•ftu~d>~~t" i~J:iJL •m-B1Jm-1'm1!1¥J$t•£t:ii, 1!*l~•n (!l,\(; § ±~~~!'l"J!'l"J•m?JT~0~> z.ra:iiiltt $t•*•~~g,@§~a•*~**#z~•~•~!'l"J•*·ma~~~. :A$~~m~lli !'l"J~~~.~~iiltt•m!'l"J~••~*~~tt~§~~~~§~!'l"J-'fE.•m!'l"J•~~•iil~ ffl*1iffl1*03tE*~~®·~~-i'~~!'f"Jg~m*, ADMd>~~!l,\t~~~ft~~~~~*!'l"J g~•*·~-•1'n~!'l"J~~~m.J1t*,~*~~~~~!'l"J~~!l,\(;~$t•~~*· ~~-X1~~:Itt1f•~··~~~1*~0A!'f"J~§, ~1*~~~~g~0~!'1"J~§. ~1*~~ •m• {l'J:W~tlJ0 iE*O-'f~!'l"Jffl~, 1!1filffJ~~~~·iiff 1.J !'f"Jfjj~. ~X1-B 1Jm~JJJhtlA::il::~~~03t ~~!'l"J:Ef:ii~1~•-!'f"J. •~m~iil~~~~=~~~!'l"J•~= ~rn~~•~m~.~•m•~~m~!'l"Jn~~~ •W; b) ffi~f1tJL~•w~•1f1.J; c)~f1ttX1fl~g~0~~1i*-fr~fo~~tz.!'l"J~1HA~*· aM•mm~to~~~0x~li*~~~ rnfb~t'f!H1~~!'1"J~$Attf¥~, ~ -frr•~::iJ"~•W~1A n.~#ft~7J"~~~~m.m~a~•~a-fr~~*~•**#~l*JW.£~~-~7J"~~ atttwml!fill*J ~~1tm. ••!'l"J~-IE•~;tfrr~~!'l"J•~tJLtu. ~~IJ~:t-fu_l!Emmm~T~::iJ" OO!'l"J-1'1~~t!'l"J~¥tl (iwYi!. ~t~ 6). J • lh;'a/.JL 263 tE 1977 $$, ifjf/!,Jlf-Df{fii\Jf;$JEJJ/ij}EiJ-ffii\#tf/f(]ffJi\.it]fllf#, ~i'itJ1f 710 Nxlffi. .fttt-*<90a1 $J, iF1f-@t£Jff[lff?tJ.ifJ!lz rttiEfflf4tttf/fn, :ik_@!flft; 1fi\.ftft$ 3, 167 fjllj(78 J!i! I $)Jn 1, 558 NHNi\.ftft$(Taxibus) (40 J!i! I$). J'lff!» #if!#, Jt$!Ji$/;/.,& i'fti't$ffJjjJ 0 J5;t£Jff[JffffJJ1EIJ.!£f/ft/z ro 19 79 $ 11 J1, !if.f'/.'tlff[JfffJJ& Iii ifJ!lit, /f!JJJ B f£Jffit/i1!1}X1f£ ff i ':XJJ!iifYiffJ iff/ft/, Jffflt!£f/ftfj£ffe/J1Jf, #r 1983 $ 6 J1~i!ii/i1Jf. /PJjf!j, IEJf!i1!±!!11$ffY1!X&/if!JJ$J'l flt. Jff[J#!J1!J.l iff/jtjffJJJ!fn/fij§;k' i \.fttf/f/JffJ$Jg z..1. it}iftjjf/if 1/f:lk' ,g $JgntYJtE/ff 10 $ if'llJJT-tJJ, $iE#i$J/1$N1i9$:k!/l!i!#&#. /f!/E/if!ff!, T-i_f__tjjtfff-:JIJ, .ff!/ 1985 $, JJfflt ifif.ff!J;ffJi:!Fr 1977 $ JJffltffJ 3 fff ('#!!Iiiifif!/J!i, B ff!!#f:if!iftf!IfJJlfllff:if) • j$---:;Ifi!iiJJ1 EiJ r if l!riE z..1. itJ $ :if!iiff:Jk-jfgififflt, :f3 -;IJi!ifJJ1 llffY.n'fN z..1.ftft$ff!z..1.ft;t$ffJJ'lflt Bi!ffi;efs:;ffJ ~. 1980-1986 $, i'ftft$ffJ$MM 6. 95 ±FH-K:.ff!J:i!i 11. 6 $, it!£i'fti't$ffJ$MM 4. 95 ±FH-K:.ff!J 9. 51 $. 1/fo/lfXJC:if!iJ1ElklJIJ1Jf, z..1.Jt;t$J.£E[:ifiJiJt5!E[J1Elk~~. lff[JffJfjftX;f:ik_lf111aJJJ!?iOIX!tfJ&. 1987 $ 20%ffJ$fjlljfJJJl!JfG';Jflfff#!i-;K. 1989 $ 3J1 Jff[JffJJffJE, 1966 $d!lf/f!/:ififfJ$N/F/ti1L.Mff#!i. Jfl:i!i, 7l Tflf!#f/Ft!JrYtfffJ/I-lli!JJ/J :/¥f/J!/1/f if' ,c,. i 'ftft*flt£f:lft:ifi/iJtffJ ~~Jn:X:if!iIJIJ1!f1i:IJJJ!, Jff[lff:if!ii:iYt ffe#t!fJtft:Jkit!i1ffiE ~~.Xif',Jfllk~ffJ~~&$JJ1$NffJffe1,Xif~~ffJJJ!f~J/J~~ffJJ'lflt.j$f!F,~& Iii TYt ffe ffJKY;, JZ'#!J& T iJiffJ&f/1£f:lftff! & iiEJJ/iifffe1ffJ!ff;&. EiJ r iJiJff[Jfi1JffJ£ffJ ff-:JfJ, Jfffltri* T 12%, ft$!.£E[:ifi/iJtffJ~~IE;!c!/l!i!#Nflf. $£143*#$: I •~fl/Ji!! (Ian Thomson) :!ff!JJX'M#iflfii'X!JIUHfff!l (Urban Bus Deregulation in Chile), 3t:imi£'/Jflijjftjff~;'ft, 1992. 9(Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 1992. 9)o *fil~~-~~~0xm*~*•z-£0x*m~M*~~~•-ili~m~~,~~0 ~~*m*~~•••~~~z-£•~•~*~~*•~&••m~~w#.~&£~oo ®0x*~JE~R*tt~~±~11:lJBz-. ~~.mili~~oo ~0x~R* *m, JJ~®•~~:X_@~0x* m•~m~*~*~~-~~A*•· ~•~m*•~~~tt~~m~~tt~§~. I *° \.fr ~e ,y, "iHi 'J..;. ,,1'1,=F i:l'J 'ffl A f'JI o ~~0~~-*~A*S~~~~A.~~~*· •ffz~~~~¥•tt~~*~~0~ Jfl~f1r~A*7$1r?JT~~~~~*· ~>ir. i1~~0~iilMitf5zol~~;tf~$~MH~;f§*~~ ;.,..~1f.~~0~•~~~~•~m~m~*~•*,•*~~*•~~m•*~·~~_@ ~~~*~•-@~M•~~*~#xii~~~**~~m~xii~~~~m~tt~~~~~ §t1F*i1clE0xER*~~~~J.k312~o~R*7.k312C7Cit~E8~Jff?JT~0~~~tlA0i§']W~~R*· •£5zo.lit) o 5zo*fi6*~:EJJlM~*ti!~$;tf1t, X>fi!~M~fflfil~~:X•• (efficient charges)~ ~*~0~xii~g, *~~~~~*@~~*-~w. ~*m~•~m~~••*· 0x* - ------ ____ T __ _ ~Et<JY'i*l3~.7Jmti;~jiJ1'A~. 1:51mHtA fi'JiA:lv, 03t:*~•~•ffr~:lv T54rWx1rlA 1tf-1rn1~ mwt m i& ~~ff£ Et<J t'A :Kw:itHr Et<J 1H~ i3:PJ 13~ ~ 3&~'.i: OO@J i& 0 xrnttis: Et<J l:J5Z;IJ ~ •mfil i&~ aa 0 ~1tffl~~*f£-Jl§o ttt:WJ:i/f$fi1f~i*-Et<103t:*~•f3~ti:~1f•m:rrJMB<J*14rgv o :tYT~¥fHB<J:kW?t0 3t:*~·~ff~OO~M.AA~~~fiOOB<J03t:*~~~ff~~-mffWB<JM•xMotE•m• IIZ. r, J3:®03t:B&**~~83rlVWngvo fg~, W$00%iA:lv1f&:,~:lv03t:*~•~:rr . JM, ~f!ffJM1f£i&AA PrllttbWA1fJ1!ffl03t:B!t*o :tzo51i!:~i3:;ffB<Ji%, mc&:,@~Mik:W31-filJBo §~~ •1fri&A~~~'.i:OO@Ji&gV~£•*•Et<1~*o1:51~. :lvT~~M•Et<J&~. mt ~~*~~~Et<J"G~i&A"*•·~~M•m~~--~N•g~~&M**•m•~Et<J~ lllJ~•· M•mB<J-&&i&wt~~mi&~Et<J~•<~$00mc£J3:;ff•Et<J>oW$•m•m~~1f M~~-m~~~•Et<J~•· &~~mrt:tE**~fil&*•~i3:#~*o:tEi3:#M%Z.r. 83 ~~$-~M•Et<Jm*••~•~$~~mm*mEt<1*~~7t~Et<J§~o1:51~. M*PT•Mtt @3~7v~*B:Et<J§~filJBo •=-t-~BCMOOB•~>~&~WIIB<JZ;IJ.7Jo~*mm0x*~:lvtli;§~-Wfi• . • ~13~~*M1tffl1!t~][ttl&@J'.i:W~*o :tzo51i!:0il'JWII1!t9ii:iil!&iEi;1f A*5fi\1r-'§"1'A, 9JG1!tiA :lvi3:~ ">'rW" *~m~Et<J, ft!!.ffJ~•~fft{:ffilJNff, -~1ff;IJ.7J*•!'al~i~wt•W~ff£~* Et<Jtltnffi" 7v T *H$(•~•II~i~.fo!W it!l±~a1tm1rJM, 1:1filJ%~Et<J:8JM, ~it~:&ttlxM ~~g v 1rJM, • &:, ~9Ut.lr ti:~ lllJ aJHJO!M~ Et<J ~~Jrti:rtuo ~::fl $r&iau mjjfil Et<J ~iiiliJ: 0 :tzi:iMJiJTJi, ttt:WJ:iti:$fi1f~~iB<J03t:*~•~ti:~1f•m1rJMB<J't~~rgf'FB<Jo ~ft!!. ®:tEB&**~ J:ff11!;J.Et<J03t:1**,R 13~Mgv~i&@J:k~"150%--70%Et<3~* C:tzo$00. t~OO. ~±if!;flj. i::nN.foEnN!@,®.SIEB<J0x0if1> J3:®0if11&~•m1rJM*sfi\1rgv$~~~*J!i'itxW, 53:~ o §M~OO:k$••mB<J't~%ffif!;J.o fg~, :tzi:i51i!:Wr>cftwt*±i;:1JOOB<J~m. •m1rJM03t:*~ ~~11: Et<J i%, mt&:, ~~Jt.ll~ 3Et<JtJt1ttl*1t 0xgv 0ifJx•HH~1E 7t Et<J :&t ~x M~ jiJ:ff fJ§f 1 1~.- o :tzo *~1f1E7tB<J:&ttLmm**fil~•Et<Jgv*m&PT•Et<Jti*~~*~· 7v'.i:1*m~•~~~* Et<Jxmm*i3:1-tli;§~. ~~Z;1Jm$~B*· -~~•~•~Et<Jo ][1! rtl1- Arm~~{E:~-~1rJM~:lvff£!J5tA ITT ~-~lrJM' ;Ff lllJllt§~t2V1lr•~~:Z~Et<J Z;1J.7JB<Jfi~~mZ.-oi3:;ff.•1frllPJ~ti:•~PJtiB<J7.K~J:. ~•~~mtt•~~~*~ti ~·· -f!~~ff]tt~fi~Et<J~*W~fi~m*o~-*~· •ffr•§MtE~J!Et<JJj(~, gg0 ifJ:lvTW~*ffl$~i&A~£~B:a&at*•~fflPB<JM*o~~tEi3::1JOO•~m~~.gg 0ifl:tE*~-m~~m~~-~~&M~•· ;FF~m~mtt*~Et<Jffr~fiffrW~o~g0if1• mJUWIIWn~ "1fl~" , &mc~iJM~Jffi~V~lllJB<J~J\!~i&@J&ll9c•~ffrfiB<J•ffro *ffl$Et<J !'alff£][ttik:~~g0if1!3~~j1J$&i&A. ~fU~IJrngv~:z~*~· mHrJMrn•m•mmttfili& ~¥m*~}J1J&*xW 0 tEEiffi' AffJiA:lv1-Afflr0;;1:!.;3t:mB<JxW~@~rI:&ii&AB<J 6%(il:: 53:1- 6%~~~rt~ Ii;~~A~1E:~~*-~g~wB<J•~· &119cB<J~31lt0AB<J9~ ttt:W~~Et<J~~*~· X11f£i&A%J!fffij§, Jt::ii~Si&AB<J 10%~12%£:lvflM, ~rt 12%mc~:lv:ffJJ.E!T) 00i; o 1:51~. mtt$~. :k~;tJt;MJ@rtJ!lff!~~xm~:rr!M. J!.1*1rJMk~~r~~ixmxw.fnI:&t 6%2..&o !l±PJ~M?JT~&~1r1(m1Gi3:~+1rJMxWo i3:~+11tx$Et<J~f5d:~1!;J.;tJH~-][tt•1rJM1t~1-A, rm£L ~g0ifJ1fZ;iJ.7JW~~::fl~, ~~1f£~**1lfi:krllN:!:i!!W~*ffl*-o E®i3:~ifr1*115UB<J±~~~z. J • 111/3/Jt 265 ~:Jik' fl~ iEA$ n${] ~I?t~M~flj'.)(Jl!i~'HrM' rm i3:,R. r!l E. jffi I 1'F )dJ Ef{]jd{] 40%, rm _El:ffil ffJ ill /f'-J:E :Jik.:llilit ~ , :iH'~~ * r M Ef{] Jdff • iE~~@4m~. ~$OO~~am~~~rr~~m. mr~~~~3tll!l•~~~J:E~•# ~${)~£-~•W-ii5.frM 0 ~-#~~.fil!:ET~ff)-;ff-11£ (ll!i1itRffi~r~$§l~fflt*~ffl-${] 50%)' •r1¥J$*•M#~1¥J~J:E~3tll!l•~~~M~gili0~.•~m*•*f~~Tm*•~· @~:$0~1¥JMG*-JlN:~t::t1It!~*g•~*rM1**ri¥lMG*illlltll 20o/o-30%. IDt*rM*~ rm§' ftffJ7C$1$?.'t;Jt~fffiJt/f'~f; ~~;f±~~~B § Bi¥Jff)-{fi:.XJ\1, l!l.llt!.16,~ *;lfrfo~m1!ffl*rmi1imw*i¥l~IJ~.&~nrliJ. ~rm, oo~;r-..t1¥J~£•~~T*rM1¥J1tm, @rl!J~*" Mi¥Jffi oo~nrliJ, WJ1t1~~$1¥J~.@. mJt+*•~i¥J, •~1¥JJt~*-£*rM1**1¥J:::f~U~nrliJ, ~ 1l! •*eyn~-~~.oo~~-~~~m~•~: • /f'~~fj(fX;l;JTf1jj~AfllMG*rm~~£·~-~*rM, JArml!JIJ~~Jt•illll~:)U¥fllWi3JE*g~;jt 1¥JZ9Jf1. @~ey~~:l:-&1I~~1tffl~-~*rM. Jl!i:Ji,~,f*1¥J;f;~UittlJ~f1£~AAo•~*rM :Jik-~~l¥J't~%. :tio5J!flit/f'fljj3:~~~~. ~:fri¥J;J;lAIDtJt•~Ef{], t!P1I~*rM1tffl~, ft ~gili0~a~~*#r~•#~Ef{]~~~fft,i3:ll!i~%MG•~~.@.Ef{]m*.$OO~~m Ef{]M$~MGTm-~•ft~#, ~-mgili0~~fflt·~~Ji:Ef{]ili.~11£1¥J~m*~Jt~ JiHrM. • ;lg T f*ilHrM-f!ffl#~fllfifijfjey3Ef{]~A*mL :l:-&~am@~if'JUR:Ji:frM7.Kf, ~:&~~ 16,~ i¥J ~A*•fil;*rmi!i. :1:-&~ammI~~1¥J1iE& <•~ft~ Ifow.mgJA-e!f.wPJ" zt1:~1~~ .fraJ ,l'OE!Jfo$m1tmm, ~.&:tiolJ+11iE~i¥JiRh5J%i'BJ&~¥4~~~A*~~~PJ"~ffl1'F*rM. f.§.:J'ik, :tio5J!¥Jt~i3:®t~~&~i¥Jii!i, X103t*~i¥l*rMIDt~t£9tiJ11J1¥JH~itt1J. AffJ~~•~1¥J:::fE*0~~*1¥J±~~l!l:!ikm*:::fPJ"a, ~~~~. ~r•m~•:::f~ r*, ~m~Z9J:::f~**· 3tll!iWmc.1!~®3tllli~•..t1¥J0~~*•m~~100~1~~~ r.i3:~0~~*~•w*~~®§*i¥J~nrliJ:AffJtt~Jt~i¥J3tll!iIA, l!JJlt, 0~~** ffl¥::kJ1~'iNrm; 1i7T5fl\1H~~rmm~~ffr.x~¥Jc11.&1Jf1Jr~f11~1R*:ilt-~~1t. ~rr~~~i¥J 3tll!i•w·•*•maM3tll!iWm~03t~*~MG1¥J~nrliJ, ~OOEf{]mMm•. ~@~i3:#M. ~~~tt.•m3tllli1**1¥l*~:!ik~*A, rm:::f~$m.l!IJJt,@reI~•~•~n•~~~ *Jtlffi-g i¥J '.)(Jl!iIJJ, _t*. 7'JT~1l!0~~*1¥Jlllirr, ~~@~•~~~f!mm•~b~-~~. ffll!i~~••·~ •1*filrrA~§rr$1¥J~~Jl!irr, #•1*3tll!lili•~~±~*~~~i¥J•*·@§m~~m~ mlf4f'.5::!'BJl¥Jf!ffl, ~-~d>3tiif1ti~, ~1l!m1*..t1t3tll!iti1t~%, JArm~11£0~~$1¥Jfil~. ~ ~7'JJ3:~00$X~J)Ji¥Jm•: • tt•m~3tll!iffl%~~~~~~1¥Jffl%~~.fil~..tw~•mai3:~oo•~MG~1¥J,W1! 3tll!ifil~r~ T 30%-50%. • ~-~1¥JmM..t9•~~~-. ~-~$Ma~mM.~•lffi•1¥J-®~~-$~,i3: m•f!•~•r~T~%, #1!$M•1*•~-~T*~2~. • w ~~ ttla3tll!iW1ff :l:-&IR i¥J M i*J $l:l!G 0~~*:1$ ~tll1w *. ~ -J:E Ef{]3tll!i~ •fo3tll!imt•·ti!f m. r, J!PJ 121, :A~lll •& M~ o • •~MOO•~*·~~o:f:E~ll00~~.32i:~+*MoxB8$~••&T~%12l,~o • :tE•fimM~.~n~0~~$~ili~~fi•*mo ~~WW$$00b~PJl2J,*ffl, *~m~•oo~~~tt.MOO~~~~~*m1txm•o @iti:$:9ilm00~}~*~' xmw•:a::m:~OO~J3.JJ)HffHt~~'.'1::5ctM'!o ~~~AAJl~xm~~_m, 1i ~-~~~oo~~~~ooxmW•o•m•w•w~.xm••~~~zoooo~w~~~~:m: t~o PT**~~OOA~b~*a90~~$00Bfi,*~xXDftW0~A*«*BMoPJl2J, mtt~1J®tt**~~J!-~= ~~~0~~*~1f~fi•oom~*•*•n; w~n~0 ~~*mm001T$mH•n.BRtt~0~A$o:f:Em-#M%r, 0~~*••~-~~~ :ff (transponder), ~B~ilixX r:J a1, ~~xB1ilf %~1lltltJL~ili1ilf %, 1t1ilf %JWJ1AOOa1t, ~ 0~A$Ar::i1J~«*•~•1T~o ~xxr::ioo~~*r::imzooxm••~m0~~*)~# 1tt:Aet, 3!1ifi1J~~-~'.'1::5c00 o ~00 00~}~*~, 3!1ift1J~1!0~~$1:Em4i,L.,OOM~•& T ~%o~~*•OOM~B~**f0~~*oo••~xmm%nrea-to am=1+·t1l15Lr, :f:ExB1ilr%nW•4i 1 L.'~0~A*m1'>tJi-~~nt§1:i'z:o 3!11r~x-tffi% rea-t~w•. ~J!-$m~~0~A$a-tm121,~~&$d•moo•nm%, J!~•tt~0~A *«*f~~xm. ~~~~~tt. #tt:f:Er-xxr::im~~~~~«*o B*.~OO~EW 00~~*~· J!~PJ12J,••0~A$~1T•ll, ~~~1Ta100~1~~~o*ffl3!#1J~OO* •~xxr::ioowoo~•· ~121,~0~~*mtt, ~~•fa~tt*a-toooo~~o •f~rtrxmx-t0~A*OO•*•*•*· •*~OOM*b~~am•~~n~m0~A $~fflm(bus lanes) o ~Jl:t, iti:$00%00mM~W~0~A$:1<.tlili~nOO$mo ~mmoo~:i! ~~h**fxXr:JtlJf~iri500$Jl;o ~f ~~~rtrtlt'i500tJ 1J-..a-J*~¥11E•:li$Jtjtl 18, ooo A, 1E!B ~•1£ 12, 000~1s, ooo Azi'Blo :A$•~rtr00~}~*~· -~~0~~*~mm•~~1+w• ~•· 121,~~~~*•m~0~A*~mmmom~.J!#~•woo•ll~tt*~· 121,~0~ A$1:E~~a1PJ12J,~Mili~$OO$•o ~0~A$1'it·~~~ffll2J,&:A~A0~A$~~1TttOO:lim-#M*b~~--0~A $~fflM(busways) o ~0~~$~mmoo~~:f:Ef, BR~0~A$1!ffl, WJi~:xJ.~fitto m~~~oo~m:ArtrK:ttr•0~A*~m•.~~*~~4~~HOO$m,J!:f:Efil~~~~ -B1Jo •f0~~$~fflll~OO~~~~JJ~tJ1J-..a-J 20, ooo 71~*~' 0~A$~fflM~1X~~~$£$JI. xm~~~1~, W1i~*~f~~$o K~*~*~m*~OOW~.0~A$~fil~~~rtr0x*~oo-~~PJ*~oom~W*o :f:E:A$•~rtJq:i, 0~~*~~rtrxm~~~*4i•:m:~OO~filo£~4iOOrnf~~~~oo~ ffl~*Jt~J!#~15L,@M%B~~T1t1toM~ffifI~·~·ttm.•~~-~mi9JzOO -~$Xili, AffJtJ~ili1TOOff~$X~~L #Ji, l&Jfff&mJJAffJ!M§ff$t1Jzvffo @~, l&Jt001t {t, ~M=OO**tlJ~mffl:l:l!!.0019'00fil•**K:f:Ea1tAffJOOiliffnAo A1fJilitfOO/~-m1Ju, m'!~m£ *· no zvfftlJ!M 1~Hr* s~~:t111121,11JJ~~~11.&. 51 £~tJLi9J1t~ll:tE•fr'D, m4-m~t J • Ril!IL 267 ~~*·*~mAmM~~~~A~~*' *~~~-~lliff••**·~~. ~~filWL* •*~~-~. 0~~BIA~•~A•~oo~~.•~0~~*m*••~· •ma~ttm ~~~~~•••tt~~.@~~~~~~w~~0~~*oonff.~*•tt~~oo~nwn m:h'ffi~Y.M~-*oitP~. 0~~*~m~am~LJil!Jlfinffoo, *~~a•,1\~~~:15~ 3, ooo ~* g .••g•tOO*~,@ffi@••~0~~$00tt~.~~~~~-~·OO*fi~:i5~A. w~~*•·m~ntt~fflff$m,~~tt~~~%~~~0~~*~#~~~~*•oott~ mq-r:t;{. :tl11*g~im*:S:Miu• 11\~ 1, ooo ~*g, mr:@~mf~Jl0~~*~mm. s~f~Jl 0~~*~mmoo~~~~~~-#A~m•tt~~~m~m00Nfi. ~ 1 *OOti ~j~1.J if *~)I ~ *•~xoo§OOftf~~oo•m~m~~~-·~~~~~m~A•~~-~~~ttOOft m.*x~~••n•~~m~§oo~~1100.~•moo••~~aoo•~· ~&~•*m~ ~~OO~B*ffT~*a*XM~T~AMmMfim~&OOfi~~@~~OO~B.~~Mfi~ ffi: ~§009~. ~~A~-$~ili~~-~~-~. ~&•J§~~~A-~. 51§2.J§, m2 !l!ftfil~3~10¥l•wn•~0;lt~:ut1Jfil••~oo:w:J:. m3 li!ftfilfl•wn -~00%st. #JU~T J1~ft*fflSIHt*5lP.\GJ}J00Wtl-T-. m4 -~-~-frfl••n•~OO'.')tmr:m § oo~ip~. m5 •~•fl••n•~, ~~•m1t~~m~:ut1J~•oom~*oo1~;JE1tmtz:1:At ~-~.M6li!~W~~m~§·~·OO~A~•*OO~~~&~fl'JOOAA~.m1••~~A ~•oo~•~••·*ftfilT~§••oo~~1100. ms•%fiT~~-~~-#~Aa~m ~oo~m~§~. •m~~A~-$~OO•OO~~.M9.ftfil~~-~~A~•*·~~m r:m § ~&:tzofPJWffrfmfl'Jmili oo•i5l ~. m 10 :]fi:~~it. 2. 1 ·t~~a>.J~~j1'fil* ~1o~~*oo~m~*~*·~oo~~T~moo*AAm~~*·~moom~~~~~~m *~oom~tz:~TAm~~~~•oo§*m*.~~m.~•~*·~m~~m~•*~~m ~IR , ~~ip ~17N'.5L:ft 7v ~ ill . ~*$•OO~~~OO--ff.~OOM*~R~~-~oom&-W%ttA•m~m~~~-. ~m~~~•oo~JE~~$•moo~mm•**ffi®•~· ~mwm~~P.IG§*OO~mm~. ~~000;lt$1'1B7G~:3l1f~m~:ut1J~•tt•it::IGIJOO$*, ITff~~fPR~m~:utll~•1rfl=J§fllilil3 JE**oo~m~*JiJT:J6,~m &oo. *itxm1~000;ltWl'1~115~!k:•m. :l:t!!1f•m. ~&•mtfl:MJfoOOtK0it1 (Public Corporation). -~OOfK0PJ~:flHJ~~W•:V:.OO-trm0PJ, ~m~~-i:$$(;$%~•m?JT1f. 0 ;ltW!'1mitU~OO~•mJik,m$(;W1fOO~t•45tAfomtz:. :tzomlJ5t12J,~J.A•mW1fB"J±J:i!!fllMF JiJTJ[~$(;i'iiJ~~~B"J45t~f!l;!:t.fm45tA (Charges and Fees). I 2. 2 ~~~limk •~~~•~m&•oom~s~~*$••mmoo~oo~~~··~••~•oo•~· w $•m•m•~*J+Xr~um•= • r~-~~~~•fi~A.~±~~mr*oo~•~mm, •~1¥J•$§mnttm~m~ 1¥JfJl~, ~lJU!t, fflpm, 0~1f~~*m:JJo•ml¥J,~,~A. ffl?m<user Charges)§11S ~•&~•fil~~~•,~•&~••wfil~m~m~m,mn~mm,~mmmm,~ ¥1Bm, mli!~~~•, ;J:JL:f:m•~~. m~•moo~~A&W~•M•1¥J•$.ma•MLm~•~•~.tt$1¥Jm•~~~• *l•wna.:tM=t~i1fM=~1tM:ttf¥9='1¥Jm~::fJE, ~;W&~~otnJtJtmoo~wl!I~. • W-*-f*it1JL~~/jc1J5t. ~±~~1~:rF1t001rm~mm, ~&~a~ 1J\f¥1tLfLlfflOO~tJt •~~~-~.~~$§m~m~~±~oooo•0~~~•~oo~~*~~tJt•.••~ •wn~l:3~001r ll•tJt•. ~#~$ft9='00&•r~*ffl.B~9~TW$00•0~*~-*~1¥J~D~§,~~-, ~•m•~•rrI~.~®0~ffefili¥JI~§m: ~~W~*~· ~-~§~~.MOO~ •~m~~tt•~· ~&••oo*~AtJtm~mm~•0~~~-~§. 2. 3 E8f~Jfl~:~.J;t ~-~m&•~m*m~~~m&•~•~m*1¥J~A*.:tM.~~•ttm0A~-fil~ ~#m~oom•*.:tM.~~®~1¥J•ffl~~~m~~~ffl~.:tM~*,w::fmnttm~m~ fil~m•**rmi!if~ffl~. ~~ift**·1100•~~5t~0~*o*"~wna~n~1ilfl&•®1~1¥J1x14=~-*trr~1ilfl. ~1!e. m~fil~m••~•m~M~m~m&•9='~~~A.~~~Am~~~mtJt•~~*· ~~ ~~•1¥J§fil~.~-~~•~mw••~~0m•~-;W, &m~~~~~tJtm. 2. 4 fk~!Bil~-t5l~¥:titfliitiffil¥-Jt9:~ •*M$1¥JM~*~·•m::fA~•*JE•1¥J~m&•m•~1¥J-~.l!l~--B~~~ -#"~~1¥J"•ft~$,@MOO~•*m~L·-~JE•1¥J•~•*•m•. ~~. q:r~ mM*5!m~~$ft.Jltlli'&:., ;ffi-~~~t2115tl5H~Uo0~$f111'T•,~-:Ji, ~§~00%:1¥J1Rffl~~fot2 115tlDmJWJHE. ~::s~:nli~®ftU~i. ilf$•m•m=ma~:tJG "rm•1rm~" fflf.:tM=t:-1fJ~1¥J~1ilfl&•1¥JtJt •*~·*•wntJtm::fm~•m•mm§H::fm~oo*oo*ffl.att~1o~q:r,t:-s~aoo ~L~~-#m~~~oo•&~~•*~~•~m&•~§1¥J~~.~~001¥JM~§m~~~ m(Channel Tunnel in Europe), ~*fLliEflt~l'f!j;~~m (Sydney Harbor Tunnel), !b*®SIE 1¥J~~tiillJ:i!0M (Malaysia North-South Highway), ~1§.1¥J=AAiillJ:i!0M (Bangkok Second- Stage Expressway), j!:i§-0~~-~* (Bangkok Transit Syatems}_ :i=$i (Hong Kong) 1¥J0M ~m*o*~·~~-- (Mass Transit Railway), 9=' 001¥JW$MIT (~PJ) If¥~&r-¥*fl'b:i!0 •• *!Niti 211 3. 1 7:11t~~~;fb;g~Bil ft~~OO*.W¥~&.~A$f1BfrA~mM.m•.•moo~~-~*~·~~&~ ill$M~~-ill-~400Nm.a~oo. 3tD~§OO~tt~~I-m~~~OO~OO~tt~~~ JA I.!f!.1il:. 80 ~1~3T~€J, flfi$f1~r.vff9'1&fr A3tDJN § OO~JE9. *mfo~£fi~'@i~. flfi$f100•~PT~: • ~~PX;*~i~£~00~tt~. #xt0A <~1®1~) 001ffl*1~tl:l·l;1cJ!&f'Z: • ~~•m~#~~oo~~••.PT~£~m~~•; • -~El3T~-~tt~~fflr~3t-~§, ®~*~~tt~~~~~~-~OONmffih: • *m~oo•m%~.M~£oo*m•mm: • 51:Jtt•~~:FJ!l. J]I! § ~:FJ!lfO·~~:FJ!lOO~Ji;t: • 51Aflfi$f100~i¥fo § mm:J:m~£i:ifOOillfF: • ;7g~:ptfj~~oo~~51A$X~f00R~ft7t:tl!. -~w1:I:. llii1?fOtf:FJ!l. 3. 2 ;fb;g~Bfla~~~H~~ ~fi$f100•~~-#9~00%~. Bill£: • ffe'§jfij~tfPOOm~ (contractor-arranged financing); • t~iffX(consession); • ~~~)t'§(contracting out of services). ~~•~•~•~.~'E1M]§J~~•- mom~.~~&'E1MJA•m~oo~m~m~~~ Ef1~x~•· JiJf~~®-~ifl3PJf1::/9 "@:~€1-~" (seed money). •m~~':ittfi°&MNm. E13ffe 'E1]§J~n#~~m•~•~-~~~~-~~~oo~~tt•.•mc~0A>ftI~~$~I7f ~~~~·~*~~*Mg, •~oom•A&PT~£~m•m.&PT~£fF/9~§m~Aoooo fi0-§J. ~tifi•m~tfpPJfi~$~PJ-~00:f.§.~, ~tifi:fl!~D~'E1ti5: "±t(fl~" (sovereign guarantees), ~tif•m~tfpf~f$;7g·~-ttiJ: (Build and Transfer), ~(ajf$ BT. ~~~.~ANm#DtlE13~~~--~~~f~fX~, xt~§:itt~---·~~~fi, ~&xt1!effl#~If)(~ffl. Miti:*xPT~*lf)(~ r~tif%~. ~±~1~J~1JftrB1noom~~~. • BOT, ep•~-~2fi-f$3t (Build, Operate and Transfer) e BOOT, ep•~-W~-~2fi-f$3t(Build, Own, Operate and Transfer) • BOO, ep•~-W~-~21[ (Build, Own and Operate) • BLT, ep•~-fll.1'A-l$3t (Build, Lease and Transfer) ftL:i!m~%~~' flfi$f1ftJN § OOit:lGIJ. ••tOtf:FJ!l1JOOJE9±~11'ffl fAfi$f1' n 0 ~'E1M*~OOfim0rrJ, &~t&·~~§OO~tt.m~~~:FJ!l.~ttift~OO. •m~··iJ: •m~oo~~~*m~~•~®~§. ~BOO 11~71-, JN§ 00~$-tz: ceP3tD~:Ptll~~) ~at~ift(WjjliijJ§:JC~tt•~·m 0 BOO 11~~'E1mmtz:tt•. w£~~rm1'A11~. ~-~fil.~~~A±•~•~m•**§~$•wn.M~•m~~-~••00~•0 ~a<J~•,··· ~&~-~§~-%$•0~. fl.WfT~~:~8<J~*~%Aa<J±•I*~~-&amJlffia<JIJ&:I:, 'JljtUl•Wna<JWJI~;f($:1t ft~li* £~~t!WJEIBN~a<JM~. 3. 3 *wEil!.ii!! ~ B>.J !'£~ BOT Ijlj El JA 80 i:F1~~:itJJ7f~ft. fA••n•~~:ii~liili~M!Ul~1t~1ltB1~. wm~srE1Jtl 0 ti!!IR$7t~M!! BOT~§ 8<J7t-@*ll*f~. wmB:ff:=: 1' BOT~§ 1*;J)Jti!!%!VGT•~· :1tB7f~M~ •: if:ffW3-i'r-m § iEtE~J!~, :1t•*~1jt£ 1997 *111998 i:F~I: • ~ IR~JtE~~i!t (Central Harbor Crossing Tunnel) (1971 if:); • JKIR~JtEBi!t (Eastern Harbor Crossing Tunnel) (1989 if:); • j(~tlJBi!t (Tate's Cairn Tunnel) (1990 if:): • lLEi!R~JtEBi!t (Western Harbor Crossing) (tEJ!, fmit 1997 i:F~I); • :=: %=f~:t5e~!f0!m@: (Tai Nam Tunnel & Yuen Long Approach Road) (3 %~) (t£Jt, Im it 1998 i:F%I). ~oo, !b*®srE*11¥1$~ammx1~nl•Wn:lg~ii~§•~•~*ti:~1foomlf>t~i:lf' IEJ*¥,ljta<JpjGJ}J. :liJVGJ}J a<Jj(~r-m § §1§!b*®srEB<J1¥J;jt~J!0~*oil.~a<J~J!0~. •-i'BITT~§fi:ff~~~~~.~®&~W•-i'A~~§a<J~~~~&-~~~§a<Jaffl ~·~~~.am~1~~•*~mT~®~§±•oo~~~*tt~••~~. ~-~fil.~mJVGJ}J*•0~w*~'W*tt111wooww~m:ff5-i'amm:ffoo~••m oo•·~~-%§~T$•Wn.~-·~.~~~~•&T~••m*~•T•*••· 0 ~&~~jf. 4. 1 ~~ii&~ ~m~~~M!!mtt~~~m~~:ffm§oo•~· ~~•m~•~mm:X~Mamoo••· ®ti:~-~~~•moo••~~•••~m.~§M~~m:ff~oo•m••*ff*~oo••· ~•JEm~m•*:lf'~**OO•*· lg•*oo~~~~·~~•em~. ~&•e$••n• ~r-m §. ~m••§~m:ffoo~*~•.~•~~moomff,tt~a~,0~••~*~~m••· ±~•·§;f~§13: • fi~tt~m*§~~-~§~~OOB<J~~: • ~:*.*ftt::lf' JVG1.t oo~• *o xi~ oo~•: • •~~•m~~--~~m~. •~•~~moomff,m*m•,~~~~~~~; • mttm±*~~~m••~•~oo••~•~.~~**m$•Wnoom~: • -~tE~~~:ii~A~W~~~/f'IEJB<J~D~A~OOB<J~$~~. ~-~~$: *~••m••m~A~~~•xoo~-g~R•OOR#~~-§~§~hOO~M.:tE~ 00, •m~~:l:-t!!.~1tUlf~Bg1ifllRaJ~ § OOJiJT~~~it:lGIJ~. 4. 2 ti~)(~ tt~S*OOX*~~-*#M~-~~-~~-~*mOO~M,:tf~B••~~I·~ ~K·~tsr. r' ~ 00*~· 0~~-Bli*W:tE §:$9l~m r ~£.-' F~:l:-t!!.f:&~•mOO*~MtO ";11~" (associated businesses) OOi&A. ;1J~JH~El30~tf!Hl~£.•OO:tzofjj:l:t!!tz:, {tfit, tjtEi, ~}!*~' •~~- El3~~~~Aoomm~fi,~®0~•n~~•~h•M0~~••*00§~tt•~ ;1J~, J3:#:EJll~:#/Fd> }Ji!.. 4. 3 f*tfl*~*lj~ ~-~~. /F~~~~tt~~~•tt~•· ~~-~§~m•~~~oo~•~•&.wm 000~1-\$~2.-:fLl~iJ~tUTt:lGIJ (Profit Control Scheme) :wt~-1-110f00f9lJ-T. wM000~1-\$ El3~•Lmoo~•0~~•.~1-tt~oo§oo~am•~~~goo~~~oo,mm~oo•ff~ X*~oo, ~&@•~~~@•oo§•~oo~~m~oo~oo. awm, &~W~~~~-OOT~§OO~fi~i&•*~OOM-T, ~~: • *~w~m~§.~DM~~OO$~-~M~~-~*~~(~ffl*W~*~§~-~OO@ **oog~). •m•~~-~3~00•~1&~. •m~~~ml3:~~*M~~•oo**· • ~~-~~--:tE~W~~~~-~7-~~-~AOOLr~.R~~~~A~~r~~. ~fi~~~-Jtt:fr~~; ~3iL~~OOff1ilJ*U~~AW~tt•¥!J "9t:1i-g~" , :tzo*•Wf~tl:! ~~. ~~g~~ffl*M~~-00**· 4• 4 ifS{ Ht 8{] )(J\! I~ •m ooxJ\lt.r: ~:tl!i = • J~ § oo § oo~m#t0j:Uli*; • Ll~~ood*~~•*~moom*; • Ll~-~OO•**~re~*~~~-~~&; • §~~IfiOO&tt~m·,~-~~~•*m•,g~&aoom~~'~AN•~OO"M m" :fLl~ (undue profit) OO~tU; • •*~~m:1:-t!!.~1~0~$fl00JX\,~, ~o0:;ttf~*' ~A~it:KtO*~M. 4. 5 ifS{~-TfYi •m~~:tE~D~Jtt:fr~~. ~§~0~~~~~~~®··~-ffl§~.J3:®~~~~ ~-~~••noo~•tt~~m~•· ~~•D~•~m.a*~•~El3m~~moo•.•m ~~-#~M:tE~~~~~~~~oo~•. - I 5. 1 *'JJjij~*Jl ~AN•~~~fi~~.~ffJOO~att*§f~~~-~-~fl~$hOOm**~~tt~ OON•~~$. ~~. ~AN•~m•M~~TM~V~§OOtt~.~m~~~~~. 5. 2 ij::*:~&Jl±milt~=1'Mi~~Ji-1r5tm~ ~•oo••§~~~~~wmm~~flMrm~~~~-~~~~maN•~oom~. ~ ~*flMf~-~~m~~~-~§OO~AN•~·*-~M~oom•~~~-~~·~m. a~m.tt~~m~*~~m~~. 0~N•~~A••~~oott~~. ~~~~*mN -~.~~~-®~~T-~OOOOA.F~*•~ms. ~~~-m~~oom•d~•-flM r•Y.~®mdd1!! 1 L.'. ~TM. OO*it~B~7f~€171Vtttf~#ll'X~T ~~fOO:ltEJm. flMfP&'Jlfn'f~H?flAN•. #flMff~H?flV$flfLl~lk;i:tX1~1ilfl~aJff!§f9';t,&·t1~~ ~@§:fl5~r11:1Jnfil: • tJL;ftJ 11:1J nJR, :tin~~ 00 ~m1J :rt 00 f'F ffl fn iifif 7r:r\ ~ § 00 ~MkJ: • ~~m•.~*mmfl~m~~M.•~••·•*~~m~AA~~; • ~~.V-~tf~OON~~W~~~: • :iti~~t:Un3i:If~H-;ffl115tl: • fLl ~IJ~ 11itl tJL 11itl ; • ±!-tl!~flfn7f~ilf~tX: • •mxt-r. ~~m:f~V!i1i. -~B:A. !fmM17'H#zfn:J!!~~*A· ~~a~~~wn~~~~·~§~•m~~~~. W$OO*•~~r~m~~w*~~ J:liJJL~. 5. 3 *A;g~Bfla~:xf,~ flViWfl~)(JM£§:fl5: • ~§R~-~•~Nm.@mMr•~~~: • •Jtj(1!!V•fn*~OO~~**· #1±\~~!t*: • MNM~~1~JE$00~:f~: • a~m7fm#~Jt:JtE-~oo•~m~: • •*~~~-j>-~~-ffl~~. 5. 4 ~9:~~~ID. ~BITT*:r\X>t~~~-~§OON•~~*~~~: "fl•*OO"~"*M§~OO"NM~. fl"~*~~ti~=l" (Connected Investors). 11Vm®ttJtfilmttJlit § ~-ITfi~1~ Ht~~Jit)'~:f~WllOO A. :tinV•*§•• *11r•fn~~F7f~-~. ftl!.ffJX11ifH~*11tfnV•~fiiJ. d~~F7f~~ 'f!E/¥11.fi 275 Ji1\t, i3:®19:'tf~X15c:Ji~liffl~nffil¥Jt£ft:Jf:::f•~·· l!ljgJJ~:::f~ftMfJl¥J.±Jfrt:~93-o 1£i3: #•~~. -~~~nffiI~~~*~·~fil~~*ffilttfil~~ftmf:f1¥Jm~o•m@§•* ~ilf~tJJ-iSlf011!*.tJJ-iSl q:rfl JEUl¥J*~· ftf9:'tf~ ..R ~~1£7f~i:tflt£fti&Al¥J~1FJ§, 1JPJ:j4fB 1~HJ:SftE. fn jg tlt1~~i/f~ rnH9!~ 1¥1 f:ff PJtf! *) Mil~~= 1J o fn 1¥1 mff < -tEM El f;f-t5t~~ (Arms-Length Investors) o 1~JJ~®1E@J11f!i,~~5G:i:J!.lL:f±J9l § **i&Aif j]l¥Jfj'tf~' :tzofl.Af9:'tf~' m:ttJfj'tf~' *f*~~~JH~fO*llfi0iiJ 0 ftE.ffJ:f±i3:fif'tf~~Jl*f9: 1t£q:i~*-lf1Jl~fi:l¥Ji&A. i3:fifi&A~*1?!%iWJ•Jl~•l*51~1¥J1~~0 BOT J9! § 1¥J~if~M ~M2~501F/f •. i&Ali11t*~X1ftffl~l¥Ji&•. i3:#i&•PT@•J1~•l*~friW1•oi3:# %J:\1¥Ji&AX1if$JtiEl¥J-lf:ltJ119:'tf~~1~flJ!,& 51iJ1¥1 o 6. 1 IPi§~~ fl.fttmf11E BOT J9l § tJ\\:lg-JPffj'tf~93-o l!!Jlt, ~J9i § 16'~9i~~·w*~1lit£fti&A. ;]f~gg;Jt ~*~1¥JN'tf~~oRU•JEi3:®~*1¥J~Ji~§~M: • i&•J!!~, m~uo~il!; • f~$Jm, ~:iEJmM; e /.\ * '# ,_ -::; ~;;,. :A7"'fr~m-=;t.; • ~~~1¥Ji&•*M, ft~~~®:i:~~~~i&•*Mo 6. 2 7t~~ftJ: -~:Xli~~~nffi~§~~~~-JE~~~*~m. ~n~~Jitt~A~ft*~~: • JPf § 16'~9i~JtiE$~1¥J; • JirlX1f!ffl~.g.~ (#tEJ5l~J:PJt;JJ~l&) 1¥Ji&m~1~t.9J1JH¥1i&.ta.: • r9113 m~1¥J~li93-&,~9iflm:i:k: • X1-Tif1£ 1¥J9t~AfO~'tf ~, rm§ &,~9!1£M93- _t PJfr#flJ!,& 51 iJ o 6. 3 ~9j~~~{j3lj!,i;!i\ ~fttmf1X1-~~§~N·~-~~-TN'tf~X1~~§~1£1¥JM93-PJfrtt~R!lfil¥J~m~ Wffro 5c::ii~liffl~nffiJ9! § X1fl.AN'tf~1¥JJ!,& 51 iJ ~ ~-T: • •m~N••*m~®N•~•~!%~$~~1¥JR!lfi~mf:f; • ~§~~~~JEU1¥J•~~•*mJEM93-~~,~-~*~~*~~~. #H~~tlt~PJ 1~~rmH~:i:l¥J~ftl: • @]**~~~~§1¥JmMR!lfiffi§, #H~~~N•m~<~•m•1¥J~~*M~•)ffi~ ~at. @J*$fil~1~flllli51nl¥Jo t9!Mi¥J@J1R$~~-T~£YfV\:~, mJm, -~~*~~rN §00BM~~.mfm~OONM$.~-~~"m•~~" • •mm~ANMOO~ff••oom~~~. fr~m£~~-~--~g•M•~~~~AN M$~§OOW•~*~~~-~oom~tt. 7. 1 BOT l,PH~U~~~g ~m£~~-~§OO~~~A~~m••NA•m~W§~M*·~§H~F~~§~~. ~*oo•~~M~liZ.m~A•*~OO•*~~-•~*m~.fr~§~•oo•w~~m. m& F~M~ttoo~•-•.@•*MW~, ffif~-~-~~*~~.~§~~F~-~oo~• ••• *~••~r.~W~9=1~§mmfl~ffu.~~.NM$mJt.fr~§9=1*ff••~•~ OOm~.m~~~m~mflmfl~, fil~~liZ.~~-F.frBOT~§9=1, NM$fr~-~r~ ~-~~AOO~~.ffi@~, ~§9=1fil~#frM**mOOMB. ~§OO-W*~ffl*~*~«.~®*~ffl*~tt#m*~$00~*•m.*oMM.• 4~2Z.#~~~A~OO•*•m.@~, ~§OO~§m~~~-ffi. 7. 2 1t ~~)Pl§ ~!Ii~ fr1~~001Jt)}jz~*9=1, 1Jtif,JzA;Ji£fiff#zAOOMF~$ "MF-'¥•*" (balance sheet), ffi mff#zAB~fflf~~~~~1Jtff#z*~OO~Afth. BOT r_m § J'iJT®~OOM~•'M''M'~l='M'*· ~~f!NM$00'BtF~hxt~ifc~. ~mJt.'Bf Ff •*F~£~00~~.W£!.. mmft~M~~N'Bt$~Jt.~N••m•~OOfth.~~.~ $~l!~~Jt.'BfF~A~U~~r_m § 9=1-t:. fmffJW*~fmffJl¥Jf~*pf!1!JtlfrJt.F~Pl!m~r*J' Wt1'8M$**1ll:lt$* ~~fr!. £!. * ~~. •m~T-~~00£~~-~§8MOO~A. ~~~A¥i£f~§**00Mfr~A ~liZ.JJn § f~~f~*OO~~h. filil'Jt~ib?.. "Jin§ ~~T fiff#zA" . W~~~fr1~~JEOO~*f1=8M OO't~~r. ~'Bt$~fiff#zA. ~§8Mm~~~~: ~~~~-~A~OO~~-FW*ff1ft:ff#z••oo-~~~.w~~ ~~-F~-F~-~m*~oo.m~~oo~mBMOO~A.~;li:i,:f~§**OO~AMh. Jl=fflff~~f~*-fof~~*~· J])t § 8'Bf'M'1El~f1=1Hltil11•~ (limited resource) ~~l=Jl11•~ (nonrecource) 8M. ~l=J111• ~--~-~C*M)1Jtff#z8'Bf00%~. ~~%~-*~~~~§**OOMfr~§~M**OO• *1~~. ~-$~iic1l!rJn § oo~~]tff:. ~*~••~AJfrff:*1t!&*m. £'M'm OO%A~~fl ~Jl11·~8M.fr~~--~Ar. ~-$~fr~§9=1ifc§-®A~~~. ~fr~§~*-~ -~:k~ BOT J9l § B<JP.IG:9J~:S:, *l1!f£-FflAN•:tt P.X;J}J:li!!;l;JJ9l § $tlfU'EJE.B<J "1f ~~ill~ ;tl(i!!•" B<J~gjJ 0 7. 3 '¥ff -~*OON•:tt~mN•#~--~OOT~§B<J·~~~~~~~-F-~B<Jm$t~tt. ~ 11SJN:.:'1s:N•QJ(;~NY\ill••~B<Jm$t~·l10 N•:ttxtJ9l § B<Jm1t·l1:1!1tifffl', #1ttl~-J~m1TB<J •~tt~o~mN•:tt~••~~B<J•~.m~*ffl~§M•B<J~~M•~•1T~~NY\m~w JI!$t~-~o ill•m~. -~~---~·1T··~~N•:ttB<JM*~~. #X1~§8<JM*m1Ttt:l!1T W~o~-W~B<J~-~~-B<J#H~N•:ttB~P.lG:9J:li!!$t~T~~;tl(.N•:ttm~•m~~ W1Tffi~~~mmB<JM~~••tt~.#~•tt~~mrt~NY\wrn.~Am~~••m••~o ~ifYzB<J•~~H~mB<Jm~•~~:7vfil~~~•B<J-•QJ(;~*•1T~•~ifYzA*W~o 1. 4 :m,~~~~iCJ~ ~§W§~ffttM~o~§M*~1TttM~B<J-~-~-*~~~-•*fiomrt~~ •*fJT*l'.ft•~J9! § t9l~tlB<l**451:At&Jttl£1~iE;g P.IG.:'1s:B<J~gjj. 1J!*f~~~H-fitir~B<JN •@*$oX1-~0M~§*™·~-~~":l!1TxBtM~oxWtM~~BM0M~B<Jx ---~~PX;, ~H~§H~iE1TfflB<J1~15~~-~B<JBtt45l:Ao~:l!1T-*~B<l~--~ *1'.ft•:tE~m***·±:li!!~m.•mxm••·451:•*~~~~~#~~~~~~~~~B<J •~oxt-F~OO•**™·@~fE"~~n~Hm:tEB<JB~~•B<JmMB<Jm~11~00:1!1Tr~ B<J~•l'.ft•o~~~~N•:tt~~NY\Amm~~~~~-, ftX:tE•mxm~§~o ~-F:k~ ~•m~1f*AAB<Jxmm~QJ(;~1f~~-~~•B<J*AAxmN•tt~. f£ffi$B<Jm~~~~~ ~tt~~~.ffW"••~~B<J"~••••~m~~B<JooTmM~§B<J451:Amn~~m•B<J •~oxmt~451:AM~m~~-~A1f00~~-B<Jn~B<Jxm~~m~**1To~M~*~ ••fit~m:tEB<JN•:tt~~NY\A. #-~:7vWW~NY\~#B<l-$*o~*·M*M~•:l!1T *~B<l~§~~--ttM~. ~m~~Bm~mnm~B<J~•~~•m~~~~~~~~. ~-=~·~§B<JB•~~~JN:~B•~~mmom~a~B<JM*BMmP.\G.m~B<J•~ *~~15: • flAN•:tt-J9l § B<J~~A (JN:.:'1s:NA): • MJ9! § L151:_@_B<Jir~fl'U <~~B•fo/9JGBJN:): • fil~0~--®fil~0~H~X100~~§MM$~~W®A~~m•_@_B<J~~~-~§M • -~•1t~~; • flAfO;fJL;ffJN•:tt~•o ~tt~§~~*MofE:7vxB~~~-~§M•rt~~~f£B<JM~~--~~§m•fitB<J ~~*A1f;f±~·l1o xt•m*™· BOT J9! § B<J§~ § ;fffi~WijJE.0AX1Xi!U~*B<l•*· :7v~~xm~§B<Jtt~§~. m~m:ttB<J451:•*~· ~mnm1T45l:nQJ(;0~xmB<Jffl'~. @~amaB<J~ffl:tt~r~~~~*~B<l*~o451:•*~•~~~~m:ttB<Jm~~451:A~*~ ---r aM~it~~*~· •W##~~0Amf~~§m••~•*OOMm~0AmfM~~ §mw~oo~A~~•£oo•~·~®•~~~••mm~mm1Ttt~~oo•*~•m~w~ ·~~~~-1¥.J-~; ~••mtt~P~~~-~§~-~M~00·~~~-1¥.JL~. ~-~m. ~~~~§oo•~§~, ~•*.Ifx~~JE~•JE~m•**~~nr~m~ ~a~~~•tt*•m~~~§ffi~OO§**· :till='=~®§ ;fff-Z.faJ1t~:f'~-~#·t~<5L~#Jt~, •m~ttlJll:ff 16,.51A "aJJJJJ" ~ ""!11 JJJ}j" ;fJL'rt!J~f~H~Jjl § m*•~OOJ!ffi.51)J* 11~g~m'fa1¥J1JttJYzAJiJT~~. ~•A~~~a#.