Senegal - Eastern Senegal Livestock Development Project

Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY R e p o r t No. 6244 PROJECT PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT SENEGAL EASTERN SENEGAL LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (CREDIT 633-SE) June 1 3 , 1 9 8 6 Operations E v a l u a t i o n Department - - This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance o f their omcial duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  ABBREVIATIONS APMU - A g r i c u l t u r a l P r o j e c t s Management U n i t BADEA - Banque A r a b e p o u r l e D6veloppement Economique e n M r i q u e ( A r a b Bank f o r Economic ~ e v e l o p m e n ti n A f r i c a ) CBPP - C o n t a g i o u s Bovine P l e u r o p n e u m o n i a CCCE - C a i s s e C e n t r a l e d e l a C o o p 6 r a t i o n Economique ( F r e n c h Aid Agency) DSPA - D i r e c t i o n d e l a S a n t 6 e t d e s P r o d u c t i o n s Animales (Livestock Directorate) ESRDP - E a s t e r n S e n e g a l R u r a l Development P r o j e c t FA0 - Food a n d A g r i c u l t u r e O r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s FAOICP - FAO/IBKD C o o p e r a t i v e P r o g r a m I SRA - I n s t i t u t e S6nEgalais d e Recherche A g r i c o l e (Senegal's Agricultural Research I n s t i t u t e ) MDKH - M i n i s t e r e d e D6veloppement R u r a l e t H y d r a u l i q u e ( M i n i s t r y of R u r a l Development a n d H y d r a u l i c s ) PDESO - P r o j e c t d e Developpement d e l l E l e v a g e a u S 6 n 6 g a l O r i e n t a l ( E a s t e r n S e n e g a l L i v e s t o c k Development P r o j e c t ) P PF - Project Preparation Facility PY - P r o j e c t Year RM WA - Regional Mission f o r Western M r i c a SERAS - S o c i 6 t 6 d l E p l o i t a t i o n d e s R e s s o u r c e s A n i m a l e s du S 6 n 6 g a l (Animal P r o d u c t i o n Company) SATEC - Soci6t6 d f A s s i s t a n c e Technique e t de Conseil ( C o n s u l t a n t Agency) SODEFITEX - S o c i 6 t 6 p o u r l e Developpement d e s F i b r e s T e x t i l e s ( C o t t o n Development Company) SODESP - S o c i 6 t 6 d e D6veloppement d e l f E l e v a g e d a n s l a Zone Sylvo-pastorale ( L i v e s t o c k Development Company f o r t h e S y l v o - p a s t o r a l Zones ) UNDP - U n i t e d N a t i o n s Development P r o g r a m US A I D - U n i t e d S t a t e s Agency f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l Development  FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY THE WORLD BANK Wash~ngton, D.C. 2M33 U.S.A. Onre o l D~rectcw-Ccnrrl O p a linns Evaluation June 13, 1986 MEMORANDUM TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS AND THE PRESIDENT Subject: P r o j e c t Performance Audit Report Senegal E a s t e r n Senegal Livestock Development P r o j e c t ( C r e d i t 633-SE) Attached, f o r information i s a copy-of a r e p o r t e n t i t l e d " P r o j e c t Performance Audit Report on Senegal E a s t e r n Senegal Livestock Development P r o j e c t ( C r e d i t 633-SE)" prepared by t h e Operations Evaluation Department. Attachment This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. I t s contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. A  . ..PROJECT . -. PERFORMANCE -. . ... .. AUDIT REPORT -- . . SENEGAL . EASTERN SENEGAL LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (CREDIT 633-SE) TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Basic Data Sheet ............................................................ ................................................... i if E v a l u a t i o n Summary ................................................. i i i PROJECT PERFORMANCE AUDIT MEMORANDUM I . PROJECT SMMARY ............................................. 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d S e t t i n g .................................... 1 P r o j e c t F o r m u l a t i o n a n d 0 h . j e c t i v e s .......................... 1 I m p l e m e n t a t i o n .............................................. 2 P r o j e c t I m p a c t .............................................. 4 I1. M A I N ISSUES ................................................. h . R e a s o n s f o r P r o j e c t S u c c e s s ............................. A h . S o c i o - e c o n o m i c a n d E c o l o g i c a l B a s i s f o r t h e P r o j e c t ..... R 7 C. R e p l i c a h i l i t y ........................................... D . S u s t a i n a b i l i t y .......................................... 7 8 . O t h e r L e s s o n s ........................................... E 9 Table: P a r a m e t e r s o f P r o d u c t i o n ................................... 11 Annex: F o l l o w - u p P r o j e c t .......................................... 13 Supplem-e n.t: B o r r o w e r Comments ...................................... 15 PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT . I INTRODUCTION ................................................ 19 I1. THE AGRICIJLTURAL SECTOR ..................................... 19 . General Observations .................................... R . The L i v e s t o c k S e c t o r .................................... A 19 20 C . Government P o l i c y a n d S t r a t e g y .......................... D. 21 institution^ a n d S e r v i c e s ............................... 32 111. PROJECT FORMULATION ANI) DESCKI PTION ......................... 22 . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n . P r e p a r a t i o n a n d A p p r a i s a l ............... A B . P r o j e c t D e s c r i p t i o n ..................................... 22 2h C . P r o j e c t C o s t s a n d F i n a n c i n n ............................. 28 . O r q a n i z a t i o n a n d Management ............................. E . L e g a l Framework ......................................... D 29 30 This document h u a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the pcrfonnrncc of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. . - TABLE OF CONTENTS ( c o n t ' d ) Paae No. IV. V. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND IMPACT PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION ........................... ....................... 31 37 VI. VII. FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC RESULTS GOVERNMENT AND RANK PERFORMANCE .............................. ............................. 39 41 VIII. IX. FOLLOW-UP PROJECT CONCLUSIONS ........................................... ................................................. 42 43 Tables: Key I n d i c a t o r s Summary of P r o j e c t C o s t s P r o j e c t Financing Actual P r o j e c t E x p e n d i t u r e s by F i n a n c i a l Year P r o j e c t Cost: A p p r a i s a l E s t i m a t e and A c t u a l F i n a n c i a l S i t u a t i o n a s of September 3 0 , 1982 and 1983 S t a t u s of Opeating Expenses and Corresponding Cash Flow f o r t h e F i s c a l Years e n d i n g 09/30/83 and 09/30/82 Schedule o f Disbursements F u n c t i o n a l L i t e r a c y Program Economic Rate of Return - Grazing Scheme Economic Rate of Return - Animal Wealth S e r v i c e s Herd P r o j e c t i o n - Grazing Scheme - With P r o j e c t Herd p r o j e c t i o n - Grazing Scheme - Without P r o j e c t - Herd P r o j e c t i o n Animal h e a l t h S e r v i c e s - With p r o j e c t Herd P r o j e c t i o n - Animal H e a l t h S e r v i c e s - Without P r o j e c t Map: - IBRD 11823 (PCR)  PROJECT PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT EASTERN SENEGAL LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (CREDIT 633-SE) PREFACE T h i s i s a performance a u d i t o f t h e E a s t e r n S e n e g a l L i v e s t o c k Development P r o j e c t f o r which C r e d i t 633-SE i n t h e amount of US4.2 m i l l i o n was approved i n J u n e 1976. The p r o j e c t was c o f i n a n c e d by BADEA (USS3.0 m i l l i o n ) and t h e Kuwait Fund (USS1.6 m i l l i o n ) . The C r e d i t was c l o s e d , a f t e r two e x t e n s i o n s , i n September 1983. The d a t e o f f i n a l d i s b u r s e m e n t was November 2 5 , 1983. The a u d i t r e p o r t c o n s i s t s o f a n a u d i t memorandum p r e p a r e d by t h e O p e r a t i o n s E v a l u a t i o n D i v i s i o n s (OED), and a P r o j e c t Completion R e p o r t (PCR), d a t e d J u n e 1 8 , 1985. The PCR was p r e p a r e d by t h e Bank's Western A f r i c a Regional Office. An OED m i s s i o n v i s i t e d S e n e g a l i n J a n u a r y , 1986. The m i s s i o n h e l d d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h o f f i c i a l s of t h e Borrower, p r o j e c t p e r s o n n e l and members of committees of l i v e s t o c k owners' a s s o c i a t i o n s and o t h e r p a r t i c i p a t i n g pastoralists. The a u d i t memorandum i s based on t h e s e d i s c u s s i o n s , on i n t e r v i e w s w i t h Bank s t a f f a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e p r o j e c t , o n a r e v i e w o f t h e Bank p r e p a r e d PCR, and t h e PCR p r e p a r e d by t h e p r o j e c t , t h e S t a f f A p p r a i s a l Report (No. 988-SE of May 3 , 1976). t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s Report (No. P-1771a-SE o f May 24, 1976), c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h t h e Borrower, and i n t e r n a l Bank memoranda on p r o j e c t i s s u e s a s c o n t a i n e d i n r e l e v a n t Bank f i l e s . A s t h e PCR e x t e n s i v e l y c o v e r s t h e p r o j e c t ' s e x p e r i e n c e , t h e a u d i t memorandum i s commensurately s h o r t . The a u d i t f i n d s t h e PCR comprehensive and a c c u r a t e w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e p r o j e c t ' s p r i n c i p a l a c h i e v e m e n t s and s h o r t c o m i n g s and h a s no r e a s o n t o q u e s t i o n i t s c o n c l u s i o n s . The a u d i t memorandum b r i e f l y d w e l l s on t h e r e a s o n s f o r t h e p r o j e c t ' s suc.cess, and h i g h l i g h t s a s p e c t s r e l a t e d t o t h e s u s t a i n a b i l i t y of p r o j e c t b e n e f i t s and t h e scope f o r r e p l i c a t i n g t h e p r o j e c t ' s approach elsewhere. A copy o f t h e d r a f t r e p o r t w a s s e n t t o t h e Borrower on. A p r i l 2 , 1986 f o r comments. Comments from t h e Borrower a r e a t t a c h e d a s a supplement. The v a l u a b l e a s s i s t a n c e of M i n i s t r y and P r o j e c t s t a f f a s w e l l a s p a s t o r a l i s t s d u r i n g t h e a u d i t m i s s i o n i s g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged.  PROJECT PERFOIIMNCE AUDIT REPOUT SENEGAL EASTEW SENEGAL LIVEST00( DEVELOFUENT PROJECT ( C r e d i t 633-SE) BASIC DATA s n e e r Apprsiaal Actual or - - E.timate E11t1mated Actual T o t a l p r o j e c t Coat (US$ m i l l i o n ) C r e d l t Amount (US$ m l l l l o n ) Caf Inanc I n s BWEA Kuwait Fund Date h y s l c a l C o w o n c n t s Completed - P r o p o r t i o n C o w l e t e d by t h a t Date Leonomlc Rate of k c u r n ( 2 ) - Crerlns S c h e o - Anlmal Health S r r v l e e a - Overall I n s t l t u t l o n a l Performance Number of D i r e c t k n e f l c l a r l e s l d e n t l t l c a t l o n / P r e p a r a t i o n 0.4 1.8 9.0 8.8 0.2 20.2 Appralaal 42.2 68.2 110.4 Negot l a t l o n e 17.8 17.8 Supervlslon .. .. . ... .- .... ... .. 1.8 10.6 10.9 - 12.9 16.9 -. - . 19.8 . 20.6 11.4 .- ...7.1 ... - 14.5 126.5 ........... ............................................. -- CWULATLVE ESTIMATED AND ACTUAL DISBURSUEN'TS A p p r n l s a l e ~ t l m a t e(US$ m i l l l o n ) 1.1 2.1, 2.1 '3.6 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.2 Actual (US$ m11Llon) 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.5 3.1 4.0 4.0 4.2 Actual a s 2 of A p p r a l a a l E s t l m a t e 30 30 36 42 74 95 95 1011 Date 01 F i n a l U l a b u r s e n r n t : November 2 5 , 1983 - . - . .... ... . -. ... .-. ... . - ....................................-....-.......-........................-...- PROJECT - - DATES - O r lg1n.l PI an RPvI~~o". Actual ~ e g o it ~ t i ~ o e J3/7b Board Approval OblO3l76 Credlt Slgning 06/17/7o E f f e c t lvenees 0b/z9/7? C l o a l n g Date 06130182 091 3018 3 ---- -- ----- -- -- ---- ----- --- - - . . RISSlON DATA Date No. of Speclaliratlone Performance Types of (Mo./Yr.) . ... . - Pcr8ona - ... Represented& ............ htlng Trend2 .................. Problems& ldentlt Icatlon P r e p a r a t Ion Appralaal Fol lor-up A p p r a l e a l Fol IOU-up Appraisal Supervlelon I S u p e r v l s l o n I1 Supervlslon I l l S u p e r r i s l o n 1V Supervlalon V S u p e r v i s l o n V1 S v p e r r l s l o n VI 1 Supervision VllI S u p e r v l a i o n 1X Supervlsion X S u p e r v i s i o n XI S u p e r v i a l o n XI1 Supervlslon XlII S u p e r v i s l o n XIV - ------ OTHER PROJECT DATA Government o f Senegal SOciCt@ pour Le U(vc1oppcmenr do. F i b r e s T c x t l l r s (SODWITEX) I&-: .~ ~ E a s t e r n Senegal R u r a l D c v e l o p e n t P r o j e c t b C r c d l t Number: 1606-SE C r e d i t haunt: Date o f Board Approval: - /a P a r c e n t a g e c a l c u l a t e d from d a t e of Board Approval. /b Of whlch about 5.000 f a m i l l e ~In t h e g r a z l n g s r h c e a r e a . which r e c e l v . 4 m o s t of t h e p r o ) e c t ' r e s > l a t a t l r r . 1. rtalfweeka. id a-Liveutock S p c c l a l l a t ; b-Economlat; c-Pln.ncl.1 A n a l y a t : d-Lawyer; e-Loan O l f l e e r ; t - S o r l o l o ~ l s t I-prablem-tra. or minor P=oblam@; 2 a d e r . r - d p r o b l e r s ; and I r a j o r p r o b l e u . I-lmpruvlng; 2 - e t a t l o n a r y ; and I d e t c r l o r a t l n g . F - F l n a n c l a l ; M-hnal.rl.1; T-1cehnle.l and *Other. 7ft For details nee: SAR. S.n.g.1 - Yaarcrn Senes.1 Develop.ent P r o j e c t , LLport No. 4297-SE d a t e d J u l y 9 , 1981.  PROJECT PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT SENEGAL EASTERN SENEGAL LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (CREDIT 633-SE) Introduction T h i s was t h e Bank Group's f i r s t l i v e s t o c k p r o j e c t i n Senegal and was t h e r e f o r e n e c e s s a r i l y i n n o v a t i v e i n c h a r a c t e r . Government's s t r a t e g y f o r t h e s e c t o r was sound, based upon a d d r e s s i n g t h e p r i n c i p a l c o n s t r a i n t s t o development, namely a n i n a d e q u a t e s u p p l y of a n i m a l f e e d a t c r i t i c a l t i m e s o f y e a r and an a s s o c i a t e d low l e v e l o f a n i m a l h e a l t h . Objectives The o b j e c t i v e s of t h e P r o j e c t were t o i n c r e a s e beef p r o d u c t i o n f o r l o c a l consumption, t o improve u s e o f t h e c o u n t r y ' s p a s t o r a l r e s o u r c e s and a g r i c u l t u r a l b y - p r o d u c t s , and t o i n c r e a s e t h e s t a n d a r d of l i v i n g of some 30,000 l i v e s t o c k owners i n E a s t e r n Senegal. These aims were t o be a c h i e v e d p r i m a r i l y t h r o u g h t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of g r o u p s of p a s t o r a l i s t s managing communal g r a z i n g r e s o u r c e s i n a sound manner, s u p p o r t e d by a l i t e r a c y program, t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of w a t e r i n g p o i n t s and f i r e b r e a k s , and t h r o u g h improved a n i m a l h e a l t h s e r v i c e s . The p r o j e c t had a n e s t i m a t e d c o s t a t a p p r a i s a l o f USS13.0 m i l l i o n . The G r a z i n g Scheme was t o be implemented by a u n i t e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t h e purpose w i t h i n SODEFITEX, a c o t t o n development agency a c t i v e i n t h e a r e a , w h i l e t h e animal h e a l t h s e r v i c e s were t o be p r o v i d e d by t h e R e g i o n a l L i v e s t o c k S e r v i c e s of t h e Department of Animal H e a l t h and P r o d u c t i o n w i t h s u p p o r t from t h e p r o j e c t u n i t . O v e r a l l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e p r o j e c t was h i g h l y s a t i s f a c t o r y . It a c h i e v e d t h e m a j o r i t y of o b j e c t i v e s and i n some i m p o r t a n t r e s p e c t s e x c e e d e d them. I n r e s p e c t of t h e g r a z i n g scheme, good p r o g r e s s was made i n promoting p a s t o r a l i s t a s s o c i a t i o n s w i t h 25-year l e a s e s o v e r communal p a s t u r e s . There i s a g e n e r a l l y good u n d e r s t a n d i n g of and a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n many, p e r h a p s m o s t , of t h e a s s o c i a t i o n s among p a s t o r a l i s t s , and t h e r e Is a phased program f o r them t o p r o g r e s s i v e l y become t e c h n i c a l l y , m a n a g e r i a l l y and f i n a n c i a l l y more s e l f - r e l i a n t by t a k i n g o v e r key f u n c t i o n s from t h e p r o j e c t , including: p r o v i d i n g c u r a t i v e a n i m a l h e a l t h s e r v i c e s t o members, r u n n i n g s m a l l p h a r m a c i e s , managing c r e d i t , c o n t i n u i n g t h e f u n c t i o n a l l i t e r a c y program, and m a i n t a i n i n g i n f r a s t r u c t u r e . By t h e t i m e o f t h e a u d i t many of t h e g r o u p s were p r o g r e s s i n g w e l l i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n . I n r e s p e c t o f t h e animal h e a l t h program, t h e p r o j e c t s e t up a n e f f e c t i v e s y s t e m f o r s u p p l y i n g veterinary inputs. The v a c c i n a t i o n c o v e r a g e a g a i n s t m a j o r d i s e a s e s a c h i e v e d by t h e R e g i o n a l L i v e s t o c k S e r v i c e s w i t h p r o j e c t s u p p o r t amounted t o a b o u t 90% o v e r a l l of E a s t e r n S e n e g a l . T h i s was above t h e l e v e l c o n s i d e r e d n e c e s s a r y t o c o n t r o l t h e d i s e a s e s and no m a j o r o u t b r e a k s were r e p o r t e d . Other p r o j e c t a c t i v i t i e s included e f f e c t i v e monitoring of l i v e s t o c k and r a n g e c o n d i t i o n s . The f i r e b r e a k program was, however, s t o p p e d a f t e r i t became c l e a r t h a t m a i n t e n a n c e would n o t be c a r r i e d o u t . The p r o j e c t was implemented a s e n v i s a g e d by a p r o j e c t u n i t s e t up w i t h i n SODEFITEX. Total c o s t s amounted t o USS12.5 m i l l i o n , USS0.5 m i l l i o n less t h a n t h e a p p r a i s a l estimate. Results L i v e s t o c k development i n a n a r e a s u c h a s E a s t e r n S e n e g a l i n v o l v e s complex changes which must b e s u s t a i n e d o v e r many y e a r s i f t h e y a r e t o be beneficial. I n consequence, judgements on t h e impact of t h e p r o j e c t a r e a t t h i s stage tentative. However, t h e p r o j e c t h a s had a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on p r o d u c t i o n : t h e c a l v i n g r a t e i n c r e a s e d and m o r t a l i t y d e c r e a s e d , w h i l e c a t t l e p o p u l a t i o n r o s e . P a s t o r a l i s t incomes a p p e a r t o have i n c r e a s e d a s a r e s u l t of the project. I n economic t e r m s t h e r e - e s t i m a t e d economic r a t e o f r e t u r n was 12.6% compared w i t h 24.0% e x p e c t e d a t a p p r a i s a l . However t h e s u s t a i n a b i l i t y of t h e s e b e n e f i t s w i l l depend on t h e w i l l i n g n e s s o f p a s t o r a l i s t s i n f u t u r e t o increase offtake rates. I n i n s t i t u t i o n a l t e r m s , t h e P r o j e c t h a s had a b e n e f i c i a l impact. The P r o l e c t h a s had a p o s i t i v e impact on t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a l framework f o r l i v e s t o c k development. Its innovative approach t o t h e very d i f f i c u l t q u e s t i o n s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e r a t i o n a l u s e of commonly-owned g r a z i n g r e s o u r c e s h a s f a c i l i t a t e d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of p a s t o r a l i s t groups t h a t hold out r e a l promise of s e l f - r e l i a n c e i n t h e f u t u r e . The implementing u n i t s e t up u n d e r t h e p r o j e c t a l s o r e p r e s e n t s a n enhanced c a p a c i t y i n t h e s u h s e c t o r f o r f u t u r e p l a n n i n g and p r o j e c t e x e c u t i o n . I n e c o l o g i c a l t e r m s , t h e r e is t e n t a t i v e evidence t h a t t h e grazing management p l a n s may b e l e a d i n g t o a n improvement i n t h e c o m p o s i t i o n of p a s t u r e s , although t h i s w i l l r e q u i r e confirmation over a longer period. The l i k e l i h o o d of a s u s t a i n a b l e impact i s c o n s i d e r a b l y i n c r e a s e d by t h e follow-up p r o j e c t , c u r r e n t l y b e i n g implemented, which h a s t h e aim of c o n t i n u i n g and c o n s o l i d a t i n g t h e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e f i r s t p r o i e c t . 