India - Andhra Pradesh Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project

Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No. T-7100-IN TECHNICAL ANNEX ON A PROPOSED LOAN AND CREDIT TO INDIA FOR AN ANDHRA PRADESH HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY CYCLONE RECOVERY PROJECT April 11, 1997 Energy and Infrastructure Operations Division Country Department 11 South Asia Region This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  CURRENCY EQUIVAL[NTS (as of March 1997) Currency Unit = Indian Rupees (Rs) US$1.00 - Rs35.50 WEIGHTS AND MEAStURES I meter (m) 3.228 feet I kilometer (km) 0.62 miles I hectare (ha) 2.47 acres (ac) 10 lakhs Rs. I million I crore Rs. 10 minillion Fiscal Year of Borrov-er April 1 - March 31 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AP = Andhra Pradesh APDMC = AP Disaster Mitigation Council APDMU AP Disaster NManagement Unit APRSAC = Al' Remote Sensing Applications Center APSEB = AP State Electricity Board CERP = Cyclone Elmergency Reconstruction Project DDMC = District Disater Management Committee GOAP - Governmieni ef Andhra Pradesh GOI - Government ol lndia ICB = International Competitive Bidding ICR = Implemenitation Completion Report IMD = India Meteorological Department NCB - National Competitive Bidding NGO = Non-Governmnental Organization O&M = Operation and Maintenianice PMU - Project Management Unit SOE - Statement of Expenditures TOR = T erms of Re terence Vice President : Mieko Nishimizu Director : Robert S. Drysdale Division Chief : Jean-Francois Bauer Task Manager .lelena Pantelic  FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY INDIA ANDHRA PRADESH HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY CYCLONE RECOVERY PROJECT TECHNICAL ANNEX Table of Contents Page No. Background ........ ...........................................................................I Area Description ....................................................................................I Vulnerability to Natural Hazards ....................................................................................I AP Vulnerability Profile ....................................................................................2 Vulnerability Factors ....................................................................................3 Disaster Management Record ....................................................................................4 Previous Bank Involvement ....................................................................................5 The November 1996 Cyclone Disaster ....................................................................................6 Pre-cyclone Actions and Disaster Relief ....................................................................................6 Needs and Priorities ....................................................................................7 Janmabhoomi - A Vehicle for Community Mobilization ....................................................................................8 Bank Response and Strategy ....................................................................................9 Rationale for Bank Involvement ....................................................................................9 Project Objectives ................................................................................... 9 Recovery Strategy ....................................................................................9 Project Description .................................................................................... 11 Project Components ................................................................................... 11 Project Cost and Financing Plan ................................................................................... 18 Hazard Reduction Studies, Other Consultancies, Training and Equipment ........................................................ 19 Institutional Arrangements and Project Implementation ................................................................................... 20 Policy Framework ................................................................................... 20 Project Implementation Period ................................................................................... 20 Environmental and Social Impact ................................................................................... 20 Institutional Arrangements ................................................................................... 21 Flow of Funds ................................................................................... 24 Project Implementation ................................................................................... 25 Procurement ................................................................................... 26 Disbursements ................................................................................... 28 Financial and Economic Justification ................................................................................... 30 Major Project Benefits and Risks ................................................................................... 30 Performance Monitoring Indicators ..........................32....................................................................................... 32 This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  TECHNICAL ANNEX Attachments 1. Summary Project Costs 2. Estimated Schedule and Disbursements 3. Detailed Project Costs with Phasing 4. Vulnerability Reduction Fund S. Electric Power Facilities 6. Irrigation and Drainage 7. Roads and Bridges 8. Mitigation Works (Cyclone Shelters, Tree Shelter Belts and Watershed Management) 9. Draft GOAP Policy Statement on Long-term Hazard Mitigation 10. AP Disaster Management Unit 11. Community Involvement and Janmabhoomi Program 12. Enhanced Design Standards 13. Procurement Responsibilities, Committee of Secretaries and Fund Flow Arrangements 14. Performnance Monitoring Indicators 15. Outline Terms of Reference for Consultancies 16. Economic Analysis 17. Environmental Assessments 18. Public Buildings 19. List of Documents in Project File  INDIA ANDHRA PRADESH HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY CYCLONE RECOVERY PROJECT TECHNICAL ANNEX Section A: BACKGROUND AREA DESCRIPTION I. Andhra Pradesh (AP) covers 274,000 square km on the east coast of India, and it is the country's fifth largest state, accounting for 8.4 percent of its total area. It is surrounded by Madhya Pradesh and Orissa to the north, Maharashtra to the north and west, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka to the south, and the Bay of Bengal to the east. AP is also the fourth most populous state, with a predominantly rural population of over 66 million.' Next to Tamil Nadu, the state registers the highest proportion of agricultural labor households, and only one of its 23 districts is considered non-rural. Its 29,293 villages are grouped into 1,104 mandals, which are basic administrative units for regulatory, revenue and development functions. Three distinct geographical regions include: Telengana, formerly part of the princely state of Hyderabad (which includes the capital city), Rayalaseema, a drought-prone area comprising four districts (Chittoor, Kurnool, Cuddapah and Anantapur), and Coastal Andhra, spread along the state's 1,030 km of fertile lands along the coastline on the Bay of Bengal. Coastal Andhra is divided in nine districts, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Prakasam, and Nellore. Among these primarily agricultural districts, Guntur, Krishna, and East and West Godavari are renowned for their complex and productive irrigation systems, which take advantage of the deltas of two of India's largest rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna. East and West Godavari by themselves are among the most prosperous areas of AP, as well as most populous, with densities of 670 and 510 persons per sq km respectively, well over the state's average of 268 persons per sq km. Sharp social divisions, however, characterize the rural communities of the affluent delta and coastal plains, particularly between land-owning upper castes and the landless dalits. VULNERABILITY TO NATURAL HAZARDS 2. In India, the cyclones develop in the pre-monsoon (April to May) and post-monsoon seasons (October to December), but most of them tend to form in the month of November. Cyclones on the east coast originate in the Bay of Bengal, the Andaman Sea or the South China Sea, and usually reach the coastline of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal, which are the most vulnerable to these types of hazards. Two of the deadliest cyclones of this century, with fatalities of about 10,000 people in each case, took place in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh during October 1971 and November 1977 respectively. The states bordering the Arabian Sea on the west coast are not completely safe either, as Kerala, Gujarat - and to a lesser extent Maharashtra - are also prone to cyclones. With a frequency of four cyclones per year, one of which usually becomes severe, the Bay of Bengal accounts for seven percent of the annual I According to the 1991 census.  2 tropical cyclone activity worldwide. Despite this relatively low percentage, the level of human and property loss that cyclones cause around the Bay is very high. Once the cyclones enter the mainland, they give way to heavy rains which often translate into floods, as it was the case with the damaging cyclone-induced floods in the Godavari delta, in August of 1986. Many drought- prone areas adjacent to coastal districts in eastern maritime states are thus vulnerable to flash floods originated by the torrential rains induced by the cyclonic depression. In addition to cyclones and its related hazards, monsoon depressions over the north and central areas of the Bay of Bengal move until reaching north and central India, including portions of Andhra Pradesh, bringing heavy to very heavy rains and causing floods in the inland rivers between June and September. AP VULNERABILITY PROFILE 3. Social and economic life of AP's population is characterized by recurring natural disasters. The state is exposed to cyclones, storm surges, floods, and droughts. According to the available disaster inventories, AP is the state that has suffered the most from the adverse effects of severe cyclones. It has been estimated that about 44 percent of AP's total territory is vulnerable to tropical storms and related hazards,2 while its coastal belt is likely to be the most vulnerable region in India to these natural phenomena. Khamman district, in the Telengana region, is affected by monsoon floods, along with five districts in Coastal AP. Four districts in Rayalaseema and five in Telengana experience drought. Along the coastline, the section between Nizampatnam and Machilipatnam is the most prone to storm surges. The fertile Delta areas of the Godavari and the Krishna rivers, which contribute substantially to the state's economic prosperity, face flood and drainage problems, and more so in the aftermath of cyclones. 4. More than sixty cyclones have affected AP this century. The incidence of cyclones seems to have increased in the past decades, to the extent that severe cyclones have become a common event occurring every two to three years, repeatedly and severely affecting the state's economy while challenging its financial and institutional resources.3 Almost 29 million people are vulnerable to cyclones and their effects in Coastal AP, 3.3 million of whom belong to communities located within five km of the seashore. The deadliest cyclone in the last twenty years took place in November 1977 killing about 10,000 people. More recently, the May 1990 cyclone, with a death toll close to 1,000 people, caused about US$1.25 billion in damage in ten districts, including the entire coast. Between 1977 and 1992, about 13,000 lives and 338,000 cattle were lost due to cyclones and floods, and nearly 3.3 million houses damaged.4 5. May cyclones are relatively rare in the region, and only about 13 have affected AP in this month this century. However, when they badly hit the Delta areas, as it happened in 1979 in the Krishna district - where 80 percent of the casualties occurred - the population in danger may be higher than usual. May is rice harvesting season, and a good number of itinerant laborers come to the delta from less fertile areas of AP in search of work. Since they lack awareness of the area's most prevalent hazards, this migrant population is more vulnerable than the permanent delta residents. Similarly, entire families have come to the delta districts to engage in activities 2 Naidu, B.R. 1989. Economic Consequences of 1977 Cyclone in Andhra Pradesh. Tiraputi, AP: Sri Venkateswara University. 3 Ibid. 4 Center for Disaster Management Studies. 1994. Planningfor Alanagement and Mitigation of Cyclone and Flood Disasters in Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad, AP: National InstitUitC of Rural Dcvelopmcnt.  3 related to shrimp farming, which has taken off recently in the area. They are involved in the collection of fingerlings, living for several months a year in makeshift shelters along the marshes. The warnings may not reach them on time, and even when they do, their inexperience renders them highly vulnerable. 6. The Godavari and the Krishna rivers have well-defined stable courses, and their natural and man-made banks have usually been capable of carrying flood discharges, with the exception of their delta areas. Traditionally, the flood problem in AP had been confined to the spilling of smaller rivers and the submersion of marginal areas surrounding Kolleru lake. However, the drainage problem in the delta zones of the coastal districts has worsened, thereby multiplying the destructive potential of cyclones and increasing flood hazards. Moreover, when a storm surge develops, as it was the case during the severe November 1977, May 1990 and November 1996 cyclones, threats to humans and property multiply as the sea water may inundate coastal areas which are already being subjected to torrential rains. Finally, a critical additional factor affecting the flood management and the irrigation systems is the lack of maintenance. On several occasions, such as the May 1979 cyclone, most of the deaths were occasioned by breaches to the chains of tanks and canals, and over-flooding due in part to the choking of drains by silting and growth of weeds. VULNERABILITY FACTORS 7. Several factors have combined to compound natural disaster vulnerability in AP: (i) the fact that over 50 percent of cyclones in the region turn into severe storms which often come accompanied by storm surges; (ii) the low-lying lands that prevail along most of the Indian eastern shore, particularly in the deltas, are subject to widespread flooding and deep inland sea water incursion that even a few meters high storm surge can create; (iii) limited capacity for disaster management and integrated planning and (iv) high concentrations of population, infrastructure and economic activities along the shoreline. 8. Simultaneously, flood hazards in the delta areas of the state have been further exacerbated by: (i) geomorphologic factors such as soil characteristics in the Krishna delta which makes the area poor for the infiltration of flood waters; (ii) interference with the natural delta system, for example the construction of canals, channels, drains, etc., that cut across the parallel to subparallel beach ridges, which has changed the area's land cover enormously; and related to the latter, (iii) lack of maintenance of infrastructure and key elements, i.e., drains, embankments, etc. of the flood pTotection and irrigation systems (as it was made evident during the 1996 disasters); and (iv) the lack of coastal zone and delta management. In the absence of such a program, mangroves, which naturally mitigate against storm surges and high winds, are being converted into aquaculture ponds or depleted for fuel wood. Shrimp farming, for instance, has been intensifying in the region in recent years, without close monitoring of its environmental impacts. Over-development and denuding of coastal zones of their protective vegetation belts have resulted in increased vulnerability, particularly to storm surges, which are perhaps the most devastating cyclonic-related hazard as they usually account for the majority of casualties and property losses. Experts agree that it was the disappearance of mangrove swamps coupled with significant gaps in the tree shelter belts along the coast that allowed the storm surge during the 1990 May cyclone to reach up to 20 km inland.  4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT RECORD 9. Cyclone disaster management normally includes storm prediction and tracking, preparedness, prevention, impact assessment and response measures. While the GOAP has demonstrated a commitment to addressing short-term relief issues, they are less experienced with long-term issues involving mitigation and recovery. A relatively efficient warning system, which is one of the essential measures of cyclone disaster preparedness, has been established in India. Given the existing detection, tracking and forecasting capabilities, it is highly unlikely today that the formation of a cyclone in the Bay of Bengal or the Arabian Sea would go undetected. Presently, cyclones in these regions are detected and tracked through conventional observations, using ten cyclone detection radars with 400 km range and various satellites. Warnings are provided through different cyclone warning centers and coordination centers strategically located throughout the national territory. Additionally, the India Meteorological Department has installed a satellite-based disaster warning system (DWS), with receiving stations at the offices of Collectors and the Police. 10. In 1971 the Cyclone Distress Mitigation Committee of Andhra Pradesh, organized under the advice of the central government a few years earlier, produced a report on the ways to improve disaster management in the state. Until 1980s the report's recommendations were not incorporated into policy. The massive death toll that occurred in the 1977 motivated authorities at the central and state level to adopt a more active stance regarding disaster preparedness. By 1981, AP has finalized its first Cyclone Contingency Plan. The Relief Department has developed manuals, coordination procedures and training programs which have improved the effectiveness of these types of actions, as made evident by the dramatic reduction in fatalities during the most recent cyclones. 11. As the experience of AP helps illustrate, cyclones can be an obstacle to economic and social development. The fact that these types of disasters repeatedly affect certain areas of the state, thereby making them even more vulnerable, makes it imperative to develop and implement a comprehensive disaster management program that can reach district and subdistrict levels effectively. For example, many of the districts affected by the most recent disaster had suffered the ravages of the November 1977 and May 1990 cyclones, the landfalls of which are less than 50 km apart. Vulnerability to cyclones has also increased due to rapid development along the AP coastline. Effective steps to minimize damage and losses are slow in implementation, while some of the thriving economic activities may be developing on highly exposed sites. In this respect, some Indian experts have indicated that the cropping pattern in Coastal AP should be modified to take into account cyclone occurrence, and that poultry farming may be totally unsuitable in the vulnerable areas.5 12. In their approach to natural hazards GOAP has been focusing on saving human lives and on restoring infrastructure as soon as possible. However justifiable this approach is, it has tended to overshadow any concerted effort in long-term disaster mitigation. The relief-focused disaster management policy has created amongst the population a "disaster-relief' syndrome which can hardly be maintained today: it is increasingly becoming difficult for the state government to sustain these frequent expenditures. See for example S.B. Synghal. 1992. "Managing Cyclones Emergencies (Andhra - A Case Study)" in World Congress on Natural Hazard Reduction, New Delhi, Jan. 10-1 4, 1992. Pp. 245-255,  5 13. Some neighboring states have attempted to develop more comprehensive cyclone disaster management schemes. Tamil Nadu, for instance, formulated an "Anti-Disaster Plan," which includes vulnerability analysis, risk mapping, zoning and building regulation, design and construction of anti-cyclone community shelters and cyclone-resistant core units for huts, as well as programs for improved warning systems. Within AP itself, there are a fair number of institutes and centers committed to the study of disasters, and the development of disaster mitigation strategies. These resources which can act as repository of and conduit for information, remain largely untapped. The development history of the irrigation system in the Godavari delta, triggered by the watershed management efforts led by Sir Arthur Cotton in the mid- 19th century, already offers an example of the extent to which foresight and investing for the future may help in protecting and improving the lives of those living in disaster-prone areas. PREVIOUS BANK INVOLVEMENT 14. After the May 1990 cyclone, the Bank approved the Andhra Pradesh Cyclone Emergency Reconstruction Project (CERP), consisting of Cr. 2179-IN, Loan 3260-IN, and Cr. 1665-IN reallocation, totaling US$265 million (the estimated cost of the total project was US$380 million). In addition to supporting reconstruction operations in the affected districts, Bank assistance was also intended for the development of a Delta Plan to modernize water management in the Krishna-Godavari delta and in the coastal area. The CERP closed as planned in March 1993, after having fully disbursed the allocated funds. Infrastructure restoration was successfully completed, incorporating higher design and construction standards. The Implementation Completion Report (ICR # 14662) commented favorably on the project's reconstruction component. However, it expressed concern regarding the long-term sustainability of the CERP mitigation objectives, since (i) financial allocations for maintenance of project works, particularly irrigation and drainage infrastructure, continued to be insufficient; and (ii) the technical studies for the delta and other coastal areas, essential for establishment of integrated planning schemes in AP's most vulnerable areas, were not completed. As the ICR concluded, "the continuing inadequacy of maintenance funding for existing works threatens their sustainability, and the failure to identify coordinated follow-up programs for development, protection and mitigation in the project area means that a high risk of future disasters continues to exist" (p. vi). According to the ICR, the original project design was modified during implementation, with substantial increases in the physical targets for irrigation and drainage, roads and bridges, municipal services and electricity components. This change was possible because of the savings in local currency and the reallocations from the earmarkings for the slow disbursing components such as the funds set aside for the delta management studies. 15. The ICR's favorable report on the reconstruction of infrastructure was corroborated during the November 1996 cyclone. Given higher design standards, the roads constructed under the CERP withstood the ravages of this storm with little damage. Similarly, cyclone shelters erected under the project were in good condition and were used extensively during the emergency period. By contrast, emergency shelters built in the aftermath of the November 1977 cyclone were in a poor state of repair. The GOAP has not continued construction of additional improved infrastructure, including investments into tree shelter belts, nor undertaken programs for hazard reduction after the completion of the CERP, as was agreed by the ICR mission in 1994.  6 THE NOVEMBER, 1996, CYCLONE DISASTER 16. The state experienced a series of heavy rains, floods and smaller intensity cyclones between June and November 1996. Particularly damaging events occurred between June 12 and 17, August 25 and September 9, and throughout October. Almost all the Coastal and Rayalaseema regions, as well as a few districts in Telengana suffered human losses and damage to their infrastructure and economic assets. The four districts comprising Rayalaseema, along with East and West Godavari and Prakasam in Coastal AP, and Khammam and Warangal in Telengana, were especially hard hit by these events. The affected communities were in an early stage of recovery when the most recent cyclone hit AP during the evening of November 6, reaching wind speeds between 200 to 250 kmh and giving way to a storm surge of up to 2.2 meters. It was estimated that 1,057 people died in the cyclone, which brings the total number of lives lost in disasters between June and December to 1,689 . As the cyclone entered the mainland south of the port of Kakinada, it left a track of about 15 km wide, seriously affecting coastal and riverine areas in East and West Godavari, and also causing some damage in the adjoining Krishna and Khammam districts. The total damage caused by disasters between June and December, including the latest cyclone, is estimated at over US$2 billion, with the cyclone alone exceeding US$1.5 billion. These losses stem from the substantial damage to infrastructure (such as irrigation, roads and bridges), public buildings, agricultural and cash crops, animal husbandry, fisheries, and housing. Major losses occurred in the agriculture sector, specifically coconut, mango, cashew, banana, and other horticulture crops, as well as paddy, sugar cane, tobacco and cotton. Damage to coconut production in the central delta in East Godavari alone was estimated at Rs3O billion (US$850 million). Most of the 600,000 housing units lost were located in this same district. About 1,300 kms of roads were damaged, including 210 kms of the National Highway 5, which connects East and West Godavari with Calcutta and Madras. The energy sector was also impacted since about 40 of the 220 KV and 15 of the 132 KV line towers either collapsed or were damaged. As a result, seventeen substations were out of service. The overall impact of the latest cyclone on the state's economy was significant, especially considering that its finances were already precarious following the loss of revenue due to the 1994 introduction of subsidized rice prices, and the prohibition of liquor sales. PRE-CYCLONE ACTIONS AND DISASTER RELIEF 17. Although wind speeds were the highest experienced in recent history, loss of life was relatively low, which indicates that the response mechanism has become more effective. With the warning system available, it is possible to alert some people three to five days in advance. During the latest cyclone, warnings were timely issued and in the most affected districts about 200,000 people were evacuated and 800 relief camps established. Search and rescue were led by the Army, the Navy and the Air Force authorities, who helped the marooned fishermen and villagers reach higher grounds and also recovered the bodies of the dead. However, many of those who lost their lives, mostly fishermen who remained at sea, did not heed the warnings. 18. Between June and December 1996, the GOAP allocated about Rs2 billion (US$57 million) for immediate relief and rehabilitation in the cyclone and flood affected areas. In response to the November 6 cyclone, revenue staff was deputed to deal with the rehabilitation efforts as early as November 9. Few families needed to stay long in the cyclone shelters, as they quickly reconstructed their thatch houses with financial assistance from the government. The GOAP also called for the donations to the Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister 's Cyclone Relief Fund, 1996, and requested for outside help to deal with the disaster. The use of ongoing, centrally-sponsored programs was requested to help in the recovery, such as the Indira Awaas  7 Yojana for the reconstruction activities. The World Bank was also approached with a request for assistance. International and national non-governmental organizations (NGOs) started their field operations soon after the disaster, committing to the relief so far about US$0.5 million. The restoration of essential services such as electrical power supply or the clearance of major thoroughfares was done promptly, but according to the old low design standards. The GOAP responded well to the emergency, made an effort to coordinate relief assistance by NGOs and other parties, and disseminated disaster information on the Internet. NEEDS AND PRIORITIES 19. The warning system - which encompasses a wide variety of communications from the most traditional to the most modern - still has several weak links that can fail under severe weather conditions. Some of the tracking equipment (e.g., radar) requires upgrading and state-of- the-art software for more accurate prediction of the cyclone's landfall is needed. The capacity for reliable high wind speed measurement (in excess of 100 km per hour) is lacking. A fundamental element missing in the tracking system in India is a reconnaissance aircraft facility that can provide valuable information on the location of the cyclone center, as well as details on its intensity and the spatial distribution of winds. Without an access to meteorological observations in the upper air in the field of a cyclone at open sea, forecasting, its tracking for 24-36 hours in advance and the location of landfall are likely to be insufficiently reliable, especially in view of cyclones frequent change of course. As exact as possible location of the cyclone landfall is crucial, given that this is the place around which maximum damage would be experienced and where pre- and post-disaster management measures would be most needed. Accuracy is also required to avoid unnecessarily alarming and evacuating the population, which may further worsen the problems that usually exist with the public's perception and understanding of cyclone threat. Evacuation is a costly and difficult decision, and frequent and inaccurate warnings tend to create the "cry-wolf' syndrome, whereby people do not take warnings seriously. 20. Key aspects of long-term disaster mitigation continue to demand urgent attention in the state. This is revealed by the fact that as the death toll of recent cyclones has diminished considerably, damage to infrastructure and other assets has continued to increase. Correspondingly, statistical records for AP indicate that economic losses associated with cyclones have been growing since the late 1 960s. The present strategies for development of cyclone-prone areas are carried out mostly on an ad hoc basis. Planning at the state level does not yet incorporate disaster prevention measures in an integrated manner. The incorporation of a strategy for disaster mitigation within an integrated development framework in the high risk area would have to bring together the decisions and investment activities of many departments, such as agriculture, irrigation, forestry, roads and buildings, and so forth. Traditionally, however, the barrier of compartmentalization has made it difficult to find the common ground required for the governmental and managerial innovations needed to bring such an approach to fruition. As a result, promotion of socio-economic development and restoration of lost assets have rarely been accompanied by prevention/mitigation of future disaster impacts. In terms of restoration of infrastructure, post-cyclone recovery efforts in AP have been successful. In the absence of a comprehensive and integrated development plan, however, many of the programs and components included in the recovery efforts have been implemented without a clear understanding of their interrelationships and without identifying areas of possible conflicts. In addition, as the recent cyclone made evident, lack of maintenance due to inadequate maintenance budgets, along with inappropriate design criteria and construction standards used in the high risk  8 areas, continue to be a central factor influencing the high vulnerability of infrastructure in coastal AP. 21. The experience of recent emergency responses and recovery efforts and the lessons learned from the implementation of the CERP, indicate the need to address the following key priority issues in order to bring together disaster management and development planning activities in the areas vulnerable to cyclones and related hazards in AP: (i) the formulation and implementation of long-term hazard reduction and mitigation measures as an essential part of the strategy for dealing with the recurring disasters in an affordable and efficient manner; (ii) the carrying out of coastal and delta management, watershed management and flood forecasting studies to develop mitigation strategies (as originally required under the CERP); (iii) the involvement of vulnerable communities in the design and implementation of hazard mitigation prograns, and the management and maintenance of hazard reduction structures; (iv) integrated actions and initiatives that have a bearing on the management of the coastal areas and the upstream watersheds; (v) improved design criteria and construction practices in the high risk areas; (vi) community planning of integrated infrastructure restoration through prioritization at the District level rather than by the sector Departments; and (vii) adequate operation and maintenance budget appropriations to foster sustainable mitigation activities (infrastructure damage in the 1996 disasters have occurred primarily due to the poor state of repair of facilities). JANMABHOOMI - A VEHICLE FOR COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION 22. In the context of an initiative to increase people's self-reliance and ownership of essential community assets, GOAP has launched in 1995 the Janmabhoomi program (see Attachment 1 1), the purpose of which is to encourage all communities in the state to take an active role in the development activities. Janmabhoomi is a three-pronged program, consisting of Prajala Vaddaku Paalana (or "the government at the doorstep of the people"), where government officials hold "town hall meetings" in villages and neighborhoods to identify community needs and offer assistance in attaining them. In micro planning the residents are acquainted with the government's programs and assisted in the preparation of their action plans for the following years. Sramadanam (or "community works") is the central activity of the program, as it involves direct community contribution in labor and/or money towards repairs, maintenance and/or construction of community assets. This partnership between the government and the people, based on the "matching grant" principle, has to date generated more than 400,000 Sramadanam works (valued at about US$13 million) and involved about 2,500,000 people. The GOAP has volunteered to expand this movement to include community-based hazard reduction activities. International experience indicates that true natural hazard vulnerability reduction occurs only if the government and the people jointly take appropriate action to minimize the risks of future losses. This is especially true in regions such as Andhra Pradesh where the dominant hazard (cyclone) has high frequency and where enhancement of quality of construction, operation and maintenance are crucial for loss reduction.  9 Section B: BANK RESPONSE AND STRATEGY RATIONALE FOR BANK INVOLVEMENT 23. In view of the recurrence and frequency of cyclone and flood disasters, assisting the GOAP to mainstream hazard reduction planning becomes a prerequisite for sustainability of physical investments. The rationale for Bank involvement is therefore: (a) the Bank's criteria for providing emergency recovery assistance (OP 8.50), specifically (i) the frequency of recurring emergencies (such as floods and cyclones), and (ii) the prospects for reducing hazards from similar natural disasters in the future; (b) the findings of the ICR for the previous Andhra Pradesh Cyclone Emergency Reconstruction Project, where the sustainability of infrastructure investments was questioned because of the project's failure to address long-term mitigation measures; and (c) the benefits of long-term disaster management versus the costs of repeated short-term post-disaster reconstruction. PROJECT OBJECTIVES 24. The project objectives are (i) to assist the GOAP in preparing and implementing long- term cyclone and flood hazard management in high risk areas with enhanced community involvement, (ii) enhance the GOIs cyclone early warning capacity; and (iii) to restore lost public infrastructure by incorporating improved design criteria, cyclone- and flood-resistant siting, construction and quality control measures, so that such infrastructure will withstand the intensities of future events. 25. The proposed project sets out to ensure that mitigation is given its proper place in reconstruction activities (short and medium term investment objectives) and the long-term development planning of vulnerable areas. The acute need for immediate repair and reconstruction of critical infrastructure would be addressed adequately. Building upon the accomplishments of the CERP, every effort would be made to overcome its shortcomings with regard to the sustainability of mitigation efforts and deficits in maintenance funds. All reconstruction assistance would thus be conditioned upon the firm commitment of the GOAP to establish permanent and effective disaster management mechanisms at the state, district and local level. RECOVERY STRATEGY 26. In view of the exorbitant economic and social costs of recurring disasters such as the latest AP cyclone, the proposed project adopts long-term disaster management as the guiding principle of recovery, in order to avoid related damage to restored assets in future disasters. Disaster management mitigates against three types of repeated disaster losses: (i) direct losses (capital stock and inventories), (ii) indirect losses (lost income and productive capacity) and (iii) secondary losses (decreases in economic growth and development). This model is especially forceful in the context of Bank's agenda of poverty alleviation and sustainability of investments in countries exposed to recurring natural hazards (such as cyclones). Therefore, the recovery strategy for the proposed project would be based on the premise that any future investment in the coastal cyclone-and flood-prone regions of AP is non-sustainable in the absence of comprehensive cyclone and flood management. The GOAP has already prepared and will  10 publish shortly a policy paper outlining its framework and approach to long-term hazard reduction in Andhra Pradesh. 27. The strategy for Bank assistance would focus on (i) hazard reduction through cyclone forecasting, in addition to flood, watershed, coastal and storm surge management; (ii) sustainability through, inter alia, close attention to operation and maintenance (O&M) needs, alternatives for community management of assets, and the establishment of an adequate institutional framework for disaster management; (iii) coordinated recovery and mitigation response through restoration of damaged infrastructure, and integrated planning at the district and/or watershed levels, with special attention to inter-sectoral (i.e., inter-departmental) issues; and (iv) community involvement to ensure ownership of programs and maintenance of assets.  11 Section C: PROJECT DESCRIPIMON PROJECT COMPONENTS 28. The proposed project, estimated to cost about US$220 million, would finance (a) hazard management program (comprising 22.1 percent of total project cost including the GOI component of 7.2 percent); (b) restoration of damaged public infrastructure (comprising 72.1 percent of total project cost); and (c) technical assistance for project implementation and management, and financing for incremental operating costs on a declining scale. Total costs are indicated for each component, in parentheses, in the following paragraphs, which include base cost, design and supervision, and physical and price contingencies. 29. L. HAZARD MANAGEMENTPROGRAM. Given the serious risk of loss of life and property, it is of paramount importance to establish a program that can promote and coordinate prevention, mitigation and preparedness activities in AP, and establish the linkages between these activities and development planning of the most vulnerable areas. The program would need to encompass a set of inter-related components that would facilitate (i) risk assessments and determination of vulnerability levels; (ii) enhancement of state, district and local institutional capacity to prevent and mitigate natural hazards; and (iii) acquisition of tools and setting up of programs for better disaster preparedness. 