India - Andhra Pradesh Irrigation Project - environmental assessment (Vol. 1 of 7)

DRAFT REPORT (FOR OFPICIAL USE ONLY) INDIA ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT- III SOCIO - ECONOMIC STUDY OF~ PROJECT AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS UNDER SRI RAMASAGAR PROJECT Prepared for IRRIGATION AND COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESI- HYDERABAD Agricultural Finance Corporation Limited (Whofly Owned by the Commercial Banks) HYDERABAD NOVEMBER 1995  DRAFIT REPORT (FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY) I N D I A ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT - III SOCIO - ECONOMIC STUDY OF PROJECT AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS UNDER SRI RAMASAGAR PROJECT VOLUME - I STUDY REPORT Prepared for IRRIGATION AND COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH HYDERABAD Agricultural Finance Corporation Limited (Wholly Owned by the Commercial Banks) HYDERABAD NOVEMBER 1995  INDIA ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT - III SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF PROJECT AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS UNDER SRI RAMA SAGAR PROJECT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our acknowledgements are due to SI.no Name Designation A. SECRETARIAT 1. Shri K. Koshal Ram, IAS Principal Secretary (I & CADD) 2. Shri S. Ray, [AS Principal Secretary (I & CADDJ 3. Shri P.K. Agarwal, IAS Principal Secretary, Projects (I & CAD) 4. Shri M.G. Gopal, IAS Joint Secretary (I & CADD) 5. Dr. W.R. Reddy, IAS Joint Secretary, Irrigation 6. Shri B. Narsaiah, IAS Special Collector, SRSP & SLBC B. SRI RAMASAGAR PROJECT 1. Shri M. Dharma Rao Chief Engineer 2. Shri B. Anantha Ramulu Superintending Engineer, Karimnagar 3. Shri Muralidhara Rao Executive Engineer, Warangal 4. Shri M. Lakshminarayana Executive Engineer, Hanamkonda 5. Shri R. Laxma Reddy Executive Engineer, Huzurabad 6. Shri M. Sudhakar Executive Engineer 7. Shri K. Ravinder Reddy Executive Engineer, Hanumakonda 8. Shri L. Banda Reddy Executive Engineer, Huzurabad 9. Shri G. Somi Reddy Executive Engineer, Hanumakonda 10. Shri V. Shankaraiah Executive Engineer, Hanumakonda 11. Shri C. Muralidhar Executive Engineer, Hanumakonda 12. Shri B. Shankariah Executive Engineer, Hanumakonda 13. Shri M.V. Ramanarsaiah Executive Engineer 14. Shri Chukkayya Pay & Accounts Officer  .. SI.no Name Designation C. PROJECT PREPARATION AND MONITORING CELL 1. Shri C. Seshadri Special Officer 2. Shri Quasim Sherif Superintending Engineer 3. Shri S. Madhusudan Rao Executive Engineer 4. Shri M. Sathiah Deputy Executive Engineer D. DISTRICT LEVEL OFFICERS 1. Shri Ajay Mishra, IAS District Collector 2. Shri Rajaiah Special Deputy Collector (LA), Warangal 3. Shri M.V. Krishna Rao Special Deputy Collector (LA), Karimnagar  INDIA ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT - III SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF PROJECT AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS UNDER SRI RAMA SAGAR PROJECT THE TEAM Dr. D.V.Ramana Project Director Er. G. Krishnaji Irrigation Expert T.V. Subba Rao Statistician Dr. P.V.Krishna Senior Economist and Field Organiser K. Rama Krishna Rao Field Organiser and Rural Credit Specialist M. Radhakrishna Sharma Field Organiser K.S.Anand Rural Sociologist and Field Organiser V. Ram Mohan Plroject Economist and Field Work Coordinator O.M. Reddy Field Organiser M. Ravindranath Trainee Irrigation Engineer SYSTEMS SUPPORT D. Vijaya Sai Systems Analyst Ms. K. Padma Computer Programmer Ms. K. Rama Lakshmi Computer Operator Ms. Ch. Jaya Computer Operator  INDIA ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT - III SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF PROJECT AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS UNDER SRI RAMA SAGAR PROJECT VOLUME- I STUDY REPORT CONTENTS * Acknowledgements i-i * The Team i * Contents i-iv * List of Appendices i-iv * Executive Summary i-ix Chapter Title Page No(s) INTRODUCTION 1 - 5 Agricultural Situtation 1 General 1 Climate and Rainfall 1 Land Use Pattern 2 Land Holding Distribution 2 Principal Crops 2 Irrigation Development 2 Sri Rama Sagar Project 2 The Project 2 Sri Rama Sagar Project Coverage 4 Resettlement and Rehabilitation 4 Resettlement and 4 Rehabilitation Socio-Economic Survey 5 DESIGN OF THE STUDY 6-24 General 6 Aims 7 Objectives 7 Definitions 7 Minimum Economic Holding (MEH) 7  i VOLUME- I STUDY REPORT LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Topic Page No(s) CHAPTER - Il: DESIGN OF THE STUDY 11.1 Actual Number of Affected persons Under Land /Asset 13 Acquisition for Construction of Canal Network 11.2 Actual Number of Persons Under Land/Asset Acquisition 14 for Construction of Ayacut Roads 11.3 Distributorywise and Villagewise Land Acquired for Canal 15-24 Infrastructure Development Under SRSP in Warangal District CHAPTER - III: PROJECT AFFECTED VILLAGES 111.1 Reachwise and Villagewise Land Acquired and 45-52 Compensation Paid 111.2 Reachwise and Villagewise Population SCs, STs and 53-62 Literates (1991 Census) 111.3 Reachwise and Villagewise Workers, Marginal Workers, 63-73 Non-workers (1991 Census) 111.4 Reachwise and Villagewise Occupational Classification 74-93 (1991 Census) 111.5 Reachwise and Villagewise Land Use Pattern 1993-94 94-100 111.6 Reachwise and Villagewise Area Under Different Sources 101-110 of Irrigation 1993-94 111.7 Reachwise and Villagewise Cropping Pattern 1993-94 111-120 111.8 Reachwise Infrastructural Details 121-144 ANNEX-A THE PROFILE OF MANDALS A.1 Maximum, Minimum and Normal Temperature for the 154 Years 1991 and 1992 A.2 Normal and Actual Rainfall During 1992-93 155-158 A.3 Rural and Urban Population - Mandal Wise - 1991 Census 159-160 A.4 Villages Classified According to Size of Population - 161-162 Mandal Wise 1991 A.5 Area, Population and Desnity of Population Mandal Wise - 163-164 1991 Census  ii A.6 Mandal Wise Sex Ratio 165-166 A.7 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Population Mandal 167-168 Wise 1991 A.8 Literacy - Mandal Wise 1991 Percentage to Total 169-170 Population A.9 Distribution of Population by Workers and Non-Workers 171-172 Mandal - Wise 1991 A.10 Mandal Wise Occupational Classification 173-174 A.11 Land Utilisation Mandal Wise (1992-93) 175-178 A.12 Number and Area of Operational Holdings Mandal Wise - 179-180 Agricultural (1990-91) A.13 Gross Area Irrigated by Sources, Season Wise and Mandal 181 Wise in Warangal District 1992-93 A.14 Number of Post Offices, Telegraphs Offices and 182-183 Telephone Exchanges, 1992-93 A.15 Primary Schools Mandal Wise 1992-93 184-185 A.16 Upper Primary Schools Mandal Wise 1992-93 186-187 A.17 Medical Facilities Mandal Wise 1992-93 188 A.18 Rural Electrification Mandal Wise 1992-93 189-190 A.19 Number of Banks Mandal Wise as on 31-03-1993 191-192 A.20 Women Child Welfare Programmes Mandal Wise 1992-93 193-194 CHAPTER - IV: PROJECT AFFECTED COMMUNITY A DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE IV.1 Reach wise/Religion Wise Classification of PAPs and 208-209 OAPs Households IV.2 Reach Wise/Caste Wise Classification of PAPs and OAP 210-211 Household IV.3 Reach Wise Type of Family Before the Project 212-213 IV.4 Reach Wise Type of Family After the Project 214-215 IV.5A Reach and Caste Wise Male - Female Population among 216-219 PAPs and OAPs IV.5B Reach Wise/Caste Wise Classification of PAPs and OAP 220-221 