3 Sustainabilitv The s u s t a i n a b i l i t y o f t h e p r o j e c t ' s i n i t i a t i v e s a r e c r u c i a l i n d e t e r m i n i n g whether i t h a s a b e n e f i c i a l impact. While a p r o m i s i n g s t a r t h a s been made, a e r e a t d e a l w i l l depend on t h e s e l f - r e l i a n c e o f t h e p a s t o r a l 1/ - E a s t e r n S e n e g a l R u r a l Development P r o j e c t ( C r e d i t 1405-SE) approved i n 1983. groups and t h e i r a b i l i t y t o implement g r a z i n g management p l a n s and t o provide continued b e n e f i t s t o members. The groups remain v e r y f r a g i l e , a f a c t t h a t c a u t i o n s a g a i n s t e a r l y withdrawal of s u p p o r t t h a t may prove premature (PPAM, p a r a s . 31-34). F i n d i n e s and Lessons The comparative s u c c e s s of t h e P r o j e c t r e s u l t e d from t h e c o i n c i - dence of s e v e r a l f a v o r a b l e f a c t o r s , some of them c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e P r o j e c t a r e a ' s n a t u r a l endowment and population, and o t h e r s f e a t u r e s of t h e p r o j e c t ' s own approach and o r g a n i z a t i o n . A s h o r t f a l l i n any of t h e s e major f a c t o r s would have j e o p a r d i z e d t h e performance of t h e p r o j e c t (PPAM p a r a s . 25-27). I n t h e l i g h t of t h i s , t h e p r o j e c t does n o t provide a model t h a t can r e a d i l y be r e p l i c a t e d elsewhere i n Senegal o r i n o t h e r African c o u n t r i e s w i t h any a s s u r a n c e of success. Nevertheless, t h e r e a r e a s p e c t s of t h e p r o j e c t ' s approach, i n c l u d i n g i t s emphasis on human r e s o u r c e s and i n s t i t u t i o n a l devel- opment t h a t have widespread r e l e v a n c e f o r o t h e r l i v e s t o c k p r o j e c t s (PPAM paras. 29-30). I n a d d i t i o n t h e PCR has a l s o drawn major c o n c l u s i o n s from t h i s p r o j e c t e x p e r i e n c e (PCR para. 9 . 0 1 ) . Among t h e more important ones a r e t h e following: - development of a c o n t r o l l e d g r a z i n g scheme i s p o s s i b l e i f a l l t h e n e c e s s a r y pre-conditions a r e met, but l i v e s t o c k development p r o j e c t s t h a t i n v o l v e development of a g r a z i n g scheme and p a r t i c i - p a t i o n of l i v e s t o c k owners r e q u i r e a longer-than-average implemen- t a t i o n period (see a l s o P PAM p a r a s . 17 and 3 5 ) ; - t h e s u c c e s s of t h e animal h e a l t h component w i t h i n t h e g r a z i n g scheme can be a t t r i b u t e d p a r t l y t o t h e c r e d i t component, which helped p a s t o r a l i s t s t o assume more e a s i l y t h e c o s t of i n p u t s s o l d a t f u l l cost; - t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of f i r e b r e a k s was c o s t l y and i n e f f e c t i v e , a s no maintenance could b e provided ( s e e a l s o P PAM para. I1 and PCR paras. 4.09-4.12); - t h e f u n c t i o n a l l i t e r a c y program was c r u c i a l t o t h e s u c c e s s of t h e g r a z i n g scheme and t o e x t e n s i o n and animal h e a l t h s e r v i c e s ( s e e also P P AM para. 1 0 ) ; - monitoring and e v a l u a t i o n was c o s t l y and d i f f i c u l t t o c a r r y o u t ; however, herd monitoring was s u c c e s s f u l and provided p r o j e c t management w i t h v a l u a b l e d a t a on herd performances; t h e herd monitoring system i s now being introduced and used a s a model f o r o t h e r l i v e s t o c k p r o j e c t s i n West A f r i c a ( s e e a l s o PPAM para. 13 and PCR p a r a s . 4.15-4.17); - a l t h o u g h t h e disbursements were behind a p p r a i s a l e s t i m a t e s , t h e y were always more f a v o r a b l e t h a n t h o s e of comparable IDA-financed p r o j e c t s ( s e e a l s o PPAM p a r a 16 and PCK Table 8); - Government d i f f i c u l t i e s i n p r o v i d i n g budget a l l o c a t i o n s should be anticipated. P r o j e c t implementation was o n l y p o s s i b l e because SODEFITEX was a b l e t o p r e f i n a n c e p r o j e c t e x p e n d i t u r e s on behalf of t h e Government throughout t h e e n t i r e l i f e of t h e p r o j e c t ( s e e a l s o PPAM p a r a s . 15 and 27); - s u c c e s s f u l implementation of g r a z i n g management p l a n s can m i t i g a t e , b u t n o t s o l v e t h e problems of overgrazing. Several a r e a s i n the g r a z i n g scheme have reached t h e upper l i m i t s of t h e i r c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y and must r e s o r t t o t h e mixed farming approach ( c u l t i v a t i o n of f o d d e r c r o p s , s t o r a g e and u s e of c r o p r e s i d u e s p r o d u c t i o n of o r g a n i c manure, e t c . ) , which w i l l a l s o h e l p farmers s o l v e t h e problem of d e c l i n i n g s o i l f e r t i l i t y . This problem has been ad- d r e s s e d i n t h e follow-up p r o j e c t , which i n c l u d e s a mixed farming component.  PROJECT PERFOWCE AUDIT MEMORANDUM SENEGAL EASTEKN SENEGAL LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (CREDIT 633-SE) I. PROJECT SUMMARY I n t r o d u c t i o n and S e t t i n g 1. T h i s was t h e Bank Group's f i r s t p r o j e c t i n Senegal s p e c i f i c a l l y concerned w i t h l i v e s t o c k , and i n d e v e l o p i n g a n approach t o t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s e c t o r had t o be i n n o v a t i v e i n n a t u r e . L i v e s t o c k w a s , however, i n c l u d e d i n t h e e a r l i e r S i n e Saloum A g r i c u l t u r a l Development p r o j e c t 1 / which promoted a n i m a l d r a f t i n t h e Groundnut B a s i n , b o r d e r i n g t h e a r e a of t h e E a s t e r n Senegal L i v e s t o c k Development P r o j e c t . The a c t i v i t i e s of t h i s p r o j e c t are b e i n g c o n t i n u e d under t h e follow-up E a s t e r n Senegal Kural Development P r o j e c t ( C r e d i t 1405-SE) .2/ - 2. The p r i n c i p a l c o n s t r a i n t s t o l i v e s t o c k development i n S e n e g a l are t h e l i m i t e d a v a i l a b i l i t y o f water and f o d d e r r e s o u r c e s , and a n i m a l h e a l t h problems. Government's development s t r a t e g y s e e k s t o make g r e a t e r u s e o f t h e s i g n i f i c a n t p o t e n t i a l o f t h e s e c t o r by a d d r e s s i n g t h e s e i s s u e s . This s t r a t e g y i s sound and i s based upon a d e q u a t e a n i m a l h e a l t h c o v e r a g e , i n t e n s i - f i c a t i o n of a n i m a l and f o d d e r p r o d u c t i o n , t h e r a t i o n a l u s e of t h e n a t i o n a l h e r d , and i n t e g r a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r e and l i v e s t o c k ( f o r d e t a i l s s e e PCR p a r a s . 2.01 t o 2.12). P r o j e c t Formulation and O b j e c t i v e s 3. The p r o j e c t w a s i d e n t i f i e d i n 1971, and p r e p a r e d i n 1973/74 by a f i r m o f c o n s u l t a n t s ; t h e i r r e p o r t , however, w a s deemed i n a d e q u a t e and t h e p r o j e c t w a s v i r t u a l l y r e d e s i g n e d by t h e a p p r a i s a l m i s s i o n i n 1975 which i n c l u d e d a s t r o n g s o c i o l o g i c a l component (PCK p a r a s . 3.01-3.06). The Bank a s s i s t e d Government i n p u t t i n g t o g e t h e r a f i n a n c i n g package which i n c l u d e d t h e Kuwait Fund and BADEA. The C r e d i t was approved i n J u n e 1976. 4. The o b j e c t i v e s of t h e p r o j e c t were c o n s i s t e n t w i t h o v e r a l l s e c t o r a l policy. They were: f i r s t , t o i n c r e a s e beef p r o d u c t i o n f o r l o c a l consumption; second, t h e improved e x p l o i t a t i o n of t h e c o u n t r y ' s p a s t o r a l r e s o u r c e s and t h e - 1/ PPAR, Senegal-Sine Saloum A g r i c u l t u r a l Development P r o j e c t (Credit 549-SE/Loan 1113-SE), OED & p o r t No. 5171 d a t e d June 29, 1984. 21 - S t a f f A p p r a i s a l Keport, S e n e g a l - E a s t e r n Senegal R u r a l Development P r o j e c t , Report No. 4297-SE d a t e d J u l y 8 , 1983 ( s e e a l s o Annex 1 ) . s u p p l y of a g r i c u l t u r a l by-products; and, t h i r d , a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e income and l i v i n g s t a n d a r d s of some 30,000 l i v e s t o c k owner i n E a s t e r n Senegal. These o b j e c t i v e s were t o be a c h i e v e d p r i m a r i l y w o u g h a g r a z i n g scheme through improved animal h e a l t h s e r v i c e s . The gr&zing scheme was t o c o v e r a b o u t 1.4 m i l l i o n ha of t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t of E a s t e r n S e n e g a l , and was t o i n c l u d e e s t a b - l i s h m e n t of some 65 p a s t o r a l i s t a s s o c i a t i o n s c o n s i s t i n g of a b o u t 6,500 c a t t l e - o w i n g f a m i l i e s ; 110 w e l l s ; 2,400 km of f i r e b r e a k s ; c r e d i t f o r t h e p u r c h a s e of b r e e d i n g s t o c k , d r a f t equipment and i n p u t s ; and a f u n c t i o n a l l i t e r a c y program. The improvement i n a n i m a l h e a l t h was t o b e a c h i e v e d by r a i s i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of a n n u a l v a c c i n a t i o n campaigns and s t r e n g t h e n i n g v e t e r i n a r y s u p p l i e s t h r o u g h o u t E a s t e r n Senegal. The p r o j e c t a l s o i n c l u d e d p r o v i s i o n f o r s t a f f t r a i n i n g and m o n i t o r i n g and e v a l u a t i o n (PCR p a r a s . 3.14-3.16). t 5. The p r o j e c t was t o be implemented t h r o u g h a semi-autonomous u n i t (PDESO) s e t up f o r t h e purpose w i t h i n t* S o c i 6 t 6 pour l e Developpement d e s F i b r e s T e x t i l e s (SODEFITEX), a c o t t o n dbvelopment agency a c t i v e i n E a s t e r n Senegal. The Animal H e a l t h component was t o be e x e c u t e d by t h e DSPA (Animal H e a l t h and P r o d u c t i o n Department), w i t h s u p p o r t from t h e p r o j e c t u n i t (PCR p a r a s . 3.17-3.18). 6. T o t a l p r o j e c t c o s t was e x p e c t e d t o b e USS13.0 m i l l i o n of which USS4.2 m i l l i o n r e p r e s e n t e d a n I D A C r e d i t , USS4.1 m i l l i o n a Kuwait Fund l o a n , USS1.6 m i l l i o n a BADEA l o a n , USS3.0 m i l l i o n t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n of Government, and USSO.1 m i l l i o n from l i v e s t o c k owners. I m ~ l e m e n t aito n 7. The p r o j e c t became e f f e c t i v e i n 1976 and g o t o f f t o a good s t a r t i n p a r t b e c a u s e two p o s t - a p p r a i s a l m i s s i o n s had a l r e a d y v i s i t e d Senegal and had made p r o g r e s s w i t h l e g a l and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e m a t t e r s o f p r o j e c t s t a r t - u p a s w e l l a s i n i t i a t i n g t h e p r o c e s s of s e t t i n g up t h e g r a z i n g scheme. 8. O v e r a l l implementation was h i g h l y s a t i s f a c t o r y . The p r o j e c t a c h i e v e d t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e o b j e c t i v e s set a t a p p r a i s a l , and i n i m p o r t a n t r e s p e c t s exceeded e x p e c t a t i o n s . The two main components, t h e g r a z i n g scheme and a n i m a l h e a l t h s e r v i c e s , were b o t h s a t i s f a c t o r i l y e x e c u t e d . The p r o j e c t a r e a was demarcated i n t o 53 ( l a t e r r e o r g a n i z e d t o 51) P a s t o r a l U n i t s on t h e b a s i s of socio-economic s t u d i e s conducted a t t h e s t a r t of t h e p r o j e c t . 9. Grazing Schemes. Under a d e c r e e , promulgated a s a c o n d i t i o n o f t h e p r o j e c t , t h e a r e a was d e f i n e d a s a " p i o n e e r zone", which p e r m i t t e d t h e e x e c u t i n g agency t o e x t e n d 25-year l e a s e s o v e r t h e l a n d t o g r o u p s o f pastoralists. The p r o j e c t encouraged t h e p a s t o r a l i s t s i n e a c h u n i t t o e s t a b l i s h management committees which were r e c o g n i z e d a s l e g a l e n t i t i e s and t o which l e a s e s were provided. For e a c h u n i t , a d e t a i l e d management p l a n w a s drawn up, based upon d i s p o s i t i o n o f p a s t u r e s and w a t e r s o u r c e s , and upon t r a d i t i o n a l p a t t e r n s of grazing. The p r i n c i p a l aims of t h e s e p l a n s were t o a v o i d o v e r e x p l o i t a t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l p a s t u r e s , t o a l l o w t h e r e c o v e r y of a l r e a d y degraded a r e a s , t o p r o v i d e f o r a r a t i o n a l s e p a r a t i o n of l i v e s t o c k from c r o p s d u r i n g t h e growing s e a s o n , and t o p r o v i d e c o n t i n u e d a c c e s s f o r stock to water points and between grazing areas. After discussions between the project and pastoralists, the plans were accepted, modified in some cases. 10. Implementation of the plans has made significant progress, although not without difficulties, and with some changes, as would be expected with an undertaking of this complexity. The audit confirms that there is a good understanding of the content of the plans among members of pastoral groups. All the evidence available, including the project's routine monitoring, dis- cussions with project staff, the PCR, and discussions with members of pastor- alist groups, points to the conclusion that the plans are being implemented with the enthusiastic involvement of the pastoralists. A basic element of the project's approach to the grazing scheme has been to give priority to developing human resources and to the creation of self-sufficient institu- tions with a high level of participation among members. An obstacle to this was the widespread illiteracy of the population in the project area. Accordingly, as envisaged at appraisal, the project implemented a functional literacy program which has been highly successful and represents one of the most significant achievements of the project: 1840 people learned to read, a figure that had increased to over 4,000 by 1985, under the second phase project. Without this program, it is unlikely that the progress that has been made with the management committees would have been possible. The secretaries of these committees have themselves learned the necessary skills of literacy and numeracy from it. Moreover, the program is now well on the way to being self-sustaining as the bulk of the literary courses are run on a voluntary basis by those who have completed the courses earlier. 11. A numher of other measures were taken by the project in support of the implementation of the grazing scheme by pastoralists groups: 91 wells were constructed and 10 repaired (compared with an estimate at appraisal of 100 constructed). Credit was provided for the purchase of improved breeding stock,?/ supplementary feed, and veterinary supplies. Continued provision of credit to a group by the project is conditional on full repayment by the group, and the record has been satisfactory, normally over 90%. The construction of 2,400 km of firebreaks, to control the substantial annual loss of grazing at a critical period was, however, the sole major shortcoming in project implementation. After 912 km had been completed the program was halted on the grounds that maintenance, that was to have been undertaken by Government, was not being done (for details, see PCR paras. 4.09-4.12). 12. The animal health component of the project was successfully completed. The project, as envisaged, supported the Regional Livestock Ser- vice over the whole of the Eastern Senegal Region, an area about three times 3/ - The sale to livestock owners of breeding stock did not proceed as rapidly as expected, and after 55 bulls had been supplied the program was suspended. This experience mirrors that of the Ituri Livestock Development Project in Zaire (Credit 697-ZR) which suspended its sales of breeding stock after disappointing reception by livestock owners (PPAR under preparation.) t h e s i z e of t h e g r a z i n g scheme a l o n e . The v a c c i n a t i o n campaigns ( a g a i n s t R i n d e r p e s t and Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia) a c h i e v e d o v e r 90% c o v e r a g e i n t h e g r a z i n g scheme a r e a , and o n l y s l i g h t l y lower c o v e r a g e i n t h e r e m a i n d e r o f E a s t e r n Senegal. These r a t e s a r e above t h e l e v e l c o n s i d e r e d n e c e s s a r y t o a c h i e v e c o n t r o l o f t h e d i s e a s e s , and no major o u t b r e a k s were r e p o r t e d . The p r o j e c t was a l s o i n s t r u m e n t a l i n i n c r e a s i n g t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y and u s e of v e t - e r i n a r y d r u g s i n t h e g r a z i n g scheme a r e a , i n p a r t a s a r e s u l t of t h e c r e d i t provided t o p a s t o r a l i s t groups. A s p a r t o f t h e p r o j e c t ' s p o l i c y o f encour- a g i n g s e l f - r e l i a n c e among t h e g r o u p s , under t h e second phase o f t h e p r o j e c t d i r e c t s a l e s t o p a s t o r a l i s t s by t h e p r o j e c t a r e b e i n g r e p l a c e d by t h e e s t a b - l i s h m e n t of s m a l l pharmacies w i t h i n t h e g r o u p s . The p r o j e c t a l s o c o n s t r u c t e d 37 v a c c i n a t i o n y a r d s (compared w i t h 40 e n v i s a g e d a t a p p r a i s a l ) . 13. Montoring and e v a l u a t i o n , which was r i g h t l y c o n s i d e r e d an i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f a n i n n o v a t i v e p r o j e c t s u c h a s t h i s , g o t o f f t o a slow s t a r t owing t o d e l a y s i n a g r e e i n g t o c o n s u l t a n t ' s c o s t s t h a t were much h i g h e r t h a n o r i g i n - a l l y envisaged. However, a good system was implemented which p r o v i d e d t h e p r o j e c t w i t h v a l u a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n on changes i n p r o d u c t i o n p a r a m e t e r s and r a n g e c o n d i t i o n s , and h a s come t o be a p p l i e d o n Bank p r o j e c t s e l s e w h e r e i n West A f r i c a (PCR p a r a s . 4.15-4.17) 14. Implementation o f t h e p r o j e c t ' s f i e l d programs was a c h i e v e d by a p r o j e c t u n i t e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e w i t h i n SODEFITEX, a s e n v i s a g e d a t appraisal. Performance of t h i s u n i t was good i n l a r g e measure a s a r e s u l t of c o n t i n u i t y o f s t a f f i n g i n key p o s t s by c a p a b l e o f f i c i a l s . In particular, the P r o j e c t D i r e c t o r , who o c c u p i e d h i s p o s t from p r o j e c t i n c e p t i o n , and was s t i l l t h e r e a t t h e t i m e of a u d i t , was a c r u c i a l f a c t o r i n t h e p r o j e c t ' s s u c c e s s . T e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e played a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e , e s p e c i a l l y i n i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h e w a t e r program and i n d e v i s i n g t h e g r a z i n g management p l a n s . Ry t h e t i m e of a u d i t a l l p o s t s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n and Finance D i r e c t o r , were h e l d by S e n e g a l e s e . 