30. Under this project, the selected prevention, mitigation and preparedness activities to be financed are: (a) By GOAP: comprehensive cyclone and flood management studies, leading to action plans, institutional and implementation framework; hazard mapping; communications and information technology links to facilitate community involvement; and setting up of a Vulnerability Reduction Fund; and (b) By GOI: enhancement of the India Meteorological Department's early cyclone warning capacity on the East coast of India. (a) GOAP Activities (15 percent of project cost): (i) Cyclone and Flood Management Studies (Total cost Rs592.8 million; US$16.3 million equivalent) This sub-component includes carrying out of five key studies or activities on long-term hazard reduction, developing action plans, setting up of adequate institutional arrangements, and the development of an implementation framework. These studies/activities include: (i) coastal management including rainfall, wind and storm surge modeling, (ii) delta and watershed management including water management and flood modeling, (iii) cyclone warning, communication and response, awareness raising, education and community involvement in hazard reduction activities, (iv) development of enhanced design criteria and construction standards for use in high risk zones, (v) hazard mapping (derived from coastal mapping with 0.5 meter contours), (vi) provision of VHF communications, computers and other equipment (according to a feasibility study to be completed by May 31, 1997) to the taluka and mandal level to enhance the community involvement. The modeling studies will require data on floods, rainfall, wind speeds, and so forth. Such data are available from agencies such as the IMD, Central Water Commission and the state Irrigation Department. It has been agreed that  12 it will be the obligation of the GOAP to secure and supply the information to the consultants, no later than one month after the commencement of the relevant study (at the Inception Report stage). Following public participation and debate, the studies would result in the development and enforcement of planning regulations for design and construction of infrastructure to withstand expected cyclone and flood; integrated coastal zone planning and management, including delta and flood control structure management; preparedness, emergency response, and mitigation and recovery planning; and the mobilization of communities to undertake the planning and implementation of hazard reduction activities integrated into the developmental activities of the districts, talukas and mandals; and the provision of improved communications and information technology in the mandals of the State, including training for relevant staff in the use and applications of the improved communications, facsimile and computer facilities. Major civil works for long-term hazard mitigation, however, would not be financed under the project. They would be prepared in detail and would be available for financing by the GOAP or interested financiers as free- standing projects. (ii) Coastal Mapping. (Total cost Rs400.1 million; US$11 million equivalent). Completion of the topographic mapping, commenced under the CERP, of AP's coastline to 0.5 meter contours, and bathymetric mapping of the near shore areas, would be procured to facilitate preparation of storm surge analysis, hazard zone mapping, and planning of mitigation activities. Base maps required for developing the hazard maps are available only from GOI agencies, such as the National Remote Sensing Agency, Department of Ocean Development, Survey of India and the Geological Survey of India. Mapping would be done by one or more of the above agencies or other contractors. (iii) Vulnerability Reduction Fund (Total cost Rs206.4 million; US$5.7 million equivalent) shall be created by the GOAP as a trust fund for hazard reduction activities by affected communities. The GOAP shall formulate VRF Charter and define its organization, management and operating procedures in agreement with the Bank, prior to July 1, 1997. The original endowment of at least US$5 million equivalent shall be provided by GOAP no later than October 1, 1997. Additionally, the GOAP shall make three more contributions to the fund, each amounting to two percent of annual appropriations for infrastructure restoration under this project. The additional contributions shall be made by March 31 in the years 1998, 1999 and 2000. The fund shall retain its endowment in perpetuity, investing it in accordance with resource management principles of the VRF Charter. Only the investment proceeds, i.e., the income generated, shall be used as matching financing for hazard reduction activities (see Attachment 4). This Fund would be administered by a board of trustees outside of government control. The Board will manage the investments through a fund manager in accordance with broad guidelines set by GOAP. The  13 Disaster Management Unit will manage the disbursement of funds to communities through the District Disaster Management Committees (DDMC), in accordance with criteria acceptable to the Bank. The DDMCs will disburse monies to communities on a matching basis, for works of not more than Rs500,000 value each. The DDMCs will report monthly to the DMU, on their operations. A bi-annual review of operations by all the DDMCs will be carried out by the DMU. Disbursement of matching financing in excess of Rs500,O00 would require prior approval of the DMU. The maximum amount of matching financing from the Fund will be limited to Rsl,000,000 for each work. The DDMCs would manage and administer the funds approved by the Board, develop vulnerability reduction strategies, and mobilize enhanced community involvement. Works amenable for community works include, inter alia, drain and canal clearing, tank desilting, watershed development, reforestation, desilting, clearing sand casting, encouragement of diversified livelihood strategies, relocation of vulnerable populations, and restoration of livelihoods. Access to the Fund will be based on criteria to be agreed with the Bank. Works financed out of the Fund would receive a 50 percent matching grant or loan. (b) GOI Indian Meteorology Department Activity (7.2 percent of project cost): (i) Enhancement of Early Warning Systems (Total cost Rs571.4 million; US$15.7 million equivalent). The India Meteorological Department will upgrade six radar facilities on the East coast of India, no later than December 31,1999. Under this project, a portion of the equipment requirements, including three Doppler radar systems, ten high capacity wind speed recorders and 100 cyclone warning dissemination centers, would be financed to enhance the early cyclone warning capacity of the IMD. Bids will be invited for the three Doppler radar facilities no later than June 1, 1998. The IMD will finance the three remaining radar facilities with its own funds. The IMD has bids in hand for two Doppler radar systems, for which the orders will be placed no later than October 1, 1997. One other Doppler radar facility being developed by the Indian Space Research Organization will also be deployed no later than December 31, 1999. The Doppler radars would provide valuable information on the velocity structure of tropical cyclones which is currently not available and would improve cyclone tracking. The Doppler radar capacity would become operational at the six radar sites at Calcutta, Paradip, Visakhapatnam, Machilipatnam, Madras, Karaikal. Training of technical IMD staff is also included as a crucial instrument for building the scientific and technical skills of IMD's operational personnel working in the cyclone warning system. IMD technicians and scientists will receive training in India and abroad, according to a training plan agreed with the Bank. 31. II RESTORATION OF INFRASTRUCTURE (72.1 percent of project cost) This component includes the following activities:  14 (a) Electric Power Facilities (Total cost Rs1228.4 million; US$33.7 million equivalent). The component will assist the Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board (APSEB) to complete the repair, upgrade and strengthen the network in order to mitigate against similar calamities in the future. The component includes: strengthening of existing 132 KV and 220 KV transmission lines to withstand cyclonic winds and floods experienced in 1996; construction of new 132 KV and 220 KV transmission lines and substations to improve the reliability of supply; provision of standby capacity and augmenting total supply; construction of new 33 KV lines with 12.5 meter spun concrete poles to provide alternate feed to those 132 KV and 33 KV substations that do not have such facility; construction of new 11 KV lines with 9.0 meter spun concrete poles to provide each village a reliable feeder to supply essential loads such as pump houses, and hospitals; and provision of additional communications facilities to reduce reliance on PLCC facilities which become unavailable during power failures. APSEB will undertake a review of design and construction standards to adopt improved criteria to suit varying hazard vulnerability of the different districts. All new 33 KV and 11 KV lines will be routed along road sides to provide easier access for repairs during emergencies. A detailed description of the component is provided in Attachment 5. (b) Irrigation Drains and Flood Banks. (Total cost Rs1397.6 million; US$38.4 million equivalent). The component would include: (a) drainage works comprising the completion of improvements to minor drains in the six delta districts where the major and medium drains were completed during CERP, so that drainage of the entire valley and sub-valley is completed under this project; rehabilitation of eight major and 23 medium drains in the delta districts to improve their capacity; replacement of fourteen masonry structures across main drains including three outfall structures at the junction of main drains with the Godavari river for effective functioning of the drainage system; and (b) flood embankment works, which would comprise the repair and reconstruction of damaged and other vulnerable flood embankments in the districts of East and West Godavari (Pip, the Gautmi Right and Left banks), Khammam (Bhadrachalam) and Warangal (Ramannagudem). New flood banks that involve land acquisition will not be financed under the project. See Attachment 6 for further details on Irrigation and Drainage. The improvement of the drainage network will be done to Indian Standard Guidelines (IS Code 8835 of 1978) and criteria agreed and adopted for drainage works under the CERP, based on a maximum three day rainfall of 387 millimeters, with a return period of 25 years. The repair and strengthening of the existing flood embankments in Pip, the Gautmi Right and Left banks will be done to Indian Standard for River Embankments (IS Code 12094 of 1978) and design criteria for flood protection embankment sections as prescribed by the Government of India's Central Water Commission. Implementation of the flood embankments on the Godavari would commence following further technical studies to assess and quantify the effect on the Right bank of the Godavari, its effectiveness and suitability in the context of the overall action plan for hazard reduction planning, and Bank's prior approval. If the construction involves land acquisition and resettlement of people, the construction will not be undertaken.  15 (c) State Roads and Bridges. (Total cost Rs1,859.7 million; US$51.1 million equivalent). The roads and bridges component comprises both short-term recovery and long-term mitigation. Short-term restoration of damaged roads would be done through the repair of damaged roads by raising submerged sections, building protective walls, revetments for vulnerable sections and reconstruction of damaged strategic bridges. Long-term mitigation would be addressed through construction of new bridges to connect areas that were totally cut off during the cyclone periods, replacing frequently submerged causeways with high level bridges, raising of embankments, increasing of waterways, construction of additional culverts and drains to improve cross drainage and strengthening foundations and superstructures. Road widening requiring land acquisition and resettlement of people will not be undertaken. Where road widening involves resettlement of people, the relevant stretch will be abandoned or the widening will not be done. (d) The above works comprise: 592 kilometers of roads and 27 bridges having a total length of 1,834 meters for short-term recovery, and 192 kilometers of roads and 19 bridges of total length of 2,115 meters for longer-term hazard reduction. Severely damaged road pavements will be strengthened and widened from 3.5 meters to 5.5 meters, and a few sections will be widened to provide 7.0 meter two lane consistent with traffic densities. Hydrology and flood data for design would be coordinated with the Irrigation Department. In built up areas, raising of road formation, construction of longitudinal drains and concrete pavements would be provided. State roads will be designed for a ten year life to Indian Road Congress Standards (37: 1984 and 64: 1990) for pavement design, as adopted in the last Bank-financed Cyclone Reconstruction Project. Treatment proposed will take account of present condition and likely deterioration based on realistic maintenance interventions. Roads that are in a bad state of disrepair will be built from subgrade to minimize costly bituminous treatment. Consultants, satisfactory to the Bank will be engaged no later than January 1, 1998, to carry out independent design checks and periodic supervision for bridges, to assure design and construction quality. If any of the technical studies reveal that any displacement will be necessary or that any indigenous people will be affected, GOAP will ensure that that R&R should be undertaken in accordance with the properly adapted R&R policy which had been agreed for the proposed AP III Irrigation Project. (e) Panchayati Raj Roads and Bridges. (Total cost Rs495.9 million; US$13.6 million equivalent). A network of key rural access and feeder roads that were damaged, and where villages were completely cut-off during floods would be upgraded under the project. The works would include strengthening or reconstruction of causeways and bridges to provide all weather access. No road widening would be carried out. Any road works that involve land acquisition and resettlement of people will not be financed under this project. Pavement construction would comprise waterborne macadam with a 15 mm thick layer of premix bitumen. (see Attachment 7). (f) Public Buildings. (Total cost Rs248.0 million; US$6.8 million equivalent). Works under this component comprise the repair and reconstruction of collapsed or damaged public buildings in fifteen districts. The buildings are mainly  16 primary and secondary schools, health centers and hospitals that fall under the State and the Panchayati Raj administration. Old buildings of stone and mud mortar construction will be reconstructed in the same locations. Buildings of more recent construction that primarily suffered roof damage, will be repaired through the provision of new roofs of improved design. Roof designs will incorporate measures to reduce lift through the provision of shorter eaves, roof trusses designed for the appropriate wind loads and suitable anchoring to withstand a wind speeds of at least 200 kilometers per hour. The allocation of Rs248.0 million will be distributed equally between the State Roads and Buildings Department and the Panchayati Raj Department. As school and hospital buildings are mostly of standard design, repair of reconstruction will be undertaken following review and certification of the design solutions by an independent structural engineer, acceptable to the Bank, engaged no later than July 1, 1997. (g) Mitigation Works - Watershed Management (Total cost Rs272.9 million; US$7.5 million equivalent). This component addresses long-term hazard reduction in districts that are vulnerable to infrequent cyclones, high winds, flash floods, and sandcasting. People in these critically water starved districts are unprepared for the infrequent water-related disasters. Apart from awareness raising and education to prepare them for dealing with such disasters, this component would promote community watershed management activities for hazard reduction. The activities would include: construction of contour bunds, micro level check dams, percolation tanks and afforestation and pasture development, comprising construction activities that can be undertaken by the communities themselves. The method of implementation would follow the same approach adopted in the AP Forestry Project's joint forest management program, where communities undertake the work through watershed associations. This will be part of the vulnerability reduction activities proposed as an integral part of the Janmabhoomi program The districts included for this component are Nellore, Anantapur, Chittoor, Karimnagar and Adilabad. Details of the component are provided in Attachment 8. (h) Mitigation Works - Cyclone Shelters (Total cost Rs9O.2 million; US$2.5 million equivalent). The cyclone shelters to be constructed under this project will have dual use, doubling as school buildings, or any other public use requested by the community. The project will provide for the construction of about 140 cyclone shelters in areas that frequently experience cyclones, winds and storm surge. Though over 800 cyclone shelters have been constructed after the 1977 and 1990 cyclones, their utility has been limited where they have been constructed primarily as cyclone shelters. These shelters are not maintained either by the Panchayats or the community, and they are often in a dilapidated condition. Following the 1990 cyclone an L-shaped shelter was constructed which was vastly superior to the circular shelters. Construction of the cyclone shelters will be carried out following agreement with the Bank on the design and functions for which it will be put at non-emergency times. (i) Mitigation Works- TreeShelterBelts (Total cost Rsl 12.7 million; US$3.1 million equivalent). The project will finance the continuing GOAP program of shelter belt plantation up to 2 kilometers from the shore line. This would  17 comprise planting of casuarina equestifolia up to 500 meters from the shore line including harvesting plantations that have reached maturity, mangrove plantations in the estuarine and backwater areas, and afforestation in areas beyond 500 meters, with the aim of providing tree crops for the use of the community. No land acquisition will be required for this activity. 32. IH TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE to be financed under the project includes incremental operating costs, consultancies, training and equipment, as detailed below: (a) Incremental Operating Costs (2.5 percent of project cost: Total cost Rs202.9 million; US$5.6 million equivalent). Provision has been made in the project costs to finance incremental operating costs of project management and implementation, on a sliding scale, starting with 80 percent in the first year, 60 percent in the second year, and 25 percent in the third year. Expenditures eligible for reimbursement out of the proceeds of the Loan/Credit would include fees and salaries of staff hired for or fully dedicated to project management and implementation activities, including the costs of the Disaster Management Unit. (b) Consultancies, Training and Equipment (4.5 percent of project cost: Total cost Rs329.2 million; US$9.0 million equivalent) component (other than Hazard Management Program) includes: (i) Consultancies (other than hazard management studies), which entail financing of consultants for conducting design checks, quality assurance and certification, technical audit and other project management activities. (ii) Training includes capacity building of: (i) the GOAP agencies to respond efficiently to cyclone and flood disasters; public education campaigns, awareness raising and disaster planning information; cyclone-resistant low-cost housing design development; training of population at risk in adequate house construction techniques; facilitating the involvement of governments, CBOs, NGOs and the public at large in disaster management planning (community participation, e.g. via Janmabhoomi); a provision of US$200,000 has been made in the project for training of GOAP officials in the fields of hazard management (for DMU, R&B Department and SADA), flood modeling (for the Irrigation Department), and hazard mapping and other applications (for APSRAC); and (ii) IMD will provide training for its scientists and technicians in the fields of modeling and early warning techniques and in the operation of the early warning facilities, in accordance with a training plan to be prepared no later than September 1, 1997 (a provision of US$150,000 has been for this purpose). The first overseas training of IMD staff will commence no later than March 1, 1998. (iii) Equipment would be provided for (i) setting up of an extensive VHF communications network in the flood and cyclone-prone districts, (ii) an information network for raising awareness and mobilizing people for hazard reduction activities, (iii) facsimile and computers and associated software in the mandals of the state, and (iv) vehicles and other office equipment needs.  18 PROJECT COST AND FINANCING PLAN 33. The total estimated project cost is Rs8,007.9 million (US$220 million equivalent) inclusive of physical and price contingencies, with a foreign exchange component of US$79.5 million. Taxes and duties are estimated at about US$33 million (15 percent of total project costs). Base costs have been determined on costs estimated at February 1997 prices. Table I - Summary Project Costs, indicates total component cost inclusive of physical and price contingencies, in Rupees and US Dollars, and the local and foreign component breakdown. Detailed project costs, including phasing are given in the Attachment 3. 34. The Loan/Credit would finance US$150 million (68 percent) of total project cost net of taxes and duties. The Loan would be US$50 million and the Credit would be SDR 72.1 million (US$ 100 million equivalent). The GOAP would finance US$66.9 million (30 percent) of project cost, and GOI, through the budget of IMD, would finance US$3.1 million (2 percent) of project cost. Parallel financing of about US$30 million has been agreed with NABARD to finance minor irrigation works and rural roads. The AP State Electricity Board has received a loan of about US$30 million to finance immediate restoration works of the electricity facilities. No Project Preparation Facility nor trust funds have been used in project preparation. Table 1: Sunmmary of Project Cost. Rupees Million US$ Million Local Foreign Total Local Foreign Total 1. Hazard Management Program 844.04 926.66 1770.70 23.18 25.46 48.64 GOAP Activities (a) Studies and Other Activities 250.00 342.78 592.78 6.87 9.42 16.28 (b) Coastal Mapping 325.70 74.43 400.12 8.94 2.04 10.99 (c) Vulnerability Fund 206.433 0.00 206.43 5.67 0.00 5.67 GOI Activities (d) Early Warning Systems 61.93 509.45 571.37 1.70 14.00 15.70 II. Infrastructure Restoration 3933.52 1771.54 5705.05 108.02 48.67 156.71 (a) Electric Power Facilities 263.76 964.39 1228.15 7.24 26.50 33.74 (b) Irrigation and Drains 1137.62 259.97 1397.59 32.24 7.14 38.39 (c)StateRoadsandBridges 1513.78 345.92 1859.70 41.57 9.50 51.08 (d) Rural Roads and Bridges 403.68 92.25 495.92 11.09 2.53 13.62 (e) Public Buildings 201.84 46.12 247.96 5.54 1.27 6.81 (f) Mitigation Works 412.84 62.89 475.73 11.34 1.73 13.07 IV. Technical Assistance 337.15 194.98 532.11 9.26 5.36 6.7 (a) Institutional Strengthening 165.13 37.74 202.87 4.54 1.04 5.57 (b) Consultancies, Training and 172.02 157.24 329.24 4.72 4.32 9.04 Equipment TOTAL PROJCT COSTS: 5114.72 2893.16 8007.89 140.4 79.49 219.96 Note: Costs include design, supervision and management, physical and price contingencies.  19 Section D: HAZARD REDUCTION STUDIES, OTHER CONSULTANCIES, TRAINING AND EQUIPMENT 35. A range of relevant baseline studies for the development of useful hazard maps to delineate hazard zones indicating frequency and intensity of "design" events would be undertaken by the GOAP, through the proposed Disaster Management Unit (see Section E). The disaster management function is necessarily multi-hazard oriented, as it has to be designed to address the set of hazards impacting the whole state, particularly cyclones, floods, storm surges and droughts. The following studies/activities related to hazard reduction would be carried out under the proposed project: (i) integrated coastal zone management including wind, rainfall and storm surge modeling; (ii) delta and watershed management, including flood modeling and water management; (iii) coastal (topographic and bathymetric) mapping of land and near shore areas to 0.5 meter contours, for preparation of hazard maps; (iv) hazard mapping; (v) development of enhanced design standards and construction practices in high risk areas; (v) cyclone warning, communication and response, and awareness raising, education and community involvement in hazard reduction activities. The results of these studies and associated technical assistance will address the fundamental issues of hazard exposure of AP and will provide the basis for an efficient, comprehensive multi-hazard mitigation and response capacity. Accordingly, three disaster management products will be developed on the basis of these studies: (i) comprehensive vulnerability assessment; (ii) operational disaster response; and (iii) a statewide disaster mitigation strategy. 36. Other project management and implementation related technical assistance to be funded under the project include: (i) consultancy for quality assurance and certification; (ii) consultancy for design checks of bridges and periodic supervision; (iii) consultancy for technical audit of interventions at the taluka and mandal levels; (iv) consultancies for design checks and periodic supervision of large bridges, and for design of public buildings; (v) consultancy for setting up Vulnerability Reduction Fund; (vi) specialist consultants for the Disaster Management Unit; (vi) consultancy for developing cyclone-resistant house designs; (vi) training of functionaries at the taluka and mandal level; (vii) study tours and workshops for training in hazard management; (viii) VHF and other communications systems to link up vulnerable villages; (ix) equipment for upgrading AP Remote Sensing Applications Center; (x) computers, software, and office equipment for the taluka and mandal centers; and (xi) training, in India and abroad, for IMD's technicians and scientists in the maintenance of the early warning systems, and in modeling.  20 SecEton EISITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND PROJ1ECT IMPLEMENTATION POLICY FRAMEWORK 37. The GOAP has an Emergency Response and Recovery Plan to deal with evacuation and the immediate aftermath of annual cyclones, wind, storm surge and floods. The plan has been tested over a number of years, working reasonably well as the reduction in the death toll after the most recent disasters indicates. Short-term relief operations and recovery activities have also improved over the years. However, the property and financial loss due to natural disasters continue to grow, while the GOAP has not sufficient capacity to deal effectively with long term mitigation issues. As part of the project formulation, the GOAP has prepared a draft policy framework (to be revised) stating concretely its approach to (i) natural hazard reduction, including short, medium and long-term measures, as the strategy for dealing with the frequently occurring disasters; (ii) community involvement, including strategies for peoples' mobilization to share capital costs and maintenance of community assets, and possible links to existing community participation schemes such as Janmabhoomi; and (iii) project implementation arrangements. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD 38. As specified by the Bank's guidelines for emergency recovery assistance, the project would be implemented over a three year period. The closing date of the Loan/Credit will be July 31, 2000. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT 39. The lack of long-term hazard management planning and control has led to a number of environmental problems in the coastal districts. These include: the denudation of forest cover along the coast due to widespread aquaculture activities; insufficient development control leading to construction on natural waterways; encroachment on natural water bodies, such as the Kolleru Lake, near Wijayawada; the siting of infrastructure without consideration of hazard risks; and the lack of maintenance of infrastructure assets, such as roads and the irrigation canal and drainage system in the delta areas. 40. The project is classified as a category B project according to the World Bank Operational Directive (OD) 4.01 on Environmental Assessment, and it does not require a full environmental assessment. Instead, environmental screening will be undertaken for core infrastructure, namely, electric power facilities, roads and bridges, irrigation works, and public buildings. Although the project deals with mitigation of future hazards and restoration of existing facilities, the extent to which the disaster was precipitated and exacerbated by unsuitable environmental practices would be taken into account and corrective measures would be built into restoration of infrastructure. Special provisions would be built into the terms of reference for consultants engaged for infrastructure restoration, to ensure that environmental screening would lead to the implementation of mitigation activities. Where consultants are not used for the bulk of infrastructure restoration, the DMU will ensure that all implementing agencies undertake environmental screening, according to the terms of reference agreed with the Bank, prior to start of implementation of each sub-component. If the environmental screening identifies a potentially  21 negative environmental impact, DMU would require that implementing agency undertake additional studies, using consultants, to prepare a mitigation plan for the consideration of the DMU. If approved, the implementing agency would carry out the proposed mitigation measures. In the case of severe negative environmental impacts, the DMU will consult the Department of Environment and Forests for their advice (see Attachment 17). 41. Works that involve land acquisition and resettlement of people will not be undertaken in this project. The GOAP has standard arrangements to deal with the encroachers of objectionable lands. The arrangements include people voluntarily moving any structures they may have erected (usually associated with seasonal agricultural activities) while drain cleaning or other repair works go on, and return to their original locations upon completion of the works. If loss of any crops is involved, it is compensated. In view of the fact that GOAP has a procedure in place to deal with such situations and that these procedures are being implemented when necessary, the Bank review found them satisfactory. 42. The construction of new flood banks in the delta region will be undertaken only following model studies including land acquisition assessment, which are yet to begin. If it is determined that the above or other works involve resettlement of people, such works will not be financed from the proceeds of the Loan/Credit. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 43. Institutional arrangements for a comprehensive, long-term disaster management program in Andhra Pradesh would be developed on three levels: (a) policy: the AP Disaster Mitigation Council; (b) technical: the AP Disaster Management Unit; and (c) community: District (Taluka and Mandal) Disaster Management Committee. This framework would be put in place immediately and operationalized as soon as possible for start of project implementation. The DMU would also provide a basic structure for implementation of the proposed project and preparation of the AP hazard management program. The three year project implementation is envisaged as the period for the development of a fully-fledged state disaster management program. (a) AP Disaster Mitigation Council (APDMC) would be created, with Chief Minister as the chairman, and will have key ministers and prominent figures from public life as members. The Council will set the policy agenda for long- term hazard reduction in the State, conduct periodic reviews and approve long- term hazard reduction action plans, respond to any new natural disaster in the state in a manner consistent with the declared policy, and review reports on the progress in implementation of the action plans. In conformity with his state-wide Janmabhoomi community participation initiative, Chief Minister can additionally provide leadership for mobilization of communities to take part in hazard reduction of elements of infrastructure that have a direct impact on their economic activities. For example, communal "ownership" of maintenance and cleaning minor and medium canals and drains (either through self-help or through the employment of small contractors) lend themselves well to the community participation concept of the proposed project. (b) AP Disaster Management Unit (DMU) would be created in the Department of Finance and Planning, under the Secretary of Finance as the head, but would be managed by a full-time Project Director. The Unit would be a permanent body, and would be responsible for managing the development of the hazard  22 management program initially, in addition to managing and coordinating implementation of the infrastructure restoration program. The DMU would be responsible for managing: hazard mapping, development of action plans for hazard reduction, development of standards for construction, siting and monitoring, hazard mitigation, damage assessment, inspection and enforcement, public information and training, and environmental monitoring. The Unit would have the responsibility for the management of the project, inter-departmental coordination, management of hazard reduction related consultant studies, and for the planning and development of long-term hazard reduction action plans for the state. Initially, the Unit would have a skeletal staff comprising a communications expert for community outreach activities, a disaster management expert, a transport engineer, an irrigation engineer and an environmental specialist. Other specialist experts, such as wind experts will be retained on an as needed basis. The Unit would be gradually staffed as its activities expand. DMU will use the services of the Shore Area Development Authority (SADA) and/or the Environmental Protection Training and Research Institute (EPTRI) in Hyderabad to assess the potential environmental impacts, conduct required environmental analyses, and propose any needed environmental mitigation. All technical and administrative sanctions for civil works shall contain a note indicating that the required environmental screening and the resultant environmental mitigation requirements have been addressed satisfactorily and the cost for these works is included in the proposal. Details on the environmental screening process with an analytical checklist and environmental analysis are provided in Attachment 17. At the end of three years, DMU would become the lead unit for planning and management of long-term hazard mitigation activities in Andhra Pradesh. The Unit would use the services of the existing PMU in the Department of Finance for procurement and disbursement functions and the AP Remote Sensing and Applications Center for specialized services. It would collaborate with the Disaster Management Center at the Rural Development Academy in Hyderabad, Center for Disaster Management, GOI, and agencies in other states where similar activities are being undertaken, such as YASHADA's Disaster Management Center in Pune, Maharashtra. All funds for the project activities would be appropriated under a separate head in the Ministry of Finance and would be passed on to the respective sector departments for project implementation according to their needs, and on recommendations of the DMU. The DMU would undertake programs to mobilize NGO and private sector support for hazard reduction activities, as well as for special initiatives in insurance and investment. Hazard reduction action plans would be implemented by the state sector departments and communities themselves, as described below. Further details on the DMU are provided in Attachment 10. (c) District Disaster Management Committee (DDMC) as well as taluka, mandal and village level committees, would be organized to institutionalize community involvement in hazard reduction. DDMC would be chaired by the Collector, and would include, inter alia, the Joint Collector, the CEO Zilla Parishad, the APRSAC district representative and the District Public Relations Officer. Sub- district organization on the mandal and village levels would be structured on a similar basis, to reflect the importance of public participation and understanding  23 of natural disaster reduction. The DDMCs will be responsible for organizing ant- monitoring community -based hazard reduction activities, as well as administer allocations approved from the Vulnerability Reduction fund. (d) Community Managed Works in Hazard Reduction. Current cash hand-outs in response to losses are one-off events that contribute little to enhance community resilience against future disasters. Simultaneously, the funds available for maintenance of vital infrastructure have become less adequate, and responsibility for maintenance of even minor irrigation works has devolved out of the hands of the primary beneficiaries - the communities for which the infrastructure has been created in the first place. While it has become increasingly difficult for the government to cover routine operations and maintenance (O&M) costs because of budgetary restrictions, the people, for a variety of reasons, have chosen to surrender their own responsibilities for maintenance to government agencies. A situation of enhanced dependency has arisen where the people have come to rely on government for all kinds of assistance. In the end, local users do not perceive these assets as their own and do not feel committed to their long-term maintenance - a major source of increased vulnerability. The departments responsible for maintaining communal assets have generally operated in isolation from the public, relying on their own expertise to provide solutions which citizens are expected to accept with very little questioning. Projects are undertaken for people rather than with people. To foster sustainable mitigation processes at the local level, much more that the simple physical rehabilitation of damaged infrastructure is required. A concerted effort to link rehabilitation to long term mitigation plans which involve local communities in more systematic and effective ways is called for under the project's mitigation objectives. This objective reinforces the current emphases by the State to increase citizens' self-reliance and involvement in the decisions that affect their lives directly. It also implies the development of an integrated approach to the provision of infrastructure which includes all the stakeholders in the elaboration and development of sustainable options - both public and private, governmental and non-governmental. Along with coordination of activities at all levels - from sub-mandal micro-planning to State-wide integrated planning - it is also necessary to give a more central involvement to citizens and their organizations, including NGOs, CBOs, and so forth. While it is unlikely that people have the expertise to execute and maintain large infrastructure investments, they do have a central role to play in the maintenance of local physical assets. As part of the long-term mitigation objectives of the project, vulnerability reduction would become an integral part of community level development activities in AP. The aim should be to associate the execution of physical works more closely with the local context in which they are prioritized. The project will focus on the incorporation of community in the widest sense (CBOs, NGOs. the private sector) into long-term disaster mitigation planning and to marry such planning with the on-going developmental activities at State, district and sub- district levels. The aim would be to enhance local ownership of public assets, build up expertise and strengthen existing institutions in the pursuit of more sustainable development.  