~§~~~~a~~~ooM*•JJJJJm•~~tt•~~f*filOO#~~ @t~fl"M*LOOm1r·11. 1l'ttJYzAaw1t~ooxJM.~ § OOJXl.~~~*llrm§ OOl!ffi.51n~. ~*a:~ r1"1J~= • a:li~~ 10~13 ~1¥.JM~~~, 1f5Si:Ai¥JlJll~mt:S:fflfrm §f~fY!; • fl"*Wn~~~~~.oo•#~m~§oomm; • m~~1~JE19$1¥J3tt¥·11~litll'&:OO!:tllla~:i!l-*ll]E$fftr$m; arm§ %I:tf~€1~§~, • M!!II~~mmnoo.:ff~moo~fl"~•ooffe§•ffem; • §i'l'iffe§•) mffe111.5<.*~111.1*oomi!t: ~ oo ~:t-t!!it~~ < • •**ll:l:i!!~ ~iilrffl;ftJ 003tf¥; • :ff~JEOO~**•~f*fil*•~m~§OOffe*; • m~~~-~17taoo*~oom~~tt. 7. 5 ;ttmh*JUM . • • •mm~•~oo•JJJJJmMoo#m%~§~: 3tJm.:S:1Elf*, :tzoX111·1·1-¥*:tlll~5*0Ri:lttffi¥Jili/J"Jtml:S:tElf*, 32,:~~f~A.11!1*: fl~~~· (~Z9J2-a:iti!Ji5l~OO;f!Jffl$*.IfZ.1W~51A~.!:=ij~·001it:OO!WlJt)' :tzoift:~W •~•~-~~oo~oo~noo~Z9J2m~; ~!Jtfl" ~~ * 9)(;?;~• rm § oo ~A..&mlJtfl" mR! / m=~ oo ®: n:ltt1Txx *r !JUi, -till £Ek:Dt mm= *ll • i!1!; • :f}!JUi·l1n$(1illm~A. JLiUllf!£~AM°~), 1f~~~:.lH'F}gt±~5<.*PX:::i$:, 1illWM000 ~1-t**ll~~m$t5tOO$~~.&~i+A:ltt1T:fr!JUi; • m~~~:f!J·l11it:M!!itt1T:fH~. :tzllx•~1fl'moooo0~~'*~•£!J(;•m; • -~~§f*fil,~lffl~~i'Jf-~-~-mOO~fl°~; • ~~r:tftt~. ~~~OO:A~~§OO-~~~~B; • fi£.@,1l'ta <~llft~·111l'ta~irM·1117ta~$£W?trm § JXl.~, :tzllPX:::i$:Mi3tJXl.~); • ~**Ill~ (~Ar~i¥J) •rttA; • ;m~aJJJJJ, §~±1o;m*ll±1o;m~A~~. w~-~#MOO•~~m*oo•~m*•§•oo•~~mm*oo,:ff~~~~~m•oo. ~mtft1~•m1~xt$~J\1.rm0 iE:l:-t!!W~ BOT Jjl § OOJ!i5l-t5*1*1?0AOO:f!J§. filmt~iJi, •m~ *~W~~~~~T-~":li:M00"3(£,~~~~~~~-~"0.If"003t:£.~~.mff filJ "~fUA•rfflfYi*" %~00:frMm•nHfff~OOifnJ11fliJf~. 7. 6 ll~~~ a~@M~r. -~Jt:•£~R-~§m•a~~-.lz:OO£~LDttF*OOM*~fitt* fiOO~--~~~§~~-~~fioo•~m~. •mfl~•*~~@m~oo•~· ~~: • •m-~ffi~OOm~FH~~~Jt.~~-~(~~m~mJt:DMIR~~-0Mm*MIROO -1?-W~~): • ~ X>t1t11£Jt:Din• oo ,1x1,r~f1J• ~ 1lt~.A 1¥31~ Jc.' wa 1n1A :tr-=f i:F pg~ fi: 0::J:t~ fl.A oo ir1t ~ • a:r.m § 1W1Aif'Vfil:!:-tl!:t;! ffl *~at' •m1Hf!.9Jt-~$* ±•If¥ :f;!flJ/9)(;±~~14; • •mX>t7C1:#~~h OO£litfl·liR•f1J~ll*•~*rlM, i~:tZ1J.A P ;m-&OO:ill:@:!:-tl!!Rf1J5&;f1:!:-tl!IR 00 0::J:t3t:DR•. 7. 7 ±±t!!{1=;g-~~l,Wi!iJf~~ q:iooilii:F*OOm~FH~~~~TX>f±~M*OOL*· ftJt.~X;j"~@~~--~mBJtAfl !fX:A**mn:1:-tl!1R oo±~. tti=~ oo pg flJOO)'r00!9:m:'f't iE~t"•.:V:mHtMfJOO±:!:-tl!£t~J$OO:fJt~. ~i:F*· q:ioo•m~:OO!TJS:~-~•*· ~P ~±:!:-t!!*1t~X;J!J!t* LAAz11&51noo:r.m §i!Hr Jt:)0rJMOO-;f~1J~. ~±:!:-tl!JiJTF1:00$X~OOm:!:-tl!Fl&A@11~$**1JIJJ.9f § 0011&51JJ, ~j_ffj9: m@li&1A. ft 80 i:F{-tq:iJ§:JtA, ±:!:-tl!B~'.£~~ BOT :r_m § oo-~AflP.&51hOO~J3.~$*· ft~®·tf!f~r. !9:•1't~~sm~§~•~ft•~q:i~~±~oo-#1J~.m~iEa~•~~-~~.a•• :1:-tl!m::f£~1~fl".&51nOO:!:-tl!F: :;t:t.;;z, Mz-M~oo=~m:1:m~'*~)'r00!9:m:'f't::f~~~£:1:-tl!~j[ ~F· JS:a~~T~~OO~ff#H~~~®~~::f~m~•*M~ffl00!9:m:'f'tX;J~::fd~•: m-, M~FITT~BH~~~~~. ~~m~oo••~·iEft*A· ::f1t!RJ3iJ:!:-tl!~±:!:-tl!t9:A 1t~-{~!~5.i3t:i!1Pffi § 11& 51h 001~~~::f~~a<J, @~X;J~-1J~ mfiff~a<J*~.rmHL'lzX>tJt.~m.M*~~ma<J•~mfiflnoow~.-roo~~~~~fl~ 00: • m±~~m~~a<Jmfi~B~Afl::f~~fil.iW:'f't~~~a<JmAAmmttmm,Jt.~~~~ m~~~@l**·rm~•£~R:OOi~§OOA~~fil~*Mt9:m.~~Fmmffi~!fX. ~· ~§!9:m!fX~~~mAA~m~~a<J•~· #H~ft-~!fX*a<JatAApgm~£*m•~a<J@l 1~. • m~FITT~Afl£~mM~m~~a<J-~a<J~~. ~-ITT~~~M. ft~-~§•RMpg a<Jm~FH~a<Ji&A~~flM~-~~-~§mM1lt~··· JS:~~*3t:D~§a<JMm~ *#*~~§a<J~fitt.m~.m~F~~OOffMm~~~~~~~~~~oom•. #H ~~X;Jt9:m:'f't~~m~FH~~~-~§OO~nF1:~•a<J~®. ~~. am~~§at, •m~~~~FH~R~M~-~§q:i*~W*, Mrm~fil~Jt:-~§OO~~~~::f~~ ~m~FITT~L-~raa<J•~.@~•*H~:'f't@•:'f't*•~H~~)-~*~~±* Jf~a<J "fffi1Afl.tiW\", &P~fil~Jt.ffl1tX;JJt:D:rffi§00 "11-JM" flJ "!9:A". • q:iooa<Jm*Fm~mmH~•~g*, ••.:V:-~w~~•~±*~mF~*oom~~* ~•-mat~. §!W&::fA~~fil•m*~-#~~•~±*"•~m~~m"a<J~~~ tt*· :tEJS:lf'W~r, •X;J*l-IJUioo~m~&•m&JEIEOOi&A § ;tim1Tt'f1fl' ~3¥£::f~~~oo. ~f•m~~z~~-~~m±~ooff•Ww~~. &wa~~mm~h. • ~•~ma~~§q:ioo±~~f••~&. •mm~~$m•mtt0HM~OOnA*•n ~][~±!ii!., :Ftffl?ff1*~~00•~1~!M3tmJJn §. • ±~H~~-~-NmttN•.mf-®N•~*~.~~~~~-~3tm~§~A~~ iJlh. a~JHR-~JJn§!Jt, •m~,3N~f*~§N•~OOtl::'ih~.&a3tm~§__tOON•/F ~-±~H~m~-~~H./F@~ft~~§N•~«~*ffH~±~W~3tm~§&& ~~-~"m•"~§, ~~~~~~~~~~~D~OO~§*~W. • ~§003t£tt~~#!M@~~m~~~. ~•~N•~~~ft~*oom~mm~h. 7,8 1j\~ aq:im,*fi*M~~~M•~*~~.ft~~a~~q:im~••ff~q=i~;~a•m•~ oom•~oom1*at~~~~-*$••~~••*~~~~~••BMOO/F~~ttoon~~•· w~~~~mmm.a~Mq:im•. ~-~~•mmf:*d~•N•m~.•~~5~~__tM~ oom~~-~F1t~x1L ~~1m~Mq:i m•-1-F, q:i m~z~~$*111.JX1.11>5zoom l*JM*rtfj:m~ *$·~~q:imI~~-OO*OON•~~~-A~•~>*~~-~aq:im*fi3tm~§ N•OO-JXl.llft·li. ~1*1? § c.~~lz::f!JtJXl.llft, 1fil1i'J11\11\ ~*~ r%A001*iiEd11!1*: • ~~~~*~Ma-~m~oo~~~~__t; • fi£l&A~lifi£3tmt1*iiE: • tt~~OO*N•~~tttt~~~M: • ~-~§~*~ili~/F~oo~~•••~at. ~~n•m•~•M~•· Jz:~m~~~Mq:im-~m~-~§~A~•OO*M~~T/F~-~-~fmlz:~M~OO ~*,fil~@fi•iliT-~"@~mf*~~", ~fil~•fim~mN•~~~-AOOW*~§ JXl.llftW~f*tp.Jz:~-*~*~~*N•~~~-AOOm~.alz:~nAr,fil~•fi~-~ ~-~q:i~•~oo~~j:Ft•**•~•m•~*•mf*.li~*~•fi&~-®ffi~OOM~. :Ftmlifi•MOO~§-~g~oo~m~oo•~~--~•*m•~•*· lifi&ft~~~~• ~~~Fii.lf-FOOtt~t>Z.~ort:t~:tx. S111t~m0~wn•*•*1~m:tfl.f*, X>Jfb'8®n1tr•Atn:* •*JXl.llftmf*, ft~X>Jem~§.~filff-f-F, lifi&••*•~m•oo•m•**•mf*. 8. 1 ji)j)- R•~~~•m-*memnA003tm~m~•~§OOJX1.llft~M= • I ti~J)t)Xl. llft : • M• JXl.llft: • 3tmt*ol&AJX1.!l>i: • • ¥il )Xl. llft 0 j;f~l~~H~"**n~~PtaJ. ~-~:fljt)Xl.llft/ifftz:1:.00•nfiiJ/FIPJ, @lz:®Rllftm0~Wfl*Mk~ wn~m~~~1:. ~I~~~Rllft~'f71J. /FIPJ~ n~~¥uOOR!lft:tzor = • 0j:t$ fl: IfiM,JH'cI.'*31•~5tm 1)!:1iffi~IHH81'ffiJiI. PJ~~~X15tm:Jl\l5Ltll±!-fu1f /t ~~Fm1¥J-~, ®HiliPJ~~~-~-~~0-A*W· • • 1)!:~;;$: l¥J :It JJll ·~~fffi~ EB ti~ l¥J !J5C~b.K -'¥* 5$;f r' )!JJ9t •'*31 EB I~~ 1'ffifiltll f;! ffl mst 51/t91¥JM*19l:k•~PJ~MH*~3C~l¥J0A . • ~w~~~*<N•*): ~*•st~~OO•M•'*31Nm&llim•.~§R~:Jt~~~A !¥Jr~. --t~•nitur_m § 1¥J@H~$, ~~~J!~rfitftl:kEBJ11JA**1!L i3:iliPJ~~~3&1tr.W § 1¥JlJJl ~mtii!t 'i. 0§ x1L ~u x1u;, ~ ~i~:$'r l¥J m~fun~~* mst f PJ ~. 'A 51 Jtgr,m § i?i 1ri<JJ l¥J ~ f;! BX; 1fl'*::f ~~11m JE.:Jt ;1J111¥J 1~ 1~ ~ * 0 • ~~A: a~~m-~•·•(5(.r,~~Aa~§@1)!:M~00~31•~1¥JR~.aIW~ I#1f~~'i.~V~A~~.~w~~~*~::f~milim*.m~, ~r•~PT~1¥J•* ~~m~~w~~~*•M***·~~A~x~~: J!B~~~~A1¥Jm*~m~m. n,&:l:[R 80 ff:1~ BOT J],i § 1¥J't~·1iU~~. ~~Al.W.a£::fl!•*tJIJ!f$1¥JR~, 1tMfJ~~*EB:!t 1t!!.~~1J, ~uil-IRJf@i, Nm*tll0j:t$fl~, j:tlRJ:ifdJlJ!~R~. 8. 2 JXt.~i~::P~o~~c ~~m~~§R~£m0§*1¥J.J!~R~1¥Jttm~•~~~§::f1RJ®::f1RJ, ~~~*•a ~~M~§~m~a1¥JR~1¥Jttm~*•· #U•~~~~~h•wR~1¥J~§~~1f**m J!®R~-~~~WJ!®R~#~Jt~~aPJ~~l¥J*-'¥~£-~OOT~§~~l¥J~~. 8. 3 I*~~i~JXl~ IfiJt1)!:R~£mm@PJ~X1~§~~·*filmii.aB•~~~~~~~M~l¥JR~. ±~1¥J@1)!:R~~m~§~~~IR~.~7-Js:&3tR~~~001'ffiMR~. ~§~IM~-.-~OOT~§PJ~/t'i.1¥J•~1¥JMl5L£*~f@i::f~am~1¥Jil-IRJM~/ BX;~·~*~~~~§Ifi, J!~Ml5L-&£~~AA~~*·•W::f@BJ(;!M*:Jl\l5LMft.Nm ~~~-JE.-~1¥3~*' ilA~ffi*~~. ~~~-~~-1¥J*~·*~liffi~§Ifi.®HN -~ili~~-ffl-fil~il-MmH~~~l¥J~~Ifi~*•Wifitt~.~-*~•1¥JliffiI.~ *· NM*PT~*-~rmliffi*•&.W~R~BJ(;~R~#~~*~f@i. • ~~-~JiffiI~N1¥J#MM~tt~: • ~~ffl~X1M~~•m~l¥J"~M"B~*fil~, NM*ffPJ~re~*:!t~~~m*~~ -~+j~:$'rl¥J*iiE: • =f~~~~m~#~r@i.§~m~~#~§~m~~. J!~~~N•*a*~•1t'i.~m ttm~~~~·*~:k-~Jl;Ifi#m~~UV@il-IRJ: • 1i"ffl~tJJ~1¥Jm~~mff1~*-'¥ ~~Ji it::f PJ~~1¥JIWM~#tm#;fH~r_m § ~±1¥Jmt*t~:k: • *ffl 51~1® FW 1¥315-IRJ ~~* r~ 111U*~ f@i 1¥J:fX;fU, R U•±1Jtll ::f PJ1Ji:h1J (Force Majeure) ~3t£I,Al¥J~h, J!~ail-IRJ~F*~Jli~. ~§~Il¥J1'ffifilili.'*3i~~~V~A~~1¥Jmfil,Nm*~-~-*l¥J~A~*·®H, ~ll!l::f~~frJ],\ § 1'ffiM'A ~-11Hr :JEM~*fl£*ri~:$'rl¥J@1)!:~;;$:tllJll1T1~1~)(*, 1t!!.1fJlE1~ili~ 00~~~~~1¥Jm~.a~®IAA1'ffiMMl5Lr, ~TJt~OOil-FRJ~•m~c~m~Mm>*· PT ~•**~f@i*m$#mm•ff*#mBX;*mi3:~R~-~-#•~b~£~~M~~•:km ~*~' @~~1J~~fi®H~::f~~~. •*•~~--~#JXl.~~~~~f~~*~;~m~oo~*-~~•oo~*~•.maoo ~§ftW.*B£~oott~~·-~~oo~~-*B£~00~~~#-~~oo~~-tt*JX1.~cm ~~~OO-*~m~oott*1f*).$~&~~ttn~. -1'-*~Wlf~~OO*§.,@~~-~~~T~~mh~**~~~~JX\.~,*§•~ ~mttf*j),J}:, izp*§•?JT1fJX\.~1*~. ~=1J~1f1*~~- IUHHH~1*~~. *!Wll:JJ~®~~~w * "1iJ!1~~" OOJX\.~. x~~N•~~~~~A, •~••*m~*m~*m~ooJX\.~.~m~mtt~~~rr~ ~~~*~~~m&*~~~®JXI.~~•~*§•. ~~~~.N•~~~~*m-@~rfi•~1f*OOJX1.~, ~rnf~a~*ooa~w~~ OO~*~:!Jp,J9l § J!S:J:f:Jj, El3 (J&Jf.Hfilfil) '$'1lt51JEQOOJ&m-100tP/~Jt{1B$9!7'rOOJf*, *§•xit *w~mur9l § rl~•m~. Nm~@~:tEl!llmit~u~~~H9l4•~*5f.J\;fr~~JXl.j),Jl:, 1.!::!:tE~JI ~00*, Jf~~~#B4~B~~B~~-. wm~g•.~moosm~§*~~~*•*mtt~§~IMJX\.~, ~®m•mm*~• w~oo*~oo~~~§~~~1fmMoo . • re•~M§MtE~W*~M~.ffMIMOO~M·~-m~~M, ~M*~OOMM%~7 -;frp1f~:X001!51J~'-J#Mmf!r~I~~ T~»Jh11=ffl. ®IR#lf:$;~il! (Western Harbour Crossing) ~U*~w~~il! (Tate's Cairn Tunnel) 00~-*~Wb~it~IJmf!JJL1'- J=! ~~. ~Wtl~1~~ mtt ~~toor9l § •w~&mmf!rjGI~-f'1Pll151nOO~~rm~:i=Jl r~-2. §$:ITT~~m1:r M*§•*~-~-~~•OOM•.w~Wtl~~~filM~§OOmf!r~I~~~~~-- 1'-J!*OO~~~A:J:f:Jj. • ~i~1~*~w~msm~§~*·•JI*N•~-~~§~*m~_toom1*.m~oo~ ** rnm1*~ (~PJ]iJtJN•~) -~. WJ§tE±JI1m*~¥NZ.J§ El3t~Wtl~1~~*H~~1El.1* ~-~#~*m~~~§~:tEN•~**OO*•~· ~~~~~~~m•oo~•*~-0 A005fiJ~ ill ~~1~iiJ1*1?. • m~oo~Wtl*~•mtt-1'-~tlOOit~*~-f'.it~~~T~§OO~~M~&J&m~~ a•~M~~-Ifi•I~tE~~M~~-·*m•oo;&n.~~~~~OOM~~~~§ tu~~~7f~t!M0AB~*~~~~~3&~iti=tl001frtr~ ($9:1f 1f1PJ;fH~) 0 l&mW~JI*l~UtiNm ~-~~§~~~#, ~~~~§Ifi#m~~~rfimwoo•m. I~¥~i1i~-tj\~. ~_t~®5sHJ!~{tj:~iU~~AOOxxif!L {tB1fJil*$iU~®1*:J?m•w *OO~~-~Wtl~~~~mtt~ffl~~~~*~-~m&*~-~~OOMM~m~~~REl3 *§•·*§•~~m•oo~0~•~m1*oo:n~~~~JX1.~00*•*~•~*§•. tE~OOOO BOT J9l § ~51J!t~~~~tt~J}J001~$~~~1¥tE~~~~xt. tE~OO. jtm~1iili~ •oom1ftl*M~~F~001*:l?.:tE*~~OOM~~. ~-m•oo~Wtl~~~~-1'-El3*00 N•~~~:n~#m~oo~fi~-~1'-~:1J~#m~~-*~n•~JEQ*~m~~§00001fOO ~:1J0M7f~0~-~§00Ifi·~~~~El3~0M7f~0~.7f~0~00~0~.~~~-* ~~~001f~~oo•r0~**m·w*~oo~~tttt£mtt~~•~oo:n~**~·*~oo ~m@m~fu~~~oo~m~~~oo•~~~*~•-~•ttm~a~oo#~~m.m*moo •~oo~~•#&~~~m•~~~~--~•~oo~~~~~~·*$•OO$-~~£•~ mttK•OO-~d~aK••~~-g~-~-~A•WOOfi•n•*•*·a~~§~*~ ~m•~••~.~#~moowm~~~~*~~~T~•.~•A~•*N•~~1dam~ •~§~*R~.a~®•~~. ~oo~~n~~•*m~§••~Mmmwoomm.M~m ~oo~•mrr•moo~~~~§.~•R~OO~h~~*fm~~m•.wm~~~~N•~ &~~•Am~•~oo~nd~~•wd~-•~••~*•~· ~~~~~-#~am•~ m~~~~AililJll001Et~. ~oowm~iti:$®noo•oom~1~~~~~~+•15!:R~f~~-~+f.?J ~R~ft*~~~~ffe~f.?j. Wffem~#R~OO~*-~&~aN~~~~. 8. 4 00~~ JXl!Ifi -~M~.A~OOM*R~~m~--~~~~~M~~~ili-~$~~-00-~. ~& ~§ftm~*·~AR~~a~-~~m•~~AR~~w~. ~•oo~§~*ffl•~•~m•~••~••oo~~.~•~*@~m~~~~•.mf @ttm~~m~~~•~oo~**~· ~&a~•~moo~••*d~A~m. ~~~··*·*·-~~oo••~*~OOT~§~~oo~~.~~«~a~W~M~• ~*•w~~oo~m~~•*~· &~•~N•~~~~~oo~•§~. ~~. •••oo~m *•~oo~•~~-~~~*•*fi~oo~~.~~§~~~mttmw*~•~~*AA~~oo d~MOO~**~~.~~W*OO~-~~~ffl~$WMd~~OO~M~mIA**~·~* oo~. a~OO§~~*~-H~~MOO~•m~~. ~~n~~~®~M*mIA. *W*~•~n~*OOmffi.~W~A~~~~mffi.~~N-~a•~*~~~M~~ oo~~-R~.~•oo~~am*fi~~-~•~§oo~~. -~~#R~OO~A~~*f~ aoommM~~&aft•m~m•*ffiOO#~~••.mmoo~A~mmttwm.mm~m~ *~**m· m~.~~n•~~~. ~~A~ffi~~@mmm. ~~a•*r~~m.a~ ®•~~. a~§ft.Ifi~I~m~•OO*ffiW**~NMMdW~-~~~~~ff. -~~1~~. ~ 71~~fffi**[]JN~U. NM~*'L"ftBffH~~-~ootmh 0 JlJ!i•~ 00>7~¥[ITTJm oo~~*~· *~•oomm~~~~a~~oo~*•~m.a~~~.N•~~~•*•m~ W*fil,ftW~rn~ft*~.a~®*fil~. ~®•~a•~~ft~~z~•~m~.wH~ •1~~um>7~~~B'fm£w CMoFrnc) OOfU;fl. 8. 5 3timm~llq~)\JXL!Ifl oor~§oo~mnn~•~*f~**~~oomn.m~m~~t5t•~§w~. ~-~~ •d••~A.~~oo•*~•m•~t5t•**~m~oo••~~•oo.@~~~·~~m• 1~~~U-*d~J!~~*15t•OOjt$.n!PJ*llffr~5,tt. 1!ffllJllf~~·*r.ITT~tlit•tJU;W;~ti#*~~tl ~m15!:•**15~~~ffl-.#~~m·~~fl•tt~~~OO.MW.~#BMOOfl•tt~• •~fmaoo~m~tt••·•~••~~~~~oott~-~B'f§t5tOO~R~fi~. ~-~~ ~•~oo.~~oo~~M*•oo~m§•m~**m~m~~mB•oomm~~~*·~~. Nm~m~~~~-~~m§•m~**~-~~~~~m~~~.*~**OO~~amfi~ ~~m~m~~••ffi)m~~nill~ftw.~~fil~~~tt.m*~~§*~·~•A~~• *~ffl~~~oo-~oott~-~B'f••*~~~~~~m·~~~~-. ~~~~~m~~R ~. ~§00~~aili•OO•W~5~~-~~~~~·~*~~ffW~~. ~A***rmM *f,ili••~-~~~~~~•*<~A~~~*~>. Mtt*~*~·~w~~~#am~ ~AFmOOM*m~*' ~#-~.-~,m~A~-*~§OO~Amm#~~ill~0~~ili ffl.f*, f*iiEftili.OOMfJJ 5 ~~5/F:trili•.nX:*00--7§"1~~1lf9'!*001~~. ~zza:it~IJ~1-19'!*1~~ ~~$Z.WJ~lHl5tlJN:flJ00:5Hf. i3:1~1fl.1*1fat*1t~~lJl~--7§"1~1fl.1* (cash deficiency guarantee). 8. 6 jJ&~~JXl~ ,,~.~1¥-Jil&Tf.f. JJ)lfflR~m~~~~l&moo~an:rro51~. rnr ~oT J~ § £-J~-!f:tt,,11mm, Jt: -~-!fM8J!:§*OO~h±~•*rJJ)lJf.f008JI:tt~JZA1f-lfM8f!:OOtt~~~m1&•.a- 1-JJ)lJf.f~~£~0000*~#&1fm~ •• JEOOJJ)l•~~OOOO*, m~ooT~§~~~~§- £1~~mxtOO. il&/f.fiE.S!J~l¥-J3£ft. ~~oom~A~omm#W~ffl. 1 l,' "JJ)l•-@3&" (policy-induced) OOJXI.~. JJ)lJf.fOOl&•~~frffWatM~ffW~~ITO~~. i3:#~~~~£1fmttoo.~~~-oo, &m ~~£.~~*1fW~JJ)lJf.fJJ)l.~"§~ff~"~~OOM~.i3:#~~~MOOT~§OO~•h F~~J]j}. fJtl:tw, l&mm~~~~~~OOJJ)lffl~mrromlXJIJIXJIJJt!:ff Tf'=tJZ.ff~OOI~ (~~~llM001fI ~oo~1fru"m~oo1f~":l&m~~~~~JJ)lffl~mrro~~±•.m~m~m#~mc~~ :!Jll•l5<1 DJ'¥!R), ~#MEJ~ft,ifOO~R~~ffl'OOif.iJtllt!:ffT-tffL ~Jlt*~¥1!§Dmmtl*f'=~OO~ ~:·~#~••-t~§~~m~n:oo~#<~•oo*~~~0~>.i3:~F•~~~§oom•~ n, *~~~A*rR~~.aM~~~m~m~~moott~M~. -@~ml&•~m•~~ itbt~~f-t, i3:~51~-®m'Bf~OOFm:~a:, *1!1iB1fJil§.*-1-£~00§:J'!t$~~1~i3:®JXI. ~o ~~1¥-J3'.lim¥:iitlli.2:M!!. * 00 § WJl'i'd&1f1J\lm00-lf:ttJBC:D1Jll:l(;IJ;tJL1ttl, if~J(DJ~ § OO~JJffi.R £~~-1-t~§JIJ OO*•· :lfiXml&mm~~~~~Jl.IE003?:D1Jll:l(;IJ~ili- ~>7~001~1~ ~ !!lmHtlf.:1:-fu •~•~oo~~~-~~•oo3tmm*.i3:~-@3&tt•oo~~~~~oo~•·•~it~*B1f BOT J9! § a<J~A, :Jt:f~~J9! § 1~~19't*a<J~~n 0 'Wtl~IJ, 1&mit?1c!Ea-1'-IXJIJIXJljj}tA~'§~~a<J :f)f~OO*:illflf•-§lf1JT00fff00:f)f~. i3:1~·tJ!ftR.a~oo*~¥Ji!.. amH~OO BOT lVi§ ~. j}t'Bf ~~~~*l&m•m~r-=~~•oo3tm~~~JJffioo•~~at~~n~mf*~. -1- BOT J~ § 007'Gi'R:~1tf:£: • m~§mm~oom*ifaIEOOW*: • 1&mW•~1~~~~A*~OO-~~~-~-M: • ~§mm~oom*ifm~.~§**OO~AMh~&~•m~•~~~§m~JJX:oo•*oo *~7:h • J~ § B1f1E:5Ht~. 9. 2 /l.I1f oorR~•~~§•~oo-~n~.3tm~§fil~am•~3tm~m&•m•tt~oo~w *· ~~.am~~*m~x~amm•oo~§~#oon~**tr•~~W~I~.~§OO~ ~tte~*f•~oo3tma*~~~tt~m~~oo~m~§. w~~~~~*f~-~~~~ :t£m:t£oom•1lr. :tE*~~~Am•1lr~illm•~•m~~.am~~-~~§:tEtt*L~M*L~NffOO. ~~--~. ~~*1T-*~00Ntftt~~. ~m: IfiNtftt~~-3tm$~~M*Nfftt uJf~. §~. ~m~~~nh~*~•m•~§*trifiNtrtt~~.~w. ~-~•tt~m• OOW~fi~D*· §~:t£~m-·~-~*tr3tm~~m•DOO~-~~~.~~ ~~~* WOO~fOJA~**ffuJf~, ~~d>D:t£j-l-$Ji!~fOJA~OOt1J~r*1T· 9. 3 Il¥RJfi•ti~Jf~ @~*1T'~~OOil¥Ntftl:liJf~, l;J.: • i*iiEJ9! § :tEtt*L~ Nif 00: • ~~-~~-00~*~-~~-tt~: • iJU3iJ±ti!!W*OOmll.frrn:tfBJ: • ~mtif1!t~itltl!Jil~OO BOT J~ §•iSl 45m~1EJE.00{"§,~,; • ~&•oo•&.ill•~~~•~tt*mm:. 9. 4 ~~~Jf~ . 3tm~~oo§oo~w~~§003tm~~m•*· w~X**oo~m1lr••~~Amh.3t m~~:tEB~oo•~••~••<±~~m.Ao.•~~~*~~~m**>~mL, fflM* *~m~®&•oo3tm•&xm~: Dmtre•tt•~!;J.W~•*mh~•~oo~~. ~~D *fiNftW~OO~$mMoom:t£•-.3tm•~~Affl•••mfM*•~· 1;J.m1TM*N1T ·~Jt;fff 0 ~~~~•M~A~m~~•oo~~ooft•m~**tr· *~~~m~~§B•§oomn n:!~OOJkfl. 9. 5 9!~ $RT fi•ti jt *JT ~~mtrM*N1Ttt*fi!;J.1E*W~~§OOM*Ntrtt.~•~m*fiNnoom•§•. m•m~m. 1;J.&m•1lr~amoo~§~~~. 1;J.M**fi~~m.M*Ntrtt~~•m#~ ~~00-~*#-~. #mW~§OOm~~-.~-~§R~~~NtfOO~~. ~D~~~x ~~-~NtrJ~ § oon~. 'P1m~ammAOOM*-1'om:11. mwDoo*rM~3tJZ.:frM~noooo w~.M~M*Ntrtt~~~A~*fi~§-•n~OO~~. @:tEM*•~*fi~, -~~{£ ~~~m~•*m~L-&N!;J.~~oo•~*•· Jl:PJ ~ El31trr.1JltHT, l6~llHT~~~~l!l!;fJL¥J (~it-0~, iiE#0~~~) OOJJ.:ff BOT ~~~OO!Jtt *iB.mlPJ*ltt1To 9. 6 ffi_.g. •~r~~~*OOtt*~M*•*m· r-~£m•~~*~~•*1T*fi· *m-#m #h1£00N•1lr*015t~1!r Jl:ff P~ 51jJ001Jj.\;*~J3.-frJ9l § o ::f li5J-f-{=HJEOO*!MJ~JJfilI-frli5J, BOT £ -l~l6~E'l~~Ho-:r:W:XiittN•. N•1'r 9-:ff1£:t1tlt~14*olllijj'l:J!,&5lll•tt~~~ltt*o ~!l-fr~ &r~tl~tlfciJB: • l6~PJ1T'li; • m II)( ¥€1JXl.~00 'f~HiE; • i&AiJniiOO•J:E·ii; • 7'G I:!!,§ JXl. ~~ 00 * tE! ; • ~IIBOO~M~f~ <OO i*J*0005'r); • 0;;t!;$f1~.3:: (ii~£m~~~'~;ifl;MJ) Jl:ff:FJ!1.M*Of*ig00%~o 9. 7 ~~·1'11~*~ . §llli, ~OOII)(m&:ff1£~~~,m~~*~~~ii~~~JJfil~OOm•~*OO~Att•~ili IR*o 1£~ 00, tE.'°tff Pf~:l:i!!t.m:lgt§t.;fJL~, x,X:im•~•005'rOON•1'r~~*ll::tili5J:ff~OOII)( miW n~;fJL;MJJttfi~*'J 0 ~ii~~~JJfilN•£-~*MN•. ~N-~i&M*m*; B:ffm~oott~~m. *•• •~0A; WHBmII)(mII)(•~~m~~oo•~m••o~~.B@~~~::fli5J-T1£W~~~ 1!ltl~~ ~ m*lAN• 00#1'~ o ~•ttm~£~J]filOOT~ii~§M@tt~*ffl001J;r.\;o~#1J;r.\;OOM~. ~~~£tt~. £•*~.3:: (l!Pm~~it~Ii)(m) ~\~:W1£¥~1GPX:~r~-W~ OO~JiUW' -@,:fj5Jifi:ff 00Il1HO!itt* PJfi tt*~.~~am~~#~~--~~tt*~#.~~~MfII)(MMm~~~~mMm~§~o li5J~.-~•OON•~-m~§00~~,tt*~l6*•*~-~MMOO~~o~~. ~-PJ~ ~ttmtt~m~~N~I~o~•ttm~:lg~.=tm~7~~0~~~00•Mm~o m~ooTtt~I~--~~00~~.~:lg~W•NA::ktOO~-~-~::k]iOOMOOo~~. § fi::iliNtiF&@o -~-00£, N•~ P--~mJJ~®ft!?.fl'J~:7g£~fOON•;fJL~H:ff;fJL~~1~00:r:W N•1'r~~•~m:ff1'f~Ii)(m1£m~~£F•oo,1£N~tt~~£•~00~&~•£0~000 9. 8 19J~ili~§.\tuD!<~iSl. ~ m-rm~~•*m~~§.1£~•rmw•oom~~•*m.altt1TN~•~o rn-T1£m ~x#~B-iliT~*-W~OOtt*•J:E. ~~~·~w~oo~~--~1£N~~~1JOOo@1£ ooT~§~.Il)(m1£m~x#~~J:E~•~~tt*•*oom~. rnN~1'r•~m~•~ttooM *1I~oB~W•-~tt~~~OOrl~. *El3Il)(m1£~rl~~~*-fr~~~oft~~~.~* %PX:OO BOT :rm§ •i>l 45 (~Nti-x14) P--•~-~~*tlOO~~. *1ift3(~14•1£~ffl00~*1J~~ *}fj}J)(:o 9. 9 =HH~3t14 ll 1HIHiX14£--,J}Ji ~~ B<J, ~ ~lldi1lB!il B<J I t'F, BOT 11Hff-X 14~ fHJE 8<J • •I:f.UiHiX 14::k/fffi IPJ o BOT 1tHiX14 J=U.~~-1- fl}j ~t015Z:*~ 31< B<Jtoc~, E@7'Jj9:rff-~-~JE $ B<J~:lt ®~m~. ~~~~~~ttm•·•*~~:lt~m~~-®~ho~-~m.m~x#~•~ @•~00£*•~®•*· *•~m•~-~~oomm®~~OO~®~~. ~~filaw~"A ~m~tto~~m~oo•OOIPJqj-~. ~OO*~•oo~m•mRMZ~~oo••d*~~IPJ, W~~ll4~#x#OO*OO~-d~ntt~. ~~-~*-~*B<lMMo --t-A~OOBITT~§M~)C#§M~W*:~§W~®tt*mMo~§W~I~§MmjJl: ~~oom~,fl4®•~ooT•~~oom~,~WttOOI~~~®fl}j*~#o~•m~. E~ @§M~Wtt~~-*ott*•~~~~-m~.m~§~&OOtt*~*· E@§M~ ~,&#mll~ff,MA~fil~3j(,~·®~~~*~~o 9. 10 ~i.~ =t=H1{]l!f!it BOT •i5l~OO-i->ffi*i£-1'-~F~~~OO~ffo E~I~*rff: • tt*&itOOmfftt: • !JX:*fi*i•OOmffi~~: • j9:~~c®~§0~>~~~•oott*~m,&#~®*§~oo~•,~h®•w~*· ft ~£~ill~~~A•&:1t~"~IOO~h: • ~393-.i>l ~OOMA: • •i>l1J*o•mooi&:AtulJlfitiTEtl!i~JMm bt: • ~~oo*~~~. ft~£•mooma~~. ~&ooT~§oo~-t-•~1I*moo*~~~~ • 1lt~AxM=OOMA: • *~•*C•WjJt-~)xM=OOM•. ~~. m~IfilM,!JX:*SWB•®~fi~~oomm ~~o •~~*fi~@~*~~-~1J~~-~~~~m. ~&~~oo~~tt*~•4~•~m Mo~fim~. -~~R£*1PJ•~oo&~. ~~-00~~~~~~-~-~~~00~®~B t'F~a/fMOO~~o~-m&~~~m::k~--~®-·/fMOO~-~~--B<J~OO~M~a. •i>l/f~:it:Hrff:1Pimmmoo•*'J o 9. 11 i~~lj BOT OOWritO.#lj£--t-~"OOj.:J::f.!i[, Em~N~~F~$c$JA 1 Li', ft:•&h, mm~~~~ A ~•®m•o•~R@IPJ~Am~•OO~-t-d~-1'-jJl:~~filffo a*~•~~a. •m~~~~a~•fl}j~--t-•~••*•w••oo•~§~®§OOM •·~-~~m~mau@~mm~u~. •®~OO/f~il~oWH. a*~-~~a•~~ ~Jl!IZ,~JJimjJl:rff-~~ft;*OOTM, @m•#IJ/J\~Jl!JX:ffl11ilj~fYHiftlOO~C.~-it£®!~~*o~§A, it g~mt'Fm~~o•~m•~~@~~-~~oa•-moo•~~~JJX:OO~W~~~~~~~ ~OOMJ:\iC.~r*#83XX1JiAm 0 .... T BOT J.Yi§@~:lgil&Jf.ff!lll•mH11¥J#fF$~. El¥JJJX;:r}J.±JfI{Ukf-;ffi1LJJ![fUlf, ~:m, #{t *°*m~~l¥J~•· ~&~§~~~~#~~~w~~~*re~#fFnoR~~~§JJX::lg-~ ~~•nl¥Jft~m~. #ft~0A~~~~l¥J~M:lg0A•~#•l¥J•*·~§~~PX:~oil& mft~~~~-~~•••*°~~0A~§1¥J~"· Ji'Z*~*••m~•1¥J~fi~m.mam ~@~ft--1¥J~#JJl[~*fl=ilili~o BOT •~-J.Yl-!~Jl:Al¥J~:t@. bt~o 20~30 ~1¥J~1f*fiti:tom. ~Jlt. m:t1:f!=!$, ~~1¥J•*IJ, #~JJX:~~XXnW~f-~1¥J~~~#XXnl¥J•*~§oft•~~•~•*°••~~n~~- 1'XXnW~ll*1¥J~:!Jli!:o 9. 12 ~ !BJ 3t 1tf #~1¥Jx#&m~~o~§M*fW~~~Cd~•~w,••~~,~#~•~~'•* ~~'*•1¥J~filf!lm~om~1¥Jx#W~~~3wm•~&•ft•~~~JJX:1¥J-••~o~ @x#1¥J•~E~~~~&~n&mf!lttm•.w~&~&~~••'*§ft~&EID1¥JM**° ~~~~0~~1¥J~~x**~•~m@a~&:t1~~~.~~~~~m~~oo1¥J~~*°~mo :lgT{!±~~-A~m'~'· ~~X{4~~@§Mfl~'."'3Al¥JOO~IF·mt-Wtlo *$•x1416,~.Yl~~x *°*X~#~*oil&Rt~~:lg~®tF*~*l¥Jm~~~~~T~§o~Jlt~&~m~m*M· m~1¥JB~n. §M~~~*°•~~~-~~~ffire1¥J~•· w~~nft~§*trl¥J:t1fi~~ ~~{Mio 10. ,~,~ OOT~§$H-~: -~.~-~f!J~a~.§M~•~~~M~~~*OO-~.@~ill ~:lg~§-~*$•1¥Jm~#*ffi*S*l¥J~§~Mo ~Jlt. ~*~f0%~-~BITT~§", m l5Cm Ji\Z~ m~u ~•• ?fi ~,~, l¥J fPJ »!Ho ftB l¥J wr~, bt :tm. J.Yl § l¥J ~ ll.& 71 re. ** !J5cA 1¥3~ 1~ ·ti f!l~il·t'±. ~&f~f9'!B~7J o 10. 2 iij" fi~ 1¥-J BOT Iji § ~ll 7't; ~ ~{tj: -1'!JE3::~J!.~1¥JJ.Yl § ~B~ff=:lg BOTJ.Yi §*~MB. BOT J.Yi § 16'~9lriftlf~~ill¥litll~-1¥JA ~fl~f!l~~mm*l¥JA~m*· #:ffftl:f~~§m•~m*l¥Jm~: ~~B~~*7~§1¥J m~. ~B~~~T~~l¥Jn&mmm. #A~T~§~M~rmm1¥J•**°¥~~-~~o Bm~§~~n~~~~•~A. ~~m~~§•~m~m1¥J~•· #:lgtt•••~#• 1¥J§*onm~llt~*l¥JUm~m¥~~MH~§§M!J5c•mM,W*~,~~~Mf!l0~~m *~1to ~o_-W:~J(.lj~3. ffl BOT n~t~:MBE8ll•Sf1*~~•1¥Jl.W.{~{,l::.§f;IJ~-T!J5c•*~&~~~~ l¥J 0 10. 3 ~1J511J~*Jl ~AN••~~fi~~.R•N••~*Ef<J~:xt~mNA•*Ef<Jil~@*~xt~m*mEJ<J fi}j~JXl.rsft0 iE:fr~, tUfi~:fJL*Jt/F~lf~Ef<J. tU~IJJiI~JF@~:xt~:Jc$*Otl:J5Ef<Jijj:5:, ?JTIJ.@3~ ¥U:ttJJJJJ. 10. 4 f~m~q1[~ ~~9=100 § 1978 ~!J.**X-lltEit!:fff}Yft&.!'fi, @:k$?/&Ef<J0~3tim~(Aftr~&93-Ef<Jffl~fJjf~ r~*' ~~~ffl##REJ<JM~ffi~~. #:xt~§Ef<J~A~~~OO-~.~~tE~W~M~W ~~-~~ffr-ll~N-#?JT±•:Xl±Ef<JfPJB, 1ffllJ~1rOOB"J/FWDIE-V.:t~~)trOON•#f~7'1- ~1t F £ Ef<J I~ti}~ JXl. fSft • 10. 5 BOT ~-I~*f'F$~ BOT :r]l! §@~f~7'1Il&JtUOfbAN••zraJB<J-J9filf'F$~. im1t' Jgf § 16'~9!~VA~F1tF~ Ef<J~-~~~. !J.~fil~fi}j~~fftt.tE~§Ef<J~~Mfi9=1,N•#±•*8Il&mtE~7rOOEJ<J 5[~, :tio~~, #JW#M*/FlPlif!Jf1*0:fJLftJZ.faJEJ<J~~. ~·~1~¥U~it*or!if;fttfi, 1~¥Llf}~ W~fil~~n.tE~Mfi9=1,1fWF£EJ<Jg•±~m~-~~§Ef<J~~--~~§*~·~7'1 il~~#®/F~~~*' Il&m@~*~MN••moo~EJ<J~B#~hmMM*~®~·· 10. 6 *11*1il fOJ ~ tt9=100§ftEJ<J~m•mmftJ~~~.~~~EJ<J•9=1fiNm~.wH, tEW$~mIJ&m, • JM$ nzraJ !J..&:fJLftj l*J $Ef<J:D't:tRt1J**OIIR'flt* I 1t1m/Frn' ?JT1r~ ®•~ft:N•*~¥U~~# ±l:JJo7:r9f § ~1f!f:J3Ef<JJXl.~ft. N•*1![:9~~~MIJ&mEf<J~*'~*I;J, 3:rJn §:@.¥UfPJB~fmfl'J~•f~.~, *ommet, 1m1i'J-tf~f}1t~/F9ioil!mz~t1'~~®:fJL:fi;Ji!~. ~®xt:7rOON•#W§m~±:!JEJ<J~ -~-~.ft~:xt~®&lfm~:X*EJ<JN••*~·•m@~§~Ef<J~~~*•Mfi~~M~, # ~ h MJ:fb ~ $ f1 Ef<J I f'Fl1 ~. ~'EL 115 J!Jt-1'-:tR ~LUO :D't ff~ lifij Ef<J I f'F /J' fJL 7'1 :rgf § 1~ ;E- 1'-~h !J.~Ef<J"~±", #~-®*•ttfi~fiff~~~~o 10. 7 5!~~1l1;W.911J*1!~ 7'1 BOT :rm§ Ef<J~~-~mlit!TEJ<Jr!1f:*O~J\!Y!U:tl!~~1f!l}Jr¥11i~:7~00N"&f*Pfi:l'.!1 1 L.'Ef<Jt'.fl1Jt "00 *" JXl.~ft, 1f ®rm~N:fiAEJ<Ji1=$~mfo7Cteilj 1 L.'~, tE.lf ®rJ!Jt-1'- ~rJJ EJ<J~'¥-tB:fi'W ~~~.:7'1Bm~§•~mlit!TEJ<J~~m*~~~~-~-~EJ<J~~.~®~§m*~r!mm~ ~f'Z'E11rsit:fifo~*'ll~ff. 10. 8 I_Vi § ~~~ m&1f~••n•tt•F~ffl*~7'1::stim~§ma.~§B•~#~EJ<JB•*/Fffi~, # fJEEJ<JB•JtJttE•F~ "•F~ffff*" Ef<J~litllJ:. :r]l! § B"&fXf~~7'1~F~~~~:ffr~~~~B •. ~#%~~EJ<JB•·**OO~mm~±-~~~~§**Ef<J~AMh,~~§~7'1maA. ®~~#~EJ<JB•7r~~EJ<JN••~7'1maA.~8~W~**MtE~AEJ<J~h#:xt~~ili* iiExt BOT J]l! § Ef<J ~r}J ~~:X£• Ef<J. I ... 10. 9 ~~~Qifl~* • * rll:f:m 1¥1 ~•:t1111Jtl l;.L&€ ft:f1Ut 2l~, ep f!x•t&z 1¥1lffi1Joo*1¥10 93-AJn *1>l · •WM ~§*1¥lm$, •~~aA.fil~~w•~tt•~moo~i¥Jm•~m~~i¥J~•&~-~F~ 1¥33'}~~ 0 ~~+·t~ tlltE 9:t 001lJ ~~£;!Jo F• 0 {!jR:zX>JJ:W § 2l~·ii 1¥JWM~ -1iH&fl. if!Hl *o 0:ttW n z.ooi¥J~ma, ~*~~oo•~Mfi, ~~-I~€•9:t~~. **~~§OO~*o MJ§, J:W § ¥19 &OO~Wxftf:~~F~2l~OO, :i:W)Cftf:, §fl!i~W~~. f*iiE-1'5. 11=!1*-1'5. ~ax#.fil~x#.ffi~I~oo~~~~mwaaz~~§~z~.~m•moo~Jnm•* tflJJ{7bl~A Jn *o 1l *00 3tM= o 10. 10 /l* I1'F WTR~-~--~m.•m~~~AAD~001J~~~3t:m•~*·~~§00tt~~~. ~BftW~~Attfi~OO~~wm~•moo3t:m~~oti:••~•wntt~z.-ru-.•m&*fr ~~OOPJfrtt~~!;.L·~~§OOtt*~M93-mfrtto 10. 11 i!i!*i-~Qi~~lj ffl~Mfi@M~ITiJ-~, PJttOO~. ~@§fl5-~W~~-~OO~OO*o mm3t:oowT•~-t5i=f:toom•~~Nf*moo.a~m••~•~~w~~•~ooMfi,~ ~~~-~0~~•· ~•~X>J•mooma~ma•~~~~oo•~o•m~~f*filti:•~w ~~-~OOMfi9:tX1•~-t5F~f*mo tEBITT~§i=f:t, •m~:tE~~*~~.w~~~§·o-~OO~~~~rul*OOfiN~• *~~1JOOffiliWM.••~*~· l;.L&•mX1~~~*~1I*m~§~MOO~•o•m@X1 ~§*~·ttfi~X1§*~~M1J0000tt~Mm~m~OOWM, *X1Nfi~~~aAa~~tt OO~BM~MOO~No•m&@~X>J~§OO•*f*M=~~~-0 10. 12 l.Vi § JXI.~ ~§~MOO~·~~§fl5Ifi·~~M.M93-~M.~A~M~•ffl~Mo~M*£X1ill ~.R BOT J9l §.~F~··· BOT J9l §•l;.L:!'!~OO~;ftJ*~f)JltE~~~*ft:!JZ.l'aJ*£J9l § ~M*O'W ffoli~ffll¥11J~~~~M*£~W®li~~-~tthWW~~~~M00~~*~1io 10. 13 tPl rfJ?)t ii I~ § ~k J.J5~ ~ l'f..J Ji:~ :tE'=f:tOO, fl.Wf1X13t:D~iili~•J:W§OO•~*¥N•~~m;1Joo ~ITiJ, tt!io§!Wt£11Jtl~~ ~I~Wf1i=f:t-~, R~~M-~~~OO~M.~~ili~~*·l¥l~•wn•~o*~·~ITT 3t:DJ9l § ~,~9l~*•l¥1X1"5'r00ttfi~£Jl.ll]l51hl¥J~rlli'aJ0~J9l § •·~4lAttfi, WW~0~ ~§tt:tE~•~•z'=f:to~~.ti:mM~~•wn~PJttX1~m3t:m~••~~§il!fi~ili* •i¥Jfi•: *~•~m~§fil•~0:ttWf1*Nfio ~m•m@fHIH'$''.~HJJl~OOJ9l §, -~J]~®~**~~~ll]}.51*lAttfi00~ §, ~J§~tX>J § ~ttfi~, tE~~-1¥J00~1l~A!T.!OOM~~X1~§*frill~. **-~re~fi*~rll~ 0 qt 12S5tj ~ ~~ ili. qt oo iim ~/£: EJ 1972 ~JEli'~-4'-o I~ EHlV.R.: !>ftt~l$%1JSIE•~B"l•~0~imm, mm:ittti!f$l.%8"JiFnJ~~ (CAUSEWAY BAY) *ll:iL:/tB"JttWJ (HUNGHOM), miJ!-!fg"J l..7 0£, XR~~XR$i!!o i!l!i~H"M1il: • fff!93--f=~l:t$-J;J 64: 36; • 11t5tfff!93-B"Jf~Jijt,ij-J9.! § 7Hf:IB"Jfir 7 ~: • 15lfffrl!Ri:1l 25%o ~~i~HJl. ~ ~~1!f: • ~w~~~~•~mm~~-~: • -1?-ffjt,ijp!l-30 ~ (1969-1999 ~), 'E!:fi5M!!IAA: • ~ifi!ffl ~-:!Elrl&AB"J 12. 5%: • tJJ 9€1 i& ~ U.A:JE ;g 7f 9€1) -:ft t~ w~ r t9.!5'fJiJri n:: : • l&~ifoJ~-~~~Vl~~~'.£~j(, ~!J!IJ:bi~{!Jl~o i!f!fil': • :'1n9.! § !ik:'f!Ht!:B"J~-1- BOT J9.! §' ~B1~-frf'r1J:m&1f~~~; • *JP!§:JE;g~F?tffltJ)J, :tEtJJMmt~flHfB"Jl&~: • mm0~§fiJ!ikL~B"J0~0~o I.VHHe,tl.R.: !>fi1~l$f1JSIJ1.•~B"l•~0~mm, mm:itfti!fj;tl;.%8"JimtliB~ (QUARRY BAY) *ll :fL:JtB"J:;Jt*~ (CHA KWO LING)' mm-!fg'-j l, 9 0£, 'E!:fi5-~XR~~XR$i!!B"J0~mm*ll W3 ~ :t:-1!!!fjc mm o M!l!~t"M1il: • 0~~~i!!: f=~- 7. 5 fl, jf;j~1lt~- 1812'.. <Mrll 15 ~), ~-Ji.f.ll~- 2. 512'..: • :t:-fil!fjcmi!!: tz:~- 3. s fz., jf;j~1lt~-9 fz., ~-li-f!I.~- 3. s 1Z.: • ~1-J9.! § B"lfm93--f=~rt$-:tJ 64: 36 o ~~i!f*Jl.~~~1!f: • *¥=iti=~~*~•~mm~w1J•~: • ~m~~~·~= 0••m~•~~~••m~•~; • ~•jl:Jm~= a) 0~-t•m- 30 :ti:: (1986-2016 :ti::)' ~m:Dffiijl:,}3 b) :I:-lk••il!- 18 :ti::*- U.A•m7f:im-~) • t~iti=1t:ffl •-x; • *JJ~€li&Jt (JA:€•7f~€J) :tEt~if~~tJn5'G1t~;E; • i&Jti!liJ•-~2~9!!~1l'iJ;'i1:.~j(, :S!J!IJ:Dffi\'.J.1if:i~o i!J!f1l': • *~§1¥JN~~A~~~m~I~~~~; • ~-&:Dffi~~~--0~~-.:tE·~~if~AA~~.~~--0~-:ti::~fl:'.xM -*"i¥JJtffl; • ~m~~T-~~~-M~~~~1¥J3(:1m•m1¥J7f~~.~•ffl~m~•~xM: • •il!0~--~~~~~m•¥o r~ l~~He,VR: :i!ti¥.YB3 (SHATIN) ~:lJJ_UofL:ft~IRl¥J0~-t•il!. •il!*~'-13.9 0l:IL XJl.rl:iJ~xJ. $:i]!o ~!ll~~M1iJ: • 1Ji~-tz:~tt$/9 64:36; • f,JT~Jfi:~ (15. 5 1Z.m7t;) :tE•il!7filliJ§ i¥J 12 :ti::¥-~ {~~o *~i!ff.ll.:E~~ftj:, • ~iti:~~**w•m~17tl1Wr£: • ~-AA~~: 30 :ti:: (1987-2017 :ti::); • tifif1f:fflJt-:lHJJ 5 :ti::7J:€•i&Ai¥J 2. 5%, l'.J.J§7J:€•i&Ai¥J 5%; • :t£3(:im•&Mw~B5'G&fl:'.*~i¥1:ti::fil, *fi•*i&~*~· ~~m~~~~~~m tl:l 3(:im•.P!f f'=1:. 1¥Ji9i~~i&A i¥J 30%; • liHJJ JN* 1¥11EJ.1*: a) ~*mxm 1*' w :t£~§:€fi1¥Jm-~5:ti::~1¥J~~~mmf*, c) 'Xt-T±~1Jt~i¥J5flj$ff!.1*; • M~€li&Jt (JA:€•7f~€J) :tEt~if~WiSl. ~tll15'GiiJHJE'.; • i&Jti!lil•-~2~ 17!!~ jl'ij;f; 1:.~j(' :s !J!lj:Dffi \'.J.1if ~ 0 i!J!ffl': • ~m~~~f'~&~m~ffW1fl.1*; • ¥)(~±:1:-filt~~; • **w•il!0~••~~~~~m•¥; • -¥-1¥JJN*X1~§-~~~@.~~m~*~N~~o ~ig~m~~Ji, J:fl oofim ~m: ~frmfi, Btt1~7~7~ff•o IjiH~HlUR: itt~H1Hi@fi:I! (Sai Ying PunHOfL:it-¥.