15. The d i r e c t involvement o f SODEFITEX management i n p r o j e c t implemen- t a t i o n was l i m i t e d e s p e c i a l l y i n l a t e r y e a r s . However, SODEFTTEX p r e f i n a n c - e d t h e p r o j e c t f o r l o n g p e r i o d s when Government's c o n t r i b u t i o n was d e l a y e d ; t h i s r o l e which had n o t been f o r e s e e n a t a p p r a i s a l was a key f a c t o r i n p e r - m i t t i n g smooth e x e c u t i o n of t h e p r o j e c t . Under t h e follow-on p r o j e c t , t h e p r o j e c t u n i t i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f SODEFITEX. 16. A f t e r two e x t e n s i o n s , t h e C r e d i t was c l o s e d on September 3 0 , 1983. T o t a l p r o j e c t c o s t s had amounted t o USS12.5 m i l l i o n a s compared w i t h USS13.0 m i l l i o n e x p e c t e d a t a p p r a i s a l . Disbursement l a g g e d behind t h e o r i g i n a l sche- d u l e b u t w e l l ahead of t h e d i s b u r s e m e n t p r o f i l e f o r l i v e s t o c k p r o j e c t s i n A f r i c a (PCR T a b l e 8 ) . P r o j e c t Impact 17. L i v e s t o c k development i n a n a r e a s u c h a s E a s t e r n Senegal i n v o l v e s complex c h a n g e s , some of which a r e n e c e s s a r i l y long-term. C o n c l u s i o n s on t h e impact of t h e p r o j e c t must t h e r e f o r e be t e n t a t i v e s o s h o r t a t i m e a f t e r i t s closing date. N e v e r t h e l e s s , some t e n t a t i v e c o n c l u s i o n s c a n be drawn con- c e r n i n g t h e t h r e e broad c r i t e r i a by which t h e p r o j e c t s h o u l d be a s s e s s e d , economic ( p r o d u c t i o n and incomes), i n s t i t u t i o n a l , and e c o l o g i c a l . 18. Economic. The r e - e s t i m a t e d economic r a t e s of r e t u r n f o r t h e p r o j e c t , a s c a l c u l a t e d by t h e PCR, and w i t h which t h e a u d i t c o n c u r s , a r e sub- s t a n t i a l l y lower t h a n t h o s e a n t i c i p a t e d a t a p p r a i s a l ; 8.1% f o r t h e Grazing Scheme, a s compared w i t h 23% a t a p p r a i s a l , t h e a n i m a l h e a l t h component a t 21.5% a s compared w i t h 43X a t a p p r a i s a l , and o v e r a l l 12.6% a s compared w i t h 24%. The major r e a s o n f o r t h e s h o r t f a l l i s t h e f a c t t h a t c a t t l e p r i c e s were much l o w e r t h a n e x p e c t e d (PCR p a r a . 6.01). 19. The p r o j e c t was s u c c e s s f u l i n r a i s i n g weaning r a t e s and i n r e d u c i n g m o r t a l i t y a s a r e s u l t of improved f e e d a v a i l a b i l i t y and v e t e r i n a r y s e r v i c e s able 1 ) . The l i v e s t o c k p o p u l a t i o n of t h e G r a z i n g Scheme a r e a r o s e by 26% between 1977 and 1983, a s compared w i t h a d e c l i n e e x p e c t e d a t t h e t i m e of ap- p r a i s a l ( s e e a l s o PCR p a r a s . 6.02-6 - 0 4 ) . Off t a k e r a t e s ( T a b l e 1) c a n n o t b e a s s e s s e d o v e r a s h o r t p e r i o d owing t o t h e i n f l u e n c e of exogenous f a c t o r s , p r i m a r i l y c l i m a t e , b u t d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h p r o j e c t s t a f f and members of p a s t o r - a l i s t groups g i v e r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e r e i s now a g r e a t e r p.reparedness t o s e l l s t o c k t h a n a t t h e s t a r t of t h e p r o j e c t . This important i s s u e r e q u i r e s c l o s e monitoring i n f u t u r e . Evidence from t h e m o n i t o r i n g team s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e p r o j e c t h a s had a p o s i t i v e impact on p a s t o r a l i s t s ' incomes, p r i m a r i l y owing t o an i n c r e a s e i n o f f - t a k e (PCR p a r a . 6.05). 20. The a u d i t c o n s i d e r e d t h e e q u i t y i m p l i c a t i o n s of t h e g r a z i n g schemes and t h e a s s o c i a t e d management p l a n s . The view i s sometimes e x ~ r e s s e d ~ lat th i n c r e a t i n g a s t r u c t u r e f o r land-use r i g h t s based on d e f i n e d and owners' a s s o c i a t i o n s , a p r o j e c t o f t h i s n a t u r e might c a s t i n s t o n e e x i s t i n g i n e q u a l i t i e s and c r e a t e g r e a t e r d i s p a r i t i e s i n f u t u r e . The a u d i t d o e s n o t a g r e e w i t h t h i s view, f o r t h r e e r e a s o n s : (i) i t s h o u l d b e emphasized t h a t membership of t h e a s s o c i a t i o n s and hence a c c e s s t o communal p a s t u r e r e s o u r c e s i s open t o a l l r e s i d e n t s of t h e a r e a ; (ti) members o f t h e a s s o c i a t i o n s , a t l e a s t h i t h e r t o , have n o t g e n e r a l l y b a r r e d needy o u t s i d e r s from u s i n g t h e a s s o c i a t i o n s ' p a s t u r e s , but a r e i n s i s t i n g t h a t v i s i t i n g h e r d e r s o b s e r v e t h e terins of t h e g r a z i n g p l a n s ; and (iii) t h e f a c t t h a t g r o u p s of owners now have l e a s e h o l d r i g h t s t o t h e i r t r a d i t i o n a l p a s t u r e s r e d u c e s t h e c h a n c e s of f u t u r e a l i e n a t i o n o f t h e l a n d by a s m a l l number of p r i v a t e i n d i v i d u a l s . 4/ - For i n s t a n c e i n S a n d f o r d , S. "Review of World Bank L i v e s t o c k A c t i v i t i e s i n Dry T r o p i c a l A f r i c a , " i n t e r n a l p a p e r , World Bank, 1981, which r e f e r s t o t h i s p r o j e c t among o t h e r s . 21. Institutional. The p r o j e c t h a s had a p o s i t i v e impact on i n s t i t u - t i o n a l framework f o r l i v e s t o c k development. The p r o j e c t d e v e l o p e d a n innova- t i v e approach t o t h e e x t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t q u e s t i o n s surrounding t h e arrange- ments f o r r a t i o n a l u s e o f g r a z i n g r e s o u r c e s i n a s i t u a t i o n o f common owner- ship. I n promoting p a s t o r a l g r o u p s t h r o u g h o u t t h e p r o j e c t a r e a , i t h a s s t r u c k t h e r i g h t b a l a n c e hetween t a k i n g s u f f i c i e n t i n i t i a t i v e t o s t i m u l a t e t h e p r o c e s s of change and, on t h e o t h e r , e n c o u r a g i n g s e l f - r e l i a n c e and a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n w i t h i n t h e p a s t o r a l groups. I n consequence, t h e groups hold o u t t h e promise of p r o v i d i n g a sound b a s e f o r development i n t h e a r e a . 22. The p r o j e c t h a s a l s o a c h i e v e d a w o r t h w h i l e r e s u l t i n s e t t i n g u p t h e r e l a t i v e l y e f f e c t i v e implementing u n i t . T h i s u n i t , now i n d e p e n d e n t o f SODEFITEX and r e p o r t i n g d i r e c t l y t o t h e D i r e c t o r a t e o f Animal H e a l t h and Pro- d u c t i o n i s implementing t h e follow-up phase o f t h e p r o j e c t . It r e p r e s e n t s a s i g n i f i c a n t a d d i t i o n t o t h e a v a i l a b l e comvetence w i t h i n S e n e g a l f o r t h e p l a n n i n g and i m p l e m e n t a t i o n i n t h e l i v e s t o c k s u b s e c t o r . 23. Ecological. The e c o l o g i c a l impact of t h e p r o j e c t c a n n o t y e t be determined. There a r e , however, some i n i t i a l i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t t h e a p p l i - c a t i o n of g r a z i n g management p l a n s i s l e a d i n g t o improved p a s t u r e s . T h i s h a s c e r t a i n l y been t h e c a s e on l i m i t e d a r e a s of v e r y degraded p a s t u r e t h a t were d e c l a r e d o u t of bounds t o h e r d s by some o f t h e management committees. In t h r e e s u c h a r e a s m o n i t o r e d by t h e p r o j e c t , t h e c o m p o s i t i o n changed from 90% r e l a t i v e l y u n p a l a t a b l e s p e c i e s i n 1982 t o o v e r 80% h i g h q u a l i t y graminaceous and leguminous s p e c i e s i n 1984. Members o f p a s t o r a l committees e x p r e s s e d t h e view t o t h e a u d i t m i s s i o n t h a t a more widespread p r o c e s s of improvement t o p a s t u r e c o m p o s i t i o n i s under way, i n c l u d i n g t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f some s p e c i e s t h a t had n o t been known i n t h e a r e a f o r some time. The p r o j e c t h a s made p r o g r e s s i n d e f i n i n g e c o l o g i c a l l y sound recommendations t h a t a r e c a p a b l e of b e i n g implemented hy g r o u p s of p a s t o r a l i s t s . 24. The p r o h a b i l i t y t h a t t h e a c t i v i t i e s i n i t i a t e d by t h e p r o j e c t w i l l have a s u s t a i n e d and w o r t h w h i l e impact i s enhanced by t h e follow-up p r o j e c t , t h e E a s t e r n Senegal R u r a l Development P r o j e c t ( C r e d i t 1406-SE) , approved i n August 1$832/ ( s e e a l s o PPAM p a r a s . 3 1-34). A. Reasons f o r P r o i e c t S u c c e s s 2 5. A number o f f a v o r a b l e f a c t o r s c o i n c i d e d which e x p l a i n t h e compara- t i v e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h i s p r o j e c t . In the f i r s t place, there a r e character- i s t i c s of t h e p o p u l a t i o n and n a t u r a l endowment o f t h e p r o j e c t a r e a . R a i n f a l l d u r i n g p r o j e c t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n was w e l l helow t h e long-term a v e r a g e , b u t i t 5/ - See SAR, S e n e g a l - E a s t e r n S e n e g a l R u r a l Development P r o j e c t , R e p o r t No. 4297-SE d a t e d J u l y 8 , 1983. was s t i l l adequate t o s u p p o r t food c r o p s i n most y e a r s . The p o p u l a t i o n i s a c c o r d i n g l y s e d e n t a r y , and t h e d i s t a n c e s l i v e s t o c k a r e o b l i g e d t o m i g r a t e t o f i n d w a t e r and p a s t u r e a r e s m a l l ( p e r h a p s 20-30 k m a t most) compared w i t h most o t h e r p a s t o r a l i s t a r e a s . There i s no good evidence of g e n e r a l over- s t o c k i n g i n t h e p r o j e c t a r e a and i n consequence t h e p r o j e c t d i d n o t have t o a d d r e s s t h e v e r y d i f f i c u l t q u e s t i o n whether o r n o t t o induce p a s t o r a l i s t s t o r e d u c e t h e i r animal numbers. F u r t h e r , t h e whole p r o j e c t a r e a i s u n d e r l a i n by a t a b l e of ~ o o dwater a t some 40-50 m e t e r s which p e r m i t s t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of open w e l l s a t r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s . The p o p u l a t i o n of t h e a r e a showed i t s e l f r e c e p t i v e t o new i d e a s once persuaded of t h e i r v i a b i l i t y . And road and t e l e - phone communications between Dakar and Tambacounda, t h e p r o j e c t h e a d q u a r t e r s , a r e good. 26. I n t h e second p l a c e , t h e r e a r e f e a t u r e s of t h e p r o j e c t i t s e l f t h a t go a l o n g way t o e x p l a i n i n g i t s performance. Although n o t w e l l prepared (PPAM para. 3 ) , t h e p r o j e c t was w e l l a p p r a i s e d ; o b j e c t i v e s were c l e a r l y s t a t e d , were a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e s i t u a t i o n , and were f e a s i b l e . Effective use was made of a PPF which p e r m i t t e d a prompt s t a r t t o implementation (e.g., t o conduct an i n v e n t o r y of t h e a r e a p r i o r t o e f f e c t i v e n e s s ) . S e v e r a l key mem- b e r s of t h e p r o j e c t ' s s t a f f performed s t r o n g l y , i n c l u d i n g n o t a b l y t h e P r o j e c t D i r e c t o r , and good u s e was made of t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e water program and t h e development of g r a z i n g p l a n s ; and t h e r e was good s t a f f c o n t i n u i t y , t h e n i r e c t o r remaining i n p o s t throughout t h e p r o j e c t . Supervi- s i o n by t h e Rank was c l o s e , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e e a r l y y e a r s , and was a s i g n i f i - c a n t f a c t o r i n developing t h e momentum of t h e p r o j e c t . 27. Luck, however, a l s o played i t s p a r t . During p r o j e c t implementation t h e budgetary p o s i t i o n of Government worsened and c o u n t e r p a r t f u n d s were l a t e and inadequate. Under most c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h i s would have s e v e r e l y handi- capped implementation, but f o r t u n a t e l y i n t h i s c a s e SODEFITEX was a b l e t o p r e f i n a n c e p r o j e c t e x p e n d i t u r e s from i t s own r e s o u r c e s , a r o l e which had n o t been envisaged a t a p p r a i s a l . R. Socio-economic and E c o l o g i c a l B a s i s f o r t h e P r o j e c t 28. A p r i n c i p a l r e a s o n why t h e a s s o c i a t i o n s a r e proving a promising b a s i s f o r development l i e s i n t h e emphasis g i v e n e a r l y i n t h e p r o j e c t t o e n s u r i n g t h a t t h e y were w e l l founded on e x i s t i n g socio-economic arrangements and on p r e v a i l i n g e c o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s . The socio-economic s t u d i e s conduct- ed a t t h e beginning of t h e p r o j e c t t o guide t h e f o r m a t i o n of a s s o c i a t i o n s of groups of v i l l a g e s were c r u c i a l i n t h i s r e s p e c t , a l t h o u g h some a d j u s t m e n t s had t o he made l a t e r . E q u a l l y , i n f o r m u l a t i n g g r a z i n g management p l a n s , t h e f i r s t s t e p s were t o i d e n t i f y key e c o l o g i c a l f e a t u r e s and e x i s t i n g p a t t e r n s o f h a b i t a t u s e by t h e p a s t o r a l i s t s ; i t was on t h i s b a s i s t h a t m o d i f i c a t i o n s were suggested by t h e p r o j e c t and d i s c u s s e d w i t h t h e l i v e s t o c k owners. 29. A t appraisal it was recognized t h a t t h i s would be p e r f o r c e a n i n n o v a t i v e p r o j e c t , having t o develop a new approach t o l i v e s t o c k develop- ment. The a u d i t h a s found t h a t , i t i s s u c c e e d i n g i n doing s o i n i m p o r t a n t respects. A s such, i t i s unusual both among p r o j e c t s i n Senegal and i n sub-Saharan Africa as a whole where the general performance of projects i n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l l i v e s t o c k s e c t o r h a s been v e r y d i s a p p o i n t i n g . The q u e s t i o n t h e r e f o r e a r i s e s a s t o whether t h e r e a r e a s p e c t s of t h e p r o j e c t that offer a model t h a t c o u l d r e a d i l y b e r e p l i c a t e d e l s e w h e r e . 70. The a u d i t ' s c o n c l u s i o n i s t h a t t h e p r o j e c t d o e s n o t o f f e r a model t h a t can r e a d i l y b e r e p l i c a t e d under o t h e r c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n a m e c h a n i s t i c fashion. Several of t h e favorable f a c t o r s t h a t coincided t o explain t h e r e l a t i v e l y good p r o j e c t performance a r e s p e c i f i c t o t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s pre- v a i l i n g i n E a s t e r n Senegal. N e v e r t h e l e s s , some of t h e fundamental i s s u e s a d d r e s s e d by t h e p r o j e c t a r e a l s o i m p o r t a n t i n o t h e r t r a d i t i o n a l l i v e s t o c k a r e a s , and c e r t a i n f e a t u r e s of t h e p r o j e c t ' s a p p r o a c h t o d e a l i n g w i t h t h e s e i s s u e s a r e of r e l e v a n c e e l s e w h e r e . These f e a t u r e s a r e : t o attach pre-eminent importance from t h e s t a r t t o a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n by members i n t h e f o r m a t i o n and development o f t h e i r a s s o c i a t i o n s ; and t o d e v e l o p a b a s e f o r p a s t u r e management t h a t i s e c o l o g i c a l l y sound, i s s t r o n g l y r o o t e d i n e x i s t i n g s o c i a l norms and b e h a v i o u r , and i s f i n a n c i a l l y b e n e f i c i a l b o t h f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l and t h e g r o u p a s a whole. I n s h o r t , p a s t o r a l development i s not seen p r i n c i p a l l y a s a t e c h n i c a l i s s u e b u t r a t h e r a s a process of s o c i a l and economic change t h a t , t o b e s u r e , n e e d s a sound t e c h n i c a l b a s e b u t which principally c a l l s f o r motivation, t r a i n i n g and p a r t i c i p a t i o n of the pastoralists. D. Sustainability 3 1. A s w i t h a l l p r o j e c t s , b u t p e r h a p s above a l l t h o s e s e e k i n g t o i n t e r v e n e i n t r a d i t i o n a l l i v e s t o c k s y s t e m s , t h i s one w i l l o n l y have proved i t s e l f b e n e f i c i a l i f t h e a c t i v i t i e s i t h a s s t a r t e d can be s u s t a i n e d over a l o n g p e r i o d of time. It h a s made a s u c c e s s f u l s t a r t i n modifying s o c i a l organization and the use of commonly-owned natural resources by pastoralists. One of t h e main i s s u e s a r i s i n g , t h e r e f o r e , i s how l i k e l y i t i s t h a t p r o j e c t b e n e f i t s a r e t o be s u s t a i n e d . 32. The need t o a s s u r e s u s t a i n a b i l i t y was f u l l y r e c o g n i z e d a t a p p r a i s a l a n d , d u r i n g i m p l e m e n t a t i o n , r e p r e s e n t e d one o f t h e b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s g u i d i n g the project. The s i n g l e most i m p o r t a n t d e t e r m i n a n t of s u s t a i n a b i l i t y i s t h e s e l f - r e l i a n c e i n management and f i n a n c i a l terms of t h e p a s t o r a l i s t g r o u p s . Accordingly, f o r each group, t h e p r o j e c t h a s sought t o follow i t s i n i t i a l phase o f d i r e c t l y p r o v i d i n g t e c h n i c a l and f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e w i t h a phase i n whi-ch t h e p r o j e c t ' s own r o l e i s s y s t e m a t i c a l l y reduced. The major e l e m e n t s of t h i s approach have been: t h e l i t e r a c y program t o g i v e p a s t o r a l i s t s t h e means t o self-management, a program now implemented i n many c a s e s by p a s t o r a l i s t s t h e m s e l v e s ; t h e c r e a t i o n i n p a s t o r a l g r o u p s of t h e t e c h n i c a l competence t o s u s t a i n a n i m a l h e a l t h and p a s t u r e management improvements; a c r e d i t program i n which t h e group i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r assessing the requirements, forwarding an a p p l i c a t i o n , and assuring repayment; and p e r v a d i n g a l l t h e p r o j e c t ' s a c t i o n s t h e message t h a t i t would n o t remain i n d e f i n i t e l y . During t h e second phase o f t h e p r o j e c t , t h e number of f i e l d e x t e n s i o n a g e n t s h a s been reduced i n s t e p w i t h t h e growing competence of t h e most h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d of t h e g r o u p s . 33. D e s p i t e t h e p r o g r e s s made i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f e s t a b l i s h i n g a sound i n s t i t u t i o n a l b a s e f o r c o n t i n u e d d e v e l o p m e n t , however, t h e g r o u p s r e m a i n v e r y fragile. T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l p o s s i b l e s o u r c e s of d a n g e r t h a t t h e g r o u p s might prove u n v i a b l e . Principally, these are: t h a t i n t e r n a l d i s c u s s i o n and management p r o c e s s e s may b e u n a b l e t o e n s u r e members' a d h e r e n c e t o p a s t u r e management p l a n s ; t h a t g r o u p s may b e u n a b l e t o manage t h e i r r e v e n u e - e a r n i n g a c t i v i t i e s i n s u c h a way a s t o a c h i e v e f i n a n c i a l autonomy; t h a t stock-owners from o i l t s i d e t h e p a s t o r a l u n i t s may f a i l t o r e s p e c t i n t e r n a l management p l a n s , a c o n t i n g e n c y t h a t would be s i g n i f i c a n t l y more l i k e l y i f g e n e r a l e c o l o g i c a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n E a s t e r n S e n e g a l c o n t i n u e s ; and t h a t t h e a d m i n i s - t r a t i v e reforms r e c e n t l y introduced i n Senegal e s t a b l i s h i n g Rural Councils i n t h e p r o j e c t a r e a may c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e p r e s e n t l e g a l r i g h t s o f g r o u p s t o manage t h e i r g r a z i n g r e s o u r c e s . A t p r e s e n t s e c t o r a l p o l i c i e s on i m p o r t a n t i s s u e s s u c h a s p r i c i n g and m a r k e t i n g d o n o t undermine g r o u p v i a b i l i t y ; b u t i n t h e e v e n t of f u t u r e ( a s y e t u n f o r e s e e n ) u n f a v o r a b l e p o l i c y c h a n g e s , t h e v i a b i l i t y o f t h e g r o u p s c o u l d be a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d . 