24 Where repair and maintenance of canals and drains has been deficient, and when this impacts directly their economic activities, agricultural communities in AP have shown a willingness to contribute towards the cost of such repairs and maintenance. Additionally, recent initiatives led by the Chief Minister of AP have been directed to mobilizing people to undertake various activities in their communities either on a 100 percent voluntary basis or on community contributions of up to 50 percent, for which matching funds are provided by the government. For one of this initiatives, Sramadanam ("community works") under the Janmabhoomi program (see Attachment 11), Rs2,000 million has been budgeted for the FY 97/98. Building upon these programs, communities would be mobilized under the project to carry out hazard reduction activities for maintenance of infrastructure elements that are basic to their social and economic activities, and particularly those related to maintenance of minor drains, as well as watershed and joint forest management. The proceeds of the Vulnerability Reduction Fund would also be used to finance activities directly linked to hazard reduction. This would be compatible with the community works included in Sramadanam, which focuses on collective village and ward cleaning and general village cleanliness, including cleaning of drains, dealing with water stagnation, repairs to drinking water sources, garbage disposal and maintenance of trees. Works under the project may be carried out either by the communities or sector departments upon receipt of the beneficiary contribution (of up to 50 percent). Provision exists for District Collectors to award piece work or work order contracts for small works, such as minor irrigation drain cleaning, valued at less than Rs200,000 each contract. This initiative is being used to encourage community involvement by matching half the cost contributed by the community. Additionally, GOAP passes on funds, amounting to RsI00,000 at a time to community cooperatives for activities such as watershed management and joint forest management under the AP Forestry Project. GOAP would supervise works done by the community through the respective sector departments to ensure that sound engineering standards are followed. (e) The Vulnerability Reduction Fund (VRF) shall be created by the GOAP as a trust fund for hazard reduction activities by affected communities. The GOAP shall formulate VRF Charter and define its organization, management and operating procedures in agreement with the Bank, prior to July 1, 1997. The original endowment of at least US$ 5 million equivalent shall be provided by GOAP no later than October 1, 1997. Additionally, the GOAP shall make three more contributions to the fund, each amounting to two percent of annual appropriations for infrastructure restoration under this project. The additional contributions shall be made by March 31 in the years 1998, 1999 and 2000. The fund shall retain its endowment in perpetuity, investing it in accordance with resource management principles of the VRF Charter. Only the investment proceeds, i.e., the income generated, shall be used as matching financing for hazard reduction activities.  25 FLOW OF FUNDS 44. One hundred percent of the proceeds of the Loan/Credit will be passed on to the Government of Andhra Pradesh, by the Government of India, on the standard terms of assistance to the states. The GOAP will appropriate funds for the proposed project to a separate head under the Department of Finance and Planning, which will pass on the project funds to the spending departments on the recommendations of the DMU. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 45. Project Implementing Agencies. The AP Disaster Management Unit will have overall responsibility for project implementation. It will engage additional specialist assistance to supervise project implementation, so that there is greater ownership and the Bank inputs to project supervision could be minimized. The DMU will be responsible for carrying out all hazard mitigation studies, developing action plans, mobilizing community involvement in hazard reduction, and developing the institutional and regulatory framework for long-term hazard reduction. The DMU will also maintain consolidated project accounts, monitor progress and report to the GOAP and the Bank, as required. Implementation of infrastructure sub-sectors would be carried out by the respective agencies, namely AP State Electricity Board (APSEB) for electric power facilities; Irrigation Department for drains and flood banks; Roads and Bridges Department for State roads and bridges, and State buildings; Panchayati Raj Department for rural roads, cyclone shelters and PR buildings; the District Rural Development Agency for watershed management; the AP Forestry Department for tree shelter belts; and the Indian Meteorology Department for early warning systems. On behalf of the GOAP, the DMU will organize the preparation of coastal mapping, and subsequently zonal hazard mapping. Apart from the DMU, which is a new agency, all other agencies are well experienced in their respective activities, and have the capacity to undertake the works under the project. The infrastructure departments specifically, have spare capacity due to the downturn in investment activities that have resulted from the State's fiscal difficulties over the last two to three years. 46. Project Implementation Plan. The PIP prepared by the GOAP will be further refined to include all activities including the hazard reduction studies and training. The PIP at present concentrates on infrastructure components and their procur^-ment plans. The revised PIP would contain: project management arrangements including financing; implementation plans of each sector department including the hazard reduction activities conducted by the DMU; implementation arrangements for the IMD component; training plans for GOAP and IMD staff; and procurement plans for each activity indicating the type of procurement, details of contract packages and the scheduling of contracts. Final PIP is expected to be ready by the end of April, 1997. 47. Enhanced Design Criteria. Convincing evidence exists that all infrastructure that was constructed to enhanced design standards under the last Cyclone Reconstruction Project was able to withstand the intensities of cyclones, wind, and floods that occurred during the past year. Infrastructure repaired or reconstructed under this project will be done to enhanced standards which will be subject to be review and approval by the Bank. Such enhanced standards are available for electricity services and roads (see Attachment 12). Higher standards of design would be developed or adopted for roads and bridges, electric power facilities, irrigation facilities, public buildings, and emergency shelters. Design criteria proposed to be used in the repair and reconstruction of infrastructure under the project have been agreed with GOAP.  26 Enhanced design standards to be used for each infrastructure sub-sector would include an environmental screening process, identifying components requiring environmental analysis and possible mitigation measures. Design, siting and construction of irrigation structures and flood banks that are dependent on the findings of the technical studies will be undertaken only after the above mentioned factors have been confirmed and verified. 48. Design and Construction Criteria, Quality Assurance and Certification. Reconstruction of infrastructure would only be done when design features are incorporated to ensure that the structures can withstand the intensities of expected cyclones and floods. Internationally experienced quality assurance consultants would be appointed to undertake random supervision across all sub-sectors to assure design and construction quality and to ensure that works undertaken meet the project objectives. These consultants would certify that the works have been constructed to the specified standards. This control effort will not substitute for the normal superintendence that is normally provided by the implementing agencies, as quality assurance checks will be done on no more than about 10 to 15 percent of the total works. Simultaneously, these consultants would assist the GOAP in building their own institutional capacity to enforce design and construction standards in the long-term. 49. TechnicalAudit. Substantial effort will be directed towards establishing communication and technological facilities at the taluka and mandal levels for communities to participate in hazard reduction activities, awareness raising, education, and micro level planning which will be fully integrated into everyday community life. These funds have been provided for setting up of communications, computer hardware and software, and for training of functionaries. The GOAP has agreed that a technical audit will be carried out every six months to assess the use of facilities provided, training of functionaries, the delivery of outputs, such village databases, micro level plans, communities taking over simple infrastructure assets, and communities contributing to maintenance of infrastructure that have a direct linkage to their economic activities. The results of the audit will be used at the mid-term review to introduce appropriate changes to the program. The project would finance the consultants that would undertake this technical audit. 50. Mid-Term Review. A mid-term review will be held in December 1998, to assess (i) whether the project objectives are likely to be achieved; (ii) the commitment and actions of the GOI towards timely enhancement of the early warning system in the jurisdiction of the Indian Meteorological Department; (ii) the commitment and actions of the GOAP towards instituting regulations and enforcement of incentives/disincentives to reduce hazards; (iv) the overall progress made in the infrastructure restoration program; (v) the robustness of the community participation programs including the involvement of women; and (vi) the need for any changes or restructuring of the project. 51. Performance Indicators. Full list and discussion of project monitoring indicators is presented in Attachment 14 and it will be used by the implementing agencies for progress monitoring. A selected list of performance monitoring indicators will be agreed with GOAP and IMD at the time of project launch. Two types of performance monitoring indicators will be utilized for monitoring the progress in implementation of the proposed project: (i) program performance indicators, which would allow to measure progress made toward the fulfillment of the stated short- medium- and long-term mitigation and recovery objectives, as described for each of the proposed project components; and (ii) project performance indicators, which would monitor procurement procedures, contract preparation and approval, and general disbursement issues.  27 PROCUREMENT 52. ProcurementManagement. Procurement management will be done through three instruments: (a) Procurement plan. (b) Fully empowered Committee of Secretaries which has been created with powers to deal with procurement decisions irrespective of their value. This Committee will comprise of the Project Director of the DMU, Secretary (Works and Projects, Department of Finance) and the concerned sector department Secretary. The Committee will meet as and when necessary, but at least once in ten days, to ensure that decisions on award of contracts are taken within the period of initial validity (see Attachment 13 for details on powers and responsibilities of the Committee of Secretaries and Chief Engineers). (c) Chief Engineers, whose financial threshold for procurement decisions would be raised to allow them to accept bids of up to 40 percent above cost estimates. The GOAP has issued all the necessary government orders, prior to negotiations, for the above arrangements. The sector department Chief Engineers will be responsible for all procurement activities up to the financial powers prescribed for them. The existing Project Management Unit (PMU) will provide necessary support to the DMU for procurement administration. Where procurement decisions exceed the prescribed powers of Chief Engineers, the sector departments will process these matters through the Project Director, DMU, who will obtain clearance from the Committee of Secretaries. 53. Procurement Procedures for Works. Procurement of works would be done in accordance with World Bank Guidelines. The following procedures will be applied: (i) standard bidding documents approved for use in India, will be used without exception; (ii) due to the relatively small size and the wide spatial distribution of civil works, all civil works costing more than US$25,000 equivalent each, and up to an aggregate value of US$101.3 million, will be procured using national competitive bidding (NCB) procedures acceptable to the Bank; (iii) civil works contracts costing less than US$25,000 equivalent each, up to an aggregate value of US$25 million, will be procured using other procedures, including direct contracting, through NGOs or communities, or on the basis of three price quotations, or under unit rate/piece rate system. Such works would include: small works of an emergency nature, or small works carried out by through community contributions or through NGOs or using community labor; (iv) force account procedures, up to an aggregate value of US$2 million, will be used only in the last resort with the approval of the Bank. 54. Procurement Procedures for Materials, Equipment and Vehicles. Contracts for materials, equipment and vehicles costing more than US$200,000 equivalent each, up to an aggregate value of US$ 38 million, will be procured under international competitive bidding procedures. Contracts for materials, equipment and vehicles, valued less than US$200,000 equivalent each and more than US$25,000 in value each, up to an aggregate value of US$11.1 million, will be procured following the NCB procedures acceptable to the Bank. National shopping procedures will be used for the procurement of equipment, materials and vehicles costing less than US$25,000 equivalent each, up to an aggregate value of US$1 million equivalent. 55. Procurement of Consultant Services. As arrangements for procurement of consultants for two studies (i.e., coastal zone management, and delta and watershed management) are well advanced, and the Bank and GOAP had agreed in December 1996 on the procedures to be used, all consultant services for these two studies will be procured in accordance with Guidelines for the Use of Consultants by World Bank Borrowers and the World Bank as Executing Agency  28 (August 1981). Procurement of all other consultants services will be undertaken according to the Guidelines: Selection and Employment of Consultants by World Bank Borrowers (January 1997). Consultant contracts valued at less than US$ 50,000 equivalent each for individuals, or US$100,000 equivalent each for firms, up to an aggregate value of US$2 million equivalent, would be procured using sole source procedures. Coastal mapping, estimated to cost not more than US$ 10 million and available only through the Government of India's agencies (e.g., National Remote Sensing Agency, Survey of India, Department of Geological Survey and Department of Ocean Development) will be procured through sole source procedures acceptable to the Bank. 56. Prior Review Requirements. The World Bank's prior review and approval will be required for bid documents, bid evaluations and award decisions for: works estimated to cost US$ 300,000 equivalent or more, and contracts for groups of materials, equipment and vehicles estimated to cost US$ 200,000 equivalent or more will be required. Consultant contracts valued at US$ 100,000 for firms and US$ 50,000 for individuals and all sole source consultancies, including terms of reference for all consultancies will be subject to prior review. 57. Estimating of Costs. The use of out of date schedules of rates for preparing cost estimates has frequently been cited as the reason for delays in contract awards, because of the need to justify and obtain approvals from higher authorities. As the FY 97/98 schedule of rates would not be ready until September 1997, the GOAP has instructed all sector departments to update the FY 96/97 schedule by adding the average of the increase in the rates for the past three years, for use in preparing cost estimates. In addition, GOAP has agreed to hire consultants to assist in the streamlining of schedule of rates and procedures for their compilation, to suit current construction methodologies and labor output, under the proposed AP III Irrigation Project. GOAP should complete this updating in stages giving priority to the bill items of work taken up in this Project. The GOAP gave assurances that the updating of the schedule of rates will be completed in one year. 58. Procurement Monitoring. Procurement information will be collected and recorded as follows: (a) prompt reporting of contract award information by the Borrower; (b) comprehensive quarterly reports to the Bank, by the Borrower, indicating: (i) revised cost estimates for individual contracts and the total project; (ii) revised timing of procurement actions, including advertising, bidding, contract award and completion time for individual contracts; (iii) compliance with aggregate limits on specified methods of procurement; and (iv) a completion report by the Borrower within three months of the loan/credit closing. 59. To the extent practicable, vehicles required for the project will be hired at rates fixed in accordance with the GOAP procedures acceptable to the Bank. This item of expenditure will be eligible for disbursement under incremental operating costs, on a sliding scale. DISBURSEMENTS 60. Disbursement Categories and Percentages. The proceeds of the Loan/Credit would be disbursed against eligible expenditures at the following percentages: 70 percent of expenditures for civil works, 100 percent of foreign expenditures for materials, equipment and vehicles, 100 percent of local ex-factory expenditures for materials, equipment and vehicles, 80 percent of local expenditures for other materials, equipment and vehicles procured locally, and 100 percent for consultant services and training. Expenditures in respect of incremental operating costs for project management and implementation will be financed on a sliding scale starting at 80 percent in the first year, sliding down to 60 percent in the second year and to 25 percent in the third year.  29 Technical assistance funds earmarked for the hazard management studies and coastal mapping will not be re-allocated for any other purpose, and any unused funds will be canceled. However, if GOAP receives coastal maps, with 0.5 meter contours, at a lower cost or as a grant, the Bank may consider re-allocating such funds for other uses. 61. Retroactive Financing. The GOAP has incurred expenditure for over US$40 million for infrastructure restoration following the cyclone, some of which could be eligible for reimbursement from the proceeds of the Loan/Credit. These works have been procured using national competitive bidding procedures acceptable to the Bank. Retroactive financing will be provided for eligible expenditures, of not more than US$ 15 million equivalent, incurred after November 6, 1996 - the date of the major cyclone. 62. SpecialAccount. To facilitate project implementation, a Special Account would be established in US Dollars at the Reserve Bank of India with an initial deposit of US$ 12.5 million, equivalent to not more than four months average projected expenditures, from which all eligible project expenditures would be disbursed. The Government of India will advance to the GOAP central assistance every year, for the life of the project and in accordance with the procedures established between GOI and the states for this purpose. The GOAP will make similar advances to the implementing agencies promptly after such releases through setting up letters of credit, release of funds and government orders, in accordance with standard procedures for financing state expenditure. 63. Statement of Expenditures. Disbursements against civil works contracts of value less than US$300,000 equivalent, contracts for materials, equipment and vehicles of value under US$200,000 equivalent, and consultant contracts valued at less than US$100,000 each, training and incremental operating costs, would be made against Statement of Expenditures (SOEs). All other disbursements will be made against full documentation. 64. Accounts andAudits. Project accounts would be maintained according to the following guidelines: (a) The project accounts would be maintained under a separate heading and appropriate sub-headings by each department or agency. The accounts prepared by each participating department/agency will be consolidated by the DMU to form project accounts. Each department/agency would submitted to the DMU required documentation for all non-SOE expenditures, and retain the necessary documentation for all SOE expenditures, for inspection by the Bank and for audit. (b) The monthly summaries, prepared to support the sub-SOEs, would provide the basic building block for the project accounts maintained by the DMU with appropriate cross-referencing to allow the paper trail to be followed. Non-SOE expenditures would be separately incorporated into the accounts, and copies of the related documentation will be retained for inspection. (c) The project accounts would be summarized on an ongoing basis to show: (i) actual versus planned expenditure for each quarter and year to date; (ii) how Bank-financed and GOAP-financed expenditures are finalized by component and category; (iii) actual versus planned expenditures to date: and (iv) appended to the project account would be a listing of the Withdrawal Applications for the period concerned, showing the amounts reimbursed. Unaudited project accounts  30 with this attachment would be submitted by the DMU, as part of the quarterly report. (d) Consolidated project accounts, including SOEs, accompanied by an auditor's report, will be submitted annually to the World Bank, no later than six months after the end of the fiscal year. (e) The auditor's report, accompanied by a Summary Statement of the Special Account would be submitted to the World Bank no later than six months after end of each fiscal year. 65. Progress Reporting. The DMU will prepare a quarterly progress report indicating physical and financial progress, in an agreed format, showing the physical and financial progress of each project component, compared against the agreed plan with an explanation for the reasons for deviation, and the remedial action proposed or taken. Progress made on achievement of the agreed performance indicators should be incorporated in the report. The quarterly report will incorporate the quarterly accounts referred to above. The quarterly report will be submitted to the World Bank within four weeks after the end of each quarter.  31 Section F: FINANCIAL -ANECONOMIC JI$TMCATION MAJOR PROJECT BENEFITS AND RISKS 66. Discussion of economic justification is in Attachment 16. 67. Project Benefits. The major benefit of the project would be putting in place long-termn cyclone and flood hazard reduction measures that would reduce the loss of life, damage to property and impact to productive capacity in future cyclones and floods. In particular, (i) timely and adequate completion of repair and/or reconstruction of basic infrastructure to higher design and construction standards would help restore economic activity on a more sustainable basis, and diminish hardship of the affected population; (ii) prevention of salinity intrusions and storm surges, along with improvement in watershed management, would lead to more stable agricultural production and income in the highly vulnerable districts, which would also be beneficial to AP as a whole considering that this sector is so central to its economic prosperity; (iii) the involvement of local communities would also result in enhanced sustainability of the restored infrastructure and cyclone and flood hazard mitigation structures, as they would take greater care of these assets; and (iv) the enhancement of institutional capacity via the new disaster management framework which would be in place at the end of project implementation would further ensure that the economic and social impact of future disasters is minimized. 68. The proposed project approaches natural hazard management and long-term mitigation within the framework of environmental management. By emphasizing an integrated approach to delta and coastal zone management connected to the flood and cyclone disaster management planning, the proposed project would contribute to correct inadequate environmental practices that are increasing the vulnerability of the coastal plain. In addition to saving lives and property, the project would have a positive effect on the environment by supporting watershed and coastal management, thereby helping to control natural resource depletion (especially naturally- occurring mitigation elements such as mangroves), reduce vulnerability of irrigation and transport infrastructure, and increase coastal defense. 69. Project Risks. Two major risks have been identified: (a) GOI may fail to enhance the early cyclone warning capacity. As a result, the desired benefit for the GOAP of saving lives through early warning, timely evacuation and appropriate behavior would be impaired. To safeguard against this risk, the Bank has secured assurances that IMD will enhance its early cyclone warning capacity according to a schedule of agreed dates (See below Paragraph 41 .viii and Section C of Technical Annex on IMD component). And (b) GOAP may falter on committing adequate resources for the maintenance of restored assets. This risk has been mitigated by a covenant requiring GOAP to fund not less than the maintenance levels recommended in the Tenth Finance Commission and in consistency with agreements to be reached for two other currently proposed Bank-financed projects for AP.6 6 AP Irrigation III and AP States Roads Project.  32 .Setion G: PERFORMANCE MONITORNG INDICATORS 70. Two kinds of indicators would be considered for monitoring progress of the proposed project: (i) program performance indicators, which allow to measure progress made toward the fulfillment of the stated short-, medium- and long-term mitigation and recovery objectives, as described for each of the proposed project components; and (ii) project performance indicators, which measure the flow of the project with respect to procurement procedures, contract preparation and approval, and general disbursement issues. When necessary, initial values of some performance indicators would be established to provide a baseline to evaluate the extent to which target values for each objective are being met (see Attachment 14). 71. The natural hazard mitigation objectives of the project require specific indicators to measure progress toward cyclone and flood vulnerability reduction in the target areas. This implies the need to measure advances in the Hazard Management Program including (i) undertaking of the hazard studies and development of action plans; and (ii) social, environmental and economic issues such as levels of community involvement, enhancement of institutional capacity for disaster management, changes in peoples' disaster perception and in their attitudes toward disaster mitigation, as well as community and government commitment to sustaining mitigation works through the amounts channeled via the Vulnerability Reduction Fund. The restoration objectives require to measure the extent to which essential assets of the road, drainage and electricity networks that were affected by the recent disaster are being timely and appropriately repaired and/or reconstructed. Simultaneously, an important component of the long-term mitigation objectives is to facilitate the involvement of CBOs, NGOs and the public at large in disaster management planning and to ensure that public campaigns are being undertaken to raise people's awareness regarding cyclone and flood hazards. To gather the necessary information to measure progress toward these ends a monitoring plan has been devised. The latter includes: (i) changes in peoples' hazard awareness; (ii) levels of community involvement and commitment; (iii) changes in peoples' perceptions; and (iv) degree of commitment to long- term mitigation objectives on the part of government officials at the sub-district level. 72. Proposed indicators to monitor project performance would be: (i) average duration of procurement procedures from launching of bids to contract awards (in calendar days) by year; (ii) average duration of preparation, signature and approval of contracts (in calendar days) by year; (iii) percentage of contracts implemented within the scheduled time frame (by year); (iv) percentage of contracts implemented with no cost overrun (by year); and (v) percentage of payments processed or transmitted to IDA within 30 days after receipt of invoice or due date (by year).  Attachment 1 AP HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY CYCLONE RECOVERY PROJECT PROJECT SUMMARY COSTS (February 1997 Prices) Rs. Million US$ Million No Component Local Foreign Total Local Foreign Total I Hazard Reduction Component. (a) Studies, Action Plans, 207.62 311.43 519.05 5.71 8.56 14.27 (b) Coastal Mapping 270.48 67.62 338.10 7.43 1.86 9.29 (c) Vulnerability Red. Fund 180.00 0.00 180.00 4.95 0.00 4.95 (e)EarlyWauningSystems 49.09 441.82 490.91 1.35 12.14 13.49 Sub-total 707.19 820.87 1528.06 19.44 2.56 42.00 II Infrastructure Restoration (a) Electricity Facilities 209.09 836.36 1(045.45 5.75 22.99 28.73 (b) Drains and Floodbanks 901.82 225.45 1127.27 24.79 6.20 30.98 (c) Roads & Bridges 1520.00 380.00 1900.00 41.77 10.45 52.22 (d) Public Buildings 160.00 40.00 200.00 4.40 1.10 5.50 (e) Mitigation Works 327.27 54.55 381.80 9.00 1.50 10.50 Sub-total 2790.91 1481.81 4272.72 76.71 40.74 117.43 III Technical Assistance (a) Incr. Operating Costs Staff& Operating Cost 137.14 34.28 171.42 3.77 0.94 4.71 Sub-total 137.14 3.28 171.42 3.77 0&94 4.n (b) Consultancies, Training and 136.36 136.36 272.73 3.75 3.75 7.50 Equipment Sub-total 136.36 136.36 272.73 3.75 3.75 7.S0 Base Cost (Incl. DS&M) 4098.87 2527.87 6626.73 112.67 69.49 182.14 Physical Contingencies 361.13 232.12 593.25 9.93 6.38 16.30 Price Contingencies 654.73 133.17 787.90 17.89 3.64 21.53 TOTAL PROJECT COST 5114.72 2893.16 8007,89 140.47 79,49 219.96 Note: Costs include design, supervision and management, physical and price contingencies. Domestic and (foreign) inflation for 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001 have been assumed at 7.0 (1.7) percent, 6.7 (2.2) percent, 6.5 (2.6) percent, 6.0 (2.8) percent and 6.0 (2.6) percent, respectively. US Dollar - Rupee exchange rates have been assumed at 35.5, 36.0, 36.5, 37.0 and 38.0 for the years 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001, respectively. The total project cost includes taxes and duties of about 15 percent. Design, supervision and management is assumed at 10 percent for all components, except for technical Assistance, Training and Equipment, Institutional Strengthening Costs, Studies, Action Plans, and Vulnerability Fund, where 5 percent has been assumed. Local /foreign split has been taken as 80:20, except for studies, Action Plans (40: 60), Vulnerability Fund (100: 0), Watershed Management (90: 10), Electric Power 20: 80), Early Warning Systems (10: 90), and Technical Assistance, Training (50: 50).  Attachment 2 AP HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY CYCLONE RECOVERY PROJECT ESTIMATED SCHEDULEKOF DISBURSEMENTSOF THEIA CREED IDfT :AND) I fl LOAN (US$ millions) Quarter Ending Year Bank Fiscal Year Quarter Cumulative Percent Total Loan Septembr030 1997 FY 9: 63 6.3 4 Deember 31 1997 FY 98 8.0 14.3 10 March31 1998 FY 98 9.0 23.3 16 June 30 1998 FY98 9.0 32.3 22 September30 1998 FY99 1000 42.3 28 Demer301 1998 FY 99 10.0 52.3 35 Marc31 1999 : FY99 13,0 65.3 44 June 30 1999 FY 99 13.7 79,0 53 ptember 30 1999 FY 00 15.0 94.0 *63 Decemberr:31' 1999 FY00 15.0 109.0 :73 March:31 2000 FY00 15.0 124.0 83 June 3:0 2000 FY 00 15.o 139.0 93 September30 2000 FY 01 8.0 147.0 98 Deember0391;0311 2000 FY 01 3.0 150,0 10000 Note: Includes the US$12.5 million Special Account, half of which is assumed to be disbursed initially.  Attachment 3 AP HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY CYCLONE RECOVERY PROJECT DETAILED PROJECT COSTS WITH PHASING (February 1997 Prices) Total (Rupees) Total (US$) Local Foreign Total Local Foreign Total 1. Hazard Management Program Studies 197.73 296.60 494.33 5.43 8.15 13.59 DS&M 9.89 14.83 24.72 0.27 0.41 0.68 Sub-total 207.62 311.43 519.05 5.71 8.56 14.27 Physical contingencies 10.38 15.57 25.95 0.29 0.43 0.71 Price contingencies 32.00 15.78 47.78 0.87 0.43 1.31 Component sub-total 250,00 342,7B 592,78 6.87 9.42 16.28 2. Coastal Mapping, GOI Studies Maps 257.60 64.40 322.00 7.08 1.77 8.85 DS&M 12.88 3.22 16.10 0.35 0.09 0.44 Sub-total 270.48 67.62 338.10 7.43 1.86 9.29 Physical contingencies 13.52 3.38 16.91 0.37 0.09 0.46 Price contingencies 41.69 3.43 45.12 1.14 0.09 1.23 Ctomponent sub-total 325.70 74.43 400.12 8.94 2.04 10.9 3. Vulnerability Reduction Fund Fund amount 171.43 0.00 171.43 4.71 0.00 4.71 DS&M 8.57 0.00 8.57 0.24 0.00 0.24 Sub-total 180.00 0.00 180.00 4.95 0.00 4.95 Physical contingencies 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Price contingencies 26.42 0.00 26.42 0.72 0.00 0.72 Component sub-total 206,43 0,00 206.43 5.67 0.00 5.67 4. Electric Power Transmission and distribution 190.08 760.33 950.41 5.22 20.90 26.12 DS&M 19.01 76.03 95.04 0.52 2.09 2.61 Sub-total 209.09 836.36 1045.45 5.75 22.99 28.73 Physical contingencies 20.91 83.64 104.55 0.57 2.30 2.87 Price contingencies 33.76 44.39 78.15 0.92 1.21 2.13 Component sub-total 263,76 964.39 1228.15 7.24 26.50 33.74 5. State Roads and Bridges Roads &Bridges 1090.91 272.73 1363.64 29.98 7.50 37.48 DS&M 109.09 27.27 136.36 3.00 0.75 3.75 Sub-total 1200.00 300.00 1500.00 32.98 8.25 41.23 Physical contingencies 120.00 30.00 150.00 3.30 0.82 4.12 Price contingencies 193.78 15.92 209.70 5.30 0.43 5.73 Component sub-total 1513.78 345.92 1859.70 41.57 9.50 51.08  2 Total (Rupees) Total (US$) Local Foreign Total Local Foreign Total 6. Rural Roads and Bridges Roads &Bridges 290.91 72.73 363.64 8.00 2.00 9.99 DS&M 29.09 7.27 36.36 0.80 0.20 1.00 Sub total 320.00 80.00 400.00 8.79 2.20 10.99 Physical contingencies 32.00 8.00 40.00 0.88 0.22 1.10 Price contingencies 51.67 4.25 55.92 1.41 0.12 1.53 Component Sub total 403.68 92.25 495.92 11.09 2.53 13.62 7. Irrigation Drains and Flood Banks Drains&floodbanks 819.83 204.96 1024.79 22.53 5.63 28.17 DS&M 81.98 20.50 102.48 2.25 0.56 2.82 Sub-total 901.82 225.45 1127.27 24.79 6.20 30.98 Physical contingencies 90.18 22.55 112.73 2.48 0.62 3.10 Price contingencies 145.63 11.97 157.59 3.98 0.33 4.31 Component sub-total 1137.62 259.97 1397.59 31.24 7.14 38.39 8. Public Buildings R&B andPR Buildings 145.46 36.36 181.82 4.00 1.00 5.00 DS&M 14.55 3.64 18.18 0.40 0.10 0.50 Sub-total 160.00 40.00 200.00 4.40 1.10 5.50 Physical contingencies 16.00 4.00 20.00 0.44 0.11 0.55 Price contingencies 25.84 2.12 27.96 0.71 0.06 0.76 Component sub-total 201.84 46.12 247.96 5.54 1.27 6.81 9. Shelter Belts Tree plantations 66.11 16.53 82.64 1.82 0.45 2.27 DS&M 6.61 1.65 8.26 0.18 0.05 0.23 Sub-total 72.72 18.18 90.90 2.00 0.50 2.50 Physical contingencies 7.27 1.82 9.09 0.20 0.05 0.25 Price contingencies 11.74 0.96 12.71 0.32 0.03 0.35 Component sub-total 91.74 20.96 112.70 2.52 0.58 3.10 10. Watershed Management Program 178.51 19.83 198.34 4.91 0.55 5.45 DS&M 17.85 1.98 19.83 0.49 0.05 0.55 Sub-total 196.36 21.82 218.17 5.40 0.60 6.00 Physical contingencies 19.64 2.18 21.82 0.54 0.06 0.60 Price contingencies 31.71 1.16 32.87 0.87 0.03 0.90 Component sub-total 247,70 25.16 272.86 6.80 0.69 7.49 11. Cyclone Shelters Shelters 52.90 13.22 66.12 1.45 0.36 1.82 DS&M 5.29 1.32 6.61 0.15 0.04 0.18 Sub-total 58.19 14.55 72.73 1.60 0.40 2.00 Physical contingencies 5.82 1.45 7.27 0.16 0.04 0.20 Price contingencies 9.40 0.77 10.17 0.26 0.02 0.28 Component sub-total 73.40 16.77 90.17 2.02 0.46 2.48 AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 3: Detailed Project Costs with Phasing  3 Total (Rupees) Total (USS) Local Foreign Total Local Foreign Total 12. Institutional Strengthening Operating costs 130.61 32.65 163.26 3.59 0.90 4.49 DS&M 6.53 1.63 8.16 0.18 0.04 0.22 Sub-total 137.14 34.28 171.42 3.77 0.94 4.71 Physical contingencies 6.86 1.71 8.57 0.19 0.05 0.24 Price contingencies 21.14 1.74 22.88 0.58 0.05 0.63 Component sub-total 165.13 37.74 202.87 4,54 1.04 .5.57 13. GOI Early Warning Systems Equipment 46.75 420.78 467.53 1.28 11.56 12.85 DS&M 2.34 21.04 23.38 0.06 0.58 0.64 Sub-total 49.09 441.82 490.91 1.35 12.14 13.49 Physical contingencies 4.91 44.18 49.09 0.13 1.21 1.35 Price contingencies 7.93 23.45 31.38 0.22 0.64 0.86 Component sub-total 61.93 509.45 571.37 1,70 140- *5.70i 14. Technical Assistance (Other than Hazard Mitigation) Consultancies Project preparation 129.87 129.87 259.74 3.57 3.57 7.14 DS&M 6.49 6.49 12.99 0.18 0.18 0.36 Sub-total 136.36 136.36 272.73 3.75 3.75 7.50 Physical contingencies 13.64 13.64 27.27 0.37 0.37 0.75 Price contingencies 22.02 7.24 29.26 0.60 0.20 0.80 Component sub-total 172.02 157.24 329.26 4.72 4.32 - 04 TOTAL PROJECT COST 5114.72 2893.16 8007.89 140.47 71.49 . Total Physical contingencies 361.13 232.12 593.25 9,93 6.38 .1&..$30 Total Price contingencies 654.73 133.17 787.90 17.89 3.64- 2153 AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 3: Detailed Project Costs with Phasing  Attachment 4 AP HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY CYCLONE RECOVERY PROJECT VULNERABILITY REDUCTION FUND (VRF) 7 (Formation, Operation and Criteria for Access) PURPOSE OF VRF 1. The purpose of the VRF is to provide a perpetual source of funding for hazard reduction activities to be undertaken by communities. ESTABLISHMENT AND FUNDING 2. VRF shall be established by the GOAP no later than October 1, 1997, under the provisions of the Indian Trusts and Charities Act. The VRF charter, organization, resource management (including selection of an Asset Management Company) and operating procedures (i.e., its grant/loan award policies) shall be agreed by IDA no later than July 1, 1997. 3. The initial VRF endowment (capitalization) of at least US$5 million equivalent shall be provided and paid in by the GOAP no later than October 1, 1997. Subsequent contributions to VRF shall be made by March 31 of the years 1998, 1999 and 2000 from the resources of the GOAP, amounting to the equivalent of the two percent of the annual appropriations for infrastructure made under the Project in the respective year. INVESTMENT OF VRF FUNDS AND ELIGIBILITY FOR VRF GRANTS/LOANS 4. VRF Charter shall specify that its endowment shall be retained in perpetuity shall be invested in accordance with the resource management principles specified therein. Only the investment income thus generated shall be used for the purpose of providing matching financing (grants and loans, as appropriate) for hazard reduction activities undertaken by communities. PROCEDURES FOR VRF GRANT/LOAN APPROVAL AND ADMINISTRATION 5. Individual VRF grant/loan approvals shall be cleared by the District Collectors (for up to Rs500,000, and DMU for up to Rs1,000,000). DMU OPERATING PROCEDURES CONCERNING VRF GRANTS/LOANS 6. Grants/loans of RsS0O, 000 or Less shall be administered by the District Collectors, in conjunction with the District Disaster Management Committee, on condition that the matching contributions have been secured from the concerned communities. 7. Grants/loans in excess of Rs500, 000 shall require prior approval of DMU. There shall be a Rs. 1,000,000 maximum for individual grants/loans. 8. Reporting. District Collectors shall submit bi-monthly reports to DMU of disbursement made (comprising proposal summaries, amounts requested, proof of matching funds and the proposed manner of the execution of works, such as contracting, self-help etc., and the proposed execution period). DMU shall convene a semi-annual meeting of concerned District Collectors to review the progress of VRF-supported operations, share experiences and report on issues.  2 9. Audit. VRF disbursements shall be audited by independent external auditors, initially after the first six months of VRF operation and thereafter annually. TARGET AREAS 10. Financial support from VRF shall be made available at the District level only. The District Disaster Management Committees headed by the District Collector would disburse VRF proceeds to communities for district-wide projects for (i) maintenance, relocation or upgrading of critical infrastructure; (ii) dissemination of hazard mitigation information; (iii) upgrading of disaster response and mitigation related communication; and (iv) the development of district level disaster response plans and hazard mitigation strategies. Applications Will be required to provide a one-to- one match in cash, materials, equipment, or services, with a minimum specified cash contributions. Applicants from Talukas and Mandals may seek matching funds for (i) upgrading of community structures; (ii) maintenance and renovation of disaster shelters and critical infrastructure; (iii) programs of hazard awareness, mitigation, and preparedness training; and (iv) disaster management related communications. These communities will be required to provide a documented 100 percent match including building material, equipment, and/or labor. 