Households IV.C Reach Wise/Religion Wise Classification of PAP and OAPs 222-223 IV.6 Reachwise Age Distribution of Population Among PAPs 224-225 and OAPs IV.7 Reachwise and Castewise Sexwise Number of Literates 226-234 Among PAPs and OAPs  iii IV.8 Reachwise and Castewise Male-Female Workforce Among 235-243 PAPs and OAPS | - IV.9 Reachwise and Castewise Sex Distribution of Dependents 244-245 Among PAPs and OAPs CHAPTER - V: AGRICULTURAL SITUATION V.1 Canals:Land Holding distribution Among the Project 269 Affected Households V.2 Under Canals:Land Holding Distribution - Castewise 270 V.3 Ayacut Roads:Land Holding distribution 271 V.4 Canals:Land Holding Distribution - Castewise 272 V. 5 Canals:Land Acquisition Table - Castewise 273 V.6 Canals:Land Acquisition - Castewise 274 V.7 Ayacut Roads: Land Acquisition 275 V.8 Ayacut Roads: Castewise Land Acquisition 276 V.9 Ayacut Roads:Area Under Different Sources of Irrigation - 277 Castewise Before and After V.10 Canals:Kharif:Cropping Pattern 278 V.11 Rabi- Cropping Pattern 279 V.12 Kharif Cropping Pattern: Castewise 280 V .13 PAPwise Cropping Pattern Kharif 281 - 282 V.14 Canals:PAPwise Rabi-Cropping Pattern 283 V. 1 5 Ayacut Roads: Kharif:Cropping Pattern 284 V.16 Ayacut Roads:Rabi:Cropping Pattern 285 CHAPTER - VI: ECONOMIC CONDITIONS Vl.1 Ayacut Roads: Castewise Main Occupation Before and 303 After Vl.2 Canals: Castewise Num1er of Livestock and Agricultural 304 Implements Before Vl.3 Canals:Castewise Number of Livestock and Agricultural 305 Implements After CHAPTER - VIl : WOMEN'S PERCEPTIONS Vl1.1 Castewise Responses on Loss of Land Results in 312 Vl1.2 Difficulties Being Experienced by Women Due to 313 Acquisition of Land Vl1.3 Adverse Affects Due to Loss of Land - First Code 314 VII.4 Adverse Affects Due to Loss of Land - Second Code 315  iv Vl1.5 Adverse Affects Due to Loss of Land - Third Code 316 Vl1.6 Women's Perceptions on Project Benefits 317 Vl1.7 Women's Needs for Rehabilitation 318 Vl1.8 Women's Rehabilitation Needs 319 Vll.9 I. Are you A Member of DWCRA or Mahila Mandal 320 II. Are You and Your Children Benefitted By Anganwadi Centre Vl1.10 Role of Women in the Family: Do Women Have Decision 321-323 Making Power in the Family CHAPTER - VIII: PROJECT PERCEPTIONS Vil.1 Castewise Affect on Livestock Due to Acquisition 337 CHAPTER - IX SOCIO - CULTURAL FEATURES  ii Project Affected Person (PAP) 7 Other Affected Persons (OAPs) 8 Total Affected Persons (TAPs) 8 Study Area 8 Methodlogy 8 Primary Data 8 Secondary Data 8 PAPs under Ayacut Roads 9 Survey of Landless Labour 9 Conduct of Household Survey 10 Data Processing 10 Data Analysis 11 Category- 1:Project Affected Person 11 Category-2 The Other Affected Persons 11 Team Composition 11 Report presentation 12 I PROJECT AFFECTED VILLAGES 25-145 Introduction 25 Demography 25 Sex Ratio 26 Literacy 27 SCs and STs 28 Work Force 28 Marginal Farmers 29 Occupational Classification 29 Soils 31 Land use pattern 31 Land acquisition 33 Irrigation 37 Cropping pattern 37 Project impact 38 Fertiliser usage 38 Cost of Cultivation 39  iii Crop Production 39 Production Loss 40 Infrastructure 40 Education 43 Health 43 Drinking Water 43 Industry 43 Social Organisations 43 Communication 43 Transport 43 Storage and Marketing 43 Credit and Banking 44 Electricity 44 Agricultural support services 44 ANNEX - A THE PROFILE OF MANDALS 146 Location 146 Climatic Conditions 146 Demography 146 Population Density 146 Sex Ratio 147 SC and ST Population 147 Literacy 147 Occupational Distribution 148 Land Utilisation Pattern 148 Land Holding Distribution 149 Area under Irrigation 150 Cropping pattern 150 Agricultural Implements 151 Infrastructure 151 Roads 151 Protected Drinking Water 151 Communication 151 