34. The c o n t i n u i n g f r a g i l i t y o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a l b a s e f o r l i v e s t o c k development i n t h e a r e a c a u t i o n s a g a i n s t p r e m a t u r e w i t h d r a w a l o f e x t e r n a l s u p p o r t f o r p a s t o r a l g r o u p s ; and a t t h e same t i m e u n d e r l i n e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f c o n t i n u i n g t h e e x i s t i n g e m p h a s i s on e n c o u r a g i n g s e l f - r e l i a n c e w i t h i n them. I?. Other Lessons 35. O t h e r l e s s o n s a r e n o t e d i n t h e PCR ( f o r d e t a i l s p l e a s e r e f e r t o PCR p a r a . 9.01). The more i m p o r t a n t o n e s n o t a l r e a d y c o v e r e d i n t h e a u d i t memorandum, c a n be summarized a s f o l l o w s : - t h e long time-scale required for development of traditional livestock;/ - t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s o f m a i n t e n a n c e of i n f r a s t r u c t u r e - - p r i n c i p a l l y the f i r e b r e a k s , b u t a l s o some wells--should n o t b e u n d e r e s t i m a t e d ; - t h e v a l u e of e f f e c t i v e monitoring of t h e p r o j e c t e s p e c i a l l y g i v e n its innovative nature ; a nd/ : - t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f making a r r a n g e m e n t s i n advance t o minimize t h e i m p a c t of Government's b u d g e t a r y difficulties.!/ 61 - T h i s l e s s o n h a s a l s o been drawn from t h e I t u r i L i v e s t o c k Development P r o j e c t i n Z a i r e ; s e e PPAR, Z a i r e - I t u r i L i v e s t o c k Development P r o j e c t ( c r e d i t 697-ZR), OED R e p o r t u n d e r p r e p a r a t i o n . 71 - T h i s l e s s o n h a s a l s o been drawn from t h e I t n r i Zaire Livestock Development P r o j e c t where l e s s p r o g r e s s was made. 8/ - T h i s i s a f r e q u e n t l e s s o n a r i s i n g from p r o j e c t s i n a l l s e c t o r s ; s e e Concordance t o P r o j e c t Performance Audit R e p o r t s i s s u e d by t h e O p e r a t i o n s E v a l u a t i o n Department March 1972 t o J u n e 30, 1985, OED R e p o r t No. 5945 d a t e d November 29, 1985 Vol. I , p a g e s 212-213).  TABLE 1 PROJECT PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT SENEGAL - EASTERN SENEGAL LIVESTOCK DEVELOWENT PROJECT (CREDIT 633-SE) Parameters of Production 1980181 1981182 1982183 1983184 1984185 Calving rate 47% 54% 6 2% 59% 65% Calf mortality ( 0 - 1 year) Overall mortality 15% 4% 2% 3% 6% Commercial offtake Total offtake 2 3% 2 3% 10% 18% 27 % /a Not yet a v a i l a b l e . - Source: Eastern Senegal Livestock Devleopment Project Unit.  ANNEX 1 Page 1 of 2 PROJECT PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT SENEGAL - EASTERN SENEGAL LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ( CREDIT 633-SE) FOLLOW-UP PROJECT The E a s t e r n Senegal Rural Development P r o j e c t ( C r e d i t 1406-SE) i s c o n t i n u i n g and c o n s o l i d a t i n g t h e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e l i v e s t o c k p r o j e c t , and a l s o i n c l u d e s a g r i c u l t u r a l components implemented by SODEFITEX. The C r e d i t was approved i n August 1983 and t h e p r o j e c t became e f f e c t i v e i n October 1984. O b j e c t i v e s and Brief D e s c r i p t i o n i/ The P r o j e c t aims over a f i v e y e a r p e r i o d , a t : (a) i n c r e a s i n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n of c o t t o n , and c e r e a l s grown i n r o t a t i o n with i t ; (b) o r g a n i z i n g and a s s i s t i n g f a r m e r s i n e f f e c t i v e l y assuming i n c r e a s i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r primary marketing, c r e d i t a p p l i c a t i o n and recov- e r y , and u n d e r t a k i n g c o l l e c t i v e investment ; (c) promoting t h e development of e s s e n t i a l r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e ; (d) improving t h e e f f i c i e n c y of SODEFITEX; (e) promoting t h e i n t e g r a t i o n of c r o p and l i v e s t o c k a c t i v i t i e s , e s p e c i - a l l y through t h e development of animal t r a c t i o n and t h e improvement of animal h e a l t h ; and (f) c o n s o l i d a t i n g t h e achievements of t h e F i r s t L i v e s t o c k P r o j e c t . These o b j e c t i v e s r e c o g n i z e t h a t t h e p r o d u c t i o n of c o t t o n , which i s t h e main c a s h c r o p i n t h e r e g i o n , can be i n c r e a s e d only when f a r m e r s can a c h i e v e s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y i n food supply; t h u s , t h e emphasis on c e r e a l promo- t i o n along-side c o t t o n . The p r o j e c t p r o p o s a l a l s o g i v e s due r e c o g n i t i o n t o t h e low l e v e l of s o c i a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i n t h e r e g i o n , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e a r e a s of h e a l t h and communications, which has among o t h e r t h i n g s h i n d e r e d a g r i c u l - t u r a l development i n t h e a r e a . The above o b j e c t i v e s would be achieved through t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o j - ect components : (a) crop development, i n c l u d i n g promotion of animal t r a c t i o n and sup- p o r t t o r u r a l blacksmiths; - 1/ Following t e x t t a k e n v e r b a t i m from SAR, Senegal - E a s t e r n Senegal R u r a l Development P r o j e c t , Report No. 4297-SE d a t e d J u l y 8 , 1983 ( p a r a s . 3.01 and 3.02.  ANNEX 1 Page 2 of 2 (b) i n c r e a s e of t h e permanent funds of SODEFITEX; (c) improvement i n crop p r o c e s s i n g and s t o r a g e f a c i l i t i e s and a s t u d y of t h e technology of broken maize; (d) improvement of f i e l d o f f i c e s , maintenance f a c i l i t i e s and s u p p o r t t o management ; (e) t r a i n i n g of f i e l d s t a f f a s w e l l a s o f f i c e , ginnery and workshop staff; (f) monitoring and e v a l u a t i o n , and a u d i t s ; (g) a s s i s t a n c e t o v i l l a g e farmer groups ( A s s o c i a t i o n s de Base d e Pro- ducteurs - A BP ' s ) through: ( i ) f u n c t i o n a l l i t e r a c y and numeracy programs, ( i i ) supply of c r e d i t f o r c o l l e c t i v e equipment, and ( i i i ) management a d v i c e ; (h) c o n s t r u c t i o n of some 800 km of f e e d e r roads and maintenance of t h e whole network; (i) v i l l a g e water s u p p l y with ( i ) e s t a b l i s h m e n t of 36 t u b e w e l l s and open w e l l s , and ( i i ) r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of 89 e x i s t i n g open wells; (j) primary h e a l t h c a r e ; (k) a p p l i e d r e s e a r c h program, aimed a t complementing t h e N a t i o n a l Agri- c u l t u r a l Research P r o j e c t and developing l i n k a g e s be tween r e s e a r c h and e x t e n s i o n ; (1) l i v e s t o c k development, w i t h two subcomponents: ( i ) Southern zone subcomponent t o be c a r r i e d o u t by SODEFITEX and t h e l i v e s t o c k department (DSPA), and ( i i ) Northern zone subcomonent t o be c a r r i e d o u t by PDESO. The e x e c u t i o n of t h e components beyond t h e e x p e r t i s e of SODEFITEX w i l l be c o n t r a c t e d t o o t h e r Government a g e n c i e s o r t o t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r i n o r d e r t o h e l p SODEFITEX keep a high s t a n d a r d of management. However, SODEFITEX w i l l have t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of c o o r d i n a t i n g and monitoring t h e e x e c u t i o n of t h e o v e r a l l p r o j e c t except t h e Northern zone l i v e s t o c k subcom- ponent t o be c a r r i e d o u t by PDESO.  SUPPLEMENT INFORMAL TRANSLATION Mr. Otto Maiss Operations Evaluation Department World Bank Washington R e Project 633-SE I thank you f o r having send me the project performance audit report on the above project. W e have no observations t o make on t h i s report. Sincerely yours Dr. Dieme Project Director  SENEGAL EASTERN SENEGAL LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT J u n e 18, 1985 Western A f r i c a P r o j e c t s WAPAC  Eastern Senegal Livestock Project Proiect Com~letionRe~ort I. INTRODUCTION 1.01 The Eastern Senegal Livestock Project (Cr 633-SE) was the Bank Group's first livestock project in Senegal. Its primary- objective was to assist 30,000 livestock owners in Eastern Senegal and to increase livestock production through a combination of veterinarylanimal husbandry improvements and institutional development. The project was carried out by SODEFITEX, a corporation with overall responsibility for rural development in Eastern Senegal, through its project implementation unit, PDESO, and the Regional Animal Health Service (RAHS) . 1.02 The project was identified by RMWA in 1971 and prepared in 1973 by a French consulting firm under UNDP financing and with the help of Government services and RMWA. Appraisal took place in May/June 1975; the Credit was signed on 06/17/76 and was declared effective on 06/29/77. The project was co-financed with BADEA and the Kuwait Fund on a parallel basis. After two extensions, the credit was closed on September 30, 1983; the last disbursement was made in November 1983, whereafter all funds were exhausted. 1.03 This report is based on a review of project files and interviews with Bank staff,PDESO also prepared a completion report, after the ~ank's report was drafted. 11. THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR A. General Observations 2.01 Senegal, with a total land area of about 200,000 km2, had a population estimated at 6.2 million in 1983, growing at an annual rate of 2.7%. GDP increased by 2.3% p.a. between 1960 and 1983, when it was estimated at US $440 per capita. Seventy-five percent of the population was rural, and average per capita income stood at US $190 in 1979. Nearly 60% of the rural population lives in the Groundnut Basin, which covers about 35% of the country's land area and ts located tn the central part of the country. 2.02 The agricultural sector is of key importance to the economy, and accounts for some 20-252 of GDP. Stxty percent of agrtcultural output is attributable to crops, 25% to livestock, 10% to ftshing and about 7% to forestry products. The basic foodcrops are millet, sorghum, rice, maize and cowpeas; the matn cash crops are groundnuts and cotton. A sertes of droughts starting tn the late 1960s have caused wide fluctuattons tn agricultural production and, hence, rural incomes. The major agricultural products exported between 1976 and 1979 were groundnut products (69%), fish products (21%) and cotton products (7%). Imports of food in 1974 represented between 20% and 30% of all imports. The breakdown of food imports was as follows: 35% rice, 26% sugar, 13%.wheat, and 9% fruit and milk products. B. The Livestock Sector 2.03 Prior to 1971, the cattle population was increasing by 5% per year and reached 2.9 million head in that year. From then on, due to the drought, the cattle population growth rate dropped to 1% and the herd totalled 2.2 million head in 1980. The flock of small ruminants, ghich is increasing at an average annual rate of 6%, reached 3.1 million in 1980. The poultry population is estimated at 8 million and that of horses and donkeys at 400,000. 2.04 Production and demand. Livestock production in 1980 was estimated at 230,000 cattle and 900,000 small ruminants, of which 113 and 116, respectively, were slaughtered in slaughterhouses. The volume of livestock imported from Mauritania and Mali is considerable, but difficult to quantify. Livestock marketing is complex and involves a large number of traders, intermediaries and butchers, who handle 99% of the annual throughput. This traditional system, although complex and cumbersome, is efficient and compares favorzbly with parastatal systems. Only one parastatal livestock marketing agency, SEARS, exists in Senegal; it deals with the management of Dakar Slaughterhouse and handles the collection of hides and skin. 2.05 Before the 1973 drought, domestic meat production covered about 80% of the country's meat requirements, with the balance coming from Mauritania. During the drought, meat supply was tight and per capita meat consumption dropped to about 10 kg per year, from the pre-drought level of 15 kg per year. This low level of meat consumption, however, is offset by a high level of fish consumption. Domestic meat production amounts to 72,000 tons, of which 59% comes from beef, 18% from poultry, and 11% from pigs and horses. Meat imports amount to 3,000 tons, of which 2/3 are on the hoof and 113 frozen. The milk deficit is covered by milk imports. 2.06 Domestic meat consumption and meat exports declined between 1970 and 1980. In 1980, the total consumption of meat and offal was 71,700 tons, or the equivalent of about 12.5 kg per capita, of which imports represented only 4%. The objective of the Sixth Plan was to increase the average annual per capita consumption to 15.7 kg in 1985, which would imply supplementary meat production of 17,600 tons. In 1978, production of meat and offal totalled 62,500 tons, of which 60% came from cattle, 19% from small ruminants, 12% from poultry and 9% from pigs. The consumption of meat in urban areas is three times higher than that of rural areas. Retatl meat prices have been fixed since 1976 by Government decree, but are not strictly adhered to. 2.07 Annual production of cow's milk is difficult to estimate, but is thought to be between 100 and 150 million liters. It is important in rural diets, especially in the pastoral areas; most of the production is consumed locally. In urban areas, milk is consumed in reconstituted form from imported milk powder. 2.08 Constraints. The major constraint to livestock development is the limited availability of water and fodder resources, which is aggravated by climatic variations. In the northern part of the country, overall fodder resources are inadequate; further south, fodder resources are scarce at the end of the dry season. Animal health problems are another major constraint. Rinderpest and pleuropneumonia remain a constant threat, although Senegal has one of the best-organized immunization campaigns in West Africa, which has kept the country free of rinderpest for many years. Other diseases, such as anthrax, blackleg and haemorrhagic septicaema, are endemic; trypanosomiasis and botulism occur- but can be controlled by prophylactic or curative treatments. Internal and external parasites are prevalent, particularly in the south, but these can also be controlled. Although Senegal is making a reasonable effort to control its animal diseases, the routine veterinary services reach only about half of the country's cattle population. These constraints, along with poor nutrition and the prevalence of disease, cause daily weight gains and fertility rates to be among the lowest in the world, while mortality rates remain high. 2.09 Potential. Despite the contraints to livestock development, the sector has reasonably good potential. Senegal's 1 1 million ha of pastures constitute a major national resource which, under the present traditional system of livestock production, is grossly underutilized. The sector also has an adequate supply of industrial by-products, such as groundnut cake and cotton seeds, as well as many ethnic groups with a solid livestock cradition. However, the principal problem in development these pastoral resources under the prevailing traditional livestock production system is to find a range management system that keeps cattle numbers within the carrying capacity of a given area to avoid overstocking and degradation of pastures. C. Government Policy and Strategy 2.10 Both the Fifth Plan (1977181) and the Sixth Plan (1981185) emphasize the importance of achieving self-sufficiency in food production (cereals, meat and milk) as soon as possible by developing the country's natural resources and by decentralizing production. The livestock policy, which is sound, is founded upon adequate animal health coverage, intensification of animal and fodder production, the rational utilization of the national herd, and integration of agriculture and livestock. 2.11 In order to carry out the above livestock policy, Government strategy at the time of appraisal consisted of a "stratification" approach, i.e., the division of the country into livestock zones devoted to specific tasks: breeding, rearing and fattening. This strategy, which has been proposed by livestock development specialists throughout West Africa, has been applied in few cases, one of which is the SODESP livestock project located in the area north of this livestock project in Eastern Senegal. Government also desires more integration of livestock and agriculture, an approach which has thus far only been practiced in a rudimentary way, but which is Ithe major theme of the follow-up livestock component of the Eastern Senegal Rural Development Project that was appraised in 1982. Henceforth, Government plans to include livestock components in all rural or agricultural development projects. As regards fattening activities, Government does not plan any new ranches or feedlots, but will rely entirely on smallholder fattening. The same is true for milk production, where no semi-industrial or peri-urban production is envisaged. 2.12 Government's emphasis on livestock is partly explained by the deficit in meat production and partly by concern for nutritional issues, but it is due above all to the fairly large population of large and small ruminants and to the existence of a herder population familiar with livestock production. Development efforts have focused mainly on family herds in the traditional sector, through provision of better animal health coverage, water, protection of pastures, and stepped-up animal nutrition efforts (e.g., use of agricultural by-products and administration of feed concentrates and supplements to animals in poor condition). The Bank has supported livestock development under the Sine Saloum agricultural project, the first livestock project in Eastern Senegal, the follow-on livestock components in the Eastern Senegal Rural Development Project and under the Agricultural Research Project (livestock research). Other donors, notably the French and American Governments, are also active in the field. FA0 is supporting a project for pasture resource evaluation in the Sahelian zone. D. Institutions and Services 2.13 One major service, the Department of Livestock and Animal Industries (DSPA) has served the livestock sector since colonial days. As was the case in other francophone countries, it was originally staffed with French veterinarians. DSPA, part of the Ministry of Rural Development, has eight regional departments, of which one is located in ~ambacounda in Eastern Senegal, the headquarters for this project. The Department is relatively we1 1 staffed; the number of agents increased from 815 in 1972 to 890 in 1979. The main problem facing the Department is its low budget allocation, which dropped from CFAF 90 million in 1972 to CFAF 38 million in 1981. 2.14 SERAS, the parastatal livestock marketing organization, manages the Dakar slaughterhouse and a fattening and breeding ranch; it has the monopoly over the export of hides and skins. SODESP, another parastatal company, is very active in fattening and breading operations. 