11. Information on VRF should be distributed throughout the state to all communities with detailed stipulation of the terms of the grants and the acceptable applications. The DMU will retain project oversight authority and manage disbursements to projects and agencies. At the conclusion of each project, a standard accounting shall be made for all funds including matching resources, and the accomplishment of each project shall be documented. 12. GOAP will develop the charter including the constitution of the Board of Trustees, capitalization, fund management, disbursement of the proceeds, monitoring and review arrangements and audit procedures, for discussions and agreement with the Bank, no later than July 1, 1997. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 4: Vulnerability Reduction Fund (VRF)  Attachment 5 AP HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY CYCLONE RECOVERY PROJECT ....... ..0 t 0004ElECTRIC POWER FACILITIES LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE RECENT DISASTER 1. Several lessons have been learned as a consequence of the damages incurred during the October and November 1996 floods and cyclone: (a) A large number of 220 KV and 132 KV towers could not withstand the high wind velocities of 220-250 km/hour. The present system in the coastal region is designed to withstand a maximum wind velocity of 150-180 kmh. Remedial measures to strengthen selected 220 KV and 132 KV towers are necessary. (b) The prestressed concrete poles used for 33 KV and 11 KV lines have not responded satisfactorily to high wind velocities. Nearly 17,000 poles collapsed during the November cyclone in West Godavari district alone. Furthermore, the mild steel fabricated structures could not withstand the cyclone. Conversely, the spun concrete cylindrical poles which were used under the Bank's CERP project for constructing 713 km of 1 I KV lines and 643 km of 33 KV lines withstood the fury of the cyclone very well. Critical 33 KV and 11 KV lines should use round spun concrete poles. (c) For 11 KV and 33 KV lines using pre-stressed concrete poles, the Board's practice is to pour concrete to the foundation of every fifth pole; the other four poles are just buried in the ground. Such poles have been uprooted from the soil during floods as well as cyclones. This practice needs to be changed. (d) The design of 11 KV and 33 KV lines with pin insulators has not proven satisfactory for severe cyclonic conditions as conductors have become loose from the bindings. Suspension insulators with clamps for conductors have proved to be superior. (e) Distribution transformers are placed by APSEB on concrete or steel platforms without anchoring. Many of these have toppled during cyclones. Routine provision of anchor bolts or strapping to hold transformers in place is essential. (f) Many 33 KV and 11 KV lines pass through fields, several kilometers away from the road. Access to these lines became almost impossible after heavy rains due to flooding and slushy land. It is necessary that routing of critical lines should be alongside roads. (g) The transmission line towers in the area are designed for a wind pressure of 150 kg/cm (wind velocity of 180 km/hour). It is necessary to adopt a higher standard for the coastal areas in view of the wind velocities in excess of 200 km/hour experienced in the latest disaster. (h) APSEB depends primarily on powerline carrier (PLC) for communications in normal times. During system collapse, as it happened after the November cyclone, the PLC system becomes unavailable, thereby making communication difficult. VHF and UHF communications facilities should be made available for the coastal systems.  2 (i) Restoration of supply to essential services such as public health centers, water works, telephone exchanges, etc., took longer than necessary since no special higher reliability feeders are provided for such facilities. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS 2. In light of the experience of the floods and cyclone in October/November, 1996, APSEB would review and revise the current design and construction standards. After the cyclone of 1990 and consequent to the CERP, some distribution facilities were constructed with more stringent design standards (e.g., use of spun concrete poles for 1 1 KV and 33 KV lines). These facilities were not damaged during the floods and cyclone of 1996. However, APSEB has continued to apply lower standards to save initial capital cost. 3. In order to provide a sound basis for the revision of design and construction standards, APSEB should undertake a detailed study that reviews and recommends appropriate standards taking into account the different vulnerability levels of the districts. Terms of reference for such a study are provided in Attachment 15. OBJECTIVES 4. After the floods and the cyclone, APSEB restored supply to most consumers in the affected areas by carrying out repairs rapidly. Some of the repairs are of temporary nature, while most of the restoration work was undertaken without assessing the need for upgrading the current design and construction standards. The objective of the proposed project regarding the electricity network is to assist APSEB in taking the necessary measures to complete the repair works while carrying out the upgrading and strengthening of the network to diminish the impact of future disasters. ACTIVITIES 5. The activities included under this component are: (a) strengthening the existing 132 KV and 220 KV transmission lines so that they can withstand cyclonic winds and floods; (b) constructing some new 132 KV and 220 KV transmission lines and substations to improve the reliability of supply, provide standby capacity and augment total supply capability; (c) constructing new 33 KV lines with 12.5 meter spun concrete poles to provide alternate feed to those 132 KV and 33 KV substations that do not have such facility; (d) construct new 1 1 KV lines with 9.0 meter spun concrete poles so that each village has such a reliable feeder available to supply essential loads such as pump houses, hospitals etc. and (e) provide additional communication facilities to reduce reliance on PLCC facilities which become unavailable during power failures. All new 33 KV and 11 KV lines will be routed along the road side for easier repair access during emergencies. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 5: Electric Power Facilities  3 PROPOSALS 6. The main elements proposed under this component are: 1. 33KV lines (km) 1151.50 (Includes 6 km of 33KV DC line) 2. 1 IKV lines (km) 541.00 3. 33/11KV Substations (nos.) 22 4. River Crossings: (i) 33KV (nos.) 5 (ii) 11KV (nos.) 19 5. 33KV Bay Extensions (km) 146.00 6. 220 KV D.C. line (km) 8.00 7. 132 KV D.C. line (km) 202.00 8. 132/33 KV Substation (nos.) 2 7. Communication Network 1 7. Table 1 (see end of this attachment) provides details on: the transmission lines considered in the electricity component (sections Al and A2); the 33 KV transmission lines in East and West Godavari districts (sections B 1 and B2); and the 11 KV lines in the same districts. In addition, section C presents the works proposed in other districts (e.g.. Cuddapah, Kumool, Prakasam and Nellore). HAZARD REDUCTION MEASURES 8. The following mitigation measures for the distribution system are proposed: (a) 33 KV lines emanating from a 132 KV or 220 KV substations feeding different 33 KV substations in the cyclone-prone districts as alternate source of supply; (b) 11 KV main lines emanating from a 33 KV or 132 KV sub-stations to cover all en-route villages only. The proposed line is up to the entrance of the villages in the vulnerable districts; (c) Lines will be run along the road to facilitate easy erection, maintenance and rectification and quick restoration of power supply in case of breakdowns or damages in the event of a cyclone; (d) In the coastal districts, the lines will be run on PSCC spun poles with a provision for multi- circuits i.e., 3 to 4 lines, one 33 KV, one 1 1 KV and one or two LT lines; and (e) A reliable communication system that functions even during emergencies. 9. The following mitigation options for the transmission system are proposed: (a) Tower strengthening; (b) Replacement of jointed conductor and earth wire; (c) Foundation and copings strengthening; and AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 5: Electric Power Facilities  4 (d) Erection of additional lines and sub-stations to ensure alternate and reliable supply. COST ESTIMATES 10. Table 2 and 3 provide the cost estimates for this component. The total base cost of the electric power sector component amounts to Rs 136.10 crores. The proposals have been categorized in three priority groups to allow scaling down of the project in case that adequate funds are not available. The priorities established are: S.No. Item Priority I Priority 2 Priority 3 (Ri. Crores) 1. Strengthening of existing 132 KV and 220 KV lines 12.40 - - 2. New 132 KV and 220 KV lines and substations - 32.28 26.46 3. Augmentation of 33 KV network in East & West 9.38 - - Godavari 4. Augmentation of 11 KV network in East Godavari 834 8.67 - 5. Augmentation of 11 KV network in West Godavari 2.78 10.84 8.09 6. Augmentation of 11 KV and 33 KV networks in 6.0 6.0 - Prakasam, Kurnool, Cuddapah & Nellore 7. Communications facilities 4.76 - 8. Studies 0.10 - - TOTAL 43.66 57.79 34.55 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS LI. APSEB has adequate capability, organization and manpower to implement the proposed activities. There would be no need for consultants for project design or construction management, except for the study recommended in paragraph 3. During project implementation, there will be a central cell in the APSE Board's main office in charge of monitoring the progress of works, coordinating the supply of materials to the field, completing the accounts from the various districts, monitoring and submitting reimbursement claims, and overseeing general project-related activities. The central cell will also submit to the Bank detailed design reports - for review and comments for all components of the project - and monthly progress reports. O&M ARRANGEMENTS 12. APSEB has adequate and satisfactory O&M arrangements in place for the type of facilities that are being created under the project. The Board operates and maintains over 6,900 km of 220 KV lines, 9,900 km of 132 KV lines, 14,000 km of 33 KV lines and 380,000 km of 11 KV lines. It will not be necessary to increase O&M budget provisions to any special extent on account of the project. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 5: Electric Power Facilities  5 TABLE 1- PROJECT PROPOSALS OF APSEB A. TRANSMISSION A-i Strengthening of Existing Lines (Priority) S.No. Item Details Quantity Cost (Rs. Lakhs) I. Strengthening of existing towers and replacement of 700 MT 210.0 tower parts 2. Replacement of damaged conductors on 220 KV lines 250 KM 325.0 3. Providing G.I. bolts and nuts on 220 KV and 132 KV 30 MT 15.0 towers 4. Replacement of damaged conductors on 132 KV lines 200 KM 160.0 5. Replacement of earthwire, accessories, insulators etc. LS 100.0 on existing lines 6. Replacement of lightening arresters 83 nos 40.0 7. Rectification of foundations and provision of extra LS 200.0 coping for 220 KV and 132 KV towers 8. Replacement and strengthening of carrier LS 90.0 communications on EHT lines 9. Labour/Contract charges for works in (1) to (8) LS 100.0 Sub Total 12,40.0 A-2 New Works S.No. Item Details Cost Rs. Lakhs 1. 220 KV DC line to Kakinada Substation and DC/SC line from 1458.70 Godavari GBPS and 220 KV Substation at Kakinada (Priority - 2) 2. 220 KV DC line from Vijjeswaram to Nidadavolu with bay 368.32 extension at Nidadavolu (Priority - 2) 3. 132 KV DC/SC lines from Bhimadole to Bhimavaram and 1401.46 Nidadavolu to Saggonda (Priority - 2) 4. 132 KV DC/SC line from Narsapuram to Razolu and 132 KV 1443.42 Substations at Narsapuram and Razolu (Priority - 3) 5. 132 KV DC/SC line from Amalapuram to Yanam (Priority - 3) 500.73 6. 132 KV DC line from Ramachandrapuram to Kakinada (Priority 3) 702.00 Sub Total 5,874.63 Total Cost for Transmission (A-1 + A-2) 71,14.63 AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 5: Electric Power Facilities  6 B. DISTRIBUTION B-1 East Godavari District - 33 KV Lines S.No. Item Details Length Cost km Rs. Lakhs 1. R.C. Puram S.S. to Rayavaram 8 2. R. C. Puram S. S. to Gangavaram 15 3. R.C. Puram S.S. to Aryavatam 16 4. Yanam S.S to Tallarevu 8 5. Amalapuram S.S. to Kothapet to Kamalapuram 44 6. Amalapuram S.S. to Nagaram to Razole to Malikipuram 36 7. Amalapuram S.S. to Mummidivaram 15 8. 220 KV Bomur S. S. to Vemagiri to Peravaram 14 Total 156 5,83.44 B-2 West Godavari District - 33 KV Lines S.No. Item Details Length Cost Km Rs. Lakhs 1. Narsapura S.S. to Palcol 1 2. Bhimvaram S.S. to Veeravasaram 21 3. Kowada S.S. to Undi 9 4. Tanuku S.S. to Penugonda to Pudur 24 5. Tanuku S.S. to Tetali to Mortha 18 6. Pedatadepalle S.S. to Narayanpuramn 12 Total 95 3,55.30 Notes: 1. Cost estimated at Rs.3.74 lakhs per km. 2. All lines on 12.5 meter spun poles with 100 sq mm AAA conductors. B-3 East Godavari - 11 KV Lines Item Length Cost km Rs. Lakhs 11 KV Lines emanating from 132 KV or 33 KV Substations and 612 1701.36 covering all enroute villages in 50 KM range from the coast. Note: Priority I is 300 KM and priority 2 is 312 KM AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 5: Electric Power Facilities  7 B-4 West Godavari District - 11 KV Lines Item Length Cost km Rs. Lakhs 11 KV lines emanating from 132 KV or 33 KV Substations and 781 2171.18 covering all enroute villages in 50 KM range from the coast. Note: Priority I = 100 KM, Priority 2 = 390 KM, Priority 3 = 291 KM General Notes: 1. Cost estimated at Rs.2.78 lakhs per km. 2. All lines on 9.0 meter spun poles with 100 sq mm AAA conductors. C Works in Other Districts District Item Cost (Rs. Crores) Cuddapah 3 River crossings and augmentation of 11 KV and 33 KV 1.00 network. Kurnool 2 River crossings (Handri River) and augmentation of 11 KV and 2.00 33 KV network. Prakasam Construction of 33 KV and 11 KV lines to improved standards. 4.00 Nellore Construction of 33 KV and 11 KV lines to improved standards. 5.00 TABLE 2 -COST ESTIMATETFOR ELECTRIC POWER COMPONENT S.No. Item Cost in Rs. Crores Local Foreign Taxes & Total Duties 1. Strengthening existing 132KV and 220KV 1.98 7.94 2.48 12.40 lines 2. New 132 KV and 220 KV lines and 9.40 37.59 11.75 58.74 substations 3. 33KVlinesinEast Godavaridistrict 0.93 3.73 1.17 5.83 4. 33 KV lines West Godavari district 0.57 2.27 0.71 3.55 5. 11 KV lines in East Godavari district 2.72 10.89 3.40 17.01 6. 11 KVlinesinWestGodavaridistrict 3.47 13.90 4.34 21.71 7. 33 KV and 11 KV lines in Prakasam, Kumool, 1.92 7.68 2.40 12.00 Cuddapah and Nellore districts 8. Communications facilities 0.76 3.05 0.95 4.76 9. T.A - studies 0.02 0.08 - 0.10 SubtotalBaseCost 21.77 87.13 27.20 136.10 Physical Contingency (5%) 1.09 4.36 1.36 6.81 Price Contingency (10%) (approximate) 2.18 8.71 2.72 13.61 Total Project Cost 25.04 100.20 31.28 156.52 AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 5. Electric Power Facilities  8 TABLE 3 - BASE COST TOTALS (DISTRIBUTION ELEMENTS) Rs. in Lakhs US$ in Millions l(i). 33KV lines SC on 1 IM 1525.70 4.24 Spun Poles (ii) 33KV lines on DC 1 IM 31.80 0.09 Spun Poles 2. 33KV lines on 9.1M 1521.00 4.23 PSCC Poles 3. llKVlineson llM 750.60 2.09 Spun poles 4. 1 lKV lines on 9.1M 199.40 0.55 PSCC Poles 5. 33/11KV Substations 1285.00 3.57 6. River Crossings: 33KV 31.00 0.09 1IKV 9.50 0.03 7. Bay Extensions 170.00 0.47 8. Comnmunication Network 476.00 1.32 TOTAL 6000.00 16.67 AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 5: Electric Power Facilities  Attachment 6 AP HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY CYCLONE RECOVERY PROJECT IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PROJECT SCOPE 1 The GOAP and the Bank have identified the following two critical areas for emergency recovery in the irrigation and drainage sector in the areas affected by the cyclone and floods of 1996, for funding under the project: (a) Drainage network: reconstruction and rehabilitation of drainage network. (b) Flood Embankments: reconstruction and rehabilitation of damaged flood banks. 2. The project would not provide funding for restoration of a very large number of small tanks. The GOAP has already secured funding of about US$34 million (Rs. 1180 million) from NABARD for restoration of four large dams and construction of 101 new minor tanks/sources. In addition GOAP has sought funding from NABARD for restoration of large number of minor irrigation sources in eleven districts of the state damaged during the 1996 floods. IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PROJECT COMPONENTS 3. The project will provide support for the following sub-components under the Irrigation and Drainage component. Construction of new drains or new flood banks will be undertaken only if no displacement of people is involved. If the studies reveal the need to acquire land or displace people, construction of such new flood banks or drains will be deleted from the project: (a) Improvement to Drainage Network in the delta: US$34.1 million (Rs779.3 million); and (b) Improvement to Flood Embankments and construction of flood banks to protect one town and four villages: US$11.8 million (Rs413.4 million) TOTAL of Irrigation and Drainage Component: US$45.9 million (Rs 1192.7 million) 4. Drainage Network (US$34.1 million, Rs779.3million). The major objective of improvement to the drainage system is to complete the minor drains in the six delta districts, where the improvement of a large number of major and medium drains was executed under the CERP, so that the drainage of the entire valley/sub-valley is completed under the present project. Improvement to 8 major drains and 23 medium drains in these districts, which have been identified as essential to achieve the aforesaid objective is also included in the project. Two of the 8 major drains proposed for improvement under the project are the leftover work of the CERP 1990 project. The project will also include replacement of 14 masonry structures across main drains including three outfall structures at the junction of main drains with the Godavari river, as these old structures are dilapidated and their replacement is essential for effective functioning of the drainage system in the delta. The following table gives the district wise picture of the extent of work involved under this component.  2 (i) Minor Drains - US$10.3million (Rs360.4 million) S.No District No. of Total length of Area benefited Cost of Improvement Drains drains (Kn) (Ha) (is. moltion) 1 EastGodavari 174 519 70,689 31.7 2 West Godavari 547 1181 1,79,766 88.5 3 Krishna 563 1340 2.36,746 100 4 Guntur 317 717 90,294 61.5 5 Prakasam 63 118 11,846 13.1 6 Nellore 79 236 10,116 65.6 TOTAL 1743 4111 5,99,457 360.4 (ii) Medium Drains US$3.57 million (Rs 124.9 million) S.No District No. of Drains Total length of Area benefited Cost of Improvement drains (kmn) (Ha) (Ri. miJllon) 1 East Godavari 6 16 550 19.9 2 West Godavari - - - - 3 Krishna - - - - 4 Guntur - - - - 5 Prakasam - - - - 6 Nellore 12434 105.0 TOTAL 23 157 12984 124.9 (iii) Major Drains US$3.92 million (Rs 137.2 million) S.No District No. of Total length of Area benefited Cost of Improvement Drains drains (km) (Ha) (Rs. million) 1 East Godavari 1 15.3 17,402 50.0 2 West Godavari - - - - 3 Krishna 1 28.2 n/a 25.6 4 Guntur - - 5 Prakasam 6 47 15,784 61.6 6 Nellore - - TOTAL 8 90.5 n/a 137.2 AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 6: Irrigation and Drainage  3 (d) Structures across drains US$4.48 million (Rs156.8 million) i:S.:No J)0istic0 ;Name of Structure Fitinated cost:(&ts mflwo) I East Godavari Groyne at Konavaramn 30 (left over from CERP Regulator at Navarayeru 2.5 Culvert of Gaderu drain 0.8 2 West Godavari Nakkala outfall 30.0 (left over from CERP) Madhavayapalam outfall 20.0 Darbharevu outfall 10.0 3 Krishna Bodameru Railway Bridge 45.2 (left over from CERP) 4 Guntur Repalle Drain Bridge 4.0 5 Nelore Six bridges on 4 major drains 14.3 TOTAL 14 structures 156.8 5. Flood Embankments (US$11.8 million, Rs413.4 million). Strengthening / construction of the following flood embankments is proposed to be funded under the project. S.N 0isrict: N. of Loations Lengt of Einbankments (km) Cost (R million) I East Godavari 3 48.68 150 2 West Godavari 3 17 8.4 3 Khammam 3 n/a 130 4 Warangal 1 8.76 125 TOTAL 10 n/a 413.4 DESIGN STANDARDS, STATUS OF DESIGNS AND PLANNING 6. Drainage Network The improvement to the drainage network will follow the Indian Standard Guidelines (IS Code No: 8835 - 1978) and the criteria agreed and adopted for drainage schemes improved under CERP 1990, which was based on a maximum three day rainfall with a return period of 25 years. The alignments of all drains proposed to be improved under the project are to follow the existing drain locations on ground. However detailed hydraulic designs based on the agreed criteria have yet to be done, and therefore the present estimated cost is on prorata cost per km of minor drains, based on costs for similar work executed in 1996. The estimated cost of AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 6: Irrigation and Drainage  4 medium and major drains is based on cumec/km rate based on actual work executed in the recent past. It has been agreed that the implementation of this work will be subject to Bank's clearance after the technical studies to establish its effectiveness and suitability in the context of the action plans for hazard reduction planning, which is a main objective of this project are completed. 7. Flood Embankments. Detailed studies will be carried out for the new flood banks required to protect villages at risk. However, if any of the works involve displacement of people or acquisition of land, these works will be deleted from the project. The repair and rehabilitation of the existing flood banks in PIP, Gautmi Right and Left banks will follow the Indian Standard Guidelines for planning and design of River Embankments (IS Code No. 12094-1987) and the design criteria for flood protection embankment sections as prescribed by the Central Water Commission (CWC) of the GOI. For improvement of existing tidal banks in West Godavari, the standards agreed and adopted for Krishna Eastern Tidal Banks in Krishna district in the CERP 1990 will be followed. The estimation of present cost (1996 prices) is based on the actual length of the embankments and finalized principal levels of the embankment based on the afore-mentioned standards. However the exact cross-section of the embankments has to be designed based on test results of soil to be used, and detailed cross-sections of the existing embankments. Final estimates are expected to be ready by May 31,1997, for timely procurement and commencement of work by December 1997. 8. For flood protection works to Bhadrachalam town (Khammam district) which is a new work, detailed field surveys have been carried out and detailed designs have been approved by the Central Design Organization and are based on the above-mentioned IS code and CWC Guidelines. The present cost, at 1996 prices, is based on detailed estimates. However, further studies to assess and quantify the effect of the proposed embankment on the opposite bank of Godavari River are necessary. The final design and alignment of the flood embankment to protect Ettapaka and Marakala villages (Khammam district) and Etumagaram and Ramannagudem villages (Warangal District) are yet be worked out, so the current cost estimates are approximate. The conditions for implementation of these works will be similar to those indicated above for Bhadrachalam. If the construction of any of the above embankinents involves displacement of people, the works will be deleted from the project. SPECIFICATIONS AND QUALITY CONTROL 9. Construction works under the Irrigation and Drainage Component will be carried out by the Irrigation Department, GOAP, through its field formations. AP Standard Specifications currently applicable to these works and the construction practices recommended in the USBR Earth Manual, Concrete Manual and Drainage Manual will be followed for execution of works under the project. Suitable Check Lists and O.K. Card system for construction control will be developed by the Chief Engineer Major Irrigation who is in charge of both the sub-components of the Irrigation and Drainage Component of the Project and controls six field circles headed by Superintending Engineers for these works. 10. In view of the fact that a large amount of work, in both physical and financial terms, has to be executed under this emergency project, it is essential that due attention is paid to ensure high quality of works in the field. An independent Quality Control Unit headed by a Superintending Engineer exists in the Irrigation Department, which reports to the Chief Engineer Central Designs Organization. He has four Executive Engineers and supporting technical staff to assist him. This Unit has designated technical staff for works in each field circle. This independent Quality Control AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 6: Irrigation and Drainage  5 Unit will furnish reports on quality of works simultaneously to the Engineer-in-Chief, the Chief Engineer Designs and the Chief Engineer Major Irrigation. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR HAZARD REDUCTION 11. Dam Safety Assurance Program. In order to ensure that the dams are continuously maintained in good health to withstand the forces of nature, an institutional mechanism to implement a Dam Safety Assurance Program (DSAP) in the state is essential. I1. The various steps to implement a Dam Safety Assurance Program are: (a) Setting up a State Dam Safety Organization (DSO) in the State Irrigation Department, headed by an officer of level not less than a Superintending Engineer, to be designated as Director DSO. The DSO will be provided with adequate number of Executive Engineers and Assistant Engineers and other technical staff. The Director DSO will be responsible for monitoring the implementation of the DSAP in respect of all dams in the state (covering dams maintained by various departments of the state as well as private parties, if any). He will report to the Chief Engineer Designs and Engineer-in- Chief Irrigation. The Director DSO will also be the Member Secretary of the State Dam Safety Committee (see below). (b) A State Dam Safety Committee (SDSC) will be set up under the chairmanship of the Secretary Irrigation Department and all Chief Engineers will be members of this committee. The Director DSO will be the Secretary of the SDSC. The SDSC will meet at least once in three months to review the implementation of the DSAP, described below. (c) The various actions required to achieve a satisfactory Dam Safety Assurance Program are: (i) Bi-annual (pre-monsoon and post monsoon) inspections of all dams by the field officials in charge of the dam maintenance at the level of designated authority depending on the size/hazard potential of the dam or dams. These inspections should be carried out and inspection reports on prescribed formats sent by the inspecting officer to the Director DSO and the Chief Engineer concerned. (ii) Evaluation of the bi-annual report by the DSO to assess the safety condition of the dam and reporting to concerned Chief Engineer of action. Annual repairs or special repairs, where found necessary on the basis of this evaluation will be the responsibility of the concerned Chief Engineer. (iii) DSO to carry out, independently, Phase I inspections of all large dams (as per definition by International Commission of Large Dams) in accordance with "Guidelines for Safety Inspection of Dams" issued by the Central Water Commission in the year 1987. All dams having a maximum height of more than 15 meters and /or having a gross storage capacity of more than 60 million cum will fall in this category. All large dams in the state will go through a Phase I inspection once in a five year cycle. The Director DSO will prepare evaluation report of Phase I inspections and present the same in the SDSC, pointing out the names of dams requiring detailed Phase II investigations (as per CWC Guidelines of 1987). SDSC will fix priorities and time schedule for such Phase II investigations to be carried out through the Chief Engineer Designs and Chief Engineer in charge, or through consultants. (iv) Based on the result of Phase II investigations, which will cover both the structural as well as hydrologic analyses, designs for remedial works to dams will be carried out and thereafter implemented to bring the dam to a safe condition according to the currently AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 6: Irrigation and Drainage  6 standards of India. The SDSC will decide on the prioritization for carrying out remedial works and provide special funds for the purpose. PROCUREMENT 12. Drainage Network Itenm Over 10 m 6-10 m 3-6m Less than 3m Force Account TOTAL (Rs Million) Minor Drainage NIL NIL NIL 290.4 70 360.4 Medium Drainage 40.8 7.0 52.7 24.4 124.9 Major Drainage 137.2 - - - - 137.2 Structures 135.2 - 4.0 17.6 - 156.8 TOTAL 313.2 7.0 56.7 332.4 70 779.3 2. Flood Embankments Districi Over 10 m 6-10 m: 3-6m Less than 3m Force Account TOTAL (Rs. Million) East Godavari 150 - - - - 150 West Godavari - 7.2 - 1.2 - 8.4 Khammam 93.8 6.5 - 1.0 - 101.3 Warangal 104 - 4.5 - - 108.5 TOTAL 347.8 13.7 4.5 2.2 - 367.2 AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 6: Irrigation and Drainage  Attachment 7 AP HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY CYCLONE RECOVERY PROJECT ROADS AND 1I:IDGES 1. This attachment provides details of the project proposals by District for both the State Roads and Buildings (R&B) Department and the Panchayati Raj Engineering Department. Depending on bid prices received during implementation, the restoration costs of roads and bridges proposed could exceed the funds allowed under this component. In such an eventuality, the selection of roads and bridges for restoration will follow the prioritization arrived at under the joint consultations between the Departments and the District authorities. 2. All road works will be carried out to enhanced standards given in Attachment 12. 3. Any road works that require land acquisition or requires the displacement of people, will be deleted from the project. If it is necessary to displace people for road widening, the relevant section of the road will be excluded from the project or the widening will not be undertaken. OBECTIVE AND STRATEGY 4. The main objective of the proposed investments is to create a reliable road network that connects vulnerable areas to select nodal centers from where transport, relief and rehabilitation operations can be coordinated in the event of a natural disaster. To this effect, some important arterial roads, which serve large populations, are proposed to be improved to standards that can withstand cyclonic rains and floods. The thrust of the project is on the creation of a dependable road connections between vulnerable areas and the National Highways which can then act as links to important centers from where relief operations, like food and medical supplies, can be effectively channeled. The development of these roads will also help the vulnerable population salvage whatever agricultural produce they can and convey them to the market centers. Both State Highways and Major District Roads have been considered as per the need of the area, as articulated by the District representatives. PRIORITIZATION OF PROPOSALS 5. Prioritization has been based on vulnerability and hazard mitigation. Wherever the general road condition is found to be bad due to its poor sub-grade or the roads are considered crucial for cyclone mitigation, they have been accorded a higher priority. Wherever link or alternate routes are required for the NH, they have been considered along with linkage to other important corridors of State Highways. The ERR for most of the roads included in the project vary between 12 percent and 20 percent. 6. Improvement to the selected set of road stretches has been accorded the highest priority in a process of consultation at the District and State levels. Critical damaged road sections were identified in various districts and prioritized on the basis of the population they served and their criticality within the network. The pre- and post-disaster status of such roads were assessed and the major bottlenecks identified in each of the affected districts. Detailed cost estimates for repair and restoration using both existing and improved specifications were calculated. The implication of using better specifications on O&M expenses was also estimated. Based on these, the priority I  2 and 2 options were arrived. Some important Panchayati Raj roads connecting (a) vulnerable settlements to link roads (b) settlements to cyclone shelters are also being proposed. 7. The proposed improvements, in the form of strengthening the existing crust and widening of the carriageway of the roads, are listed below: Widening of Carriageway: 3.80M to 5.50M (1/L) or 7.00 M (DIL) with gravel shoulders Strengthening: Building additional crust with: 1) Profile correction course with Bituminous Macadam layer 50mm thick 2) Bituminous Macadam/Dense Bituminous Macadam layer of 50mm thick 3) Bituminous concrete wearing course 25mm thick Bridges: Reconstruction of collapsed structures and construction of high level bridges at existing bed level/low level causeways which cause obstruction during floods. 8. Embankments will be raised to a minimum of 0.60 to 1.0 above average ground level and formation is proposed to be widened to 9M to 12M as per standards of IRD. The embankment is proposed to be protected at vulnerable areas such as canal/drain banks with revetment/retaining walls using geo-textile. Drains are also proposed within village limits in combination with concrete pavements in low lying areas. IMPLEMENTATION 9. The R&B and PR departments will implement the project. They have the capabilities and experience required to execute the task. Under the CERP with World Bank assistance, these departments successfully completed 90 projects and two other projects, executed with assistance from the Asian Development Bank, are nearing completion under R&B as per schedule. These departments also have separate cells to execute extemally aided projects. This functions under the direct supervision of the Engineers-in-Chief of the respective departments. DETAILED PROPOSALS 10. The list of roads arrived at following the above prioritization is attached. Table 1 provide the list of state roads under the R&B Department. Tables 2a and 2b lists the rural roads under the responsibility of the Panchayati Raj Engineering Department. Any land acquisition or road widening that involves displacement of people will be excluded from the project. If any stretches of roads scheduled for widening involve displacement of people, the relevant stretch will be dropped from the project or the widening will not be undertaken. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 7. Roads and Bridges  3 Table 1 P- Prposals for Roads Component (R&B Department) SI Description of Work (According to Bid Package) Road Length Base Cost No. Class Km Rs East Godavari District I Improvements to Jonnada - Mandapeta - Ramachandrapurm-Pcnuguduru road MDR 47.70 907.83 Kakinada - Rajahmnundry road (via) Biccavolu (krn46/6 to 55/0) SH 8.40 108.20 2 Improvements to Kakinada - Yanam road MDR 20.00 238.42 3 Improvements to Ananthavaram - Pallamkurru road MDR 19.00 362.21 K-A-N-F road (km 41/0 to 51/6) MDR 10.00 132.97 4 Construction of bridge at km 3318 of K-A-N-F road MDR 45.00 55.02 Construction of HLB at kn 57/10 of Rajahmundry - Bhadrachalam road SH 25.00 36.68 5 Rajahunundry-Bhadrachalam road (km2O/0 to 30/0) (Foulxpet to Korukonda) SH 10.00 132.97 TOTAL 115.10 1974.30 West Godavari District 6 Improvements to Bhimavaram-Palacole road MDR 22.80 489.68 7 Improvements to Martair-Prakkilanka rd up to Peravali (kmO/0 to 15/0) MDR 15.00 375.97 Improvements to Tanuku - Bhimavaram road (km 21/0 to 33/0) MDR 12.00 269.60 8 Construction of Bridge at Km 24/6 of Polavaramn - Koyyalgudem road - 24.00 41.26 9 Const. Bridge across Gosthani drain km 4/6 of Tanuku-Bhimavaram rd MDR 24.00 41.26 10 Narsaraopet - Aswaraopet road (Tadepalligudem to Nallajerla) SH 20.00 313.63 TOTAL 69.80 1531.40 Prakasam District I Reconstruction of bridge in kmn. 49/6 of Ongole - Nandyal road SH 40.00 36.68 Ongole - Nandyal road (upto Podili ) (km 28/0 to 51/0) SH 23.00 410.82 12 Reconstruction of Bridge in 1/6 to 3/0 of Besthavaripeta - Tokapalli rd SH 50.00 68.77 Reconstruction of HLB in km. 105/6 of Ongole - Nandyal road SH 40.00 91.70 13 Construction of HLC at kml 5/6-10 of Seetharamapuram - Konapalli rd MDR 80.00 73.36 Construction of HLB in km 84 of D-K-D road MDR 90.00 110.04 Construction of HLC across Turpu vagu tributary of Manneru in km 34/24 MDR 50.00 36.68 Kanigiri - DG peta Construction of HLB in km 46/4 of Kandukuru - Pamuru road MDR 150.00 206.33 14 Parchur - Inkollu road (km 5/0 to 19/32) MDR 14.00 247.62 TOTAL 37.00 1282.00 Nellore District 15 Improvements to Nellore - Bellary - Bombay road (km 16/0 to 30/0) SH 14.00 246.67 Nellore-Mulumudi-Tatipatri road (km 8/4 to 16/4) MDR 8.00 143.06 16 Reconstruction of HLB at km 14/8 of K-U-S road across Cheekatigavu MDR 100.00 128.38 K-U- S road (km 35/0 - 60/0 Kaligiri - Duttalur) 17 Nellorepalem-Atmakur - Somasila rd MDR 20.00 265.93 18 Nellore - Mypadu road (km 0.4 to 14/0) SH 30.60 201.74 Construction of bridge across B-canal in km 23 of Nellore- Mypadu rd SH 20.00 36.68 19 Construction of bridge across B-canal at Vadapalem in km 3/0 of link road to MDR 20.00 36.67 Armagaon light house from N-D road TOTAL 72.60 1392.00 Cuddapah District 20 Improvements to Mydukur - Tadicherla road (km 35/0 to 65/0) SH 30.00 536.45 Construction of HLC at km. 36/6 of Mydukur - Tadicherla road SH 100.00 137.55 Nellore-Bellary-Bombay road (km 193/0 to 197) SH 3.60 63.27 21 Construction of HLB at Km 35/6-10 of Cuddapah - Pulivendula road MDR 320.00 375.97 22 Construction of HLB at Km 46/4-6 of R-V road near Gandi MDR 300.00 440.16 TOTAL 33.60 1553.40 AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 7: Roads and Bridges  4 Table 1 - Proposals for Roads Component (R&B Department) Si Description of Work (According to Bid Package) Road Length Base Cost No. Class Km Rs Chitoor District 23 Yerpedu - Chennur road (km 0.6 to 25.12) SH 24.50 325.54 24 Tada - Kalahasti road (km 1/320 to 13/320) MDR 12.00 159.56 25 Chittoor - Puttur road (between km. 32/0 to 65) MDR 28.00 385.14 26 Palamner - Krishnagiri road (km 0/0 to 20/0) SH 20.00 412.67 TOTAL 84.50 1282.91 Ananthapur District 27 Improvements to Ananthapur - Palamner road (km38.0 to 60/0) SH 31.00 662.05 28 Ananthapur - Raichur road (km 52/0 to 64/0) SH 12.00 159.55 TOTAL 43.00 821.60 Kurnool District 29 Improvements to Nandyal - Thimmanayanipeta rd (up to koilkuntla) (km 15/0 - SH 20.00 357.63 40/0) 30 Construction of HLB in Km 36/6-8 of Kurnool - Bellary rd across Hundri river SH 100.00 137.55 31 Improvements to Devanakonda - Pattikonda road MDR 18.00 239.34 improvements to Kodumuru - Yemmniganur road MDR 15.70 280.58 TOTAL 53.70 1015.10 Khamman District 32 Improvements to Burgampad - Aswaraopet road (km 0/0 to 37/0) MDR 25.00 229.24 33 Construction of HLB at Nagineniprola in Km 3/2 of Gunmmuru - Sarapala - MDR 60.00 82.53 Nellipaka road Construction to HLB at Km 1/6 Kukunur - Velairpad across Gundetivagu MDR 50.00 91.70 HLB at in Km 7/10 of Gummuru - Sarapala - Nellipaka road MDR 50.00 64.19 HLB at Km 13/3 Kukunur - Velairpad MDR 50.00 91.70 34 Construction of Minor Bridges at Nellipaka-Pochavaram road (at km 55/2 MDR 50.00 73.36 55/8,57/6,58/2 & 58/4) 35 HLB across Tapavagu at Km 41/224 of Bhadrachalam-Chandrupatla rd SH 25.00 36.68 HL Submersible Bridge across Kistapuramvagu at Km 130/8 of Bhadrachalam - SH 100.00 119.21 Chandrupatla rd HL Submersible Bridge across at Km 135/68 of Bhadrachalam-Chandrupatla rd SH 15.00 18.34 HLSubmersible Bridge across Pavurallavagu at Km 136/10 of Bhadrachalam - SH 70.00 82.53 Chandrupatla rd HLSubmersible Bridge across Lottipittagandi vagu at Km 141/6 of SH 25.00 36.68 Bhadrachalam - Chandrupatla rd 36 Widening of low level causeway in km 32 of Suryapet - Aswaraopet rd SH 345.00 114.63 Formation of lower tank bund road from km 33/0 of Suryapet - Aswaraopet road SH 1.80 183.40 Widening of bridge across Palair canal in km 31 of Suryapet - Aswaraopet rd SH 50.00 22.93 37 Improvements to Kothagudem - Muthugudem road (between km 20/0 to 40/0) MDR 10.00 153.14 TOTAL 36.80 1400.26 AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 7: Roads and Bridges  5 Table 1 - Proposals for Roads Component (R&B Department) SI Description of Work (According to Bid Package) Road Length Base Cost No. Class Km Rs Warangal District 38 Improvements to Hanamkonda - Nagaram road MDR 45.40 573.13 Improvements to Burgampad - Eturunagaram road up to Kamalapur road (Km MDR 90.00 481.43 65/0 to 90/0) 39 Improvements to Parkal - Mahadevpur road (km 7/0 to 30/0) MDR 20.00 275.10 TOTAL 90.40 1329.66 Medak District 40 Construction of bridge at km 71/8 10 of Sangareddy -Nanded-Akola rd SH 60.00 55.02 Reconstruction of bridge at km 87/8 10 of Sangareddy-Nanded-Akola rd SH 60.00 55.02 41 Reconstruction of bridge at km. 39/8 - 1O of Medak - Siddipet inlieu of SH 80.00 73.36 damaged causeway 42 Improvements to Sangareddy - Nanded - Akola rd (km 52/0 to 70/0 & 10/0 to SH 37.00 642.82 40/0) 43 Improvements to Sangareddy - Narsapur - Toopran road SH 15.00 265.93 Improvements to Pattancheru - Shankarpalli road (km 2/0 to 12/0) MDR 10.00 221.90 TOTAL 62.00 1314.05 Adilabad District 44 Reconstruction of bridge at km. 41/4 of Basar - Luxettipet road SH 70.00 73.36 Reconstruction of bridge at km. 64/4 of Basar - Luxettipet road SH 100.00 91.70 45 Improvements to Basar - Luxettipet road SH 15.00 268.68 46 Improvements to Coal belt road (upto NH 18) MDR 9.00 123.80 Mancherial town limits (H-K-C road) SH 4.00 40.35 47 Construction of HLB at km 9/2 of Adilabad - Kerimeri road MDR 75.00 77.95 Boath - Kinwath road (km 10/0 to 16/0) MDR 6.00 46.77 Adilabad - Talaiguda road (km 16/0 to 23/0) MDR 8.00 55.02 48 Utnoor - Indanpally road (km 41/0 to 48/0) MDR 7.00 55.01 HLB at km 18/7 of Pandavpur - Kalamadugu road MDR 95.00 68.78 TOTAL 49.00 901.42 Karimnagar District 49 Improvements to Karimnagar - Jagityal road (km 23/0 to 49/0) SH 26.00 531.86 Improvements to Karimnagar - Kamareddy road (km 33/0 to 42/0) SH 9.00 161.39 50 Reconstruction of bridge in km 18/4 of Huzurabad - Parkal MDR 150.00 275.10 TOTAL 35.00 968.35 Rangareddy District 51 Improvements of Vikarabad - Tandur road (km 19/0 to 39/0) MDR 20.00 357.63 52 Improvements to Hyderabad - Bijapur road (km 80/0 to 109/0) SH 28.00 504.35 TOTAL 48.00 861.98 GRAND TOTAL 855.50 17628.43 AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 7: Roads and Bridges  6 Table2a- Proposals for Roads Component (Panchayati Raj Department) Constituency Description of Work Length Amount Km Rs Adilabad Adilabad CJO Cause way A/C Bheemsarai Vaguon R/F Adilabad to Bheemsarai 45.00 in km 0/8 to 1/0 Asifabad R/F Bela to Sayeedapur via Masala 7.00 40.00 Boath C/O Bridge across Koddamvagu on R/F Dheagon to Dignoor via 47.00 Bhoosra Chennur C/O CD works on R/F Palathittu to Awadem (Mandamarri limits) 45.00 major CD works on Kondanagula Vagu Khanapur Tadiphadapnur to Gudamamda via Patnapur 10.00 40.00 Laxettipet C/O Cause way on R/F Chandaram to Hanmanthupally 45.00 Mudhole CIO Causeway on Bhagyakkavagu on R/F Mategaon to Halda 45.00 Nirmal Dharmaram to PWD road (via) Chamanpally 5.00 30.00 Nirmal Chityal to Dilwarpur via Kanjar Banspalli 3.00 18.00 Sirpur R/F Venkatapur to Girvelli 8.00 45.00 TOTAL 33.00 400.00 Anantapur Anantapur Anantapur bypass road to Kanaganapalli (via) Gandlaparthy 6.00 28.00 Dharmavaram Dharmavaram-Krishnapuram 4.00 28.00 Gooty Kasapuram to Gooty via Kanjanapalli, Obulapuram 6.00 30.00 Gorantla Gorantla to Kodikonda (via) Singireddipalli 4.00 32.00 Hindupur Pulakunta-Cheruvaram road (via) Kondapalli 4.00 28.00 Kadiri Talupula to Kolekanuma (via) Peddanmavaripalli 6.00 28.00 Kalyandurg Kalyandurg-Kundurpi 4.00 28.00 Madakasira Madakasira to Roddam up to state border 5.00 28.00 Nallamada Cheekatimanipalli to C.G. Project (via) Kolepalli 4.00 28.00 Penukonda Settipalli to Puttaparthi via Peddaballi and CD works 6.20 28.00 Rayadurg D. Hirehal to B.K. road (via) Nemakal 5.00 28.00 Singanamala Singanamala to Garladinne 4.00 28.00 Tadipatri Yadiki to Chintalalayapalli 4.00 28.00 Uravakonda Uravakonda to Vidapanakal (via) Chabala 6.00 30.00 TOTAL 68.20 400.00 Chittoor Chandragiri Tondawada Rainapuram road to Pathasanambatla 3.00 15.00 Chittoor Chittoor Aranigonda road to meet MCB rd via Katyam, Bommaipally 3.00 15.00 Kuppam Kuppam - Palamaneru road to Arimenapeta road via Krishnapuram 6.00 40.00 Nanjampeta, Balla and Veeramanamalla Madanapalle BT to R/F Madanpalli to Panasamakulapally via Ponnutipalem 4.00 20.00 Nagari PS road to NN rd (via) MSV Puram, Elakatoor, Melambkam, Arror 3.00 15.00 Palamaner PG road to Chettapenta via Vengarakunta Kariomadugu 3.00 15.00 Piler Nerabylu to Bhakrapeta via Devarakonda 4.00 20.00 Punganur Laddigam - Gundupalli- Boyakonda road 3.00 15.00 Puttur INP road to Seetharamnapurarn via Appalayakunta 2.00 10.00 Puttur Kodandaramnapuram to Tirumalarjapalem 1.50 5.00 Satyavedu Rallakuppam - Aroor road 5.00 20.00 Srikalahasti Srikalahasti - Melacheruvu - Muchivolu road 5.00 25.00 Thamballapalle Kothakota, Bathalapuram road 3.00 15.00 Tirupathi PN road to Krishnapuram via SVU Puram 3.00 15.00 Vayalpadu Tarigonda to Sarimadugu via Rampuram 2.50 15.00 Vayalpadu Kalakada, Gurrarnkonda road via Papireddipalle and Singannadoddi 4.00 20.00 Vepanjeri Chittoor - Tirupathi road to Ramapuram via AL Puram 4.00 20.00 TOTAL 59.00 300.00 AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 7: Roads and Bridges  7 Table2a- Proposals for Roads Component (PanchayatiR j Department) Constituency Description of Work Length Amount Km Rs Cuddapah Badvel NBB road to CP road via Nandipalli via Balayapalli, Kothacheruvu 5.00 20.00 Badvel Kolasapadu to Gopavaramn Palli Chennupalli via Pullareddypalli and 4.00 25.00 Rajupalem Cuddaph RTC bus stand to Rajampeta road 5.00 25.00 Jamnmalamadugu Mylavaram to Vaddimala road 10.00 30.00 Kamalapuram Potladurthy to Kamalapuram via Kokadam 5.00 25.00 Koduru Chitvel to Garuguppa via Pollepalli 5.00 25.00 L.R. Palli L.R. Palli Ramapuram road to Dudekulapalli 5.00 25.00 Mydukur Badvel - B. Matham road to Gadlaveedu 5.00 25.00 Proddaturu formation of road from NBB road passing via Vivekananda Nagar 5.00 25.00 Colony Bhagat Singh Colony, Viarat Nagar join Jammalamadugu road Pulivendula Tallapalli to Giddangivanipalli 4.00 25.00 Rajampet V. V. road to Pothapi Gattumeedapalli via Kumpinipuram 5.00 20.00 Rayachoti Rayachoti - Sundupall road at Anupalle cross via Anupalle HW to 4.00 30.00 Rajampet-Rayachoti road TOTAL 62.00 300.00 East Godavari Alamuru Dwarapudi to Peraramachandrapuram 3.00 15.00 Allavaram Komaragiripatmam to Samanthakurnu Ferry road 3.00 15.00 Amalapuramn Amalapuram to Ainavalli (via) Nedunur 3.00 15.00 Aneparthi approaches to bridge at Pulagurtha 3.00 15.00 Burugupudi C/0 causeway on the RIF Sreerangapatnam to Lkoli 30.00 Jaggaznpeta Ring road from Somavaram via Narendrapatnam, Kandregula, 3.50 15.00 Jaggampeta Kadiam Inpts. R/F Diwancheruvu to Seetharampuram 3.00 15.00 Kothapet Kothapeta to Ravulapalem Chithiram Rallagaddi, Vedireswaram 3.00 15.00 Mummidivaram FP bridge near Bhiravapalem 55.00 Mummidivaram Gatchakayalpora to Kothapalem via Chipyal 5.00 25.00 Nagaram Luthukur to K. Pasarlapudilanka 6.00 30.00 Peddapuram C/O bridge across Yeleru to Turupupakalu 40.00 Pithapuram BT to Pithapuram Garasa road 2.50 20.00 Pithapuram RIF Pithapuram - LN Puram - Divili 4.00 20.00 Prathipadu C/0 under Vent road dam on Yeluru river on Appanapalem road 30.00 Ramachandrapuram Inpts. to RIF KNF road to YD road (via) Bhimacrosupalem 3.00 12.00 Razole Kesanapalli to Kesavadasupalem via Sankaraguptam 3.50 12.00 Sampara C/0 bridge across Kakinada canal at Adadanirevu of Sehapuram 25.00 Tallarevu C/0 bridge on Injaram canal on the R/F Lachipalem to Pallipalem 20.00 Tallarevu RIF Tallarevu Bhiravapalem road Prathigondi via Gadimogga 4.00 25.00 Tuni Reconstruction of bridge at allipudi 40.00 Tuni R/F P.Agraharam to Tetagunta via Timmapuram 4.60 25.00 Yellavaram CDR to the R/F Devipatam to Manturu 3.00 11.00 Yellavaram R&B road Bhupatipalem to Vadapalli 4.00 25.00 TOTAL 61.10 550.00 AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 7: Roads and Bridges  8 Table2a- Proposals for Roads Component (Panchayati Raj Department) Constituency Description of Work Length Amount Km Rs Karimnagar Buggaram R/F Maddunur to Rayapatnam 5.00 18.00 Jagityal R/F PWD road to Pegadapalli via Bibirajapalli, Raghavapatnam, 4.00 25.00 Suddapalli & Bathikapalli Huzurabad Kothakonda to Sripathipalli cross road via Mallaram, Katkur, 4.00 30.00 Kannaram Indurthy BT to RIF Duddenapally to Bommanapalli - Sundaragiri road 4.50 25.00 Jagityal C/O Bridge on R/F Pudur to Gourapur 40.00 Kamalapur R/F Janunikunta to Karmur via Ankusapur 4.00 20.00 Karimnagar R/F Gangipalli to Pachnur via Maddikunta, Kandapalakula 5.00 20.00 Maidaram RIF Anthargoan to Cheggam via Murmurkottala 4.00 25.00 Manthani R/F Manthani to meet Khammamnpalli PWD road via Suraipalli, 5.00 25.00 Kakarapalli, Ramkistapur & Seetampet Metpalli R/F Ghambirpur (V) to Rajalingampet 4.20 20.00 Neralla R/F Padira to Tangellapalli, Ramalachakkapet, Gandilachakkapet 4.00 20.00 Peddapalli Kolanur rly. stn. to odela via Haripuram 2.00 10.00 Peddapalli Upparapalli Harijana Wada to Kothapalli rly. stn. 2.00 10.00 Choppadandi Gollapalli to Muddanur via Venugumatla 5.00 25.00 Sircilla RJF Sircilla to Marrimadala via Konaraopet, Nimmapally 5.00 25.00 TOTAL 57.70 338.00 Khammam Bhadrachalam BT R/F Chintoor to V.R. Puram 7.00 35.00 Burgarnpahad BT R/F Reddigudem X road to Velairpad 6.00 35.00 Khanmmam BT R/F Chintakani to Nagulavancha via Patharlapadu 6.00 35.00 Kothagudem BT R/P Abbugudem to Annapureddipally via Marrigudem 6.50 35.00 Madhira BT R/F PWD road at Siripuram to Nemali 6.00 35.00 Palair BT surface to R/F Nelakondapalli to Chennaram via Mandrajupalli, 7.20 35.00 Kothuru, Bodulabanda Sathupalli BT RIF Jaggaram to Ootlapalli via Chennuvarigudem, 6.80 35.00 Kodisalagudem, Anakampalem, Kothuru, Parakalagandhi, P. Gollagudem, Malkara, Jainuigudem Sathupalli BT to R/F Utlapally to Varayanapuram via Nallabadu, 6.00 30.00 Vedantapuram, Vadaddugudem, Panduvarigudem, Ananthavaram, Gundlagudem Sujathanagar BT R/F Pathalingala to Thallagudem 6.00 35.00 Yellandu BT R/F Yellandu Kothagudem PWD rd to Bayyaram 'X'rd via 30.00 90.00 Anisettypalli, Sampathnagar, Allapalli, Markodu, Karakagudem & Pinapaka TOTAL 87.50 400.00 AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 7: Roads and Bridges  9 :p~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ : 0 0 Taible2a- Pirofposals for Roads $Compofnent (Pauchayati -ila Deprtuient) ; ; ; Constituency Description of Work Length Amount Km Rs Kurnool Adoni Adoni - Yermniganur road to nettekal 3.00 10.00 Allagadda R/F old bus stand to NH18(,Allagadda 3.00 10.00 Alur CD works for RIF Rarnadurgam to Mallikharjunapalli 4.00 10.00 Atmakur Venkatapuram to Siddapuram 4.00 10.00 Dhone RIF Katarikonda famine road to Chanugondla 3.00 10.00 Kodumuru Chinnatekurm to Nagalapuram via Bastipadu 2.00 10.00 Koilakuntla BT to RIF Akumalla to Sunkesula 2.00 10.00 Kurnool C/O causeway across Hundri river at Old Kallur 10.00 Nandikotkuru Pagidyala to Sankirenipalli via Beeravolu 2.20 10.00 Nandyal Jutur to Narayanapur 4.00 10.00 Panyam Yaganti to Maddileti Swami road 2.50 10.00 Pathikonda Jonnagiri to Pendekal (R.S.) 5.00 10.00 Yenmiganur Kosigi - Urukonda road via Jutnaladinne 4.00 10.00 TOTAL 38.70 130.00 Medak Andole Road from Sangupet PWD road to Pocharam (via) Mudimanikyam 8.00 40.00 Dornmat Lingapally to Bhoompally via Rudraram, Mallaipally 7.00 36.00 Gaiwel Causeway between Valtoor and Mallapur 40.00 Medak Road from PWD road to Edupayalu via Nagasanpaly 6.00 30.00 Narayanakhed Reinatalling and BT surface on RIF Masanpally Nallavagu PWD rd 6.50 36.00 to Pochapur via Indranagar Mardi Khanapur, Bibipet and Khajapur Narsapur Road from Reddypally to Govindarajpally 6.50 36.00 Ramayampet Road from Siddipet PWD road to Rampur (via) Chelmeda, Naskal 6.00 32.00 Sangareddy Metalling & BT R/F NH9 to Mahatabkhanguda via Mallepally, 6.00 36.00 Gollapally, Munidevunpally Siddipet Karinagar District border to Dubbak via Rajiakkapet, Chellapur 8.00 40.00 Zaheerabad Digwal to Jeeralapally, via Edulapally 6.00 36.00 TOTAL 60.00 362.00 Nellore Allur BT to the R/F RL road to Allur via Indupur, Purini and Gogulapalli 4.00 15.00 Atinakur BT to the R/F Bodipadu to Podalakursangm vi Navoor 4.00 15.00 Guduru BT to the R/F Kondagunta to Nemuru via Vedicherla 3.50 15.00 Kavali BT to the R/F KP road to Peddavaram via Chalamcherla 4.00 15.00 Kovur BT to the R/F Dandigunta to Veerareddypalem 3.00 15.00 Nellore BT to the app. road to Teluguganga rehabilitation colony via 3.00 15.00 Sramikanagar of Kotguru Nellore BIT Rapur BT to the R/F NPS Road to Kattubadipalli via Malichedu, Kalichedu 4.50 15.00 and Devaravemuru Sullurupet BT to the R/F MC road to MC road via Kattuva, Maxnbattu, 4.00 15.00 Vendulurupadu & Kadalur Sullurupet Providing BT to the RIF N.D. road to Tanamala via Yakasiri and 6.00 35.00 Gannangi Dibba Survepalli BT to the RIF Dhanalakshmipuram to Chintareddypalein 4.00 15.00 Udayagiri BT to the RIF DG Peta road to Zpolamaripalli via Gandhamvaripalli, 5.00 15.00 Maraniredupalli Venkatagiri Kadagunta to Paluru 4.00 15.00 TOTAL 49.00 200.00 AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 7: Roads and Bridges  10 Table2a- Proposals for Roads Componenti(Panchayati Raj Department) Constituency Description of Work Length Amount Km Rs Prakasam Addanki R/E Tallur to Kunkupadu 4.00 20.00 Chirala S.R. to R/F Jandrapeta Katarivaripalem via Akkayyapapalem 4.50 25.00 Cumbum BT to R/F Chinnamanagundam to Garladinne road via Nagampalli 4.00 20.00 (K.K. Mitta road) Darsi Donakonda to Chandavaram 5.00 25.00 Darsi Donakonda to Indlachervu 3.00 15.00 Darsi Donakonda to Kurichedu 3.00 15.00 Giddalur BT to R/F Idimakal to Reddicherla 4.00 20.00 Kandukur BT to RIF KGT road to KPN road via Rallapadu, Darakanipadu, SR. 3.80 25.00 Puram Kanigiri R/F Peddalavapadu to Botlagudur 3.50 25.00 Kondepi R/F OV road to Juvvigunta via Chennipadu 4.00 25.00 Markapur R/F Y. Palem to Ganjivaripalem 4.00 20.00 Martur RIF Pasumarru to Nuthalapadu in Pasunarru limits 3.00 25.00 Ongole RIP Koppole to Motumala 4.00 25.00 Parchur R/F Inkollu to Santamagulur via Gollapalem 4.00 20.00 Santanutalapadu BT to RIF Ramachandrapuram to Sivarampuram 3/0 to 9/2 km. 4.00 20.00 TOTAL 57.80 325.00 RangaReddy Chevella C/0 bridge on RIF PWD road to Poddatur 30.00 Ibrahimpatnam C/0 bridge on R/F mall to Manthani Gowrelli 20.00 Ibrahimpatnamn Remetalling on R/F Mangallapalli to Tukkuguda via Kongarkalan, 8.00 25.00 Kongaraviriyal Medchal C/0 Bridge on ZP road from Pratapsingaram to Gowrelli 50.00 Medchal RIF Basavapur to T. Bollaram via Munirabad Ravalkole 6.00 18.00 Medchal Remetalling & BT on R/F Nagaraoguda PWD road to Marneguda via 20.00 50.00 Regadi, Doswada & Kadmoor (Including C/0 CD works) Tandur C/0 LL causeway on R/F Yalal PWD road to Viswanathapur 50.00 Vikarabad R/F Vikarabad to Dharoor rly. stn. 12.00 50.00 TOTAL 51.00 313.00 Warangal Chennur Kachikal to Nemali limits 5.00 15.00 Cherial Maddur to Byrnapalli 4.50 25.00 Domakal Mogilicherla to Kurvi 4.20 20.00 Ghanpur Dharmasagar to Velair via Saipet, Mallikudurla, Sudeshpally 4.80 40.00 Hanamkonda Bhairanpalli to Bucherlas via Pegadapalli and Sitanagaram 4.00 20.00 Jangaon Nellutla to Nancharimadur 5.00 20.00 Mahabubabad R/F Mahabubabad to Tallapusapalli via Annaram 3.00 15.00 Mulug Devanagar to Mallareddypally 4.00 20.00 Narsampet Pappiahpet to Ayodhyapuram via Boijero Ponugodu 4.50 15.00 Parkal Chelpur PWD road to Neredpalli via Kompalli, Gudipalli, 4.00 20.00 Gorlaveedu Shayampet Kamaram to ESI Hospital via Peddapur, Akkapur, Gorrekota 4.90 25.00 Wardhannapet Tirunialayapalli PWD Road to Kolampalli via Kondur 5.00 15.00 TOTAL 57.90 15.00 AP Hazard Mit4gation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 7: Roads and Bridges  11 :: Ta'ble2a-oposab for Roads Component 2 ProtiRatj" Detment) Constituency Description of Work Length Amount Km Rs West Godavari Achanta Poduru to Gunmnuluru via Pydava 2.00 9.00 Attili Causeway across YanamadurTu Drain at Komara 9.00 Bhimavaram B.P. road to P.P. road via K. Annavaram 3.00 9.00 Chintalapudi Yendalli to Malleswaran up to Telengana border 2.50 15.00 Denduluru D.P. road to EGK road via Malakacherla 2.80 9.00 Eluru K. Durgapuram to Pydichintapadu via Gudivakalanka & 3.00 9.00 Prathikollanka Gopalapuram Reconstruction to Jagannadhapuram via Guddigudem in 3.00 9.00 Gopalapurarn Kovvuru AGRB Road to Annadevarapeta via Ballipadu 3.80 9.00 Narasapuram Kalipatnam to Pathapadu 2.80 9.00 Penugonda Mukkamala to Vadala via Malleswarain, Pittalavemavarazn 2.50 9.00 Polavararn Dippakayalapadu to V. Bothappagudem 3.00 9.00 Palakol Veeravasaram to Matyapuri 3.20 9.00 Tadepalligudem Kunchanpally to Madavaran Road 3.00 9.00 Tanuku Duvva to Arulla 2.80 9.00 Undi Kalavadupi - Ganapavaran R&B road to Kollaparu 2.80 9.00 Unguturu D. Tinunala to P. Riavaram 3.00 9.00 TOTAL 43.20 150.00 Table 2b - Sum ar ~fP osals (Panchayati)Ra ~Dprt ) SI. Name of District Bridges Total No Roads (Rs in Lakhs) No Cost No. Length (kln) Cost No. Cost I Adilabad 5 227.00 5 33.00 173.00 10 400.00 2 Ananthapur - - 14 68.20 400.00 14 400.00 3 Chittoor - - 17 59.00 300.00 17 300.00 4 Cuddapah - - 12 62.00 300.00 12 300.00 5 East Godavari 7 170.00 17 66.10 380.00 24 550.00 6 Karimnagar 1 40.00 14 57.70 298.00 15 338.00 7 Khammam - - 10 87.50 400.00 10 400.00 8 Kurnool 2 20.00 11 38.70 110.00 13 130.00 9 Medak 1 40.00 9 60.00 322.00 10 362.00 10 Nellore - - 12 49.00 200.00 12 200.00 11 Prakasam - - 15 57.80 325.00 15 325.00 12 Rangareddy 4 150.00 5 51.00 163.00 9 313.00 13 Warangal - - 13 57.90 270.00 13 270.00 14 West Godavari 1 9.00 15 43.20 141.00 16 150.00 TOTAL 21 656.00 169 791.10 3781.00 1910 4,43R.0 AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 7: Roads and Bridges  Attachment 8 AP HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY CYCLONE RECOVERY PROJECT MITIGATION WORKS Sub-Component 1: Tree Shelter Belts OBJECTIVES 1. The main objectives of this sub-component are to: (i) increase protection of life and property from the cyclonic storms, gales and tidal waves; (ii) increase protection from deposition of sand and salt brought in by the high wind speeds; (iii) stabilize sand dunes from shifting and of water course embankments; (iv) prevent floods and consolidate river banks and canal bunds; (v) increase the area under tree cover, thereby creating better environmental conditions along coastal zones; (vi) make fuel, fodder and construction materials available to the people; and (vii) improve the social and economic conditions of coastal residents. PLAN OF ACTIVITIES 2. The following strategies are proposed: (i) raising shelter belt plantations in R.F. and government lands; (ii) replanting of Casuarina fields damaged during the November 1996 cyclone; (iii) raising mangrove plantations; (iv) raising seedlings for distribution to the local communities; (v) production of genetically superior clonal seedlings of Casuarina; and (vi) public information and extension (See Table I below for district-wise targets of each strategy). To ensure the sustainability of this mitigation measure, local communities will be involved and awareness will be created with respect of the need to manage and protect these plantations. The notion of 'Joint Forest Management' with the local people will be adopted in the raising and maintenance of shelter belt plantations. Table I - District-wise Targets of Proposed Strategies District Raising of Casuarina Raising of Nurseries Raising of Mangrove Plantations (ha) for Distribution Plantations (ha) (lakhs) Srikakulam 750 317.10 Vizianagarain 300 45.50 Visakapatnam 300 224.20 East Godavari 1000 291.40 120 West Godavari _ 45.40 Krishna 250 135.00 300 Guntur 750 67.80 100 Prakasam 150 67.80 Nellore 300 314.20 TOTAL 3800 1508.40 520  2 SCOPE 3. Since the maximum mitigative benefits can only be achieved if the shelter belts are extended all along the coast, implementation of this component is proposed for the 74 coastal mandals of Srikakulam, Vizayanagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Prakasam and Nellore. PROPOSED PROJECT ACTIVITIES 4. Raising shelter belt plantations in R.F and government lands. The Forest Department has been raising plantations of Casuarina equisitifolia since 1977. These plantations are on revenue lands handed over to the department and on reserved forest lands. There are wide gaps in the shelter belt plantations, due to segments of government and privately-owned lands without any tree cover. The government lands can easily be planted to diminish the gaps. 5. Some of the existing plantations have matured and are becoming old. To be effective as shelter belts, the trees need to be kept fit and healthy through periodic culling and replanting, which helps the shelter belt and increases State revenues. Mature trees also need to be harvested to avoid pilfering. It is proposed to harvest mature plantations in a phased manner and replant the felled areas with Casuarina. The felling of these plantations will be planned in a way that whenever the harvest is taken up, a mature crop (over four-years old) will be left standing to perform the function of a shelter belt. Planting will be done at two meters by two meters intervals in all the forest and government lands. 6. Replanting of shelter belt plantations damaged during the November 1996 Cyclone. During the recent cyclone, Casuarina plantations covering about 800 ha and distributed in four series of Kandikuppa area planted from 1984 to 1995 in East Godavari were completely damaged. These plantations absorbed the shock of the cyclonic storm and protected the population and infrastructure in their immediate hinterland, while experiencing damage that resulted in a high number of broken crowns and branches, and uprooted trees. Harvesting of these plantations is taking place under the responsibility of the Forest Department. These plantations need to be replanted immediately to raise the shelter belt again. Replanting will be done with Casuarina, by working on 400 ha during 1997 and the other 400 ha during the 1998 planting season. For this activity, traditional planting techniques used by the Forest Department for this species will be followed. 7. Raising of mangrove plantations. Mangrove forests form an important, delicate and dynamic ecosystem in the shore area, principally in the inter-tidal zones laying along sheltered shores, estuaries, tidal creeks, back waters, fringing reefs, salt marshes and coastal mud flats. Mangroves are also effective shelter belts against the effects of cyclones. They contain, however, a highly specialized and sensitive community of plant species and associated fauna which cannot survive under different conditions. Mangroves suffer from heavy biotic pressure due to gazing and pilferage of fuel wood and small timber. Consequently, they have been disappearing rapidly. It is intended to plant all the available and suitable areas along the coast with mangrove plantations. 8. Beneficiary oriented nursery programs. To guarantee the sustainability of the activity, people need to be encouraged to grow trees in their own lands. It is proposed to raise and distribute free of charge a large number of fodder, fuel and small seedlings to the people, so that they can increase the tree cover of their farmland and around their houses. High value fruit seedlings such as cashew and coconut (up to 15 plants) will be made available to the farmers living AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 8: Mitigation Works  3 within the 500 meters zone, which will also help improve their economic situation. In general, planting of coconut will be encouraged around the field bunds and selected community centers. 9. To take up afforestation on a large scale, a significant number of seedlings will have to be raised. It is proposed to raise nurseries of fodder, small timber, cashew and coconut seedlings with help from the beneficiaries. The beneficiary-oriented nursery program will be developed similarly to the rural employment programs. Each beneficiary will have to raise 25,000 bag plants and 100,000 naked seedlings. The beneficiary will be provided by the Forest Department with bags, soil mixture and planting material or seed. For their effort, beneficiaries will be paid Rs 1,000 p.m. during the seven-month nursery period (February to August). At the end of the work, beneficiaries will be paid the difference between the estimated cost - according to estimates prepared for the individual requirements stated above - and the money already paid, plus a bonus of three paise for every bag plant and 0.5 paise for every naked seedling produced. The goal is to raise 100,000 bag plants and 500,000 naked seedlings annually through the beneficiaries in each coastal mandal. Fifty thousand coconut seedlings per district will also be raised annually through beneficiaries for distribution to the public in coastal mandals. 10. Production of genetically superior clonal seedlings. The Forest Department has identified genetically superior clones of Casuarina equisitifolia with higher yield of fuel wood, timber and crown formation. It is proposed to raise these clonal seedlings in large numbers and supply the farmers for planting in their lands. Given the technical nature of this activity, it will be fully undertaken by the department. The goal is to raise 400,000 seedlings annually. 11. Information dissemination and extension. It is of utmost relevance to develop tree plantation as a viable and attractive economic alternative. Efforts will be made to educate people through information dissemination campaigns, audio-visual aids, seminars, workshops, field visits and training programs. The supervisory staff will be trained to meet the demands of this challenging scheme. Circulation of literature and information, visit to successful sites and exchange of experiences among members of different communities will be the cornerstone of the program. Extension through schools, adult education centers and voluntary organizations will also be taken up. Special efforts will be made to ensure women's participation, using the existing women's thrift and credit institutions as entry points. PROJECT COSTS 12. Project costs are estimated at Rs100 million. The plantations raised under this scheme will have to be maintained until the year 2001/2002. See Table 2 below for more detailed information. Table 2 - Summary of Tree Shelter Belt Component Strategies Proposed Total Amount Total Cost (Rs in Lakhs) (a) Raisig of casuarna Plantations 3,800 ha 377.05 .. .. .. ..... ... ......... ............................. I................. ...............................I........................................... ....I...................................... ............ ..................................... : (?asnof Mangrove Plantations 520 ha 105.50 (c) Raising of Distribution Nurseries (in lakhs) 1628.46 lakhs 505.45 Bagged Seedlings 160.10 Bare Root Causarina Seedlings 1340.00 Clonal Seedlings 120.00 coconut Seedlinygs ... 8.36 Pd ublicity and Extension 1 12.0 TOTAL COST 1,000 AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 8: Mitigation Works  4 Sub-Component 2: Cyclone Shelters OBJECTIVES 13. The main objectives proposed are: (i) make an adequate provision through community shelters and associated spaces/structure to save human lives and livestock, ensure their sustenance during a disaster, and safeguard basic assets need by people to survive after the disaster; and (ii) bring deteriorated or damaged shelters to adequate levels of structural safety and functional use by repairing them to enhanced standards whenever necessary. STRATEGY 14. The strategies proposed are: a) to conduct an appraisal of the viability of cyclone shelters as an emergency response measure as opposed to evacuation or strengthening of existing public and/or private buildings. b) to identify critical settlements based on district wise hazard mapping and focus on the repair, upgrade or new construction of shelters in high risk zones. c) to construct all new shelters as school buildings to ensure its adequate upkeep. d) to redesign shelters in storm surge risk zones and appraise the effectiveness of existing shelters in the event of a storm surge. e) to appraise the status of other existing public buildings in vulnerable settlements which may be strengthened to serve as emergency shelters. f) to appraise the adequacy of shelter location with respect to the settlement pattern and community characteristics of high risk habitations. PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS 15. In low surge areas, where the tides vary from one to two meters, the shelters will be located on higher lands and will have a raised plinth. Options for high surge areas are being investigated. In these areas the shelter shall have an RCC framed structure, using concrete of strength not less than M20 with increased cover thickness. The building will be designed for a heavy cyclonic wind velocity of 250 kmh, in addition to the dead and live loads recommended by the National Building Code (NBC). Experiences from other countries prone to storm surges will be analyzed as part of the process to identify the appropriate structural design for emergency shelters in areas of AP facing similar vulnerable conditions. MAINTENANCE 16. The District collectors will be responsible for putting shelters to use as schools or other community purposes during normal times. Under the Janmabhoomi program, local communities have assumed the responsibility of maintaining public buildings such as schools, primary health centers, dispensaries, etc. Shelters that are also schools will be covered by this program, thereby ensuring that they will be properly maintained. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 8: Mitigation Works  5 PROPOSALS 17. Construction of cyclone shelters would be taken up across the nine coastal districts, giving priority to villages close to the shore with few permanent buildings. Three types of shelter design have been used in AP: circular, "L" shape and rectangular. The "L" shape design was found to be the most suitable, and was used during the CERP. New cyclone shelters are proposed to be constructed in Prakasam, Nellore, Khamman, and East and West Godavari, at an estimated cost of Rs900,000 (see Table 1 below for total cost of the cyclone shelter component). Construction activity will be undertaken by the Panchayati Raj Department, while future maintenance will be the responsibility of the respective district. Table 1 - Total Cost of Cyclone Shelters Component District Number of Shelters Cost (in lakhs) Prakasam 11 99 Nellore 10 90 Khamrmam 6 54 East Godavari 43 386 West Godavari 21 189 TOTAL 91 819 Sub-Component 3: Watershed Management BACKGROUND 18. The concept of combating drought was initiated by the GOI in 1971. The main objective of the program was restoration of ecological balance through an integrated development on a watershed basis. Initially, it was a sectoral program and it had its own shortcomings. However, the Watershed Development Program has undergone many refinements over this period. 19. The Drought Prone Area Program was introduced in Andhra Pradesh in 1975, in 69 erstwhile blocks, in 8 districts. The program was extended to I 1I1 blocks covering 12 districts in 1995. A major change in the approach of the Watershed Management Program was introduced in 1995-96 by focusing the Watershed Program on population participation. Under this approach, total emphasis surrounds organizing the village community of each watershed into a viable sustained unit. The watershed beneficiaries both directly and indirectly dependent on the watershed will be grouped into the Watershed Associations with one of the members as the President of the Association. 20. In addition to the Watershed Association, an executive body called a Watershed Committee will be formed to implement the day-to-day activities of the Watershed Development Program. The members of the Watershed Committee will be nominated by the Watershed Association. Each Watershed Committee will consist of 11 to 12 members from different sections of beneficiaries, including women. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 8: Mitigation Works  6 21. An intermediate body called a Project Implementing Agency (PIA) will be in charge of about 10 Watersheds of 500 ha. each. These PlAs will preferably be selected from Non- Governmental Organizations/Voluntary Organizations with sufficient experience in rural development programs. These PIAs will help guide the Watershed Committees and Watershed Associations. Each PIA will necessarily have a teamn of experts in Agriculture, Forestry, Minor Irrigation and Social Services. 22. At district level, the District Rural Development Agency is the model agency for the implementation of the programs. It will be assisted by a multi-disciplinary team, consisting of subject matter specialists in Agriculture, Forestry and Minor Irrigation Sectors to co-ordinate and oversee the successful implementation of the program at district level. FUNDING 23. The funds related to the works component will be provided directly to the Watershed Committees. Funds for administrative expenses will be retained at the DRDA/PIA level. TRAINING 24. One of the most important aspects of the program will be imparting training to all field functionaries at the district level, the PIA level and all beneficiaries of watershed villages directly or indirectly concemed with the program. Participatory rural appraisal will be adopted for the implementation of the program. 25. The project is proposed to be extended to one district in the Coastal Andhra Region, i.e. Nellore, and two districts in Telangana, i.e. Karimnagar and Adilabad. Anantapur is classified as a desert district by the Government of India and Desert Development Program in operation. Serious water shortages are experienced in both districts for agriculture and drinking. Nellore, one of the districts in coastal Andhra Pradesh, has maximum area under Wasteland category. The Northern part of the district falls adjacent to the Rayalaseema districts and shares similar geography, soil and climatic factors. There are serious limitations regarding the availability of ground water. 26. Chittoor, Karimnagar and Adilabad are covered with degraded forests in a major portion of the region. Deforestation over a period of 3 decades has resulted in loss on catchment areas for the Godavari basin in Karimnagar and Adilabad districts, hence water shortages are very common. PROJECT PERIOD 27. The estimated project period is three years, and is proposed to commence in July 1997. Each watershed covers approximately 500 ha., which may be coterminous either to a village or one or two villages. We anticipate the active participation of not only the state holders but also the village community as mentioned above. PROJECT COST 28. Proposed cost for each watershed is Rs2O.00 lakhs. Per hectare cost is Rs4000/-. In the first year it is proposed to spend Rs6.00 lakhs and in the second and third years Rs7.00 lakhs each. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 8: Mitigation Works  7 METHODOLOGY 29. Watersheds will be selected by taking into consideration the water shortage based on National Remote Sensing Agency/AP State Remote Sensing Agency studies coupled with orientation and enthusiasm of the local people to take up watershed works. Planning, Project Formulation, cost implementation, monitoring, and social audit will be taken up by actively involving the local people. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 8: Mitigation Works  Attachment 9 AP HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY CYCLONE RECOVERY PROJECT D.AFT GAP PICY STATEMENT ON LONG-TERM HAZARDMITIGAION; 1. The draft policy statement prepared by the GOAP on its long-term hazard reduction strategy was reviewed during negotiations. Based on these discussions, the Bank and the GOAP agreed on the principles that would be incorporated in the policy statement. It was agreed that the revised policy statement will be published in the official Gazette during April 1997. 2. The GOAP policy statement will incorporate the following: (i) Objectives. Objectives of the proposed policy would be to: develop action plans, and a planning and implementation framework for hazard reduction, and to reduce people's dependency on govermment, and to encourage self sufficiency and responsible use of resources. (ii) Needfor a new approach. In addition to the debilitating effects of continuous disasters there are a number of factors that have prompted GOAP to rethink is policy. Among them are: the inability of government to bear the continuing heavy cost of relief and rehabilitation; the expectation of the public that government should assist them every time; legal and illegal economic activities that exacerbate the impact from such events ( the denudation of forest cover; the impact of aquaculture activities); inadequate coastal, delta, water and watershed management policies and practices; inappropriate design criteria and construction practices for public and private infrastructure and building construction in the high risk zones, lack of proper planning and development control that contribute to vulnerability from natural hazards; and the unavailability of appropriate insurance schemes for individual risk management (iii) Work plan. In order to develop a long-term hazard reduction program, and achieve the expected goals of such a program, it is necessary to do the following: (a) Creation of a Disaster Mitigation Council, headed by the Chief Minister, to develop policy and to oversee the development of long-term hazard reduction programs; (b) Formation of a permanent Disaster Management Unit to manage the preparation of a long-tern hazard reduction program, action plans and policy, planning and implementation framework, and its policy implementation; (c) Creation of District Disaster Management Committees; (d) Creation of a Vulnerability Reduction Fund for helping communities to undertake hazard reduction activities on a matching grant basis; (e) Undertaking of hazard reduction studies: coastal and delta management studies; watershed management studies; enhancing of GOI's early warning capability through deployment of state of the art equipment; early waming and community awareness raising programs; preparation of hazard maps for high risk zones; and developing design criteria for high risk zones. (f) Undertaking hazard mitigation works, such as watershed management in critically water-starved areas, planting of tree shelter belts, and provision of emergency cyclone shelters.  2 (iv) Outputs. Expected outcomes of the work plan are: (a) a revised policy for long-term hazard reduction; (b) planning and development control of economic activities, siting and construction of new infrastructure in hazard-prone zones for reduction of future hazards; (c) a design and building code for high risk areas; (d) planning and development control framework for coastal, delta water and watershed management; (e) measures and incentives for communities to take responsibility for hazard management in their communities; and (f) insurance schemes for individuals to protect themselves against natural hazards. (v) Completion. Schedule for preparation of hazard reduction program require the work on the studies to commence at the end of 1997, with the expected date of completion in December 1999. (vi) Public Participation. Methodology for informiing the public and solicitation of views on emerging proposals must be developed. Periodic seminars and workshops; statutory mandated public hearings of planning and development control proposals that represent the core framework for participants. (vii) Implementing Agency. The preparatory studies and the development of action plans and the framework for hazard management will be carried out by the Disaster Management Unit in the Department of Finance and Planning, headed by the Secretary of Finance, GOAP. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 9: Draft GOAP Policy Statement on Hazard Mitigation  Attachment 10 AP HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY CYCLONE RECOVERY PROJECT THE AND)HRA PRADESII DISASTER MANAGEMENT UNIT 1. The AP Disaster Management Unit (DMU), envisaged as a permanent nodal unit, will be created in the Department of Finance and Planning, under the Secretary of Finance (see Figure 1: Organizational Chart on page 5 of this attachment). The Unit will be headed by a full-time Project Director who will be responsible for day-to-day operations. It will be responsible for overall management and coordination of the project, inter-departmental coordination, environmental screening and clearance of sub-projects, management of hazard reduction related consultant studies and for planning and development of long-term hazard reduction action plans for the State. It will also act as the secretariat for the Disaster Mitigation Council headed by the Chief Minister. Initially, the Unit will have a skeletal staff and will retain specialists for specific tasks. It will be staffed throughout the implementation period and its capacity built up to enable full management of the hazard reduction programn, by the end of the project. The small core staff will include a disaster management expert, a communications/public information expert, a transport engineer, an environmental engineer and an irrigation engineer. Other experts will be contracted from appropriate government departments and centers or from the private sector. RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER UNITS, AGENCIES, INSTITUTES, AND DEPARTMENTS 2. The DMU will use the services of the existing PMU in the Department of Finance and Planning for procurement and disbursement functions and other agencies for specialized services. It will collaborate with other centers, institutes and agencies - within the State and beyond - engaging in similar or related activities. Following the principle established for the CERP, the DMU will require each sector department to create disaster mitigation 'cells'. These cells will provide technical consultation on and review of best loss reduction practices associated with maintenance of existing infrastructure and qualification of new capital investment. The cells would be specifically responsible for disaster loss reduction activities and will be located in the main implementing departments such as the Forest Department, Roads and Building Department, Major and Minor Irrigation Department, Rural Development, Panchayati Raj and Engineering Department, and the APSEB. Senior specialists serving in the DMU will provide liaison with the key departments, provide training and tools, and provide oversight for disaster management programs initiated in each department. The DMU will also serve to provide accurate, consistent data on damage in future disasters and to evaluate the effectiveness of loss reduction measures. 3. The DMU will also work closely with other public agencies at the state, district, and local levels to provide appropriate technical information, professional training, and public information on disaster loss reduction. The existing relevant agencies of the Government of Andhra Pradesh (GOAP) with which the Unit will have working relationships are: (a) Andhra Pradesh Remote Sensing and Applications Center (b) Commissioner for Relief (c) Shore Area Development Authority (d) Kolleru Development Authority (e) Bureau of Economics and Statistics  2 (f) Center for Economic and Social Studies (CES) (g) Andhra Pradesh Academy for Rural Development 4. Relevant agencies of the Government of India (GOI) with which the DMU will have to work are: (h) National Center for Disaster Management of the Indian Institute of Public Administration (i) India Meteorological Department (j) Central Water Commission (k) Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune (1) National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) (m) Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI) SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS 5 The functions of the DMU will include: hazard mapping, development of action plans for hazard reduction, development of standards for siting design construction and maintenance. The DMU will develop programs for hazard loss reduction including inspection of facilities, certification of compliance with hazard mitigation standards, provide environmental clearances, and create the incentive schemes to encourage appropriate reduction measures. In addition, The Unit will provide technical and administrative support to the Andhra Pradesh Disaster Mitigation Council, which is the policy level Cabinet committee headed by the Chief Minister. 6. Furthermore, the DMU will serve as a point of contact with disaster management units in other states (such as the Maharashtra Disaster Management Center at Yashada in Pune) and other intemational centers of disaster management such as the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) and various centers in the United States disaster response system. 7. At the conclusion of this project, the DMU will become the authoritative source for information on all phases and all aspects of disaster mitigation planning and implementation in Andhra Pradesh. It will initiate and coordinate hazard management and vulnerability reduction programs throughout the state. The DMU will utilize the resources of modern science and engineering for the development of tools which will be useful at the local level in guiding decisions to reduce future disaster losses of life and property. 8. Job descriptions need to be developed for the key staff of the DMU. Sample job descriptions for the Disaster Management Expert and the Communications Expert are given below: 9. Position Description for Key Staff of the DMU: (a) Hazard Management Specialist Responsibilities: The Hazard Management Specialist will be principally in charge of the development and dissemination of hazard maps, contraction standards, and materials relevant to the reduction of future losses due to cyclone, wind, coastal flooding, and flash flooding. The specialist will work in close cooperation with the scientists who apply the flood and storm surge models to prepare useful hazard maps at appropriate scale and with appropriate impact intensity scales for the hazard prone areas of Andhra Pradesh. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 10: Andhra Pradesh Disaster Management Unit  3 The Hazard Management Specialist will specifically: (i) work closely with the community of engineers, architects, builders, and public and private developers who are responsible for the siting and design of human settlements and facilities in the coastal zone and flood plains of Andhra Pradesh. (ii) initiate and manage useful dialogue between the developers and the users of hazard data and maps. (iii) review specific design and construction standards on a regular basis to ensure that they represent current scientific and engineering knowledge and to ensure that these are socially acceptable and cost-effective. These reviews should be based on the advice of nationally recognized specialists. (iv) oversee the preparation of policy studies to inform government on key questions of mitigation policy. (v) work closely with the Communications and Community Participation Specialist to prepare scientifically correct materials for broad public distribution on hazard awareness, appropriate response to warnings, appropriate post-disaster actions, and most importantly disaster mitigation measures which can be incorporated into normal day to day activities. Qualifications: The Hazard Management Specialist requires a technical background in a civil engineering, architecture, or planning field. The candidate should have at least a Master's degree with some experience with research in the discipline. Ideally, the candidates will have some experience of public service in an agency with land use planning or construction responsibilities. The candidates should not have only a narrow technical experience but must also be familiar with the social, economic, and political constraints which influence public policy. Some training in social science or economics would be desirable. Finally, the candidate will need excellent communication and interpersonal skills as a significant component of this job will involve bringing together diverse communities of expertise and application. (b) Communications and Community Participation Specialist Responsibilities: The Communications Specialist will manage the development of information and training materials on hazard awareness, disaster preparedness and response, and disaster mitigation for responsible officials at the local level and the general public in hazard prone areas. This responsibility will include non-technical descriptions of cyclones, floods, and storm surge phenomena and their relationship to disaster damage. The Communications Specialist in conjunction with the Hazard Management Specialist will develop a range of training programs on response to disaster warnings, disaster preparedness and response related to protection of life and property and measure for future disaster loss reduction. Training programs will be developed in conjunction with NAID (?), Janrnabhoomi, and the Ministry of Education. The Communications Specialist will furthermore be primarily responsible for the system of delivery of disaster (cyclone) warnings. This warning function will require interaction with radio broadcasters, police, the military, and other relevant communications resources. The Communications Specialist will also oversee the establishment and expansion of a disaster communications system consistent with the broader objective of enhanced, two-way communication with the mandal and village level. Through this system and by any other means at hand, the AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 10: Andhra Pradesh Disaster Management Unit  4 Communications Specialist will ensure availability and access to critical information necessary for effective disaster loss reduction at the local level. Qualifications: The Communications Specialist should have experience in both mass communications media and local community participation in development oriented activity. The candidate should have a Master's degree in a relevant academic field such as: communications, journalism, community development, sociology, anthropology, or education. The candidate should have adequate experience and professional stature to interact effectively with the major organizations of mass communication in Andhra Pradesh including radio, television and print media. The candidate should have experience and understanding of the informal, traditional means of communication prevalent in the effected populations. Furthermore, the candidate should be prepared to take a leading role in the advancement and utilization of internet-based communications at the district and mandal level. Finally, the candidate will require outstanding written and oral communications skills. There must be facility in the translation of sometimes complex technical concepts to lay language and an understanding of the social and political dimensions of local decisions effecting property and land use. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment IO: Andhra Pradesh Disaster Management Unit  5 Figure 1 -Organizational Chart Special Chief Secretary, Finance and Planning Department & Development Commissioner 1 Secretary, Finance PROCYA MNAGKEMENT UNIT | Additional Secretary Additional Project Manager Procurement Monitoring Communications Expert Additional Procurement Monitoring Officer Disaster Management Expert Deputy Financial Adviser Irrigation Department Engineer r Section Officer (Budget Claims Accounts Audit) I Technical Research Cell Assistant Financial Adviser Engineering Staff i (4) Assistant Accounts Of ficer Assistant Secretary l Note: The PML was established under the CERP. Under the present prajectit wilt render procurement .services in voerdination with the WMU AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 10: Andhra Pradesh Disaster Management Unit  Attachment 11 AP HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY CYCLONE RECOVERY PROJECT COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT AND THE JANMABHOOMI PROGRAM BACKGROUND 1. GOAP's experience has been invaluable in ensuring more effective disaster response, as was evident in the aftermath of the November 1996 cyclone. Because of the availability of a functioning relief capacity much loss of life was avoided, and speedy relief provided to the affected areas. However, most of the resources mobilized to deal with the emergency were in the form of cash hand outs and temporary measures to 'patch up' the damage and destruction suffered by the infrastructure. While these relief measures are important, they can only address the effects rather than the causes of most of the disaster losses. 2. The November 1996 cyclone served to highlight the limitations of the existing maintenance and repair capacity to cope with emerging circumstances which have intensified environmental degradation and vulnerability to natural hazards. Physical infrastructure built many years ago was not designed to cope with the excessive rainfall received in November. Additionally, neglect over the years has resulted in increased deterioration. As a result many weakened irrigation bunds were breached, resulting in widespread flooding. Inadequate maintenance over the years has also resulted in many roads, drainage systems and irrigation canals which can hardly meet current demands. 3. The lack of maintenance is attributed to a variety of factors that would need to be targeted if the effects of cyclones and other natural hazards are to be minimized if long-term sustainability is to be enhanced. Failure to maintain the physical infrastructure has been mainly associated with a decline of public funds available for this activity and the limited involvement of the local users in the design and long-term maintenance of the infrastructure. FROM DISASTER RELIEF TO LONG TERM SUSTAINABILITY 4. Along with the physical rehabilitation of damaged infrastructure, it is necessary to focus on a concerted effort to link rehabilitation to long-term mitigation plans which involve local communities in more systematic way. If investments are intended to be more than short term measures the approach to community development needs to be restructured. In particular, rethinking on the following aspects of mitigation planning should be considered: (i) sustainability of institutions; (ii) coordination and integration of activities; (iii) community involvement; and (iv) government support. 5. The institutions that underpin the construction of drains, canals, and roads need to be strengthened; the organizations entrusted with their maintenance need to be rethought, and the procedures governing citizen participation in their upkeep need to be overhauled. This implies the development of an integrated approach to the provision of infrastructure which includes all the stakeholders in the elaboration and development of sustainable options - both public and private, governmental and non-governmental. 6. Coordination of activities at a variety of levels is required - from sub-mandal micro- planning and disaster-preparedness activities, to State-wide integrated planning which links the  2 relief operations of the State with longer term sustainable development strategies. This involves all departments of government working in a more integrated manner to ensure that individual efforts do not duplicate or compromise the efforts of others. Integration of activities would also require a broader focus that would include not only the coastal zones and delta regions but also the watersheds which feed into them. It is evident that environmental degradation upstream and excessive run-off, coupled with restricted drainage facilities downstream, have exacerbated the negative effects of excessive rain and cyclone damage to irrigation and drainage facilities and to roads and physical infrastructure more generally. 7. The rhetoric of integrated development, with citizens at the center of decision making, is widespread. Translating that rhetoric into reality is difficult. There is evidence that indicates that such an integrated approach is being developed in a variety of sectors - as for instance in forestry or watershed management. There is a concerted attempt through the Prajala Vaddaku Paalana (PVP) and Janmabhoomi programs to combine the traditions of self-help with the development of a micro-planning capacity to design and execute small but significant interventions which enhance self reliance and sustainability. Small check dams and afforestation programs reduce run off in watersheds, periodic clearing of drains prevents waterlogging. But unless these particular one-off events are seen as parts of a program which engages citizens in a concerted and sustained way they are unlikely to succeed. The challenge is to shift the dominant view from one which focuses on the construction of physical assets (or products) to one which emphasizes processes of which these products are merely a means to an end. 8. While it is recognized that citizens are unlikely to have the expertise to execute and maintain large infrastructural investments, it is recognized that they do have a central role to play in the 'grass roots' maintenance of physical assets that directly affect their lives. In a resource-poor environment, the ability of government to respond to requests decreases and the responsibilities of government itself are questioned. The entitlements of citizens are also being rethought as attitudes to subsidies and support are renegotiated. Institutions of civil society (Community-based organizations, as well as Non-Governmental Organizations) demand greater involvement in decisions that affect people's lives. There is greater room for private sector involvement. There is a significant restructuring of the ways in which resources are deployed and priorities negotiated. TACKLING RISKS AND VULNERABILITY THROUGH STRENGTHENING COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AT THE LOCAL LEVEL 9. While the present proposal recognizes the importance of restoring assets lost or destroyed as the result of a particular disaster, it also wishes to nurture the development of mechanisms that can reduce the risks and vulnerabilities that are exposed by such disasters and thus help in their long term mitigation. It will do this by strengthening and reorienting existing institutions at State, District and Community levels. 10. At the community level a program for enhancing the flow of information about the links between disaster mitigation and the reduction of long term vulnerability will be developed for integrated watershed management and forestry projects in vulnerable areas. A program for the development of regular maintenance of minor drainage and canal maintenance will be developed to build on existing mechanisms and to enhance citizen control over and involvement in water use in the irrigated areas of the deltas of coastal Andhra and in public health and sanitation systems in urban areas. The objective would be to make the reduction of vulnerability an integral part of community level development activities. The aim of this component of the project is to associate the execution of physical works more closely with the local contexts in which they are prioritized. Dissociating them from such contexts ignores the processes associated with their identification as AP Hazard and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 11: Community Involvement and the Janmabhoomi program  3 priorities, and the institutions responsible for their execution. More concerted efforts to decentralize decision-making about investment priorities will be developed and incorporated into district development plans. 11. Focus on priority communities. Disasters invariably strike the most vulnerable in ways which diminish their abilities to withstand further losses. The project will thus focus more systematically on the incorporation of wider elements of civil society (CBOs, NGOs, the private sector) into longer term disaster mitigation planning, and to marry such planning with the on-going developmental activities at State, district and sub-district levels. The aim would be to enhance local ownership of public assets, build up expertise, and strengthen existing institutions in the pursuit of more sustainable development. There is evidence to indicate that some forms of economic activity serve to exacerbate rather than reduce the risks of loss due to natural disasters, through enhanced environmental degradation and a focus on unsustainable activities (over-exploitation of natural resources which increase soil erosion, over-concentration on particular species is frequently at the expense of bio-diversity). 12. From the immediate to the long term. There is a need to disaggregate by event and differentiate more systematically between those subject to particular risks before particular courses of action can be delineated. First there are those affected by the current cyclone and the inmmediate need to attend to their losses and reconstruct their livelihoods (those requiring immediate attention). Secondly there are those who are evidently vulnerable to unnatural yet recurring disasters (those requiring attention in the medium term, say one to three years). These include those affected by flooding as well as those affected by drought as well as those occupying vulnerable locations - on 'objectionable' land for example. It is usually the marginal and poorest populations within the community who are affected most severely and directly - those dry land farmers cultivating the most marginal of lands, as well as those local people engaged in the riskiest forms of employment in areas where lifeline services are the least adequate - fishermen for example. Thirdly there are those activities which need to be incorporated as part of a long-term planning and mitigation program. While all three are required, in the current project it is likely that only the first two sets of priorities can be systematically addressed. However it is through the project that the foundations for the third set of long term priorities might be built. CURRENT ACTWIVTIES AIMED AT STRENGTHENING CITIZEN INVOLVEMENT AT THE LOCAL LEVEL IN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN THE STATE. 13. There are a number of current interventions in the state aimed at building sustainable development at the community level. These have been largely sector-driven with few cross-sectoral synergies except where the District Administrations have sought to try and build them. There are two Bank projects that are likely to provide a basis for strengthening community participation in the State. They are the Andhra Pradesh Forestry Project, which has a growing focus on Joint Forest Management, and the District Poverty Initiative Project currently under preparation in six districts in the State (viz. Adilabad, Mahboobnagar, Srikakulam, Visianagram, Anantapur and Chitoor). 14. The Joint Forest Management component of the AP Forestry Project has been strengthened following the recent mid-term review of the project. It is anticipated that 1600 Forest Protection Committees will be formed under the auspices of the project. Joint Forest Management is the development of a partnership between villagers and the Forestry Department for the development of degraded forest land with the fruits of such upgradation shared equally between villagers and the forest department. This is a major effort to involve those who derive their livelihoods from forest products and to allow villagers to be centrally involved in the protection of AP Hazard and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment I 1. Community Involvement and the Janmabhoomi program  4 forests. It is a major shift in the ways in which the Forestry Department has traditionally viewed the villagers. Recognizing that they are unable to ensure forest protection without the help of villagers, they are changing from being policemen of forests to facilitators in their sustainable development. 15. The District Poverty Initiative Project aims to identify, with the stakeholders at the District level, the most marginal and vulnerable populations and target interventions towards them in an integrated way. If disaster mitigation is perceived to be an attempt to achieve sustainability by reducing vulnerability and risk to natural hazards, then the approach being adopted by the project is closely allied to that being suggested by the Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project. The District Poverty Initiative Project makes central use of Social Assessments as an instrument for the involvement of local communities in defining their priorities. The work is being carried out with the help of local NGOs and social sc ence research organizations in the State. These Social Assessments will provide the template on which an integrated development strategy for support of the most vulnerable will be built. 16. Other government programs. Both projects build on more conventional interventions to alleviate poverty and create development opportunities, such as the Integrated Rural Development Program, the Drought Prone Areas Program, the Integrated Child Development Services Program, the Employment Guarantee Scheme, the Weaker Section Housing Program, and the DWCRA savings and credit program. 17. Recent State initiatives. Additionally the current State government has placed considerable emphasis on engaging the cooperation of citizens in government programs, in enhancing self reliance and in village or neighborhood micro-planning activities. There is a tradition of collective work for community projects (shramdan). The Prajala Vaddaku Paalana (PVP) program ('Government at the doorstep of the People') was launched at the beginning of November in 1995. Its aim was to link people's participation in the decision making process by responding to people's needs and enhancing the accountability of government agents to the people. Three rounds of the PVP Program were held in November and December of 1995 and in February 1996. These involved visits by representatives of the district administration to each settlement with a population of more than 200. The results of the program were mixed but they provided important opportunities for citizens to criticize government work, and to suggest ways in which they might contribute to government efforts through 'shramadanam' activities. Two 'shramadanam' drives were held in January and July of 1996 18. Building on these efforts government launched the 'Janmabhoomi 'program at the beginning of January 1997. This involved an intensive village outreach exercise held between 1st and 8th of /January. It aimed to build on the PVP and 'shramadanam' initiatives, and is inspired by the community development program ('Saemaul Undong') developed in South Korea in the 1970s. The focus of the Janmabhoomi program is on participatory micro-planning as a basis for collective prioritizing and for building the capacity of local level administrative capacity through the Panchayati Raj system. Under this system many powers and responsibilities are to be devolved to the Panchayat level. The government recognizes that: "for social development to take place effectively and on a sustainable basis, close involvement and participation of the people as well as planning and action at the grassroots level is essential." I Finance & Planning Department, GOAP, 'Prajala Vaddaku Paalana, Sramadanam & Micro-Level Planning - Guifelines', December 17 1996, p. 2. AP Hazard and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 11: Community involvement and the Janmabhoomi program  5 19. Development is perceived as more than the construction of civil works. Emphasis is placed on strengthening the Panchayati Raj institutions which are seen as the: "idealframeworkforformulation, planning and execution of the programs of economic development and social justice, as they are ideal institutions for convergence, integration, prioritization and coordination of the programs at the grass-roots level for ensuring prompt and efficient delivery of the services to the beneficiaries. Active participation of the people through the institution of Gram Sabhas (village assemblies) in the set up would ensure transparency and accountability of the system and, therefore, the Gram Sabhas should be strengthened " 2 20. The content of the Janmabhoomi program focuses on ten basic minimum needs, the seven defined in the 9th Five Year plan (e.g., safe drinking water, primary health care, primary education, public housing assistance, basic nutrition through the midday meals program, electrification of all settlements, and streanlining the Public Distribution System (PDS)) along with growth and growth-related infrastructure, employment and social security. The program had three basic components: (a) PVP - obtaining representations from the people and indicating actions taken following previous visits (b) Shramadanam - with a focus on collective village and ward cleaning with a focus on general cleanliness involving cleaning of drains, tackling water stagnation, repairs to drinking water sources, garbage disposal as well as maintenance of trees (c) Micro-planning - the collection of basic data about the settlements as sensitization of villagers to the availability of government programs, followed by the development of an action plan for the coming years (what can be immediately achieved and what is required over a five year time period). Cooperation with all development agencies such as local NGOs, village committees of one sort or another, in the achievement of these goals is sought 21. The January 1997 Janmabhoomi exercise provided a timely forum for initiating systematic Vulnerability Assessments and understanding people's livelihood strategies, their priorities in dealing with disaster-preparedness and their willingness to join with Government in overcoming the threats of frequently recurring disasters. From this exercise a more systematic plan for priority intervention can be drawn up. Priorities for immediate, medium and long term interventions can be assessed with the people themselves. NGOs should be encouraged to be involved wherever they are available and willing to link with the systematization of this intervention. The exercise reached 56,366 habitations of 200 persons or more and undertook 434,979 'sramadanam works' with an approximate value of Rs. 49 million. Over 2,500,000 people are estimated to have been involved. The exercise has generated a formidable data base on which future activities for village development are to be based and has generated considerable local enthusiasm. 22. Cross-sectoral community involvement. Proposals for physical infrastructural investments under the project can be systematically linked to micro-level plans for rehabilitation and disaster preparedness which can be perceived as continuities of the current direction. Emphasis should be given to the rehabilitation of community assets and on attempts to obtain the systematic involvement of local groups in this work. The focus for such plans will vary from the construction of flood banks to wasteland development and more effective watershed management. Major attention needs to be given to the formation of water user groups and to ensuring that they pay 2 op.cit. p. 3. AP Hazard and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 11: Community Involvement and the Janmabhoomi program  6 systematic attention to disaster-preparedness in their on-going work. The aim would be to provide cross-sectoral community involvement in a variety of sectorally determined programs wherever possible. Matrix I (included at the end of this attachment) identifies the sectoral proposals and the potential areas for greater community participation and cross sectoral interventions. A template for a program for disaster mitigation/sustainable development can thus be developed at the community level. 23. Community involvement in regeneration offorest cover, and coastal zone shelter belt consolidation. Part of the project proposal relates to the work of the Forestry Department in regenerating denuded forest cover, and in consolidating the coastal zone forest belt. These activities are not dealt with under the current AP Forestry Project being undertaken with Bank assistance. There is considerable room in both the regeneration of forest cover, and in the consolidation of the coastal forest belt for community participation on similar lines to those currently being dealt with in the State under Joint Forest Management Schemes. These schemes involve the development of Forest Protection Committees at the village level to jointly manage denuded forest areas around the village and share in the products thus derived. 24. Coastal Zone Shelter Belts. At least two of the seven objectives proposed are conducive to greater community participation (e.g., making fuel, fodder and construction materials available to the people, and improving the economic status and living conditions of the people.). It is noted that seedlings will be distributed to the community, and that large numbers of fodder, fuel and small seedlings will be raised and distributed to the people free of cost. It is assumed that the beneficiaries will help in the development of seedling nurseries. Detailed proposals for rewarding beneficiaries are given in the proposal. Efforts will also be made to educate people through mass publicity, audio visual aids, seminars, workshops, field visits and training programs to get the meaningful support of the people. Special efforts will be made to enlist women's participation and the existing women's thrift and credit institutions may be used as entry points 25. As noted in the Government's proposal the raising of shelter belts requires a good mix of strategic interventions and tools. Rather than merely seeing local people as 'beneficiaries' of department largesse it is perhaps more in the spirit of self reliance and sustainability to encourage partnerships with local people to make them guardians of the forest cover in return for access to forest products on a sustainable basis, and with the active support and facilitation of the Forest Department. Through partnerships with people the department can build local support for the development of forest cover and thereby avoid pilferage. Wherever possible, on new plantations as well as on those being regenerated the active partnership of the local populations will be solicited and arrangements made for local access to forest products. The principles underpinning the Joint Forest Management schemes being developed elsewhere in the State should serve as a model for these activities, and local responsibility for sustainable forest cover encouraged 26. Watershed Management in Critically Water Starved Areas. The project proposal points to a long history of excessive land use, through agriculture and animal husbandry which has resulted in depletion of renewable natural resources (soil, water and forests). The objectives of this part of the project are to restore degraded forest areas in order to meet the wants of local people and with the willing cooperation of neighboring villagers, participatory management of forest resources is envisaged. The following components are envisaged: (i) raising of fuel, fruit, fibers and NTFPs; (ii) reforestation and soil and moisture conservation work on barren hills; (iii) seedling distribution and planting on marginal farm lands, field bunds and homesteads; and AP Hazard and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 11: Community Involvement and the Janmabhoomi program  7 (iv) publicity and extension work. 27. There are multiple opportunities for the development of partnerships between the Forest Department and the local people, considering that local users of the forests can become their best guardians. The work of policing and regenerating degraded forest land can be shared by both sets of stakeholders. Pilferage and smuggling by outsiders can thus be minimized and sustainable forest development encouraging which will result in a decrease in run-off and of flash floods thereby mitigating some of the effects of excessive rainfall. 28. District Disaster Mangement Committtees (DDMC) for Natural Hazard/Vulnerability Reduction. DDMCs will be developed at the District level to link vulnerability reduction/hazard mitigation with environmental protection and wider development efforts proposed through the evolving Janmabhoomi program. The State accepts that one of the aims of the Janmabhoomi program is the reduction of vulnerability from natural hazards. The DDMC will consist of the Joint Collector, the APSRAC representative, the concemed revenue officers, the CEO of the Zilla Parishad and other officers involved in relief operations, in addition to the District Rural Development Officer and Forest Officer. It will act as the nodal agency for: (i) disaster preparedness; (ii) responding to particular disasters; (iii) recovery from particular disasters; and (iv) mitigating the effects of natural hazards and reducing vulnerability. THE DEVELOPMENT OF VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS/AUDITS FOR INTEGRATED MICRO-PLANNING FOR DISASTER PREPAREDNESS 29. These will be the first stages in the development and implementation of a hazard/vulnerability reduction strategy. These will provide, inter alia: (i) a social audit of vulnerability, and the bases for the development of indicators to measure declining risk and vulnerability. (This will include a quality audit of existing provision); (ii) an analysis of the social capital and institutional capacity available in communities for mobilizing community support for disaster mitigation; (iii) an inventory of organizations/institutions available at the localtmandal level to deal with the 'up-stream' and 'down-stream' issues associated with Disaster-preparedness; (iv) an inventory of existing and proposed schemes that can be used as bases for short, medium, and long-term rehabilitation; (v) the identification of 'focal points' in the local communities for disaster preparedness and sustainable development; (vi) the bases for transforming local relief operations into longer term disaster-preparedness and mitigation efforts; (vii) an understanding of the immediate human resources required in the District Administration to address longer term development efforts; (viii) the basis for the development of educational and training efforts to address longer term environmental improvement programs - environmental education linked to particular prioritized sets of activities; (ix) the basis for commissioning of studies/action programs in particular priority districts with the help of national and intemational institutions. AP Hazard and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment I1: Community Involvement and the Janmabhoomi program  8 OUTLINE TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR PARTICIPATORY VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS/AUDITS 30. A Participatory Vulnerability Assessment (PVA)is a time-bound integrated set of activities aimed at: (i) analyzing the causes of vulnerability; (ii) vulnerability mapping - identifying vulnerable groups, activities, areas within the community with the community's own involvement through participatory appraisal methods; (iii) contributing to the elaboration of a set of vulnerability priorities (short, medium and long term) to be addressed; (iv) engaging all stakeholders in the process of participatory assessment; (v) reviewing the successes and failures of current programs; (vi) establishing criteria and methods for identifying vulnerable groups, activities and areas; (vii) developing reliable indicators for vulnerability reduction which can be used to evaluate progress over time, and act as benchmarks for achievements; (viii) identifying the practical boundaries around which realistic activities can be accomplished (e.g. small watersheds and drainage systems; (ix) identifying extemalities likely to impede vulnerability reduction (upstream effects of flash floods, upstream silting, soil erosion, forest cover denudation, (x) advise on institutional mechanisms appropriate for channeling support. 