% (Kowloon Peninsula) 1¥3@.fL:Jt:iji;• ~1¥J-~0~~m. ~m*~20£, ~~~3$mo ii~!i!it~: • f9f~-Ftlbt$:R 69. 3: 30. 7; • Wf1f'Pt~M~~- 14 ~o ~i!ft.R3::~~1t!:: • !f.fiti=tl~fili~-~~m~fJtl•W: • ~fi1A~~: 30 ~: • :fJJ~ili&mfr*l=iti=tti11-iSl 9='B5t1ifn!E: • i&m~~-*fflTi&At21ttlVLfttlo 3-~1¥Ji&A1f£-f"ii1f£ftilf7.Kf-at, i&mPJl2U~~o fri11-«•1E1¥J!f.f!EM~.~-~-~1¥J~i&A~-f"ft~i&A7.K~i¥J~~at. 0~~PJ ~-~i&mo~*i&A~-Tli*ftWJ.K~.•*i&Al¥1-$*·~~A"e~~~"o 3~m0~ 1¥Ji&A1f£-Tr~-m:at. J&mPJ ,/y\e~~~'=Ptrtl:l•~~1'*~i&A{!jjco. ~ff• PJm~i&mi¥JW~i N~0~~~tt~W~i&mo i!J!ffi': • m•~~-•~1f~•·~fr~§~gi:p~••~1¥1*~•~1E~IE~~*~·~ff. ~-tt~i¥1~*~1It~~Mmc~B~T*~•: • ~W1f~~~~Mill~~§~~~-·filfr~~B~-~~M.-~Mill~tl:l. *~ ~-Mill*~· ~ff. ~§limR1f-~N~-~~: • J&Jff PJ~fr@~•~~m0~••~~n~~••o = ~T-ii~ff 01za i.2:, q:i 00 ~~ :jj;;/Jl: B~}!JtI, Bit 1998 :¥9='MffillL j;!I! ~ !i!i t~: • 1ft~-Fttbt$7il 65:35; • JiJT1f'Pt~,~t9! 47. 11Z.1.i5G, tf'3*J,g~~'A'Pt~. $*7ilfllf1~'Pt: :Jl:Ar~ 15 ~. ~:n§ht I:Jl:Ao ~~i!f t.R 3:: ~~1tj:: • !f.l:Wtt~-%~~~ti0~m~M-W: • ~fi:Jl:Ar~: 30 ~: • t~ilf{!f'.ffl.: 7C; • WM~•a~W~~~~B~m2; • ~·i16J•-*fflT~A~1ttl;f:Jl1ttlo 3-~i¥J~Affkf.{fkftif7j(-5fflt, ~-PJ~-~o a~~m21¥J~2M~.~*~-~1¥J~~A*fftif~A*-5¥-1¥J~~flt, 0~&PJ ~--~-o~*~A~T-•*ftW*-5¥-·•*~Ai¥J-$%S~ffA"IJt~£~"o 3•m0~ 1¥J~f..1fkfpl!-fiat, j]iu&PJ JA1Jt~£~~•l±l•~~fF*r~f..AA1J, J!t$mc PTmfil~•i¥Jm~, N~0~~~~~-~~·o i!l!fil': • N•~m•*~•~ff~•.~n~®~•~•m~§ffi~.•I~~ffi~~~~m; • ~ff±:i:tl!~~. •m~ffflfftz:~, &~m#Hf11JHrlJUi; • •mmI~M~fil1fTi16J•.•l±lTrr~m~i¥J-II~.J!;t$, ~§PJft~ffffW j])(Jff#IJ!i1ii¥J~#T~~~A~~N18f~§o ~*WSII!.i¥i:tt~~0~. ~*WSII!. ~/Jt; § 1994 ~ 9 fa} 7f~€JJE~~-6io 1~§te,V.R.: -~.~'* 785 0£i¥J~•mn. ~:MJA~OO:lilJ1f.¥1J~:1Jo:11ti¥J 504 0£*oii*8 15:i:!Jti¥J 143 0£o I~ Elt~~: 7f~f:l{tfitfflt* 18 {Z~7Go r_vt § fflZ*P:i:mst. r_vt § 0~ PLUS (Project Lebuhraya Utara-Selatan Bnd) iEa~;K 4. 44 {Z~7Gi¥J~•l2HJi'*ra:it: l00%1¥Jfflt*mSZ:o i!~~#il: • {~93--tz:~~t-~ 9:1; • @1f~•-9. 26 {Z~J(;. {~~j!A 15 ~; e j])(Jff~•- 6. 3 {Z~J(;; • f";tl(- 2. 8 fZ,~5(;; • ~~:~~~n&••· s~1¥J~~•m~~sttt.~~1~~tz:~%~sttt.~~~ nPJar.vt § %IJ§ffil~F~o 1ili!f4JL:E ~~14: • t~iti=;f:Rj!AP~: 30 ~ UA 1988 ~~. ~tl!ifffilI:!!A); • ~IJJJJ-¥~ a) ~A1f!.1* a~§g•7fMi¥J17~~. 3nIB0~00~~~m•T~W~-1¥J~~~-~ ®Iat, ffij])(Jffff.!Nm~lift:1Jo18f~; b) ~x11-m~ PLUS 0~ft~fffflt*NA T' :3:H~m 309 0.£1¥J£Jlff~J!m~~i¥J~£•*HR, 3!1$ ~~PJ~~1~ 200 n~7GE8m1r•~A; c) ~{tME!.1* ~oo*•ffi~•1¥J~•~~~~a1~. ~~•*ffi•mm~: ffij])(Jff•~*tl*-1E!.1*; PJ~¥11J •11l'i>H~~i16J·~· o i¥f1t: ~§~d*&~F•. ~~d*~~~§~#002M.tilli~fr~~-·*~*~8~ d*· ~B1. it:lW~i&JHff-ftEE8iHJJ~00•0.m. 2 ~Jtm:bu¥tlRJ0£ 5 ~*· 1994 :¥i&• :fff-ftEB~£~~¥tlRJ0£ 3. 5 ~7}. I~Eltatl.R.: 32 0£00·~••· ~~~~tWOO Don Muang ;fJLjmJ;J}!§~. ~tt~mifii~IRJ§, !ij-,A·~J!Mat~. i!ll~3HM1il: • 1~93--tz::tJUt$7'J 80:20; • !Yf1f1Jt~ a) ifii~it~ 7. l fZ.~]G, b) J&lf.fit~ 6. 7 1z.~5G <B11~~±t-tf!~1J~%:r\x11, at~w:tt:1mrl!OO~ 15 :¥¥1J~ 30 :¥'Al'BJf~~it~l~.5¥tl.~.); • J'Jf 1f tz::tt- 1. 7 1Z.~5G c) J9l § 0'fi11Jij1f-O. 91Z.~]G, d) · J&Jf.f1Jij1f-O. 8 fZ.~]G. t\!fi.!f*Jl~~~1!:1=: • t~i/f:fJl,Arl!: 30 :¥ (JA 1988 :¥}!§); • ~JJVJ-¥@: a) Jt~:El1f~~·~J!MOOJ.mtf•i&A: ~3C:X1rlJ4li00%:r\a=Mil¥~~Ml*Jm#t i&A*~· w ~~m~i&•=~AAB~•~oo•~.i&••~m•mm•H¥HJ5:¥••-~. i¥f1t: ~tt*MOO•~J§. J&Jf.f~~7~~§~ifn~~~--1f~0ii'JOO~~.i&@7i&· •0M, Jf:r 1993 :¥ 8 JBfim. i3:B~5i~it~n7JiA~~. ~~±~JN:* BECL 0ii'JOO ~l:l:I. ~rOOiHfB:fl'AJltJ9l§. mti£ -~Aru~~m~§~BITTN~~#~m~~W*.MlW*~~~W*.~filN~ m~~~~~W&~#; M2W*~Ifi~tt*~®~$.~m~tt-•I~~~&ili~ .to t1H? ~tll!~JHffertL ~£~m~. BITTN~~#~~f#~~N~~#. BITTN~~#~§~~-~~~ -~N•*•W~f~m~~~-~M*-~tt-•I~~~~~oo~~~~.~#$A ~-~~~tt. ~-~N~*•W~~tt~M~~~.~-~-~§~~~~. ~~§A ~~~PJ1-ftf. I,Yi§mt~ ~§•~~•~N~m*.N~~-~~~ffi~~~§mg.wfflttfi.~•fil~~ •m~-~w&~~--~~~~tt*~*·Aru~§-~§~*~~~= MlW*-·~ ~§~•: I~mm: m#~~~tt~. M2 W*-Ntff-1~* ~~-~: N~*~~~ffl~: ~~~~~~~$~*· M 3 W*-~i>t. ~~1-4"1rfl ~~wffl~~: Wfflfi~: ••~m~m~•~•~· M4 W*-~~~14 ~-AA~: ~w~mn: ~-~-~~: m*~~m<~ili~m*-~*•~m *-~~~~m*~); ~~~m~m~M*mgc~Mf~m~N~*&~•* M-~~nittfrm~~- f9'l1Z~*tlWf)" msiffi7t-~lf"iJi'I!~ ~W&~~~-: ~Wm~: ·~-~fi~: ~il~M~. m6 W7t-±:!:-&fOJ~ m~~~~~~*: ±~-~; I~~Ifil~±~~~; ~~H~&. m7 W*-:1JH.1H~ )~!, m~ffi~~~~*g=~m~~~~~~~Aom~.~~N•*m~~~§~ ~m~•*~~~§•M*~~-itt1-f~~~~~. ms W*--~tt*~14.tom•*iiE ~~tt*~*:~~~~.ffi*~~-~*:~ffl.ili~~~~~*:·~~W: Ifitt~: m~fi~~~~m•*~~*· ~.R*t}tPJ] ~1!m~~If¥PJ1r·t11!Jf~U~~. 1JJzv~itC~1!7':~1!1), tff-tl~If¥iJlaJl~C~iAPJ ~00%~JHff-fl:gl{;!E~ffelff-fi) .~!DKtt*iJl~~ (Jl/! §~!DK~~I.ili~.lOPJ3·11:~00~~*), ~ttmmfi~, m•m*fi~, ili~~-~~*· K • If!il!il 297 K • ~~-1 ~ =:§;fl}Pj if *~5I $:}~ ~ m~tt~~~m§~~-#OO*~~.~-~~oo§oo~~~;m~#~~.m~. ~~ ~~"POOiEMm~mm~~-*~~OO*tt~~m§~.*~~OO§OO~~~W~ft~fflfu~ mM*~~-@a~oo•~~··~®~•m~tt~~m~~~i:roo~m~~g•7Joo~~oo li{1i 00 0 "POOiE:tEIB:i!~M. #~~2$00~)1. ~ftij)frf01*PFJ7il § oooo~~-*~tl:ll!R.-1-1~A:OO **·~~. i:roo~~-~~~oo~~~~~w~~~~~~~~•·®~®~BiEB~r~ ~-~~T~$OOM•~M.~fflm~mM#~·~·~~$~tt~~~-)fr. ~~~#OOtt ~§~~M~tt~~~oo~a. m~mM•~mM~~~~~.fu~~m~~~oo~*~m. :ti:g•7JOOfu~-~•AOOffJ'il,~~&-~•g•OOM*•&g•~~.fu~&~*~~A. M®~ffl*~*m•~oom*~*ff~OO~•N•.@~AillOOW*&g•m*~~OO~*~ ~~W31-10JBOO•ujttj~~~~lo?t][~OO. ~~. TM1fl'~:tE~7JOOOOgf1:7J:r\~&tioft!!~f±i!!. mm Ht~ i'JL1M, mt~ T 11-m tio 1PJ ~ £1Jo mJ:m1t oo ~m*f!JU ~ tt~ fo ~2 m11~J1~: oo i'~ ,1). •2•~~11-mT"POO~:tEOO~mg•M~. #mtl:lT~®if:tE~1-AOO~m~ooff7il~ tl:l-~~goo~fffu~~-~~n~•·•3•1l-mB~~~~A~~M*f~~OO*OO~•. ~*~~®OO*•~~~tt®"POO**~~~OO~OO~B.m4••MTfu~ftm~•M"POO -M~~. ~J'g~~W~:tE"POO~ff~fflfu~&m~MMM~m~~WM00~00~•··5· ~•6•tt~m•~~~m~ti:~m~mM7il~~oo~mg•~~i=rooA~ff7il.m1••~ T~M:tE~Mm~•MI~Woom~ff*·•s. 9. 10~3·*~W~~#~fflfu~~m~ i'JLf!JUilEm~m~~g$ftU00~2$51~~. 0f*WG&1f5¥Ll-Ti~H?~~ • • 11 •liJfJt'.Tt?/-V¥4fu~0011: m.mM~fu~~•A~r~~-~-•~.m12•~m~~~~·*•~m~~~re~m~ •m~!!~~~fflfu~~m~•~mMOOtt~~. ~m@•tt~~~*~OOffM7JOO•t1:1-@ "§ti)(. §$"POO~m~~g·1f~~~~.~@~~~&00*~1-ABM•~oo~~.~~~- 00rlf¥f=j:.ujttj. • ~fi*~oo~~mfu~~~~~. -•~oo~m~ff$OOfu~A:~~~mA~-1-~oo~ A.M~~~~~I)fr~00*~~~~B*OOfu~~mftT2ffi, ~~~~-re~®OO* .. - I 298 ~Hit:tc 10: 1£.Ik#I!l#JffNflflfJ!I i¥li ~ 00 J%1ft ~ i:p IE IE •:tJ!-#Ht-J i/f $Jt11Bn~ 9)- ~ mJtl: *, J! ~1ft~ mt~F-m- A~-ant.tt To rm £U~~1ft~lt19tl~~t.:k$•~Fmi1E*11£00$o ~$~iC."¥-~:D-r11HI£, nll/E:l:t!!,~00~$!D-rili ~o ~Jlt§OO~:k$•A*~§fi$~m~~oom~~~•rA. ~rm§fi$ttm•~• i:p~f±~:l:t!!~o~W~A~A~~A~~*tE**· §fi$mm~tE**OO"M~m~ f~H~Jt ± ~ :l:t!!fft o • 0~~*~§fi*~*oo~-#•••oo~m~•~•~~o0~~*~~mamm~. :ff830J=IHJ~fiij(Bureau of Public Utilities Division of Urban Public Transport) OO~m0~~B$flW:Flo :ff~~~maRtOO~lltm•*7t§i1H1<Ul-~~7f3t~~ft-'§"1.9lo ~m•Jf<f~/E0~0MOOM0.•$.~1it~ImotE-®~mm~fflrm~~L~.~ amm~f~~•m•~rmoom~*~*•m~~o0~~*~1fi-~~a~*~·~~ mZ.farn~~&§irJ, ffi~*L• 4 0mMllll£'-J o. 4 ~. 8 0m o. 5 ~o aJf<fmJll($7J-ft~~ Afflf~t9:-~:fl-M~ft7f3to lmiiittrJ~AOO:m~fj\\Jg "*UilIJ'' ' 830~ §±~:FI-~ ffi~MJJ.i~~~o 0~m-~/EW!~~l-OO "fil~l-" n~9)-o. -~fil1ftn~9)-(:flll:kl4'i'~*>mtm ~~•**~o~MJ7.!*~~~*•~*ilim~~7g-#m~~o~rffl~®~•t9:•~ 11WiflA~2ft o • -~$tE$mi:poo1tM~~~**oM~tt~••1.oooA~~6··~*· rm~mm• 100 Amt~ 2•. ar1+1• 100 AIJ!lj~ 6. (J!mOO~A::k£'-Ji¥13 50%) fflt•B"J-~$~1-t* 0 B"J 2f€J, rmri+IJJ!U~ 7firo l!IJlt, t~m~~~J3:~: 83f~ A~AB"J**· Jtl:AflA;J;JtZ9Jft ~-B"J·-~~~-~$~ffl~B"J::ktfilKB"J*~<W£~B~~lB"Jffi@$ffio • ~kA.5~$ml~t!'liW1~fl£o IEF=~*~*11t~lmii 90, ooo ~. Jtl:tJ$~fR.:lv 70%-230%, · ~*~'L&~$~00{jt;!$W1to tii:~*11t~:IJll~fR.B"J 3%-10%fil~r~f!fR.o ti(Jlt,~,$91)£-~ fil~lnB"J~WfR.oJ!®fR.a•~L~i:p~aRto~*-®fR.~"¥-~f!~A~:l:t!!~am~ ~~-$. J!®~f!~M~•W1fl"l~B"J~~*·~-m~~--.Jti:p~~~-~~B"J ~Mf!}g~ft~~AB"J12%-1~. ~Jt11B$mtii:•~·-·~•1o~~~Jll(A~ffi 100-230 ~o § OOIEF/J,~$B"J1ft~ffi~f~m~:l$J~A?k~B"J 20-30 ~Im, rmtE~IE ~6~~B"JI •. ::k~-~~m•::t.:~~l~B"JI·o~OO~~~~OO~Af-t*~W~A· ~~fffiili~A*~B"JIE•-~r-t*B"J•m~m·~~~•ttffi~•~B"Jmm~ • ~~*m*tEAr::imu2oo~AB"Jm~::t.:i:r~m~&m••~:l:t!!~OO$•~~~mm~m •*··~ili@$S*B"J~~~ffi00ft •• ~m~~.~ft.IE~~~Z.OOB"J*•~ft~ i:r*~•~ft.Aru~~~.J3:®iliCr-t*0~rer-t*~~~~m.•~~M-1EB"Jnm. ~m§23ttt~~•~•~~~•.J!~~m*"oor~~m::t.:B"J~•~m. ~®ili** tii:~m~•*~*~-1ft~~~*· ili~~*ru~•~~~o • fJilr!J$1Lm~~§fliflttJL~:k~mm~E•~-!Ef1=m. fl~&ii:m~~-~~*; ~tJ?-. L-~~~~:1:1!!~. rfflOO~~~tt•R-~@~m~~~~*· ~mmM£iiili&fiffiB"J~R!3~t~~-~:!RXm~R~ J7.i ~oo~•' ftMfJ lPJ RtE~tJ?-00~&$ •~r~.~•*•~:l:t!!~~A. ::t.:•!3~m~••n~~-:k:!RXm~~*••&•~*•~ ±:l:t!!ili&.~m~~B"J~Bff~•~~~~moo0•. •~*·~~--~~·~oo~a. K • l§"JiPHI 299 • ;~;Illa rt*, 1tHm-tHJLMJ s<Jf9!•1mJiii~~r!Mfft~ f£iiwc~r-om 0 f£ii5rr 1¥1•*'1- -ar:ttnrtm ~~-~fft~~~o~#fft~~~~~:tt••~ofil~tE~-m~r. M~0~~*0~ ~¥~tE·-~~fft~~~~. ~"*~"fft~;EiiWC~oW~fft~~~~~*zOOl'f<J~ .~~~MMomr, *$•~~*mr•*§l¥J, ~~-~~-#~~ttttA. ~~~m ~A~~MRWfil&B<J~ao@~~r~~*l¥1*A~ffl~M*~· ~#~~m~~. ft X~t£~~1¥J•*M1f~~*~•~ma1f 1¥JA0 • •M•ma)jB~1ffil~, ~Aam-mM~0~1¥1-~*~~~Ao•~*~OOF~·· W~:tE*~Tmoort*,•*'1-fft~~lii~~~-~Mfftm~A~~-••f£s<Jo~tE• ~T~OO~*~ffl'("QW"fft~)~~-mR•mMiB<J*m~~--A~~l'f<J"m~"fft ~o IYl:ttmo:t?&*41¥1&$t£ 6%f11 14%ZfBJ~1t, fil~tf{]mnm!Jf!§¥IB4fifl- o. 1 JI;, ~¥IB o. 2 7Co §1Wm!mfft~!::t*$•OO~t:~~iliroWfft~CYi!.OO 3) o a:tt$•m•£w#. ~1f:tt~aam~mMJzooR1f-~~•~•••·m~.fft~~ •B<J:im n~ ~r~A~A~~~*fi1fii*~®F~l¥JmM~WM~RfiltEX~OO*&~~rt. ~~~ W®**~m•&•~mTW~rtfio ~oo~~~lii~~~~•= • 3li!*ti5l:o M!3ixiiilniil¥J*-lf, xii¥~1~PT~~*1Jl1o tltJT-~Mmf¥1¥Jt}~~a)j, M!3i ~~*fi1fiil¥1*~· *~~m•~~~~•~~~r~. wA~•~*1f•~B<J~~. 1l.3?::itlU1~~1¥J*i13fi1f$3f*If5(511f iJ l'f<J~~fi!Hl!! Cfli!.00 1) o tE~Ml'f<JJf!.:ltJ.l~fr~, ~~ ~3:::J!~~tEM~xii~•~~~m1¥J~ff$M~ff*A~~o • ~~HH mo :frt}M= ill:if~M 1¥1 ~et, MI3i fl.A*• 1¥1 ±~ b11, ~ ~tJL?;b ·t~t~ -fifiPT 121.:E1Uu¥ B<.J l!~o ~•:tz11~. J!iJdJU~1j:fr~1f JE$1¥J~~·tlt~r, ~*~::1:1¥1~.IRE~~~fl~~ ~~ (Bangkok) flJ~:lfiX (Seoul) :frfl.A~*M1f$l::ttf3ti~Bt:WC~t}~j:J:1p.:£1¥J3(ifil~il.£, j::J! ~~A~1iiliRMH~JE.o tE~~R1f 11%1¥J±:!:i!!.liifRfflr~~-R. W$~l&XtHl:lflXm!J1U:A 20%-25%0.ii:1!f~a~B<JfOJRfil~= ~ms<J:t?&*4&~0~xii1¥J1Efft~~j"*zrBJ~1f~-*· 3f 1l&$1~f~, ~~wiJ~TfL..Axiil'f<J~Mo~ § 1W~~~F~P:£1¥JJ§5JL ~:AfftmttX~ Ct§ ~~.A~AWfil&*.A~~*fi1f$1¥J~•**~o@~.M!-~A~$iJ:ifi1f•1¥J*~ •*••JI-~~~~•· m*~•~mm~••*.Am~ttl¥1JI*&•~:1nXnr~mm::1: 1¥1~-l!~ (Ji!. ~-~Jt 1) 0 I - • ~*~~~~~0~~~00*~~ ~ 5RIE9* B<J ~IP~ E8 3tJiJifi ~ 3& B<J 3:::4.15 ~~ ltI.illdt 00 *±~:A~ rtr£F:m cm~ u o lir?.ran1~~~ ®:Ji* HU~ *M iJc~ 1-1~ ®i C 1J1J !Lu m11 ft :ff~ f~ ~~ft 4o/J *u - ~ft 1*, ~ 1lB IDHG*u ~11B Jl~JifiO , ill I~ ®i ~~.Rffl I ~tt*mt8~t:l~tl*UMi}c B<J 0 • 'Jli113lim~ll~~'Jli113lim~*~ o a i~it3tJi~f)lZ9J±f: §:t.W.bt~~f)lZ9J±f: :m~, ep ft 3 rt ffJ .R 6 ,~, xJiit B<J d>~atfil!LUJ!to ~*~3& §ff$$ i!&*U~T:$1~~ (ftU:fff;nJ.t, :!Ji!i51:~ T:A~~fX:ff 5%~~1:.:tEfJ1.Z9J±f:~ J!i#Jki!!i: International Road Federation. 1993. ll'orld Road Statistics ~.VteJUJB:ff 1'r) o a~J\J::IW lk tg;W rtr®: t'it:Jiffiat, J.\IZ3i2.tt~ffJJ;E~~fH~~ J.l~~ §1J°±f:JtJio 3t:Jif5~6,~,f§~btf7~ (%) if} -~{tlW{. =~1t1* 90~100 80~100 60~70 J!~ ~ ~ (Bangkok) ~t:J?- (Beijing) • 0 0 7C 0 0 0 0 -i}j_~(Bombay) 0 0 0 7C 7f~ (Cairo) • • 7C 7C :f!E:tm:it (Jakarta) • • 0 • ft'.;~(London) 0 • 0 0 ~~~Jl(Los Angeles) 0 • • • ~®m-~(Mexico City) • • • • ~t~--Fi~(Moscow) 0 • • 7C ~]J'g (New York) 0 • 0 • :¥:1*:'71 (Sao fx.~ (Seoul) Paulo) 0 • • 0 • 0 • 0 *;?-(Tokyo) • .k/J!:Jf.E !EfJJ.iRIiIf. 2 flt!;)~; 7C 0 0 • • :&/J!:Jf.E!EfJJ.iR!ilf. 1-2 ffi: o tEUiJf.E !EfJJ.iR!ffIf.!;) no J!f.fJ!Jki/: World Health Organization and United Environment Programme . 1992. Urban Air Pollution in /Jegacities of the World Oxford o K ·lf•DI 301 • ~#M~~~m•~•~A•mm0~ili~~~-.~-~~•nm~0~~•m*~• fi'll~tft51:5{.$, fE!.J3:;i;'*•~wm~JJ~®7GtHll*· *M ~*9=1OOA1fJJ\:!M±!!Bt.\£E!I fF!!Bt.\ ~ili. ~fi*~~m~•~009=100AOO~*~mIA. ~fi*~~a-&ilifi9=1~~0~ ~*~m~~. rm~am~ilifi9=100•&~0~~*•~.m••i&A*~· ~~*fifl •~m~mm~~**· ~fi*~W$ilifi~~ffi§~~~.~~. ••oo~•§fila• •~-~~fl~-~~ffi.~§fil~•®~&nh~~*A~~*00Am~0~~mm*· a~WfL.ifSn~fr£i&A~-~0~~m~ll*OOOO*.m., d~~~fr£i&A~-~;fr1Jl6(-® ~~oo*&~ghJ3::f.Ff$:): d~~-~FJE:rtsn•~~fftrm 11\ruoo0~~mIA, J3:~1$:~ ~** T ~1ltfr£~}JX;*~;tt1tP.fr£i&A~m~mt~;fJL~OO~f~. ••00~9=1 OO~mJEOOrllii• J3: ®fq). 0 • ~~~•m•~•ma.§rtr~~•~oo~£dm**~~~. m•~oo~mi&AXfl~ "· ~-~~~~·*~hmM*~~nm•*•*~&:J:tB•~~aoo••· ~~. fit* ~~-•~m•~ft~~~£2~~~-~~£2~~moo~~.m•~~~m•£00~ ~&•*· ~£~~&••ooff~m~~moo~A~•*· • ~~r•mm~•ma.a-~~~~rtr~9=1.~Fr~mtt•oo~~w•~•*OO~fi. ~rm. ffi-*~**~~-~~FOOF£00£~.--~··*A~-*~~·oo*•· • ~:it~ffU~~tc•~ii'ij~lj~qtA. ft&flli&Jf.Hr!M~'tl'HH.r' fl.A1E~Rfl•m~•$OO i&A~~tH~;ttll!!l~mFfO:J'IHr:ltfJh!.fl*Al.K-SJZ-", ~F::t~gM~. • ~--~~~•~A.•m~~mttmi&~~0~~~~~mi&•oo~:rt*~M•i&A. J3:$%i&A~ffl-f-~~~~00ft~-~. • ~~••mm~•~•MA.fft*~*·~~~*•*•OO-~---~~-.~-m~ ~~~~m~~~•dm*ooi&•ffi-*•*· •*•~~*· #~}JX;~•oomm. ~~~ J1X;~~•••1t*~•oo~~. fE!.:tzo•~15!:•oo~mi&•ffi-*~M1HrJ1X;*rm~•1r£oom. mt~W•1t*~··*·~ft*fi}JX;*l&A.$ttW", ~-f-~"ffi-**-f-}JX;*, i&A.$~ Bmm•.~~. ~m~~~•~m*OO*ffi-*••· ~~~*~~~ooM•ff~.~~ ~3&~~tll~~*mM&. a~m1'r~1iZ.51Artr:1:mm1ttlOOM*fJtt.\mta-t-. ~~jtp1ttltt&oo•*· ~~~0~dfL. ••n•~M·~-. #fl~-f--~Afltt~~AOO~m*•~§~~-~§. • -~~•&~ffia~~~•*·~*~1-A~~·*~§oom~. m••m~~oo•~~ @t&•t1H±~1:tz:~tz:iPnOOM5'r@t;ts:. ~-~?JTi~001:f'=Jil~ffed:;ts:. • ~~~•&~•~•*<sm*••~.m••~~•iPnm~Moo*~~@~*m~m~ ~d:;ts:.M~1:tz:dm•~•iPnMm~doo~~~~d:;ts:.m~tt•oo~. ~~g&#:t£ ~#~•ffih~~~~~~-·~*1:f'=~$~. ~*~--~d:;ts:OOf'=~*~mt~Stt ~~~00~2m*~· l.!Jl ?£ iJ:!It1fJ@ffl J:::i&J]l JI7t 1ff 3CJ!q:y ~ PJ f§g~~tl 00 JJ-1* IPJ B. 3CJ!$ l'1 00 ~!R*f*f B hl-/F liiJ 1rmLho* T ~i!i!S* oo m:1:m • JI@m -t-3CJ! q:y~ oo Ji~·t~un xtlt. -roo !It1n~ ».7t 1Jrm ••, ~2 ••~•mcama~i!i!Sm&•oo•~•&rtr~~#oosw~•>=~m~~oo*fa~•~~~ J!#Ji~·!i. ~~-* d~Up,\(;:;$:~11j¥~•-f1g.lLE!Pdll~~rii!!00pj(;:;$:12J-&¥~•-iE:tE{AW:M~~OOd:;ts:. {El~® d:;ts:m••:t:E*W:M/Fft.lL~-~~. M~. m••:t£•$Md:t£~-~ilifiM, #/Fft~~ -@mmtt~1:00p,l(;*~•~oo~M•,•~oo•JI•~•,•~oo~n•dR~••>.m ••&/F~-~~fi~~~Amtz:~OOpj(;:;ts:, £/F~re~~Af'=1:00p,1(;:;$:~~~{A·00~~~ •. ~T/F•B1-Ailifimtz:1:00tt~p,l(;**-T~mn~~OO~§. ~~~1-Am*lliOOd:;ts: n&•m~m~doott~p,l(;*·~~-~d:;ts:&mw~•~m•:t£~1-A*~Mms•. ~~ &~~&•?£~m•m~M003CJ!m*d~m&•~md:;ts:~. ~~iEtind* ~*fil•d:;ts:~mm••:t£$~3tJ!•*M~~~MOOmffi~~'*fiMOO~*~tt~m ~X~/F~~<~•~/Fmm•>oomffi~m~~.m••-•~~~~*fil•pj(;*•~oomfi ~~.@••~m~Aoo••· m••~£tt•-T3CBOOM00tt,fim~lt,~~ttl2J-&Rffl tt•.&•~~·•*oo••~••~•.w~~~mm•=~.i!•~•A~tt~M~-T~ m~•mmoo3CJ!~~oo•~.i!&~~tt~••~moo~•~~m•~Am~. 0~3CJ!OO •*~~J::@~oo-~.@&rl*~·~--~OO•*•••-t-AIDOO~MfthM.a~&~ /F~tlBJ(tf. ~~ff-1-.A.d* Jti~1-Ap,l(;:;ts:~mm••:t£m••*•~oo3CJ1•*Mm~1:ooa*pj(;*.~-t-0~fil• •*oo*g*~·J!·~~~MOO~*&•flm~OOMOO:~T~~*ili~*~·J11~1-Ad *·~~?fif§gl@~UOO~M• ~1~ffl7.k5f7C~OO•m Ctm1'An•> 12J-&1X1M$~f-tOO•m (~IJ~t~ 0 •~nR~• >tttt•rr§ ••:t£~Jti~ffi~~M.m•. K •861§ 303 :ih~ff-U~ .5.lt* :trrgftf-f:ffil!M:Jm:tifllft, m-=f4ij!fWH!9t~rlifA1m:tifil!MOO$m*-i,~, 'i?;/fi)(*:1Jo § 2.00ati'BJ PX:*, &•£.i T M:ffil!M.L B:ff$m001E~ffltfo E8Wl~r$m~lif1'tM71<1E!OO•J=i=H~Pi~:liI~-t AJJX:*, rn•**•m~AM~PX:oo•m~m:liI~*•PX:*o:liI~-t-APX:*~:liI~*•PX:*~ *1JhfJtll41~:JiI~ff,*±~lJX:*o ¥~•1'r:tE:itt1'ftk:•at. 1111R~~¥U~•J\t¥UOOJJX:*, ~J.OOOO/E5C -1'-Atk:•R&~ 7 •J\tPX:*.:liI~-t-APX:*-~*PX:*,W*•m~OO:liI~tt~PX:*:IF•-t-A~~)MW~PX:F m00 ~~ ~-~f,!t fl'H.$ ~JI JJl!JllY! ff!'~ 00 Jj [19 R:ff~#' T ~~UiiE m•1'r:tt 1~ 1±:1-1'- Atk:•at' 0 0 -~~rtm-t-A:liI~PX:*-#J\t•~M:ffOOtt~PX:*o ~nmm1't:tttk:•atm~~oo[19•~$hOOOO.m:ffoohoo•~••~m:ff~, *•~~ ffr~OO•nftiJ o • tll fi 1¥.J IX~ o R:ff:ff 1±:11'f Jifi w* 00 ~~.@. * r 1±:1 fi Jifi 1-E m00 :&r&*o at !'BJ 00 ff!' fiat , AffJ T ~ ~~-l±:lfio:ff~®•~~.~.r.m~#OO~JifflM,AffJ:ffffl'~__too~~~~~m~oo, m-r-__t~~-~~§0000l±:lfi&~#~~o@~~l±:lfi00ffl'~a•oo$o[19W,ffl'~·~ ifEf!AffJ•&-®ffl'f.ilHI£00 l±:lff, ~-~tiPA:ff $ £ § OO·tiOO l±:l1'f 12J.m• l±:l1'f OO~ift·t1o ffl'~&:ffMrre••oo~oo••*E~lf~•ffl'~OO~m1'to • tllfi~~1¥.Jm•oilifih~OO~~~JI~~r/f~Wffh~~~*PX:*OO~~o~mt~~. 0~~BJIMPX:~~A~Bh~C~§fi$~~A~~$)OO•~h~. 'tmt~~U~~ *Nt•o • tllfiH1fBJ olll.r&:ff ®fflM c:tro__tm) oo l±:l1'fati'BJ:ff~F~ooatrBJ·t1 c:tro.r.ma-trBJ. fflj'JJ!i3f f1 a-t !'BJ~) W33-~l±:l1fiiSMOOllti'BJ•t11J!U ~t~3Zffl [19Wfttt~-·~:lt~l<ZJ}ft1Jo•m 001}~. 0 0 mtm12J.•&~-a-t~OO-t-Al±:\ff,ft~~~A*m~moom:t1fil!Mo~~:tE-~OO/f~a-t ~ i&ItZ :;r- ~ • mooh~, &m12J. ifE ft{t~UdPJJ ~ftMfJ oo 1J- 0 a-t rBJ , 12J. :ill!~•~ a-t ~ 1±:11t cttt3f I f-1: a•trBJ) o • §~~CUWfim•>~~--~-~~ff~M~ff$, ~A~~~&llt~~~~. ~~* ff*~•OOl±:lffo@m-r-0~~-d~AR**~· ~~OO~ili~~~~00.0~~•• -~~~*ffl'~l2J.&~$~fflOO*ffl'~·~·*m•OOl±:lff, ~-M:ff~BW*OO**· iJ I~~B1m:tif :1JoJi!flJ •. • tllfiM•~m•~~~~l±:lffM~fi:ff~00[19•~ttM•.@~~~-*JJl!~!Ei&mffl'~, :ill!~ 1!:IF i& • 00il!MttJl'.1m :t1f. • 3l®I~l¥.lmtf. ~o•~na oo PX:*.r.1~ c'El,:JSm•:t?&~4m) , •ifE1tAm~~*1-~na oo~n IA.~~m~~*•ft~:m:JI.:ttm$oo~. m~~*•m•oo•*&~PX:tk:!ET~~ *•0011JJJX:, ~m1'too•~~~*•:lf-~[19•~~m.w~®*•w~~OOtk:!E[19•:1f-m~•'El,~:ff~ !E~~~oom•~.[19~.mm~oo~nm~:1ttfim•oo!E•~~~~m•1'roo~~M•tttt ~~~~~·~•m•1'r~•~~•~m~.~~m~•ff~~~*~~. ~mffl'~m~m~ §5t;, &:5tm' "0~3'.t::ii" .Ej "0~tflHlm~mHF' 1¥JIR~iJ: 0~3t:ii~mjgJijf:ffjg0A m~1¥J3t:iiE1t*: 0~E1t*~t~rn0~m¥Jrm/F~tl;gwn:lgi-Am~1¥J3t:iim*: =1!t3f~~ 1PJ-¥~0 :tEW$00*9=1, 0~3t:iiEll*±~~rntl;gwnm~l¥J o rmJ3., fil3f~~Jiff:ffl¥J1~Dt.1i ttm*m~~rn0:trii::~*m~oW$OO*tttt:iitt•~m¥J.Ej~A1i::~~tr*IPJ1¥JE~~m •1lrm~~~EitLl·t11¥JEll*o 129.tlt, ~lf Ell*~Ei30~:tJl;ftJ~~rntlA*m~, /F~rn~Ell*~ :g;w~i~Dt.1i~JJ::l¥J, rm~ rnP}J~lf:tfl:t1;Jfm:ti:m~~E1t*01m~£::k1¥Jffr1i Cxit~:g;=:tri~Dt.1i) ~n: 1¥107Cit~~,m*1¥Jm~1!t~~~~@~*~•~~;g®m~m•1!t1¥JW*, #~:tr~•~ Jtt1'J~3'.!Jl.o 6. 1 PX:*@lq1( •~-~£m~~1¥J~m3t:ii1'f~,•~*3t:iim*11::~s•~~wam~m~~~9=1Jt:t m 1Tt£;g 0 xt-T !l!: Tm ~ITTj:m r:p l¥J tlAii:: ~!!,I(; ~1.t l¥J 01f ii::~*iJL ~j'~:tEM?.'!~ l¥J }t $ r:p j:: ff -r~, &,~9!-.:j!im~~~= • ~-~~A~m*~~-~d*offW-~m~1i::~~~~-M~ffl1!tWm~~~-1¥J~ A ~*H~:ltJiff1f B<Jr}.;g ~*' ~ !J!iJ't~7C$~M~r}.;grm/f'1,/Fffu ffi 0 ~-*1JM3t:iiEll*1i:: ~~:5t~:tE~Jf:l¥J~A*~r,m~~®mi*~H~1TW#~m~•~~~~•::kl¥J~Ao 129.tlt, tE~tftLl.~OO~r' tlA1i::~~£±~:!:1!!~~*•1tE~ C'ElJliffrmJl~) *~2151/®i gtof*iiE~Ao 1mfi'Jxtrl'J•1!tl¥JW*1t1.tM~~, #xtWTB<JEll*W*flRtl:L&at &So • ~&~A~m*~ffi$~-~~fi~d*o~~:tEM~1¥JITT~Jt$9=11:f¥, -~~--~ ~, 1:~1!tm•~~M~mm~1¥J•-~m*~~~•1¥Jg*~A, 3f~:lt::k-T:lgm~~ mt-* J~E!! *rm :It }Jo 1¥31Im5'~ * 0 15-J~E!! * z fa] 1¥3 xx f~ MJ!/f PJ fJ~ 1¥3 0 i3: /f ~Jl}1C~ pJT1f fffi* •~1¥JW*~m~o1f81, :it~-~WTl¥JM~~~~1:ffi~M*~l¥J~g, ~PJ~jg:lt~ ffi*•l¥1~1f~M**•*1¥J~go:tE~#M&r, ~1f~Mrnf~g:lfl~,m~1:1¥J::k -T:lt~~*l¥Jg*~A@•~H$WTM~l¥J*•~Al¥J-$:5to IPJ~B<J~a~mm-T-~ 9=1t~~1JB1f&1¥J3t:iiEll*m~ C:tio~~JUll*)' ~:t$~Pf!PJfJ~R1f ¥~1¥J:l*g, fEI.,~-lt3=:$~ @~5£1¥J$o 6. 2 J.§@W4~::Ma{J~* -~~~~*~~~~,tEJt$1¥Jm~r:p~~-~1f1:•~1¥J.~Ei~1¥J~;g-~, 3'.t::ii Ell*1i::~&,~9l:tEit$EOO~n5r£;g o • mmw~~*o rn-T~A*~!!,1(;1!fl29:lt~~129m••*~~1t~rm~•m•1!f1¥J~*®W ·*~1:1t~B1, :lgm~m~1¥Jm*•&~iliffi&1¥J1t~otEITT~~mr:p, ~#1t~~:iitt ~~1!t~•~m~m@r::k1¥Jm••*·*~!!,l(;d~~~~~-•*~~*~~1¥Jol29.tlt, ~•m•1!txt~1T~m-rm~1¥Jm*l¥l•**~B1.~*~~·*~1¥J~~1!t~:tE~1T~ mr*1Jo~~, !!,1(;1!f~m~ffrmo :tio•m~ffrm, 7C~~~ll'JIWTl¥J1i::~;IJoAITTj:mJt$, fi 'Jl~3t:iiEll*l¥J~~*1Jo, MFP~mx~r~o 7Cit~~~~m~~*1Jo~~. •~m~ K • lfjjf/Jl 305 f!3tii~!l9H8~~if~:1Jo o IPJat, rtr~5~HJ:iHE.~:iW!:3tii~ll93-1E:~-t--B1JJJJf, ,l;JrtJ;l;Pifli;~MFJT *~ffi~W:tEM:tEm*i¥J~m93-oM~. ~fmM•~A~~~ffl~*~l¥J~~~~~xt ~1¥J3tiim~. *~~fli;~~i¥JmLl~m~•~ALl~*~~*l¥J~3tiim93-~,7;;m~o:tE •~rtr~~. ~*~fi•*~l¥J3tiiiE:~$£:tE~~~ttr*~~93-1¥Jm~tto • @ffliiiUlflt~:#o tErtiJr~M•m~filJ~i?3tii~!l93--1iBW:tEIPJt$1¥J~mo ~1¥J~!l93-J.9t § !ij~~ll 93-JN § Z.fBJl¥J~J3U~-Ol.tEf3tWIB~~~lPJ, ITij_§_jf~~ftR~lPJ C:tio*f·!*, ~if.,]~) 0 i3:mc~ *:tE~m1¥J~IJ:iJ~m1¥J$m_t~m~~o~~@••rtr~m*1¥J~~rru~~1¥Jtt#~BJ:E ~$mi¥J•~· c•~-~~o(iljj1J~•1¥Ji¥1lff£.fllm~m93-1¥J!J;Jli$)' i#~Tit-li-~o • ®~WM~~~~o:tErtr~~m~. ~lPJ~~~m93-1¥J~M&&~ili,7;;m~~~~~m93- m~1¥J~*o ~~@3:tE-~~1¥J~~C~m93-)*Am~atmc@~m~~i¥J~~*fo ~ f0~3tii1¥J~m•x-tmattt.~fflttLl&ff~~N~~~IPJi¥J~*oi3:mt~m0~3tii 1¥J~~·~•m~~1PJ*~-0m~*~~IJ:iJ•~•c~~lPJ*~-0m~*)1¥Jm93-. Ll ~lPJ1¥J~~*•~~m•1¥J~IJ:iJ•*· Mrru~m~•~~m••~~o It~. ~*~~~ *~~i,MJ$~Ll~~~~~~~ft. i3:mt•~•3tWm93-1E:~~*~•M~~mT*~o @i3:-~i?'t~m.~~ff:t ftffl, ~P'f::M£*3tii~!l93-~Jt~~T$ T;f§3*1¥Jtiti!:, i3:t$~1f£ T £*m93-1¥J~¥. ~~7£*m93-~m•i¥J~$llt~oilli3:*~£-~m*~B. ft~3 ~JYfi!:~!l93-1¥Jxt~W~.fbAf\$B1, xit:tEft-Z.'t~m.fm1fJ•~~f!ffl£*3tii~ll93-o 6. 3 :i'.e:~a~im~1.ttg!I ~ft•~~artr~~#~~~*~ft. •~~·-~~1¥J~~tt0.i3:@tt0a~~1¥J• ~m~tti¥J3tii*~~£~•~1¥Jo~00£-®~~1¥J~h: • 7NlrtJima<.!~*1~~iL tr:EJ.•~fl!jo)]!P)j~~i?3till!~ll93-~~-ll& 'JI*~· 1mmt16\~N T Mm:f:Pil¥J m**f~oi3:*~£1>l.1XTM*~~~~m~M~m*.rru£LJ:E~TM~1i'Jxt3til1!1¥J~N, ff :i!U¥N' m8 't':L ~ irol ~ ~ lPJ '.Still! fjt~ 1¥.Ji.-f ffr' Ll R fm 1fJ ~- 3Z: 11i¥Jff)'~0 • 7 Nl:!E ~a<.! PX:* ~M~ 0 tr w. :EJ;H~ 1m m;!;Pi i¥J ~ft* iro] ~fm fi'J i¥J NA.fll ~ ili ' ~1¥JPIG1fs:~ftJ o xt-=f~ii:iE:~*i~.. J2,:~'*tfftMl'J~f>Z.16,~Jnrn~4iJ1JH9:Ai¥JJl_,-f*PIG1fs:, ITiJ !JJt16\ ~ll! T ~~ {t £LJ:E16,~mm~~rmNA?JT~~1~¥1J 1¥.J~ mo a11t£11lfl_t. fm fn:<t~~ ~~tiJA.Jt1*1¥J ~%~~~~* ~m~i¥J~A~f1llii¥J~*· ~~~~~~93-£~mm~ftoxtf3till!it~*~· i3:£- ~;f§3$!~1¥Jtk:W:. ~,7;;~®~*!ij~ili1.Kf£x:k1¥J c:tioft~tAmH~~*~~•): ®~®~ *!ijfli;~~ll93-1¥Jati'BJ£~:ki¥J C:tio:;;-93-~*): ¥i-®~*IJ!IJMl"•illft$0m~W~ft C:tio~ *3}) 0 • rtJ~~~~#ortr~~~tt#£:tETMrtr~*f~~~**ffili¥J£~_t~~~ft*l¥JM93-~ m,,foftm•~U~i¥J-~i?~ilH:#o -W~:tio. t£3tilll~F~~B1@:ili~~'i16B1, ill!:ct~F~ili~f!;! ~~mLl~~$~Ao~•xtW®~mLl~-~~~m~m93-1¥J~~m~f!;!, ~t$~o& 'JI ~w!l~l¥J*~, *~:1Jo~Ao i3:1~Hi!itli;{:JtlPJt$1¥J3tilll~ll93-ff!xtf ~ 1Plf~~i¥J¥11J ••~lfX~ lPJl¥Jftffl, ~mM1¥J"~™~~"~"~~tf:EJ."0~™~~1¥Jm~:tE~~-~3till!IA ••· Ll~*~*--*~1¥Jf~~*·~~xt0~~ml¥J•~~fflo~W@ffl~™~~ 1¥J:km:tE~~-•xtrtr~1¥Jm™~hoxtf~W@ffl~™~fil, ~W$~1PJl¥J*M· ~A ~~J31J OIH*A~~ 1H~!<), ~tfi¥JB1i'BJ C~Fi¥1l~f!;!) M~!l93-1¥JJYfi!: C~JYfi!:~i¥1l~N) ~o ~*~~mmm~~~ft. ft~~~-•~M~~ft~oo~m~oo~~.m~*ooft~~ ~I WT 00 ftffl ~, ~fJC~ii'.1£~ f§M~1~ 9! r%J 00 i&A, fiP ftJJ~ ® WJ ~ "1!:~" 007* ~ill~ JA i:p ~ttfi®OO*fi,D~m~m~~~~~m. ~~~~~m••·•r%'i~~u~~~~§ ~oo~*~§. ~mA4~~~*~#. ~: ~•ooft~~0~~•oom~. 7. 1 lllll~fft~ • *A~~~~•&•X•~d*·•m•~-~·fr*~~#r. ~~~R~ft~X>j· ( JffH:ii:AWT~f100ffl~f§~$%1!:~1~H~~* 'E1115~lif5'~$~*) oo·t~t:JLr' ~f§~~tl:l;f±~ • flt 00 fR:. 0 • ¥~~-~~m~••~•~-~iim4•~~ft~m0~~~~·~~~~M1E:W*m ~*· ~~X>jf~iifi~**ft~•D. 1. 2 ~J'~ffi"!mfi~ • ~~:tt~·~.w~~*~ El3. f~1f~&:,~mA~X>j~~£ rn!i~) oorJI*· tt*=~4~1f•001R:W: ~~.ffWX>j~1f~~1f~£#~~~~n~~~oo~~. •~*~~~~*~~*~£ JVJ::I: 0 • ~-~~~~~fi•ff~.-~~~~-~n~~·.~~~~A~·~~h.S~Brl •~•00~~~1f.mm~JVJ::1:oom4~~*ooft~*~~·~.m~@1£~~a1E:ooii tt•~fi~(~~m·~~*m~~ttOOM*ft~~m~WT00~1T~A~$·)~~~~§ oo.m~.•m~~-~~DOO$~~·N*· ~-~~@-~ff~OO~~ . • ~-~~~A~E.$~rl~~§~m·~~§OO**~~ftr$~~··~*&~~·· -~~~~~~~-*~~.~~~ii·~~~~hOOiittm~tt~ft*~~~~~~~ 1£~•#~~~•m).m~.•m~~-~~DOOfi**~m~~~~A~~oom~~~ rllf9'~ 0 'iiJ •# oo • i>l:l!ff 'i-f ft. 9=100~$~ii~iiffP.J!lfilOO~*'tiJ9J:~~ft!?.W~OO~+*ffH!;J.. IOJllfilOOf~ili\ftTill~~·~ ~•m~••~OO:BWT~•oo•-~~·~· ~•~m~~~•~•oott:1:m*· #~dm ~mm. [.51~¥1~ft~fJt1fitl*r~115tl~lifttt:I:$*· Ilitlm-M*m~n1'$Ilitl~z~~f~n~: B m~•oo•=~~·~· ~~w~~~~oo~ii~~••·fr~m~iiill•¥~i:f. ~@~ii K • lfJjf/Jl 301 ~~~~~~~ft£~~*~mmn~oo.mm~~ewm~~~~oo~~&•ili~#~*~ ~.~~~~--~~•· ~~w~~*~~~m~~. rnf-**~m•*~-moo~ax m~ffi*ftoo•~~~u. ~~w~~*~m~m~~oow•.~~a•-#~m~~*· & ~~-#m~*Ufilffl£~~00tt*~~*-~*~00tt*.f£~~~T·~~~B. ~~ w~~~~•oott*·•~· *~**~m~~~~-*~•oo~mh~&tt*~~oo~~. ~&•mjg T ~tM=~~•A:$•~m~~~001fl'*lt7.K-'f rm ~3& 0~Tf xEJJG1~941i~ 1'iiJBffili1i:JJn, ~~oo~A~~a£, ~w•~•*ooM•~m. ~~m~~tr~m*~oo•~~~mA:oo~ oo•~· :#~~T~~fi~20000m•*~· a•m~mm~*@ffl£~m~~oo~~.~m~~~•oo•*~~•~oo~rn<a*fm Z911-t.OO~Bit)C*, &i•HtiiJT~®1'iiJB). • mamm.mnwmm~mtt~~oomn~mi&mm~*•*·~#i&m~w~~~oob ~·~*·~~00-#~m*AWm~~OO*•~&.~~~~~~~Wmfil~~M*ffl s ooh~· ~m~-MfL*Awmoo*'c,'f.tj~~oo*m:J;)J@Jt#3 OOllft:JJniti=miiL~m. £ ]l~00*!1ErJJiaJEaiJ1A. wma so if:1-t*:itJH~1 il-\trtt*miJUJIJ*!JC, *A~mmm~oo *•••hl*~*· ~~*•hl***•~ttooi&m~oo•§*tri&m.•ilioo~~~~ •*a"**OOi&•*!JC", ~*!Jemtt*••*OO"~ft~"E!JG~~M•hl*•~*fi i&•.~~~iEft~~~tt*.ftiliM~.m~m~i&~A:3&~M*W~*OO•M•OOb ~~mttmM&*i&•. ~7g•Moo~mA:3&~*•ootr~~~M. ~*~*~•~*~ •~f••wmoo~~. ~~#~~m~A:J&&•ili*mmwm&~~•~ooA:~. • ~-~~~~~.A:$-~A*•~~§00~, •W~W*, ~~~ilifi§OOff/'g.&a £~, n~ff~~n~EJJGM*W*£~~ft*m•. rn~m~~iliM~:~-. ~~mm M~ffl*ffT*~i&-.m~•m~*m•OOW*i&•~*OO~. ~~oott••*fil~ft 1~i1J111J#Jtl. ?fi~1~*:f;m&@*~i&•. ~~~~~&•m~@m1~*~-r1~M. ·w_EIJ~@ ~*~lA1i::~m11B1i'JJifiilH~001~*:f;m~ OOW*~m:f;m1fl'*lri&•' ~tfHH~*~fSJm~OO± *m•oo~*·•=.a~~~~oomn~mi&moom~~.mfa~mwm*~OOW*· i&•oo~•~&@~mw*~OO*~oo••~*·~@~m~®W**•Mm~oo~mw moo~~tt~~*·~#i&m~*ltoo~•~m]l~.mft~~-®A/'gOO~~~•.wH. ~-W*~~£rn~A-~OO.~~~~-~OO&~*•Urnf*~&•wmi&mOOW$ i&m•m~.~@r,;tj$t&OOt&A~-~&*~~OO*.&iliW*~*OO•*i&A-~~~ ~•mm~.rm~ftil~A~~.~2. ~~~m~•oo: •mw*i&•@~~~W** m?;r~~**xHoo~~-Ftt~~*· • ••••~~~~~.~~~~~i&~oo~mwmm. ~£mttmMmEJJGW*•~oo~oo i&•.~~*lr~h~-~-~~Am~~~mh~OO~~. WH~#-~@m~A~m~ :fLJrmm0~~m~fLJ. !f.fJ31J30~~mrn~~i1J1~941iOO~l~Wnm~B1. ~~r%1~:9:oo~m ~~-~~~•fmn~mi&•~&•~i&•. ~•M•.w*•oo~~~•· • ~~~m0~~~~~n~.~jg-~0~~m•*OOA:W*~*£rn~-MOOW**~ 00~~£~~-~~*· ~&a•m~~~~~Z9JhOO•*B*MB100$Z9Jh~*), ft ~Fr%'J-M, •w:*~oo~~ffinX:*•~t§m1i£-®, 0~~m~li*•~~m~@ffl&J31J~~ -~*II& iJl11£-MOO*~· ~Jis:itlm~m~!ftltr~~hOOJ'E*:fLlffl 0 --- I • ~~~tt*~•.R~amMoofu~~mw~~-~oo•~~. xmm4oom~~~~~ *·~-~-~-~•MooxmIAOO~•tt. ~~~-M. • ,~~M.®:ff.!J!!. X>J0~xm'*1-r1rM~~3&xmtr~rrff~oomitti, i3::m-~fi£1YT~xm1J:rt oofu~.Mwmittix-Jxm~~~•~&m4oo~~.~F•oo~i3::m-~••mooM•~m. * i3::fiF ~ 1£1. :m-MJ:IJilm 1.mm 001r ::kfO " {jz 17t" *" MJj( 5¥ 00 m rt6W JiiiiJ ¥U ~PJ Jg~ 00 :!:i!!.ti7 ~.lit 0 ;f!l/R, ftX1fciJB00~ 1 C.'X'J~pl[00i]!~~rSJ'*1-r~51:5o&•' ~f)(~:JJoT•lff OOi&A. ~:i!1T xm£:iitllt'it:fJffiOOJtt'it 01H~~0x)' &tt:~OZ.~MTit!N~111Hif. • i*~!:ti:~J:E;g. f:*iiE~~:IE'Ef••~oo~~ -~%~ooxm~~¥!1JI!, Jt5!HM:IE#~Jl'iT. m~m~ai3:1JOO&PJ~®~~Moo~m.PJ~X1~&~~oo~~w~~~•m.~~m tt~~ttOOM~~-~1*~. ~&X1~~~&~MMOO~~~::k~N~~1*~•· &~AA -T~~~~. X1-T~m~m*~· xm•m~-~ffi~•oo*~.a~®oo•. -$71-Arn-T~tt~® xm•mw•~••·•~~~•m~. ~~•~r~m1T.1YT~~~m~m•~PI~~oox illIA, X1-t-m~~m1qi•~~1t•~. M~001J-¥!