Education 152  iv Health 152 Electrification 153 Banking 153 Women's Organisations 153 IV PROJECT AFFECTED COMMUNITY 195-245 A DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE Religion 197 Population 201 Sex Ratio 202 Age Distribution 203 Literacy 204 Work Force 205 Dependancy 206 Conclusions 207 V AGRICULTURAL SITUATION 246-285 Introduction 246 Land Holding Distribution 246 Land Acquisition 249 Irrigation 254 Operational Holding 256 Cropping Pattern 258 Cropping Intensity 260 Crop Production 261 Crop Productivity 262 Loss of Production 264 Value of Crop Production 265 Loss of Value 266 Conclusions 267 VI ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 286-305 Introduction 286 Occupation 286 Assets 289 Land 289  v Housing 289 AgrI.Implements & Equipments 292 Income 293 Expenditure 296 Purchase of Land 299 Poverty 301 Conclusions 302 VIl WOMEN'S PERCEPTIONS 306-323 l Introduction 306 l Methodology 307 | Literacy 307 l Awareness 307 Perceptions on Land Acquisition 307 Difficulties faced 308 Adverse Affects 309 Project Benefits 310 Rehabilitation Needs 310 Skill Improvement 310 Membership in Social Organisations 310 Benefits from Aganwadis 310 Role of Woman 310 Conclusions 311 Vill PROJECT PERCEPTIONS 324-337 Introduction 324 lImact on Tenant/Share Cropping 325 Impact on Livestock 326 Impact on Fodder 327 Utilisation of Compensation 327 Whetller Satisfied with Compensation 329 Split of Land Holding 331 Perceptions of Land Acquisition 332 Perceptions on Project Benefits 333 Impoverishment of Rural Poor 333  vi Ix SOCIO-CULTURAL FEATURES 338-341 General 338 Movement of People 338 Languages 339 Religion and Caste 339 Hindus 339 Tribes 340 Muslims 340 Christians 340 Property and Inheritance 340 Status of women 341  iNDIA ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT - III SOCIOECONOMIC STUDY OF PROJECr AFFECED HOUSEHOLDS UNDER SRI RAMASAGAR PROJECT VOLUME-I TUDY REPORT K'PAI"lh~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~dl s I u D'%Tff 1: Uav a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  INDIA ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT - [i1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY 0F PROJECr AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS UNDER SRI RAMSAGAR PROJECr CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION -. --.  f 0 _ : ~~~~~~~IDIA ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT - III SOCIO-ECONO4IC STUDY OF PROJECr AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS UNDER SRI RAMASAGAR PROJECT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  INDIA ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION PROJECT - itI SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF PROJECT AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS UNDER SRI RAMASAGAR PROJECT VOLUME- STUDY REPORT EXECUTIVE SU Y 1. INTRODUCTION 01. Irrigation development has been giveni high priority by the State in tune widh the national priorities and about 51 per cent of the ultimrate irrigation potential of 12.6 million ha was created till 1991. WitdW a view to improve the utilisation of created potential, the State has initiated several steps such as launching of Command Area Development Authority (CADA) for major irrigation commands under Nagarjuna Sagar Project (NSP), Sri Rania Sagar Project (SRSP) and Tunga-bhadra Project. 