31. The Vulnerability Assessments will be carried out under the auspices of the proposed State Disaster Mitigation Agency with technical support from appropriate professional institutions including the Academy of Rural Development. Wherever possible local NGOs and associated research capacity will be utilized to facilitate their execution. Work plans, participatory research methodologies and participatory approaches cannot be defined in any detail as they will be expected to reflect particular local realities. PILOT VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS 32. In order to map out the potential ways in which a vulnerability assessment might be approached, three pilot assessments will be undertaken in three contrasting districts - one where the effects of the cyclone were most acute, and where flash flooding caused most damage and one representing a drought prone area (West Godavari, Khammam and Anantapur Districts for example). These pilot assessments would provide important information about the parameters of vulnerability analysis in the three regions of Andhra Pradesh (The Andhra Coast, Telengana and Rayalaseema). Two villages at different level of development will be chosen in each of the Districts providing a total of six case studies. These case studies will be used as a base for elaborating the strategy of the September 1997 Jahnmabhoomi exercise. This latter will act as the launch pad for a more sustained approach to vulnerability assessment. The objectives of the pilot studies in vulnerability assessment are to: (i) to elaborate participatory methodologies for use in scaling up the experiment (ii) to work through the modalities of implementing such assessments (iii) to map out the likely costs of the production of vulnerability action plans AP Hazard and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment I1: Community Involvement and the Janmabhoomi program  9 (iv) the types of interventions to be chosen in reducing vulnerability from natural hazards (v) to assess the likely training needs required for scaling up this exercise The studies will be carried out by a multi-disciplinary team consisting of: (a) a forest officer (b) an IAS officer of the rank of Collector (c) an engineer of the rank of superintending executive engineer (d) an NGO representative with expertise in Participatory Assessment methods (e) a Communications expert (f) local facilitators to be chosen and oriented in advance 33. At least 2 women would be part of this team. The exercise would be conducted over a period of three months and would be completed by mid June in time to feed the results into the planning process for the September round of the Janmabhoomi exercise. These pilot studies will involve three stages: 34. The collection, compilation and analysis of all available information about vulnerability in a particular community (including GIS data, data from the last Janmabhoomi exercise, as well as information where appropriate and available on the environmental context in which the community is located, and information available in the Revenue office - to take one month 35. The presentation of this information to the community, and the development, through participatory appraisal methodologies, of a draft action plan. - to take one month. The representation to the community of the results of the vulnerability assessment for comments and amendments, and the development of a costed, time bound development plan for the next five years, indicating sources of finance, proposed community contributions, priority interventions, institutional arrangements. - to take one month. These pilot studies should also provide the basis for the elaboration of a 'Vulnerability Index' through which interventions might be prioritized as vulnerability assessments and Action Plans are expanded in the State 36. Assessment of Training Needs. Following the pilot studies an assessment of training needs will be undertaken with the assistance of national and international experts. The results of the training needs assessment will be the basis for building a State training capacity and strengthening existing institutions within the State to undertake such training and effectively support District activities in Vulnerability Reduction AP Hazard and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 11: Community Involvement and the Janmabhoomi program  uiZd O wSo. ooqqowoUfr atj pua :uaWaqoauA KpunuwuwoD: l l Juawtpovn V Pafodd dla4o03a au0lUOD fua3dawY puv PJ-VH dV - . 3 =aa = u iat -3 = f ' ' ' ' '' '~~zUuj auuo msuj . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . ...U...us *u uyqd poazau1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~............... ......... .. ........ ............. ''i':ii............. ..... ..... ....................... ......... . .............. . ..... .......... ....... ........,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,C ,, 1Oj SaApUa3U1 01  Attachment 12 AP HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY CYCLONE RECOVERY PROJECT ENHANCED DESIGN STANDARDS 1. Given the recurring nature of cyclones and floods in AP, and the continuous damages that they inflict upon vital infrastructure, enhanced design criteria and cyclone/flood conscious siting are proposed under the project. All infrastructure restoration financed under the project would be designed to the standards indicated below. It would be the responsibility of the DMU to ensure that the implementing agencies use these standards without exception. In addition to its rn-house resources, the DMU will use the services of consultants including the Quality Assurance consultant to ensure compliance and certification. ELECTRICITY 2. The existing electricity network, namely 33 and 11 KV lines, are designed for a wind pressure of 100 kg/m2 and a wind load of 280 kg. The transmission towers are designed for a wind pressure of 150 kg/m2. The criteria proposed with regard to electrical installations is to make the towers and distribution lines capable of withstanding higher wind speeds (e.g., cyclonic velocities). Respectively, pressure and wind load resistance will be increased to 220 kg/m2 for the lines and to 500 kg for the transmission towers comprising the sections of the network included in the project. The REC has laid down the specifications which will be adopted. Existing and enhanced criteria for this component are compared in Table I below. Table 1 - Existing and Enhanced Design Criteria: Electrkity Network Particulars Existing Improved Design for Coastal Areas WP WL Type of Pole / Span WP WL Type of pole / Span (Kg/ (Kg) configuration / mts (Kg/ (Kg) configuration / mts m2) equipment m2) equipment 1. 33KVline 100 280 9.1mtPSCC80 220 500 11mtSpunPole50 2. 11 KV line 100 200 8.0 mt PSCC 65 220 500 11 mt Spun Pole 50 3. 33 / 11 KV 100 200 Triangular configuration 220 - Triangular configuration line with pin insulators on V- Horizontal cross-arms with cross areas superior insulators 4. 33 / 11 KV SS 100 - (i) 150* 150 mm RSJ for R.S. Joist structures are structures spaced at short distance of (ii) 5 MVA power 5 mt and mass concreted. transformer Damage to the substations (iii) 11 KV Vaccum Circuit (to both structures and breaker with C.T.s etc. equipment) on account of (iv) 10 KA LAs higher wind velocities is (v) 11000 / 110 V.P.T. minimal. Hence, existing (vi) 220 V Battery 60 AH designs do not require change 5. Transmission 150 - High - Transmission towers will Towers wind be strengthened in the zone cyclone affected areas for upgrade High Wind Zone according to latest IS-802  2 ROADS 3. The Roads and Bridges (R&B) component comprises State and Panchyati (PR) roads, which fall under the responsibility of the R&B Department and the PR Engineering Department, respectively. With regard to roads, the specifications prescribed by MOST and the Indian Road Congress (IRC) are proposed to be adopted for the project. The specifications for PR roads and R&B roads are indicated in Table 3a and 3b at the end of this attachment. BUILDINGS 4. Works under this component include the repair and reconstruction of collapsed / damaged public buildings such as schools, health centers and hospitals which fall under the R&B and PR administration in the affected districts. The reconstruction of buildings will generally be done under the Indian Standard specifications, namely IS-456, IS-875 and IS-1893. The dead and live loads and wind loads of all combinations will be computed and the worst case will be assumed for the design. Wind speeds consistent with the Indian Standard Code, but not less than 200 km/h - the wind speeds experienced in the recent cyclone. 5. In general, the buildings included in this component are proposed with RCC frame with deeper foundation on elevated grounds as to avoid submergence of the main structure during a cyclonic event. A richer concrete mix of M 200 will be used, Building specifications for other components, which are currently in use and specified in the National Building Code (NBC) will be adopted in all the works proposed under the project. Other building practices that would be adopted are: larger cover to reinforcing bars, better compacting of concrete, improved design of roof covering with shorter eaves to prevent uplift, appropriate roof slopes and stronger anchoring. CYCLONE SHELTERS 6. The shelters are designed as RCC frame structures with non-load bearing filler walls. Specific structural details are as follows: (a) Loads: The shelter is designed for a basic wind pressure of 350 kg/m2 as per IS: 875-11964. However, the reduction in basic wind pressure recommended in clause 4.2.2, Part IV, of the National Building Code of India is not considered to ensure the extra safety of the building during a cyclone. Floor and roof are designed for a live load of 500 kg/m2 as per Is-875-1964. (b) Foundations: The structure shall be supported by under-reamed pile foundations with the top of the pile cap at 2 feet below ground level to keep the piles free from scouring action. The piles and pile caps are designed as per IS-2911-1973. (c) Design Criteria: The RCC members are designed on the basis of ultimate strength (estimated using the appropriate load factors recommended in IS-4566-1964). Frames are analyzed by using the stiffness matrix method using computer-aided design. (d) Design Stress Adopted: (i) concrete - M200 grade with a cube strength of 200 kg per sq.cm. (ii) steel - TOR steel grade 40 with yield stress of 4250 kg per sq.cm. Under reamed piles are designed using mild steel. (e) The designs furnished are for guidance during execution and shall be checked prior to execution and safety ensured with reference to field conditions. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 12: Enhanced Design Standards  3 An independent structural engineer will be employed to check design solutions developed by the Departments. DRAINAGE AND FLOOD BANKS 7. The Indian Standard Institution specifies the recommended design criteria. The guidelines prescribed under the relevant IS Codes will be followed. The list of IS codes proposed for use are presented in Table 2 below. The design standards and criteria for the works included in this component would be monitored with respect to the outcome of the proposed hazard reduction studies. The latter would help ensure that through improved design criteria, construction practices and quality control measures, infrastructure will withstand future disasters better. The Planning, Design and Monitoring Unit (PDMU) and the Quality Control Unit (QCU) of the Irrigation and CAD Department will, in consultation with the required consultants, specify what standards should be finally applied regarding flood control and drainage works. Table 2: List of IS Codes Considered for Drainage and flood Banks Title of Publication IS Code Year 1. Guidelines for Planning and Design of Surface Drains IS 3835 1978 2. Guidelines for Planning and Design of River IS 12094 1987 Embankments (Levees) 3. Guidelines for Construction of River Embankments IS 11532 1985 (Levees) 4. Structural Design of Cut and Cover Conduits, Code of IS 7563 1985 Practice 5. Hydraulic Design of Barrages and Weins, Anitania IS 6966 1973 6. Other Relevant Publications: Manual on River Behavior, Control and Training (Control Board of Irrigation and Power Publication No.60) Earth Manual (USBR) Drainage Manual (USBR) Concrete Manual (USBR) Road Bridges (IRC or Ministry of Transport, GOI specification, Guidelines) Andhra Pradesh Standard Specifications (GOAP) AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 12: Enhanced Design Standards  4 Table 3a: Enhanced Design, Standards - Roads & Bridges Design Parameters Existing Condition Proposed Improvement ROADS 1. Formation width 9 to 12 m 12 m for State highways, 9 m for major District roads wherever possible in stretches not involving any problems of land acquisition, encroachment removal, tree cutting, etc. 2. Embankment height 0.60 m to 1.0 m Low lying areas are proposed to be raised 3. Embankment Not provided Embankments in vulnerable areas like protection canal / drain banks are proposed to be protected by revetment, retaining walls with RCC and use of Geotextiles wherever conventional methods are unfeasible 4. Camageaway Single lane: During floods and cyclones, some of 3.66 to 3.8 m the single lane (SL) roads are Intermediate lane: damaged because of insufficient 5.5 m Carriageway and shoulders. Hence the Double lane: widening of the SL to intermediate or 6.0 to 7.0 m double lane is proposed 5. Crust Existing crust varies from 375 to The crust will be designed for the 450mm, and includes: CBR value and corresponding traffic Gravel base: on the basis of IRC 37 (Design of 150 to 225mm Flexible Pavements). The balance Metalling: crust proposed would be made up in 225 mm (3 layers) (i) the profile correction course with Surfacing: BT macadam; (ii) 50-75mm thk dense 20mm BT (worn out) BT macadam layers; and (iii) 25mm thk structural wearing course with BT concrete on an average of 150mm. Additional crust is being provided (with equivalency factors). In stretches where water stagnation is a permanent feature, CC pavements are proposed with side drains to drain off the surface waters. The Department has enough knowledge and experience in CC pavement 6. Shoulders Not present Gravel shoulders are proposed AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 12: Enhanced Design Standards  5 Table 3a: Enhanced Design Standards - Roads & Bridges Design Parameters Existing Condition Proposed Improvement BRIDGES 1. Hydraulic data The flood levels and maximum As the existing bridges, designed discharge are obtained from the according to 1990 CRP standards are Irrigation Department, since it neither damaged nor overtopped, maintains the drains, canal and river there is no need to change the design flood data. Concurrence is obtained criteria. Freak flood discharges are for discharge observations from the not to be considered. R&B department The experience of the 1977 & 1990 cyclones, along with the 1990 CRP design standards, are considered in arriving at discharges and other factors for linear waterway, etc. 2. Substructure & As per IRC 21, IRC 78, SP 33 and Existing codes are followed, since Superstructure MOST standard drawings they have already taken into consideration severe environmental conditions and eventualities. Table 3b: Enhanced Design Standards - Panchayati Roads Item Specifications I Top width of the formation 7.5 m 2. Side slopes of formation 2 H to IV 3. Width of gravel sub-base 4.00 m 4. Thickness of gravel sub-base 150 to 300 mm (according to necessity) 5. Carriageaway width 3.75 m 6. Thickness of first layer metalling with 65mm OTG / HBG 75 mm compacted 7. Thickness of second layer metalling with 65mm OTG / HBG 75 mm compacted 8. Thickness of third layer metalling with 40mm HBG 75 mm compacted 9. BT surface dressing 20 mm thick 10. Seal coat (Chipping stone) 6mm thick Note: The above follows specifications prescribed by the Ministry of Surface Transport (Roads wing) in its Specifications for Roads and Bridge Works. For the items not covered in MOST and IRC, the specifications for the APSS will be adopted. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 12: Enhanced Design Standards  Attachment 13 AP HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY CYCLONE RECOVERY PROJECT 0 U;pRo EMENTDRESPONSI]ITIEs, imTHE COMMTEE OF SECRETARIES: AND FUNDS L0iLOW I PROCUREMENT RSPONANGEMIEIES PROCUREMENT RESPONSIBILITIES 1. Infrastructure components will be implemented through the sector departments under the overall coordination of the DMU. The sector departments will submit tenders decisions above the prescribed limits of the Chief Engineers to the Cofmiittee of Secretaries through the DMU. The DMU will function as the secretariat for the Committee and arrange for the reviews. 2. The DMU will use the services of the already functioning PMU (with its two procurement engineers) for procurement matters and to process procurement documentation for the Committee of Secretaries. 3. Flood Control and Drainage: All works within this component will be implemented by the Irrigation and CAD Department. Implementation activities of the reconstruction program will be managed by the Chief Engineer (CE), who will report directly to the DMU. The CE will be assisted by Superintending Engineers, Executive Engineers, Supporting Engineers and a Quality Control Unit (QCU). Since this component's activities cover eight districts, a Planning, Design and Monitoring Unit (PDMU) will be established within the Department for (i) coordination with the DMU; (ii) inter-district coordination; (iii) monitoring of the construction program; (iv) submission of reimbursement applications; (v) preparation of quarterly reports; and (vi) appointment of consultants. The CE will directly supervise the activities of the Quality Control Unit (QCU) of the Department, created to make recommendations regarding construction standards and methods, and to ensure their implementation in the field. 4. Electricity (Transmission and Distribution): The APSEB will undertake the implementation of works under this component. The cost of each estimate for the procurement program will, in this case, exceed the powers of sanction of the Chief Engineer, and they will therefore be approved by the Board. The Board will enhance the powers of the CE and arrange to clear award decisions within a week of their submission to the Board. Alternatively, decisions on contracts larger than an agreed threshold will be referred to the DMU and the Committee of Secretaries. 5. Roads and Buildings: A specialized organizational setup, headed by the Chief Engineer will be established to ensure that the construction program is timely accomplished. This organizational setup will include four circles (each covering a certain number of districts) and 12 Executive Divisions with 38 subdivisions. The specialized circles will also attend to the works included under the Buildings component. The Panchayati Raj (PR) Engineering Department will handle rural roads, PR public buildings and the cyclone shelters. COMMITTEE OF SECRETARIES 6. Under the project, the Committee of Secretaries, with a similar structure and powers as the Committee created for the implementation of the CERP, will be established. The competence of the Chief Engineers will be limited to the approval of tenders up to 25 percent in excess of the estimated rates. The Committee of Secretaries will have full powers to approve tenders which fall  2 beyond the financial competence of the Chief Engineers. Members of the Committee would be Secretary (Finance), Secretary Works and Projects, and the Secretary of the concerned department. The Committee of Secretaries will met about once ever ten days. FUNDS FLOW ARRANGEMENTS 7 The schemes included in the project will be clearly listed under the functional budgetary head of each department to ensure their identity. The procedure for release of funds to the various departments depends upon the institutions or departments executing the scheme. In the case of works departments, such as Irrigation or Roads & Buildings, allocations are made through a system of Letter of Credit. In this case, the Works and Project Wing of the Finance Department will issue an authorization to the Chief Engineer indicating the amount of funds needed for project implementation by the respective Department for a given period. In turn, the Chief Engineer / Head of the Department will distribute the amount - also in the form of an authorization - among the various field functionaries, e.g., Executive Engineers, who are the ones directly making the payments for the work carried out at this level. 8. In the case of the Forest Department, the expenditure is incurred by the Field Officers through a system of issue of cheques to the extent of funds placed at their disposal. For the APSEB, funds are released by way of a loan through a government order. 9. Each of the Departments or Agencies receiving funds under the project will summarize every month their project expenses and furnish it to the DMU within five days of the completion of the month for submission of reimbursement claims. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 13: Procurement Responsibilities, The Committee of Secs and Fund Flow  Attachment 14 AP HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY CYCLONE RECOVERY PROJECT PERFORMANCE MONITORING ICATORS 777:7f 1. Two kinds of indicators would be considered for monitoring progress of the proposed project: (i) program performance indicators, which allow the evaluation of progress made toward the fulfillment of the stated short, medium and long-term mitigation and recovery objectives, as described for each of the proposed project components; and (ii) project performance indicators, which measure the flow of the project with respect to procurement procedures, contract preparation and approval, and general disbursement issues. When necessary, initial values of some performance indicators would be established to provide a baseline to evaluate the extent to which target values for each objective are being met. PROGRAM PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 2. The natural hazard mitigation objectives of the project require indicators to measure progress toward cyclone and flood vulnerability reduction in the target areas. This implies the need to measure advances in the Hazard Management Program including (i) undertaking of the hazard studies and development of action plans; and (ii) social, environmental and economic issues such as levels of community involvement, enhancement of institutional capacity for disaster management, changes in peoples' disaster perception and in their attitudes toward disaster mitigation, as well as community and government commitment to sustaining mitigation works through the amounts channeled via the Vulnerability Reduction Fund. This type of indicators, illustrated below, requires field work. The restoration objectives require the measurement of the extent to which essential assets of the road, drainage and electricity networks that were affected by the recent disaster are being timely and appropriately repaired and/or reconstructed. ProgramfPerformance Indicators Component Activity Indicator Unit Hazard Management Program GOAP Activities Cyclone and Management Cyclone and Flood No. completed Studies Management Studies Consultants No. hired Hazard Reduction Action Hazard Reduction Action No. completed Plans Plans Development of an AP Disaster Management No. of staff Implementation Framework Unit and other agencies involved Leveraging of individual / Vulnerability Reduction Rs. allocated community efforts Fund GOI Activities Cyclone Early Warning Training Abroad No. staff System Doppler Radar Systems No. installed  2 Component Activity Indicator Unit Restoration of Infrastructure Electric Power Facilities Strengthening of 132/220 KV Lines km strengthened Transmission Lines Construction of New Lines 132/220/33/11 KV Lines km built (by Construction of New Substations category) Substations No. built (by category) Irrigation Drains and Reconstruction and Drains km reconstructed Flood Banks Rehabilitation of drainage or rehabilitated network Reconstruction and Flood embankments km reconstructed Rehabilitation of Flood Banks or rehabilitated Roads and Bridges Repair, strengthening and State Roads km repaired or Reconstruction Panchayati Raj Roads reconstructed State Bridges No. repaired or Panchayati Brides reconstructed Mitigation Works Planting of Tree Shelter Belts Shelter Belts ha planted Emergency Shelters Shelters No. built and repaired Technical Assistance Disaster Awareness / Workshops/ seminars No. organized Preparedness Participants No. of attendees NGOs, CBOs and other No. involved community groups Improved Communication and Training Courses No. offered Information Technology Officials Trained (by No. of attendees level) 3. An important component of the long-term mitigation objectives is to facilitate the involvement of CBOs, NGOs and the public at large in disaster management planning, and to ensure that public campaigns are being undertaken to raise people's awareness regarding cyclone and flood hazards. To gather the necessary information to measure progress toward these ends a monitoring plan has been devised. This plan would include activities to measure: (i) changes in peoples ' hazard awareness. A survey would be administered at the beginning of project implementation in a selected area in East Godavari, before any specific campaign is initiated, to establish a baseline. Questionnaires would be administered every year up to the end of the project, for a total of 4 measurements. (ii) levels of community involvement and commitment A series of workshops would be organized to engage people at the comnmunity level in disaster management planning. These workshops should include CBOs, local NGOs, and other community groups, with especial emphasis on the most vulnerable population segments The workshops would enable the AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 14: Performance Monitoring Indicators  3 creation of a database with the profiles of participants, from which a representative sample can be interviewed to measure the extent to which they understand the relevance of collaborating with government in the disaster mitigation schemes being put in place. (iii) changes in peoples 'perceptions. A panel study would be designed to follow up a specific community in two of the most vulnerable districts, and a specialized instrument would be administered throughout project implementation. Visits would be done according to the schedule for the public campaign and the dissemination of the results of the vulnerability studies. (iv) degree of commitment to long-term mitigation objectives on the part of govemment officials at the sub-district level. Structured interviews with a selected sample of officials from the two most affected districts would be undertaken at the start, middle and end of project implementation. PROJECT PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 4. Proposed indicators to monitor project performance would be: (i) Average duration of procurement procedures from launching of bids to contract awards (in calendar days) by year (ii) Average duration of preparation, signature and approval of contracts (in calendar days) by year (iii) Percentage of contracts implemented within the scheduled time frame (by year) (iv) Percentage of contracts implemented with no cost overrun (by year) (v) Percentage of payments processed or transmitted to the Bank within 30 days after receipt of invoice or due date (by year) AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 14: Performance Monitoring Indicators  Attachment 15 AP HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY CYCLONE RECOVERY PROJECT OUTLINE TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR CONSULTANCIES, Outline Terms of Reference for Consultancy on Hazard Mapping for Cyclone, Inland & Coastal Flood Risk PURPOSE 1. The purpose of this consultancy is to prepare State and District level hazard zonation maps for cyclone, storm surge and flood risk and classify settlements by priority and type of intervention. INPUTS 2. Key inputs will be provided by the cyclone, storm surge and wind speed modeling consultancy assignments. 3. GOAP/GOI to provide access to necessary digital map information on elevations, administrative boundaries, location and boundaries of settlements, watersheds, land-cover, stream flow, run-off, etc. 4. GOAP departments to provide data on infrastructure network location and alignments, infrastructure provision, house and building types, demographic, revenue and socio-economic data at settlement, mandal and district level. ACTVITIES 5. Collection of inputs from cyclone storm surge and wind speed modeling consultancy assignments (i.e. rainfall, cyclone, storm surge characteristics, return periods, variance and data reliability, concentration) 6. Classification of zones by hazard intensity and return period (for cyclone, coastal and inland flood) 7. Classification of zones by topography, land-cover and drainage using elevation, slope, catchment boundaries and soil parameters. 8. Identification of terrain change areas that affect effective basic wind speeds 9. Identification of protected and flood bottleneck areas and areas of concentration on coast and along inland water courses. 10. Identification of infrastructure bottleneck areas, especially bridges, railway lines and roads. 11. Identification of historical cyclone and flood affected areas (and damage zones, by life, livestock, infrastructure, agriculture and economic activity, wherever possible) by analysis of secondary data on damage and remote sensing data.  2 12. Determination of typical mechanisms and intensity of damage by cyclone and flood hazards on buildings and infrastructure elements (by type) 13. Classification of mandals/settlements by population density, settlement location and type, building types and infrastructure elements. 14. Determination of selected mandals (for State level maps) and settlement (for district level maps) types by hazard intensity and risk levels. 15. Identification of hazard modification options for selected mandals and settlement types. 16. Analysis of cyclone and flood hazard and specific risk at mandal level to produce State level hazard and vulnerability maps. 17. Prioritization of mandals/settlements based on hazard modification options and preparation of relevant maps. OUTPUTS 18. State level digital hazard zonation maps for cyclone, inland and coastal flooding risk (with village as lowest level of resolution) in selected high hazard zones within districts. 19. Classification of settlements, by hazard level and potential interventional measures. Outline Terms of Reference for Technical Audit of Community Involvement in Hazard Reduction Activities OBJECTIVES 20. The objective of this assignment is to conduct continuous monitoring and audit of the activities designed to involve communities in hazard reduction activities. SCOPE OF ACTIVITIES 21. The scope of the consultant's work would include: (i) review of the extent of interest and mobilization of communities, measured through the number of hazard reduction activities undertaken; (ii) assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of the awareness raising programs; (iii) assessment of the interest and use of matching financing from the VRF; (iv) assessment of the use of VRF funds for community benefit; (v) effectiveness of the Disaster Management Committees at the district, taluka and mandal levels; (vi) use and effectiveness of the VHF communications systems provided under the project: (vii) deployment and use of the computers and associated equipment; (viii) activities undertaken using information technology (data base of land ownership, village demography, list of community assets, activities undertaken through the AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 15: Outline TOR for Consultancies  3 Janmabhoomi program, including records of cash and in kind contributions from communities, maintenance schedules for community infrastructure); (ix) extent of training of local officials and community representatives in the use of technology; and (x) extent of misuse of facilities provided. AUDIT REPORT 22. The consultant should: report in qualitative and quantitative terms to illustrate the extent to which the objectives of community involvement in hazard reduction activities are successful; recommend changes to the program that are required to keep the activities on track to meet the objectives; reports on misuse of facilities and suggest corrective action to be taken. FREQUENCY OF REPORTING 23. The consultant will carry out technical audits every for months, visiting various talukas and mandals in rotation, with each taluka visited at least once every six months. The consultant will produce a report following each visit within two weeks of completion of the visit to the field. The consultant should submit the reports direct to the Director of the DMU. Outline Terms of Reference for Quality Assurance and Certification (A) For GOAP OBJECTIVES 24. To ensure that infrastructure restored under the project conforms to sound engineering design and construction practices, and to certify their compliance with hazard reduction criteria agreed under the project. SCOPE OF ACTIVITIES 25. The following activities would be covered under the assignment: (i) verification that necessary environmental screening and certification has been granted by the DMU, and any agreed mitigation activities have been incorporated in the design and included in project costs; (ii) verification that no displacement of people is planned or has taken place; (iii) check of design assumptions and adequacy of the criteria to meet the minimum requirements set by the DMU and the Bank; (iv) check of field conditions regarding siting, hydrology, land use and other factors that contribute to increased vulnerability; (v) adequacy of construction practice and methodology adopted; and (vi) quality of workmanship and supervision to meet specifications. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 15: Outline TOR for Consultancies  4 COVERAGE 26. The assignment will cover the core infrastructure sectors of irrigation, roads and bridges, public buildings and electricity facilities. SAMPLING 27. The consultant and the DMU will agree on the sample of infrastructure to be reviewed under this assignment. A sample of about ten percent would be considered. The consultant and the DMU will agree on the major infrastructure investments that would be reviewed on a hundred percent basis for which certification would be required. FREQUENCY 28. The consultant will have experienced staff for the various disciplines, and would undertake field visits, in rotation, once in three months. REPORTING 29. The consultant will not interfere in the field with the supervisory arrangements of implementing agencies nor give any instructions to the field staff. The consultant will submit a report following each visit, outlining the findings, the non-compliance and other deficiencies with recommendations for remedial actions. The reports will be submitted directly to the Project Director of the DMU. Promptly upon receipt of the report of the consultant, the Project Director of the DMU will take action to correct any deficiencies or non-compliance. (B) For IMD 30. A similar assignment to the one described above would be contracted, but with a different set of disciplines applicable to cyclone early warning systems. Outline Terms of Reference for Formulation of Design Criteria and Construction Practices for Infrastructure in High Risk Areas BROAD OBJECTIVE 31. The broad objective of the study is to review current design criteria and construction practice and recommend the respective criteria and practices to be adopted for the construction of cyclone and flood-resistant infrastructure such as drains and flood banks, etc. in high risk zones Such review and recommendations will consider the latest technological advances made in this field. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 15: Outline TORfor Consultancies  5 STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES 32. When completed, the project should broadly have developed the following main results. (i) design criteria to be adopted for irrigation structures, drains and flood banks etc., to withstand cyclone, wind, floods and storm surges. (ii) broad ranges of intensities of hazard factors for application of new design criteria. (iii) cost-benefit relationships with application of the recommended design criteria. (iv) feasibility report on varying design criteria within the vulnerable zones. (v) design criteria and construction practices for high risk areas. (vi) special provisions, that may be found necessary, for enforcement of the new design criteria. (vii) uniform building code for high risk and coastal area. 33. The existing practices of design of infrastructure relating to: (i) Irrigation and drainage generally conform to Indian standards on various disciplines, such as river valley development and civil engineering materials etc. Wind forces, flood frequencies, storm-run-off, hydraulic and structural design of structures, energy dissipation arrangements, soil engineering and foundation design etc. form the core group parameters. A Classified List of Indian Standards on River Valley Development and Civil Engineering published by the Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi, can be a good source of standards available on these topics. The design procedures also refer to standard text books, such as Open Channel Hydraulics and Hydrology Handbook by Vente Chow and various other standard textbooks on hydraulics, soil mechanics, structural engineering, etc. Certain Manuals, e.g., Guidelines for Estimation of Flood Discharges published by CWC are good reference sources whenever special problems are encountered for design studies undertaken at institutions like CWPRS (in Pune) and APERL (in Hyderabad). (ii) Buildings being constructed by R&B and Panchayati Raj Departments conform to National Buildings Code (NBC), Indian Standards codes on Reinforced cement concrete, wind forces, seismic forces, foundations etc., and (iii) The Roads conform to the specifications indicated by the Ministry of Surface Transport (MOST) and Indian Roads Congress (IRC) and standard text books/codes on pavement designs. 34. Sectional Committees of Bureau of Indian Standards periodically review the codes of practice and revise if found necessary. 35. Special solutions for design of foundations of structures where soils met with negligible shear parameters or near nil values in coastal districts drains are often arrived at by indigenous methods - which require refined solutions. SCOPE OF WORK 36. Consultant's services will cover: roads and bridges, irrigation and drainage, electric facilities, water supply and sewerage facilities, and public and private buildings (including multi- story buildings). 37. The Consultant will specifically: (a) Review and document design criteria and construction practices for each infrastructure subsector that would have a linkage to hazards such as cyclone, wind, floods and storm surge; AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 15: Outline TOR for Consultancies  6 (b) Document the intensity and frequency of occurrences of each of the hazard factors and prepare broad ranges of their intensities for application of the new design criteria, in agreement with the infrastructure construction agencies, regulating agencies (such as the Relief Commissioner) Central and concerned State agencies and in conformity with up-to-date hazard maps available; (c) Conduct sensitivity analyses to determine the cost and benefit relationship for the enhanced design criteria and construction practices, clearly indicating which of the factors are essential; (d) Using available hazard maps determine the high risk areas to each type of hazard, and investigate the feasibility of varying design criteria within the vulnerable zones; (e) Recommend for each infrastructure sub-sector, the design criteria and construction practices suitable for use in clearly demarcated vulnerable high risk areas of Andhra Pradesh; (f) Specify any special provisions required for enforcement of the new design criteria; and (h) Prepare a draft Coastal and High Risk Area Uniform Building Code. 38. In co-operation with the Irrigation, R&B, PR and Public Health departmental staff, the consultants shall design suitable formats for collection of all relevant data for design criteria and construction practices. A data base shall be created with all readily available data in such a way that future data collection, relevant statistical analysis and reporting can be handled through the data base system. OUTPUTS 39. The report would include specific recommendations for design and construction practices for different type of structures, broad ranges of intensities for application of new design criteria, cost - benefit relationship indicating the factors essential for applying the design criteria, determine high risk zones and demarcate them in the maps, specify any special provisions for enforcement of new design criteria, and prepare uniform building code in the coastal and high risk area. 40. The Consultant shall prepare a work plan explaining the strategy and process they would use to accomplish the assignment. The Consultant should prepare an inception report within one month after inception of the contract for review by the client. They should further submit an interim report within one month after review of the inception by the client. The Draft Final Report submitted by the Consultant will be reviewed the Review Committee constituted for this purpose and the report finalized accordingly. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 15: Outline TOR for Consultancies  7 Outline Terms of Reference for Cyclone, Flood and Storm Surge Modeling and Analysis OBJECTIVE 41. The objective of this study is to improve the scientific and operational capability of the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and to provide timely, complete and accurate predictions of critical characteristics of cyclonic storms in the Bay of Bengal. The addition of six Doppler radar stations covering the coastal area of AP will provide new information on the location and intensity of cyclones approaching the coast. These data along with improved satellite monitoring of weather systems in the Bay of Bengal will make possible the improvement of event specific predictions of landfall, rainfall and wind speed. This improved information will facilitate the modeling of cyclones and their associated impacts and the identification of areas exposed to potentially damaging wind and flooding. 