~rn•lff*T-t~xm•oo1fr~Jk5f, ft~m ~&n•~~.•1tmoo~N~X1xillm~~'*1Tfu~~~. m~wxm~~mttm~~~rt6 fffi*· rt6Eituooxilln&4Ji!f$t1~ooi&A*'*:i:l~$xJZ.:frM. ffrm:t~:t11 a•~~ooxill1T~~'*1Tfu~~~.~X1~m~moom•~F~•~.m&Pin~~% ~ffi&0051,JlL -Wtl:trn, aiCF~~~1J'H~m, :tio~~:ho$ (Senegal) OO:itll$$ (Dakar), rnfxt~# xilln&400~~ooi&•fu~'*1-Yrl[tU. 3&ftftMfJ~~gf*M=JE1tOO:IE!iiltr~4. ::ktOO:IE!iiltrt'it1fi.1*1 ~~*.S%1¥J••~m·~-z~~.~~~~gl¥J~*l¥JOO~~fiOO, ~-T~·~~.~ #~ill~~~illtt•~*~**~--*~00·~·· ~~~~*·~~~ffi~*fXfX~~ill ~~~*1¥J-$7J-, :tlll'=fu~~fljU3&ftn&41¥J?lim$~fl£, MWWA•~f1}{$fOtii:~Ai¥JBti'SJ::k•* ~.~~fu~~~~~&*~Tm•~J¥J~~~*.am•~~J¥J0~~m*~'*1Tfu~~~ at, -!E~+7tiltl, P~~~Fi~-~~#~rn.litF~i¥J~*t!~'Bf~:fH~. 11'.1 =ffB 3'.t 5l. ~I' ~i!i ~$:Y:JZ.:frM~1*M'fu~~tUOO£:iitll. xJZ.:frM~1lV1t~*~~f1£-T:itir1F~:;is:OOfu~$t~ xmn&4. WJj-$7t*~~*XrmOOfu~ftmxmn&4. Jt~J§~F~OOEI~**"MIW~Ji~ 00-'5"1~. :tio*OO:iiJH~'MUt~mf!r1tftmooxmn&4~g•F~EI~. xX:frMmc:iiJfl'*figx-J~m~ ~,PJTMM, @~•a-T•®EI~it600S4tttt~::k•oo~m~m~m~~~ili3:®•4*~EI ~~:frM~~~oo~fm$7f, mc~mrt6ffr~, M~•&n&4?lim•. ~~**P~JJ~l!~. &Ut ffi m&fi!J1r!:i 7 ~m~fr m * ~o 'M*i~fr Ji¥: oott?fi~~m~ 1 C.', w litlA 1N'9::$ oomi~•rm-T OO:J't. •m~m<~X10~xillOO*•~N~), ~~~--~~~iliT.i3:#M~•~OO§!WMR* ~~~*~H,@MI•i&AOOmit6~~~~~fi,PJT~~001r::k. i3:#M~~M*M~ili. ~Ji*'fu~~115UfOxJZ.:frMJi!fw*OOm:li. W~llOOX1~£1PJ$~$t~MMOOM1*m~xm 11-M, w~mf!:!lxilln&4m~~J¥J~~if 1fi:~. K • Jfli!Hl 309 ~~OO-~@~£H•·~~®A•~~~mM. *~~®AOO~~A~m-~.w-~ oo~A~mmfxm.illmmfff~~~§oo.~~-~g, xmm~•~~w~m~.ill~ •~x-txmm~:J!t ». ~m 1'tN•~~ nOO*rM. xm*rMR~ti:x~~~i:1:1BH•JtJ:1r~AOON:5HIBat:t-1!m. xm*rMm ~mm~ -r=-;i;r11 ~~**1Twm.~9=1•#~~•§*T~•m~oomm . • ~-*~~0~~-~-.~-~-:1:1!!-~WM~~OOAW•~B:l:l!!~~~-wm~~oo xmIA, -Wtl:tzoti:;i;rr~l%~fttl/j[rOOWJ~~~J.)JJ!JA, ~#·tffm.rrnJ&m[Q}Jg~®:l:l!!~m#t 0~xmoo~•1'rH••~M•*rM£~moo. rn~w~~oo-~~•£, rnf~•:J!t~ T0~M••~*•· •~~m~r*m*mmcw~£r*~m:J!t~~>. WH~~m~ 00~4l-frrWmmt*J"UAfrMnli*J.ITT § 0 m~•m&H.ITTF• '$'1f~£-:J!tOOM*Y* §, ~~:*. ~frpM!~. • iilcJ1'.A.a<.J~r9JMJlifi1J. B§f3H•[Q]•~mMOOA#(:!zo~~' 1t~~fp;J:j!t~)·#t*rM. * ftW~•:J!tmtt~·~~[Q)~®A•~m*OO~~.~#~~m~mtt[Q]W~mMOOA# ~-~$ffi~~), 83~ffl:J!ttE~$1Jt[Q]~-1'txM. N83~-#~i&~~~~~.~1' b~m~•*~Jj[:l:l!!~•~•:J!t•~~mAwmattw~ooxmm*, ill~~fmtt~• *~~~~••#t~~m•oom*~*moo•m~m£ffim~~oo.m~•:J!t*~~N~ ~*ffimfm~m*>·~®B~tt~tt.•~oob~£re~ffJg~m~moo~~A.#il ~ill~83*~fflf~fil~Jg-~moo•*m•. ~~R~tE~A~H.Jtl:1T~AN*~· m1*1ttl00'tffm.r, I.:i!OO~!!mmM (assistence-in-kind) :;t-~~5(. ~frl1~¥*fflf I ftW 1'f, #mttJl.±*WmatC:!zoElffiOO "Vale de. Transport" )M~t1*00~~6. ~:7g~ ~~M~~ttJ:\:$f11~xl~Jlffi, w•~m OOM~#1.H±~9=1tE~~ttJ:\:$ f10 • ~;g*.Ra<.1~$. i4=$®*00~2~*~· mtt~nx*rMoo~•f¥ff°:, m~1!mW;~t3tmn1i *?JTW~OO*rMtYJr~. JJ.-1m~~•mOOIJ!tJ&ffiJE!. ~-~~•.!:J~~nli*~~+*ffif!V., ~~z~ti:fxmm*mW;#~mtt~•*~~m*•#t~.•m•~m*OO#~~».~ •~•cm~§ffiM~®AWOO:*.•m~. #.!:J~•:J!t~~m*~~.mttre~•~~* :7gW$~~OO•ft.~~~~~m~ftWW$~1*~•1't*B--1=5~•.~#~~tE~lffi~, ~00, liffl~, :Pt~~~®$~~ffr;*rMPX::<is:OO®*W*BlJJX:J}J±-t!!.*ffltto 9=1®*~moom~~*~~~~~~®*~~••oo~mffim~*· m£9=10000~M•Jj[ :!zo~z·tic, &,~_m~mJL~zgoo%~. Jg~, Jt.fm~¥fH~$, :!zo~1§. (Bangkok), ¥X~ (Seoul) §~OO~~£m~m~oo. 9=10000§~~~£~~Jt.~~mtt~~tt~oo~m~PX:JJJ:l:l!!~m~ •~MJtJ:fi 9=1xm1r~ oo 1PJ • . MJt.~fil-~M~$00~~*~·Jt.xm*~mPX:OO~~illtttt£filWI.•F~OO . .±~ Ni:~:!zor: • ~~1!J@f1A1J?Eifj[•J1f~~z9=1: 310 ~Hiht 10: H:iL-$-I!lMfftlal!lf/ft/ • mfflZF1i:f5~l'rtl*!filJibt-Wtl r.'Q c:tzo~{l:Pf¥,.1t$); • J=llf-3t:Jml'rtlilt~3::1'aJ bt-WHI£; • $m3F~$~~. ~fH?7.K3Ffl£: • {§1cd>:ff5i~l'rtl~fl£¥'5~l'rtlmffffio um~~~~-m~•l'rtl~~•~±~:ff: • m • ~¥-¥*1il*fl*1 • lliit • ~D¥1'i1!:mfflZA51'1%i!f l'rtlfe;ll.& ~*,mttm~*~~*~l'rtlmm!tm&mfflZY'5~ofil£, *m~~~~tt*,m~:ff~~ ;Jt1H!Jtlj!®f5~ c-eMJ5-*t~~, *tftm, *•ml'rtl~ftto o :.1t1mmml'rtltz:4PJ, :tzo=~ft~ c:tt~ ®f~J}t_tl'rtlm*tft!tm) :tEa-tl'aJ.f03::faJfii;ffJ, :ff-i:1*rliil.~5i~@o j!®~~•n!liJl'rtlf¥13tlfR~f~D:I:, Jifi*ml'rtl:JE~1J:rt, ftml'rtl*m~ru. c~ris•*4), *•~t11111:rt, :tt~®fiJ3tI.~IfR~-r-1m1n l'rtl:!E1T:1J:r\:o~OOUml'rt!I.~f5~4ml'rtlttM~fiJ}t~&m~~l'rtl~~~-m•.£~m~~20 ~ ITTJm:liJ~litlll'rtl~D1r~l'rtl-1-~lt11lJm£, ft~ffl'rtl1fr~~~,fOJj(ffj~~1-A.f00ifJ ~ ~~l'rtl*IJB, ftffilffJl'rtl~•fl~:tE~~:1JOO:ii:::k:fiJ3tti!!.:ffM-TH~5i~~o ffl"~fJl1Mm~:tE1~$:1J OOft1-A1T:liJ:ff~-T~±~o ~mmum~~l'rtl~~•~£$:1JOOl'rtl. ~~:ff~~~~: • f)l~$:±11-J,8,:I: • 3tD1J:r\:l'rt!J!if • *•~ru.l'rt!J!if • •*4l'rt!J!if ~~_t~. •d>~~-~l'rtl:ii:M•~£, ~~-~fflZf5~l'rtl~~~f5~#~M. ·-~~ ~ ~jf _t, ~1- *m 1¥1 t!F J))C 4o/J f~'d~xi tE t!F J))C B Wltl it 1¥1 ' § fif ~:IF 1H~:.ltr-5 ~JiJTt~ ~ 1¥1Hii;1fr11l 0 A~j!ffM•~1frl'rtl~mo ~~. m*m-*~~-l'rtl~1fr:1J:rtm~~l'rtl~#•~~-tz:~~ m. ±~l'rtl "•f-t~•" 11-~lil: • $mffiMom~$1frm$mW:ff~-#&~a. ~wm•&*m~m~:l:oW$00*l'rtl• •§~£~&~$mW:ff, ~®m*•~~~•&•.~~£~*Q&oj!#••*~~ £p)GJ}Jl'rtJ, ~:liJ®T$l'rt1~1fr~-~m?M*IB$l'rtlftma-traJo El3-TIB$D~:tE•*4¥1Ht.to ~~*~1J®~**· WH•1?~~$~. j!#••l'rtl~~@£*~~~-~o:liJT~m j!#M~.~~~*m-#:1J~.•m~~:ff$d>$m:JEft*M~W:ff-m®f*l'rt!Wmfilo ~liJ.i!~J\iifFmiiEl'rtlffl-~1~~, *WC~~ffffifE~B{jr-\$~~f4~~fffertL ~~mt1~d>:ff A!!:i: ~::k::l:m~~*· wm~l'rtl$8£:ii:~:rtl'rtl. &~~~mMo • BMffiMom-T~A~r-\$, fi~:!E1Tl'rtl0~*~:±lm~ &m~mtt1fr~~~-~~m ~~~mi!f~&l'rtlmMo ~~. ~~m~m~xmmMl'rtl&•~~xmmMm~•~T~ mm*4o ffi&, :tE:!llffim, ~m•*4l'rtlffl"~ttxm•*4fi£, ~*~fJZ.Af!'HtHiftm~m• M. WH~Fli:~ffl~Tm-Tm~:.1t~~~f5~l'rtl~~-l'rtl~mo•Ml'rtl~1fr~Jj(f~ P!liJ$m:JE~l'rtl,8,:I:. :JE~:1J:rtEr-JJ!if.to$m~ru.Er-JJ!if c:tzo 1973 ~~-1x11~te;fJlaJllfB-t!!. K • lfjjJ/jf 311 ~~7~00~~$00~~$~; ffim~~oo·~~M&~B~•~T~~OO~A**~~ •~••>.m~.•~m&m~~-•~m®~~ffl,§MmM•W&U#d*.~~• ffJ:f:Er-:!i[W~it~. • :tmm~. =*t1t1Wt00~F$:, (~~!-t!1J*~fli00§~~1*> loJM*-4¥1!1*-E:l:diE~t, ~~t?&*-4t5l IE~=•~•n$:~•oo~•~m.~~-~oo.~~~~-~. ~••·~•~~R• loJ=•~•~~. ~ruoo•~~~~$~~~rR•~~oo"~~~~.w~~~-~~ -~~~··•*OO~~•F•, ~~w~~•1**~·~-~~M~n&•W~~~ .~. @~, ~w~~•oo~~~~~~~~•m•~-~m~oo~•Moo~•~•· • 0~~~~-.~~0A~-~~-A0£~dOOR~~~A~-~~&. ~~~#~A 11-Pflfm0A~•~f*rM, t~~H~~A~•~~¥9:~71<1H~•fll:vHHd*OO·trn:R.r. ~$ ~-~™~~~~~Mb~.--, ~~m~000A~-~~-*·-~~R-OO, ~w *rM7.K~JflZ~$W:Jf, ~~~~~1**~~#~~; m=, 0A~B•&R•OOl¥~~~r *•oom••=~~•goo0A~*~dOOR~*r~~•goo~~*·~•••~~• goo0AA$OOA~R~R~~~~-goo~~$OOA~R-~;·=·~~~~~~T *fflM~-~~~,ffl0AA$~-~~*<~••••m~OO®~~·•&R~.wm 0A~$~1J § ff$JJ!IJ~•&R~. 111 2 = ~i!i~ffil5afl~~)'ij~~llll.IOC*-%c.M~*1f ~"\ttf$:~&8<Jitzjl.f,~ffl (~JL/11'1l) 2600 2100 1600 1100 600 100 Ot--~--+~~--'-'-~-'-=-=-~~__._~~ -- ili1ftt;;f\:J>;i:fljlj - - - - iii1i"\id!mJ£:M - 'f'~~mll1S<J'ilil>ftJli1'* $: if!f/;fXiff'tidf/jtj!tfJj(f!Pf!tffilt-0. 8 :J/Jjflil/f !If#Jleilf: Gunner S. Eskeland, 1994. "A Presumptive Pigovian Tax on Gasoline:Complementing Regulation to Mimic an Emission Fee ,, lf'orld Bank Economic Review 8(3): 373-94. ~~m•m~~oo0A~•~•&•~®~•.x~~-~w~~~*~g, 0A~noo ~•m~~*~moo•~•m~~. ~u~~~®*~oo0A~•~••~~m~~•••· w~.~•~rd*~•~d-®M•oowtr,#~••~~•*r~~d*·®~~~•fll. ~-~~~@~•d*OOM*Wft~~-OO~*•Wd*,~§OO~a~m~~~-~~w~ oo~*m~. rnr~~oo~a. &•~T*~~m~~~~noo~~~m••oo~~tt~~~ 19:Jil!!OOm~W3jto mt~~1,~Mt.~ rnrm•~~m•~•~•ffi~m. &m•tt~mtt~m•~~~*~~&•~~~m• u[Pj 00i&•-tJL1ttl ' I!] JJtif 16,.JAJJ& 1t1 _t~J(, JAff. ~JJf _t~j\l~J§ZmJE 00~ mt7F fl 0 ~ ~)!:;f ~ ~m~*OO*~m~.ill~ffJ!#b~~~~m~~ffOOofi~n•~-*~•~b~*~~ ffl*~~**•~~#b~OO~*· ~mm•#n~•&~m•~oo~*~m~~o~ff•~ ~-~ff~OO~~. &~~-~~#/J~OO~*~~RU#b~:;fn~~~~oo~m~mo~ ;f~1~~ti:~fili=ij-~~T•&xmm~003::'=tr5~rm1ttl~~IH!at~B*mtt C!li!.OO 2) 0 *~~m•~ffwm•~*oo-•~~~= mn&~tt~~m~m•oo~~~*omM* mmm~mttoott~~~~*ir~~~~~~oom~•*= , m-~m~S*~•M*~oom•~*· rnmM*Q~*<~~FOOOOiliQ~)&~o::ff® 00* (:9.Q~~WT (Russia))m*41fl'*fe;;f Q~~. tE~i*JJlfiifir (Venezuela), lt~fe;;f~:l:i!!~F~ *(Jljfil3)o m=m~S*~mM~~19:Jil!!~ffl~*otE~:;f~#~$·*~~-"~~"~*· ~R ~~#xm/J~i*JS~#~m•i&•OO"~•"~~m~~ti:•NOOM~~o*•~~~= :;f ~W#$m.~••:;f~*fgm~OO*•~*~ffi*~*o~J.lt, ~~•**fi#m•~~ smM~*00~§,#*fi~ff~*~~#$m~ru2~00**ofilW@ff~~M~~~.~ E;ffi":=t1 (Zimbabwe) *Q~~:)l:Jf (Tunisia) JiJTfi=:OOliJfJt1~1J5-®:9.QfilJ!*ft003i;-W~ oJA~~_liJfJt~~ ~ ~~ili~~m•••oo-am~~~o**•*W~~~~~= • mru*•~m~m•m~~~~~l!l.rm~•ru*•-•rn•~•~h. l!lJJt•~m~* ~m&~~ru~*~0~~*~~~~*o~#~~•m~~~~rnrMmmm&m~rm ~~~•~**~~1I~~•· &~~~~T~~~••m*~rmm~~~•~*~n~ ~-o~*•~~~~TMmttm~xm•o~rm.~~~~E;fff:=t1~MJt•N•~m~ •71--~4 3. 5 ~ 5 ~* 0 • J!ff*~OO•~mi&Aff:;f$i&§~---~*,-1J@l!l~m•M~OO~M~~m~*· rm~~'=t~~•~tt~ir*: ~-1JOOl!l~m•ru*mmm~oo•*~**rl!l~gmm ~-M~~rm~MOO•*•~mo:tE~if·~~~-~~-ffi*•mi&OOM~~~~-ffi •*B"l~•m~it•oo•~f/J~), •~tOOb~~~*•~-:t$:•*Q~~i&~oo~•~m~ ~~~•m•••~*· ~~~•m••~~n•~m•~*~*•~m~*•~~*• ~ruo •~~m~•*~~m•~· E~&:;fn~~~~o~~OOR~moo~**~OO~~mn ~~-~~m·~-~i&•OOfi=:fflo~-~*OOMJt~~~m~*~·~-M~ffl1f*,m~ •~001fl'*•~-&rJJioo <mttm•m~i&•oo•1~1tm) o K • JfjjJJli 313 111 3 : ~~ C:1Jn51ili}~) ]ttf11'5~Ulilf1t~ ffrm <~Jf;lbu~) 5.oo -B.:;f>:(5. 05 ~]{;) 4.75 4.50 4.25 4.00 3.75 Wjlij3f 3.50 ~00 3.25 i---.::...:~;....:±1!!::....:.;f..:....U- - - - - ~~ ~ ~Hl~ 3}~. p$~. $)ff§ ijf,£~ EE$AA 3.00 31~±1!!.ill: _!~~00!!_·-=======I ~PJ~~ 2.75 ~3f;fU Jm1Ju~ £1Jutflf!l 2.50 2.25 2.00 Et'l3:: WfU 1.75 tiHtl113it: 3f:'k1.m Ett~ l?i*®!ll'., ~3fU!t\i.5 im#J 1.50 #!i~t'lJ!Ji ~:ll!!l?it'l fJJ!i!t\lffii!I'., V!'T $W:l'<i. IBfll$5F ~ft ttill: llfJ!Jiit:~;IJQ, il'!Si¥J 1.25 ~~H~R: !#00 'POOA:llit 1.00 ~~;!tiT(O. 56 ~]{;) - - - - <1.00 ~r*JJWHl:<O. 13 ~j{;Ji---- ff!IJ/:J/Ufff: Energy Detente 0994 $ 2 Jj)ljtifJ'ff!Ufff!# ~~m~~•~oo~*.tttt~~~•R~m~~-•~A.~~~~ma~ffl~~~~ ~oo. -~oo~~~~~~Mm*oo••tt~~~~~~~oom~: ~-~oo. ~~~~A~ g~~~Moomft~~.~•~®~~~~rem;~*~m•~~**~f~~m.~~M~* *·aremMm~~-•m~oo~~*•oo•~~.stt•~~~~g•ff~~=oom~~~ ~~~~m~•*~n~m•oo•~"•MOOD~~-~-~~1~~.m•~m•~w ~5o~*·~m•tt~*~m~~~~-~.m•~~oott••M~~~fioomMms~&• ~7~~ro%OO~~*•~*·m•m~mfimfi~•oooo•.m••~~•~•~~wm~1 ~~.~~~m~~@•~.re~~~~mOO*f~~~M~oo•mMmoo~m~~oooo£~ ~. w~oo§~OO~~~£~~~oooo*m· ~T~n~m~w~~A~~**•~m~~•*oo•~Mhm~oo§~.xn•&~~ D ~~00~~-ufnj' ·tit~ OOll&Jl~mi~J!_f[~~OO:t?.M'l-~-: 1!•*4mt'!•tU~t;Jjl£*~•*400 ~~m.m•~~~•~*·~m~~*~•Mm•~~oo~~~*· ~&•rn~mNmoo~ rR~~•ufnJoom•~mi&m. 12. ,~.. ~ ~~oooo~~~~~m~T-¥~~rn~~~•#~.rn~~*~~~m~~mfi~oo @~1t. • ~£•oo~m-i&•~*~~fi~oom~~~~•oo•mM•~m. • mM•oom•~~i&•~mm.m~•fi~OOAfi~~*oomm. *~•m~~-~~~ ~~OO*f· • m•~m•. ~~moo•~i&•. ~W*•·~~*W~&~mm.~~~~•rn~~~ -~~~*~~. •&m±~mmoo~~. • ~•mm•~~~•oo~m~-~~#i&m. 0~~*0~~~-~-~~~•· ~~ Tj, #•&•rnll&l#OO~:f.EI .. m~Mll&mM~*•ff~. ~~~m~a¥~ooooff~~&••~•m~ooMh•. ~~ M~mfil•ff~~ITT~~~M.m~tt~~-OOff~~~: jjJ1~·~~31:5!fiM ~.:.t: • ~irfl.$fl~B'000~0~; • Jlir~~~$mHH~~Jt4frffl'illtlOO~Wtl!~. jjJ1i&Rt~!HifiM*= • Jliril•OOm~~-*f; • Jtir0~~mm*oofi~ff•••m~. jjJ1~~tJU~~fiM*= • Jlir-€1~00 ft•f1t~¥~; • 3f ~rn:1:m~**tfitt:ift; • *~-~~'illtl~~-tt:;ft. $/JJ!;T. 'T.IL 315 ~~i~Jt 11 : ±fiXrfJ±i:t!!~lj.ffl-~lmfij\)~3£: ~J\!~IJ ~ ~Ji:~IEi att~~m••**~~m~•ff~oott~~. ~oo•rtroo±~~m-~••~~a~~ •~it.•rtr•~~~--~~-~~~-~~~moo~it.att~~oo•rtroo±~~m-~ --~~1J\!:lW~1ttllM", iltffJ&MY!:FJl!MJJJ~00'tM·li11=ffl, ~16,~Y!iA i~~a~~OO~itOO~~tl;f,)(. ilt1n W1fl'fYl1T•rtr ±:1:-i!Gf ~ ~ 1Jl!:lW ~a oo § oo ::f1X1X a -rmi¥. iffi a -r-1~£11 JZ;: ®~1-tJiFi!f ~ • m**~~-•· ~a-r-~••rtr~•oo••· ~~~-~~aoo~*· 1. 1 tJtm~x1Jfr.®:~111*it1J ~~oooo•rtr•~H~-T50~ft.@liW~ft. ~-T##~~iffi·~~~.R1T•rtr• ~1Ta•:FJl!~M-r-ro~ftmM~~-~.~~.~•~•rtr•m~•~~•~T•rtr•~1Ta •:FJI! w n, #~zv·I*~ T •rtr1Jl!t1J•~:tt1f ~111Jl!::lW~ituJfJi:tJUiJ. 1984 ~oo~~]J'!Ji1ffT «•m1Jl!tU~-Wtl»; 1989 ~:i:OOA~1~?{::k~1tt:ftT «•m1J\!Jtlj~))' #-T 1990 ~ 4 JI 1 BJE9li:i:00~.1*p «•m1Jl!:JGIJ~)) Jlfffl-Txt•mA~amtUIEOO:AA!tU~1ttllR ~1¥JH~~•~1T~·~·•rtramey~••«•rtr•~~»•1E~.1*b~~~~. ~~~~ am '?k .1*1Jl!t1J ~ 1¥J ~1JI!·!ix1tt. •rtr•m 1¥J 1Jl!t11w n.11'.R~~.±•£ = • M1E~m1E~~m~•1E~m~1¥J•rtrm~: • mtt~~-~~~~m~1¥Jm~: • ±±-t!!;fUffl Ej Ifj}tl)[iiff:m (7f~iif f:m) • 1. 2 tJt m- ~x11 f.liQ it1J -~~•IE•rtr•~••*~~~-~~w~m~m~~m.::k. ~•rtr~T~~~•ey ~a.r.~m~m~rBJ•1ttl*IR1Jl!t1J. •~~•IE•rtr~~-~~~•mA~ft?{::k~~•·•.r.aam$m: B9rtr.~~• rtr~•mAD&tt100~~.r.1¥J•rtr~~-~~oo~~*m: *IR•~~~•ttw~m~R~ ~•rtram$m.•rtr~~•~£§~~oo•~~-~~&~••$·••~*m~~·~* ~oo•m•~Rtt~~~•m~·~~mm*~em~*'·•••~~.~~= ~oo•m•~R 1 *•tt: I it~~~OO!t-Y-*ff~~iJll~,L.·.i:ff, ~m•tiJ~. *••~~~*•tt~~.•~rlfi~§~T~oo•m•~Rtt~~~-~Qifi~•§~•~~m~•fi ~1J~Jt:~B<Jt~tt~fflM. - - I - •-m~1*m~B~~m: •-mttm.~•§~~mm. •&~m~~•m~. m*~~. ~m*~· **~•**~· ~~m•I~•~~iliM•&m~. ~&fi•~~~oo••1** 1J\\tU o B~mmoo~. ~1*•~~oo~m*~m~ttmam~~~~~m&•m*m~.~~r x~oo~m~••~oa~1*•~~. ~~±*~~*~~~m*~•~· w~~*M~m~ ~na7t:tR*m~±t-fu:fum oo 0 •-m~1*m~m#~•-m•mm~~~~•-mm~&ttm~~±*•~· *~~-~~• -m•m~~if *W n~1Ja oo lifl,1*1J\\tH-91~;tJL~ c1f oo•-m&1f#&;tJL:tt.J) *11i~.~,1*1_mt1100• 1tu. i3:~;tJL~ ~rm #if-~ ~•-m1_mt1Jfi®:Www n~ ±001:r0~~1_mt1J&it1JL:tt.1~1PJI 1t o a•~oott~~m#~~*-*~oo~~~~~1f*wnoo•£. *~**·**ir*~~oo •£0 •T~1*m~.•-m•me•*••~~~m~oom~oa*•-m.7t~m~e~oomr. 1fOOB~~.~,1*1J\\t1JOO~Wm~o oif$ •-moom~t-1!!~•1tU T ~1tu-t1: iliJL~*, ~1tU'l:tw~1u_mt1JmjU T ~:l!N.oomt1uam1- w~m~o~~~00~1*m~~IPJ, ~~ttw~m~±~mm±**~OO~~m~~§~, A 1f$X:A00~·11f11~r1StL ~1tu·11-w~1_mt1J1m~£•-m•m1~m. *A·if~f*~~n o ~*.wg;•-ms§m~a~~•~oo~~~-~~~·~~~**m~~~~•&. ~ ~~m~.~~·~·~•m~.~n*m~.•~•~~~o 1. 3 tJiX."$~j:1j~~ *M•-m•~~. •~~~~~oo•&fi~~~mttm~fi®:Ww~noomm: • •&~§*~•mmm"~~ifm~wn~Aoomhlam~; • Rif~mm~wn~~oo~&m~•~~~film, ~~~•m$W±*: • ffff•&fi~~~~if~&I•·~~~fil.~~1JW*I~~o ~~~£.•-moo•&~*~fi~B~~Tm~wnoo~~offim~~~*~&eif•m ~&•~~m~oo~•· ~~~~. ~oooom~~~±~1*~a•&~*~~~oam~~ M~~. m~fi-WWWf1##~~~$~0000ffiJJW•~*~~m~1J~,~~~±*~m ·iiM, m?i'li•m1ft9'&s.fa•m1tJ.t, ~1~lf.~00tt~~R*fll~litll&•1!it~~~o **~1J~a1s• ~~oott~~.*~~~~.*~~~~~oooo~m~*oif®•m~~w~~T~BOO~~. 1f®•&~~~~~T-~. *~A~OO~ffl*~~*-~o 1. 4 tJiX. rtJ ~~1J 1* it1J a~ rJJ ~~ att~~m1*Mr.•-mm~oo~*~~~~~~tt~~m~•*~~~±*~~~&• ~-#~. ~~~•m±*OO~w~m~•-m~~OO~#o~~1*~~. •-m•~~~mtt~ 001: *•*•~a~•~~--~~ tt*~l¥ tt*P'l~ I r1tf\'.6H4, ~-!&~ DIR~~tj;f*]UIBtiJ ;f±f?~~$1tMitt1J I ~ rJt tf\ ?t ;fff-'v-f ffl 14-- • ~m~~~ • £:iitll~M! D~mttM • ~nr·t119f ~mi&m= 11JU IE J;Jl!t1J ~ ~ • JtM§;ff- D~£!. r5UJl!t1J ~ 11Jtl • A D -SJ ffl ±i!!J},\!;f;~ • ®!~ 11\~£1.El?h-0~ • ]!~;ff-fl, 11r;ff- • :i2Uf1Jl!t1J~it-!f!.1fl: • ~£1.rR1f*'lml'1~-SJ ,__ D±:!:-l!!:fUffl (::fflfiii) o rn rR-'vf i>l 1-1 ~ 11JU-lr- ~ ~ J;Jl!tiJ ~ D~~J;Jl!t1J • ~*-'v-fi)l • J!!~~5til!L* ~ • 1f*'lmf1-'v'¥i5l • nr~ll!~Wi>l • X>H'r 5til!i (_t~$1'1PJ~~Ej) iL~,, ~11JU1Jl!t1JmG:~ · • 0~71m L-..j • )( {tj: i.-- • lm:f*~:!:-1!! ' • OOftJ: • lf~1*1? • lljj'.J( • ~jlFJ.K ~mA~1~~A:f?~:m ~ -i.i" ~.tA • tf&l= I\\\ / ... H\\ • it!. )J ' J!!i {j§ _t~JJ&Rt: Dili:~J3 ]! ~j;JI! t1J D~£1.rR~*t01f*'lmf1W'$' ,.__ • ±:!:-1!!3ftt Dtltfi • ~1iilii&7* '9;M! ~~. ~-m~moott•~tt~oo~~~~. ~mtt~~~~-mm~oo~m£ffi~PJaoo. ~~~*·~mm~~PJ~tt~~~~m.@£~~$#~ffi~~-~. ~mm~~~-~~ T~~. ~~~~~m-~-SJ;f±f?~$1tM'9;~~ffi-•. m=. ~oo~-moo~m-SJAo~f~•**~~. ~nr±~r•~•mtt••m•~.M ~~mm~oom~~~·~~tt~~-~. m~M•~T. :mm~!E. ~m£~•~mmA:, tt••m~oo•~~. ~A:ff~f•~~~~oott~. um•~~oo~~A~•~·tt*•m~~oo~~~#n•~~Bfloo~m.~~~-·~fl oo~~m~~Ah•~•m~•~·~~oo•~· 1. 5 ffiXrfi3'.tJMm.x1J um•~~#~flmUmxm•~•wA~oo~*·ma-@~mooum•~~~•b* ~•WT*UmB~•~•mxmm~oo~*· 80 if:f~:fn, 1985 if: rn ~IE um~J11~1J mumxm.UJf J&?JT :lg~:r,111• ~IE umxm~Ji1:1W>E9zv-T 11itlT~IE~-1-UmxB~Jil~IJ . .¥ 1995 if:, ~IE*~"Jfl 501-:!µ1$5'GJ§•11itlTUmxm~Ji1~1J. umxmm~m~rnumm~ww$nmm•~~~•.m*~••m~ttoo•~~au m~~-~-~~~J§N~qy•~xmm~. ~-~~--t-Mxm~~~*~~~~~-~~ J11J ~±t·tlr¥1Jffl ~Jil~IJ 00 ;!%g;. xmm~oott**•r~~IE•·*•oott*~~~~IE-~IEOOUmxm•~*~ffim, -JlN~m ~ r ~ ~ <ttfi): • xmwqy1r.rm=~•Mi&~; • • wxm~• §ff-; • •~x•~••~·~•x••*; • •~ili•~•~•.~mm•~•. 0~x•~•: • • •wili•~••~:rlil §; •wxmwwmw:. rn-TUm~fl~•w~~ooxm••·~~A&mqy~@••oo~•~*-~~Mif:~oo xm•~~~~flxm~•~•-••~ooooMJt:, w~~ttmm•~•*fi~m~.ttmx -~~~-@~§~.#H. El3-Tqy·~~OO*~· ~ftfl~*~ffl~~~ft-~xBR*· xm•~~~&~~~~*•~x•~•oo~~. &m&MJ&a•~m•oo~~r~M••~ ~1'>!:~1tffl51:X$. umxm~~oo~~*~•*•~••x••~·••~~~oo~ft•~x•~•-~~. iliif:OOUmxm•~*~*~~r~oooo~~: • umxm~•~•~•~~•••MJ&; • ~11Jtlmiif.l$*-lfOOMW:.fiJfJE: • 0~xm~&.uJfJ&; • mxm~•~•~x•~•~•~qy~~-~m.M~w~. §~.~~•m~m~x••~~•m~~•~oo•~~~~m~$*· -@Ummxm ·~-~~Aoo•~•.¥•-T~~-~. WflOOUm~rexm•~~•m~~•~•~ttfiffi ~~. 5zlll:~m 1994~19% if:,~,~~Jil~iJf~··*· T~f.FOOf~~. ~JWJ!;T, -T.JL 319 I~~ft~~ ! I I~A~,tt*n~ I - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - ·-'- .. ;,.. .. -.. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. -·. - .·- .. -.. ..- .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - . . I I - .. - .. - .. - .. - . · - .. - . ·I- .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - . . . - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - . ±:!:i!!fLJffl $$\i :!:i!!IR.!::l~rll x-j" )'~ jlji :ltfll?. ~iiftt• f!rjj(~i)t tt•i"fffl" j(Jitt•7Hff - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - . ·r- .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - . . j(Jimru . - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - .. - . Vf$' 1------.i 1. 6 IJ\tfrm.:1wf*ili1JpJTfi.f±1¥11JJ ~·11a~ fCJ~ ~f~oooo~m•~~~~~tt~~iif~~~~mtt~~mtt•~•~oom~~m~•• oo.m~~OO~iif~~~tt~~iiftt••~*~· B~~~•-~oo~~tt.~•~*~~@ PJ IR~ff !IJJ f ~ ffJ t&:itHll 1G !HJil::lW ~11ltl. ~ ~IHi.& f - - T itx1J~Brx.!l!;t att~~m*#~. rn-t-•-oo•mN•mm. ~m•~•wfi~~mtt~oom~~A~ ~.a~M·~~. M*~•~AfAo.±~~M~~$§~1¥J··~~; a~M-~~. R £re~mtt~OO§~~-~~§~~a•~~·~*•~%~~•-r-~mtt~~~-~~m• $~. -~~*•z~£~~Mi¥J~&tt. tt~~$~M~.~m1¥J~M~±~~ffl~~m~~mh•OO~-~-~.-~*~R~ :JU:~$ _t1¥JiJW'li, 5il~~m~mH~~£$~Ml¥J~ll1FR*· 1!f~m~Jll:lWl¥J~~Aff!f@! 1 L.'rX1 w~oo~*·~w~~rew~~~•~•-oo¥m.~~.•~~~~*mm~tt~~mffi~. x-tm~~a~~T•~oo•~· M~~w.~M.~£~.•%~m.*ftmmoom~w~m M1GJ§aiti= $~mi¥J~Jll:JG1J ~ :f~jlj~lJJL ffi-TJ.3: ®Wita'J I:ittttfi ~ :k't: T J]t~i¥J¥1itfl' ~~ 00 ~m~Ml¥J~~~ffi~&W~~*~m~~~~M1¥J~~. tt~~$~MX1~m-~1¥J-~£~ffi1¥J~OO. -OO£M*SM-T~$tt~l¥J"~~", -00£~·1'€1~:!:-t!!~*Wit1¥J%~. ~m·~-~£ffi~£$it:lGIJ$f1*@Cl¥J, i3:fi\1~1tU1!~Jll:lGIJAff!,1g,~-~ll~1tiJl¥JlJJI,~. ~lJJI, ~Jll:JG1JJiJTR1¥J•~it:lGIJ1!11~~mte T~m~$1¥Jffe~~~h' i3:*~~~*-~*fl~Jl\:JGIJ$f1~~£ $tt~$f1M~~~. $~~$M~i¥J~m~-. ~rll~t~t~ililJjf.Sl:* ~~a••~oo~m•~~Moo~w. ~~•mmteT~m••~~oo••· ~m•~~ ~*= "F:f&~1ttl:7c~m. fRtlk~M~~~m*o 1J-..~m. ,, ~1t1J~mmt~1¥J••~~u-t-~&* ~mU§•~~~i¥J##~~.WH~~T-~1¥J~-.@£i3:~--~w•~oo~wM~ffl -T~m·~-~~. MWmW~ml¥JilW~M~-~1¥J~-tt. aM~~.rn-T~OO~WM~~~~~@ffl~~-··-®~mreAo~M§~~ilW~ ffi~·~~m. ~m±~~~~~~m~~-d>~~~~~*fil~~~.~~~@~ma~~ ~Mttfi~~Wli/!i¥1J~J\l:JGIJ~~pff,!~*~t11¥J~~' ~IJ~~ T~J\l:lGIJl¥J~1tiJ~~h 0 ,~,l!l~x1H~~ ~m~~-~A~~B1¥J"~OO"~~. ~~-~~~T~-w~~l¥J±~~m~~. ~ *•~~~-t-1%s~•~~~a~~W1¥J~oo~mm~. ffi-T~OO~m~*~**·~-TAo~wrm~~±~~-rM~~.W-~ftWh•M~. ~m•~~~-~~Toott~.ft~att~~m~~~. ~m•~~i!•~~~mtt~~*~ t1J·W. @~00·~-~*A~~BOO~~. 1!fm~:k't:X1~~~Mttfil¥J&~~h.~~£a~ m~•~M~~m~~~ru1¥J~•~· ~m•~~~~~~&~m~Mm$~~m~~. ~~ ~~~mm~ffi~~*~~l¥J~M:k~. ~z*~*iE.Sl:*~Jf~1¥.J!WJmt~x1J rn-r-a•mm~~-_t~~m•~~u~~m~Mffi*~·re~m•~~o-r-•~~~1¥J ~~~~. ~~mm~amf~mm~1¥Jm~.m~1¥J~JEMN~•~~*~~~~m~M1¥J ~:;$:fPJB-*:FJl!.1¥J~~.!§·*-.&M~i¥J1J-¥*; &~1f-.!§ittlJE*D~:OOH!~mfif~Ml¥J*±~ E3~m••.m~mn~~~•JE1¥J~mttm.Aom•~~-~~•~M§~.mffi~1¥J~ •ttN~.m~snm~~~m£m1f~i¥J; m~sn&~¥*~A~~±~.£~~•1¥l*:FJI!. ~M••· ~¥*·JE~~-~-~M••· 4mM:J;Jllt1J.!§~M-•tHJm1l, ittlJE*D"i:FJl!.$n1¥J:7H~m~T4mM:J;JllilJ:;$:~ 1¥J::f~:FJI!.. :tiaffJc ~Bfiltt~~fil.am~m1¥Jm~§~W~~~M1¥J~~MN. *~•~1¥Jm~m•ffi1c~~~ ~~ll"MB1¥J~~~~x~. tt••~~1¥J~•w~~~~B1f~•1¥Jmn. JJ:t>ir. :tEJJllt1J 1¥J•tuttf!E\ ~~Z-¥ti:••*1m~u. 1J~i-rH1-. 0t.k•E3 .... ··•1¥1 fPJB. &~ ufliJ T :J;Jlltu i¥J * :FJI!. •11Ju E3 ~:Ml!. 1. 1 ±,6frtHw.~1Jifiilia{J~~ L~-~1¥J##MB. tEili~i¥Jm~~ft~B~~T::f~NN1¥Ja*· • •mT~~m~i¥J••~M.-®~*~*~~::r-~~~w•~~m~.~m@~M~*· -®*~m~s~•~~~m~*~••.Mw~tt~~m~~~~JE1¥Jm~~~~~m mm~~m~~i¥Jm~. &S%~~mT~mm~•~i¥J•m. • ti:m~•~i¥JMN~. ~•~•~mtt~~mi¥J~M•~*•JE~m~Mmm.~~~* ~m~~£~m~M~~1¥Jm•~m.~~~m>1¥J~~m~~1f~£~~Mm@tt.m ~~-:noo.1f®~mm~~i¥J~M~••§~~.re~mAo~M§~JE~*~~~~ ~MT~~ii¥JPJ~~. • ~mm~1¥J~±~*~~~~~~~T~~.%~m~.~~ttw~m~£ti:ili1o~~m ~~N~**~~~mr~@mi¥Jm~m~.~~~m~~~~~±~*~~Nc•mw N.3~~~§~.m~~A~~m~~~~±~*~~£~~:00!•~.£~ti:~•~~ ~~~~m~i¥J~•a~. m•~~m~i¥J~~J/J~**~~T. ~ITT•~::r-~•~f~1fi¥Jm~m~. ti:~ITT~~m~~JEm•~·~~-.~~. PF~. ~~1.KE3tlF1Jc ~~·~~~rrt.W~Ai¥J-1¥-Jff.l:J;JlliiJ. ~®:J;JlliiJ~JHHET ,trf,~~Ni¥J ::r-~. &:tE~~MN~tt•~m~1f~~m~ti:~M§~.Aomm.m~~~•:nooz.¥ fr i¥J ::f ~*O IPJ nfil. ~ Jff.l:J;JlliiJ-JEf¥NL :f H~ T lfll 1t~ ITT :J;JlliLl ~ittlL i¥J ~~ #.., ml§J T ~ITT :J;JlliiJ ~itLl i¥J ~* tt. 1fMf~ITTtt~~$.±~*~~~~£~~-1¥J~W~M. 1fi¥1~*~ITT. rem~i¥J-1¥-~m~E3~~m~~~•~.M~L•.mn.~~·~ ITTre~~m~E3~-~~~::r-~:n~m*~*· ~~T~Mi¥1~*· • :tE~*:n¥*a*i¥1~~) -®~ITT&*~Tm~m~a**~·~®*~~n~m~ti:~ •1¥Jm~~E3~ITT1¥Jtt~~~~Mffi~*·~m~sn~~~•E3tt~~m~M~•ttN. :JtJ~JJlli1H><.Rli93-f4mM•~1¥JffJc#... ~~m~ti::ft~, L-·~ITT~i-tt T-JEl¥J~J/J. f.§. ~~~a¥R~~am&i¥J-®~ITT. ~~•~::r-~•· 2. 1 tJ£ rfJ 1-t ~ 5.ift iiJ.J A. D i,61rtJ1.t 9=1 OO:!JlXmF*lrl¥JP fi~JJ.IHfitllt*Oit:JG1J~1f ittllt~ffitl~:!JlXm~F:&~A Q 1¥J~-tf o ~O~ml 9=100 1~tJE1¥J:!JlXm~F:&~A Q~it, *fJ31HV~;ttffilttJ19=100%ffi~to 2 :!JlXm1t1.kf*Xfl£, ~UtA.r::i ~UiAr::i ~UiAr::i ~ij(~j;;& ~ij(~j;;& ~UiAr::i ~UiAr::i ~UiAr::i ~ij(~j;;&it'. ~ij(~j;;&it'. if:{))- S.~Ar::i ~tJ:if:~ il'.Ar::i il'.Ar::iS if:fil S.1;1.Ar::i ~tJ:if:~ Ar::i Ar::iS,1;1.A (-'f,A.) (%) K$(%) C'f ,A) ,1;1,,A.r::i(%) Cf,A.) (%) K$(%) Cf,A.) r:l~~J(%) 1949 57,650 10.60 1972 149,350 17. 10 -0.2 106, 240 12.2 1950 61,690 11. 20 +0.6 1973 153,450 17. 20 +O. 1 109,020 12.2 1951 66,320 11. 80 +0.6 1974 155,950 17.20 +0.0 llO, 086 12. 1 1952 71, 630 12.50 +O. 7 1975 160,360 17.30 +O. 1 lll, 710 12. 10 1953 78,620 13. 30 +0.8 1976 163, 410 17.40 +O. 1 113,420 12. 10 1954 82,490 13. 70 +0.4 1977 166,690 17.6 +0.2 l14, 950 12. 10 1955 82,850 13.50 -0.2 1978 172,450 17.90 +0.3 l19, 940 12.50 1956 91,850 14.60 +1. 1 1979 184,950 19.00 +1. 1 128,620 13.20 1957 99,490 15.40 +0.8 1980 191,400 19.40 +0.4 134, 130 13.60 1958 107, 210 16.20 +0.8 1981 201, 710 20.20 +0.8 138, 700 13.90 1959 123, 710 18.40 +2. 2 1982 211, 640 20.80 +0.6 142, 910 14. 10 1960 130,370 19. 70 +1. 5 1983 241,260 21. 60 +2. 7 149,610 14.60 1961 127,070 19. 30 -0.4 1984 240, 170 23.01 +8.4 163, 010 15. 70 1962 116, 590 17. 30 -8.0 1985 250,940 23. 71 +4.2 175,470 16. 70 1963 116, 460 16.80 -0.5 1986 263,660 24.52 +5. 1 182, 110 17.30 1964 129,500 18.40 +1. 6 98,850 14.00 1987 276, 740 25.32 +5.4 191, 170 17.90 1965 130,450 17.98 -0.4 101, 700 14.00 1988 286,610 25.81 +3.2 200,810 18.48 1966 133, 130 17.90 -0. 1 99,650 13.40 1989 295,400 26.21 +1. 9 208,498 18.99 1967 135,480 17. 70 -0.2 102, 730 13.50 1990 301,910 26.41 +1. 0 214, 135 18.96 1968 138,380 17.60 -0. 1 103, 600 13,20 1991 305,430 26.37 +1. 2 219, 729 19.42 1969 141, 170 17.50 -0. 1 100,650 12.50 1992 323, 720 27.63 +7.6 230,918 20.04 1970 144,240 17.40 -0. 1 100, 750 12. 10 1993 333, 510 28. 14 242,961 20.89 1971 147, 110 17.30 -0. 1 102,450 12.00 1994 343,010 256, 198 21. 83 iTil aJUJ!. !Jll,f~J'Clljjl:ijmf r"J 21 tlt~Di¥J 9=1 OO#tHtHt, #JXIP~JUJfJ\:. 1995 (3). 1'F1\tiA7:1 I;.J. GNP l:ij#JX'fPft7HJT~OO 2 #JXIPftl.k-'f btOO!lt'F-fNtHJEitffi lt1~ 6-71'-Ef 7t.B. ~Jl'!~il., ojp;&ftl:ij#JXflftliJfJE, JdJliJfJE. 1991 .itrit!M, 9=15'1-#JXIPftitlJ~i¥J5E:i:bt!&, Ar::iliJfJE, 1994(18. 2). W3J'CiA7:1: 9=100#JXIPft7.k-'fl:ijtitJY-:*00ffibt, 1~T 10-12 -t-s7t,B. 1981 ~I;.J.J§, 9=100#1Xmfti¥Jl!linl!:1'T, ffff ::f ~:ho tJc T • I;.J.~~~~-~#JXIP$;&~Ar::ii¥Jatt. mt:MAi:i ~m~~~*~~OO~ITT~att~m~•~AT•*oomn.~ITT·~~Ns~~T*• oo~~.~~~~~~~~~m~~~~•m=~ITTOOI~.•~~~•*~*••~#~n. wattw~*•ooa~••#~n.~~.m10~*~0000*.~~ITTili~T-~m•**OO tm~JdJ~~. ~~ITTBz¥u 8, ooo JJ. 3Ktm7t Ai:::i:tE~ITT•~· ~m. Jt~-tm?tm 3 :tE*· **MJt~~m.@~~~~ITTAi:::ioom~tm?t.@m?t~OO~rrtt~.:tE*~ITT~tm~Ai:::i ~{j~~~a~Ai:::i•oo 20%--40%, tEH:i~:l:i!!.!ROO~*~ITTttWtlJ!~. ~ WtE~JJlj*~ 30%--50%, ~ITT (~IT.:::.Jf:l¥JH:l:i!!.!RHit~A i:::itt~>mttT~B:A i:::i. 4 ~ffi 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 ~~ff•#~h ~ li!J,#~h bt:i: (%) 7.6 3. 7 4.5 5.0 9.2 10. 1 ff~~ITTOO#~h~~ff•#~h~:i:OO - 57.6 52.3 49. 1 57.9 62.9 m'§1fftit. ~ooatt§lffi~lf#~n 4. 5fz.. Jt~~u•#~n~{]~ 1. 2fz.. rmit¥u*ttt 2*•lf2~$att••#~n. ill•~~. ~g5~~•lr8,ooonatt••#~n•~tt -~··· ~~~~%-~. 5 ~~attI~~~~;tt~OO-$%,@*$·~---·A~ ITT 0 :!Iri*'Pli:Mi3:®#~nmwOOJLii. filiti=~•lf 8, 000 JJtiit~Ai:J:it!A~ITT, 53:~'*3i¥1J 2000 ~. ~ OO~mOOtiit~A i:::i~Jt¥1J L 6fZ.1-Ck1. ~&•M••*~·*~OO•~Ai:J~A~-*· *tH3%¥1it~Ai:JM¥m:m:oo~n#~. ~A~.w~m•mmi3:®Ai:::i~*~~•~B:m.~ff.~~•m~•~.;tt~~•~fil• ~M~~A£$00~·· ~~~m•mF*•~•~Ai:::i~•MaB:m, ~~i3:®A*$m1:£ :tEIB. ~mm•rRattooB:m. mB:~#+?t~. ~~~~~moo=~*~~~•m•~oo ~ftm. :t:Et~*~m. 3K~~~JJIJ£~aJJ~. 1995~1 Ji~:9'!:•m1HfTtiit~Ai:::iW:FJI~f1~isc f!:!~iSl00~ 1 L»iSln2Ifi;J.3ffXtE•~·:FJI~rim~W:FJI1JOO 0 ~i)l~lf•ili~ITT ?f~tUN. ·~A i:J B:m~Jt~tl~•~1Joooo••·~~~~·•maatt•~#~n~•~~ITT•~Ai:::iW:FJI oo~•ffih~.•~•w~~oom•·•~AQi3:~M•ooAw~~a~~~m*•-~~m OOfltjtJI. ~~b'f B:t~, 1995. 7. 9 o 3 !IJt±W:, iJ.UJT~OO¥fl-~!i!!IR:lJi!WU!tE8 IR~~1t, :l)jXr!J~~b'fiiJFJ'l. 1995 (8) o ~t:Jil:r!J¥J1tl;IJA IJ: 1978 ~ :fiJ 30 li 4 A, 1984 ~J;; 65 li A, 1988 ~J;; 131 li Ao _t~r!J¥.iif.l;IJA IJ: 1988 ~J;; 209 li A, ~t 1984 ~~;IJQ L 81-tf, 1994 ~~"17;; 300liAo i:j:ilIJ~it:±l/\IH±,lfM~it~~.1995, 11+1m 1994~5'HRAJJJ;; 1407JA, ~t_t~:fff,Jf~d>CJlt~tf.fPJ~gJ;; ~iC.E87Uf±AJJ), ttIB., i:p IIJ:l)jXr!J*Jll:lGIJNitliJFJ'lillt, i¥.i~r!J.~ 'f**Jll::IC!Jo i¥.i~r!J 1fl:-Fl:!fdL=:J§;+H, 1994 ~:i:r!J ?ff A IJ J;; 101 lJ A, ~F:i'<~AIJ i!=i" 24%, fE!~jl,'FJA¥~F:i'<~ml;IJE8A IJ :fiJ 57%0 :i:r!J~iC.TUf±AJJ :fiJ 56 li A, ffiJ~jl,j~"J:fiJ 80 li A, ~1'~00. m~Hlitl;IJA1J~l!f.@:ltt~1i1i~M:~5E. T:i'll.1995(30). 5 A:l$J ffl ±!!!) *° ~liili ~JJe!J! l~J~:t;F R 73- ~ ~ tt ~!O;&~A o , ili1F*, 1Jllt1J $ f1 ~-t/J ~ ¥1J i11t:Z9J Ao x-t ±±t!!.~·*°~~~~~-·*1¥Jffin.a~1*~~~~~~7C~~~-*~OO•Z9JAO~M. ~~. *~ITT*~a~1*-~*°~·-~~x-t•Z9JAO**~BM. *a·~~*~-~~M 1¥J±±t!!~~~~-~ffl$H•~m~.@E8~x-t•Z9JAoOO••~~-. £Am~OO£~@ Z9JAo•Z9JOOS§tt~~-~tt. ~~•~mnoom•tt. -~~~oomsttm~~~. ;//;/5ftfJNf±A Oh 41. 