2.15 Adequate training for veterinary agents is offered by the International School for Veterinary Sciences in Dakar. Livestock research is carried out by ISRA, the Agricultural Research Institute, with the support of a number of donors, including the Bank. 111. PROJECT FORMULATION AND DESCRIPTION A. Identification, Preparation and Appraisal 3.01 The project area was to cover all of the Eastern Senegal Region, divided into the pastoral zone in the North, the agricultural zone in the center and part of the South and Southeast. The aim of the project was to increase animal production through a) improvement of animal husbandry practices in the northern pastoral zone, b) integration of livestock and agriculture in the central zone, and c) the development of village livestock in the South and East. 3.02 In mid-1973, the Government of Senegal requested that the UNDP finance a preparation study, for which the Bank agreed to act as executing agency. Of the six consulting firms invited to submit proposals, five submitted proposals to RMWA in August 1973. The French consulting firm SATEC was selected, and carried out the preparation study in the first half of 1974 with an 8-man team, including a sociologist. The consulting firm, under the supervision of RMWA staff, did not comply satisfactorily with its TOR and submitted its preparation report with much delay. The project proposal, which lacked the most basic data, was not acceptable to the appraisal mission. SATEC's poor performance caused ccnsiderable inconvenience in terms of wasted time (about 1.5 year) and money (about US $400,000) to both Senegal, UNDP and IDA. 3.03 The consultant's project proposal included limited health measures throughout the Eastern Senegal Region, well construction and repair, construction of boreholes, establishment of six livestock development centers to support livestock extension services and the establishment of group ranches in the northern zone. The existing livestock services were to be responsible for extension services to farmers in the rest of the Eastern Senegal Region. Finally, the proposal tncluded the construction of five cattle markets, credit for draft animals and for cattle fattening activities and a provision for the preparation of a second livestock project. The consultants proposed, in accordance with Government policy, the establishment of a parastatal body for project implementation. Except for minor changes, both the Ministries of Rural Development and Planning accepted the SATEC proposal. The Government remarked in particular that more emphasis should be given to livestock/agriculture integration, and that most senior positions should be Senegalese, with the exceptton of one two-year expatriate position. 3.04 Upon completion of the preparation report in August 1974, there were lengthy discussions of the project within the Bank, in parttcular about its institutional arrangements and sociological issues. Among the possible institutional arrangements discussed, one was that SODEFITEX, the agency responsible for cotton development in Eastern Senegal, should also become responsible for livestock development tn that region and that a special management unit reporting to SODEFITEX should be established to provide intensive livestock extension services and to organize livestock and fodder production in six intenstve livestock zones withtn the northern pastoral zone. Another special management unit, also reporting to SODEFITEX, would be establtshed to introduce grazing control measures in two intensive zones of the North. The well construction and repair program would be carried out by the National Hydraulic Department, and the National Livestock Department would conttnue to carry out the antmal health measures in Eastern Senegal. 3.05 Prior to appratsal, Bank staff dtscussed the instituttonal arrangements with relevant Government officials. The Bank's sociologist noted that the sociologtcal annex of the preparation report, which had been prepared by a Senegalese consultant, lacked such essential informatton as data on the project area's population, the number of extsting vtllages, their average size, number of inhabttants, social and admtnistrative organization, and ownership/usufruit patterns for livestock and natural graztng resources. The sociologist therefore recommended that the appraisal misston include an experienced sociologist tn order to compensate for these weaknesses tn the preparation report. He also pointed out the importance of examining the scope for increased livestock/agriculture integration in the higher rainfall area of Eastern Senegal. He insisted that Government provide the missing socio-economic and census information, and that the help of a local sociologist from the University of Dakar be sought. In addition, he raised the possibility of having a sociologist attached to the project management unit. 3.06 The appraisal mission, composed of five Bank staff (three from HQ and two from RMXA) plus two consultants, visited Senegal in May/June 1975. The mission virtually redesigned the project, and the Government accepted major changes with few comments. Specifically, the proposed group ranching concept for the northern zone was changed to a grazing scheme, covering about 1.4 million ha, which was to include about 3,000 km of firebreaks and a functional literacy program for livestock producers. The main feature of the grazing scheme.was to be the creation of associations of local pastoralists, an important innovation in West Africa. The appraisal report included a detailed sociological analysis of the area population, ethnic groups, production and cultural patterns, rural organization, etc. On that basis, the appraisal mission designed a social model for organizing the pastoralists into groups for linking them to geographically well defined sub-areas of the total project area, and for enabling them to apply a system of collective management of the area's ground and water resources. The idea of the establishment of a parastatal body for project implementation was discarded; instead, the project was to be carried out by a management unit reporting to SODEFITEX. The construction of cattle markets was deleted, as were fattening activities. The National Livestock Services Department was to be responsible for the animal health component, and the National Hydraulics Department for the water component. The project management unit was to be staffed by a Senegalese project manager, three expatriates, a Senegalese community development officer and the necessary support staff. The total cost of the project was estimated at US $13 million with a 55% foreign exchange component. 3.07 The main issues identified at appraisal concerned project organization, the construction of firebreaks for the grazing scheme area, and the socio-cultural risks involved in the pastoral association strategy. The organizational issue was discussed with Government, but the Minister of Rural Development, who had the final say in the matter, was absent from Dakar during the final discussions. Among the advantages of having this project managed by SODEFITEX were that such a solution would avoid the creation of a new organization, establish a sound basis for the integration of agriculture and livestock production activities, and reduce extension service costs. The 3,000 km of firebreaks were considered a necessity for the successful implementation of the proposed .grazing scheme. Their construction, however, estimated at US $3 million if carried out by heavy equipment, was too costly to make the grazing scheme economically viable. To reduce these costs to about US $2 million, the mission proposed, and the Government Services agreed, that only the external firebreaks and two main internal firebreaks be constructed by heavy equipment (about 800 km), and that the remaining firebreaks be constructed by local laborers remunerated by WFP. However, even with construction costs reduced to about US $2 million, the economic calculations indicated that the grazing scheme would still not be economically viable if these costs were included, in the economic justification. It was decided that more work was required' on this component, taking into consideration (a) the possibility of further reducing investment costs, and (b) a d d i t i o n a l b e n e f i t s , s i n c e t h e f i r e b r e a k s would s e r v e a t t h e same time a s access roads. 3.08 The Bank informed Government o f t h e above c o n c e r n s and a s k e d p e r m i s s i o n t o c o n t a c t b o t h t h e Kuwait Fund and BADEA, b o t h of trhich were i n t e r e s t e d i n co-financing t h e p r o j e c t . A t y e l l o w c o v e r s t a g e , t h e two c o - l e n d e r s had committed t h e m s e l v e s t o p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e p r o j e c t . However, c o - f i n a n c i n g was n o t w i t h o u t problems, i n p a r t i c u l a r w i t h r e s p e c t t o BADEA. BADEA had i n i t i a l l y been p r e p a r e d t o f i n a n c e i t s s h a r e of t h e p r o j e c t j o i n t l y w i t h t h e Bank, and a l l documents were p r e p a r e d on t h i s b a s i s , when BADEA suddenly i n d i c a t e d i t s preference f o r p a r a l l e l financing. The o n l y p r o j e c t component t h a t c o u l d b e s e p a r a t e d from t h e r e s t of t h e p r o j e c t f o r p u r p o s e s of parallel f i n a n c i n g was t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of f i r e b r e a k s , which d i d n o t p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t BADEA. 3.09 Two p o s t - a p p r a i s a l m i s s i o n s t o o k p l a c e ; t h e f i r s t one i n December 1975 c o n s i s t e d of f o u r Bank s t a f f , a l a w y e r , a l o a n o f f i c e r and two l i v e s t o c k specialists. The m i s s i o n f i n a l i z e d t h e i s s u e o f management (SODEFITEX and DSPA), p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e d e c r e e d e c l a r i n g t h e g r a z i n g scheme a p i o n e e r zone, and t h e d r a f t c o n t r a c t between SODEFITEX and a p a s t o r a l group. I t was a g r e e d t h a t t h e animal h e a l t h component would be e x e c u t e d through t h e Regional Animal H e a l t h S e r v i c e , w i t h SODEFITEX h a v i n g t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r procurement of i n v e s t m e n t s and o p e r a t i n g means and f o r t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f r e l e v a n t f u n d s . 3.10 A second post-appraisal mission, c o n s i s t i n g of a livestock s p e c i a l i s t , a s o c i o l o g i s t and a n e c o n o m i s t , v i s i t e d t h e project: a r e a i n J a n u a r y 1976 i n o r d e r t o f o l l o w up on t h e a p p r a i s a l of t h e g r a z i n g scheme component, s i n c e t h e proposed p a t t e r n of l a n d u s e was a major d e p a r t u r e from t h e t r a d i t i o n a l g r a z i n g methods of t h e p o t e n t i a l b e n e f i c i a r i e s . While s i m i l a r schemes have been e x e c u t e d w i t h v a r y i n g d e g r e e s of s u c c e s s i n E a s t A f r i c a , t h i s was a somewhat p i o n e e r i n g v e n t u r e i n West A f r i c a . There was, t h e r e f o r e , a s u b s t a n t i a l d e g r e e of u n c e r t a i n t y a s t o t h e p o s s i b l e r e s p o n s e of t h e pastoralists. The m i s s i o n ' s work c e n t e r e d on e x p l a i n i n g i n d e t a i l t h e f e a t u r e s of t h e g r a z i n g scheme component t o p o t e n t i a l p a r t i c i p a n t s , gauging t h e i r r e s p o n s e , and i d e n t i f y i n g t h e most r e s p o n s i v e g r o u p s . Th.e m i s s i o n i d e n t i f i e d t h r e e p o s s i b l e a g r o - p a s t o r a l u n i t s t n t h e g r a z i n g scheme a r e a . The p a s t o r a l i s t s i n t h e v t l l a g e s concerned d i s p l a y e d a g e n u i n e i n t e r e s t i n t h e p r o j e c t ; t h e p r o v i s i o n of w a t e r t h r o u g h w e l l s i n p a r t i c u l a r was a s t r o n g i n c e n t i v e f o r p a s t o r a l i s t s t o p a r t i c i p a t e , a s were t h e proposed improvements i n animal h e a l t h s e r v i c e s and t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of f i r e b r e a k s . The m i s s i o n a l s o found t h a t p a s t o r a l i s t s would be w i l l i n g t o a d o p t r o t a t i o n a l g r a z i n g i n t h e i n t e r e s t of more r a t i o n a l l i v e s t o c k p r o d u c t i o n . Also, t h e agro-pastoral communities t h a t were i d e n t i f i e d u n d e r s t o o d t h e a d v a n t a g e s of e x c l u s i v e 25-year u s e r r i g h t s o v e r p a s t u r e l a n d and i t s w a t e r i n g f a c i l i t i e s , and a p p e a r e d ready t o repel trespassers and t o r e s i s t p r e s s u r e from s u r r o u n d i n g p a s t o r a l i s t s . The m i s s i o n urged t h e DSPA t o p r e p a r e a d r a f t l a n d u s e d e c r e e , d e c l a r i n g t h e g r a z i n g scheme a r e a a " p i o n e e r zone" t o be e n t r u s t e d t o SODEFITEX, which would have t h e a u t h o r i t y t o g r a n t and withdraw e x c l u s i v e l a n d u s e r i g h t s t o p a s t o r a l i s t s of t h e g r a z i n g u n i t s . The board of d i r e c t o r s of SODEFITEX was a l s o i n f a v o r of SODEFITEX ' s becoming t h e p r o j e c t ' s e x e c u t i n g agency and d e c l a r e d t h a t t h e r e was no need t o amend i t s s t a t u t e s f o r SODEFITEX to carry out the project. 3.11 The n e g o t i a t i o n of t h e p r o j e c t took p l a c e i n P a r i s i n March 1976; r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from t h e two c o - l e n d e r s , BADEA and t h e Kuwait Fund, were present. The S e n e g a l e s e p r o j e c t manager was a l s o p a r t of t h e S e n e g a l e s e d e l e g a t i o n , a t t h e Bank's i n v i t a t i o n . The major i s s u e s d i s c u s s e d a t n e g o t i a t i o n were of a n i n s t i t u t i o n a l and s o c i o l o g i c a l n a t u r e : ( a ) t h e d e c r e e d e c l a r i n g t h e g r a z i n g scheme a r e a a " p i o n e e r zone" and g r a n t i n g SODEFITEX t h e a u t h o r i t y t o g r a n t and withdraw l a n d u s e r i g h t s , and (b) t h e c o n t r a c t between SODEFITEX and t h e p a s t o r a l groups e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e r i g h t s and o b l i g a t i o n s of both p a r t i e s . There was a l s o some d i s c u s s i o n of t h e h i r i n g of t h r e e e x p a t r i a t e s , which Government had been r e l u c t a n t t o a c c e p t i n p r e v i o u s discussions. I n view of t h e s p e c i a l n a t u r e and complexity of t h e p r o j e c t and i t s importance a s a n e x p e r i m e n t , t h e Bank wished t o m a i n t a i n a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and s u p e r v i s o r y -0ntro1 over the p r o j e c t , i n c l u d i n g t h e review of q u a l i f i c a t i o n s c f c o n s u l t a n t s t o be r e c r u i t e d , f o r t h e e n t i r e l i f e of t h e project. These a s p e c t s had been worked o u t d u r i n g n e g o t i a t i o n s w i t h t h e c o - l e n d e r s a few days b e f o r e t h e j o i n t n e g o t i a t i o n w i t h t h e Senegalese d e l e g a t i o n , which went smoothly. 3.12 Due t o s l i g h t l y h i g h e r p r o j e c t c o s t e s t i m a t e s and a r e d u c t i o n of BADEA's c o n t r i b u t i o n from U S $2.7 m i l l i o n t o U S $1.6 m i l l i o n f o r f i r e b r e a s ( p a r a l l e l f i n a n c i n g ) , t h e I D A c r e d i t was i n c r e a s e d from U S $2.7 m i l l i o n t o U S $4.2 million. B AD EA r e q u e s t e d t h a t I D A assume r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e s u p e r v i s i o n of t h e f i r e b r e a k component i n o r d e r t o e n s u r e e f f e c t i v e c o o r d i n a t i o n of t h e f i r e b r e a k program w i t h t h e o t h e r a s p e c t s o f t h e p r o j e c t . The S e n e g a l e s e d e l e g a t i o n r e q u e s t e d a s m a l l i n c r e a s e i n t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l c r e d i t component f o r farm equipment, b r e e d i n g s t o c k and f e e d s . I n order t o f a c i l i t a t e a n e a r l y s t a r t of p r o j e c t implementation, t h e Senegal Government l a t e r r e q u e s t e d a n advance of U S $300,000 from t h e new P r o j e c t P r e p a r a t i o n s Facility. The f i n a l t o t a l p r o j e c t c o s t s now s t o o d a t U S $13.0 m i l l i o n , compared t o a proposed U S $12.5 m i l l i o n a t t h e g r e e n cover s t a g e . The f i n a l agreement was t h a t BADEA would f i n a n c e t h e f i r e b r e a k s , t h a t t h e Kuwait Fund would f i n a n c e w e l l c o n s t r u c t i o n , and t h a t I D A , Government and l i v e s t o c k owners would f i n a n c e t h e remaining c o s t s , a c c o u n t i n g f o r 33%, 23% and I::, r e s p e c t i v e l y , of t o t a l p r o j e c t c o s t s . 3.13 The c r e d i t was approved by t h e Board i n J u c e 1976 and s i g n e d s h o r t l y thereafter. The Board welcomed t h e p r o j e c t because i t aimed t o improve t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y and incomes of p a s t o r a l and r u r a l f a m i l i e s and i n c l u d e d significant p a r a l l e l financing. However, t h e r e were some concerns a b o u t Government's a b i l i t y t o a c h i e v e c o s t r e c o v e r y even though t h e p r o j e c t i n c l u d e d p r o v i s i o n s t o t h a t e f f e c t . The BADEA Agreement was s i g n e d i n August 1976 and t h e Kuwatt Fund Loan Agreement i n December 1976. A f t e r s i x e x t e n s i o n s , t h e c o n d i t i o n s of c r e d i t e f f e c t i v e n e s s , i n c l u d i n g t h e d e c r e e d e c l a r i n g t h e g r a z i n g scheme a r e a a " p i o n e e r zone" and t h e agreement between Government and SODEFITEX p r o v i d i n g t h e l a t t e r w i t h r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r p r o j e c t implementation, were f i n a l l y met on June 29, 1977, one y e a r a f t e r t h e s i g n i n g of t h e c r e d i t . The d e l a y was due p r i m a r i l y t o t h e f a c t t h a t a new l e g a l o p i n i o n had t o be p r e p a r e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e d e c r e e and t h e Government/SODEFITEX agreement. B. Project Description 3.14 The o b j e c t i v e s of t h e p r o j e c t were t h r e e f o l d : f i r s t , a n i n c r e a s e i n beef p r o d u c t i o n f o r l o c a l consumption; second, t h e improved e x p l o i t a t i o n of t h e c o u n t r y ' s v a s t p a s t o r a l r e s o u r c e s and s u p p l y of a g r i c u l t u r a l by-products; and third, an increase in the income and livtng standards of livestock owners in Eastern Senegal. Most of the project area is located in the Sudano-Guinean zones where the potential for livestock development ts greatest, and the various project components were consistent with the Government's overall plan for development of the livestock subsector. Under the existtng ltvestock production system, pasture resources were grossly underutilized; this underutilization was due mainly to inadequate range management, with resulting destruction of pastures through bushfires and overgrazing, and to traditional herdsmen's unfamiliarity with the use of crop residues for animal feed. The social and cultural difficulties of implementing range management schemes under the extsting system of communal pasture in Eastern Senegal were recognized. Each herd owner tended to maximize his personal benefits by grazing as many animals as he could on the common pasture; there were no tncentives either to control herd size or to invest in land improvement. The pastoral community needed t o be educated. The existing social structure and land tenure system were not conducive to a program centered on individual herdsmen and their families. Instead, groups of related families were to be allotted exclustve grazing and water rights in a specific area in return for acceptance of recommended husbandry practices. Control over the use of their allotted pastureland was the principal incentive for these groups to participate, but they were also to benefit from the provision of watering facilities, livestock extension services, training and credit. 