42. Modeling of the cyclone process makes possible the real time estimation of projected rainfall and storm surge. This information when related to adequate topographic mapping permits to identify high risk hazard zones. Detailed mapping of high risk hazard zones may be used to direct population and investment to relatively safer areas, thus reducing future disaster losses. SCOPE 43. This modeling and analysis will include the meteorological and oceanographic aspects of the cyclone phenomenon. First priority is given to the application of modeling and analysis to phenomena likely to affect the territory of Andhra Pradesh. This work should lead to a general enhancement of cyclone prediction and forecasting in the region. 44. The modeling effort will require extensive meteorological, topographical, hydrological and bathymetrical data as input. Access to this material, where it is available, and collection of relevant data when unavailable, are critical to the success of the project. IMD's must lead a coordinated effort of key GOI organizations including the Survey of India, the Department of Ocean Development and the Central Water Commission in order to accomplish this task. TASKS 45. Assessment of availability of existing relevant data resources and analytical capability for cyclone, flood, and storm surge modeling for Andhra Pradesh. Outcome: data acquisition plan. 46. Review and assessment of available models for cyclonic storm path prediction, rainfall distribution and intensity, coastal flooding and stormn surge. Ouitcome: Recommendations on models to be used. 47. Completion of the necessary mapping of the coastal zone and major flood plains at 0.5 meter contours. Outcome: Complete topographic and bathymetric mapping for Andhra Pradesh. 48. Cyclone modeling, including: (i) selection and adaptation of appropriate models; (ii) data acquisition; and (iii) implementation of cyclone related models. Outcome: Improved real time forecasting of rainfall, wind speed, cyclone land fall, input for development of wind hazard map for Andhra Pradesh. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 15: Outline TORfor Consultancies  8 49. Storm surge and coastal flood modeling, including: (i) selection and adaptation of appropriate models; (ii) data acquisition (i.e., meteorological, hydrological, topographic, et cetera); and (iii) implementation of storm surge and coastal flood models. Outcome: input for coast zone flood and storm surge hazard maps for Andhra Pradesh. Outline Terms of Reference for Comprehensive Coastal Zone, Delta and Watershed Management Plans OBJECTIVE 50. The long term objective of this study is to achieve sustained and effective flood forecasting, flood control and water management in the coastal zone, the Krishna and Godavari Deltas and upland watersheds subject to flash flooding; thus protecting human lives, crops, property and infrastructure investments. SCOPE 51. This project includes three-interrelated areas: (i) the coastal zone which includes the roughly 1000 km coast of Andhra Pradesh and ancillary areas inland (including all areas subject to coastal flooding); (ii) the deltas of the Krishna and Godavari rivers (which include the coastal zone areas); and (iii) upland watershed subject to flash flooding. These upland watersheds contribute to the hydrologic systems of the deltas and the coastal zone. 52. The primary focus of the study is to introduce hazard related information into the integrated, comprehensive programs associated with these three areas. This work will be conducted largely on the basis of data specific to Andhra Pradesh. Leadership will lie with state level agencies such as the Irrigation and Drainage Department. Substantial input would be expected from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the Central Water Commission(CWC). TASKS 53. Assessment of availability of existing necessary data resources and analytical capability for flood plain and watershed management. Outcome: data acquisition plan. 54. Review and assessment of available models for riverine flood, flash flood and flood plain and watershed management. Outcome: selection of appropriate models. 55. Flood and watershed management modeling, including: (i) data acquisition for models (meteorological, hydrological, topographic, vegetation and land use); (ii) implementation of flood plain models; and (iii) analysis of water management options. Outcome: Input for development of flood and flash flood hazard maps; input for development of flood control strategy; input for real time operations of control system. 56. Integration of disaster loss reduction considerations into regional development plans. Outcome: Integrated coastal zone management plan; Krishna and Godavari Delta management plan, integrated flood plain management plans; integrated watershed plans for areas subject to flash flooding. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 15: Outline TOR for Consultancies  9 57. Inclusion of disaster-loss reduction priorities into social and economic development plans. Outcome: Procedure for calculation of disaster risk as a factor in social and economic planning. Outline Terms of Reference for Study of Electric Power System Improvement for Hazard Mitigation OBJECTIVES 58. The objective of the study would be to evolve appropriate design and construction standards for transmission, distribution and substation facilities in the coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh to mitigate the impact of cyclones and floods that frequently hit the coast. Specifically, the consultant(s) conducting the study will: * Review existing design criteria and construction practices * Review international practices for design and construction of facilities in disaster prone areas. * Select possible design criteria that may be applicable to Andhra Pradesh. * Evaluate the cost/benefits of different alternatives. * Review intensity and frequency of floods and cyclones and classify areas into different risk zones. * Recommend appropriate design criteria and construction practices for different areas. * Apply these to existing facilities and future plans. * Recommend a phased remedial plan with clearly defined priorities. * Prepare cost estimates and implementation timetables. Outline Terms of Reference for Community Based Hazard Reduction: Integrated Mitigation, Warning and Response BACKGROUND 59. To a great extent, the GOAP has assumed the responsibility of replacing the assets and resources lost to the disasters which frequently affect the state, thereby facing a continuous drain of public funds. Vulnerable populations have come to rely heavily on the state government for the satisfaction of their post-disaster needs. As the levels of dependency on government emergency and relief assistance have increased, incentives for sharing the responsibility for disaster preparedness and management have diminished significantly among local communities in the cyclone and flood prone areas. Given current fiscal constraints, however, official programs such as emergency shelters cannot continue to depend completely on government resources for their AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 15: Outline TOR for Consultancies  10 maintenance and/or management. As part of a sound strategy for community development, vulnerable populations should be involved in hazard reduction activities at the local level. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 60. The long-term objectives of the study are to (i) reduce the financial and psychological impact of disasters on the affected populations and the GOAP; and (ii) increase the levels of disaster preparedness among vulnerable populations and industries. 61. The short-term objectives of the study, considering the project implementation period and the overall hazard activities to be undertaken by the GOAP under the project, are to address shortfalls and reconunend programs and activities that would improve (i) the accuracy of warnings; (ii) warning effectiveness at the taluka and mandal level, including a degree of warning redundancy necessary to ensure reliable warnings and an adequate response level among the target audience; (iii) individual and community involvement in disaster preparedness and mitigation; (iv) effectiveness of warning response mechanisms at all levels, including district, taluka, mandal, community and individual; and, (v) communications systems at the taluka and mandal level, particularly computer-based systems with Internet links and the capacity to access relevant data on warning and mitigation issues as well as related community development information. 62. These objectives will be accomplished in two phases: (a) Phase 1 - Assessment. It will consist of a thorovtgh analysis of (i) state and local capacity at various levels and different respects, including, inter alia, individual, community, institutional and technical capacity, and (ii) the needs of vulnerable populations. (b) Phase 2 - Design and Implementation. Drawing from the information and recommendations gathered during Phase I, it will entail the design and undertaking of hazard reduction programs through locally-focused activities supported with local financing and in-kind contributions, along with GOAP and international funds. Specific Phase II activities are only suggested in this TOR as an indication of what can be done, since a precise and elaborated plan will be the responsibility of the consultants. The latter should provide the final list and content of activities. 63. The programs addressing the above objectives should be based on a two-way dialogue between the government and the target populations in vulnerable areas. Issues to cover should include local needs, capacities and appropriate disaster preparedness and response mechanisms. SCOPE OF WORK 64. Overall study outcome Once completed, the study will lead to the following general results: (a) a link with the other sub-components and studies included in the project, to ensure the overall compatibility and integration of data, paradigms and planning recommendations being produced, such as data and findings on flood modeling, hazard mapping, demographics, et cetera. (b) improved forecast precision and reduced time-lag between IMD's landfall prediction and community/individual emergency response. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 15: Outline TOR for Consultancies  11 (c) reduced negative impact of disasters on financial resources of GOAP and affected populations. 65. All studies and assessments shall be made in conjunction with the other studies called for in the Project with full utilization of the data and findings in these studies as they become available. It is expected that the consultants will form a close working relationship with DMU, which will provide free and easy access/exchange of data between the various studies included in the Project. 66. All activities in the project should be coordinated and worked through and in conjunction with the activities being developed in the Janmabhoomi Program. The latter should be used as support for the many community hazard reduction activities to be implemented under these TOR. 67. The study will be implemented in two phases: Phase 1, which will identify the needs and strategies for addressing these needs, and in which implementation in high priority projects will begin where appropriate. All activities listed below will take place during this phase, unless specifically designated "phase 2" (in which the studies, designs and recommendations of the first phase are acted on through program implementation as appropriate). Phase 1 and phase 2 are further addressed below. PROJECT TASKS AND PRODUCTS 68. The following are the major tasks to be undertaken by the consultants in cooperation with the GOAP, to achieve the immediate objectives of the study. It is, however, left to the professional judgment of the consultants to make any necessary supplements in order to achieve the immediate objective of the study leading to the long-term project objectives. In this respect, the consultants will make recommendations and design activities that promote the development of one or more of three disaster management products: (i) a comprehensive vulnerability assessment; (ii) operational disaster response; and, (iii) a state-wide disaster mitigation strategy. 69. The improvement of lines of communication between IMD forecasting and individuals in villages and towns on the AP coast which builds on the improvement in IMD forecasting is an expected outcome from the acquisition of radar and other equipment by the IMD. 70. The consultants shall assess the suitability and identify problems of current process of disseminating warnings from the time a forecast is made by the IMD to the receipt of this warning by the vulnerable populations. Recommendations for additional equipment shall be made if found appropriate. Alternative means of communicating the warnings will be examined and at least one redundant mechanism will be recommended. Output: Recommendations for improvements in existing transmission of waming and additional mechanisms identified to provide redundancy. EFFECTIVENESS OF WARNING 71. The consultants shall assess the warning system for effectiveness. Constraints to an effective warning which elicits a reasonable and protective response will be identified, and recommendations made, if appropriate, which could remove these constraints. The consultants shall examine particularly the constraints imposed by "waming fatigue" and recommend mechanisms and programs which address this phenomenon As part of this assessment, the consultants shall also examine elements of the composition of the present warning messages, with consideration to technical and anthropological issues which affect warning effectiveness and identify areas where warnings can be made more effective and pervasive, i.e. improvement of Air India Radio (AIR) effectiveness for waming. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 15: Outline TOR for Consultancies  12 72. Phase 2. The consultants shall design and assist in the implementation of appropriate programs which improve warning effectiveness. Outcomes: Recommendations and proposals which will result in a more effective warning, and better responses to warnings. Implementation of programs which address constraints to an effective warning system. ALTERNATIVE WARNING MECHANISMS 73. The consultants shall identify, where appropriate, alternative low-cost warning mechanisms, and local informal warning mechanisms which could augment the existing technical systems. Among the mechanisms which the consultants should examine are GIS fishing boat locators, and the utilization of an enhancement of folk warning systems. Outcome: Proposals for augmenting present systems with alternative and informal warning mechanisms. COMMUNITY VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS 74. In conjunction with the participation of people in vulnerable coastal and nrverine communities, the consultants shall conduct participatory vulnerability assessments in 15 per cent of villages in the high hazard areas of Andhra Pradesh. The consultants shall help these communities identify priorities for immediate, medium and long term interventions for hazard reduction and identify ways in which they can address these needs. 75. The consultants shall also identify local lead institutions capable of implementing community hazard awareness programs and providing leadership for preparedness. These institutions could be, inter alia, fishing cooperatives, marketing networks and organizations and maritime authorities. 76. It is envisioned that pilot activities begun in these communities will provide the basis for similar and improved projects in all villages in vulnerable zones. 77. Phase 2. The consultants shall assist communities in high hazard areas in designing and implementing mitigation programs. It is envisioned that these programs would have a significant contribution by the community, but would also receive matching financial assistance from the Vulnerability Reduction Fund and/or the GOAP. Outcome: Recommendations for and implementation of (in phase 2) activities for community designed and administered hazard reduction. COMMUNITY AWARENESS AND PREPAREDNESS 78. The consultants shall identify ways to increase awareness and preparation for cyclone and floods in vulnerable communities but not limited to: (i) provision of incentives for community and individual preparedness; (ii) education on effective responses, evacuation procedures, and for municipal government's public awareness campaigns as appropriate, and (iii) education on safety during disasters. Output: Proposals for increasing hazard awareness and preparation for floods and cyclones. EFFECTIVENESS OF CYCLONE AND FLOOD RESPONSE 79. The consultants shall perform an assessment of existing district taluka and mandal level response mechanisms including, but not be limited to, an assessment of systems and equipment. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 15: Outline TOR for Consultancies  13 80. The consultants shall examine the constraints on response to cyclone and floods by individuals in high hazard areas, and propose programs which will assist individuals in responding more effectively to cyclones and floods. Output: Proposals for improving institutional and individual responses to cyclone and flood warnings. SHELTER IMPROVEMENT 81. Community Emergency Shelters. The consultants shall examine the shelters available to the populations of high hazard areas and assess the shelters suitability and capacity to safely house local populations which might be expected to use the shelter. In conjunction with the community, the consultants shall identify appropriate uses of the shelter when not required for shelter from flood or disaster, help the community to identify needs and mechanisms which will improve the off- disaster use and maintenance of the shelter, identify sheltering and relief needs during times of flood and cyclone, and develop plans and design programs to address these needs. The consultants shall help communities in high risk areas to identify buildings in the community to provide sufficient shelter for the population, and work with the GOAP to provide additional emergency shelter infrastructure if required. FAMILY HOUSING - SHELTER 82. The consultants shall examine existing programs for housing improvement in vulnerable areas and make recommendations for integration of hazard mitigation elements into these programs. The consultants shall examine the economic trade-of of investing in housing upgrade versus participating in a hazard fund or insurance for post-disaster housing replacement or rehabilitation. Where appropriate, the consultants will recommend additional initiatives which will promote the strengthening of existing housing and building of new housing to standards of construction which will improve the resistance of the housing to wind and inundation. Such programs should address, inter alia, placement of openings in houses, roof design and roof/frame connections, house siting, bracing and other simple and easily implemented engineering techniques and use of water resistant materials. 83. Recommendations for family housing improvement will be made within the economic context of vulnerable families. All recommendations must be able to be implemented by families with few monetary resources. Addressing this issue, the consultants recommendations will consider, inter alia, the use of inexpensive locally available materials, incentive schemes for housing improvement such as combining material and upgrading requirements with programs for subsidized improved building materials and training for unskilled and indigent families in better techniques for self-constructed cyclone and flood resistant housing. 84. All proposals for housing improvement shall include plans for independent monitoring of the programs to insure that funds are used efficiently in improving poorly constructed housing among the most vulnerable populations. 85. Phase 2. The consultants shall assist the state and community in implementing programs designed under phase 1. Outputs: Sufficient community shelter for all vulnerable populations; shelter maintenance programs in place; and improved resistance to wind and water in family housing. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 15: Outline TOR for Consultancies  14 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS 86. The consultants shall identify and suggest design for activities which will assist communities and institutions in high hazard occupations to prepare for flood, cyclones and for the inevitable losses from disaster. The designs should assure that they will be sustained long term by the organizations or institutions which they serve, with a minimum of assistance for the GOAP or other donors. The areas to be examined should include: mutual assistance programs (fisherman coops, agricultural co-opts and other local trade organizations, economic improvement via preparedness, such as subsidized insurance programs, marine safety programs and involvement of local business groups (i.e. Lion's clubs) in the development of prograns for mutual assistance and/or disaster insurance. 87. Phase 2. As directed by the Disaster Management Unit, the consultants shall assist trade organizations and other institutions in implementing preparedness programs. Output: Proposals for self-standing preparedness programs and institutions which prepare vulnerable groups to mitigate losses due to disasters. COMMUNITY ACCESS TO INFORMATION - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS 88. The Consultants shall assist in the development of a community based Internet access system. The project will provide, under a separate component, the necessary equipment to allow local (village level) leaders, organizations and institutions access to a variety of information over the Internet, especially information which can assist local leadership in developing disaster mitigation and preparedness programs. The system will primarily allow a more direct contact between the state government and activities at the village level. 89. In the context of their other activities at the community level and in conjunction with local leadership, the consultants shall design a program for use of a local Internet access system which will give maximum access to information from the Internet to a broad spectrum of local leaders and organizations. The programs' design shall anticipate impediments to a free and broad access and will recommend mechanisms to insure that such impediments are minimized. These recommendations shall be developed through dialog with the District Disaster Management Committees, the Disaster Management Unit (DMU) and the Disaster Management Council. Acting on the comments of these groups, the consultants will, afterwards, refine recommendations for the organization of the system for approval. 90. The consultants shall provide the necessary oversight to begin real-time operation of the system and troubleshoot initial problems in the system for six months after start up of the system. Outputs: Proposal for village level accessible communication links. Installation of the village level system and training for management staff. IMPLEMENTATION OF HAZARD MITIGATION, WARNING IMPROVEMENT AND PREPAREDNESS PROJECTS 91. The consultant shall provide general technical oversight for implementation of all programs, report on a regular basis to the DMU on progress of the implementation and assess the implementation of the programs in the context of the overall and immediate objectives of the project outlined above. 92. As directed by DMU, the consultant shall take an active role in assisting communities, organization, mandal leadership and other organizations and groups as appropriate in implementing prograrns designed under this project. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 15: Outline TORfor Consultancies  15 93. While the role of the consultant as implementor will be decided by the DMU after considering the need and appropriateness of the consultant's support, it is envisaged that the consultant will perform oversight for implementation of the projects designed, outlined above during Phase I and Phase 2. Product: Quality assurance in implementation of the programs for hazard mitigation, preparedness and improved warning and fidelity to the objectives of the project. PROJECT ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES 94. The consultants shall be responsible for the management of the assignment and also for its implementation within the given constraints of time and resources. Consultants are solely responsible for, inter alia, the collection and interpretation of data, and for the findings and recommendations of the project. 95. The consultants shall in cooperation with the staff assigned from the client carry out, inter alia, all data collection, studies, and analysis needed to attain the objectives and overall project outputs and products as stated above. The consultants are responsible for attaining a fully professional standard of the work. 96. The DMU will provide overall guidance for the study. The client shall further provide the necessary approval of the reports and documents provided by the consultant within the time frame allocated for such approval/comments. 97. It is envisaged that the study head office shall be established in Hyderabad. A close cooperation with DMU in Hyderabad will be maintained. It is recommended that the consultant maintain a field office in Kakinada or other suitable location close to the area of study. TIME SCHEDULE, REPORTING AND REVIEW 98. The entire study consists of two phases. Phase 1 activities will be completed in six months. Phase 2 activities will be a follow-up activity in which the consultants activity will be further defined based on action taken by the DMC and the DMU on the consultant's recommendations and proposals, but will be completed in about one year. Activities in Phase 1 will include: a) study of and recommendations for improvement of lines of communication between IMD forecasting and individuals in villages and towns on the AP coast; b) assessment of the waming system for effectiveness; c) development of alternative warning mechanisms; d) conduct of participatory vulnerability assessments in 15 percent of villages in the high hazard areas; e) identification of ways to increase awareness and preparation for cyclones and floods in vulnerable communities; f) assessment of existing district taluka and mandal level response mechanisms; g) examination of the shelters available to the populations of high hazard areas and assess the shelters suitability and capacity; h) recommendations for improving hazard resistance in family housing; i) identification of programs for community preparedness; and, j) development of a community based Intemet access system. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 15: Outline TORfor Consultancies  16 99. Activities in Phase 2 will generally be developed from recommendations and proposals provided by the consultants in Phase 1. After review of the recommendations by the DMC and as directed by them, the DMU will mutually agree with the consultants the priorities and scheduling of Phase 2 activities within the overall scope of the study. The consultant will additionally act as technical auditor for the programs implemented in Phase 2 as explained above. It is expected that Phase 2 will contain, inter alia, the implementation of: a) programs which improve warning effectiveness b) alternative and informal warning mechanisms c) community based mitigation, preparedness and shelter programs d) mitigation and preparedness programs designed with and implemented by trade and commercial organizations e) continued development and assistance in implementing the community-based Internet access program REPORTING 100. The consultants shall submit the following reports to DMU: a) Inception report, three weeks after starting date. This report shall, inter alia, contain any updating of the consultants' approach or work plan as deemed necessary. The report shall comprise an account of problems met and proposals for overcoming such problems together with an account of the progress of the project. b) Interim Report, three months after the starting date. The Interim report shall, inter alia, document the progress to date of the project and studies undertaken. Tentative conclusion, or items which require urgent response will be highlighted in this report. c) Phase I final report, six months after starting date. The report shall. inter alia, address all tasks listed above and submit draft conclusions, recommendations and proposals, supported by data collected by this project and made available by concurrent projects and studies under the project. Specific and detailed proposals for activities in all task areas will be included. d) Progress reports shall be submitted at two month intervals. The primary purpose of these reports shall be to assess progress in programs and activities then under implementation vis-a-vis the objectives of the project. The reports shall also contain relevant comments on the project which should be brought to the attention of DMU and DMC. JOINT REVIEW 101. The consultants work will be subject to review by representatives of the DMU and members of the DMC. The review will be made within four months after starting date and be based on the documentation in the Interim report as well as on the previous submitted documents. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 15: Outline TOR for Consultancies  17 CLIENTS CONTRIBUTION 102. Data. The DMU will provide access for the consultants to all relevant data in the possession of the GOAP, and be instrumental in locating files, maps and documents which the consultants deem relevant. The DMU will also coordinate acquisition of data from studies and programs concurrently running under the project and from IMD. DMU will facilitate access to officials in other parts of GOAP and GOI as appropriate. 103. Staff The GOAP will provide assistance at the district, taluka and mandal level in order to facilitate the consultant's access to and examination of the study area and populations, including a reasonable use of district and mandal personnel to provide liaison between the consultants, communities and organizations and relevant individuals. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 15: Outline TOR for Consultancies  Attachment 16 AP HAZARD MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY RECOVERY PROJECT ECONOMICANALYSIS 7777 1. The econonic rationale for cyclone emergency planning and mitigation is based on the premise that the better the recuperative capacity of an economy - that is the economy's disaster planning measures to minimize damage and the implementation of post-cyclone recovery operations - the lower the immediate and long-term damage inflicted on the economy. The degree of local recuperative capacity to be built is influenced by the vulnerability specific to the region in question. 2. Vulnerability to natural disasters of a particular region depends both on the frequency and magnitude of these disasters, and on the economic and social profile of the exposed region. Even though a hurricane may be severe, if it occurs in a unpopulated region with little economic activity, the impact may be insignificant. Similarly, if an economically developed and densely populated region is subject to earthquakes having occurred as frequent as once in a century, the low probability of the incident may not justify investments beyond emergency relief and response. It is the coexistence of the two aspects of vulnerability - physical and socio-economical - that would call for mitigation measures. 3. From an economic perspective, investments into local recuperative capacity are deemed to be beneficial provided that the present value of the averted losses through mitigation measures outweigh the present value of the cost of mitigation over a specified time period. The costs of mitigation are defined as the investment costs incurred for the mitigation measures plus the annual cost of maintenance. Averted losses include the direct and indirect damage - that is the costs to replace lost or damaged assets and inventories (direct), and induced hardship on population and long-term impacts on macroeconomic variables (indirect), respectively - that could be prevented through investment into mitigation. The extent of damage avoided depends on both the physical and socio-economic vulnerability. 4. Physical Vulnerability. Between 1891 and 1969, about 450 cyclones of various degrees of intensity - which tended to increase over the years as evidenced by wind velocities - occurred in the Bay of Bengal, generating damage in the coastal districts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and Bangladesh. One or two cyclone storms hit or skirt the 1030 kilometers long coast of Andhra Pradesh annually. As presented in table 1 below, the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh were subjected to 60 cyclone storms during this century, 25 of which were severe in terms of impact. 5. In addition to the frequency of occurrence, there is a combination of factors that render the coast of Andhra Pradesh physically vulnerable to cyclones and related storm surges. The low-lying lands, typical for the Eastern shore of India, permit storm surges, even of a few meters height, to inundate far into the hinterland, causing widespread flooding and sea water incursion not only in the coastal region. This natural calamity is exacerbated by man-made physical vulnerability as for instance the disappearance of mangrove forests due to commercial shrimp farming along the coast. In places with significant gaps in tree shelter, tidal waves have reached into the hinterland further than in places with protective vegetation. Moreover, the low permeability of the soils in the Krishna  2 delta combined with poor maintenance of the drainage, that would - if not clogged - ensure the sea water to flow back to the sea, tend to increase the period and area of submersion. Table 1 - Cyclones in coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh (1892 - 1984) District Cyclone Storms Severe Cyclone Total Storms Nellore 11 7 18 Prakasam (Ongole) 4 3 7 Guntur - - - Krishna 7 7 14 West Godavari 1 - 1 East Godavari 7 1 8 Visakhapatnam - 2 2 Srikakulam 5 5 10 Total 35 25 60 Ref: Naidu, B.R. (1989), Economic Consequences of 1977 Cyclone in Andhra Pradesh, Monograph, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi, India. 6. Social and Economic Vulnerability. With over 66 million inhabitants, Andhra Pradesh is the fourth most populous state in India. Much of its population is located in the more prosperous and fertile districts along the coast, where population densities are in many districts more than twice the state's average. As presented in table 2 below, human lives lost from severe cyclones during the past two decades amount to almost 17,000, with almost 100 million people having been affected either through permanent relocation, temporary loss of shelter or other adversities from cyclones. Table 2: Damage assessment of major cyclones in Andhra Pradesh (169-1996) Persons Persons Affected % of State GDP Direct Damage in Killed 1990 prices (Rs. billion) May/November 1969 858 N/A. 13.0 14.7 September 1972 100 4,500,000 N/A. N/A. November 1976 48 N/A. 5.1 6.9 November 1977 11,316 9,037,400 19.9 29.2 May 1979 638 1,700,000 12.8 17.0 August-October 1983 155 63,300,000 0.5 11.1 November 1984 565 200,000 0.2 3.4 May 1990 967 8,000,000 0.8 28.4 June-December 1996 1,716 9,000,000 1.3 60.0 Total 16,363 95,737,400 170.7 Ref: Naidu, B.R. (1989), Economic Consequences of 1977 Cyclone in Andhra Pradesh, Monograph, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi, India. Implementation Completion Report (1995), India: Andhra Pradesh Cyclone Emergency Reconstruction Project, The World Bank, Washington, DC. Governrnent of Andhra Pradesh (1997), Note on Damages /Relief Operations during 1996-97, Revenue (Relief) Department, GOAP, Hyderabad, India. IMF (1995), International Financial Statistics. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 16: Economic Analysis  3 ' . . ormic activity in the fertile delta region has traditionally been dominated by agriculture, on vvIiicl, iO percent of the population depend for its livelihood. Yet, agricultural growth has been stagnuarit through the eighties and early nineties, and has, in terms of its sectoral contribution to ,Yrosa; -,tte domestic product (GSDP), been transcended by the service sector since 1985. Real fboth the industrial and service sector has doubled during the samne penrod: industnral t nm Rs. 16.5 billion in 1980 to Rs.30.2 billion in 1993, and services from Rs.30.3 billion in 11 c.61.5 billion in 1993, as presented in figure I and 2 below. Gross State Domestic Product (in constant prices, 1980=100) Figure l: Development by Sector. Figre 2: Contribution by Sector ,,it],0 . m0% .. . .;; . 2 ,,OO (t00 4096 . Agricuiure 4000 -;- - - - Industry t;-- ooofioy ; - _ _ _ * - -^ - - i .. ..... Services 1980 1980'i - 9 19 O5 19 . .. .. ... 0 % ... ............... I . OurMip the last twenty years costs inflicted from the most severe cyclones on the economy of _;Pradesh, amounted to approximately 170 billion Rupees in 1990 prices (approximately Flv, . t'Jlitj IJS dollars at the current exchange of 35 Rs./US$), as depicted in table 2 above. ( o:-3c%:irmg that the damage assessed for the 1990 and 1996 cyclones amounted already up to two- a7uj {A{if and two billion US dollars (in current prices), respectively, it may be reasonable to .l that the cost of post-cyclone reconstruction are significantly higher today compared to the pasi hi .s observation is supported by change of sector-wise GSDP, associated with increased j i:; i "o- tlr.ture development and industrial activity during the decades. Both have rendered, cxOrr'l 'I with the absence of mitigation planning, the coastal region of Andhira Pradesh CCO*-,Y, ally more vulnerable. 9 momic Projections. For lack of data on currently proposed project, assumptions with __e__ tn the frequency of cyclone occurrence and the magnitude of damage averted due to t'it into mitigation have been made. For the present value of the benefits, averted costs of daml.: '5 g"ihave been discounted with an annual rate of ten percent over a twenty year period, under .t. ;i:umptions that two percent, five percent, ten percent, fifteen percent or twenty percent, resvb'p i - tnv. of the total damage of the 1996 cyclone in Andhra Pradesh could have been avoided Vwu '' c'urrently proposed mitigation. Moreover, different scenarios of the frequency of cyclone o c ice have been made, ranging from the conservative assumption that a cyclone with a Snm.11"in. Upact as the recent one would only occur once in a century (probability = 0.01), to the assi ,boni) that there is a likelihood of the incidence of a cyclone of 30 percent each year = lit 0.30). 10. Y e v,,pected present value of benefits for the proposed investment into mitigation can hence be c : efd as the sum of the discounted averted costs weighted by the probability of occurrence. AP Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project Attachment 16: Economic Analysis  4 The costs of mitigation for current proposed project have been defined as the sum of thirty pi- m.rrc rll of the cost of infrastructure restoration and hundred percent of the cost of mitigation (see attachment 1). Annual costs of ten percent have been assumed for maintenance, discounted ov,.. the period of twenty years and added to the initial investnent costs. The present value of the mitii .oj cost would then amount to US$200 million. 11. The area shaded in table 3 below, represent the scenarios where the net benefits are negat> . over the twenty year period observed. When the probability of a cyclone is assumed to be ten percent (p=O. 10), the net benefits start become positive when fifteen percent of damage is assninr;(;1 to be prevented by the investmnent. Both assumption are fairly conservative, given that three cyclones with a comparable damage record have hit the coast of Andhra Pradesh during the last twenty years, and twenty-five severe cyclones (p=0.25) have affected the coastal districts durinw. this century. In addition, the percentage of damage prevented in the presence of minor and med. nm intense cyclones is likely to exceed the twenty percent margin assumed at the top end of these projections. Table 3 Present Value of future Averted Costs, by Type of Scenario Averted ~- Cost 2% 5% 10% 15% 2: , Probability \ (percent of replacement cost) 0.01 3.4 8Si 7.0 25.5 '! 0.05 l 17. 42f6 as. 1 127.7 17 ; 0.10 I 34.1 85.1 170.3 .": 0.15 51. I 127 ."; I - l 0.30