8 ;JJ. /E;//;JfU/f!l!!fttfJ287. 7;JJjf:J/fAO'f!, 82. 7%(237. 9/1)/l!!fttEl/f/K. 1994:fF;f/;Jfrl/f IK1t:l<YkA Oh 585. 3/J, l!/11t:l<YkA O_lff;}ffif/JA Oh 2: 1. 1Jffif/JAO-ifi$J1F!#h 27. 7$, Jt'fl!JJ'/!th 28. 5 $, R"'/!th 26. 4$. f;flif/JA.Oo/ 0-14 $tflr!i10%: 15-44$,!;80%: 60$/XJ:.tflr!i2.2%. f;flif/JAO'f!tfl 20. 5%;1l:?/f;//;/5(JffJ!JJ:iiUfw1hJ, Jflfjf, f:tfl!i, :ffe:}Jflfffvl/, #iJt~1t1PtYk mif/Jo ff!Jit#fJf, fJflif/JA o 'fltE:/t/5r1PtYktfJElh 80%L£$o . f;flif/JA O/E;//;/5($t!lkft?J1,: ff}Jj}-, .:fJtf!!f, JJ/i#J-Yktflr!i 34. 9%: ~${!/ktflr!i 21. 4%: $!/ jffj!fkr!i 5%, ffi!fl!li.I (f;fff!f) r!i 1. 9%, Al/f:l<Ykfflr!i o. 9%o fff!-4-:!/Uf.: :/tJfrllfU/i, 1995. 4. 2. 2 ±it!H!Jtm!:3!%±t!!f=7f~ ~~m•~**·~ITTAOD~M~~~~~.x~~ITT±±t!!~m-~•-~W-t/Jffi~OO £~ITTm±i!!FITT~i¥1%~®m*F*~~~oo~~. ±±i!!1fJIHJUil il 801f:R~M. ~OO*~*r®~~OO-~*~~~~Wil:±±t!!~ffl~OO~~~mM-• 7'140-10 ~), Jtftif1t:ffl~l¥J~i.t. fJ.3mr:&~YH.f~ 40 ~1¥J7C1~t1J~*o1t:ffl±j:-fui¥J1*115tl. ± ±!!! ITTj:m i¥J %~A ~ITT ±j:-fu%1Jffl B:A y rtHm ~ *' %~ y ±±t!!~lH~J-fulll (ff!) 0 ~l=iE.tlf.J~m;o=*~ ~•~m1*115tlr:&J¥!;J,fir, ~ITTmF-tE.Jt~£~WEE1•11t*~· 1E1.~~m1ttux-rmF*tltoo~ ·®~~~!;),*~~~nl¥J~~.m~1¥JmF*~ffl~A~~$~ATtt~.@~~1¥J1*~~. ~T 0~·11Jt~1J1 r. R~:t1Z&~oo•11t1}0~. 0~ mttm~oiJ.\Mz~oo1~i&A*rlJUittm£EE1• 11t~:im~:im%~~00.*•oott~.~*~-~~mmEE1~~*~· *~A~~~tl~m~. ~~. %1J~~*~~OO.±~Z9Jn. ~oooom±t!!FITT~~aJt~tt~~~. ITT~~~*°•~~--~~*· ~wa~ITT~*~ ~±±t!!ITT~i¥J~~"· m~oo~•~W~T. 801f:R!;J,mA~~m~MOO"•M":l$J~~·~ITT±±t!!*~oom&•~~~i¥J~OO.±t!!ffl ~mffloo~~~~.m±t!!F~~~~~oo•~**·~m±t!!F~A~~~~.w~m•Mm~ m~M®m±t!!Fr!J~OOS§*~X~~±±t!!~~~~~w~~W*·~i¥Jfil~~ITTX>t±±t!!Wil: ~~ff~~~. &1W~1W3~, iliil±*1¥J~00~~~~-~~!¥Jlffi~~ffi.±*~~. t9:m~•+*F•.-®•m*W*iliili¥1±*~$~ttilfil~~~~~**~· m~±*~ ~••· w•m•m~mm~•~•~oo~~&•**~~m~oo~§. *Ha~®"~•"~MiliilOO±~&*tloo~~&••&. ~~~•moo~~·~·~ mm~~ffi~.•~~~~oo~•~n1¥JJiij®= aB~iliil~m~.m~r~mttmoo±*L •m~~Jiij.~ft*~•~· ~noom~~~£~12J,~M~~oo. m*~t9:m~n~•r~tt*~·~tt•*oo~m~~~tt•~m~.mrnam~-~m J§iliil~H~fl}j 0 rnr~:l:i!!.fH~~~ iliilff\'~OO§:*&::R:. iti=$~;f1.§I. Utlt~;f1J±H~7 A $1¥1"*~~". ~-~~*~flljilifr±~.~~tl~am•~*•m~~ffi~~•.~&~ ~ram±*~§oo•~.WHm~±*~m.•m~fiij~~~&••&oom&. &F•~~ T•m1Jl!~IJ!¥JH~~1!Jtl;fj(,@G. ~O¥*:tJllm~~F~~0-fJ(iliili¥J±:l:i!!,~,jji*JU~:®lmtt7•m,~,~1J\! ~IJ ~ ili oo•m ±ti!!1Jl!;fl. rn-t-m~~mm.~~~*.m*~*~fl}j~~m*••oomM~**·~~a*~~~. ~It. JIB•1¥J~1iili&-~1JOO~tJl!~IJ~1:Fm1¥Ji9~. ~~·m~m¥1:BISL. i:J:l 1 L.'~~m~fffiT J~)JOJSIJ ~ i'n.J ~. a~#~~~oo±**~"~•"~±*t9:mi:r.•m•~~~~-t-•~•~.xm~~ ~~*·~~.~~m~Ml¥JU§~~~·¥*~W~~l¥J-ffl~~~Ll¥J~~. ~®~~£~ ~ootlaww~~mx~~~oo:~~. •m•m~~-~~"~*"~J5•*oo~m. ~w M±:1:-t!!m:1:moor"Ja1Jl!1$, re1J1!~1J~it1J:f_l,l1,~W'J1i~~£m**oo~:*, A~ti!!~1J~~1J1!~1Joo1tm. ~=. ~~*~~m•~~oo•m•~~~l2J,&~~tt~•~~~oo~~·~~m~~m~~~ffi~ m. x~fJ\,~,~1J1!~1J~-t-1ix.m~ooLrem•m±:1:-t!!m:1:moo#l;fffi*~· ~£mttru.ttf.'I1i:J:l1¥Jit:fi1s~ ftlj T& 16\ ~ & f!9tjlj tJ\!~IJ ~itiJL 0 2. 3 11@~i~~11@$1JJl~:¥ 1tmi!ii 80~1~12J,*, •m•m~ r ~tf mtt%.-1tJ:NA T *••~· *1r7 *1Jl!;flOO•mttm•iiit. 1984~1992 :¥. 101Zi-'f1f*, 1t~mA:l$J(~~Wt1Ei);IJ},.[J){i:,JJjJ!~OO ~mttm•iJit,8,]IH"JA fRM. 9. 1-'¥-1J*~~iiJ14. 8-'¥-11*· 10 *~ma 1984~1992 ~ttE£•mOOf7t*:IJn i. 91Zi-'¥-1J *· A:1$JttE£•mOOfRM. 9. 4 -'¥-1f*flt~jlj 13. 3-'¥-1J*, ilt~ttE£•&!i:A~m,8,m&.•&• 1¥1 50%12J,L. 6 ili10:¥*·•mm**!i:i:J:lffi~oo~mm-rttm•&.$*1¥Jttm~*L~a•moo~• :l:i!!~•iiitoo. *A 90 ~1~. *•m~•rR1sttE£1¥J~m~omm~WT*1Jn. *ii$1i@i¥JJ!iiit1! •mADrnr"J•~*~~ili~ttB.a•mili~%~TA$!¥J@ttrR.~~7±*~ffl-~. 7 a*~i¥1$tt@Jtiiiti:J:l, ~~m1¥J~~tttt£~~*1¥J.~m£&~~$mtt~~~~-~~ ~~ffllitiumt*qi, :IJilGm~W:~itif-1~. 1984-1993 6 o ll*~ll~:m, __t;& ITT IS:IJilGIRJ!©f j;!Jci~l¥Jx•Hlt :IJilGm~.llliiJ. 1995 (5) __t;&m 1979-1990 if.;Jt:-tFf ~IS{±'{; 400 7f¥1J*, 7 0 l}J]i:f:Ji!Hi.!; 12 7f f', -'f:l:$J~if. 1 7f f'; mi 1992-1994 if.1Ffu1*1±1% §[ 859. 67f-'f1J*, l9Ju@ ~ 21 7f f', -'f:l:$J ~if 7 7f f' 0 - - -i- - -- tU Ef10j:t3C:illL 1ti3:®±-tl! IR Ef103C:PJ Jt·t':E ~11L 8 :71- II WT @1± !R Ji 15[ fil~-1. #lt, ~ ~-', ~t~~ *•mili~*~fi$,·~--$~M-1.*Ef1~~~-. 1984 if: 1992 if: ~n~ .~.~$l00l7\ !13iI~$1:jjij;f?\ -'filj~J,;t .~, ~$1:00 f9, !13iI~$1:00f9' -'filj~J,;t $~11'.. ~m (!OOOm 2) ( 1000m2 ) jjijf9,\f,'Ii'. (!OOOm2) ( 1000m2 ) jjij;fg{f;Ji'. 1%J!l 1±!fi 1%l!l 1±!fi (~f9'$) 1%J!l 1±!fi 1%l!l 1±!fi (~f9'$) :3t00 1995,920 964,530 126,374 73, 724 0. 24 4620,680 2395,490 218,084 129, 168 0.45 +0.09 ~t)j{ 129, 960 65,380 8,240 4,470 0. 36 190,900 95, 700 9,425 5,846 0. 35 +0.07 7Ci4!: 66,600 34,630 4,429 3,020 0. 28 117, 430 58,570 3,699 1, 997 0.44 +O. 14 ttllll 48,820 25,260 2, 811 1, 791 0.30 83,420 42,320 3, 952 2,463 0.38 +O. 16 '*"$iffi; 31, 190 17,270 1, 787 1, 379 0.22 58, 130 28, 790 2,900 1, 810 0. 50 -0. 13 J:ifii 107,380 55,090 4, 728 3, 168 0.66 182, 110 94,470 5,966 3, 462 0. 50 +0.08 1¥i)j{ 41,970 20,910 2,501 1,499 0.42 61, 760 30,860 2,633 1, 646 0.46 +O. 10 ftt& 64,480 28,260 6,416 2,828 0. 36 90,080 45, 160 3, 713 1, 923 0.44 +O. 19 11+1 44,010 21,820 3,916 2, 211 0.26 82,880 43,800 4,357 2,335 0.49 -0.06 :m:~ 34,560 15, 360 2,076 1, 256 0. 55 49, 760 24,280 2, 373 1, 211 0.43 +O. 13 iffi3i: 30,840 13,930 2,032 1, 270 0. 30 56,370 25, 100 1, 800 910 0. 44 +0.09 irit 599,810 297, 910 38,936 22,892 0.35 972,840 489,050 41, 818 23,603 0.33 +0.09 1±mffi1JJl~~ ft#~~m~~~.ttm~~~~A~AB"J-•*· rn~~*E~~I~ffl.~Ix~~ #~1±mB"J~~.~~ft·fi[~~~1±mMtttt~#-~W~~-iliI~*~Ef1[R~.~~I B"JI~ilin~•~m. *~r~~ft03tm*~~~3tm~mEf1M~~I-1.~m•~••*· ~OO§~smnili1o~Ef1ttm~ma¥Ef1§~~ttmEf1•£~~~~~.ftWTEf1ttm~m~. •nrm~PJ~~m~aB"J~A~~ttm.fi~£$B"J~#~rn.xR.ttm~ma¥~~nrm tt 51 :Itt r nHm fo 1fl~ ~ ~. ,~, ~ _t. 't :m1t~nr ±±-tl!5¥U J=i=HJtt;£ z.1.g.~ m:~_m ttm11Jum Ef15t w. ~PJ·~-I~ilin~•**· ~•@tt-•~~00*¥Ef15t~: -~AB"J~mPJMM~r~ #~IR 1/t~B"J@{±f.f:lj;~~'t:'!R±-tl!1fl~:!!±-tl!f.9:B"J•~0;til;; l*7t@1±ft•1t mB"J IS~IR P'l B"Jff£ ~A~m. ftl!3~f!t1fb(:Ef1:tt~¥~. rnrxn7*'.¥l::tt•Ef1m1flw~•nr:71-11a•. i3:~if·t~?J(.ft ~t~, -1.#lt, I 1+1i3:f=f Ef1*•m B~~ilifJ\!.. 2. 4 tjjlrtJ~l'!~a~*~3tf.t tJOCrllfBJ~* ••~m~nr~~ff~,ffiili•nr~ooB"J~m*¥BA1tm.~~~~-®*•nrb(:M'.¥l: ~•mww~••I.Ef1~•~· •*~mm~~~ll*iREf1~,~•nrffB.-®~~•nr~ PJ'.¥l:Ari3:~ff-.X~&'.¥l:~•nr••··~~. ~Wb(:M•mm~.i3:~ffBB"J:tt~~~ •nr~ooB"J~m•¥+*1tm. ~~~mm~,~A,~mEf13t•. fil~m~~n,fiWA~ B"Jft~rx11fl3t~. ~:71-. rnrff•~11Jua¥. w:i:_m T~*~$Ef1Jt11lunr <19s2 ~itoo~ 235 ~ Jt1!51Jnr, w 1994 ~JttlJ 622 ~). ~®l**1'.A~Ef1•nrrBJ*¥~~ffi1IA!R.lnR:•*owmEf15fn _t~r1J:IJilr!Jtf-'fr3(ji~Jl!t1JliJf~f,JT, _t~r1J:lftX1Ptf-'fr3(ji*Jl!tiJ, 1993 " _t~r1J:'f1PIR-'f:l:$:JW1riiJ03l$M£fJBt 8 i'BJlil 4. 3 7H.P, rm 101-WTJ!JiSf±IR£fl-'f:l:$:JW1rBti'BJlil 7. s :B-#" Jt/J!Kl?.i!fftR 18, 682Sf1Ji'Jt!., ?lff,f1.AO 1, 362. 2.JfA, Jtif11t1'il!AO 700. 5.Jf, di 51. 4%o /K/XJfjflif/JAOfg;X; 600-800 .lfo JnJfN!!Jfftflif/JAO, AO!ff/J[fg;X; 1, 100 A/ Sf1Ji'Jf!., 1t1'il!A o ft~t/;X; 70%0 /K /XJ Jjl!,1f 15 1'-:/Jil"f/f, 203 f-fjf, SfJJ;fij 1, 000 SfjJi 'Jt!.1f:/Jilf1i II. 7Pi!o /K /XJJJ!Jt/J 3, 486. 7 Sf;/Ji'Jt!., !JJ?lff,f1.A Oif, SfJJJfiJA 255. 7 Sf;/J?Ko /K/XJ 151'-:/Jil m f/(JJPJilt/Ki!fftRfg;X; 800 5fjJi 'Jt!., 203 1'-fJff/(JJPJilt/Ki!iftRt£ 100 5fjJi 'Jf!. /JJ.Lo ~!KfJ!l/XJ!t;rc,gUJ(GDP)2, 429. BfZ;iG, ft__t1p]i;~jifli{: 15. 9%o !JJ?l!fAOH, AJJJ GDP ;X; 17, 837 ;iG, t!J,!fftflif/JA Ofg;X; 12, 000 7Go !JJ GDP ifjf, J(f-;rcil!r!; 6. 7%, Jff-=;rci.kr!; 51. 8%, Jff.-rikdi 41. 5%o /KjX}~;g..!Jil-m Jff. -ril!Jl..ik/uf! /:T~lf!JJl..il!AifJ tfi 30%-44%0 ~IKl!fJ1fft$ 576, 570 fl!, NIE$ 1, 386, 093 fl!o !JJ?llA Oif, 7fJJ!/;X; 42. 3 fl!/ T-,J..Jn 101. 8 f/!/T-Ao 5! #;!ft i/iJ: r /~ j/f H #-"Jlfl. 1995, r j{f j/f H 1F Jlfl. 1995, '*'/JI! ;frj "ifJ jjf-,,'f 1FJlfl. 1993-1994, A Q liJf }i. 1995(19. 2)c . ±Ji.t~~* ti:itt1J~2m1*1!11Jr, :JnJG.3' z.rsHttd>1f1i1~1¥.J~2m~*, ep1ttz: £ 1¥.J3t~fil£Jm.ttittiJ7HIB *~~1¥.Jo ~~*tt~•~~:JnJGm,*:lnlGm~~~~-~~~h£••*A:lnlGmi¥.J~~A~. •~-$*:tE*ttmtt~#~*~•TM•1¥.J~Aft~~~:JnJGm•m; :JnJGm~#~m~•m~ ~~~~*ttrft.Mwm~w~1¥.J:JnJG.3'~*o~~~•~ttm~~1¥.J~•·W$:JnJGmft~~ J11J£I~ft~) 1¥.J~~mttti:~ ~*tt, 1m1fJ-§J1Si**1¥.J~~*~*ux¥tti:m~1~~u-g.~ttJi.JT1¥.J ~~AQ. ~~~~*tt~~i¥.J±~~~~hfil~--~i¥.JWm, $*:lnlGmft~:tE*tt~bI r.£~~7:JnJGm~~~att1¥.J~m•*o*•-®m•:JnJGm1¥.J3tm~•.:JnJGm0•~*3tm jiq=i 70%1r.!f]J;J 10~20 0~1¥.J~.ff~3tJi.iio j~J~~~E.~J;Jffi1J')j}18mf-t, ~~ 1-ti¥.J~t1rZ.-. fB rtJ ~ a{] ff~ PX; ~~ttd.~~m~~~i¥.J~~. t:.m~~~~#1¥.J*•*~~d:lnlGm*~w~~•1¥.J• :JnJGmf-t:l:if!.~, 1J~:tru3*rr- ftlrHI~~. __t•-1r-1¥i:!:i!!~, rrq:i:1:i!!~fu*-if:!:i!!~ o ~®:!:ii!~ l*J 1¥.J :JnlGmffili~~. %~•*W~i¥.J~m~~~*·1f~Xffili~~~~~~~W~1:.~~o*8 m~l*J1¥.J:JnJGm~~*~•~:JnJGm~~£~~~1¥.J:JnJGm)1¥.Jffl~~~:JnJGm~~m~~~•*~~ 1:.1tt*~u[lij. :JnJGm*$~*1¥.J~~~*:JnJGmz.~.:JnJG.3'z~~*•m~~l*J•~1¥.J~~.~~-~~- 1¥.J£~~~.~m.~•-±~~m•~.ffili~~1¥.J~~.ffi~n~1¥.J•m~~•tt~. M M£$~~~ili~m~~i¥.J~h.~fil~WT@1fi¥.J~~~~~.-®~~M~M.•m.~ m0•1¥.J•~· ~~1*~1¥.J*~®~~~~~.-ili2, 3~.~~-~-~~~Tm~. rr~~~.rr~q:i$~~~:JnlG$1¥.J£~~~~~~~-m~~~T.@*rr-~~~~~~- ~H~m·~~M•*•Mm•~-~~-~.@rnfm•H•~M~~~*·•Mm* ~. m•~m~~•~· m•~•~M•~~•x~~m~~-~. 2. 5 ~x1H~iM,Jl.7t~i.t1¥11t9iicJ a~~~•·••fi~~.~m•~~~m~~•tt~~~-~.ffi~®~OOrnf~m* **ll~11JtlBJ!:¥mHW*~~1-t~ftjj! ~. m#.~m•~~~--~~~m•m.~~~~~r*~-••m~e~~~~-#~ ¥~-~~-~-~~•~tt•·-®*~mC~L•.rffl>effi~-$*~•~••~*~ ~M~~~~ga•m: -®~m~*~g••m~~•ffi~~~-~~M~. rnfga•m ~*~g~••m~£M~f~*e~~~•· ~~~~~g~~~w•~-~~*~••· -®~m~TP.&511J!:~. :ct*:J:il!~*~miJ:zv, ifmt*~m~•*w*~1J.t•~*~*!.l· ~~1Jll:lW~±:tl!!{~m·11:m. rotftJti=~fflt£1Jll:it1J~:1JDGmm:1:i!!~m12u1-:1tt1r*~~~. f~1Jll:itiJ~¥1J T 5.$?.!Ui!!/JP m- ~~t~' L.' r 1+1 ~ *~m ~ l±l lJR.:tl.llt~Fm: ~ $1tJ:' w~ lff ;4lf ~Jt::tl!!g ~ 0 ~~~m£~"#~~.M~~L•·*~T:1JDGm~:tl!!g•m±:tl!!~A~~~•~.:tl!!g•m ~T*1JoYI-t•~Aw•~~f9'$C:tl!!ffl~1ti•moof;Ht•~>. ~T~m~•~~Mtt~:ttfi~m~~~-•~H~~~~~m•~~llP*~*·~~tt *A~m•~tt*•Nt*~~~~-~-~~~~~-. 15~*.1t00:1JDGm•~•·~~*~ ~A~M. 6, ooo A*1Jo¥1J 37, ooo A. fE!.J&J&*~g:Jt:¥1Jm?JT~:1JDGm1Jll:it1J:1tt1r~5l:5lW•?JT~~1Jll 9 ~--~~*~~A~B••*i•~@M~m~-~*· 3. 1 f.liX ill m:tt!! ffi no !:j ifitrlHr ~ m:l:t!!~1:m rnf:IJDGm~±~~£m~·~•**&A o ~**· 1984-1992 ~. 1t00:1JDGrtr•~m:1:i!!** r 64%, PJ:itJ3:1JDGm~~;&~Ao*1J1141.1%. i1=$*:1nlGm:1JDGm•~m:1:i!!B~£1m:ctT 80 ~1~~:itJ31Jll:itiJ ~ 2000 ~~§15F.1tOO 10 *~m 1990-1992 ~ 3 ~rBJ*1Jo:1JDGm•~m:1:i!! 510. 4 .siz.~0.m. * 10 *Y 30. 0%, PJ:ltJ3~~;&~AD** 15. 7%. ~mffl:l:i!!~·~•**· :IJDGm~gJj(5fiJ~Mf1f1t •. ~~ - ~flt:l:i!!~*•~m. ~~g~51>E95&~*1l±:l:i!!W•$f1~~?.'!HttW. 11 JaJT-~. Jt~tlll:IJ!Xr!HJ\\t1Ji'iJ, 1994 iftE'l!ft-t!:Er-J~iJt:'.i:OO:IJ!Xr!HULlif'FAff!! (§1J1i~J'l1LA.Jl!!f!lll!:it All!!) , 9 1980 $116, ooo A, 1993 $1137, ooo A, ;!t9'118, ooo A1Jll!:itliJf'JLAJl!!. 1993 if'.i:OO:ff~.mt1J11tiHJG, ?ft, ~ 9621'. :IJ!Xr!JJ!~#Htif1R, 1990, 1991, 1992 • 10 r~Vf B 1R, 1995. 6. 17 • '.i:OOt'fdf't#:l:i!!I f'F4l:i5l11Hl:l, '.i: 00 10 j.;::IJ!Xr!J 1990-1992 if i:1i ffl t#:l:i!! TlO ~ JJIE (733. 3 11 -'f 1J 0 !ID, iHttm 1:5 «:!JJ~r!JJ!~#Htif1R »::f-3&. 4l:i5l iA 11 ":X 9-=1 :IJ!Xrll ~~'JC~~ 1ttl:l:tl!:W~~~M:" 0 fJt :!:ii! flt r5 ffl i¥J _± ~ ~ 129 Ji!:: • ;&~pg ttlHfoJ ~~ip fJt~Ir ~ ~; • ~~~~2Bf~IR, I~IRrSffl; • 3c:Jm. (We~, 0 £*~rn~• -'=3 7}C¥!J Jl i'it rS ffl ; • ~m~Jlr5ffl; • :&ttttm~I~~Jlr5ffl.®ili~*·~r!Jr5fflfJt~i¥J~M:tEL*·~ *M~*' ~00i¥J±~m•••Ji!:tt~~fil3c:Jm.,~•'*~ffl~~OO-~~··-~~ ~i¥JJli'>t~§ffl~; ~M~m~:&ttttm,I~~Jlffl~.m~~L~oo~-mm~*~•~· ~Pi!:tE 1984-1992 ~~$ A:i:1Jffl:l:i!!1~ff-f>Z.1ff&d>i¥J*1Jo (g{j 7%)' :tzo~J!t1~~bt-fj1Ji¥Jmt~A D' A:l:1Jffl~m~~~LJi!:tt*•~i¥J~~' ~~ADW~m:tt•~<£~-O. ~~;&~AD ~ rP Jl i'itffl :!:ii! A :f:1J Jl i'itffl :!:ii! AD~~ (-f-A) ( km 2 ) c m2/ A) C-T A/ km 2 ) ~ffi- 1992 1984 1992 1984 1992 1984 1992 1984 1f:OO,~, it 154, 594 109,569 13, 918. 1 8,480.4 90.0 77.4 12.9 11. 1 ::It"* 5,659 4,985 429.4 365. 9 75.9 73.4 13.6 13. 2 ::Ri~ 4,491 4, 123 334. 7 240. 3 74.5 58. 3 17. 2 13.4 ttm 3,687 3, 173 189. 2 162. 1 51. 3 51. 1 19.6 19. 5 ll€1$i~ 2,469 2,217 153.0 141. 8 62.0 64.0 15.6 16. 1 L;/f!f 7, 561 6, 726 365.2 171. 1 48.3 25.5 39 .. 2 20. 7 WIT°* 2, 140 1,865 123. 2 ' 99. 7 57.6 53.5 18. 7 17.4 litrx 3,354 2,899 193.9 178. 0 57.8 61. 4 16. 3 17.3 /3+1 2,996 2,486 l88.2 172. 2 62.8 69. 3 14.4 15.9 •1* 2,307 1,523 101. 5 62.9 44.0 36. 1 27. 7 22. 7 jffi~ 2,006 1,686 131. 0 104. 3 65.3 61. 9 16.2 15. 3 ~it 36,670 31,683 2,209. 3 1,698. 9 60.2 53.6 18.6 16.6 :tE~mm~*~~~•~mwi¥J~W. ~~~m~~~~~i¥J~m~mm•~~~m•r r ~, m:1:-t!!~ffl-l?'t i¥J ·tf(i!L BUIJ ~-m 5<x ¥ i¥J ~*¥)[:ff 51 ml•m i¥J JE ~ m::t.m. ~m1.mtutmn~~-m-oorffb~xxm:1¥JEK1J: •m:tEttlJE:1.mt1Jw. EJG:tE7-f~ "~~,, ~1.H1~* 1JlltlJtmf11lltlJEttf@Ji¥J~$ A D*IJ±:l:i!!~JI §;!'ff-, tlJJl::£$i¥J7-f~ffl:l:i!! (~~ffL±~Ji!:~ 7-0t:i!~ mi¥J~m**'®~Ji!:~T~#~m~~~m•);®:tt~M±~••••wxttttm••~tm * n ~~1f 5<xti!!t2'.ttl±~••. 1f [91- ~129~~~-m1.mt1Jtm nx-J~m ±:l:i!!**t21lltlxt ~~¥1J1f~xft ffl; • 1.mtu X1 **~JI i¥J t~·~tl ¥j 1f1E1Jj • :13: ~ nz. Ji!: 129 ~ X1 rl5J it i¥J ~~ * m *x ~fl: tl:HtE fiffi i¥J *rJ ltfT, ~l29~X>J~m~J1•~~m~~~~*~~~~m~i¥J~~EJG~~mWIT. 12 IP.]_t. • a~~m~~±*~AD§~".M~*~~-ffl~•~+B.~m~-*~~~~-~ t} 1txt~Jil:l(.IJ tz: '.1.xl*@J~ ~ ~ n!PJ 0 • l::J~mm~*•~±*•••n~1f~~m£=~~-~>~ff~~~±*~~tt~l::J~ m~~m~1t~'.i.~~o~ft±*~~tt~~-~l::J~ff1f"~~mmM~~ff£m~o • ~IR:.&f1~±*ftlll::J~m±*ftW::ftbW.lo ~m~Jil:lGIJ$f1xl\;J.1f~~*rl1t1H1M1±J%1::JI ftffl**~; a~~*IR· tt•m~rtJ*~•~N•~wm±*, \;J.~~£~~~~0 ~:JGIJJij~ ±:ltl!*~ iFffi' ,~,it I~l'. -ft-W 11'.£ 3l:im :Jtfm LlJ' Jit:ltl! ;&83 '.£ft!! :JtftB [lijff, (ha) 1, 104.53 127.27 94.49 179. 78 322. 99 380.00 230. 81 572. 43 261. 32 39. 97 1987 l:t$ (%) . 100.0 11. 5 8.6 16.3 29.2 34.4 20.9 51. 8 23. 7 3.6 [lijff, (ha) 1, 778.64 740. 32 40. 32 305.94 324.40 367.66 270.52 1145. 49 304. 88 57. 75 1988 H~$ (%) 100. 0 41. 6 2. 3 17. 2 18.2 20. 7 15.2 64.4 17. 1 3. 3 [lijff, (ha) 1, 045. 90 275. 84 178. 77 137. 88 316.29 137. 12 98. 29 501. 67 414.02 31. 92 1989 bl:$ (%) 100.0 26.4 17. 1 13. 2 30.2 13. 1 9.4 48.0 39.6 3.0 [lijff, (ha) 225. 37 54.98 14.29 46.26 73.23 36.61 35.47 108. 31 69. 27 12. 32 1990 bl:$ (%) 100. 0 24.4 6.3 20.5 32.5 16. 3 15. 7 48. 1 30. 7 5. 5 [lijff, (ha) 775. 04 273. 16 79. 63 .191.60 54. 81 175.84 110. 58 390. 84 259.99 13. 63 1991 bl:$ (%) 100. 0 35. 2 10. 3 24. 7 7. 1 22. 7 14. 3 50.4 33. 5 1. 8 [lijff, (ha) 3,858.99 1, 250. 7 129. 3 1, 400. 6 284. 0 795. 0 487. 9 2,599.5 762. 0 9. 5 1992 bl:$ (%) 100.0 32. 4 3. 4 36. 3 7.3 20.6 12.6 67. 3 19. 7 0. 4 [lijff, (ha) 5,680. 3 1,048. 7 60.8 2,300.4 1, 103. 3 1, 167. 1 ' 351. 7 4, 001. 8 794.9 532.0 1993 bl:$ (%) 100.0 18.5 1. 1 40.5 19.4 20. 5 6.2 70.4 14.0 9.4 [lijff, (ha) 3, 611. 5 1, 210. 7 20. 1 1, 104. 7 411. 6 870.5 383.2 2,550. 2 620.0 64. 7 1994 bl:$ (%) 100.0 33.5 0. 6 30. 5 11. 4 24. 1 10. 6 70.5 17. 1 1. 8 [lijff, (ha) 18,086.3 4, 981. 67 617. 7 5, 667. 16 2,890.62 3,929. 83 1,968. 47 11, 870. 2 3, 486. 4 761. 79 -€tit bl:$ (%) 100 27.5 3.4 31. 3 16.0 21. 7 10.9 65.6 19. 3 4.2 m ±1Mf.lj;"J3~ :l1i 15 ~*· JL.:>f JiJT:ff~A:~m~\;J.~11)~ rtJ5tl-1t~~:n:rt~1Jo~m m±~. 4';fjj1JfiU1t:lft~r;K *%~f~~mo~#m*r~:n:rtmtt£~\;J.~7JOO~~~~~~= • w~~~M·~~~~~~~*LB~~T~£~~::fW~~~m~m:rt,W~rtJr~m ±:l:i!!~~~~o ~-"M~t:Ji(~t~A:~m~,g,~~JilJ<.1Jf,1!W~m:i:tfil%1JoJ1JcMfil%~mfil%~m:rto ~~~OOW~$fflL-~ffili~W, a*m~~*~~ffl&illff*fi, ~"~-~ffi*tt n~m&~.~#~~m:rtm~•w~~mmmw. #M~~Go:i:t~~~~~~~m* ~~ll,\~1JJ:ttt~o • ~m~litllutr11HN•~~n1fr~. ~m~tt*~*L~riWA:r~~~&. fli1 1 i:.,~1t~m\;J.:liA: ~~*~ffl~1f~~~-. ~-~®~-B~Fm*&~~~ff. • ,gi,~L~, ~m5c:Jm.tiHtJfr'd*tlllJti:00~1t1.t. ffli9J1.t7.Kf1~fi;c fli1 1 i:.,~1t~m!dAf*:t~~ ~w~m~tt.d&*ffmm.rft~ft~J%*tz:*~•~~~~~~m~tt~~~IR~. m~1~2~. A:~mm&1f~~~~m*0~m~~~m5c:Jm.~rtJ*r~~~~. • ~rF~~~MftW~~~-~~i9JAD~~1±J%, ~m*~&:ffW~A:OO~~~~IR. ?/EPJ!;T, r .:U 331 ~~~.ax~~M~oo•.~~~~~m~~m~*0~•~~. • a~-mm:1:11~.ttMtt~¥~. ~J\!:1Wfilin ~7f~t£ttl~*-1~1f~:i~. £?t--®:k~-mm:1:-!l!:11Hf mmrm~mm.mrM~~~~~m~~•oo~*__t~-~~. CJ !99Dlf:l!AlliJll!.oJtil!: - !990-1993lf:7flltll!:J!il ~ -'¥Y.9A m~oof9' •PX:~oo m~~HI: •JJX:~§fl 3I*-1£Z. m r::J (li) (km2) f9' (km2) *-1£R(km) *-15~ r(km) ~t R/r oo !*J 10 *~m-'¥Y.91t 341. 1 1,983.0 164.4 24.3 7. 1 3.4 oo ~r 10 ::.k;::t11JG m-'¥ :11.y -m: 378.9 3,030.6 610. 0 29.5 13.2 2.23 00 J*J/OOjf- 0. 90 0.65 0.27 0.81 0.54 1. 52 IE: 1. /JSl/XJ lO;k;frJfff;X;jt,,5[, 7ff$, t);/ffl, fftif{, rJ1f, ~&. Pftfj\f?i, ifiJ,,5[, ;J::~, ifff!fi!o 2. /JSl}'f lO;k;frJff[;X;iflt{], ~j3lj!l, ft.fX, if{~, E~, ,,~,,5[, $'~, ;J::!!fi, /Jpfj\$-1;, Jl!.f{j!f!/XJ?o 3. ff!#* ;i!§, /~ifiJx~, x:frJ fffflffJt~iii lij fffJgf5(!iiif(:/Pjf5[, /JS/ f!;J :frJ fffJtt:f!!!;X; 80 #=ff: 1'JP!o 3. 2 ::f'fiiJm~a~ tt111J~it~ m±1Htf§1J ;fLH1iiiOO-~mffl:l:t!!.7t~:tff-ftE, ~mffl:l:if!)t:lg 101-:k~. El3-TiTIS:tff-ftE~~itr::J1£~-~. arnm•~~~ffl:l:t!!~~~~~oo~Jtfi. ~~~~oo~m~I~ffl:l:t!!~~~~~.~~~m~~M~~fil,tt~~m*#r±:l:t!!~ lt!U.Edl&JM~JJJ}JI~~M1f~. 1984 ~~OO~m~I~ffl:l:il!-'¥Y.9~tm:7iJ 27%, ~ 1993 ~r~ 7i122.3%, a~~ffl:l:t!!.~1ei9J~1Jtli::k. ~AA 10 *~m~*~~:9iXmI~ffltt!!Jtm:r~ T 1-4 ' 1-Ef ?t ,B, J=J.1'ftt~l3' 1¥.iffi~:lnXmI~J=IHt!~Jl::!E:J::ft- 0 1'f ®:lnXm•JE:JL::::PI~ffl:l:ikbl::!ti¥J~ 13 tt•m~~~~~~~~fflM~. ~1'ri¥1:1nXm~*~l¥1I~ffl~**~~-~fflo:lnXmI~ffl *1t•~~1¥1~~~~:1nX-m~~~~1¥1~~. *~~••±*~m~•l¥1~*0 0~~•~m•~~•*R•>m*~m•R•m*1t~1'fmJ:ff-,ffi*~B~: mttm :l:i.!!1¥Jbl::fJHil~-*7C~1-to 14 :1nXrtrmMffl*C~~mmttg~1¥Jm*ttmM>1t~-~•*o OO*ffl*~~-~~ 8o/<r"l5%, 1EI. § iW~fS*~•::k:lnXrtr *:it¥U 0 1993 ::::P~oo:lnXrtr-'ft)Jm~-*ffl:l:ikbtm-OZ.~ 6. 5%, 10 * :lnXm-'ft)]~ 6%tc;t, -OZ.~tffi, xif, r-- 1·1·1, ttm:it¥U 8%0 15 1994 ::¥ 1980 ::¥ !¥% ?t~ OOfJt Cha) (%) OOfJt Cha) (%) 1 mtt 3,514.2 34. 7 1,518.8 29. 1 2 0~ii- 1,870. 2 18. 5 1,051.8 20.2 3 I~. 2, 739. 2 27. 1 1,500. 0 28.8 4 {tfr~ 305.2 3.0 243.6 4. 7 5 X1"~rx:® 381. 0 3. 8 172. 4 3. 3 6 il!R-*)j:,W 863.4 8. 5 442.3 8.5 7 rtr•0~ii- 275. 3 2. 7 171. 4 3.3 8 ~~ji.!!, 175. 3 1. 7 114. 9 2. 2 ~it 10, 123. 6 100.0 5,215.2 100. 0 ffHiHt1il &~~~?tg-~~~00:1nX-m•~1¥1~~~~~-.m::k:1nXm~#ffl~l¥1±*m~1¥1~• ~?tffW.~~~I~ffl~~mttm~~m~. ~#m~~*~~7~ITT~Wffm~o~7- ®:f::E 50 ::¥1~~~Jliii¥J!t.BI~:lnXm, ::k~•:lnXmI~)t;t1Hl::tll?t~, l"L~:f::E~ 1 L.'g *tl:lf.Yl 7 ilf~~'J\~Jll;f~i¥JI10 80 ::¥1~~1W:lnXrtrtt~Jtii;f1Z:J>, El3.li:l::%3&~,t:.,gmttJdJ~:IJn, .A1::nt ~-~o:f::E#~~~~~~. tt~~Ir,fl•m*~:®~~"~¥"Jliii¥J, MW%~tt~ ~;lt1mii•¥m~Jtiii¥Jt';f .Bo 80 ::¥1~~. ::k:lnXITT~rll~~~*~flJ!ii~Jll;f~tll::ki¥Jmttg, I~ *~fltll·!*:l:ikrtJ~rlltl~o 16 13 Jt&$it:;l(.1Jmt*'i'f1, :Y!XmJ!&#Eitif::J'R.1984, 1993 o 83-=fi3:Ji'Jj~if:ffi-0~ii:liffiffl±1!!.#Eiti:::i1£~-3&. J!.R~ 14 Jt&$it:;l(.1Jmt*'i'f1, :Y!XmJ!ii#Eitff::J'R. 1984, 1993 o lll~ tt!t5U8 !Si~ o 15 Jtii$it:;l(.1Jmt*'i'f1, :Y!XmJ!ii#Eitif::J'R. 1984, 1993 o ~$Hft!.iR, 1995. 10 o:!flili: 3 if:i:f, ...t#!i: 10 ~1-J~#Eit, Bff 319 %I~{E:~, 455 ~1:.f".¢.i:J.A:Y!XIRJf:tt.~ 16 !Ro ll*~ffi, ...t#!i: IE:Y!XK~~~~fflxt~, :Y!XmnU1J. 1995 (5) o...t#!i: 80 if:f~l*JJf ~ t;J. l*J I~ffl±t!!.llff l9' 6 25%, 1994 ff:r~~ 20%0 3. 3 tJifffi" r&; Jl a~~ 1-t A.i:l~/l 1984-1992 ~ 8 ~rilJ, ~oo~m-'f:l;)J~t::R~Ai:::i~-m•l'>tm:i:t!!.mfffi ~lf~mJtHll!l'J<J*:bn. BM. 77. 4 -'f1I* J::Jtjlj 90. 0 -'f1I* ' mi%5T 16. 2%. fPJ:li)J 10 1-:A~mA:i;)]Jtl!-ll!h\ 53. 6 -'f1I*J::Jtjlj 60. 2 -'f1I* ' mi%5T 12. 3%. fPJf¥, ~OO~m-'f:i;)J~F:R~Ai:::imitM. 12. 9 -TA !-'f1J0!1!r~jiJ 1i. 1 -=t A/-'f1J0!1!, 10 :A~mM.18. 6 -=t A/-'f1J0!1!r~jiJ 16. 6 -=t A/-'f 1J0!1!C£*-O·~~~~.~oo~-m.~~~:A~ml¥.JAi:::imitm~~-~l¥.J.M*4~~. 10 :A~m~R1f J:l'tlJ, ~if- m:JJ( 31-~m~ttAi:::imit1f~:A~iltl¥.Jrj)-:f, rmJ:l'ilJ, m:JJ( 1984 ~~11Ai:::imit?HliJ::0 39. 2 T A/-'f1J0!1!,fO 27. 7 T A/-'f1J0!1!'h rm:tm:W:~ml!I 10 ~*;g)i!i1J ±~*l¥1~1EZ9JA i:::i c:tio!WJifi:l!l'J<J 20%-40%, g1G:tio~tJ1'l¥.J 50%), JJ~~, ~~ffil'J<J~m A:l;)]Jtl:l:t!!.mfffi1JJ:tE r~. Aomitm:tEJ::Jt. 11Sit 10 :A~ml'J<J~~ffiAi:::imitmz:tE 20 -=t A/-'f1J0!1!~J: ! ~oo~~l'J<Joo•~-mm:l:t!!.~mm~A:l;)J~m•lim:l:t!!.m~::0100-'f1J*~~. &•~*A i:::imitmz::010-=tA/-'f1J0!1!.•~· ~~m1fl¥.J~m•*m~*Mi%Sl¥.JAi:::imit. #:tE~~ m~~mwr~*mit. ~*~mm•l¥1§~.:tE~a~&•~T-~l¥1~*·~~~-@~ m~M~~l'J<J:A~-m•mmtt~ml'J<JM•*~H±:l:t!!.Wwwnl'J<J~M. rm*~~mm:l:t!!.. il~~/l ~-m•~*~l¥1•Itl%5rffl:i:t!!.**l¥1•It. ~~~m-'f:l;)J•~w~mit~~m:tEmr%5. 1984 ~~oo~m-'f:l;)J~t::R~Ai:::iw1f•~oof9'::0 18. 2 -'f1I*· -'f:l;)J$f9'$::0 o. 235; rm 1992 ~A:l;)J:Jm1f•~Wf9' 29. 9 -'f1J*, -'f:l;)J$f9'$~1tjiJ o. 332. fPJ1JJ 10 :A~mA:l;)J-~00f9'M. 18. 9 -'f1J*mi'~OU 26. 5 -'f1J*, -'f:i;)J$f9'$M. 0. 353 ~1tjlj 0. 440' m•T 25%. ~T _t)'ilJ, m:JJ(~~1-Ai:::imita•l¥.J~m-'f:l;)J$~*1fmr~*·~~81-~ml¥.J$~*:l;)J~:A•Itm •· ~~)j·l·lm•T 72. 5%(£* 1). rnrffik:Z.~nZ9JA i:::i l'J<Jw~~m. R1nx~wr~ §!W:X~m~~ffil'J<JAi:::imit. 1.Erru~m~~. Ai:::imitm•l¥1•It~~r•~mitm•l¥1•It. ~~oo**~mmit~~l'J<J~nM:W:ffi- 3&, *~* -~ mIt l¥J • • ~ '*lf A1i'J:fmff :9! $ l'J<J 11-'=t OOfQ' I 1~ 3:: i'ilJ ,fo ~1mmH~· 1XMB l¥J 3:: 17 fil] 0 Mrm~wn*~·~M•~*&&W£~r:X~mm~. •*Ai:::i*&~~•oo•M. ~**~m~-~Mttw~m~mM~OO-~*Itm~~~-~~MB.~~£~~H~OO~lt ~~~rm~m~.~~. 1fl¥1•m~•M~~••l¥1~~~~~~A~l¥.JH~~&m~. rm Rmili)j~ttl'J<J~M•It. ~ffl~H~•:tEMfil~fil~-~H~~lt. ~~~oo~-mm~•* T fJT l¥J i:~!t~ . •-m•~mlt~~-•~&~~r~®~~m~l'J<J= • ff~·l¥.J~~OO$J.~7CR~. ff~·~~*m~-~~~-:A~ltl'J<J~fi.~~~:tEM l'J<J~~. m•$~*~~~-•~fil¥.J•1f~l¥.J~~.ft~:tE~~m~l¥.Jm~~#r. ff ~•mttm~$~**~~WMl%5@**· • M*F*l'J<J±:l:t!!.~~••.±:11!!.l'J<JW\Jik:~~m~±:l:t!!.fil*l'J<JJ:*, #~3&ff~~mttm• •~*It*~11£1ti{v:~:Lts:. • ff~~Jtll¥.Jl:8*· ~T ±!-ll!~.fftl$:m~l¥.J!-ll!fil 1:8*, IE!~~Jj1fl¥.Jr%5mlt.fOfJTff~~r!J§l¥.J ~liili i'iHl!!-tB :li!J~U i~JlmWItm jlilij 00@: !!I • {El:;4!j:, I 1+1, ~ t Er~ IEl :IJ£ IR l*J , IEl 11 ~ BJ!::ii!t- JN: ~ 3l<~ifi 1 -SJZ-1r*il-J! 3~5 -SJZ-1f*, ~~g~:EJlj'ilijOOflJ~ l~Hi. :tE*:IP.Xm, 7f1itji'.ijW3tN OO~liili"li:M!H§clt=Jlli• (ftft~iJi~!Rit•OO) ~*~·, :ff OO:IP.Xrtr B:lt¥1J~-SJZ-1r* 100~200 ~·IB*tt•~~~~M••w~•**m~@•m. • •moomwHr:liJ. •rtr•mtttt~••w~•~~11u-tBffr*n». 51~~8L ~_g1J~MJJitP100 7ftt•.~~mMff7il&•••~T•mWitOO•~· • :1P.XrtrM•~*•&.:1P.Xrtr•mtttt~3l<7ftt•••mn~~iX•&•*•~•iX~7il•~ 3~$00*#.~~~J::~~~~-!l!!@OO•~-@~•!l!!m•~m•It•. MW7i17f~ •••W~$, ~*£$~~-~T1f~, ~&7iJ-®$~,~~-~T1f~. {£ $1J mi 00 lli jJ z. r ' ~Ji1Jtlj $nm$19'. ~ fljtl Jijf11§ 00 fF ffl ' ~ _g1j {£ q:i 'L' IR~ IEl :IP.X IR ' ~ 1~ :ff*OO·~*.m:ffOO:IP.Xrtr~~-&:ffM~$~M*J::~filtt~*003~·~~m~. ~~fl ttoo-@~~~*· -~~-~~~•oo. =~&*••mm*M.~#•~~*oo-~~~ ~-. J19t~3tiitOO(ilijlt~9=1, W5111§~®3tiitOOm:l:iBF7ftt•, #&:ff:Jl:iE7fk1!!J!§Jt.»J~ liiliiX•W3l<~1tili OOU~{~fft. 3. 4 :t,lilfP~'L'f2S:a{]{'f:JfJ :tEit:itU~}$~fljtlr, :!J£1P9=1 1 L.'±~71k1!!T*!.<•~· ~}$~1'f•~-JU1.~g. 83-=f&:ff±!I!! rtJj:m»J±!l!!flJfflOOW1l1tffl, :!J£1P9=1 1 L.'IR~~Tffi~jlilij00@11AJ:JWlt, ll~:ff~d>Il.to-tt ~{ft-=f:!J£1P009=1 1 L.'IR, &:ff%~1it:lt00%!1t!-~009=1:9c•*IR (CBD). M!~rtJj:m~fljtlOOJ!J'z:, 9=1 1 L.' IR OOIR {ft11t~5111§ T ±!i!!;fljffl 00£~. *:IP.Xm:tEit:itU~}$~115Ur~HtOO 9=1 1 L.'IRJU1.~gi£{££ifJ! ir.to51Ht. ±~~:EYl:tE:tior1JTIIT: • 9=1 1 L.,IROO*!.<-~il1:i!**· -~1!JIRm:tJHt*· -~•mTIITf9'$ilt*:tm. M* 10 :q::q:i, J::;4jj:, ~tR-OO~±~*!.<•~q:i,c.,•~J!mrnif9'*:1JllT 50%~1:: rtJ9=11L.,*!.<•~J19t~A .iJ:t-to~~51001~•~&*$ilt*:IJll. • ~ii!!~•*;fJl.ft},fOJt.{filJ;g.::::.tz:~;fJlftJfil:i!rPJIP9=11L.,~9=1. 13-0~, 1*'CBJ!m:t£1P9=11L.'IR 00 **:i!lt&MT*!.<•~.M~:tEmmJ::~&tt:ltOO.%,@rnoOO~%B~l:Jj~. • 9=1iC.-tRJi!M±A J:J' n:•~:JJ.:ffl.~1¥Jmt~rx11:if:a}I~ r~. :tEIS~lR~m1¥Jtlf!f 9=1, A::iJ!f~ 1¥JIEl11~*Elm-Ji!i, 13-0~.fOi*'CBJtX{~. ji-®~1Pi¥J~Eit, rl* 10 :q::q:i, :IP.Xrtr9=t'L.'lRl¥J@ 11.AJ:J~d>Br~T lOo/o--20%; 19 :ffl¥J~rtr:tioJ::;4jj:i£{E~fj(jHE20' 30i:f::{~Jl001~rJt1}0~ :mirm-T•*r)J~goo-1,ttu (5o, 60 :¥1~J::;4jj:1E*ti¥11J-0~m~tt~, Il-to-tt~). 20 • :t£rtJj:moo1tmr, q:i,c.,1R-tol*J:1P.X1¥JiliE:tE±Z9J!l!!~tJ(;Y.r:ifOO;ff1~. :7tJt.~-®~"':\7\i'.7l ~ftOOil.~OOBtt±!l!!~Jlml¥J~ffl~~fr~~~-OOm~: :ffl¥Jil~ffl~:ff±!I!! m1'f )]j:l:if!F7f:!t~~£1f, ~--~fP1*!.<m-~.tO~li*~~~~J!jlilij00flJ~IJ, #:fH~I~j:_ FOO~:t~. ;flHJ.BI~ 13 :l:t!rJJ®:Jff, 7f :& ~ (fl~ ti' l'£il "&£ iJj tf-id:HJT. J3:~ _t ;lllJ, I J-1·1, ~~ R: (fl 1':iJ1Hf! i£, [i!,J /f 'E1ni1± ~ 0 18 .ful'1'1HIHH9:~9tt9:~. ffiJ¥*:lJll~9=''L'IR BjtiiJ 400-500 7Glo/1f*o _t;llljr!J~rlHJl!tiJifJJ!UEi, _t;llljr!J~r!J'.'.ltjitf--&;-:Jill!tiJ. 1993 o _t;llljr!JJ1i't¥ifl, Mi~IR)d=i B1'~rlltf: 0 19 1J+1~ht1f:~. 1995. :t:rJJIR(t-J 4 -Mr®:IRf'fitA.i:::i:l:!'!l*1'~m. ;tt9='(J{J~*IRBtl:IJJlffi.:11l*· ~ilm~-m •~~•m(J{]Mi£~ :t:m!RB~/f&~M(J{Jf'•Ai:::i~~m~a-m*· 20 ~-r- _t;lllj5r~~b0ail&(J{JtRji, ~-m ~:tit 1995. 1. 24 • _t;lllJm®:!MW:Jt1? nm~. ~zv:¥.t5'~~1lftilr(J{J § wr m~~m~ti®:ife(J{Jb0ail&~•*b0aoWZV-&~31•*•·•m1s•m**•*m~~m. t£:A:~ilf1P:P 1L.' lR JlR 13~ 5.!!Ht 1¥1 IPJ at, *®HIHHR 13~-t:B tl:l fl T ~F ~ 1 L.,1t 1¥1 ~~ o 83 -T :A:lJJXITT ~ ~IR@ttAo•&tt•,fitl~W1¥J~~-~.~m~•F•m~~®a*l¥1M~~~~~-. ~:A:lJJXITT~'L.'!Rfff7f:/tmG.2j>:*ll'ffl-m.tt• Ut:Jit, _t~, l;1+11¥J~'L.'IR1J.0~, ~tBJ%~BtE1'.:tl:I: ~~m-:ii:•l¥1 10 1-:lJJXITTZjU)' m~JL.\1R1¥J•Jl*°1tM~ T P~11iUtf:ffl IP.lat' ~*:lJJXITTj!-[lti!! 0 IRl¥J~liili~-~14a*, -®:A:lJJXITTjrllPJJt·ti~-1¥Jti!!!RfflG:lgifl¥J7f1t~B. 11,&.iJI T-®;f§ iJ\~-. m;f;l~:A1¥Jfi'ij*, ~~*ll~li*~o :ti11~t:Jitl¥J=:£f, -=:.:f;f;I{}~, _t~1¥JU#f, ¥m*o i3: ®:f:tl!IRPJl3~~JtM:lg/j\~'L." hA®7tf£ITT~ 1 L.'1¥JllRJ3~, ~11£Jt.~~~¥&o A.t=1±tH~:(%) 250.0 --6--- A t=I±~ if$ 30.00 -1982 iFA.t=!i.¥.'ll'. -1990 iFA.t=!i.¥.'ll'. 150.0 20.00 50.0 10.00 ~~____.______..__ 0.00 3.5 5.5 7.5 9.5 11.5 13.5 15.5 f!Ji!l:!l±±i!lllE!:X~fl (km) ,.,.-., ~ ----- _j ) • ~$0~}51:Jlig~9='.~ • JJlttiilli.illliJ:i1i:,, ~ J;l2ffi~J8:ll~ - ·- - ~pZfR:ltJ.W(9o{Fft:m~) ilf $ *:lJJX ITT tE i~t, 1* :J;Jll:t1J ~ ~ tl:l T tE:Eltl\J!JJ)t lR 12Hr W(;j!- 1111£ 1f &ti!! lR Jl ~WT 1¥1 ITT ~,Li' l¥J § fi Jt.,~,N~±:!f~:lg T llf7f IB 1¥JITT~'L.':p}7fJtl¥JEElx1L gj(;~;;ffi-~Wf 1¥J ~JL.\ PJ l2J,%fflGtJf 1¥J1::*B' 0 l2J,WU~:lJJXITT~=f'~l¥J1tM: ~at ,R~:lg T 1*f.Yl±x~1¥J1tM § ;fi (:fillJ!