02. The Kakatiya Main Canial. the major canial under SRPSP taking off fronm Sri Rama Sagar Darn, after traversing about 146 km out falls into the Lower Manair Dam (LMD) a balancing reservoir built across river Manair. For construction of the Kakatiya Main Canal ef SRSP and also for conistruction of Sri Sailam Right Branch Canal (SRBC) and development of their commands, Andhra Pradesh isrigation Project -II (APIP-I) was implemented since June 1986 till 1993 with World Bank assistance. The Andhra Pradesh Irrigation Project-JI1 (APIP-III) is proposed to complete the spillover works of SRSP and SRBC at the earliest so xiat the works left incomplete and iin an inoperable state be completed through additional investm .n.ts and the contemplated irrigation potential created in full and utilised through better water management practices for augmentation of agricultural production and the project is being posed for World Bank financial support.  ii Executive Swummaffy 03. APIP-IP1: SRSP Coverage: . NWiVile the SRSP Kakatiya Main Canal has a coimmanid area of 1.65,000 ha S !R A M A.'G_R -FGJ CT above LMD in die districts of 7 =YV Nizamabad and Karimnagar, the .. - comnmad below LMD is 1,63,000 ha most of which falls in Karimnagar and Warangal Districts. The works - proposed under APIP-Ill are: (a) completing balance works of upgrading and coniveyance works of Kakatiya Main Canal and its distributories above LMD from km 0 - kn 146: (b) completing the balance works in conveyance system below i LMD) from km i46-km 284 including the distributory network; and (c) provision of feeder roads, network in the irrigation command in Karimnagar and Warangal districts. -- t 04. Resettlement and Rehabilitation: Similar to the R & R Action programnnme already under implementation for tne oustees of Lower Manair Dam (LMD) in Karimnnagar District under APIP-Il, the GOAP is determined to provide all required support and assistance to the affected households who lost their assets lik-e land, house etc under acquisition for SRSP APIP-III project irrigation infrastructure which aims at carrying the benefits of SRSP to a large popudation in a wide area spread over Warangal district. 05. Socio-economic Study: For enablinlg the GOAP to draw a comprehensive and viable resettlemeiit anid rehabilitation plan, a detailed socio-economic survey of the affected houseliolds has been conducted' in Warangal district in die areas coming under APIP-II and APIP-III. R. DESIGN OF TILE STUJDY 06. The economic rehabilitation of the affected houselholds with suitable assistance enabling themll to attain the pre-prcject levels has been an intergral part of any irrigation developmient project. A detailed understanding of the socio-economiic conditions and impact of land acquisition onl these affected hiouseholds is a pre-requisite while formulating suchl economllic rehabilitation plani in respect of SRSP under APIP-I1l. Del initions a. Minimum economic Holding: 5.0 acres (2.0 ha) of dry land or 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) of wet land is treated as miniimum economic holding:i 17. Project Affected Person(PAP): is the person or household who lost 25 c or more of his/her land either under main canal or its off take distributories or network of ayacut roads and left witl less than minimumii econiomliic holdinig. A person or household who lost nmore than 25% of land but left withi marginally above minimum economic holding but falling Below Poverty Line (BPL) is also covered under this category. Landless/Tenant/ Share croppers attached to the households affected by the project fulfilling  Executve Sunmary 3tle above criteria do also come under PAP category and are also eligible for economic rehabilitationi assistance. c. Other Affected Persons (OAPs) are those who lost less than 25 per cent of land holdinig and are niot eligible for any economic relhabilitation assistance. d. Total Affected Persons (TAP) are those households under the above txvo categories(b&c). 