3.15 The project was designed to increase the incomes and living standards of some 30,000 livestock owners in Eastern Senegal. This was to be achieved through the development and operation of a controlled grazing scheme and the provision of effective animal health, extension and credit services. The project was to be carried out over the five-year period, 1976-80, and was to tnclude: (a) The development and operation of a grazing scheme on about 1.4 million ha of graztng land in the northern part of Eastern Senegal. The grazing scheme involved: i organizing some 6,500 predominantly pastoralist families into about 65 grazing units to whom exclusive rights to land and watering facilities were to be granted; (ti) construction of about one hundred wells 45 to 75 m deep, and of about 2,400 km of ftrebreaks; (iii) Provision of up to 300 credits to herders for the purchase of breeding animals, about 500 credits for supplementary feed (cottonseed) and 30 credtts for ox-drawn carts and small farm equipment; (iv) designing, developing and evaluating a functional literacy program for livestock producers. (b) Improving animal health services throughout Eastern Senegal; (c) Fellowships and opportunittes for visits to livestock development projects abroad for project staff and pastoral leaders, and training in  animal husbandry f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n workers s o t h a t they could a s s i s t p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e g r a z i n g scheme a s w e l l a s c r o p f a r m e r s ; (d) M o n i t o r i n g and e v a l u a t i o n . 3.16 The p r o j e c t was t o o r g a n i z e 65 g r a z i n g u n i t s , which were t o be e s t a b l i s h e d i n y e a r s 2 through 5 of t h e p r o j e c t , a f t e r consu?tations with p a s t o r a l i s t s and l o c a l l e a d e r s . According t o t h e s o c i o l o g i c a l d e s i g n of t h e g r a z i n g scheme, g r o u p s o f p a s t o r a l i s t were t o be c r e a t e d and w e r e t o r e c e i v e e x c l u s i v e g r a z i n g r i g h t s t o a s p e c i f i c g r a s s l a n d a r e a ; s u c h r i g h t s were t o be g r a n t e d and s a f e g u a r d e d by Government and e n j o y e d by t h e p a s t o r a l i s t s f o r a s l o n g a s t h e y f o l l o w e d t h e recommended r a n g e , w a t e r and l i v e s t o c k management p r a c t i c e s . Each g r a z i n g u n i t was t o be d e m a r c a t e d and p r o t e c t e d by f i r e b r e a k s and p r o v i d e d w i t h two s h a l l o w w e l l s . A t y p i c a l g r a z i n g u n i t o f 22,000 h a was t o accommodate a group o f some 100 f a m i l i e s of a b o u t e i g h t members e a c h , a n d , a t f u l l d e v e l o p m e n t , a b o u t 2 , 0 0 0 c a t t l e and 1,000 s h e e p and g o a t s . Government was t o i s s u e a d e c r e e d e c l a r i n g t h e g r a z i n g scheme a r e a a " p i o n e e r z o n e f f and e n t r u s t i n g t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e zone t o SODEFITEX (which t h e r e b y became t h e r e g i o n a l r u r a l development a g e n c y f o r E a s t e r n S e n e g a l ) t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e power t o g r a n t ( o r recommend t h e w i t h d r a w a l o f ) u s e r r i g h t s t o p a s t o r a l i s t s . 3.17 The a n i m a l h e a l t h component o f t h e p r o j e c t was t o be c a r r i e d o u t by t h e Department o f Animal H e a l t h and P r o d u c t i o n o f t h e MDRH t h r o u g h i t s R e g i o n a l Animal H e a l t h S e r v i c e i n E a s t e r n S e n e g a l (RAHS). The e x i s t i n g s t a f f o f t h e S e r v i c e was s u f f i c i e n t and c o m p e t e n t , b u t l a c k e d f a c i l i t i e s and f u c d s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e p r o j e c t was t o p r o v i d e RAHS w i t h n i n e v e t e r i n a r y f i e l d o f f i c e s , 40 v a c c i n a t i o n y a r d s , t r a n s p o r t , v e t e r i n a r y and l a b o r a t o r y equipment and t h e i n c r e m e n t a l o p e r a t i n g f u n d s n e e d e d t o c a r r y o u t i t s p r o j e c t responsibilities. S p e c i f i c a l l y , RAHS was t o c a r r y o u t u n d e r t h e p r o j e c t a five-year r e g i o n w i d e v a c c i n a t i o n campaign a g a i n s t r i n d e r p e s t , c o n t a g i o u s # b o v i n e pleuropneumonia (CBPP), a n t h r a x , b l a c k l e g and b o v i n e l o v i n e h a e m o r r h a g i c s e p t i c a e m i a . A f t e r two y e a r s of f r e e a n i m a l h e a l t h s e r v i c e s , Government was t o c o l l e c t c h a r g e s f o r v a c c i n a t i o n s and d r u g s from p a r t i c i p a t i n g p a s t o r a l i s t s . 3.18 The p r o j e c t ' s w a t e r d e v e l o p m e n t , r u r a l e n g i n e e r i n g and f u n c t i o n a l l i t e r a c y components were t o b e u n d e r t a k e n i n c l o s e c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h , r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e Urban and R u r a l H y d r a u l i c s and R u r a l Equipment D e p a r t m e n t s o f MDRH and t h e S t a t e S e c r e t a r i a t f o r Human R ~ S O U ~ C ~ of S t h e M i n i s t r y of Education. Given t h e s h o r t a g e o f q u a l i f i e d and e x p e r i e n c e d S e n e g a l e s e , e x p a t r i a t e s were r e c r u i t e d f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g p o s t s : Deputy D i r e c t o r , Range Management S p e c i a l i s t , and H y d r o g e o l o g i s t . The f i r s t two e x p a t r i a t e s were t o be r e p l a c e d a f t e r a b o u t f i v e y e a r s and t h e t h i r d a f t e r a b o u t t h r e e y e a r s by S e n e g a l e s e n a t i o n a l s whose t r a i n i n g w a s i n c l u d e d u n d e r t h e p r o j e c t . The p r o j e c t a l s o p r o v i d e d f o r 16 man-months o f c o n s u l t a n t s e r v i c e s f o r s t u d i e s r e l a t e d t o p r o j e c t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n and p r e p a r a t i o n o f a second-phase p r o j e c t . C. P r o j e c t C o s t s and F i n a n c i n g 3.19 T o t a l p r o j e c t c o s t s f o r t h e f i v e - y e a r p e r i o d , i n c l u d i n g t a x e s and d u t i e s , were e s t i m a t e d a t U S $ 1 3 . 0 m i l l i o n . E x c l u d i n g t a x e s and d u t i e s , which a c c o u n t f o r a b o u t 19% (US $2.5 m i l l i o n ) o f p r o j e c t c o s t s , t o t a l p r o j e c t c o s t s were t o b e U S $10.5 m i l l i o n . T o t a l p r o j e c t c o s t s a r e b r o k e n down and found i n Table 1. The c o s t e s t i m a t e s were b a s e d on mid-1975 prices. Total contingencies amounted to US $4.25 million, or 49% of the project's base costs. 3.20 The project was to be co-financed by IDA (33%), the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (BADEA) and the Kuwait Fund (12% and 31%, respectively) in a parallel financing exercise, the Senegalese Government (23%), and livestock owners (1%). The project's financing is broken down and found in Table 2. 3.21 The IDA credit of US $4.2 million was made to Government on standard terns. The BADEA's loan of US $1.6 million to the Government was for a term of 25 years, including five years grace, at 2% interest rate per annum. The Kuwait Fund's loan of US $4.1 million to the Government was also for a term of 25 years, including five years' grace, but bore an interest rate of 2.5% per annum plus an administrative fee of 0.5% per annum. Excluding taxes and duties amounting to US $2.5 million, these three contributions were to finance about 94% of project costs. The Government's and the livestock owners' contributions, excluding taxes and duties, were to cover about 6% of project costs (US $0.6 million). Government's contribution consisted of about US $2.5 million for taxes and duties and US $0.5 million of budgetary allocations for local expenditures. 3.22 With the exception of contingency funds totalling US $4.3 mill ion, held in reserve, the Government's and the co-lenders' funds, totalling US $8.7 million, were to be passed on as a grant to SODEFITEX. In turn, SODEFITEX was to use most of these fucds for implementation of the project, with the exception of US $0.9 million channelled to the Regional Animal Health' Service to cover the animal health component. To receive its funds, the Regional Animal Health Service was to submit documentation to SODEFITEX of its investment and working capital requirements. D. Organization and Management 3.23 Project management was to be undertaken by PDESO, a prcject unit (located in Tambacounda) under SODEFITEX, which has overall responsibility for rural development in Eastern Senegal. SODEFITEX, which was under the control of the Minister of Rural Development and Hydraulics (MDRH), coordinated and supervised project implementation. Technical assistance was considered vital for project management and hence, three expatriates were to support PDESO: a deputy project director, a range management specialist and a hydrogeologist. PDESO had two specialized sections: (a) a Pastoral Service, headed by the range management specialist, for the grazing scheme, and (b) a Hydraulic Service, headed by the hydrogeologist, which was responsible for the project's water development activities. To execute the various project components, PDESO relied on existing public services, particularly the Departments of Animal Health and Production, Rural Equipment, and Urban and Rural Hydraulics of the MDRH, the State Secretariat for Human Resources of the Ministry of Education, and the general services of SODEFITEX. PDESO's management mainly coordinated the activities of the Pastoral Service and of the various Government services involved in the project. 3.24 , To carry out the grazing scheme, the Government declared the land selected 'for that purpose a "Pioneer Zone" and entrusted it to SODEFITEX. During negotiations, assurances were obtained that the Government would issue a decree: (a) declaring the grazing scheme area a "Pioneer Zone"; and (b) entrusting this zone to SODEFITEX, which was to have authority to grant and withdraw exclusive user rights to the grazing and watering facilities of the grazing units, in accordance with a contract between SODEFITEX and the grazing groups, and to issue and enforce grazing control regulations. Government exchanged views with IDA on the details and timing for the transfer of SODEFITEX authority to the "Rural Communities" to be established in the project area. 3.25 The Pastoral Service (PS) was to be headed by the range management specialist, assisted by a community development officer, four extension officers, extension agents and support staff. The responsibilities of the PS included: (a) land use planning for the grazing scheme area; (b) selection and persuasion of participants and their assignment to grazing units in cooperation with local leaders and Government officials; (c) survey and demarcation of grazing units; (d) preparation and subsequent supervision cf plans for firebreaks and for buildings and wells in collaboration, respectively, with the Departments of Rural Equipment and Urban and Rural Hydraulics; (e) provision of technical support to each grazing community in livestock, range and water management by assigning (and supervising) extension agents to each grazing unit; (f) administration of livestock credit to selected participants; (g) implementation of the functional literacy program in cooperation with staff of the Ministry of Education; and (h) the training , o f extension staff and grazing unit leaders both in the field and through fellowships provided under the project. The animal health component of the project was to be carried out through the Department o f Animal Health and Production of the MDRH by the Regional service for Eastern Senegal from its headquarters in Tambacounda. The existing staff of the Regional Service was sufficient and competent for the needs of the project. Water development under the project was to be carried out in close collaboration with the Regional Urban and Rural Hydraulics Service for Eastern Senegal of the MDRH, through a team within PDESO comprising an experienced hydrogeologist, two hydraulic assistants, two drivers and two laborers, who would operate the necessary transport and working facilities. The Department of Rural Equipment was to prepare the plans, specifications and bidding documents for PDESO's offices, staff houses, vaccination yards and other project-related buildings and construction (with the exception of wells) and was to supervise their construction. The State Secretariat for Human Resources of the Ministry of Education was to provide technical support for the functional literacy program for pastoralists. E. Legal Framework 3.26 All significant legal covenants were reflected in the Development Credit Agreement of June 17, 1976. There was no Project Agreement, but rather two administrative letters, the so-called BADEA Agreement between the Republic of Senegal and BADEA, and the Kuwait Fund Agreement between the Republic of Senegal and the Kuwait Fund. The administrative letters, in view of the common interest of the two co-lenders and IDA, agreed on close collaboration on matters relating to the execution of the project. The covenants in the Credit Agreement were designed to provide a comprehensive set of safeguards concerning SODEFITEX: the agreement stipulated that SODEFITEX be fully authorized to carry out the project through a project unit, PDESO, which was to be suitably staffed in order to carry out the various components of the g r a z i n g scheme, i n c l u d i n g t h e c r e d i t program f o r l i v e s t o c k i n p u t s and b r e e d i n g s t o c k . The agreement a l s o s t i p u l a t e d t h a t SODEFITEX m a i n t a i n s e p a r a t e r e c o r d s and a c c o u n t s , and t h a t i t n o t r e c o v e r more t h a n a c t u a l c o s t i n c u r r e d i n carrying out the project. T h i s p o i n t r a i s e d some c o n t r o v e r s y between Government and SODEFITEX. The agreement f u r t h e r s t i p u l a t e d t h a t I D A be p e r m i t t e d t o comment on t h e l e v e l and methods of l i v e s t o c k owner's p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e c o s t s o f animal h e a l t h p r o t e c t i o n , a s w e l l a s on Government's c a t t l e and meat p r i c i n g and t r a d e p o l i c y . The agreement r e q u i r e d t h e Government t o m a i n t a i n and r e p a i r t h e w e l l s and f i r e b r e a k s p r o v i d e d f o r u n d e r t h e p r o j e c t . F i n a l l y , t h e agreement r e q u i r e d t h e R e g i o n a l Animal H e a l t h S e r v i c e s t o p r o v i d e PDESO w i t h b u d g e t s and p l a n s f o r t h e animal v a c c i n a t i o n campaigns e a c h y e a r . IV. PROJECT IMF'LEMENTATION AND IMPACT 4.01 Overview. P r o j e c t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n was s l o w b u t smooth and t h e p r o j e c t a c h i e v e d most o f t h e g o a l s s e t a t a p p r a i s a l . It was p a r t i c u l a r l y s u c c e s s f u i i n c r e a t i n g p a s t o r a l a s s o c i a t i o n s i n t h e g r a z i n g scheme a r e a , a crucial element in the project's success. The relatively smooth implementation was a t t r i b u t a b l e t o s e v e r a l f a c t o r s : ( a ) a PPF of U S $300,000 f o r s t a r t - u p a c t i v i t i e s e n a b l e d p r o j e c t management t o r e c r u i t a l l key s t a f f b e f o r e e f f e c t i v e n e s s and t o c o m p l e t e i m p o r t a n t p r e p a r a t o r y work, s u c h a s t h e p u r c h a s e o f v e h i c l e s and equipment; (b) t h e p r o j e c t had a good management team ( t h e S e n e g a l e s e p r o j e c t manager remained t h r o u g h o u t ' i m p l e m e n t a t i o n ) which was r e g u l a r l y s u p e r v i s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e p r o j e c t p e r i o d ; ( c ) t h e s o c i o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f p r o j e c t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n were g i v e n c o n t i n u o u s a t t e n t i o n by p r o j e c t management, t o e n s u r e p a s t o r a l i s t p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n a d d r e s s i n g p r o j e c t o b j e c t i v e s ; ( d ) p a s t o r a l i s t s a s s o c i a t i o n s have b e e n b u i l t g r a d u a l l y a t t h e g r a s s r o o t s , w i t h u n d e r s t a n d i n g of e t h n i c and economic f a c t o r s ; ( e ) t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e was p r o v i d e d t o t h e p a s t o r a l i s t g r o u p s by t h e p r o j e c t ' s e x p e r t s , e n a b l i n g them t o improve a n i m a l h u s b a n d r y and p r o t e c t i o n s of t h e g r a z i n g lands; ( f ) t h e r e l a t i v e l y s h a l l o w w a t e r t a b l e i n most p a r t s of t h e p r o j e c t a r e a which p e r m i t t e d r e l a t i v e l y c h e a p c o n s t r u c t i o n of w e l l s and f a c i l i t a t e d t h e p u l l i r ~ g of w a t e r ; and ( g ) r a i n f a l l i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t of t h e p r o j e c t a r e a which, i n most y e a r s , was s u f f i c i e n t t o c o v e r g r a i n r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r home consumption, and e v e n a l l o w e d some g r a i n s a l e s and c u l t i v a t i o n of c a s h c r o p s such a s c o t t o n . 4.02 The two main components, t h e g r a z i n g scheme i n t h e 13,000 km2 a r e a n o r t h of t h e e a s t - w e s t r a i l r o a d l i n e , and t h e animal h e a l t h component c o v e r i n g t h e whole of t h e E a s t e r n S e n e g a l R e g i o n , b o t h p e r f o r m e d s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . The major achievement of t h e g r a z i n g scheme was t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of p a s t o r a l i s t s i n t o 53 P a s t o r a l U n i t s (PU), e a c h w i t h a n e l e c t e d committee, which were r e s p o n s i b l e f o r implementing g r a z i n g management p l a n s , d i s t r i b u t i n g l i v e s t o c k i n p u t s , and a p p l y i n g a p p r o p r i a t e v e t e r i n a r y and a n i m a l h u s b a n d r y m e a s u r e s . About 100 w e l l s were c o n s t r u c t e d o r r e p a i r e d , v a c c i n a t i o n y a r d s were h u i l t and e f f e c t i v e l i v e s t o c k e x t e n s i o n and c r e d i t s e r v i c e s were o p e r a t e d by t h e project 's Pastoral Service. The animal h e a l t h component, implemented by t h e Regional L i v e s t o c k S e r v i c e , achieved a h i g h e r t h a n expected v a c c i n a t i o n c o v e r a g e of c a t t l e a g a i n s t r i n d e r p e s t a n d CBPP. The p r o j e c t t h u s h e l p e d Government i n i t s e f f o r t t o keep t h e h e r d f r e e of r i n d e r p e s t , a d i s e a s e t h a t c o n t i n u e d t o p l a g u e o t h e r West A f r i c a n c o u n t r i e s . 4.03 Almost all construction tasks envisaged at appraisal were accomplished: of 9 veterinary posts envisaged, 8 were constructed. Out of 100 wells envisaged at appraisal, 91 new wells were constructed and 10 wells repaired. The availability of well water, for both humans and livestock, was essential in implementing the grazing management plans and in attaining the high cattle off-take rate. Out of 40 vaccination yards envisaged, 37 were constructed. Overall vaccination coverage for rinderpest in the Eastern Senegal Region was higher than estimated at appraisal. About 1,840 herders were trained under the functional literacy program, compared to the 1,800 estimated at appraisal. The herders' posi.tive response to the new grazing plan was partly attributable to the literacy program. One project target that was not met was the construction of firebreaks, which was stopped halfway. 