~OO~i·ti:A~ITTZ~)' 11= :lg :lJJXITT 1¥J~ 1iL ~®~j;Jll:!(;Ll00m9=1JL.\1111bt:EJF~f00m9=1JL.\J;Jll;j;l£*, J}Jfj~£:tt~. ?;£~§:fi5 CBD' CRD' fri5l~:FJl!9=1;L.,, X1-t9=1JL.'~~o :tE-®~MJ!lt$X·l9cOO:IJJXIP, B?;£7f~€1~~~9=1JL.'007f~o M. ili~~oo~afi.-®•~••*X~OO:IJJXm.~••:1JJXmrM. 9=1~~~-~1:.ffBOO:IJJXm~ ~ T-JE:001VGJ}J cftllnu~ m) o rm:tE*:IJJXm, ~9=1JL.,007f~#::f 1VG:iJJ o ::f 1VG:iJJoog129~~7Joo oo, §:fl5m:1::m rm*, t)E6':f e~.JJ, ~ 1ft ~PJ:it·ti:~~ o M.:ltt'1>:J:: iJl, ~ 9=1JL.'001Jll:!(;1J{ljtczJE~ OO?;£ M=t&ii. A~*X*OO§§'ti:o 3. 5 t,6lffi"3t~~~&S£i.t ti: 9=1 oo :IJJXm~~ OO?;£ M='f*ftLlfo ±:l:i!!tLl r!Hl'A; r, &:,~ %1VG Tiffi ~s oo 3tmt~t1L ••?;£ m ~±~~moo~~. 3tm~fil~1:.Tiffisoo~~.m~~moo~~iffi~f~M=~±~oo~~ ~tt-@o ~filZ>;:~ 2'- 1981 ~i!lil~ 1993 ~i)6J~ -'f :l$J tl:Hf {X~ 2. 44 A{X/B 2. 02 Ai!Jzl B -'f :1$] tl:l qr B1 !'SJ 22.3min 27.0min -'f :1$] tl:l qf ji=!. 3. 78km 4. 18km ~qr 42.6% 28.01% tl:l §fr$ 44.6% 60.48% qr 03( 10. 3% 4.06% 1f *1t$ 2.00% j\; -lf!.1ft$ 3. 06% Jt1tB 2.40% tefi~UE EB f 9=1 00 :IJJXnHll. 00 A Q-* ltfrl J=!Hi!! m~' 12J.111±J%1ttlltr F 1:. 00 mt~-@tt;J;lj\;' 1!:1JJX m@~OOiliH~•*Xm, tl:lH{X~-·o3tiitl:lfriJ6J~~~. *:IJJX1POO-'f:l$Jtl:lfr~•:tE~40 ~.-'f:l$Jtl:lHB100:tE20~0*~0-M-®::f~•oo•~*fi,tt~10~9=1.*:IJJX1POOtl:lff~ • B~Jifi:lttll o :tEJ;Jll;J;l::f** 00 :IJJXm' EB f I 1t-@1:UE!.ili' q: !'SJ 1* -~ B1 !'SJ*' tl:l lJl T 9=1q:00 J:: r*. •· :lt~T-'f:l$JI~tl:lfr{X~ormtE~®:IJJXmS*@~:tE-~"*R"~I~,@tt,~•, mt~, 3tii iJ6J~9=1 tl:llYl T tl:lfr:lv~OO·t'ijtJl (~~~ tl:lqf Ef];E)( ~~), ftll~tJ}(, 1986 ~@ ~tl:lqf iJ6J ~-'f :1$] tl:l qf {X~ {)(/Iv 1. 6 {!J( 0 0-D ~1j;' ~-1Jltl:lfr~fil~tl:lfr7Jj\;OO•~&•T±~~mm'A;,:IJJXm@~tl:lHOO~D*~~~± ~~m~•iffi~o rnf±~~moo•itm~~~~-®~OOI~:IJJXIP, ~J::•,~~.:IJJXm mtt~mt~m•itm~o m~A1=1*1t~•~*ltRii'EJOO~~:l$J:tEm9=1JL." ••Jlli•9=1JL.,rmr ~.~~%1VG*•~itm•oo•~oomtt~~~-~~~. !29rmm~t1:1H~,~~oo*~** ft, #m~iliff~-~~OO~A. ~f~D%~00%ft.m~~A. -~~m·~~~BOO~ rPJ'i'.'L ±Jim~~XXrP11'11E:l:bt~~fjf. 21 4. 1 3'.liln~ m~mff~~~~~±~~m•~oo~~. *~~~m••.0~~m~-~~~&•~ ~oo•u!tiJ . .J.l::.L- ~ n B~.~moo~m~.m~~ttoom~~tt~~m~~roottm••~•*m~oomfi~ •m~. m~f~ffOOiliff~M~~.m~f§fi*OO*•~m. S%ft1~15%#00~fim ff*Bl § ff$JiJTif!l 1~. ~~~o.ll:t, -JN:A:~m 00~11' ili 1-f btfJtl1JJfr 303--40%. ~fi:$ mH~. ~ooA:~m~§1T*~•m•Jioo~m,ffimTili1T~~~•A:oo~w. ~~~ :t:i:_m~, 0~~mOObtfJH~f~. ~T~m~-*~~00~~*· §1T$~~MOO±JI~~~~rAA: • ~40moomfr~•~f§ff$~m~**ft~~~~~m~~m~m~ffi~OO. • 70$~ff~A::l:•&OO"~~*"m~~§1T$ft~~~001T~-~T~MOO~#. • ~mwm~§1T$ili1T•~•~~A:. ft~ftili$0~~~*~· *•r~oom~r. § 1T* ili 1T a1 i'8J rtt8£~1* ~-lfi • • M~ili$*H••mB~~~ft§ff$~0~Z~*1T~~OO±JI~~.@ft00, ro$ 1~oo~m1~m~••r, 1t:m §1T*~•~BOO~£mfiJ~ (3-4 $1!m §fr$.PJT11!ilfi'OO~m*~ Mffi~f-M§ff$OOft~. ~~--~~m§fi*~moo~•~T•JI~m.H~~. §1f$ili1TOOH••mm~~f0~~*· mm. §1f*~~T•~~m~ftm•moon~.~so$tt*,A:~m~ff*m~oolliff ~~~-B~~5~-00%,A*B~~~~.n §ff$iliffOO~•~~~f~mAD*~Wm *· rl~ 10 $~, 0~~$ftili1T~~~OOtt•-H1~f~, #13.ftfif~r~. ~OOA:~m±:!:i!! ~m•~m@~~~~f0~~*oo~m.m~f~•~*•oo~~. A:~m0~~*~f~ ·111m:Etz~, ~1+*~1~xtft~1Ll1A~~~IJ2)1:~. 1H~B:~oo~. 0~~$ffitE1. T 75%li:::tlOO~ m0~g~:1:. #13.0~~$~~~*~~00~00.0~~$~~~M~OO~~~: _tjiij:rtf:9!JGrtf~-&t3C:iUJll:lGIJiiJfJl:JiJT. _tjiij::9!JGrtf~-&t3C:JiUJll:lGIJ, 1993 • .R~tiJT :ll:iliJL~, _tjiij:1¥J±~T-i!\Jftzilte 21 JJl~¥)7~3C:Jim. ;f~.~'*• *~'NE\$!:5:9!JGrtf3(Ji~Ji, :9!JGrtf~JiiiJfJl;. 1995(3). 22 *B.feiL 23 ;f~.~'*· :9!JGrtf §1T$3C:Ji, 1994. tt!:W-itHfi¥iSIE,mi4'00 §1T$3C:Ji~iiJf'1f~ttfil- 0 . I • •**f*.§m~~~~*-~*•**·~*~n~.~oo•m50£~~oow1T, §Hr$5!~~r0~1'\$, 0~1'\$McZ.11&51h*'1Jt~h. • 0~0~~--W*f*.n•g·-~-~A-&*'1~~F•.m**f*-~~~. • 0~ tt7t 00ll&•F-1*!.W.:tE1r Mll&f;ft_t, ),A*:tEmn1!JlLJ:~-T ft* 001t7t 0 ~;ilUJlHJH! 0 ~f'\$~ii** fM=~~ ~, :X•m 0~g·51~-JJ9::tE 10 0 £/1Nt-ttcti. • ii!§, 1B.#~~ii ~•J!'. oo 1* 129~•m~mt~JtJt~k1iffi 11£ -t- mt* oo ift*ltll&•, 1! oo • 0~~Ji 1£~~~ 1~n1t~MOOtJL1!iu. rm1rMll&•~n~*~lliH=:tE1~3; 11:iJHJR. 24 •fE* ili: 10 :ti:::*•1t*iW*IB5!, ~OO~mBJt:jU 100--150 $ill§/-T A,. h\~Jifl=JlJ7J-tfT, 25 •1£ *~J!'.~T~nffi001tffl:~7tt$7t~~T~1T$,:tEW1Tn~~~~-*-~OOltM;·~ ~.~~~IRADmA~m-~-~~oo~~IA, ~mT•m~~IROO~m-w~. rn-t-• 1t*!:j~f'\*ffi1t, A~ift*lr.m•m~.mn~JtJnoooott~: !:j~fi*ffiltA~•J.tmm noooott~::tE~oo~m~#~Wn~~A~m~ooJt~n, R~rn-t--®:X•m~mw-t-~ ~*°~~OO~~iTO*~TF*lt~~OOll&•~~TtOO±W*· ~ft!r1.J~ :tt~ 10 :ti:::•-mgg~1:00:J5-1-B~00~1-t~~1ft*lt.7Cll&J#1rM00 1J\0~1'\$tllWfll.$ OOIB5!~JI. ili::tJ:::*1J\0;ttf'\±f:~jUT 0;ttggoo 3%--5%, Wfll.±f:~jUT 5%--10%, ~tJi(lf-3:?:~ :it: 15%1-Cti. ~~~ff00~1::1:¥tlf"1:-f-W11£000~~Ji,~,1::1:¥tl. 1J\0;ttr'\$tllWfll.$00~JI.& ~T~-mggoo3;ff~*'1~~~ttOOJ!'.*· :Jf:~**fl=~~oo~-moo~~F~~-~~OOff•.t~~*WOO••~ffl(~OO•m:Jf:~ **~1cliJVf!:j0~$~{§ili:) 1H~T 0;!:t~W~ll*OO~JE, 11:1JBtlliffirll&51 Tffi~$7tOO*g rmi'Pili T 0;tt~W~JI. 4. 2 t6X ill~~ ~UJt :!PXm:lltnffl:t-fu (~1M~$j~. l~ffl:ft, /f-~11§.@{EIR ~ OO~ii*:ll!•) !:j•rJJmNi,~,ffif9' (~ :fl§ 3. 5 *111t ~.l:FJT~l:l!Ni, ffl~~t!SA 1T:ll!. /j~~) ~it D1~~-3&, tflftffJ 0071-;fJT±W:hll T xtJl'.. ~~Jf.l±t!!E.i~~W~Jl :tE 3. 3 -:in~, ft1ns7ttJTT ~oo•mf:l$Jm~m:1t1::1:-wtl~~ 6. 5%. 10 *•mmN!m:1t1::1: -Wtl 5%--8%, l3:'.W:'*•A:l$JmnJtJ:t-t!!.~ 4--6 fn*· »-•-mmnoof9'ttH£:1-, 1984--1992 :ti:::, ~oo A:l$J~mm~oof9'J.A 3. 04 fn*it~jUT 6. 16 fn*: n::o~~ 10 :X•m»- 3. 04 fn*it!'aJjlJ T 4. 31 fn*· x~mnffl:lt~~mnoo~, :tt~1o:ti:::oom~~~Boo.mn::oM~1T*~~•*~T1 ffltcti.m~!f:~~-±W~T2~ffl,~W£~~1Ji00**~~~~.l:~Jim*OO**·*~' ~"fillif, 1*§i;fi, ~;ft, ttnU!tOO:lfl.Xfllj(ji[i(jli}f~. ~il":f!H!r, 1995, 4iOOl4?¥:il5Gil5G±~i1!JiJU~L 24 ~#·twl£±~:tEttQs:±-t!!rREf.1 100 JJ JuJ ~ rEf.JA::lfl.XrtL ~uf?llw, illl~. 1f 1-~tl !*1±-t!!A::lfl.Xrll, ~umllf:l, Qs:JtlT 25 50 m;-=p J..tr.ti. q:i OO:lfl.Xrn~Jlli1J~itliJf~il5G3i:ii?,JT, illl~ rnfR3i:ii~Jll:1Gtl, 1995 , 26 A~m~oom•m•~••m~mM~:tEm~oo*~·:tE**1~15~~. ~~~-~~~m m•mtff--~. ~PTrJ~~:kOO:ttH~. ~~~Jl M~~#~~-~~m•~"~~#>OO•~*fi· ~mm•oo•&a~•••-~m~ m1±1Rl*JOO~l*.~m•, ,N~~. ~m~~m1;1r!J:::mt;.Ltoom••&:k~"-J:fr 3-4 0~1~7J0!1L ~~'*;wmMfaJJll!{E 300-400 *· ~~j_t, ~OO~rtf{E 60' 70 ~1~7f1t00:1tl!IR. T-mfaJJll!~ :it 800-1, ooo *· M 50 ~1~7ft£il, ~IE~m~Jll:lW:frllii:..t~IWT !*1±1l'·IR (-JN:{E 20-40 0t91) oom~m~.~~•::r-•~•~•&tt~.tt~oo::r-mm&~xm••ttfil•~· #~fm~ *~1i::m~±f:~Mlf1Jf, ~::r-m~xXIJ&ntt:k. m~*· -@~mamMJtiX~mM&~ x-t• • • • • & fF tl:l m~ oo~ n. 1984~ 1994~ mll$*ll (km) mMOOf.R (1, 000m2) •••& (km/km2) ••*fl (km) mMOOf.R (1, 000m2) mll$•ll (km/km2) ~IE-i;it 36, 410 330, 190 4.29 96,689 951, 710 6.95 ~~R- 2,656 2, 110 7.26 2,642 26,320 8.85 ~i$ 933 9,940 3.88 2,963 31, '300 9.06 tt~B 1,062 9,470 6. 55 1, 715 . 17, 030 10. 47 Pir$i~ 711 8,480 . 5. 01 1,603 13, 210 4. 59 _t~ 1,030 10, 170 6.00 1,677 18, 410 8.25 mR- 2,368 15,340 23. 75 1,016 10, 050 6.48 !Et& 1;222 7,410 6.87 1,257 11,500 5. 12 11+1 404 4,120 2.35 964 11, 180 11. 89 1!1* 909 5,800 14.45 1,207 7,960 8. 56 jffi~ 461 4,620 4.41 1, 121 11, 230 7. 31 . ,~,it 11, 756 96,450 6.92 16, 165 158, 190 6.95 -*~~oomM-ElA~T ?JT~'.00'.ll:tE 3. 5 *~J::oomll~. x~&ll9c~m::r-m*MOO~{Jt. t~~ -@~mOOMit. T-m!XXJW!l-JN:{E 2-3 0~/~:1J0~. 27 ~~~;re ••*MOO±~fi:lJ.®i:frf&~Jlj'[:li[f5Y•b~fJtl EHf$xm•0011::;fJL~$··*·· !RM:fr •m..t~f*m•11~•~~rm~*~~lf*OO*~.ma~~m~ooxx1JJ::.m~*~ $:.fJL~$ffiliT-tt. :k:k~~TmM*MOOmlf~JJ, H~~~. ~Jll~1HflHlX111:::.fJL~$mM*M1ttl:lOO~JJ, ~~M**llU5lJ#JlJTit~ (..t~ili~*1itl:l T-® ~fflG~:XOOiJ.\~)' l!P1!1~i*tJll~~~jfOO~m' Jlil.tJL-11::*•m•*•OO~~i£&~~Mtitf~ •-m~~•mx-t~~il.xm~±::r-m•~~lf±f:~m~~oox-t•~•~•· ~~ffflitttlm:&*irl, :9!Xrti~~#Eiti¥11l!. 1994 • I 1+11Ti 1994 if:J!!Jij'.m1*5~:Lt* 7%, ffiJJ!!JilHE:~{)(:lt* L 8%. 27 j! ill N::iliif: :k :9iX 1Ti ~ii B<J ti\:(£ • i:p 00:9JXrtr1'JlltiJ~iNJfnll%3(Jilm, ¥*:1J11rtrm rn 1Ri'JL-~~*il!*#E1'Jllt1J, 28 · 1992 • mn¥~oo~-~~•£~••·~~•~m*ttmn~M~~.3tm•tt*•~t£~• mnL.t£W~*~~m~•Tw-1oo*•oo~~m.~••~*~~3tm,Mw~-®~• :It IR 3tm:ffWT B5l: i!f. ~~JJi § X>t-f-'% JJX:-® ~PJ ~·11:1:-!l!.IR £:ff~~ 00, 1E!. ¥9: :ff J-Jd~, 1* L B5l: i!f ~m 003tJi~t.R.. 4. 3 ~iitiliiMH~.~ ~1ilfli-9:M!!OON•1*tUtOt'}ci'$:M~¥t!~J1E£~n(nJ~UN•~~~. § fiJ"OO~m3tJi~1ilfli-9:M!!N•* -~T~mM•.•mm~oott~••*· ~lf*~•c§mOO::ffOO~~AOO)~TB51:i!f**~ :ltlRPJ~ttW*~OO~~i-9:M!!N•.~~N•£~~*ftOO.*•X>t~~i-9:M!!OON•~~-~ ••~t£~•mn.m•~~m*.~*~~*~~~ttoom*i-9:M!!L, ~ftMm*LM*~ 1ilfli-9:M!!OO•~w*fOJB. 29 ~1ilfl i-9:M!!N• 1¥t£if ~ r IPJ B: • m:~~OO•i-9:~§.m~Blfi-9:M!!OO~~.B5l:m.ili~*W$A~m•m~~TM~3tm. ~••.~m3tm~~•m~§N•. ~mmtt~@~§*B51:*3tm~m.. • ~~•••i-9:. m~g~~¥OOBJl:i!f.~m•mX>Jmn•i-9:NA*••~oo~M. ¥ilft£ 03t~~.3tmw*~~~~oo~~mlfOO~n. • •~~m~m~~-~.-@~N•oo•i-9:~§tttt~£~3tmm~wr•~oo,::ffM~~ -~3tmm~ffi~~.lfOO~mOON•~~~~~~~T-~~Am~3tmOO~M. lli~T 03t~M; lfOON•~§~~T±:it~m~~f*m~ffi~~. ~~. 3tm~~i-9:M!!Nmoo~•~•£•~~~ooN•*•~~. *•~m3tm~Moo~ iRf.\iU&. 4. 4 jtfil1m.:!W 8{Jf'F.ffi 80 if1~~,JHX~E83tm~~lJ(.IJ, a 10 ifi'SJfi;J,3f~¥iJTffi 3 fi'UEfJ~:t_m, 100 7J A0 Ll_Lf'f{]:A ~m~:P.~~~tt3tmm~.m~@m~~-t£~mY:m~~i-9:M!!•i-9:.Y:m••~~tt~~ ~¥iJT$AEfJ1'Fffl? ~~4-Ai!'I~! a3tm•~*~*~· ~r*~EfJ~*~~*~s~.m~mY:m•w•~~m. ~M~ ~~*~~~Y:mw*B••*~~~. ~*Tm~EfJtt~tt.~~tt. ~m~~~mY:m~ M~~~ffi~~.~lf•&W*~mA4T•~~m3tmm~oo~~A~~m~. ~@~m-ar ~*·~~OO~*n•~~:lt~i!f~MW, -~~*B•*~~:it•BJl:m~. ~~X>JY:Ji~M ~~~m.ww*~~~mRft*•~~m~•~-~ttooY:mm~. ~~m~I~~Mmftmttm~1*¥A~~oo~~~moo~M••c§mAo.±:it.m~ ~*~.tt~m*.~~i-9:M!!•i-9:~>.m~~m~1*~oo~ftm~•~t£~mm~.~m•m 29 J!W:ff!Ht;IG1JWt*·i'f], ~r!TJ!W:#Eiti:f::f~. 1994 1994 i:f:~OO~rlH!tit.~,!5(15'£~ 0 666. 0 {Z.:JG, ;!t~5'r1&t~ 64. 2 {Z.:JG, .1:i" 9. 6%0 6'r1&t.±~Jllf-i&~B<J¥1illl"W:~J!W:o _tiiij:~rtJxiiUJl!:IGtl7f~f1-F 1985 if=.~ 1992 i:f:li%11X:*~tl1JJUf!:o §1ltriE:tE11E1M"?rB<Jxliit!Hrifiil~. ~~:itt1T 30 ~J1!:1G1J l=J 1iJf -n 0 ~t :.tic r- HI~~ JJ1J :Jt1t!?.~ m?Jl':tr ~1i;i, B<J 1$:l't o mm~ooMmmM~~~m~•m~m•~oo"~OO".~~.a3(n•~~·~·•m•m ~~-~~~00~•~~~,mM•~~§~.wm~~~·~~,$*-~~••,0~3( •~•,3(•~~~nOOM.*~~~~oom~. 3(B~~m3•.lz:a-&r~oo~-&r~~, $}i}OOOO••liJfJl:OO~liilizJ::, m~~•m•moo tt~~m,F~,±~,~•~noo~•••ffi-•.a~m. m~~m~•m~oo•~~. 1.%:\ttlYfP{f] iA7-J § rt:lt{filfffH1 £~M~U~0 fCOO.lz::f:~' ~ m•m~•~lf:fi, t}m5i:5!:~l=5tt~0~ oo~•·•~•~•n~m~oo•~~,~~~~~. ~*~m~~-~~m~~.m~~~ &~iltJ=IFf~.!=jF~--' ±:l:-tJJ.••fo~•••oo~•tU¥ (EX;~ J=l~~!tlmt~~001tffl) 0 ~ M1J\l:Jt1J l=5••1Mf£71-~001*115U ill ~t!itU T 3(B1J\l:Jt1J 00-¥ ~ ~ tt# 00 ~·, t# ~tl ~t! itU T '.'X:B i!&~l=5••liJfJl:~gJJ oo~•· ~~'.'X:••~~~m•~~w~~T-fE:~Noom~. m#~•~••m•••~~~n 1.% jt1J ~bi 0 ~~. :tio•~M.1.mt1J1*1ttl*o~•1*1!5UJ:::itt1Tc:~9)fi, ~M.;Jt*J::iA i,R3(B1J\l:lttl001tffl, '.'X:B •~m•a§B•mtt~~m~3(•m*oo~~**~~m~7-1. a wit T~ 00 *•* ±:1:-tl!~Uffl-'.'X:Bf.~trJ~ili~OOt'lffillUJ\l:ltlJ 001-t mzJ§, i!G{fJJ.\\Z3?Hff :A •m±~~ffl-3(Bm~oo~~~~. ~~~~-.lz:-~l=5·•~f£~~~. 5. 1 *~~3£1-ta{]w1H~~~ ~~~--~~-~:A•m±~~ffl-'.'X:Bm~~~: • m~~m1*~oo~~.m~~m••~ff~~§::koo~m~•· m~•ml=5~tt~moo~ •·m~•*~*~oo••~•mAooo••·*~~m~#~•m±~~3(•~•£$ ~--~~•*·•moott~~~ff7-1ammoo~•®w~~~~f*~~·•*•~~ !U 1T• 00 =t-tJt • • ~A~AOO~~*~·~AOO*~-~~~A£$00~~m~.~~@tt!RfilOOa~~~ IR±~007f~. AffJ£f~rti:lfill*ili1T001!itfOff~, M.Wa~3(Bili1Tn~. 31 • F~~~oo~~·•*~~F~oo•~~••a~•mF~~~. #a~•m~~Mm7t :moo~~. a~3(n1±1qroo o-n 7t:m~1±1qrfi~~. M.wa~3(·~~. 32 • •~oo~~~m.••~m1*~oo~~.~7-1•m~~oo•~tt*~••••*•~mm ;1:~t}moo1.mW:, •m~•*•f~rPJ-t-7-1*•*, ~1Roo~•1tt}m J::OO~m. -•m1.m:it1J• ~~a~~m•~oom~.wA~£~oo~mtt.~~~~~m-t-•m±~oo*~~m~ m~ooa~. 9'100~£ilt~it~~. 9'100~ittl:l/l!H±. il! 10 ~*· 9'100Ji!f~'!l;~ff-i&A.~:ll*$:k3&1~U~'ft 5%-8%. 31 9'100t£ilt~it~~. 9'100~ittl:lJ~H±. il!~*· 9'100:k:lfl.XrtH!EC:i""~Ci" GDP ~~~4!J~~"J~~ 1%. 32 - I 5. 2 *l~s£1-ta~~>.J5R1t1~ ~~~•x~~**•m±~~m-~mm~:ttm"m~~~~~oo~~.~~~oo~• ~~tz:~-lfJ!AOOg'-J*· • •*~*~·~m•m~*f~-~··· *~m~OO~B§FmOOAOllih. §~~~ ~Ao*•oo••~~ft-lf~~~~~R~OO.~~§*OOAOllihmft~*•moo±~ ~~m~~*M~~~~m*oom•~~ . • ±~••F•m•.tt~lO~~. -~*~•~A~§~•M~~~. 1~3~~m-~ 95. 17Jf::1J0!lL ,\~,®*9-;l;J A~M:!:-!B-&;l;J 802 f::1J*, rm~0011I:.&J'lU-!BJ;J 35. 4 7Jf::1J0 A~J;J 300 f::1J* . 33 _m, ~Jlt, ±:!:-!BWW'i'flH1~f?-~!t~1rM:!:-!B1*=1'?••· 11Jtl5:E*1J~M!! F~OO±~~~#~.-m~M~M~f*~OO~~~f?£~~m.~TL•.~ffl.~~. m~.ttm~•mm~F•m•w~m~~•~oo*•m~mn•~~*•m~*~•* m~. ••§~tt~ooA~•m•~m~m~*· *$~•mA~m~m~~~f?mtt 100-120 f1J*I A. ~~. *•m:tE** 10~15 ~. *t~tH!tf*M•*mOO:lf~fl::rt . • ~~~M!!NMm•.~m••~·~~T·~~~~#,fil&~•T•~oo•*···~ •*rm§.~~m£m~oo*•*•~~ttm~•~*•~· rmft•.~~.~~~goo •*s§•~·•m•mm~mooNmm•~*"M*M•~~.Mrm~Am~m~~~ M!!OONM:tE~ft~~~-00~$~-·*·"··*~mn~~*·OO~ANM, ft~ft xi~ it•i&~OOil!IB~-~NM::tJOO. • •m~moo•tt·*•m:tt~J:Eoottf?~m~#~%~T••oo•m%~~•*mm~m ~007f~m~.%~T~~oo~m::tJ~~~~.~"&%~T~~oo•w~M~~m::tJ~. ~®~~~A~OO~~~~*t~~-tt~m-~•***OO~m. • ttf?~§~~oo~~.:ttm~~moo~mtt~~. ~~c~m~Aoo~~>~~.~~~tt f?~~~§OO~~~~-~.~m•m:lf~~OO:lf~-~tlf?, N:lf~~OO:lf~-~~~ m~. ±~rm~oo•m~:.&tt. ~m::tJ~~*~OO~A~~~ttf?~*· ~~::tJoooo~ ~.~®~~oo~~*tf?M•m±~~m-~mm~oo~~tz:~tt~•~§~~•~m~. filttf?~§~~oo~~~*m~~~~~~f-~§oo~m. 5. 3 **j;:~ffi'±±ti!;fljffl-~imf~~ flHi!iM L:i<f.±:l:-IB5fUffl-~iilifl~1t1-tOOwlJ•*IJg{J*~·OO?HJT' ft1fJm~ i).;7;]' :tE** 1~15~~. *•moo±~~m-~im.•~~f?~~~~~~oo5t~. ©f?~•§~B~~~ oo::tJ~~-~1t~. *H~~oo~mf?~-~~. fplr!J!&;Jl *•m~•••m•~m~m~. ~~*m:tt*•*~~mnoo. mm£oo**·*•mm~f*Mm•ooAo*m.amttAo*mrm§, :tE*~~~~. m~~•~tl:lJJl-®11£*m~$ttE8~. :tt1s•~*R•oomttAo*mf?~~*~imoo~f1£; a •$L*mrm§, ~,c,,~f?tl:lrYl£$OO•$L. *m•~••· w11~~*1J~l2_{00J!$L*m•~~im ~f?~~. OO~L-®*•*oo~-~~MT-~"*m~~"~~~~~f•OOtt~. ~- q:ioo?;~b"f~it~~. 1993, q:ioo~itl±l1\1H±o 33 34 Jti9:$itt1J9JH5·EJ, ~$Jti9:~it~tlt.1994, t:pOO~$~it~~. 1993, 1994, t:pOO~itl±ll~H±o 11'M~J:i4iJ 1994 ~~r!JJ!W:fi!:'.&i (~Mi!!~, 0~3(J11i~;lt{tf:.$il)(i9:J1Hi) 2:i" ~~GDP Ef{] ~tm::5Hi1J~ 8%~ 7%, ffil;ltt:j:IJ!~ . J(J!lifi!:'.&i 2:i" 60%1r.;b' J.3:~~Ji1:1~1WiB<J ~tf71J 0 ~llJ!;T, 7 .:U 343 ~~2$1¥JbtJi9=t 1 C.'IR 1¥JW Jl'.~;l.t)f~fk\";1¥Jrll¥o mcbtJiM-m:W, i:p OO::k~rllW Jl'. liE~:tE9=t 1 C.'IR 35 ~~-~M-mttl¥JL*, ~g~m~~•o ±JiXr!J7f~~ :t:~m-:tE~*rMm~1¥J~l¥9=tmm1¥J~m-m~:t:1*~~*A~#~A= • IPJ 1 C.'l91!A~5'HtJio i3:~~rlll¥J±:l:-t!!*~11tt~¥U*XF~~lli1ttl, f:~H~~ifi-mB!ii::kl¥Jrll 9=t 1C." ~rllWJl'.*X['§], rm~:iitllN:bi1¥J~RiOili~~ffl*Xfk\";o • ~:i&i~IR 1-ttiAo 't$~JE~l¥J~-~3cllitUl¥J±:l:-t!!*~' ~~1ffi:p,c,,giu_xi:p,c,,$X:8J~~* ~:tEmrlllR~, ~rllWJl'.*X~, ~~N:oo!~•§::ko • mffi~fiiJtiAo 't$~11B!iii¥Jll&Jfi~ttl, 15::::k~rll*1-tA:E=-T~ff!X>H.rtu'ri¥J~Jlll!, ~*X::k 1¥J~~R:bi~-~~~~1¥J~rll*~~:8JOOl¥JbtJio • J!.J'§.~tiAo :tE::k~rll~IR~Rlf-T~~-!E~J\!til¥JJ!.J'§.~~*ft::k~rllt~ 1 C.'IRl¥JM1i~ 8Jt~llifi o i3:t~tiAflB~1fH!ii1¥J~11Jtli051~J&Jfi, $~1~::kl¥J~- o g~#mA~~A~m~~~l¥J,@m~l¥J~~•&. ~~:tEttJi9=tOO*o~•9=too:tEtt *3o~i:p~~&::k~$~~Ti3:~#mA, fil~*L~m~o 83-T±:l:-f!!, AD iO~:ritllR:bi~-1¥JllifJ, JiJT~::k~$J!SJj_~:l:-t!!JIBJJl T IPJ,C.,1911btJitiAo {E ~gffi~-~atAA~, 9=tOO::k~$1¥J~**~~~~['§]WJl'.1¥JIPJ~1911ttJimAo:tE~VfbtJi~ Jl'.~·tR, Ao trnW1¥J::k~mlR, ~ti~~ rn-T~m ~~~!RH J±t11·1PJttJi, wmm1PJ 1 c.,1911)Jo~ll'.~ IR 1-tl¥Jtii-to ~~~1-t 9=tOO::k~$E8-T~~±~--~~&*~1¥J~*·~~bt~OO*l¥JE8~$AD*ffA~i¥J ~IR~~~*~bt~offi&,~$1¥J~IR~~E8~$1¥Jm=~~~-=~~~~1Rrftrm*~ ADl¥J~5'rfft$, i3:~bt~00*1¥J~$~~1R1-tttl~~Jfil~~Jl!Jo fE!{E::k~$:1:-tl!IR/ El3-T1~(§] 36 1¥J~~IR;&~A DWJl'.iO~IR~~t<~1-t (-@.:fi5~fJiIJm~i¥JbtJi) 1¥J'l:1c~btJi, ~ti~%mjj-1'~ J:-tl¥J~~IR 1-t-ep{E~$ 5'rll:l:-t!!IR%mW Jl'.~fk\";l¥J E81<~~~$tt1-ti¥J:l:-t!!IR 0 i3:t~~~IR 1-ttiA~ ti~~ 3& C~ ~ffiL{E-®~$ B~21±1 :EJ!l) i3::W 1¥Jfit 13-&: • ~~~~IRM~~A~~ffl~~~l¥JbtJi~&~~l¥J~W~~~fJl¥Jm~~~.~m~IR ~:iitllN:bifk\";tffifibtJi o • E8-Tt<11±±tM5::ffl11JUJl'. (~1*,IW~), ~m~IR;f1fJiI~i¥J*ft1-t, ftI~iOM11ffl±-tl!¥1Ui~. ~*T*~~~mm•. -tB~*TI~~~--0 :tEL:i£f~?JLbt~i¥JIPJat, 1IUJ\!1¥J~IR 1-t:itU~-~$ M11iOI~i¥J~IR 1-t, -tB~:tE-!El~Jl'. Lbt~: AT•(§}~ffl~*~m•1¥J~~AM-~l¥J*ff, ~H±~rll~~ffl~i¥JI~*ffo llfi-f11l:k'i€:. :lzoforl!l¥:*,3t:®~~mttlll&*i:f:tB"1~~. 1993, 35 J. F. Kain, )(1j;t;, f5Lf&:11JL :k~rtf Ar::i~tz:~B<J~fi3J±l!H~:. i:f:t00Ar:JN'i€:. 1994(4) o 36 - ------,------- ::k•rtrm:m-1*M=1fi-1¥Jsi i:p,L.,1¥J~raJ M#J o ~1i;J.~:1too~oJJ~~~•~1¥J i:p !k: m*IR <csn) *ll9=1'L.'•t!:fm~IR (CRDH!txiH~PX:o •rtrl¥J9=1'L.'IR {J)~~-*' •t!:f, frJJ)(~:E1UllJiS-1±~#M~~ ~:ffoffi~.aa•m11~#*°±*fil~1¥J~mr. 9=1~1Ri¥JJiS-1±Aam~~••r~.•= f=~i¥Jmt~ Mifl:~ lV-~ilei¥JJ!~_tJt, i:p,L.,IR:m-~ri& 51£~i¥J0**°WJ!lmAMto •m*~•m:1ttt*iR•**°•'t!:f~1¥J~&.mn•***••rtr9=1~1¥JMn.~•mPX: Alf -!E~JM~ i¥J iJ\ 9=1 ,L.,, :#= m~~1flff;IJ~ IR f-t i¥J J!fi o ]C~. •rtr9=1'L.'IRl¥JI~, 11:-W:m-a±*r!Jj:~h ~ilU1JJ:f~rl1ttli¥JllijJrt;A~·ttc1¥JJ!~[PJ •~m1±1R£*~1¥J*IRtl3o@~.a~•1*M=m3~Mi¥J7CR~Ir. 1*M-fi::~Mi¥JI ~-~M&. mfa@&i¥J9=100::k•m*~· a±**°~-~~~OO~~ml¥Jo~ ~1¥3*~· ***•rtrmn1*M=~~•rtrm*ffims~1¥J~~.m•~1¥J~~.~~~ ®hU£vH11PF~_taA~::f~m1¥J¥m~. ~~~f~; •rtr1¥J•~Mf:tr:m-rP19=1'L.'*°~r~•9=1, •rtr JiS-1±Aa:m-rP19=1~***°*~~-; •rtr1¥J•9=1~&~®*~IR~~:ff.•rtr1¥J~W&~W& ~-r~~:ff; r!Ji:j:i,L)i¥J~ffl~-~~:1JJ:15$, ~J§~;J.tlf~~~o ••±*~ffll¥J~~. ~·*~~~~~.mffimf±*~m~~~. ~-1¥3~~~~• 9WM=•om•rtr~•*~•~•::k1¥J::f~Ji!i~ilifr~•,m•~~-1¥J~~.W~ilifr~A, ~nM#J1¥J~~.~~~••tt~1¥J•m. ~-~~~*°m~~. ~~•rtr~•~••*§* 1¥J&)J 0 6. 1 ~-rtHw.x1J~±±t!!7f~~II m3~~••rtr~~mm•rtr~m***°±*~•1¥J•~·~nrtr~~m~~r•m±* ~ffli¥J~~.-W±*rll~~fflrl¥J±**~m$o~ffl~~W~&~~frj])(~~i¥J~$~* *mM•m±**~fr~, ~*•m±*~ffl-~B-ArPJ~~-1¥J~rP1M~o •rtr1¥J±:l:-tl!:fUffl-~Bf.~A~-fl::i¥J~£m~1ttl*1J~£m7.K-'f-i¥Jf"!im, x~~UJJJ~~:El~~ftj: 1¥J~•.lf•~e~1¥Jm~m$0~~. a•rtrl¥J±*~mm~ttfii:p, ~~~~tt~~m~ &1¥J•*·x~••~e~m$o•rtrJJ)(mm3ntt•rtrm~~*~rl~. M~r~~~OOrl 1ttl±:l:-tl!*Llffl-~B;tlAi¥J~mM~: • m~rl1ttl::k•rtrAa~~£VF**3!~o mf _t;4!t, ~~*' ~~If!, 13+1~1~::k•rtr. $3rl ~Aam•.•~::kWrtr1¥J•~omf1oonAat;A_t1¥J::k•rtr.mlV-1*M=m~1¥JAa* .. *3!&. lV-~~i:p,L.,•ml¥J**;tJHt11:ffl, •~*IR~Vf~&o J!~•rtr11110011\ii•~rBJ M#Ji¥J~·lia~ttfi9=1, ~~1J$38:~rl1ttl~±:l:-tl!:fLlffl-~B;tlAo • $3rl~~::k•rtr~IR~i¥JJ!~*°±*r&i¥J~A.1*M~••i¥J•rtr%~oJ!~ft~~ ~~lid~. _t~ IE~IRJ!lf.JT&Ji!f 1¥JX1~. ~rlHJl!iiJ. 1995 (5) o _t~r!JilJimitiIJ:tE 2010 ~ l;J, Tltr:ft P'l lf~ l;J, P'1 :l:tP.IR 37 ~~jftf:l 50 **9='~Ir, Jt=1!I~ffl:l:tP.JA 1994 ~1¥J 20%r~iLl 5%o ~#itiiJ~~PJfrf!J~'~, iiH~~i'f o *HJ!;T. -T.IL 345 ~~~±~••~•&m~.x~**0~~*· ~1'f*~*•mxm~~1tM~~#, ~~$X~~•rnxm~i¥o • s3m&~••*•rn±~**~~. ~*ADm&, Ll~••rnmtt~~. ~Kxmm &tt~; ~~&S~K•rn~&~tt~~~. Ll•~•rn~•r***~~~&•~•~ Jj 0 • ~*•rnm~~~~~~*~~~~g±~rn~m~.~~£a~•~*•-~~M~~ ~~~~~~~~-rmtt-•~~~-. ~mmq:ym~, •&xm•o • S31E:A:•rn9=' 1 L.'~~ADtO@mw&~fttlam&~m!E~, retS§N9=' 1 L.'~J}J~g~5jj\:, x~~JJ K 9=' 1 L.,12s:r·.:~tori,& 51 tt~ ~¥9:*xm, §~f•rn9=' 1 L.,~r}J~g~iE~illft o • X1r@&WT9=' 1 L.'BJtwr~ cso ~f$:~S*i~iHA~&. S313J3 s#~~m~~*•rn•W~BJt~ ~g@JJX:-1'5!:A:~ CBD 0 Yfff X1-T*f:A:•rn:tzo_t~' ~t}j'(' ) :J+I, a5'~ IE~~ Jt·li~~-& 7t9='1L.,~~;tU-T7tm:9='1L.,~M~g, ~M1s•~xm&n, #ttM•rn±±i!!~-frwrMo •rn±±iB7f1t!l6,~9i~jU*Jl!:lW~~5&~fttlo o,& 51 :A:•A. JE:in•to r@J5!&. **Jl!;fl~±±i!!7f 1tJ9i §' S3 E8*J\!:lWtflH1:itHf~:l:tl:t07f1t5!Jl'.i'biL #:itt1'fxm~o[li]7};fff 0 ~~' S3@-1LiE ~.mm~±~ilili&~.M*ftW~&.S~7f1t~ffeffiWS~M~~~tt~PX:*, #~· rnxm~:uw&•tR:~~~~'B'i~o •mill•~~~. 'el.:t3mN~~. 0x~to$JLmxm~. £51~*o~fttl±±i!!7f1t. mtt-ff"Jt~ 7t~~·~~mo~~illtmtr~M~•~~-~~~~±~~m•~~&ww-~.~~•rn± ~~m-xmm~~-frW~o:A:•rnS3*~~~~~wt;t~~1tM~#~*-frm~illtmtr~M ;fl~. ~@fsJlfl-±i!!;fl1fJ!lXJ!~tJMJtfm~;fl~. Llm~X1±±i!!7ftt~Hr~5l~o ~~X1~•*~~~<:A:•rn~)~~•rnoo~ww, §m±~7ftt.xmilltmtr~M~•~ @i5lo S35!1-t:A:•rn~~~~*Jl!:iW, #mtt'1r]I)(. ~1t~m@-1L•rnrBJ~wiJ\iltJtfttl, Ll** ~~~~•JtM, **~~&~•rn±~~-g.w~mm~o 6. 2 i,6f$ jl im £ ~ igll S3$~•~•rnxm~~~-~~~. ~~-~~M~S$~**~m•~Nmmm, Ll~~§~:A:•rnxm•~~~~•1tM~~~-~~offi&~~*ffl~-fr~~mX1~mw* mq:y~~~w~. Ll~~•mxw~•mtt~~mwwttMo s3~m~~1'f*£~aoo:A:•m~~±~~m•~~ttM*~ffims~xw~~. a~ ~ffi3-1'~M~fil~£:A:•m•~~~ili1'f~~~-o&aMm-17t~mM*~~1'f*xm #~~M~~XD~~-. ~~~~amM~M-1~~1'f*m~~ffl*~' Mrm§~~ff*~ m~~~~. #1R:r@JM~~~•o~:A:•rn~~~re~~ili1'f~~1'f*~mttB~0~xw, ~~Jttt~~tt~tt~PX:*~~~~¥9:*~·~*· 0~¥9:*msaoo:A:•rn~±~~m•~~~m1tM*~· s~PX:~a~:A:•rn**ffi~ ~M~~~~xm~~oOOX1•rnmM*~•~*· xm•~•~m~~~~. LlR*•~~ *~Ma&JJ,:A:•rn~~*•rnS3~~-~-~A~$Xr@JW**~~0~~*~*~~M. ttJJJh 0~xm ~ ]l)(W:~~gfl ~JJi!.a]l)(m ~ ~t]I)( *r IJ!5, ~J.\IZ~JYi!.amIMH~m tt5t, N'Bf tt5tto ~ ]l)(W: 17t5t . Jffi WC~ ~ M~*~-~~~m3tmA~W~tt~.m~m••OO§*OO•~N--~~-ffl~&~ r~M. ~w~*~m~h*~oo.m~~~.t£~m20~0~~. ~m'.'itm~m~~~*~ m~~oo±•n:rt . .R m~~t£&~JL-t-t~*~m%~-!Eoo1J1Jm. 129Jlt, x-t-t- 100 n Atc::tJoo *~m. m~ti:~J11:J<:1Ji:p~*~**OO*Am3tm~•m~~:1:-t!!.. rm~~ME~1'F~M1*:i:JJt~3tm1~ NHIOO:x-t•. x-t••~~*~•@~~~-••oo~N.~~m~~~*~•oo~~tt. :fr~~~~• ~~-~Lm~~*,fil:tE~fflL@3~~m3oo~~. ~~~~m'.'itm~~oo~~~~.@ 3•~--~~*~•x-t~m±*~m•Aoo~~. :tE~m•~~~~~•i:r~~m±*~m f~Am~hl:l:EJlOOi;)(~'f*mm~~tt. ~~-~'.'itmNmoo~wtt, $~~-!E•ooNm~~•*oo'.'itm~~.@3~~-~~ mmM~~m3tm~NHIOOn•.x-t~m3tm.~3t~-~~-~•N•~§@+*~•.@3 re3tmm~oom,BJDct£mnomM,~,ifN%omw**NL, ::ftJt@3m:t>!',~mi=F 1 L.'~%ol±\Ai:JOOm w*•~· 1.t3tm¥Jit:l:)J1jj*;tiJ. @3:1Jo5!mw*oo~m1fw, ~&~F'.'itmr~Z9Ji:Sffl~r~oom•m~; ~@3~:'.i:Jl:l:i!!~ittl~m ±•~m~•~±**~· t£•~L1*~±*-3tmoo~w. ••mMOO'.'itm~•· 6. 3 Ui!~lj'f*iM 8{]j[;~ @3•~~m~~~•~••~· %~~*oo•~~~.~m~••~@3§mtt~~m ~-§~~±*-~m.'.'itm§~&Jt~~~~~~-§~~~~~~!E.~••~@••-t ••.m~rm~~~~mttm~.~··~~~~~-t-~mff••~m~. re~••~~~~m±*~m~~-~-'.'itm•~~Jt~~~•~oo~~~*•· ~~® 1Jll:J<:IJ-'f-~tjzHr. 1E111.&~-B1Jm~1tt=. §$•-oo3tmc~~)•~m~~~-~3tm~•oo•*· :tE~m•~oo*-t-m~:l:)J@~ 3tmoo~~~-~.@3m~§m~•-~~-~w.••*~~~m~oo3tmm~~~.@ 3~r*~~~~•~N±**~oo3tm~~*~· ~~~~~~m•~Wmfiloo*•· @3~~~m~3tmm~w~.n~~~.@3~~±*~m-3tmmAoo~~.resi:r @3-0EJtt'.'it oo~m3tm001Jll1t, ~mr'il'l1Jll:J<:1J00*4~·t'f. -~w11. 1~~±:1:i!!-3tmoo~w~&. m~•tt*oom:~. ff&'.'itm~m.'.'itm~m~noooo~~. i. Jttit&1Htt1J~J~PJ. ~mJttimitift~. 1982~1994 0 2. r:foo~2mg1Htif~. 1986~1994, r:poog1Httt1~t±o 3. r:foo~mgJEitif~.1985~1994, r:foomitili~t±o 4. '*mitif~. 1995, r:poom1-ttt1~t±o 5. 13+1mitif~.1995, r:poogJEitili~t±o 6. Il*ff, r:f oo~m1J!t1JtiitliJfJEl)}t, r;fWJmt:J:i!!1R~mttM1¥J*~.mJrm, 1994 o 1.1~*w, :i;~d1~~~·1H:~I~1¥JifoJ~!~J7tifr, JdJliJfJE. 1995(19. 2) o 8. ~~~. 9=1>7r~rlHt;iilJ¥!¥J/E:IH~$X, A IJliJfJE. 1994 (18. 2) 0 9. ~SJ!5.!!L ~00 IB~£*JTl:&m!¥J.±~:Tftt7};jfr, ~m1J!t1J1[flJ. 1995 (4) 0 10. t5H~afl, ::k:~mAIJ*Of'~3::i'BJ!¥J~*· r:f OOAIJliJfJE. 1994(4) o 1i. !!*~~. _tmt1s~1R£tffi:&m1¥JX1~. ~mrJ!t1J. 1995 (5) 0 12. ~5±-il, il-\rJT~OO¥ffmt:l:i!!1R~f1lft1¥J1R~~1t, ~m~£vrliJfJE. 1995 (8) 0 13 _tmtm~ir3l:ilUJ!t1J1iJfJEJiJT, _tmtm~ifJ(jJUJ!tiJ, 1993 o 14. l~afl~, :£_9lf~)(SJl~OO[PJ 21 fil~[,!¥Jtj:i OO~mft, ~mttMliJfJE. 1995 (3) 0 15. ~§~·M, r:p OO~m1J!tiJtiitliJfJE~, $.Ji:$:it!:A%JE~~mft, 1995 0 16. '$B]e~I, f~fi~,$, %JE1J,Fe$~~m3l:lilittM, ~mttMliJfJE. 1995 (3) 0 17. WJ-=fili~, 1~§~+1, ~:M~, ttM~OO~m3l:lili!¥JliJf~, 1995, r:f 00~4~~~±tgfi1!Ji!f:Jl]L 18. J. F. Kain, ~1J;:t;, ~f'1l::k:~, :tmfPJ:i!i!~3(Ji~~mttMJ5l~r:p 1¥3~~. 1993 o 19. ~~Jlr-*~. q:i oo::k:~m3::rBJ:1:~**~· ~ITTrJ!t1J. 1994 (6) ~~-. ~t]}(IB~~~JlJJj!E], 199~~lr:fooJ!mI~ili~Ho 0 20. 2i. ~~•. ~vrtt:i;tJ-tl!IR~ITTft:it!:;t¥,Jtmr;f~1¥J1~u11~ttM, ~ITTrJ!t1J. 1994(5) o 22. :r1M~LH, ~ITT3::i'BJ~fiJ1¥Jtt~~~1l ~ITTr.IBtiJ. 1994(5) 0 23. ~SJlfiJ~, '*r~OO~ITT CBD 1.mt1J~ti!¥J,Eil:!,~, ~ITTr.ffit1J1[flJ. 1994 (30) 0 • 24. ~lJj~Jl, i'(~1;TEi}J~jl)(J#tf:El, A~F1~. 1995. 7. 10 0 25. f*§Jfi'I, r:p 00:9JlrtJ:J;JM:JC.U~itliJffi:r1C, ~OO:IpX;rtJfttt~X>t?K*:IpX;rtJ:::)tJm.1¥J:l0~tn.J. 1995 o 26. r:p 00~ITT1.ffi:JC.1J ti it liJf 9'E ~ J(JiJiJT, Ji:~ ITT ~if J(Ji:J;.ffit!Jf~J.\: liJf ~, 1991, " -t 1i. " J!l:'* 1* 27.A.Faludi,A Reader in Planning Theory. Pergamon Press, 1984 o 28.H.Carter, The Study of Urban Geography.Edward Arnold, 1974 o 29. s. Stares, tt!:J¥.iHr, r:p OO~m3l:lilifPJ~, 1994 o 30. s. Stares , R. Allport ~. tt!:J¥.@H, SIE~·IHf tt@H, J!tiW, r:f OO~ITTJ(Ji~~-1?~ ~[,~, 1995 0 31. '$S1Eajj, tt!:J¥.@1r' SIE~·M7ftt@H, r:p OO~m3(Ji~litfl~tli!i&7HJT, 1995 0 32. '$SIEaJI, r:p oo~mrJ!t1JtiitliJfJE~3lJ1JiJT, r:p oo~ITT3lJi~11i!iW <*nm), 1995 0 f'l=:t!ri: R • ~~~~~1 ~L 47*it if *111e5I ~ - ~mili•oo-@~~~~m•~+?tm•.~mili•~••~•m~.li*~•moo•~ m•*~**ltm: mn~••~£-~*M*~· 0n•~&•M~filre~~. -g•~H I.um•~~w~. ~~. ~w~•~•ffi~m•: *$:5t~m•~m•~~*ff~••oo ~~: ~m~§•~m•~m~d~-~~•••~m. &m~~~~-~~~M:·~~~oo ~••~••~"oo~~m~§:•m.~m•~~•A$.@~•ffiK~oooo1t~~mm• . ...t~OO~~~~T·~~m~m-~*~OO••tt.~fil~*$•*~*~~W$~~ITT R~)§~-~T~BOO~m~--~·~®-~*&~T~mOO*M~-§~.#Hm~~~ $fl~llm•itt!J. *oooo~tt~•~~~••.§~~mAo•~~~oo•&~*·m~*oo••m•*~· ~R•W~~~*I~••oo•~~~~~. ~~. *~•m&~~*~~~ttoo~•·*OO ~m~~**~~m•*B~d~~•: -@mr•oo~m~•~aw~.~~-£~~~~ -t-1*~md88: • ~m~mm**1rmn•~oo±:1:-tl!~~~: • mM...ti~Hr:tfl" ~f:*moot1J:5t{•~j~~J*OOmtrn~n~f1£: • ~m~$-~OOADW&~~m~-~-B§F•. ~m•~~*li*ff~~-~~•"· •••*Mn?tfiW~M~oo~•.~•~•~~ ~~mtllfft.:1:. (trip generation), llttfa~*OO~m±:!:iJ!~ljffl, *~**00~~, ll~~liili ~~OOiliff~tt~~R~~*~*ffW~OO~§~?tfi.~~. -~OOff~*·~~OO-~M ~. ~-~~-OOiliffd*~~**ffW~. ~~-~~m•~~-~.~~~m,tt~~~~OOW$~•£~ff~mff~OO~~. ~ "*•~~~*~m~•OOM~.-~xm~~~~~.•~*••oo~~**~m•*•• oo~tt. ~~.~m~~~~•mmwooM~~•oo~•£~~moo~~·~"·•~*~~ £M&k~ff~H~~.~m~-~~~W$~B-#. ~---~~~*·M~~-00~* -~~~.-~...t. m~~moo•~tttt+?t~~.d*~~A,~m~•*~~•~ooooffi li ftma~m...tOO:~Hl~~WA•*4· ~:tla*B.fei[fOT-Jl:liftBfi'JOO~•itJt 1. 61l*Jifi5i~OO I R• m~ J\lfH~%J\ (Ralph Gakenheimer) : ~ ~lff *''J£I~~% (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) :l)jXrjJ ~Jl!:JGIJJ=i±;t/!f~Ifl!lf{~. -~.a~oo~m~~m~~*#~. 0~m~fi~~~~~m$m•.@~•~~•Dffl• · 1~M(continuous over time). 129~3tiif0JBtl~*~::f!mii!!.1Ht, {§_~®~1.ttl§f!J~1ltxi m~. 129~. mD::f~£~mM. ~tt~i¥JM•::fimmfiff~l¥J*fi, ~~•~mm~~•· •~~~~m~mff~•.~~-m~.~~d~~~1¥J•~I~c~oo*~rr~r~~·~~ i¥J 6. 3 -=p) ~J1~i&.!J~~ OOti!!.7Jl&RttlW:fJl!.M~~*lltR:Jft1J:ct:_tam1¥J~7fllilij. 1J\!~IJJ1l~~-~ 0 *£•~•~a*,a~•~m~~-~~~£~W$3tii•~~~A~•DTM1¥J~*~~. m-~~. ~oo~m&mD~~oo~_t~~~m~mi¥J~mtt#. 1Jl!~iJl¥Jm~·t1ar51~m~i¥JtR:JfL -Ei:M1H&l&Rt; :till. :k~m1R11JHi!!.7Jl&Rt: .8JG~::f!EJ 1¥JM~~•n, :till, 5tm, 0•, ~7k.8JG±ti!!.7ftt'lffln~. 1Jl!~iJl¥J-1-mD § 1¥J~ll~IBEJ:E1¥J § ~*B~l&Rt~1-Ai¥JtR:J:E.m~~~~D1¥J0•~0~3tii~-#~-~*M~~~: ~~ ®~•1¥JW:fJl!.