08. Study Area: The study area comiiprises (i) Projert Affected Villages (PAVs) under SRSP Kakatiya Main Canial fromi km 234 to km 267 due to construction of structures; (ii) kmn 267 to km 284 due to excavation of main canal and construction of structures and (fii) off take distnibutories of the main canal betwreen km 234 to km 284 rnamely DBM-3 1, DBM-37. DBM-38, DBM-40 and DBM-48 apart from ayacut roads in the commands to a limited extent in the first instance. The study area is spread over 174 villages (PAVs) in 22 nandals of Warangal district in Andhta Pradesh. 09. Methodology: A comprenenisive socio-econonmic study has been carried out on census basis covering 8208 (PAPs and OAPs) out of 10216 awardees list under canal infrastructe provided by the Special Deputy Collector (SDC) Land Acquisitioni (LA) Warangal. SDC(LA) Karimnagar provided awardees list of 598 persons in 16 villages affected under ayacut roads uader packages 23.25,28,30, 33,35 and 36. The household survey in-respect of ayacut roads was limited to only PAP households after conducting short enumeration of these households since the availability of these lists was delayed. The data were collected both from primary and secondary sources and necessary schedules and formats Z were designed for collection of the required data. Accordinig to the criteria that emerged during the discussions held with pre-appraisal Mission (April 17-May 3, 1995) by the State level Officers oFt GOAP there is need for conductinig survey of land less households in a village, wherever the total loss - of land is more thaii 50 per cent of the net cultivated area qf the village. As the total land loss did not exceed 10 per cent of the total net sowII area in any village in the study area, the household survey for thte land less labour was n-tdone. 10. Pure tenant/slhare cultivators wholly dependent on PAP holdings and who are deprived of their livelihood conLsequent to the PAP loosinig his land due to acquisition do nt exist in the study area. However such of those cultivators who do tenanicy/share cropping consequent to their loosing land either in part or full under acquisition have only fied in the study. 111. PROJECT AFFECTED VILLAGES SCs AND. STs 11. The Project Affected Villages (PAVs) with a total 1991 CENSUS geographical area of 17284 sq km comprising 174 settlements spread over 22 mandals in Warangal district form the study area. The study area of these PAVs has a population of 499083 as per 1991 census, of whicil 254756 are males and 244327 OWes67 feiales. The sex ratio is 944 females per 1000 males. The scheduled castes (SCs) constitute 17.75 per cent atnd Scheduled Tribes (STs) 15.57 per cent of the total population. The literacy ___ rate is 26.77 per cent witlh a literacy of 37.66 per cent among .S 1 5 1 / males and 15.41 per cent among females. ZX8 *ee  iv l:,;c. LuUirve s5mlnn ' WORKFORC-E 12. The workforce coonstitutes 49.0i per 2ef of tihe total population. The workforce anong mlales is 55.67 per -.ent whiie amon,g femliales it is 42.06 per cent. Thte marginal lworkers liav,ilg ;ess tlian 180 days of em|.ployiimetie in a year- conistitute 3.23 per cent of total po )pulation of the PAVs/Study Area. Out of tle total workforce. 36.82 per cent are ______.2itil4; cultivators, 45.99 per cent agricultural laiouir and persons depending on forestry, fisiniig and livestock are 1.14per cent whiihll together Constititte 83.95 per cent bf tle workforce who are depending on primary sector namely agriculture alone. The workers in secondary and tertiary sectors are 16.05 per cenit. 13. The study area has an average amnual rainfall of 1028 nini anid the rainfall ranges between 950-1 100 uin in diitfereat parts of the area and 84 per cent of the rainfall is from south west - monsoon alone. The mean maximuim tenmperature varies between r 30.3