4.04 Civil Works. The project's civil works program proceeded slowly; it was only in year 6 (1982), during the project's two-year extensions, that PDESO's office buildings, staff houses in Tambacounda and 8 veterinary posts were completed. GGnie Rural, the rural engineering service, was very slow in finishing the construction plans and bidding documents. IDA approved the bidding documents in year 3 (1979) and the construction of PDESO's compound and veterinary posts began in 1980, once a Senegalese construction company had been selected. Substantial cost overruns came to light during the construction phase, in particular for construction of the expatriate houses. In order to keep costs down, project management decided to maintain the number of houses, but to reduce their size. Another problem was Government's inability to provide timely counterpart funds, which disrupted the supply cf building materials. Project activities were not hampered, however, because the project had rented office space and houses in Tambacounda. The new project compound is located closer to the regional veterinary office and this should facilitate project work. 4.05 The Grazing Scheme. The implementation of the innovative grazing scheme got - an early start with the support of several Bank missions. Before effectiveness, in -year 1, one-third - bf the grazing scheme area had been inventoried, and three PUS formally established by the Pastoral Service, which was responsible for implementation. 4.06 Implementation began in the first zone, and by the end of year 2, thirteen PUS had been demarcated, of which ten were formally established with elected managing committees. A livestock extension service, under the responsibility of the Pastoral Service, was established within the PUS, to handle animal health care and distribution of minerals and feeds. By year 4, the entire grazing scheme area had been organized into 53 PUS, of which 36 had already elected managing committees. Upon completion, the Pastoral Service was carrying out extension activities in the grazing scheme area's four extension zones, assisted by 36 livestock extension agents, one for each pastoral extension groups, and a number of volunteers, selected from the graduates of the functional literacy program. 4.07 The extension agents gave advice on animal husbandry, pasture improvement, fodder crop production, tree planting and supplement feeding, gave training in castration, participated in credit granting and recovery, and sold veterinary drugs. All supervision reports attest that the pastoralists welcomed the project enthusiastically and supported it fully. 4.08 One of t h e main f e a t u r e s of the g r a z i n g scheme was the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f g r a z i n g management p l a n s , whose main p u r p o s e was t o e s t a b l i s h d i s c i p l i n e among h e r d e r s w i t h i n t h e PUS and v i s - a - v i s n e i g h b o r i n g PUS i n o r d e r t o h a l t damage t o p a s t u r e l a n d s and u s e a v a i l a b l e p a s t u r e s more efficiently. T h i s u n i q u e f e a t u r e o f t h e p r o j e c t was s u c c e s s f u l y implemented f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e i n West A f r i c a . The g r a z i n g management p l a n s w e r e p r e p a r e d by a p r o j e c t c o n s u l t a n t and by t h e e x p a t r i a t e head of t h e P a s t o r a l S e r v i c e . The p l a n s were i n t r o d u c e d w i t h some d e l a y ( p e n d i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of w e l l s ) and i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h e f i r s t 10 g r a z i n g management p l a n s t o o k p l a c e d u r i n g t h e r a i n y season of year 5. A f t e r some m o d i f i c a t i o n s , t h e p l a n s were w e l l r e c e i v e d by h e r d e r s and were s u c c e s s f u l i n p r o t e c t i n g p r e v i o u s l y o v e r g r a z e d a r e a s a r o u n d ponds and i n t h e v a l l e y s . P a s t o r a l i s t s s t a r t e d t o t u r n away c a t t l e from o u t s i d e , f o l l o w i n g d i s c u s s i o n s between membl-rs of t h e management c o m m i t t e e s and owners o f v i s i t i n g c a t t l e h e r d s . Dur'.ag t h e r a i n y s e a s o n , p a s t u r e s f a r from v i l l a g e s were b e t t e r u t i l i z e d and ~ a r t l eh e r d s r e t u r n e d t o t h e v i l l a g e s l a t e r . Thus, p a s t u r e s n e a r v i l l a g e s a r e now b e t t e r p r e s e r v e d f o r t h e d r y s e a s o n when c a t t l e a r e o b l i g e d t o s t a y n e a r v i l l a g e s f o r a c c e s s t o village wells. Upon p r o j e c t c o m p l e t i o n , g r a z i n g p l a n s had b e e n p r e p a r e d f o r a l l 53 PUS and w e r e s u c c e s s f u l l y implemented i n a b o u t h a l f o f t h e PUS. 4.09 Firebreak construction. The appraisal nission deemed the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f f i r e b r e a k s n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e s u c c e s s f u l ' i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h e g r a z i n g scheme, t o p r o t e c t t h e r a n g e a g a i n s t b u s h f i r e s , t o d e m a r c a t e g r a z i n g u n i t s and t o s e r v e a s a c c e s s r o a d s . The p r o j e c t was t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f 2,400 km of 8-12 m f i r e b r e a k s , o f which 1 , 4 0 0 km were t o be e x e c u t e d on f o r c e a c c o u n t u n d e r t h e s u p e r v i s i o n o f t h e P a S t o r a l S e r v i c e and t h e r e m a i n i n g 1 , 0 0 0 km by manual l a b o r i n o r d e r t o g i v e t h e l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n a d d i t i o n a l income and t o t r a i n and o r g a n i z e them f o r s u b s e q u e n t manual maintenance. 4.10 The heavy e a r t h m o v i n g equipment o r d e r e d by SODEFITEX a r r i v e d i n y e a r 2; i t was t h e n d i s c o v e r e d t h a t q u a l i f i e d s t a f f was u n . z v a i l a b l e t o h a n d l e t h e equipment. I t was a l s o d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e r e was n o t enough a v a i l a b l e manpower i n t h e r e g i o n t o c o n s t r u c t t h e r e m a i n i n g 1 , 0 0 0 km by manual means. SODEFITEX t h e n p r o p o s e d t h a t t h e work be e n t r u s t e d t o a l o c a l f i r m , b u t t h e a v a i l a b l e f i n a n c i n g was i n s u f f i c i e n t . BADEA a s k e d t h e Government t o p r o v i d e t h e n e c e s s a r y e x t r a f u n d s , and a n a l t e r n a t i v e f i r e b r e a k c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o g r a r . was p r e p a r e d w i t h o u t ' e x c e e d i n g t h e a p p r a i s a l e s t i m a t e s . Additional delay o c c u r r e d when M i n i s t r y o f R u r a l Development h e s i t a t e d t o award t h e c o n t r a c t t o the selected bidder. F i r e b r e a k c o n s t r u c t i o n f i n a l l y began a f t e r s e v e r a l years' delay. 4.11 A Bank s u p e r v i s i o n m i s s i o n found i n y e a r 5 t h a t t h e p o r t i o n s o f t h e f i r e b r e a k t h a t had b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d became overgrown w i t h v e g e t a t i o n and t h a t t h e f i r e b r e a k s were no l o n g e r e f f e c t i v e . By t h a t t i m e , a b o u t 600 km had b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d m e c h a n i c a l l y and t h e s u p e r v i s i o n m i s s i o n p r o p o s e d t h a t f u r t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n be s t o p p e d u n l e s s a s a t i s f a c t o r y s o l u t i o n c o u l d b e found t o t h e m a i n t e n a n c e problem. A s t h i s was n o t t h e c a s e , a d e c i s i o n was made t o h a l t c o n s t r u c t i o n i n y e a r 6 and t h e Government t h e n d i s c u s s e d t h e u s e of t h e r e m a i n i n g f u n d s ( a b o u t US$ 1 . 1 m i l l i o n ) . 4.12 So f a r , t h e a b s e n c e of f i r e b r e a k s i n t h e g r a z i n g scheme a r e a h a s n o t had t h e n e g a t i v e i m p a c t e n v i s a g e d by t h e a p p r a i s a l m i s s i o n . However, t h e p o p u l a t i o n ts v e r y much aware of t h e d a n g e r of b u s h f i r e s and t h e i r c o n t r o l i s one of the extension themes. The population practices bushfire control by setting early fires along roads, which then constitute firebreaks during the dry season. 4.13 The Functional Literacy Program. The implementation of this component got off to a rather slow start. The appointee responsible for this component had no previous experience and therefore visited the functional literacy component of the Mali livestock project to orient himself. In spite of this disadvantage, the literacy program was quite successful. The program started in project year 3, and by year 5, the training course, generally held from January to May, had about 800 participants. Upon project completion, the functional literacy program covered all extension zones and included 37 literacy centers with a total enrollment of more than 1,000 persons. At project completion, about 1,840 persons had been trained through this program, compared to the 1,800 envisaged at appraisal. Further details are shown in Table 9. The literacy program compensated partially for the lack of school facilities and for the 90% illiteracy rate in the grazing scheme area. The successful implementation of the grazing scheme can be attributed partly to the functional literacy program. The courses, which focussed on the various aspects of livestock production, were essential to the extension agents in their efforts to convey extension themes to herders. The program continues ucder the follow-up project and new classes are requested by the pastoralist population; many classes will include chairmen and members of -the PV committees. Also inciuded are translations of questionnaires, production of working documents, technical notes and a newsletter for use in day-to-day project work. 4.14 Well construction. At the time of appraisal, this program, financed by the Kuwait Fund, was to conclude the construction of 1 00 wells in the grazing scheme area in support of the grazing management plans. The well construction program, facilitated by the relatively shallow underground watertable prevailing in most part at the project area, was successfully implemented, although with two years' delay: 91 new wells were constructed and 10 wells repaired. The water development program, which also included an inventory of the Eastern Senegal Region's water resources, got off to an early start. Before effectiveness, about 80% of the grazing scheme area had been inventoried by the project's water development service and bidding invitations for 29 wells, a first-phase program, were issued in July 1977. A dispute arose about the contract award: the selection committee insisted that the lowest bidder, an inexperienced national firm, obtain the co~tract. The second lowest bidder, also a local firm, but with the necessary experience, was finally awarded the contract, although the bid was 37% higher than the appraisal estimate, the main reason being that the wells were to be deeper, about 60 meters vs. the 50 meters proposed at appraisal. The well construction was supervised by the project's expatriate hydrologist. Upon his departure in July 1981, supervision was continued by a Senegalese engineer from G6nie Rural. The main problem with the well construction was the delay in Government's counterpart funding. In 1982, the program was completed at an average cost per well of about US$ 40,000, compared to US $32,000 at appraisal. The well construction program will continue in the grazing scheme area under the follow-up project using the US$ 1.1 million BADEA funds left over from the firebreak construction program. 4.15 M o n i t o r i n g and E v a l u a t i o n . M o n i t o r i n g and e v a l u a t i o n , f o r e s e e n a t a p p r a i s a l , proved d i f f i c u l t and c o s t l y and g o t o f f t o a s l o w s t a r t . I n 1977, a f t e r contacting about t e n consulting firms o r research organizations, p r o j e c t management c h o s e a B e l g i a n f i r m t o c a r r y o u t p r o j e c t m o n i t o r i n g and evaluation. Idhen t h e c o n t r a c t was d i s c u s s e d , t h e f i r m ' s p r o p o s a l was found u n a c c e p t a b l e due t o i t s v e r y h i g h c o s t of US$ 752,000 a g a i n s t US$ 40,000 estimated at appraisal. O t h e r p o s s i b i l i t i e s were t h e n c o n s i d e r e d , i n c l u d i n g h i r i n g a l o c a l firm. A s u p e r v i s i o n m i s s i o n recommended t h a t p r o j e c t management d i s c u s s new TOR and a new t i m e t a b l e w i t h t h e f i r m f o r work of which t h e c o s t was n o t t o exceed US$ 200,000 o v e r a f o u r - y e a r p e r i o d . The s e l e c t e d f i r m was s l o w t o make c o s t - c u t t i n g p r o p o s a l s , b u t f i n a l l y r e a c h e d a n agreement w i t h p r o j e c t management i n 1979, and began i t s work a f t e r s e v e r a l y e a r s ' delay. 4.16 The f i r m p r o v i d e d a 2-man team c o n s i s t i n g of a n animal h u s b a n d r y s p e c i a l i s t and a n a g r i c u l t u r a l e c o n o m i s t . Although t h e team had d i f f i c u l t i e s i n d a t a c o l l e c t i o n , they provided t h e p r o j e c t with valuable d a t a over t h e ensuing years. The a n i m a l h u s b a n d r y c o n s u l t a n t i n p a r t i c u l a r s e t up a h e r d m o n i t o r i n g s y s t e m u s i n g a methodology t h a t was s u b s e q u e n t l y a p p l i e d t o o t h e r Bank-financed l i v e s t o c k p r o j e c t s i n West A f r i c a . This s p e c i a l i s t also p r e p a r e d t h e f i r s t g r a z i n g management p l a n s , which t h e p a s t u r e development s p e c i a l i s t t h e n e x t e n d e d t o t h e e n t i r e g r a z i n g scheme a r e a . The r a n g e m o n i t o r i n g s y s t e m p r o v i d e d d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n on r a n g e c o n d i t i o n s and many a n a l y s e s were c a r r i e d o u t i n Belgium on g r a s s f o r a g e s a m p l e s . The socio-economic d a t a c o l l e c t i o n i n c l u d e d i n f o r m a t i o n on b e n e f i c i a r i e s ! income from c r o p s and l i v e s t o c k and on c r e d i t r e c o v e r y . The m o n i t o r i n g team was s u p p o r t e d by a l o c a l team from t h e p r o j e c t , which g a t h e r e d i n f o r m a t i o n throughout t h e year. 4.17 When t h e f i r m ' s c o n t r a c t r a n o u t i n May 1982, one o f t h e p r o j e c t staff took over the monitoring responsibility. After some initial d i f f i c u l t i e s and h e l p from s u p e r v i s i o n m i s s i o n s , t h e m o n i t o r i n g c o n t i n u e d . A t c o m p l e t i o n , a b o u t 6 , 5 0 0 head o f c a t t l e ( o r 5%) were b e i n g m o n i t o r e d i n a l l f o u r z o n e s and s u f f i c i e n t h e r d d a t a was a v a i l a b l e t o g u i d e p r o j e c t management and h e r d e r s . Herd m o n i t o r i n g i s b e i n g c o n t i n u e d u n d e r t h e follow-up p r o j e c t , b u t t h e c o n t i n u i t y of d a t a c o l l e c t i o n and t h e q u a l i t y of d a t a p r o c e s s i n g have suffered. 4.18 Livestock Credit. The p r o j e c t ' s l i v e s t o c k c r e d i t component, implemented by t h e P a s t o r a l S e r v i c e , t u r n e d o u t d i f f e r e n t l y f r o m t h e way i t was e n v i s a g e d a t a p p r a i s a l : t h e l o n g - t e r m c r e d i t f o r b r e e d i n g s t o c k t o improve t h e l o c a l c a t t l e h e r d s became much l e s s i m p o r t a n t t h a n o r i g i n a l l y f o r e s e e n . P r o j e c t management found i t p r e m a t u r e t o s t a r t a s e a r l y a s was p r o p o s e d a t a p p r a i s a l , and t h e s u p p l y of q u a l i t y b r e e d i n g h e i f e r s from t h e Government b r e e d i n g s t a t i o n was a l s o u n a v a i l a b l e . A t c o m p l e t i o n , 55 b r e e d i n g b u l l s had been d i s t r i b u t e d , b u t no b r e e d i n g h e i f e r s o r cows. The repayment t e r m s were a l s o changed and t h e b r e e d i n g b u l l s were s o l d f o r a 20% c a s h downpayment, w i t h t h e r e s t t o be r e p a i d o v e r 4 y e a r s , w i t h a one-year g r a c e p e r i o d . 4.19 The s h o r t - t e r m c r e d i t f o r a c q u i s i t i o n o f s u p p l e m e n t a r y f e e d , s u c h a s c o t t o n s e e d and m i n e r a l s a l t , was e x t e n d e d t o i n c l u d e v e t e r i n a r y i n p u t s . T h i s c r e d i t p l a y e d a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n p r o v i d i n g c o t t o n s e e d s and v e t e r t n a r y d r u g s t o p a s t o r a l i s t s i n t h e g r a z i n g scheme a r e a , and t h e h i g h a n i m a l h e a l t h c o v e r a g e was a t t r i b u t e d t o t h i s component. The repayment p e r i o d was one y e a r and t h e r e c o v e r y r a t e was low a t f i r s t , b u t i t improved c o n s i d e r a b l y i n 1980 a f t e r p r o j e c t rnanageme.lt i n t r o d u c e d t h e p u r c h a s e o f c a t t l e t o r e c o v e r c r e d i t from s a l e s o f i n p u t s . The main problems w i t h t h e c r e d i t scheme were p r o p e r accounting, c o n t r o l and t i m e l y c o l l e c t i o n of outstanding debts. At c o m p l e t i o n , t h e c r e d i t r e c o v e r y r a t e (89%) w s s s a t i s f a c t o r y , b e c a u s e p r o j e c t management had begun t o r e f u s e t o g r a n t f u r t h e r c r e d i t u n t i l f u l l repzyment o f p a s t c r e d i t was o b t a i n e d . 4.20 Primary Health Care. A p r i m a r y h e a l t h program, n o t e n v i s a g e d a t a p p r a i s a l , i s b e i n g i n p l e m e n t e d i n t h e g r a z i n g scheme a r e a by F r e n c h v o l u n t e e r s s u p p o r t e d by. t h e p r o j e c t . A t p r o j e c t c o m p l e t i o n , 50 v i l l a g e s had p r i m a r y h e a l t h c e n t e r s . The program c o n t i n u e s u n d e r t h e follow-up p r o j e c t . 4.21 R e f o r e s t a t i o n . A s m a l l r e f o r e s t a t i o n program, a l s o n o t e n v i s a g e d a t a p p r a i s a l , was c a r r i e d o u t w i t h some s u c c e s s ; a number o f f r u i t , f o d d e r and s h a d e t r e e s were p l a n t e d by p r o j e c t b e n e f i c i a r i e s w i t h t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f t h e p r o j e c t , which had c o l l a b o r a t e d w i t h t h e Bank-financed f o r e s t r y p r o j e c t i n Kaffrine. The main problem o f t h e r e f o r e s t a t i o n program was t h e f o r e s t r y s e r v i c e ' s i n a b i l i t y , t o provide fodder t r e e seedlings. 4.22 C a t t l e Marketing. 2/ The p r o j e c t d i d n o t i n c l u d e a l i v e s t o c k m a r k e t i n g component a t a p p r a i s a l , s i n c e most of t h e c a t t l e t r a d e i n t h e p r o j e c t a r e a i s i n p r i v a t e h a n d s . The p r o j e c t added a s m a l l m a r k e t i n g u n i t i n y e a r 4 , however, m a i n l y t o r e c o v e r c r e d i t from s a l e s o f i n p u t s s u c h a s c o t t o n s e e d s , m i n e r a l s a l t s and v e t e r i n a r y d r u g s . The u n i t o p e r a t e d on a modest l e v e l and h a n d l e d ' o n l y a b o u t 300 head of c a t t l e a n n u a l l y . The p r o j e c t a t t e m p t e d s e v e r a l t i m e s t o expand i t s c a t t l e t r a d e , b u t r a r e l y made a significant profit; t h i s confirms t h a t l i v e s t o c k marketing i s highly competitive. The m a r k e t i n g u n i t o c c a s i o n a l l y a s s i s t e d p a s t o r a l g r o u p s i n m a r k e t i n g t h e i r l i v e s t o c k , however, by a r r a n g i n g b u l k t r a n s p o r t of c a t t l e t o Dakar. One o f t h e v a c c i n a t i o n y a r d s c o n s t r u c t e d n e a r Tambacounda was e n l a r g e d and now s e r v e s a s a s t o c k y a r d f o r c a t t l e s o l d t o Dakar. Xo 1 . i v e s t o c k n a r k e t was c o n s t r u c t e d u n d e r t h e p r o j e c t . 