~~mI&••~*M.-EiMM*-~fiW:fJl!.~0~3tm1¥Jm**:ct:· •mm•~ 0•1¥J3tiiW:fJl!.~&ffi~~~C~~$)1¥Jlf:fJI!.: -~~-Ei:M~~-1¥J~ffl~-~~-~~®~ •m1r1¥JBmit~11•~*•. m-~~. 5tmm~&~:fJl!.MWfi~fi~~&~**•~~•*•~1¥J~~fi~1¥J*•· ~®fi~-Ei:M: *•ttm, Wfi7J:ct:, Wfi§1¥J~1¥J~~-±~tt•~~~&~~*3tm~m D•~1¥J~~~•.m~5tmm~1¥JmDff*~-•~•J:EmDff~~~1¥J~•. 1EJ~•~a ::f ~, Dl¥J fOJ a_t ::tt::t $1¥3 rri iJ • •m5tmm~1¥Jd•~~1-mD1¥J~#*~~: • •mtt&1Jl!~lj (urban development plan); • 3tiii!i:IG•1Jl!~lj (transport strategy plan) ; • Jll:1A3tii1r~it:J<.IJ(short-term transport action olans); • m:A3tm~•l¥Jtfft (major facility evaluation plans)~. ~~•mtt••~~~0~m~1¥JmD~*·~~oo~~3tm~•1¥J~#m~m~1¥J~~. ~3tmi!l:lG•m~1¥Jm~*•·U*~~m~m~~3tmi!l:lG•*~~~*fi, &m~1EJ~*fi· ®3tmi!l:lG••~oo~J:Ettfi~m_tx~•J:E5tmmmfi~*~~~m1¥Jm~. &~•J:Em:k~ 1itfl~•tfft~WfiJr:vt § 1¥Jm:,~. •m£M•~~-~~~AA1¥J~mm~tt•*~~tt12<:~•*~1¥J~~_t. mtt~~•• •~••1¥J~~*fi,mW**•m1¥J±~~m-~~~••*~~D~•~~:0~-~• lll$~:1f~ 1 C.,~) 1¥J~:l:Jl:. :J;Jl!:l<.Ll1AJ!l~~ 15 if:~m. PJ"~~m::f!EJl¥J1Jl!~ljm!I, :till: A~IH~IRE!Jt w~~~~§1¥J~:1:JJ:.•~~~-Eim-*~a5tmm~ttfi~::fim~~1¥J3tm~•Moo.•m tt&m~&@~tt•~•ttfi, ~~~IR~7ftt~~001¥J•~1¥Jlf:fJI!., 0~$~m~~OO~& ~~~ffi~m~ 1¥JtJJ.~~. ~~-~-~~•1-5tmm~ttfi~i¥J~~~w. ~•1¥Ji!l:lG••~~J:ED~•m$~OO~ ••. 129~~~~D~~-~~·~d~~NM*~•.a~J:Ei!i:IG•m~1¥Jttfi~, •PJ"~@ fflB~~dl¥JS*m~~W~i!l:lG•1¥J~D5~. ~~~-M~~~. N£~'1ffl*~W.~~. D~¥7f~~m~~1¥J3tmm~ttfi. 3tiii!l:lG••~1¥J-~AA&~15if:,mm~l¥J-M-Ei:M:~m~wfiBM1¥J~M.~&M• mtt••~~m~~1¥JmM.d•-Eim: R • Mffffi.lfi~ 351 • .±~3t:ii 1'>tJJffibtJl:J;]:!(.1J; • **0~3t:ii*mITT•~~~JlffiR*~it; • *-r 3t:iiw•*Q :IE1fl-1¥J:1ItLts:TI&• CJJi!. -1l n i~ x 11 . j3: F.?: :tE 9=1 oo ~ ~ fffi: %.uu~) ; • r_m §ii!!!~ (project financing) ITT~;;$:TI&•; • ~~~W:fl.M*W:fl~:iEgW:Fim~:IEff*ff~~ITTit~; • 3t:ii:J;J!:!(.1J ITT-1l~:htfiJ1lit:!<.IJ o ~~ffMtt~~~~-~~ITT~Jlffi~%m~~*fi~~.mr~JlffiOOS%~W~~m~* ff~itOOfi~, w~~tt•M*it~. #~m~--~9=1ITTTI&•*~~£W~OO•*•• (demand management)it:!<.IJo $~&~m•w~~~~§*fiITTft~~~n~-o•W~~ITT~it. ~*m~~m~n ®*fi~~%fio:tE*mnoo.~~~3tm•.w*•*·0~3t:iiS*OO•~~~~oo•~· ~~~~~±~~*~~~$-*~~~~nOOOO•~o~~:tEW~9=1~~~m•tt~§~~ §ITTm~~hlo:tE~mnoo. ~~mW~ITT~§~*SITT•~.@.±~~h~~:tE~§~*~ ~AITTW~~. %fi~§ITTM*mfftto ~§w~m~:iitt~m~tt~§~mm~~£~~~ITTm~*tt~m~ITTMfi, ~~mtt ~~~ito ~~.~§ITTW~Mfi•~~~~~§*fim~~it~~-~§~mm~~ITT~~ ~*ITTM~.!fo ~*m~Mfi•fim~~T-~3tm~•ITTm~m~~~ITT-Mn~o•fim9=1ITT&-~ ~-:tE§OO~~-*ffTfi~oj3:#~~-~m~~M.R~-~~-ilim~~m~M~*ITT tt#I~o•fim9=1ITT*~~~~••m~m~~~•ITT~~~~. @~~~*tiffi@ITTtt# :1::g:~11 o r~1rlfr~*'1ITT~7L~, -~~•~m~m£w~. ~m£1::0000n¥!1~•0 3. 1 i~H!l~~~ !:§ i]i] ~ (I nvento r y and Survey) :tE9=1 OO~nHQt?:m~:i!btJlITTtifZJt.~' @*t¥jJIJ5li'dfoJ3t:ii:J;]:!(.IJ~1itll~W~~ITT-~tL ~ ~~~*OO~-~~~-.M~.-~~-~-btJlITT~~o~~:tE-1lB~x119=1~m~oo ~.9=100ttm~±~TI&•OO~ff~~~~-~~~$3t:ii00%~~%~000~±~$~00*~· ~mr*•oom~~*bt0~. ~*~g•m~m~~*~0~a~~~oow~~m~ttm* ~oomm.%~~*~**$*ITT~~~?j3:~~·~~mm~. ~~. j3:~~~~~3tm~ 1r~~~OO%~ o 1Ni\$00W1f*Q1'fffl*~1t~A? ftMfJ@tt:tEPJJ~.m? OO:ff it~ITT~~--~Q W?~&~*~rm~~~w•~m~~I~~ti~~?~N~:tE~*~~~*~W*~?~ $~N~ili~*-·ITT~~~~%ft~?~*~W1fOO~~*ffff~~%fi, ~m~~¥m~ ~~••ili§~o ~~. -~~~~1::*3mM. @Tfi**~JlITT~~~r~•*~ffi~m ~. ~~~~r•9=100j3:~-~*timaoom•~~~•ITTOO~*~· ~~~~oWfil-1lB~ )( 11 0 ~~~3tmm~oo~•· -~R1f:tEA~Tm~Mfi9=1~*ITT~~~~WITT~it~~~* ~.@:ff~m~~*:tE•~~&1f~1::~4~fflZJt.~-~*~o-&ITTm~M~MRITTmM~ r: g~~Ac•••M.~®··~~~-n-~w~~a~--~Mfi~~-·~®•MOO ~~m•~.s~a~•·~~sm.m~"~~~~~.~•*••a~••~~*~~m. ~~--~--~~&••~ttoo~~~~~~*~••~oo~*·m~.~"·~~-~~ lfR~~•nt&1t••~•oo11~. g!G~-f!~m;1;!,\\:lW~S~®••oo~JHtr=i1£g!Gitl:1'rm*4*rYt:~•· ~®••~m·~~~--~%~001t~.mftAPOOm~g!G-&,~A~A001t~.~~m *~ttm~~•noo~mm~. ~&~11•~oo~A1t~~~~. I mM~-~ifoJi!t I I ~m~Ji;J;!,\\:iW I ~-~Ji~~ ~ r-i § frjl¥.JJJn § *O-~i>f1fl- I - ~ 3'.l im fCJ ~ ~Q ~lll§§t;F ! ~1t1J 8~fillfi.X:!B7t N:OO!~Ji;J;!,\\:JW ~-·:FJ![ 0~~- Jji)E~- ' <•**tJT) ittiJ ;J;!,\ j(;lj ;J;!,\ j(;Jj I_ I i~i.t~Q ~1t1J 1.1 ~ mtf ,- _, l I ~ I i!J! fit I I i.t1t1J" !Pi§ ~M!!17t7tt4~1¥ I •*!I-.& 3l i!iE*tui.2:ilfil *o ~ 15Nhfil 00~•*o1o/J:FJI[ ii\ lSL) , lf.J 1!f. ~ 15~~~ ~-~:ut!J N:OO! 00 i}ey) i!t < &~M0~~DN:OO!~*mMm., W*~&~•:FJ![. ~"·~~*fi~D•:FJ![OOMlSL, ~*~ TU®mhfil, ~&~®mhfil~~mwm~~moo•~~.m~*•ttm•:FJ![OOifoJi!t&~~~a l*J 0 3li!~1tf:. ~~•*4~M*:it*O~!H~OO:UJf~ <*tJT~mwmoo~~)' ~~~D¥i1ttlifoJi!t' ~•iE•~*· ~~~~~woo•m.~•~~1fl-,ftW~*~OO*fi· ±~~m•M. ~-A~~•m~~±~ff~oow~•~· a~m•~~mtt~~•m±~ ~moott~:Ittff•~. ~~~m~*~*OO~~. ~~TM~N~MM81¥J~~.a•&~m OOAPmtt~M~. ±~~m-~m~m*~#APOO)t~. ~-~#.@~~M~~~fm~*~-~~*~**1¥1~~~~.~~@~--~f* ~~#~~~moo±~~moo•~<~~: m~~~.~~moo~M••~~~•~m~>. ~ T~®•~· •m~~•~OO~§~••m~~oo•~· 3. 2 3tim£J&f9!W t:m•oo~~·ti~flti:•OO. ~tttJf-JiJT~OO~N•m~~~:fj':-~~ftwirPJ: ~{lliffJOOxt~m~ *i¥1**mM~•$•~.~~oo~m~•tt~tttt~mtt~M•ffe~tt~.••~~~~# •*~.w~Amre*m•na~w~~oo*ru~§~. ~~T~m~~~mOOM**ff~m ~fiOOmtttt.~~: ~W~•NMf~~~re~•0~~m•*mf~~. W~NX~~ffe 1!Hi!!~Jt~i¥J. ffl' f§.!p 11' llJT{f:EJll~OO 0~~m~m:IE ~{tj:~{t. ~A' {llifi'J;f§{~!i!;~Jt~¥-J ~-~*~~~•~mtt~.a~~oo~~~. ~•~oo~N¥-J~-wmttm~0~~m:iE• tt~~m~~~OO$•.m~m•~oo•~~. xtf~~~Nw~. ~*•am~~-~~- 1-ltMrJJ, 8JtR~:itt1T~m~*W:F£. ~~~mN•~•~· •~m~N•m*#m~mf~mNMoomaL&A.~m•m~M ~~(urban development fees), m~1tt&•. ~2.itlt1lli*~~L&•. ~M. ~m~~~Yi!.~m:IE• wna*if*m1-lt¥UOO~$•~· fE1.xt~m•m**1[JiL&A007t;t!fm~-A**~mNM*5¥-m ~-~~~.a~oo~m~•~· mMmsoo~~•~M~~~tt~~.~•a~m~•~. m~~mm~~m•~oo*•· m~•M~$~~-@mllJT~~OOL&A*•~~~mNM. a:Itt1Tl&A*5¥1¥1~#~. ~-~m~Bffe*MMl¥J~§.~1TOO••·~~~xt0~~ mi¥111-%1i~. xtff:JTJN § M*5fOl&Ai¥J~~~1ilit¥-ta*Jl:~:Itt-Z:!5-iiit. J35tr. ~-!5xtJN ~ § ~•oo~~**1T~M. ~m~§~•oomtttt.a~•~~M8~.~•*ML&Att~*~ m~~OO*•· ~&~~-~OO~l&M~. ~lif'Bf ;f49=1PJ~~1JJ:ff$7t~m~*3;oi¥J. {§.fllT-7t~!fi¥J~m@~1!.~PJ1L ·Jt:f.¥1~1¥1§1¥1 af, ~W®xt•~~oo~m:IE•~~m~~moo~•~m-®~-Aw~~~oo~tt. 3. 3 tJilrfl£J&*J\!~lj •m~nUJ\lt1J~-AT~~~!i!!Wf:l**~~-A!5!Jo/Ji¥JtJ1t~ (mobility) A§ 1¥JW:ittffi¥J~m *~·~*±~*~~§~~-~.~~. mmtt~~M~m~•~m~oom•.~~~-M 8.~m~••~oo~•§~~*fil~~~M.-AT~~~-§~. •m~••~mmw±~ ff~i¥J~~%~.~W~@~~-A~~§i¥JW:ittffi¥J±~ff~#~(~:m~~-1¥J~~$-~ ~~ffi~~OO±~~~~ffl), @m~-A~®§i¥J:itt1Ti¥J±~ff~mm~~. ~§~-A~. ~oo~m~••~B~8~~.m#~£m~oo~m•tt~•m~~~oom ~.~~~#~-~~mtt~~~: a~®•*· ~m~•~~~~moo~•~•: #~. ± ~~--~~Rre~•Mh~a*filOO~~~oo~mM~~:fl':-~~~•~oo~m~~~.R ~-ili~~. ~f~mAo**·mM~*~~~m~m**~~~~. ~M~m~m~•. 354 ftNiP:Jt 12: :f5.fi/i3timJJU!lf/9f1=JfJ I 11= l±HrN~ ~ ~ JJ!l , ~ITT :ili'AU-tl! IR Er-1 ::*JJ\!fjt~ ITT1tfll ITT i:p L.' Er-11:&9! ~ , :till'$ l!1e ITfll -T J'.z:.tE ~ 112: 1 ~~11i:p~~Er-J-#.~®~BEr-JW~X~~~ITT~~iWff~llt~WW~~~~*mmEr-l~ITT ~Mm~*m~~ITT•~.m~-t-tt~•~~at~•w~•~*~~~~~Er-1$~•.~n~ X1~1J\!ttl Er-311JU JEfll ~-m~ -;E Er-1 kfl xfL ~ITT ~M1J\!:!<;tl Er-1 § flF £ 51 ~~ITT ~;MJ Er-1 ~M1JIQ] ' ~ ;tt ~~A ~ITT Hf;~ t,liZlb ~ * m~ ~~f Er-1xiiUIH~-0 IPJ at' 1Jl!:J<;iJ i:p ~!f,J Jjlj ~¥3: ~' tE~ITT :5}fii1t Er-l~*ffih~; *fil~*~~rREr-J0~xmm**~· 3. 4 IJ,\!~lffi El ~1Ujmi!!!1ft tt~Er-Jtk:•EJ.2/fiJ~ITTxmEr-Ji:&#~~T-~~12, ~®f'.k:•i:p::r:r@~fi~£x~i:&~Er-J, @~-$7ttk:•~~tE§iWMN~m~W~;tt~ffl§,mW~Er-J·~~-. X1-T § ffirMj*HI9!~, fElB11=T~~3'.(t4pEf{]J_m §, tffJJl::ff~*4Er-1~1itll_t, flt1fJi'Y1iJf~~ @~§£~n••::r:r~~i:&#~ITTxm~~. £~~~**~~xm*~~~•*· £~m~ ~7iJxm*~i:&#•tt~Er-J~•~.tEw*i:p•m~Er-J£,~§M•_tm~•Er-J~§,X>J-t-§ mrEr-J~ITT~•*-0l· £~tJJ~~1-r. *•~~-~~xm•~~~tEw~i:p~wa~~.m~~B::ffEr-Jtk:•£~x-t§iWEr-Jxm *~~~r~•Er-J•~· £~i:&#T~ITTxm.~*~®••£::r:r~Er-J.~~. ~-Er-1~~£ tt~?M~.m~~-~IPJEr-Jxm•~x-t•Er-1~*· w~£m•~~~m$Er-Jff~. ~7i1m* ~-~~~m~M~@~•*tE-~. W$Er-J•§-~~W£x-txm*~i:pEr-J~~m~w7tEr-J~m~•~~*ffW~.0~xm, W*,*•~m~m::r:r, ~&m~~mtE-JE:~&_tW£•~~tt•mEr-J.tEm~MN~. • ~~ITTxm~~oo~~Er-J~•~~ffi~. ~~~~oo~~x-txmffliJEr-J•~~&~IPJ, ~&~ ~m&~Er-J;ttffeID~*Er-l~&&~::r:rm*~#.x-t~ff••~~aEr-Jw~~~~~~liJxmm :lGIJ rll1il tj:i ffiU JE liJf ~ § t~ Er-1~:Ptll0 3. 5 3'.til iDJll~O~~ El fiF ~OO~mEr-JxmW*~-~~£-;ExWW*~~Ef{]~~~*~ OOm~~~. --~i:Jl, xm•*~-~~n~~~®~*•::r:r~•Er-Jxm*~*fiA~~~Er-J~•.x~nmwMtk: ~•Er-J~~. &~nM~~i:Jl~xmm~Er-J§~£tt~.wxm~•~xm~~~~tE7tfirt ~*~~mr•m~ff~~w~~•JE:.~#M£7iJTw•~~Er-J~~*~~~®~•~§~. Mw•~~liJ~*xmm~i:pEr-J~•.M~= ~*•*m~mxm. ~~.tExm~~~*• ru (modal split modeling) i:p•m~~~;ttxmW*· :tlll*£~~~ITTq:i,c,,~-!R~Er-J~H~. •m~tExm7tfii:p~~®rR~~~w*, ~*~~~~Er-Jxm~rR*ff~•*•· •JE:xmm~Er-J§~ti~*~~mw•. ~Er-J§~~~m•m~liJi:&#~ITTmZlb~#.m £~~nx-t~ITT~m::r:r~rR,~#xm~~,m::r:rM~~&~#§Er-JWffEr-Jxmsni:&#~~ 1PJ-*~.xmm~A~~~~**xmi:&#Er-J~~x-ta. m~. ~~xmi:&#Er-1**§~£ +:51m:~Er-10 • mtta*~~m~••*ffi*OO~Biliff*•~~moo~m~ili. • ~-~~•oo~mE~~~•*OOiliffm~~•~*·a~~oo0~N•~•r·•*~ J.tti!!nJijJEiliffOOfl*, !1.lt~a~J£OOilifr,~.:1: §1ir, ~0~~tL.AJJX;:'1s:• 1J\). • a~*~~~~moo±*~m~•~·•*m~•a~Maftwoo~•r.gm~~* ~W:~m~m W:liffi • • mtt•~A~E••*OOffl**•JE/G~m*OOttM•*·W•tt~•N•*•~m~tt x~m:tmmttm*oo••-& . • ~fil~*~00*~-~~~~~000~~-·*·IZSJ~~OO~mAQ~~m•.~EW~ ~/Gffl~~····~J:. ~~m~~*~~•m*~·~*7G*fflM~E~!1.lt/G~~M ~1J]i%;tl(special rights of way), am~Mt~~*~~~m~ 1 Li,~000~~Bif**;iHt. • •~w~~m~oo~m±*~m•~· ~m~~m*~~-~. ~•m~miliffOO~•· • ~-~•ff~~~ff~•~oo~•~~~oo.mm•~m~fr~A~•~mW:Jiffi~~•• • *· M~BW:liffi~m*~ff-~~. *~m~~~~~*~~MJJX;:;;is:. • -~-5E~m~~~-E~C~$.m$.-~. ~ff$.0~~$)00~B~~. ~*~ ~~~~-E~z~If*~~•oom~. • mtt~liffi*•~iC.WfJll.. ~--fJll.tU~.PilitinDU!W:~mliffi, tE~mil!Ji%J:OO~B1m:t'f~1ttl a-;EOOM~~. §~@~~~&•JE~~~-E~~woo•~~ff•N. m~~:ffa-·1lF$m~~~oo !Hi. ~®§1izrm*~!::ffilitil=f-F. :m•oo~~~§1itri•JE'. § ~oott~~~. ~m~r-&oom~tt~. •~a~~~I~~~&~~®§~. **JJX;~~ 00 ~}Alt1J pX; * 0 3. 6. 1 3l~"i~fftl!~~~x1J ~-~~-~00~-~~~B•**~~~-E~OO~Bfl*~B•*E~•~oo~m~ ~J:oo~mfl*, ~~•~mJi%~g~~mW:liffi.m~.a~-~~••m~~~~mE~~ ~OO*••ru: ~&*ff@~~Ailiff~~.~§~W§miliffm~~.iliffE~~iliff~~. ~&~Mrfi*X1**t~~uoot§*1~.~L ~~, @m~n OOit•1flt~rum J:it•*4*1'f*$tr. fi5it**~rl13tmi~*· ~-r•~oo~m:1:*WH*•:1:&m*, ••~*~~~M*I~m~•oo~~~•m. -•*~· m~~~§~•moo-¥~~.~••*B•m•~~~~m**m~*•1m~* ~·*•~m~&m**±**~OO~~OOB•~*· ~-~·•*B~tlif§~:m-. 1EI.@~*1i!iit•*B~tl~*OOiR~. IZSJ~{ltxtB~~tl**~m ±*~•oo~~c~~a~mMoo•~~~r&~~~. ~&*~~~~~**~liffioo~m• *WWmliffiOO%~&~~n[l!J Ctzo-!fLxR-%m$1T~~~1tn, rm~®Hfliffi §~a~oo~m~ iEa~MB. ~*&W~~~ff~.~*OO~••*am*~NJ:~JET*~~~OO•*•wmliffi, fil~~ ~OO~B•* (intrinsic demand for transport) *7G~~-T~&~~OOiffJll.:ttfjjffi, &/G~~ 1i'JOO:ttf liffiJlff~~~1ttlOO. ,- ~.~zmmf~OO~$xmoo~~m~.~~= Wff~~oo•~•s~~~~oo~moo~~ M~*ff~~•~.~#•~PT~~~~®~mfF~~~*ff· w~~m•~~m••~*ff 1~~. m~ 00~$~lifixm1JJ:tzfBJOO~·l1*~ (elasticities among the modes) liJfJt:lli~~ ' •~· B*~a~#xm1fJ:tz~~~JA-#xm1fJ:t~•~~-#xm1fJ:t00~*~1f~~ &. ~~*~n::~tmM005'r5l*OO· m~oon::~~~I.tooxm•**~•~.~m**~#PJn§NOO*~£oo~.~~~® §N§M~~oo±~~m~~-~~oo*~~m*~~&~~oo0~xm•m*~~.~~m f~oo~m**~M~~$*~oo~•· m~ffim**· ~ttooxm•*~••~1t~~a~ ~OO*#~PJ~~~~-M*OOm~£~m~. ~~§N~R::~~#OO. iti:$~*•re5t:m•*~WJtlfF~~mxm;1;.m:,1w~,1)P'J1!J., w~.ll1EB=ti~~xm;1;.mt1J*11* ;t;r 4 ~i1Ef¥~oo-zv, ~•M:flt1n;1;.mt1Joo~1m 3 ~i1Ef~lli~~-~. wiim~~iG~t&~fx ••*~•.~n::~~~3~·~~~~~mAAP'1005t:mff~, Wx••*~MRfflf*AAOO *IJ~ri!:18t.ff9!00JJn § 0 3. 6. 2 3l@.~!.lU~:ltrJ xmfiI.tR::-*7u~ittlil!~-*_t*~W1:•*11m~~m1=r~~n001i*'ft9:, 11u5:JLif:, ~®1i* ~OO*M*a~OOB~~Sffl.~ft00IfFR::~~~®1i*-¥t9:00SfflR::~~~7Bill~AAOO §OO.a~•m~~oott~~.5t:mfiI.1R::0~a•oo~~'ft9:,BPJ~ffl*•Ms~~~oo xmmim:. xmfiI.t;J;.IBtiJW~iJ/ili!ftt:lj['.~-oo~•*o:liHJ"$•-MWOOliJfJt;, iJW]i!f~~OO*ftf:, Wffr xm1Jl~*o~-HtfflfiI.t, 12J&*~~~:iuo¥~ifoJi!f <.>¥:~1r:;t1005t:mmim:rn.!lt51®), tiJFJt:~ ~•oo~~~•~mm~*~ ~fi*z~ooxm~•M•~fi~Jt:. xm wI.t 1i*§ ~ r ttt Jl!. _t iti: $ ~1f ~a~ l*1T ~~ oo 1f~. ;1;.m:M I f'F* &'., ~m '* ilf Bm, ~ 1¥:frmnEr-11i*· ~J§;;\J~Bfi'Jft~rP*D3'.t:ill::XEml5-l@fflE8PJl'i~tL :ffBt' :illi11J:\:8J)Jl §nHf ~lJ:\:n::~~oo.m~tt~~•moo~Er-Jm•~§•~m~~AJl:mfiI.tm~~.a~nooPJLl mtt*IfX~l9t3'.tmfi:E!![HfJJffi~xmAEm~~$£3~J~~mm~~ooxmm*· x m1±1oo•i>lfi'::, mwI.tm~oo•~M*R::-~~w-•ooxmff~. *M*ff~n::mAA~Jlffioo.~s*IfFOO iG~~OOPJLl~a~~ttooxm•**~~~•IfFOO%~~oo~~OO$. 3. 6. 3 0~3l@.~~J ~-·~001i*P'11!J.R::~•~r~0~x•*~· MM~~0~x-~~~M§*#OO~ •<~f~OO~~~mxm~~~*~-N~§OO~~@~A~~NJJffi~Mm~IfF~t9:.®~ ~f*~fl"t9:, ~A~~*J;Jll;fJtfi!:'8fJJn § tffi~~W*t~Wl~~~·). ~~OOOO~Jt:W~mfi~~iJ/ili!f.~-~fi$fF~#~iJ/ili!f,~~~J'G~*M~$OO~m. -~~·-*~fiI.t~*·*~OOM§~~~N~£~oo~~~.~m*ff0~~*xm•iJlil i!f. ~~re~-·~~xmfiI.tm~M*®*· 0~xmm~oo§~n::~0~x•*~oo~•~fi*fF~tt~*:E!![~. ~•0~xmoofi l&fiI.t*omt§~~. 3. 6. 4 mili5tiim.x1J mili~mm~a~oo~m~B~ft~m~.~~~•*•~~mmn~oooo~•s~•~· mili~m~~~m~oo•~.~£mfmili~m~mn2oooo~m•*· ~&m*•~~~. ~oo~m~~#-#m~Boo~~. ~~m•m*•~~~•~m*· ~~~~*~m~0~ ~*£•~.@£, tt£m*ili~~~m•~MfilOOm*,~m~~bt~~~ffi*.m~. ~ woo~m~m•wm~w•~~~g*~mm*~mm. w~£ffi&oo~~. mili~m~~m§~~~mili~milinoo~m•wm•.w~: ~•Rum*a~oon~ da•,~~n~~~~moor~*~$&•*oo•m?~~oo~•~~§~m*oon~n~. amili~m~~~oo~-~•~oo~m£.~nmili~Moomntt~~•oom~.aw$~m. ~m1J1HJt-m-m£mfm*1~a1!rmJ:•fEPm4m51JE900. 3. 6. s m.x1J1J~i~it ~~mm£tt~W$mmoo~x~.an~~mm~. ams~•~r~~•oo••~~ §, ~mr~m$nmtmoot~tw. 1jt1/iT±t-&~um~JlltiJ, lii8%:'.Ta~J§~i:F~~mni9Joo §UJF, #H~•T**~i:F~~m•*oo~~m~: ~~~rmn,~mftw,0~~m~mili~m •~004~~w.~~. r-~•£~J:~~mmr~~~iliOOffZ9J•~•~~-~~$~& -3&00~Jllt1J 0 ~~£~mMJ:~~-§~OOM~~~~oo~#~•~~m§*OO~~-~.~moon~ £mm-~~~~Blii8%:'.00~~oo~•§~ffi-3&~•·~~§. w~.mm•*~&~mi9J § ~~btM tJFOO••tOJ~ §-~m$tOIW$m00•1tftW (tlP{!£~a111;c~-Ojlij@~ttl1-r) tO ~r~~•oo•~~hl.m=~••m~£bt~~ma•*~&~~mAQ~~~oottm~# niii001'Fm-~m~~51JE9~m:5ttHt. J-JdnHt:mttmt-&*•*to. ttm~*IB:i!r~. m-J]l ••mn•£~w~~mmn~~•*oom~-m~btM*ili•~mrA. ~&~~~M~m nJ:mn*~~~*m$#~mn~~moo~•·•~.mm-~~~-~~-§~OO~~~ •~&ffi*oo••~~§•m~rm~n•. ~~~~§~--~M~~. -~~~a1~~~~~-§~. $~~-~~~. ~R~~ ~**~~~#~~n•fl1.~•••*~•*~*~~~MJ:~~~m~~~-~•~m~ £••~~*·~~§~OO#a•~#.~ft~~~~~-oom~tt. ffi~~~•OO•~£~ ~~oo.w~~m~mm~BRft~f&•~~~m: mfM•••~~mM~oo~~.~m ~mn~~*•~oomZ9J*•· WR~*m~m•w••· ~®~•oo~~m~$:5tW~m~~a1Moo~•n~~~.a1t~~~oo~~~~~. ~ ~~mm~oom~M£2o~si:F. mf~matt#~~~J:OO~:l!bt~. m~M~nm@1t~ ~m.1t~*1si:F.~••M~J§~ftlii8%:'..~J§.~m•a100£moowmm~.~s~m~. •J§.~n•m~•~%:'.-~mf•i:F~•oonl9Jtt~~~m~ooi:Fmtt~. 3. 7 i!J!i11' ~Jllt1Joo~~mm~r:-mm~. l!l~~fi11'*itl.f~Jllt1J;f¥ff:OO&n~~g~re~~mm;;JJl!t1J~:t: ~.w~:~@~~~~m~m•~oottm&w~~*~~noo~~mn•~· w~ffMtttt ;J;J\!:tLlW1fr E8-t-Jif 1Jz£ E8 3r1f l¥.Jrl/l § ~~ilrfOJN~M=1f i!r:i!1TWm E8$ 1f o ft1i'J/f-~g~Jl~ {tMf Jlfi1 ;i:;J;J\!:1(.lj ?JTm tl:l E81J. i=p ~$ E8 pg~' 1El.£' ~Jg:~}$ ll)cJM E8 ~9! ~m#t T -t-;ffl~:~HJOiA ~*m~~t-tm*mmt1:1Ef1§~~~a1J•if1~~&~. #Hffili~00~1f~m. •t-m~PJ ff 0 lfil~.tt*w~~m••· ~••~a•~~~·~*•~~~~-~~~~.aw~i=p ~•**Ef1~tt~§E8tt*~*~~ffi&A.WmE8~*·~m~~•Ef1•~.~~~Ef1•~· ~hlm~E8-~~R·~~-~~~ff~M*PJffttE83r1f~~~-oftW~E8M~9=1.@~ ~~~. 7gTM&~§E8~®·~~~~~~00-~3r**Ef1*~· ~W-~~§:i!ff•~~ ito 3. 8 I~§ i.t;c1J a~17t7t~JH4~Ff (Programming: Priorities and Sequence) ~§~ll)c•Ef1~•tt~£m~tt~if1Ef1••m~tm*oa~~~-E8m~1J•if1. -~~ ~~~-~~t-•~E8ff~:i!ff~ff~ft5t;g*ff: • ~7C9i 11:i1, iffrlfif$ btPJ~M1i~~-E81J•~PJ1T, Ef11J•. r_m § ft)t;gtiP ~1fll,& 51 JJ ff£fr~007!~1+1 ~ffi"(§j;l!0~~*~ (Interstate Highway System) lt-H:rJmtl:l*E8, 3Bt~t- 1J~~~£7g T~J!0M*~E8J!~, fil~t-1J~~fflf~t-m~Nff o W$ff~1J•• mTt1:1*.m~®1J•~tt*~~~tt.:11t-~~~~~•Ef1PTfftt. ~x~~m1J•Ef1 :l!-~$~.awg;oo*i=p, ~ffl~#•~~~MW$~§. m~•~**~Tom~. ft1f]~-~ff~i=f•••Ef1J_9! § J1t1jft5t;gtipff. • m~t-r~ § E8Bti'BJit:JGIJ•~ ~$J1Ji}f~g1~¥1Jf81f~~i&A/lg~litllo • ftiJJ:Eit:tiJE8AiJ6,~NlfiJa1a::m¥Ll~*B"J±~K. ~1!11-JE~JTB"J:i!!MJ!tVN §' 3~•1flla:Jfi* ~fil~®~§~~1f~. ~~-/f-~fatt•l¥.J~*®fi/f-~3fmo • ~J:Ett~m~JE*~mm1f~m~mtmnB~%~Ef1~•~JJ.w:;r-~~®~•~mtt•. 33-®!Pf&'.PFlif o • -~~W$~§a~-~~~hl~m~-~~~B"l•~•~Wmd~§Jt~~B"J~~o ~~.~§tt~E8ft5tg*ff•£~tl:l~§~•E8st~mffo~§~•E8stOOmffa~:l! B"lm~~:i!~i:f£~~••Ef1•*~•om~m~~*~-~rn~#/f-£~t-~•E8~~•• B"J~-~~o~ft. i:f00§WB"Jm~$M1f*~~~ffil~Jil~~~. fil£B~ff~tl:l~T~ ~mmom~.a:mm~*•B"l**·~~*•~m••Ef1~~.~m~~ifoJ•~~~~-$ •*~~ooastOO~E8~*~£~§tt~E8ft5tg*ff~@B"1•*3rfto ~a60~~~10~~. ®1JOO*Ef1*~*•*1TT~~-~*~•Jg~~Ef1~m~mm :tu o ~®1iJffi:Ef1;J;J\!:f~1llH&*· -fN:• 150 Atc;tJE81iJffi:~A ffi1-E 2-3 ~Btl'BJ*iGJJX;o ~:!Jo Aff! i:p E8*im*£~~ifoJ~f0~~*~· :f~1L.,*:fJTE8;J;Jl!:t1JAff!-fN:/lg 50 Atclb ;J;Jl!:t1Jttl¥i:f-m-m~Jt o ~m-t-~~ttEf1m~. §fi~@m~*•*•~11a. ~~~M£~~®~fi:JJX;*. **M i:f~ll)cJf>f~tt~E8~~-**Mm~:11tffm~~-~o R • MffliUfff. 359 $OO•mreumxm•~~~-~tt~®tt*~~~~*ff•~.:ti:~oo.•~oo*•* x:imJJl!tiJ•*»o 1991if12 JHtUJ:EOO «§t1f~tz:.~oo)E•~:".lc.$¥t~» (the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA)). ¥t~i:f5iiJijj7 15 ~:tEUmx;iiJJ\!:1Mi:f S~~~OO ~~. Wi~:!iOr: • um~flooxm~~. *~~£fl~*Jgff,»o-~~~~moo•~xmm*oo11¥t: • xm•~•®•moon•u~•~u~-•; • ~Mxm110m®rm~xm110m'f.:l.1:.: • xm•~•®±*~m•~u~-•· ~ttxmff~M±*~moo•~; • •*Mxm~~~~OO-~illff~§#~OO«~•*~; • tt•*•**IRmflxm~§OO~ffl. :tE~OO·~~~tt0~N-~§OO~ffl; • tt•rm § M:m:•ooxm~*-:P,#. <:tio;J:J1Jmtomo)tofl1fl'f!IOO±*OO•~ <:tio~c.***oJJJ~ ~:IJJ:); • :~~)~*Um±-tl!!RJ:![N!t05'r$0~00Jift<OOW•: • ~mrnrxm~~m~~~w*ooxmm*: • um~*•~~§mm•ooffl**#.§~•J:E~*~ffl®~*~n••ooxm~•m*. ~&*~m~*~~**x•~•m*••~®~ffl: • *~m~5i1t:P1!4o/JA<Jfl~::llJE•; • :fH'itittJf~, ~~J:![tO}\_ifJ:![B1, 1!ffl~~%-®JaJM¥t(facility life cycles)illff:7ftJT; • *fixm)E•~•M•~tt~,~m,n•®~~oo•~; • *~m~1t*to5i1t0~xmn~~. *1100~xmn~~oo~m: • *~•~NA. ~*~Um0~x•*~OO~~- ~ T MVJl±~N (Boston) ±-tl!IR OOxm1Jl!tiJ:i~HfliJfJl, ~*Wm±ik!R OO•m;J:Jl¥J~-fr T - *JU m•liJfJ&A<J•~, B1n»o: • liJf J&rN § ~~-itu J:EMliJf J& i:p m1Hf ~ 00 :J'li m-: • ttlR•*~tt*M~-TM*1fH~~fl~oom~®-*; • ~ittOW1fl'fl!J!IJ-illUJ:E- *JHifl, ffl *M Jifffl001f~:itHf~ittOi,f1fl': • ~m~•~~~tt-re~••~m~m~$#tt~rfi~; • •-fr7f~-1~Htxm-l'il•~B1fJllftili00±*:¥UfflzfBJOO**; • ±±ikf!J ffl tO tl:l 1f tN~U-§ 115 Jiff*ffl 00±±-tl!f!Jffl1Jl!t1J tO xm •* iJijj 1t ~& * ;j;JTtt~; • ~~x••*~n-~nrnr~A*~,mtt*B~m~~ooxm1f~®~~~~xmtl:l fi:mxtJdttOOxmt$~ 1PJ~: • tt*1Jl!t!J-~ mmm § 1W fPj *:tE*Wm IR*ffl oo $trrxmtt* oo~f3gtt; • 1f•fo~1$1iJfJ&-~1J\!t!Jff~00$~1fOOU~:tE~Jtfl00~1$t01f15lfl!~00£f.JW:r: • ~~U1?1iJfJ&-~~ §f!fxm~•M~~, *1*tot.t•*1400•n!PJ, ~&Jiff•i>lOOrN § ~ ~ ~J§~f3gMB1fJf'=1:.00•~: • ~r:u1f~M±-&IR~£moo•n!PJ-;iljHfM~£m'f.:i.~flfJHl•n!PJ001f~: • ~ato:m:wr~it-~mrnrxmff~®••~aooA1n:m:~~JfooiW•: • lij~;l1g:IJl:tOmt~-1'A ria~•n!PJtO ~*mt~1~~00j§Jl'.~ mria~00Jt~j1g:IJJ:: • ~~.m~**oxm•*-~~ffirxmrN § 1!'lm*1±1R ilt~~ttlR•~tl~Jiffw*OO~~.m~* IPJ~. - - - --1 ~~~-~~•±•m•3t•~~M~m~oo~m.~1s~~OOI~AA~.~~m~~• ~A~~~. *~~~~~~--~~3tnoo0~m~~-®fi•0~oomM. M~003tR•~~-~~~oo-~-~~:~3t••~OOffm~·~~mMH~-~n~ ~~m+?t••·~~m*~w~oo•~n~~•ttfi~.m•~~•~m~~~•oo3tn• li)f ::lM~Ilii'itit1t~*1lf9'fi~-3tR ~~~~(Transportation Research Board)-~-f-T *!l: m~. ~W3~m~~-r-ffitt*n~OOH~liJf~. tt3'f~tia~5J!:oom1JS1zm, tt*n~OOtifltt •n@W~-f-Tm*OO~M.~®I~~3t••~M~~~~~3a.wH~~-~~~T• ~•m.m~. ~~m*••~~oom~r~. ~mm3t••~oo~•· RJt+, RttM~!i'fiJll~m~•_l[*fi*~MM3tR•tu~J&WlfJH~r'i'IJJffe:!l:00~5J!:fil+7t• •cm 1t~it:>c 11) • ~m~rtHl1WiE*r~Z9JA 1 ~'oom~at~u. ~r!J~MOOll{ii~§*OOfJ~i!&. ••1mf1ffiOOm ~*~~~~OO~m~*OO~MJJj~~f!im*~003tR~•*~·~T~3t•~·*~OO-~ ~~m~m~~~n.~••~•*~•~~mtit••titmnwmooM~. *•ttwe:*oo~ ~.~~**fi~~*~-r-~oo•m•~oo~~~mi!&oo~~. £/Efll!/l/! 361 *xl¥.1*fiM•~•~a~~oo*~•m~tt~~~. a~z..a. ~~~•mAa&•• *$ifP--maJ3. ffilrli A. IJ !:3ffilrliim'Jl ~oo§a~•~m600~-t-.~1T••~~~m*~I•m.~•ITT.~ITTr•1¥.J~•ITT· 45-ITT-JN:§ -$-r~u1ra1Rt1J: • I9ITT. ~-ITT a) •ITT!il!IR: ITTIR. ~IR b) **1!-ll!IR: Jifi9~. ~-ITT <*~·ITT/tmli~W~) • ~-ITT a) ~ITT!il!IR b) 5&f1!-ll!IR: f1fJ{ :tE~oo;JHt::tF~~. ~JL~ifi/F~l¥.JAaM~. §ffi: ~F5&~Aa. ;&~Aa. 1ra1Rt1JA a&~m A a. 1Ta1Rt1JA a :~Jli1ra91R l*JJifi~1¥.JM~*!-ll!.P a 1¥.JA•. ~l§15~F5&~A a, ill§ffi;&~Aa (;g:1i}~l¥.Jilf, 1ff9~Aa-&§15tEl*J). •mAa~11i•rtr1¥.Jrtf1R;fo~1R (/F§ ffirtf9~) 1¥.J5&~Aa;to~F5&~Aa 1¥.J,tr!, •• ~Aa~~ffi~. m~oo~~~~fi•IR~•Wffi~.~~m@~§ffirtf!ROO~~~IROO ~m•*·fil/F§mm•~oo~.:tE•m•~1T~~~~-t-~~~m1¥.Jm~•~~~m•~1R roJfil ~ •J1JG IR 00~9'. ~~tt~.~~m~~~*Aowm~*d~~:~*~~Aowm&~*m~Aowm. ~~1ff~IR§~T*•l¥.J~~Aa, ~~~-m~!RAaW&fP~~ITTAaw&m~#~~~ ~~.~mrtr1RAaw&m~#:tE~~1¥.J~B.ffi~zr~m•J1JG1R1¥.JM~~A~m~tt.m •J1JGIRAa&~ffi@~it, PfE~rtflR~F5&~Aa1!i;fff,. hA~-t-~1ff1¥.J~~ff,7j-;fff*if, •J1JGIRA Q;fOrtflR~F~~A•*~ffi~, ~*xfflrtrlR~F~Aa~~m•J1JGIRZ..~~1't=:~~mAaW&11i ;fff-. 31-t-*•mAaW&11i;fff-:tzo~ 3. 1 Jifilf-. § 8 •rtr~F~~,trf,A a BM!M 3 1l' ~~ d:i' ~00Aa1¥.J 28%, ~Hli tlj 1¥.J ~-rff ~F~~A a{)( 2 &~~~~m.P••~1¥.Jm~. ~~~~•m~*•*~*tt•~~~hl¥.J#t£, ~~1¥.J~m ~*~~~~~m.~m~•~Aamd:i'~M~•ITT1¥.J/F~W/F~.m~1¥.J*-m•m••a* *SlE ll)j : i:p 00:IJiXnHJllttl1'iHtliJf Jl: ~}GfJiX rll'.ltii iiJf Jl:J'Jf ~ ~If¥lfrP. ±:{f I fjyrp, ~I ~*u )(1j it; (Liu Zh i) ili ~ ~T$1fifl:o ~ 1993 ::¥~it 0 r- .. tJ1tZ9.JADmt~~. jt;Jt~m:/JW=f;lfij;•r!JtJ1tZ9.JAD r!liffi~::ks<Jbtf7tlo ~t;i(Ylii:Z9.JAD Blmtt 300 -;J, 11-M 170 "JJ, JJ,l(;~ 80 "JJ, tt~El 70 lJ, tJ1tZ9.JAD r!l•m~11ADEf<Jbtf7tl::k~1FtE 2596-30%0 ~t@*;JH- 10 -t~JF~~ml¥-l:it~Jitm<* 1. 1-* 2. s) ~®•ms<J•m~a*oo•m~mff~m~~12•~•~~•~tt~*~•B<Jo ~-~ s.filWWff.li~*~•ff~*oo•m~~~~m~RmJJ,l(;B<J•m~mg•qr~~•m~ 1995 ~ 4 JH5J'"?t~1J~g7;tt*B<J 5 -l'•m<~tJit, _t;lfij;, 11+1. JJ,l(;~. ~m) o •m-Ei:M 51':/J 00: a) •mt±~~.2~~fil; b) •m~mfJI'~. ~A-'=ii5l:tl:l; c) i!!~~~-'=iitJLZ9.J$1mff; d) 0 ~~m*~,&;ttg~; e) ~m1m*o ~-•?t••*m 7 liifli*~•ff1jjtl5£8<Jli¥fli•m~mg •~JHt•mWB<J•m~~o 19931:F~~;fti.t1:F~ll <* 3. 1-* 3. 5) ~~~• 7 ~oo~~:.&~Aoa 100 "JJ~_ts<J 31 -l'•ms<J~m:JJoo•m cg-Ei:fl5¥*:1J11-'=ii¥W ~)o~®·•~*§~-~Wtl:l~Ef<Jl003~•m•~~~~*o 0-D ifaji!tJjtj (* 4. 1-* 4. 5) •m*§ili 10 ~*:1!1T7/*~tl:l1TifiiJlfs<J~•m. ~ 4.1-~ 4. 5 JU~7.±~Ef<Jtl:l1Tt~fil ••· ~f!:i!n'•mrBJB<Jbt$X?t1fro *ill!///! 363 1~1~ :f:F{Jt :ltH- __t)'BJ 11-M PX::m ~~ 1. )dJ <-TA) trll&IR:lWAr:J 1993 10, 510 12,950 6,240 9,470 5,340 :;lt:9=1: ~~:.&~A rJ 1993 6,690 8,930 3, 750 2, 760 2, 150 mlRAr:Ja 1993 8,408 9,480 3,696 2,934 2,397 :;lt:9=1: ~~:.&~A rJ 1993 5, 748 8,935 3,036 1,835 1,437 ~PX:IRAr:J 1994 3,000 1,815 mti0Ar:J 1993 3,000 1, 700 830 2. Ar:J:!ttf-$(%) 1989-93 m!R~~;.&~A rJ 1989-93 1. 25 4. 71 1. 29 8.83 1. 63 ~PX:IRAr:J 1989-93 1'1ti0A rJ 1989-93 3. ffl:l:l!!.ffi{,R (km 2) 1-JlE)l!R 1991 16,808 6,341 7,434 12,930 8,227 rtriR 1993 2, 701 793 1,444 1,382 2, 127 ~PX:IR 1993 454 300 207 92.2 110 4. 3¥:1$J*})fA rJ 1991 3.03 3.03 3. 36 . 3.44 3.31 5. jJJt~ ( i1=J ,~,jJJt~ ~t'Wtl) (%) m!R: ~~:.&~A rJ 8Jt~J'fi i1l ~t'Wtl 1991 57.8 55.9 58.6 66.5 57.8 ;tt9=1 = na*~ 1991 52.82 38.6 51. 71 42. 74 40.27 ittlji~ 1991 47. 18 61. 4 48.29 57.26 59. 73 mlR= :t:~-¥ 1991 0.2 1. 5 1. 6 1 3.3 6. A:l$Jt&J... (5G/ A> 3¥ :1$JPJ 7H~c l&J... 1991 2,040 2,334 2,906 1,925 1, 753 fi;l;t&J... 1991 7. A:l$Jt&J...:Jttf (%) 1989-91 13.02 12.01 11. 18 10.91 11. 62 8. Jm.Jj):~J*-$ (]l'ij £~~t~tt) (%) 1992-93 16.9 17. 5 19.8 13. 7 10. 3 - -- I jlj;f;F ~~* _tl1fjJ 11'M PX;~ B'fi¥i ' 1. $$iJi.Jfft~ (-=f]G) Nec±i=:: 1 ~*~ (1. 8ft-1¥1U 160-170 160-170 160-170 160-170 160-170 ~*Ll (0. 9ft-t-ll:) 90-100 90-100 90~100 90-100 90-100 **'*: $1ii (70m!) *~ (125~V 7-8 4-5 7-8 4-5 7-8 4-5 7-8 4-5 7-8 4-5 §ff$: -'iillm! 0.3-0.4 0.3-0.4 0.3-0.4 0.3-0.4 0.3-0.4 ~;f~m! (1*5e3fil) 0. 7-1 0. 7-1 0. 7-1 0. 7-1 . 0. 7-1 03C:$: ~~~* 41. 8 41. 8 41. 8 41. 8 41. 8 tl** 158.4-242 158.4-242 158.4-242 158.4-242 158.4-242 -~~* 352-484 352-484 352-484 352-484 352-484 ;f;Fft-!f!.$ 123.2-187 123.2-187 123.2-187 123.2-187 123.2-187 r:p E. 64.9-220 64.9-220 64.9-220 64.9-220 64.9-220 i:g $: 121-253 121-253 121-253 121-253 121-253 2. 1?Mm (Jt/lfll!) ~¥Ill 3, 125 2,838 2,400 2,450 2, 775 !#§¥Bl 2,444 2, 100 2, 129 2,600 3. 3C:ill fftm <Jt) ±-!!!.~ 4krn I 8km 0.5 1. 0/2. 0 -~~$ 4krn I 8krn 1. 0/1. 5 1. 0/1. 2 ;f;Fft 4krn I 8krn . 0.5/0.5 0.6/0.6 0.4/0. 5 0.3/0.4 r:p E. 4krn I 8krn 1. 0/2. 0 1. 0/2. 0 1.0/2.0 0. 7/1. 0 1. 0/1. 5 t!Hli 4krn I 8km ~*~ (1. 8ff-'MF:I:) 12.0/20.0 14. 4/21. 6 10.0/16.0 10.0/18.0 ~*Ll (o. 9ff-'MF:I:) 10.4/16.8 10.8/16.4 8.4/14.8 W£ruOO'E1$ 10.0/10.0 6.0/10.0 ~ 1:.~ffr I ~t9l~1fl- (%) 43 20-24 4. m~ <Jtl }j) 1j\~$ 437 300-500 J:tJt:E$ 50-100 §ff$ 5-10 5. f~$l&~ 1j\~$ (jf;/h) 1. 0-3. 0 5.0/:]C **'* (Jt/{j\) 0.5 2.0/:]C 0.3/:]C §ff$ (jG/{j\) 0. 1 0. 1 6. 03C:)E~~l&.A (Ef7J5G/~) 03C:0~ (1994) 3,000 971 500 10 59 7. 03C:)E~pj(;;;$: (Ef7J5G/~) 03C:0~ (1994) 11,200 1,800 630 120 81 *!11!/JJJ 365 rnti- it JR J:~ 11+1 PX;m M=1¥i 2 i. :tpXrJntPX;IRmlf1:!Wf9' (km ) ,g,-t,t 27. 75 28.29 13. 78 7. 73 15.01 ;it: qi = ~ t& J::j {}( ~ t& m:n 25. 12 24.89 11. 87 7.51 13.91 2. $~11lHf:it ,fft$)$ i6,257 73,400 74,458 :*~$ 17, 776 10, 178 4,477 /j\~$ 118, 743 54, 773 27,378 *1t$ 89, 124 373,865 60,000 129,292 141:$ -:*141:$ 72,355 51,662 19,598 -/J\141:$ 125,407 61,398 18,350 -&ht ;it: f!P.m Z9J * 423,405 551,876 3,597 14, 730 133,400 144,022 E:H'J$ 7,885, 188 1,580,000 1,500,000 1~ti- it;R J:ltlt 11+1 PX;m M=1¥i 1. 0~1'1:$ $~~(~) 4,229 5,627 2,222 1, 189 746 ~lf1:!-lf/.t (km) 3,240 3,950 3, 165 2, 183 1,281 $0£~ (-=fkm) 216,390 276,000 94, 700 37,910 37, 790 2. ! Et!.$ $~~(~) 519 853 116 81 83 ~lf1:!-lf/.t (km) 151 168 54 34 45 $0£~ (-=fkm) 27, 770 49,460 4,640 3, 140 4,500 3. tf:l~_fi$ $~~(~) 46,022 30,433 12,825 3,812 1,915 $0£~(-=fkm) 4. ±-tk l!J( $Jm~(1J) 323 ~lf1:!-lf/.t(km) 42 $000£~ (-=fkm) 3,253 mf~ ~tJ?- J:#ij: r-1+1 pj(;~ ilfl¥J 1. ~1mi:f:ffi- 1986.6 1986. 11 1984.6 1987.9 1988. 11 2. 3tii$* (f}..{j( I 'ft:.) 8,404 14,374 5,680 3,478 2, 184 ~tr 1, 156 5,492 2,224 1,252 508 §tr$ 4,541 4,913 1, 932 1,897 1,393 0~f\~$ 2,044 3,454 1,068 202 147 '**'* $m~* 366 26 318 21 259 17 84 HH!I.$ 25 22 15 0. 7 Jt-ftB 272 149 161 124 33 1~1ff- :¥-fil ~t;?- __t~ 11+1 JJX;1$ mm i. ~m~JJX;IRA IJ m* (%) 1989-94 mlR~~:-&~AJJ~*(%) 1989-94 1. 29 4. 71 8.83 1. 25 1. 63 2. ~m~JJX;IRtiiti}fJA JJ C-f- A) 1994 830 3. ~m~JJX;IRA IJ WJ!i. CA/km ) 2 14,493 19,685 4. me~¥(%) 40.27 42. 74 5. At)Jl&A (JI;) 1989-91 Sf :l.')J rlJ )f~c i&A (JI;) 1991 2,906 2,334 1,925 2,040 1, 753 6. At)Jl&A~*(%) 1989-91 11. 62 10.91 7. 03t~ffl(Jt;/4km/8km) 1994 0.2/0.3 0.5/0.5 0.6/0.6 0.4/0. 5 0.3/0.4 8. 03tfJ ~fit (JI;) 1994 7-18 25-35 35 20-25 9. 03t*~Dlli (Ef]JJI;) 1994 820 800 130 22 10. 03t*~Dlli~ft (%) 1989-94 11. At)J$$§1ffl1f ($§) 1994 1j,~$ 1~0{;$ 0.01 0. 10 0.02 0.05 ;ltftP.fJL i}fJ $ !1H-J$ 0.94 0. 54 0.63 12. *m:¥m*¥ (%) 1990-94 15 21 18 13. At)J~N4t*l!i. (m) 1993 0.47 0.30 0.45 0.39 0.85 14. ilii-J¥ <A<!Al'R. • A) 0;;lt~$ 0.39 0.43 0.98 0. 13 0. 11 q:i E lfl.fir~$ 0.07 0.04 0. 10 0.06 ili~Jl$ 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 1j,~$ 0.00 0.01 0.00 **'* * ;ttfm;tJLi}fj §if$ 0.87 0.61 0. 78 1. 18 1. 07 =~$ irit 1. 61 1. 79 2.28 2. 16 1. 68 15. ~l:Aiij:/3(~$$J& 1994 897/3, 393 16. 3t~:J:~!ij:~ft (%) 1989-94 0.6 17. 0;;lt~$~~ 1995 %~$(%) 93.38 85.55 93 87 PJVL:¥I'8f (JI;/:¥) 10,072 12,000 12,000 4,617 6,000 ~$.ij9'Iiij: CA) 12.47 7.84 10. 00 7.86 B $0 £iij: (km/'R. • $) 158 136 129 150 lfl.$~~:1: CAt'l\/'R. • $) 1,840 2,023 695 1,093 8 0!1!rmt-€ (ft-) 21-30 24.2 27 24. 7 --1 ~17} ~~ j!j;f:ff- flt& ~**1f 'ff.% ~i1+1 L )dJ (-=f A) ffl&IR:lWAo 1993 8,827 6,845 1,366 6, 731 5,447 :;tt i:p : ~P:.&~A o 1993 4,968 3,857 1, 112 2,241 1,290 ITTIRAD 1993 5,847 3,872 1,222 2, 121 1,338 :;tt i:p : ~P:.&~A o 1993 4,580 3,346 1, 108 1,401 927 }tffl(;!RAO 1994 i'1EMAD 1993 2.Ao~*$(%) 1989-93 ITT IR ~P:.&~A o 1989-93 1. 08 1. 08 1. 51 1. 88 1. 74 }tffl(;!RAO 1989-93 ¥lit.MAD 1989::....93 3. ffl±-tl!00f9' (km2) frl&IR 1991 11, 305 8,467 11, 444 10,654 11, 968 ITTIR 1993 4,276 1,627 835 1, 102 1,043 }tpj(;[R 1993 339 211 67 100 61 4.-'f±JJ*~Ao 1991 3.2 3.38 3. 8 3.09 3.43 5. )j9t~ ( r1:i' ,'ifl,8Jt~H:Wtl%) ITT IR: ~P:.&~A o )j9t~JiJT r1:i' I::~ Wtl 1991 60. 00 60. 76 63. 70 53. 35 59. 11 ::tti:r: m~~~ 1991 37. 36 41. 88 48. 79 38. 51 43 illtlm~ 1991 62. 74 58. 12 51. 21 61. 49 57 ITTIR: :k~* 1991 1 1. 5 0.2 1. 6 3. 3 6. A±JJi&A (5t I A) -'f±JJPJ7Hfi&A 1991 1,699 1, 661 1, 780 1,859 1,820 f1£i&A 1991 7. A±JJi&A~* (%) 1989-91 11. 81 12.01 10.48 12. 95 11. 02 8. ii~~'** (ff;j ~~~j!j~) (%) 1992-93 8.6 6. 7 7. 6 6.8 7.4 *.fll!R/f 369 $WH1t~<f-Jt) ~~$ ftt& ~~** wtai m1+1 1N'-\$: ~:It~ (1. 8:fHil::!I) 160-170 160-170 160-170 160-170 160-170 2!5fU <o. 9:fl-tll::!I) 90-100 90-100 90-100 90-100 90-100 $:ti (125~) **'*= *~ (70~) 7-8 4-5 7-8 4-5 7-8 4-5 7-8 4-5 7-8 4-5 §ff$: -tfim~ 0. 3-0. 4 0.3-0.4 0. 3-0. 4 0. 3-0. 4 0. 3-0. 4 t'i'IJt~~ <w~:i!) 0. 7-1 0. 7-1 0. hl 0. 7-1 0. 7-1 05':$: XJFz!;~$ 41. 8 41. 8 41. 8 41. 8 41. 8 ttti±f: 158.4-242 158.4-242 158.4-242 158.4-242 158.4-242 ~$~$ 352-484 352-484 352-484 352-484 352-484 tff-ftEJ'ji±f: 123.2-187 123.2-187 123.2-187 123.2-187 123.2-187 r:p E 64.9-220 64.9-220 64.9-220 64.9-220 64.9-220 rti, $: 121-253 121-253 121-253 121-253 121-253 2 #JltflntJJJG IR l]!Jil1Hm f9' (km ) ~~ lttl>l. ~~** W$i ii1+1 ,f;J, it 32.5 12. 1 5.4 9.4 5.9 ;ttr:p: ~~~{j\~~)]t~ 32. 1 11. 6 5.0 8. 1 4.9 - - I m1i- ~~ ftt~ ~·** wSh ;f;fM 1.0~~$ $$§~(~) 2, 134 1,422 662 918 380 ~~*ft(km) 3, 144 1, 167 697 987 766 $01!~(-=f km) 104, 610 86,310 33,440 40,630 17,990 2. El!$ $$§~(~) 53 235 0 136 25 ~~*ft(km) 17 85 0 30 8 $01!~ (-=f km) 1,370 14,320 0 7,940 790 3. tl:lfll$ $~~($§) 11, 484 6,459 4, 135 4, 87.4 2,975 $01!~ (-=f km) 4.:!:i!!.~ $00~(-:cp) 21 ~~*lt(km) 7 $0001!~(-=f km) 900 1~:f~ 7C¥-'1! !Et& ~~*ft ft.% ;fli!1+1 1. ~1m :q: 17} 1993.6 1987 1993. 9 1993.6 1993. 1 2. 3tJ!l1** <T- A'/J;./7C) 9,252 5, 724 2,958 2, 753 2,253 iVfr 2,591 1,867 1,441 1,296 572 §fr$ 5,595 1865 648 494 1, 372 0~¥'\it!.$ 376 1404 550 603 54 ,Ifft$ 185 14 21 97 lfl.1il~$ 283 269 207 257 34 tfH1l$ 6 10 7 Jt1t!?. 222 301 112 72 117 *ill!fl/! 371 1~ti- i:F-fil ~if ff:t& ~-*:fr w.% :fi1+1 1. ~nn!JJ)(;IKAIJ~-if(%) 1989-94 mfR~F-i<~AIJ~-lf (%) 1989-94 1. 08 1. 08 1. 51 1. 88 1. 74 2. ~m:i!JJ)(;fR1JiEZ9JA IJ <-TA) 1994 3. ~m:it}J)(;fRA 1J WJ.t <Alkm ) 2 4. mt~$(%) 37. 36 41. 88 48. 79 38. 51 43 5. A:l$Ji&A (:JG) 1989-91 5¥:1$JPJ :51-DCi&A (:JG) 1991 1,69~ 1,661 1, 780 1,859 1,820 6. A:l$Ji&A~-lf (%) 1989-91 11. 81 12.01 10.48 12. 95 11. 02 13. A:l$Jmn-lfJ.t (m) 1993 0.69 0. 38 0.44 0. 55 0.86 14. tl:l 11" $ <A 'i!AFft:. • A) 0~r\:$ 0.0820 0.4414 0.4966 0.4310 0.0582 i:p E. 0.0161 1(!{\1:~:$ 0.0618 0.0846 0. 1869 0. 1836 0.0367 tl:lfli:$ 0.0018 0.0075 0.0070 1J,r\:$ It~$ 0.0404 0.0430 0.0154 0. 1041 ;tt {fil ;j;Jl Z;IJ :$ §11"$ 1. 2217 0.5864 0.5847 0. 3527 1. 4802 -=~:$ ii-it 2.0200 1.8000 2.6700 1.9680 2.4300 17. 0~r\:$ ff)E 1995 4lt:$AAI1tt (A) 10. 2 16.5 10. 2 12.97 8. 7 1(!:$0!!.ltt (km/~ • :$) 134 166 138 121 130 1(!:$~JE.:1: (A'i!A/~ • :$) 749 1,969 1, 798 2, 109 l, 156 I - - :WXrtnmffl :Y!Xr!f AU :Y!Xr!f ~t::R~A u J!~!R[iff9, J!~IRAUW!i A~OO rJ;J ~f" .~.-at :WX rtn rn ti- (km') (km') (JJ,A..) (JJ,A..) CA/km') (1992) (:JG) l:~ 793 948.0 894 300 29, 783 7, 766 ~t~ 2, 701 640.8 575 454 12,658 7,025 Ri~ 4,276 584. 7 458 339 13,518 4,836 tt~B 3,595 657. 7 372 189 19,683 4,380 fft& 1,627 387.2 335 211 15,865 4,070 11+1 1,444 369.6 304 207 14,695 8,837 J!fr~i~ 1, 658 312. 1 258 156 16,513 4,083 m:1* 1,534 306.4 234 106 22,051 3,549 i¥i~ 947 258.5 217 148 14,650 5,918 fl]~ 1,066 288. 5 206 148 13,919 3, 211 JJJG1$ 1,382 293.4 184 92 19,902 4, 197 j\:j! 2,415 248. 7 182 200 9,072 6, 143 -Kw 1, 116 218.8 176 114 15,412 2,950 ~~ 1, 460 204.0 160 168 9,530 4,242 h'fi¥i 2, 127 239. 7 144 110 13,087 4,466 =t-Sii 1, 102 212. 1 140 100 14,024 5,022 ~1-M 1,632 157.6 125 163 7, 711 4,223 1j\jw 622 142.2 124 90 13,855 5,933 f}GJl19! 675 137.6 123 110 11, 168 4,491 ~V!JJ 2,081 157. 7 120 98 12,245 5, 319 ~1-M 1,010 174.2 118 100 11,829 2,834 -Kl9 367 139. 1 116 101 11, 485 4,325 tfiJM 430 138.3 115 90 12, 761 7,318 i¥i I§ 561 142.2 114 65 17,477 3, 001 :t=i*B: 307 138.0 113 90 12, 511 4,632 ~~** 835 122.2 111 67 16,612 5, 708 l!f# 1, 755 135.2 110 105 10,467 4, 742 ::fr::frllfrj}\ 4,365 140.4 109 102 10, 706 2,542 :~HB 2,436 162.2 108 86 12,567 3,329 mw 1,090 153.0 106 117 9,054 3,928 ~~ 2, 153 123. 1 101 145 6,981 3,526 1*:tlil 327 87. 7 88 81 10,841 32, 752 nu~ 246 91. 5 674 41 16,642 4,307 *ilEP/! 373 ~Ufim~*lt ~Hfim~~0019' 3JL :ltg m:~~ :oo:It A:Jtgm~~*lt A:Jtgm~0019' :lftXm\1~-tJ (m / A) 2 (km/JJ A) 2 (km) C:7Jkm ) (m) J:~ 2, 722.0 2,829.0 10.4 3.0 3.2 ~tg 2, 713.0 2, 775.0 10. 2 4. 7 4.8 :k¥f 3, 148.0 3,250.0 10. 3 6. 9 7. 1 tt~l3 1, 731. 0 1, 737.0 10. 0 4.6 4. 7 ftt¥X 1,278.0 1,206.0 9.4 3.8 3.6 11+1 1,379.0 1, 378. 0 10. 0 4. 5 4. 5 !lfl"$¥~ 1,626.0 1,364.0 8.4 6.3 5. 3 £Jj( 1,215.0 946.0 7.8 5.2 4.0 1*-ig 1,033.0 1,046. 0 10. 1 4.8 4.8 jffi~ 1, 123.0 1, 130.0 10. 1 5. 5 5. 5 PX::m 712. 0 773.0 10.9 3.9 4.2 :Xi! 856.0 1,268.0 14.8 4. 7 7.0 -{f tf 752.0 883.0 11. 7 4.3 5.0 j(J]i: 1, 170. 0 1,051.0 9.0 7.3 6.6 M=1*-i 1,220.0 1, 501. 0 12.3 8. 5 10.4 w!Ei 764.0 944.0 . 12.4 5. 5 6. 7 -'-!:1+1 503.0 520.0 10.3 4.0 4.2 lg{LIJ 526.0 583.0 11. 1 4.2 4. 7 1JGJ1191 439. 0 398. 0 9. 1 3. 6 .. 3. 2 gBfl,ij 331. 0 350.0 10. 6 2.8 2.9 ~1+1 490.0 583.0 11. 9 4.2 5.0 *tv 622.0 501. 0 8. 1 5.4 4. 3 m1+1 737.0 570.0 7. 7 6.4 5.0 1*-i~ 284.0 331. 0 11. 7 2. 5 2.9 {:i"~Ut 654.0 678.0 10.4 5.8 6.0 ~~** 492.0 535.0 10.9 4.4 4.8 ~1* 503.0 385.0 7. 7 4. 6 3. 5 }i:}i:l!fl"$ 849.0 645.0 7.6 7.8 5.9 :!1f ~l3 290.0 260.0 9.0 2. 7 2.4 mw 524.0 528.0 10. 1 4.9 5.0 'E!.~ 442.0 457.0 10.3 4.4 4.5 ¥*:1jll 296. 0 651. 0 22.0 3.4 7.4 nu~ 283.0 272.0 9.6 0.4 4.0 fJ[i,'fCJ/£: idJ!Bfil$:&$t£ 3. 5m /;J_to 'Ii.fJIJ/t!ff: Jl:ifNfff 1993 fF#J 1/JJliJt!Jt HfF!ll" igff $~ Jgff~lljf :g:Jg,~;JI A:1$J1f:03C: fl: Et!$ .!fl.$ fl: Et! $.!fl.ill~ t1H.ll$ 03C:$11ll:ff $ 1t= :g: Jg :S: tlH.ll$ #!Xm\mfiF <tff-i!) ($/Ji.A) fl:Et!$*~ lljf 1f: :g: i£:S: W:ff$ (km) CliJd'JO ($Ii) G'x./A • 1f:) Cli A.I'll.) Cli A I'll./ 0 !ID ($/li.A) _tifij II, 783 12,470 562,687 13. 2 630 47.8 45. I 30,433 34. I ~t* 8,058 3,533 335, 378 14.0 583 41. 6 94.9 46,022 80. I :Kif: 2, 731 3, 181 61,036 6.0 133 22.3 19.2 11, 484 25.1 ttllE 2, 777 3, 720 53,652 7. 5 144 19.3 14.4 4,407 II. 8 ftttz 2, 951 I, 315 125, 057 8. 8 374 42.4 95. I 6,459 19.3 11+1 2, 731 3,219 66, 372 9.0 219 24.3 20.6 12,825 42.2 il€l"~i~ 1,882 I, 144 61,213 7. 3 238 32. 5 53.5 4, Ill 16.0 ££JC 2,090 5, 038 75,296 8.9 321 36. 0 14.9 4,092 17. 5 IW* 2,389 2,683 50,017 I I. 0 230 20.9 18.6 3,957 18.2 iffi~ I, 266 733 35,504 6. I 172 28.0 48.4 7,487 36. 3 JJX:t~ I, 482 2, 494 26,820 8. I 146 18. I 10.8 2,812 15. 3 j;:J.i 2,420 531 104,498 13. 3 575 43.2 196.8 4,956 27. 3 *:tF I, 196 791 30,957 6.8 176 25. 9 39. I 6,377 36.3 j\)j 965 786 21,239 6. 0 133 22.0 27. 0 4,490 28.0 iJflW I, 092 1,326 33, 723 7.6 235 30.9 25.4 1,915 13. 3 wii1i I, 963 I, 094 72,427 14.0 517 36.9 66.2 4,874 34.8 .~JM 857 599 29,219 6.8 233 34. I 48.8 2,226 17. 8 ¥.ti LlJ 659 405 25,212 5. 3 203 38.3 62.3 2,518 20.3 :J71;}1IDj I, 310 I, 643 37,060 10.6 301 28.3 22.6 777 6: 3 ~aJl 918 I, 616 21, 763 7. 7 181 23. 7 13. 5 2,557 21. 3 ~1+1 663 376 12, 745 5.6 108 19.2 33. 9 3, 745 31. 8 *iY 963 468 25,608 8. 3 221 26.6 54. 7 I, 231 10.6 tJUM I, 100 866 38, 536 9.6 335 35.0 44.5 3,817 33.2 1W I§ 517 912 II, 544 4.6 102 22.3 12. 7 I, 660 14.6 ;Q%J± 663 564 11, 553 5.9 103 17.4 20.5 2,()00 17. 8 .g,fj-*':l'f 864 708 44,039 7.8 397 51. 0 62.2 4, 135 37. 3 J!i;j;f. 659 570 17, 778 6.0 162 27. 0 31. 2 2,836 25. 8 ':l'f':l'fil€l"~ 355 I, 176 8, 173 3. 3 75 23. 0 6.9 711 6. 5 :lirllE 1,049 1,969 32,065 9. 7 298 30.6 16.3 1,253 I I. 6 mw 434 303 7,874 4. I 74 18. I 26.0 500 4. 7 '@.~ 586 I, 070 5, 917 5. 8 58 10. I 5. 5 515 5. I ~:ljll 1,561 I, 010 3, 1934 17. 8 364 20. 5 31. 6 7,016 80.0 nu~ 94 100 I, 700 ]. 4 25 17. 8 16. 7 2,074 30. 8 31Eili//JI 3 75 ]ii#f~03( ]ii#f~03( :@~~ll& ]ii#f~ ]ii#f~03( -!l!:tf:~tr -!l!f:li'.$0 ~rJJ\m*F :!Eif$~ ]ii#f~ tr~ll!.N Kli'. ~:IE.~::I: ~Jf.HHl.5 $~1ITTI ~11!.N 11!.:IE:I: *!X1~!ifili A~ (:lij; €1) IITTIA~ (JJkm) (km) <JJA/j:.) (JJ]C) (JJkm) <Aij:.) (:7C/ Ai).:> J:i'fiJ 9,998 79,887 32,546 4, 118 551, 787 52,000 8.0 3. 3 17.0 0.0942 ~tffi 7,252 53,665 24,416 3, 391 282,371 52, 100 7.4 3.4 11. 6 0. 1845 ~~ 2,681 21, 665 10,598 3, 161 60, 122 10, 010 8. 1 4.0 5. 7 0. 1665 ttllE l, 897 17,632 5, 194 1, 798 48,266 4, 281 9.3 2. 7 9. 3 0.0887 Jitt>l 2,544 28,036 10,063 l, 252 123, 729 7,940 11. 0 4.0 12. 3 0.0642 1#1 2, 731 20, 128 9,934 3, 219 66,372 0 7.4 3.6 6. 7 0.0000 *$~ l, 479 14,883 4,353 725 50,609 4,950 10. 1 2.9 11. 6 0.0978 ££J=,; 2,090 16, 221 9,652 5,038 75,296 1, 837 7.8 4.6 7.8 0.0244 Wiffi l, 612 13, 937 6,979 l, 637 44,467 3,900 8.6 4. 3 6.4 0.0877 jffi~ l, 259 10,075 3,666 725 35,504 700 8. 0 2.9 9. 7 0.0197 PX;tll 1, 357 9,676 4, 105 2,217 26, 213 0 7. 1 3.0 6.4 0.0000 :Xi! 1,578 12, 780 4,960 346 76,233 3, 350 8. 1 3. 1 15.4 0.0439 Kt:f l, 118 7,415 3, 811 778 28, 717 0 6.6 3.4 7. 5 0.0000 ::t:~ 895 4,939 3,372 786 20, 729 3, 700 5. 5 3.8 6. 1 0. 1785 BtiW 1, 092 7,307 4,229 1,326 33, 723 2,200 6. 7 3.9 8.0 0.0652 W!itr 1,527 11, 903 4,857 1, 017 70,659 l, 996 7. 8 3.2 14.5 0. 0282 ~#I 857 5,328 .3, 057 599 29, 219 250 6.2 . 3. 6 9.6 0.0086 ¥.'liw 578 7,004 1, 911 392 20,180 0 12. 1 3: 3 10.6 0.0000 f;t)Jlj)! 855 6, 769 3,324 577 36,072 800 7.9 3.9 10.9 0.0222 ~~ 918 4,988 2,534 l, 616 21, 763 800 5.4 2.8 8.6 0.0368 ~1+1 538 4, 221 1, 820 283 12, 115 700 7.8 3.4 6. 7 0. 0578 Kill 963 6,276 3, 183 468 25,608 300 6.5 3. 3 8.0 0. 0117 tit:i'N 1, 100 9,499 4,800 866 38,536 2,000 8.6 4.4 8.0 0.0519 i¥i I§ 517 4,457 1, 442 912 11, 544 330 8.6 2. 8 8. 0 0.0286 1i~l'.lt 663 4,966 l, 738 504 11, 533 800 7.5 2.6 6.6 0.0694 g,~** 848 6, 780 3,344 697 43,435 200 8. 0 3. 9 13.0 0.0046 ~*" 659 3,265 2, 137 570 17, 778 410 5.0 3.2 8. 3 0.0231 ***$ :m-flB 355 536 4,042 5,213 1, 454 2,084 1, 1Z6 802 81, 73 22,460 920 0 11. 4 9. 7 4. 1 3.9 5.6 10. 8 0. 1126 0.0000 f;!ftlJ 434 3, 770 1,384 303 7,874 l, 040 8. 7 3. 2 5. 7 0. 1321 -El.~ 474 2,973 1,547 710 5,482 500 6.3 3. 3 3. 5 0.0912 ~Jjlf nu~ 94 725 400 100 l, 700 120 7. 7 3.9 4.6 0.0700 .. , . ~nHljf''i!'.f~ .A. :1$:] !:l jf' }! 11!: .A.:!$:Jfl'Hll. .A.:!$:J it jf' }! .A.:!$:J03C: .A.:!$:Jmlilltm PJfflti&.A !:ljf'}!"fit 'i!'.f~Jttll 03C:tl!:.A m.~MJf~ tl!:.A 'i!'.t~i&.A i&.A 11!:'!!'.f~Jtl±l tl!:.A ~tl!:tl!:.A ~rtl\mtr- .&.~'l[ttl&.A OJlt)b (lflt)d (lf lt) a (lf :7t) c <lilt) e (lilt) f (lt/ .A.) g <lilt) h (lt/ }I.) i (lt/ .A.) j _t;'4U' l, 036, 691 75,634 1, 036, 82 70, 177 447,417 1, 160 85 1, 160 79 501 ~t* 365, 373 81,540 324, 122 47,567 85,004 636 142 564 83 148 :li:i~ 138, 558 36, 974 135, 111 1, 352 21,024 303 81 295 3 46 ttllE 84, 152 21,800 67,405 3,963 13,009 226 59 181 11 35 ftti>?. 97,445 26, 138 97, 369 l, 720 26, 277 291 78 291 5 79 11+1 306,024 55, 121 304, 119 9, 712 251,585 1, 008 182 1, 002 32 829 *fFiti 123,009 14,846 123, 009 0 0 478 58 478 0 0 ;I:.$( 55,953 20,294 55,086 7, 322 14,323 239 87 235 31 61 i¥i* 89,060 26,923 91,618 1,335 23,427 410 124 421 6 108 jffi~ 101, 352 8, 700 58,607 1, 523 22,331 492 42 285 7 108 l'X;t\l 109,445 13, 178 107, 151 5, 355 37,629 596 72 584 29 205 :kl! 88,206 19,390 88, 111 729 7,669 485 107 485 4 42 Kfi< 58,878 10,960 60,925 829 5,007 335 62 347 5 28 :ii:~ 39,059 13,427 34,805 0 0 244 84 217 0 0 mm 62,505 15, 108 62,519 l, 940 866 435 105 435 14 6 lf&li 61,412 16,918 61, 763 4, 710, 14,585 438 121 441 34 104 ~1+1 21, 011 13,810 21, 011 754 1, 269 168 110 168 6 10 ~tl.J 47,948 21, 774 49,256 775 2,221 387 176 397 6 18 Vi;!®! 23,357 13,200 23,357 970 3, 781 189 107 189 8 31 ~a.Jl 44, 717 25,200 39,839 2,514 7,649 373 210 332 21 64 ~1+1 35,893 9, 796 36, 765 580 15,640 305 83 312 5 133 Ktv 46,482 11, 186 46,932 1, 500 10,699 401 96 405 13 92 :ffi:1+1 52,280 19,000 43,577 2, 673 9,915 454 165 379 23 Sq 1¥i /§, 28,409 4,610 48,947 2,446 34,297 250 41 431 22 302 :ti"~ff. 24,600 12,480 19,552 450 1,579 218 111 174 4 14 Q,fl-;;jcjf 33,999 9,979 33, 705 3, 706 12,600 307 90 304 33 114 E"1* 14,430 5,900 14, 199 110 504 131 54 129 1 5 1f=if*$ 15,684 5, 128 15,684 25 4,610 144 47 144 0 42 iltllE 17, 504 7,956 15,017 416 7,575 163 74 139 4 70 f;!ttl.J 27,937 15,914 22, 703 678 2,353 263 150 214 6 22 1'!~ 24, 138 11,487 20,218 239 3, 318 238 113 200 2 33 i,i1UJll 14, 207 12, 132 14,009 0 0 162 138 160 0 0 NJ~ 37,600 8,200 37,000 500 11,800 558 121 548 8 175 ;>E: a. #it1fJflt1111!!:it,& f2 iftt t/f[A f. A :HJ:frit1fJflt/115!:it,& f2 B'ttt/f[A b. jJJjJJ!#it1fJflt/11Hi£1!f:it g. A :HJjJJjJJ!#it1fJflt/11Hi£1!f:it c. :fritlffflt111Hi£1!f:itJt!iJ h. A :HJ:frit1ffflt111Hi£1!f:itJt!iJ d. Z..'ftx~tf!1!! i. Af1Ji'ftx~tf!1!! e. i1ffi$1!fjff1fl1!! j. A :HJ:i!ffi$1JfJff1fl1!! 1!!#?/C#ff: Hi£1i/f 1993 lf:fritlffHi£!Jfitlfflio !!fEjf/f/l/j 377 :!PX"fP ~WJ~:¥fil 1993 :¥AP (-=f A) fiH~tlHf$ UJ\/ A·~) ¥11EZ9J A P 1±:! 11° ¥ UJ\I A • ~) ~~,(1993) 4,671 2.02 1. 98 ftt¥X (1993) 3,459 1. 80 11+1 (1984) 3,037 2.28 3.22 JiJG:W (1987) 1,835 2. 16 2.63 ~i¥j (1988) 1,604 1. 68 1. 77 w!ih <1993) 1, 571 1. 73 2.49 t;/i;Jl[OO (1995) 1,233 2. 73 2.56 :fi1+1 (1993) 930 2.40 4.00 i¥j'J" (1993) 802 2.53 nu~ <1994) 674 2. 75 ~ w (1995) 329 2.90 4.00 ~1+1 (1993) 229 2. 12 (~{li::%) 1993 :¥AP A't :!PX"fP ,& WJ~:¥fil <-TA) 03( §1T$ zv1f ** 1±:\fll.$ *ft* VLZ9J$1J\it i=t"V __t;4jt (1986) 8, 104 24.0 34.2 38.2 2. 2 0.2 0.2 3.6 100.0 ~~R- (1986) 5,983 24.3 54.0 13.8 4.4 0. 3 7. 9 100.0 ~~,(1993) 4,671 4. 1 60.5 28.0 3. 1 2.0 7. 5 100.0 tt~s <1990) 3, 724 8.0 60.2 28. 7 3. 1 100.0 !Et& (1987) 3,459 24.5 32.6 32. 6 4. 7 0. 1 0. 2 10. 3 100.0 11+1 (1992) 3,037 21. 7 33.8 30.6 6. 1 6.4 13.9 100. 0 JiJG:W (1987) 1,835 5.8 54.6 36.0 0.0 3.6 100.0 ~i¥j (1988) 1,604 6. 7 63.8 23. 3 3. 8 0.8 6.2 100. 0 w!ih <1993) 1, 571 21. 9 17. 9 47. 1 9.3 0.4 0.8 13. 1 100.0 ~~tw: <1989) 1,270 2.9 76.0 19.0 0.6 2. 1 100. 0 fji.lJ (1995) 1,240 12. 1 57.4 22. 7 4. 6 0.9 1. 4 7. 8 100.0 :wi1+1 (1995) 1,233 17. 7 23.4 51. 0 8.0 100.0 ~~*:fH1993) 1, 108 18.6 21. 9 48. 7 7.0 10.8 100. 0 :fi1+1 (1993) 930 2.4 60. 9 25.4 1. 5 0.3 4.3 11. 3 100.0 "1¥j)jt(l993) 802 2.2 58. 9 22.8 3.0 1. 2 6.2 16. 1 100. 0 nu~ <1994) 674 0.5 52. 5 32. 6 1. 0 0. 8. 11. 4 14.4 100.0 ~ w(1995) 329 3.6 33. 0 25.8 6.6 1. 0 24.6 37.6 100. 0 ~1+1 (1993) 229 4. 7 50.9 31. 4 2.3 0.3 1. 5 13.0 100.0 i-- s1s ffftf!I: 1, lfrg/JJitmx~i!titlll/I (~f!i: :%) ~ITT lk. iml 1f a1 fBJ 0;J:t;3tii l±lf!l$ if~$ ~11f$ ti1ff :ltffil A't ~~(1993) 29.8 ** 15.9 0. 7 6. 1 19. 1 28.4 1=1-i: 100.0 11-M (1993) 45.9 1. 9 17.0 0.2 2.0 24.5 8.4 100.0 P.IGW (1987) 40.0 6.0 28.0 26.0 100.0 $I$j' (1988) 38.0 12.8 1. 8 1. 2 14. 5 21. 0 10. 7 100.0 wSii <1993) 25.0 10. 4 18. 7 0.3 0.2 28.5 8.6 100. 0 jji;Jll!i! (1995) 26.3 5.2 2. 3 0.0 18.4 38. 1 9. 7 100. 0 (~ffi::mi n) 1993 iF~ITTJd:::i ~ITT lk. iml 1f a1 fBJ tl1qf ~Hf$ 03t$ l±lf!l$ if~$ :ltffil !Et& (1993) <-TA) 3,459 18 23 55 ** 46 46 25 I :HI (1993) 3,037 15 23 44 48 JJ.IG~(1987) 1, 835 16 22 46 $I$j' (1988) 1,604 18 22 44 37 iiii tw: 0 989) 1,270 14 16 23 17 24 *1i LlJ (1995) 1,240 19 28 38 34 29 22 31 tifM (1993) 930 15 23 38 39 32 20 26 1¥j';}( (1993) 802 17 22 38 21 25 15 20 NJ~(1994) 674 15 18 47 27 38 15 r:p LlJ ( 1995) 329 18 15 44 29 18 15 24 ~J-M (1993) 229 19 23 31 28 25 19 37 (~i1i:%) ~ITT Edml 1fif:fil 0;J:t;3tii l±lf!l$ if~$ §ff$ tl1qf :ltffil ~it !Et& (1993) 21. 9 ** 23. 7 18.5 19. 1 25.2 22. 1 22.8 17+1 (1993) 20.6 22.3 12.0 13.8 24.2 19. 1 21. 2 JJ.1Gt!S(l987) . 18. 3 $1¥j' (1988) 17.9 21. 5 24.3 17.6 22.0 iiiit:W: (1989) 11. 7 4.5 11. 1 9.9 8.5 tifM (1993) 23.2 19.5 23.4 21. 6 1¥j';}( (1993) 16.0 16.0 12.0 14.0 12.0 19.0 NJ~ (1994) 9.3 17.4 9. 7 14.8 16.6 12. 9 14.0 r:p ill (1995) 23.9 21. 2 3.9 17.6 18. 7 14.4 25.4 ~1+1 (1993) 18.5 24.3 23.3 19.5 17.9 16.4 1!t.W.i&qTC~-~B)i-t* ~*m · ~m*it!l!'T t!ttr 3'.c:ii, #t 7J<. ~~ITT JtMfiU fiijif M~Itt; • i~tMitt; t!t 1f q:i 00 fiU J;f :It~ ITT l&JtM tit tit if 1:~3f. ~JT1:0'$WT t!t1f q:i 00 fiU J;f :It~ ITT l&JtMtit r'aJ rJ). 3'.c:ii ~ * ~"1~ ' • 9M~ifl t!ttr 3'.c:ii, #t 7J<. ~~ITT ttMfiU l¥r ~ 3'.c:ii ~ * wr1~twft • **3'!!!1"tr t!ttr5c:Ji, #t7k~~ITT1tMfiU 1¥f ~5c:ii~* 'Ll± ~I,Q;, t!t tr q:i 00 fiU J;f :It~ ITT l&JtM tit 3'.c:iif&iif~* ~x** • M!!?*ir$ t!t 1f~'.i iJf JtMliJf JE ll% 1ifiii1~* 1!t.W.i&fi ($ OOi-t*~) i-t* ~1~ • 'E!.~;fLl t!t tr 1J1 q:i 001~* tit ,ffl,1~* JE -1""' ~ • )t~J21'"ilii <jfij i::i f:.,, t!t 1T1J1 q:i 001~*tit~ ~tit tit if iH!l;fo-=f t!t tr 1J1 q:i 001~*tit ~~tn-iml~ *M t!t 1f1J1 q:i 001~* tit ~~'§~ § JI}] w ~!fx t!t tr 1J1 q:i 001~* tit J~ *lf;ttlt "'' t!t tr 1J1 q:i 001~*tit J~ § WJW ill!.~#l~JiH&fii-t* V•V·t11Hf _llE 1f ~li:ift5thl!!, ~g¥Jffi ~ ~Jl& tr ~fiU fiijif A• ~~® • 1Bt1~~ _\IE tr ~1iili ~Ml!' ~g¥}ffi ~ !n:tl& tr ~fiij ;1Jfiijif ~W~Jf • M • m'.1:± _llE 1f~1iili ~M!!fiU (ilj rJ). 3'.c:iif& iJf 9i1J 00 ~;R;gfiti) ~ ~ ~/K. il!<J b~~ ~OOH. FOX0'§1 ±tr "" ='J" '1' tfl$x • *ir-A~m$ ~00Jff~'WI~ll% ~~ ~r!HIB:1(.IJ, m~ I :Ef ~I*¥ *OOH:t wmMV A(_\IE ¥HD 1if iii10 '§:] :1:-l!!IR±tf JJ.~t~. *~ wm5c:Jm. ~i1!HJ1t1J ~* ~'-]~ • R • J21ij~ * ~ 00 llilf!lt ~ ~'.i iJf ~ ll% ~~ :l21}'l$ • p ¥3CfJ\1t ~ 00J;f :!i1ifiiiJ;fJ-UtJ ~* ~* • G • :=f'J)F'-'. fPf c'1: _:f 00 3'.c:ii $ § tr:$ ~J\!:1(.IJ J~§±ff -1 :Jifm!3 ~9M@A ~ :Jt.m. • jffi ~ liffi±~$:k~i13 *~ WG:f!J • A • WT*~ liffi±~ntt/iCliJF~ ~ ~~ s. ~~Jl {.iJ =': .:E IE~$ :k ~i13 -~~4'5 (jfij 93-) •WT· J ·~~WT {.iJ =': .:E IE 3C:ii $3C:ii liJf ~ ~ 'L" JJJH~.±~ G • ffll; ~ =': ~-frlE7fttit:JW~ s · ~:R:ztt ~-frlE7fttit:lW~ OO~~i~~IH-\:~ {~ tt IE~UtiXfflI $-If *~* IE~UtiXfflI ii!JfflI-lf -=£:ti1rts IE*~lifflI ijlj{flI-lf f.!3T-~ IE*~lifflI 1*ii1J'f$-lf ~LaiHI IE*~lifflI~il'it:lWirJ iij-lf **'T IE*~lifflI~m~iXirJ iij-lf ~1?1:. IE*~ iX $IE ~ffiil'fF irJ iij-lf *ft'.00: IE*~li$1J-0ff iitl.±if ;j;gp ftij$ IE*~lifflI~m~iXirJ ii!J iij-ff ~l!ftl319 IE*~ iXtflJ~m 1.!Mt!J ir1 ii!J iij-lf .:Eiit;~ IE*~li$1J-0ff ~-If 1fj\ ~ IE*~li$1J-0ff ii!J~-lf ilf~lj~ IE*~iX$1J-0ff ~&$9iP __,__ If J.L IE*~ iX $ IE ~ffiil'fF ir1 IE ~ffi fJHJUd~ ~-If 'T i!UL IE *~ti$ IE fSJ-Fil'fFirJ IE ~ffifllfR~ #i' IE*~ iX $ IE ~ffiil'fF ir1 IE ~ffi fllfR~ * it I=! .¥j oo~ot~tflJ:YiXrtnt~~ ~,g.~ ~* ?"!Rn OO*~lifflI~m~iXirJ ~ii-~ ijlj~-lf .:E~~ OO*~~fflI~m~iXirJ~il'~ *~;$ OO*~~fflI~m~iXirJ 03C:~ ~-If tt ~ oo*~~fflI~m~txirJmi&~ ~-If ){rj .:li IJ}3 00*~~$~-tl'itt!JirJifltittrJ~ ijlj~-lf ~~.:li OO*~liffliitt!JM93-ir1 ~-If .=£f.xml OO*~litfl3itt!JM93-ir1 Jl!3 B Li! OO*~li'l'.ffl~rtr1.mt!Jir1~t1J~ ~-If {iiJ*$ 00 *~li$;f4tt iij ~~ 00 ~9!~i&~~{-\:~ ~_l[~ OO*Mi&$ $-lfWJ:FJj[ ~ 00 *Mi& fflittl: JHlHf ir1 ijlj iij -If * i!~rr 00 *Mi&$ ttl: JHlHf ir1 ~-If ~ x!x. 00 *Mi& fflittl:WiHf irJ ~c, ~ 00 *Mi& 'l'.fflttl: WiHf ir1 A ~@ff 00 ~ffi '§1_illUfH7f ~@ff tit A ~@ff 00 ~ffi EJ .lll'.ifH 7f ~@ff tit f!j\00~ 00*~4~ iiiJPJ* Ifilll OO*it~ ~ijfyij] 1% f5J 00*0~$ /ilJ~* x~%Jllll3 OO*~~M~ 1 L.' ~* :5-it5i OO*~~M~ 1 L.' ;1J_±ff: 411Uw 00*1*~~ tit* t!Ui!H-t 00*~~.'ffl~ /ilJtit* ~llft* OO*m*,~'~ /ilJtit* fi!d _]J_h OO*:Eff*~>'r~11- ~ -'* ¥~81111 i t:Jit ITT ITT ll&Jff it:JitITTITTll&ft~ ITT *M J£ ;1J_±{±: B:J!$ it:JitITTITTll&ft~ ®J± ~ij;-------------~JB$1tr-:mi.m---------------;~--$* ___________ _ ~~~ *~ITTJ!Rftl:I~~~ -~~±ff: jfi~---~---------~__f;i1trJ\~I&-m--------------;~w4f*iii~i1i __ _ w~• ~•ITTJ!RftJ£~~~ ~tit~~~~ -----------------~-------------------------------------- MfflOO rfflITTITTll&m ~ITT* $~~ rfflITTJ!RftJ£~~~ ~I ~~Jt~ r1+IITT~ 1 L.'IRX:illll9! § ~JJ1~1J>g_§_ I~¥YiP •*• -----------------~-----------------------------~-------- ·~~ ~&ITTITTll&Jff ~&r!JJ!RftJ£~~~ ~** J!~±ff: M~$ ~&rll~RftJ£~~~ ~~ --------------------------------------------------------- ·~* *$~rllr!Jll&Jff ~ITT* **~ *$~ITT~RftJ£~~~ -~~±ff: ~~* tt~ITTITTll&Jff ~ITT* W~~ tt~r!JJ!RftJ£~~~ ~~±ff: -----------------~-------------------------------------- *~~ ~8rllrllll&Jff ~ITT* ~n~ ~•ITTJ!Rftr£~~~ •~m±ff: ~~m ~-ITT~Jttit tit* •~~ ~•ITTxmm~1J- ±ff: -----------------~-------------------------------------- m•~ m:JitITTITTll&Jff mITT* #ffia m:JitITTJ!Rftr£~~~ •~±ff: £7!$ m:JitITT*~ m±ff: ~mm m:JitITTM•~ ~* ~#~ m:JitITTrJl!:lW~ tw±· *~ff ®~ITTITT®:m liiIJITT-tE: .:EJJ(~~ ®~ITTITT®:fiU lii!JfiU-tE: .:EJt$ ®~ITT Jt 11t ftm~ ff!~ -~liiiJ.:tff: 5tE®5t ®~ITT Jt 11tft m~ ff!~ !xt-tE: .r•~ ®~ITTJt11tftm~ff!~ ~!xt* * ~ ®~ITTITT®:fiU !xt-tE: "*"-~--------------"*'"ii~1~im---------------~~iu~~--------- ~•ili -tE:fFITTJt11tftm~ff!~ -~~±ff: 1ii*--------------~iii~im---------------;ui4f-f _________ _ tt•• ~~~ m*ITT~JtftU m*ITTITT®:11t*~ ~ftU* ~* ~z~ ~iTu m*m~JtftU ______________#[jj.j1tf !xt-tE: "j"-&~-liiffi-~---------"j"~i:li _________ _ .r*m mfflITTJt11tftm~ff!~ ~I ii%~'Li' tt:1+1ITT~Jll::1<.1J11tit~ mIJ,gi,I !ii~f-------------]f;j1tf~im---------------;um-tE:------------ ~~x ~JXITTJt11t•m~ff!~ •~±ff: "*"nffi---------------w-i1tr~im---------------;um-tE:------------ ~ft* W~ITTJti1tftm~ff!~ -~~±ff: --------------------------------------------------------- .:Ettt~ ~:1:111ITT®:m~•11- ±ff: fiH~IY:l ~:l:JllITT®:J#~ft1J- !xt-tE: ~llfgfY:l ~:l:iilITT®:m~ft11- ~*1i<.~ JJ:f1ITTJt11t•m~ff!~ Jt~±ff: ~Bjg* JJ:f1ITTJt11t•rJIE~ff!~1J-0'.¥: j1J±ff: "*"~;;-------------""¥""~i~im---------------;um-tE:--------~--- .rm* ~~ITTJt11tftm~ff!~ -~~±ff: ~:lit~ ;p" *ff rP Jt ti[ tg 1£~ Jn~ 51E•5¥ * :P- 1±rirnt ®:fiU ~00# * :P- J± rtr YIJ ®:fiU fi** *~*•11t•m~ff!~ ~±ff: --------------------------------------------------------- 3::~~ ~~mw-m~•ftU ftU-tE: ~~::st *~*~ITT•11t•mftU ~±ff: ~~~ *~ITT~JtftU ftU-tE: •** --------------------------------------------------------- mfflITTJt11tftm~ff!~~•* ~±ff: --------------------------------------------------------- *~· ~fflITTJti1tftJ£~ff!~ ~I ~*~ iE:~ITTJti1tftJ£~ff!~ ~I --------------------------------------------------------- *Jt~ .PITT~Jtfiij ~I ~•fi *~ITTJt11tftm~ff!~ ±ff: --------------------------------------------------------- *~* mmITT•11twm~ff!~ ±ff: #~~ mmITTJt11tftm~ff!~ ~!xt* --------------------------------------------------------- ~-- ®~ITT~-fiij ~I --------------------------------------------------------- ~~1:: ~;11ITTJt11tftm~ff!~ m1J±ff: *~&j}f~tll#ilf\:~ ~1!1JJ ~ i1f ::k ~~ITT 1Jil:lGIJ liJf ~Jiff tttt ;j%~~ ~iif::k~il!~~3t:iiiijL¥ tttt PJt:fll~ ~iif::k~il!~~3t:iiI;fj[* tttt _r it *Wff::k~3t:ii~~ tttt illli&1JJ ilf:Jtr# 00 *it~tz: ~H£ iif tt:'1Cf£ iif liJf~Jiff OO~iil¥~iiU0ii.l li}f~ff! ;1J,~,I, illliI i'i~~IJ¥fH it& ITT~ ITT 3t:ii1Jil)G1JliJf ~ ~ ;1J~*' ,~,I JitjjJt I :J+I ITT 1Jil)G1J fiU 3t:iiliJf ~JiJT JiJT*, ~~1Jil)G1jyrp ~l!f= ~ tJ?- ITT 0 ~ 3t:iiI':flfijj ;1Jfijj*, tttt ~11<.~ ~ tJ?-ITT ~ITT 1Jil)GIJ '&it liJf ~ ~ MIJ~*' illfiI ~11fi~ ~tJ?-ITT~ITT~'&liJf~~ ~~Iij[yrp mx3J>J ~'&W~ITT~'&liJf~~ r'i'QI ~-T-1: _t~ ITT 03(,~, 0 ii.I ,~,~£JI, illfiI ffi~t<Jlj ~ t 3?-ITT 3t:iiI li l4liJf Jiff ;1JJiff*, illfiI ~*f#: 4t 00 ~ITT 0~3t:ii t0-~ MIJ~45* ~_l[if ¥#$::k~±-*I;f¥* i!Jtttt ~~t~~ 4t 00~ITT1Jil)G1J '&it liJf ~ ~ ~*' tttt .:Efitit 4t 00~ITT1Jil)G1J '&it liJf ~ ~ MIJ~*' ~I .:E{it3f 4t 00~ITT1Jil)G1J'&itliJf~~ ,~,1Jil)Gljyrp' tttt *#Lt~ 4t 00 ~ITT ;J;!A!)G1J '&itliJf ~ ~3t:iiJiJT tttt *~rr q:i OO~ITT;J;!A!)G1J'&itliJf~~3t:iiJiJT JiJT *, illfi ~1Jil)G1J YiP -T _l[ 4t 00~ITT1Jil)GIJliJf ~ ~ 00 ~i il"fl: W ±{f: *~IY3 4t 00~ITT1Jil)GIJ '&it liJf ~ ~ 3t:iiJiJT ±1:fiij[9fP,~I ~~3¥- it:i oo ~ITT1Jil)G1J '&it liJf~~3t:iim ;1JJiJT*, ~I !b ** 4t 00~ITT1Jll)G1J '&it liJf ~ ~ 3t:iiJiff ±f:fiij[yrp, r'i'QI
Группа Всемирного банка · Publication
China's urban transport development strategy : proceedings of a symposium in Beijing, November 8-10, 1995 : 中国城市交通发展战略：1995年11月8日至10日在北京举行的专题讨论会议
Открыть оригинал документа
Полный текст размещён на сайте публикующей организации. lawenc.com индексирует метаданные и ведёт на официальный источник.
Полный текст
Основные сведения
Организация
Группа Всемирного банка
Тип документа
Publication
Страна
Китай
Источник
Всемирный банк