4.23 Training. The p r o j e c t i n c l u d e d o n l y a modest p r o v i s i o n f o r t r a i n i n g . The p r o j e c t manager v i s i t e d l i v e s t o c k p r o j e c t s i n E a s t A f r i c a on t h e o c c a s i o n of a t o u r o r g a n i z e d by t h e Bank f o r p r o j e c t managers i n West A f r i c a . Host t r a i n i n g , however, was i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g c o n d u c t e d by s e n i o r p r o j e c t s t a f f f o r l i v e s t o c k e x t e n s i o n a g e n t s i n t h e g r a z i n g scheme a r e a . T r a i n i n g i n s u c h a r e a s a s m o n i t o r i n g and e v a l u a t i o n was i n a d e q u a t e , b u t t h i s s h o r t c o m i n g i s b e i n g a d d r e s s e d u n d e r t h e follow-up p r o j e c t . 4.24 Animal H e a l t h S e r v i c e s . The p r o j e c t was s u c c e s s f u l i n h e l p i n g t h e R e g i o n a l L i v e s t o c k S e r v i c e t o c a r r y o u t -Its a n n u a l v a c c i n a t i o n campaigns a g a i n s t r i n d e r p e s t and CBPP i n t h e e n t i r e E a s t e r n S e n e g a l Region. I t was a l s o s u c c e s s f u l i n i n c r e a s i n g t h e u s e of d r u g s and o t h e r l i v e s t o c k i n p u t s i n t h e - 2/ OPS h a s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h i s component h a s had some p o s i t i v e e l e m e n t s which c o u l d b e expanded o r r e p l i c a t e d e l s e w h e r e . A complementary n o t e on t h i s q u e s t i o n w i l l b e i s s u e d i n J u l y when M r . S t e e n g a a r d r e t u r n s from mission. 1 3 , 0 0 0 km2 g r a z i n g scheme a r e a . The p r o j e c t h a d o n l y a m a r g i n a l i m p a c t , however, on d r u g s a l e s i n t h e r e m a i n i n g a r e a s o f t h e E a s t e r n S e n e g a l Region. The f i r s t v a c c i n a t i o n campaign i n 1976/77 was s u p p o r t e d by t h e p r o j e c t e v e n b e f o r e e f f e c t i v e n e s s ; t h i s s u p p o r t c o n t i n u e d t h r o u g h f o u r more c a m p a i g n s , i n c l u d i n g t h e 1981/82 campaign, when s u p p o r t f r o m t h e p r o j e c t c e a s e d . All campaigns were c a r r i e d o u t i n a t i m e l y f a s h i o n and a c h i e v e d h i g h c o v e r a g e . S u b s e q u e n t campaigns were made d i f f i c u l t by l a c k of f u n d s and t r a n s p o r t . The r e s u l t s o f t h e a n n u a l v a c c i n a t i o n campaigns a r e d e t a i l e d u n d e r Key I n d i c a t o r s i n T a b l e 1 . The a n n u a l campaigns i n t h e g r a z i n g scheme a r e a were c a r r i e d o u t by p r o j e c t s t a f f w i t h o u t d i f f i c u l t y a s p a r t of t h e i r e x t e n s i o n work. Coverage was h i g h , o f t e n i n t h e r a n g e of 90% - 9 5 % , and somewhat h i g h e r t h a n i n t h e r e s t of t h e E a s t e r n S e n e g a l Region. 4.25 C o n s t r u c t i o n of V a c c i n a t i o n Y a r d s . F o r t y v a c c i n a t i o n y a r d s were t o b e c o n s t r u c t e d i n t h e g r a z i n g scheme a r e a . A t c o m p l e t i o n , 37 y a r d s had b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h t h e h e l p of p a s t o r a l i s t s , u s i n g t i m b e r from Casamance and a t a c o s t o f a b o u t US$ 1 , 5 0 0 e a c h . The number of v a c c i n a t i o n y a r d s rema'ns i n a d e q u a t e , however, s i n c e 1 o r 2 p e r PU a r e needed. C o n s t r u c t - i o n of 18 a d d i t i o n a l y a r d s i s t h e r e f o r e e n v i s a g e d u n d e r t h e follow-up p r o j e c t . 4.26 I n t e r i m P h a s e . I n y e a r 5 , Government and I D A a g r e e d upon a two-year i n t e r i m p h a s e f r o m O c t o b e r 1 , 1980 t o September 3 0 , 1982, t o a l l o w t i n e f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and p r e p a r a t i o n of a follow-up l i v e s t o c k p r o j e c t . I t was a l s o a g r e e d t h a t t h e f i n a n c i n g g a p , e s t i m a t e d a t CFAF 1 . 3 b i l l i o n (US $ 4 . 8 m i l l i c n ) , would be f i n a n c e d by SAL f u n d s a s p a r t of SODEFITEX' c o n t r a c t - p l a n . Meanwhile, a n FAO/CP i d e n t i f i c a t i o n m i s s i o n v i s i t e d t h e p r o j e c t i n O c t o b e r 1981 i n o r d e r t o i d e n t i f y components f o r a follow-up p r o j e c t t o b e p r e p a r e d b e f o r e t h e end of t h e i n t e r i m p h a s e . C o n t r a r y t o p r e v i o u s e x p e c t a t i o n , no SAL f u n d s were made a v a i l a b l e t o t h e p r o j e c t b e c a u s e Government r e q u e s t e d t h a t t h e f i r s t t r a n c h e of t h e SAL b e a l l o c a t e d t o SODEFITEX f o r f i n a n c i n g c o t t o n activities. A s a r e s u l t , the livestock project faced serious financial problems a t i t s c o n c l u s i o n , e s p e c i a l l y when SODEFITEX t h r e a t e n e d s e v e r a l t i m e s t o stop prefinancing. The p r o j e c t c o n t i n u e d t o o p e r a t e on m o n t h l y a d v a ~ c e s from SODEFITEX, however. The p r o j e c t was e x t e n d e d t w i c e , f i r s t t o a l i o w f o r t h e i n t e r i m p h a s e , and t h e n f r o m September 3 0 , 1982 t o September 3 0 , 1983, when t h e p r o j e c t was c l o s e d and a l l I D A f u n d s were u s e d . V. PROJECT MANAGPiENT AND ADMINISTRATION 5.01 P r o j e c t Management. SODEFITEX, t h e a g e n c y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r p r o j e c t e x e c u t i o n , performed w e l l t h r o u g h o u t ; i t s r o l e was p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p c r t a n t i n the early years. I n l a t e r y e a r s i t s main f u n c t i o n was t o advance f u n d s t o PDESO, t h e p r o j e c t u n i t i n Tambacounda. T h i s arrar,gement h a s b e e n q u i t e s a t i s f a c t o r y s i n c e SODEFITEX h a s a good a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c a p a b i l i t y and i t i s not necessary to duplicate it i n PDESO. PDESO assumed increasing r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and p l a y e d a c e n t r a l r o l e when i t became s o l e l y r e s p o n s i b l e fcr t h e follow-up l i v e s t o c k component of t h e n o r t h e r n zone ( g r a z i n g scheme a r e a ) i n t h e E a s t e r n S e n e g a l R u r a l Development P r o j e c t . The S e n e g a l e s e p r o j e c t manager, i n p a r t i c u l a r , p r o v e d a m a j o r a s s e t f o r t h e p r o j e c t , p r o v i d i n g c o n t i n u i t y and s t a b i l i t y t h r o u g h o u t t h e l i f e o f t h e p r o j e c t , from t h e a p p r a i s a l m i s s i o n t o t h e follow-up p r o j e c t . Other Senegalese s t a f f a l s o performed w e l l , e s p e c i a l l y t h e C o r n u n i t y Development Officer, who was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of p a s t o r a l i s t s . 5.02 T e c h n i c a l A s s i s t a n c e . T e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e s u p p o r t was e s s e n t i a l t o t h e s t a r t - u p of t h e p r o j e c t . T h r e e e x p a t r i a t e s were r e c r u i t e d and i n p o s t even b e f o r e t h e p r o j e c t became e f f e c t t v e ; t h e e x p a t r i a t e p a s t u r e s p e c i a l i s t was essential i n designing the innovative g r a z i n g macagement plans i n d i v i d u a l i z e d f o r t h e s p e c t f i c c o n d i t i o n s and a r e a o f e a c h p a s t o r a l association. The e x p a t r i a t e s performed w e l l and t h e r e w e r e o n l y minor problems w i t h t h e i r employment. One p a s t u r e s p e c i a l i s t l e f t and h i s r e p l a c e m e n t , who was t h e d r t v i n g f o r c e i n i m p l e m e n t i n g t h e g r a z i n g management p l a n , r e m a i ~ e d u n t i l pro'ct completion. The r e c r u i t m e n t of a n e x p a t r t a t e f i n a n c i a l and a d m i n i s t r a t i . / e manager t o r e p l a c e t h e e x p a t r i a t e d e p u t y manager, however, proved t o be d ' - f f i c u l t and w a s g i v e n up a f t e r a l o n g s e a r c h . The p r o j e c t ' s S e n e g a l e s e c h i e f a c c o u n t a n t t o o k o v e r most o f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e t a s k s and performeci w e l l . He i s s t i l l employed by t h e p r o j e c t u n d e r t h e follow-up p r o j e c t . I D A s t a f f and A PM U played an a c t i v e r o l e i n t h e recruitment of technical assistance. 5.03 Accounting. P r o j e c t a c c o u n t i n g was p r o b l e m a t i c t h r o u g h c u t p r o j e c t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n . The a p p r a i s a l r e p o r t reccmrnended t h a t SODEFITEX keep s e p a r a t e accounts f o r the project. During t h e f t r s t p r o j e c t y e a r s , p r o j e c t accounting was done a t SODEFITEX' h e a d q u a r t e r s i n D a k a r . I t soon became c l e a r , h o v e v e r , t h a t i t was i m p r a c t i c a l t o keep t h e p r o j e c t ' s a c c o u n t s , f a r from PDESO's a c t i v i - t i e s i n Tambacounda, e v e n though t h e p r o j e c t ' s a c c o u n t a n t f r e q u e n t l y v i s i t e d Dakar, where most p-ents were made and a l l w i t h d r a w a l a p p l i c a t i o n s submitted, i n o r d e r t o up-date h i s r e c o r d s . An I D A m i s s i o n , i n c l u d i n g a f i n a n c i a l a n a l y s t , reviewed t h e accounting system of t h e p r o j e c t i n y e a r 4 w i t h a view t o improving t h e p r o j e c t ' s a c c o u n t i n g u n i t i n Tambacounda. The m i s s i o n found t h e p r o j e c t a c c o u n t s i n c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s o r d e r and recommended t h a t PDESO s e t up a n i n d e p e n d e n t a c c o u n t i n g s y s t e m , which was done b:? y e a r 5 w i t h t h e h e l p o f a Dakar-based i n t e r n a t i o n a l a u d i t f i r m . The s u p e r v i s i o n ~ a i s s i o na l s o proposed t h e e l i m i n a t i o n of t h e p o s i t i o n of e x p a t r i a t e deputy d i r e c t o r and i t s r e p l a c e m e n t w i t h a p o s i t i o n f o r a n e x p a t r i a t e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and f i n a n c i a l d i r e c t o r , a s s i s t e d by a S e n e g a l e s e c h i e f a c c o u n t a n t . I t was d i f f i c u l t , however, t o f i n d a n e x p a t r i a t e f o r a two-year t e r m a s p r o p c s e d by the mission. The S e n e g a l e s e c h i e f a c c o u n t a n t , who was r e c r u i t e d i n y e e r 5 , f i l l e d the post s a t i s f a c t o r i l y through p r o j e c t completion. 5.04 Audits. Due t o t h e f o r e g o i n g a c c o u n t i n g p r o b l e m s , a u d i t s were b e h i n d s c h e d u l e t h r o u g h o u t t h e l i f e o f t h e p r o j e c t . Two S e n e g a l e s e f i r m s were involved i n t h e a u d i t of t h e p r o j e c t accounts. The f i r s t f i r m was d i s m i s s e d d u e t o l o n g d e l a y s i n s u b m i t t i n g t h e a u d i t r e p o r t s , which were u n s a t i s f a c t o r y . The a u d i t i n g i s s u e was examined d u r i n g a m i s s i o n by t h e B a n k ' s f i n a n c i a l a n a l y s t , who a l s o examined t h e p r o j e c t ' s a c c o u n t i n g s y s t e m . The f i r s t a u d i t r e p o r t d e a l t w i t h SODEFITEX' a c c o u n t s i n g e n e r a l and d i d n o t r e f e r s p e c i f i c a l l y t o the p r o j e c t ' s accounts. New r e p o r t s were r e q u e s t e d b u t n o t received. I n y e a r 4, a new f i r m was s e l e c t e d and i t h a n d l e d t h e a u d i t s u n t i l p r o j e c t c o m p l e t i o n . The f i r s t a u d i t was n o t r e a d y u n t i l y e a r 5 . A t p r o j e c t c o m p l e t i o n i n 1983, t h e a u d i t o r s u b m i t t e d t h e a u d i t s o f t h e 1980181 and 1981182 p r o j e c t a c c o u n t s . The 1982183 a c c o u n t s have now been p r e p a r e d and a r e a b o u t t o be a u d i t e d . 5.05 Procurement. Throughout implementation, the project complied with Bank/IDA procurement guidelines; however, after expiration of the TPF and before credit effectiveness, some equipment and furniture were purchased from local suppliers without tendering. IDA agreed to reimburse these expenses and the project adhered to correct procurement procedures thereafter. 5.06 Disbursement. Disbursements lagged far behind appraisal estimates in the early years of the project. They started to pick up in year 5, when they reached 74% of appraisal estimates. The last disbursement was fir,ally made in November 1983. The slow disbursements were partly due co thk prolonged implementation pertoa of the project's ci.vil works program (para. 4.02) and partly to the reorganization of SODEFITEX accounting system, which resulted in excessively long intervals between expenditures and the submission of withdrawal applications. One supervision mission in 1.980 found, for example, a total of expenses outstanding of US $ 725,000, of which US $ 584,000 was eligible for reimbursement. When comparing actual disbursements with the disbursement profiles for 32 livestock projects in East and West Africa, the actual disbursements were always ahead of the prof4,1es. This shows that disbursements, although slow compared with appraisal estimates, were better than in comparable IDA-financed projects. An updated schedule of disbursements is found in Table 8. 5.07 Reporting. Reporting by PDESO was timely and provided SODEFITEX, the Senegalese - authorities and IDA with information about project progress. The reports were generally satisfactory, except for financial in.forrnation, which was weak due to poor project accounting and long deiays in submitting accounts. At completion, project costs had to be reconstructed by a Bank nission to the project. VI. FINANCIAL AND ECONOElIC RESULTS 6.01 Economic Re-evaluation. The re-estimated rates of return are substantially lower than those estimated at appraisal: the Grazing Scheme at 8.1% as compared with 23% at appraisal, the animal health component at 21.5% s s compared with 43% and the project's overall sconomic rate of return at 12.6% as compared with 24%. All costs and benefits are in 1983 terms. The costs include actual project costs excluding the costs related to the preparation of a second-phase project. Although subsistence salary for additional herdsmen was added as part of costs at appraisal, the re-evaluation did not take it into account because they do not exist. The cattle prices are based on market observations by the project's monttoring unit. The major reason for the lower rates of return is that the market cattle prices were much lower than the appraisal estimates. The market surveys done by the monitoring unit show that the cattle prices in current terms have changed little since around 1979 and therefore in real terms they have declined substantially. Although a detailed market analysis for meat has not been done, we could consider two possible reasons for the decline in real price of meat. First, destocking of herds, in view of continuing deterioration of rainfalls and pasture resources, has created an oversupply situation. Second, demand for local meat has stagnated or posstbly decltned due to increasing competition from cheap imported meat from Latin America and Europe. Another minor reason for the lower rates of return is that the herd projections under the "without project" situation are made with less pessimistic assumptions, i.e., that the number of cattle, even "without project", would not decline as much as the appraisal estimated. 6.02 Eerd Performances. The main impact of the project on herd performances in the grazing scheme area was a 26% increase in herd numbers from 1977 to 1983, despite a relatively large increase in offtake rates; this was a result of the drop in mortality due to the efficient animal health coverage. The consultant's mo~itoring and evaluation team monitored herd performances in three of the four extension zones during a three -year period from 1979 to 1982. The observations, as stated in their July 1982 repcrt, were that the composition of the herd at the beginning of the project was characterized by a high percentage of old cows, a high mortality rate of adult animals, low calf numbers due to high calf mortality and a low calving rate (fluctuating between 40% and 50%) caused by low fertility. Project activities resulted in lower mortality rates; for adults, the estimated drop was from 6% to 3% and for calves from 20% to 7%. 6.03 Herd Parameters in Grazing Scheme Area. Herd parameters used in the herd projections for the grazing scheme area are based on the findings of the project's herd monitoring unit. Herd numbers and parameters ere somewhat different from those estimated at appraisal: for example, herd numbers before development, about 100,000 head, were lower than the appraisal estimate of 120,OGC head. At appraisal, in the without project situation the herd numbers decreased from 120,000 head before development to 86,000 head at completion in year 7 (a 28% drop), using the following parameters: the calving rate decreased from 56% to 52% and calf mortality increased from 35% to 38% (a drop in weaning rate from 36% to 32%); the offtake rate dropped from 10.6% to 8.8%. In the PCR recalculation of the herd projection in the without project situation herd numbers decreased from 100,000 head before development to about 9?,G00 head in year 7 (a 8% drop), using the following parameters: the calving rate decreased from 48% to h6X and the calf mortality increased from 20% tc 302 (which caused a drop in the weaning rate from 38% to 327;); the offtake rate dropped from 10% to 8%. In the with project situation the actual situation found at completion (year 7) was the following: herd numbers increased from about 100,000 head before development to about 128,OCO, calving rate increased from 48% to 60% and calf mortality decreased from 20% to 72 (which caused the weaning rate to increase from 38% to 56%); the offtake rate increased from 8% to 12%. This compares well with the appraisal esttmate which also had an increase in the offtake rate of 4%. 6.64 Herd Paraneters in Eastern Senegal Region. Herd parameters used in . - the herd projections for the Animal Health Component of the Eastern Senegal Region are the following: actual herd numbers before development, about 250,000 head, were lower than the appraisal estimate of 300,000 head. At appraisal, in the without project situation, the herd numbers decreased from 300,000 head to 253,000 head (a 16% drop), using the following parameters: the calving rate decreased from 56% to 55% and the calf mortality rate increased from 35% to 38% (which caused a drop in the weaning rate from 36% to 34%); the offtake rate dropped from 10.7% to 9.8%. In the PCR recalcualtion of the herd projection in the without project situation the herd numbers remained the same (250,000 head) in year 7, using the following parameters: the calving rate decreased from 45% to 44% and the calf mortality increased from 16% to 18% (a drop in the weaning rate from 38%-to 36%); the offtake rate remained about the same. I n t h e w i t h p r o j e c t s i t u a t i o n i t was found a t c o m p l e t i o n ( y e a r 7) t h e f o l l o w i n g : h e r d numbers i n c r e a s e d f r o m 250,000 head b e f o r e d e v e l o p m e n t t o a b o u t 280,000 head ( a t y e a r 71, a n i n c r e a s e o f 12%; c a l v i n g r a t e i n c r e a s e d f r o m 45% t o 48% and c a l f m o r t a l i t y r a t e d e c r e a s e d f r o m 16% t p 14% ( r e s u l t i n g i n a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e weaning r a t e from 38% t o 4 1 % ) ; t h e o f f t a k e r a t e i n c r e a s e d f r o m 9% t o 10%. 6.05 P a s t o r a l i s t s ' Incomes. From 1980 t o 1982 t h e m o n i t o r i n g team a l s o c a r r i e d o u t a n income s u r v e y a n d found t h a t p a s t o r a l i s t s ' i n c o m e s , d e r i v e d from s a l e s of l i v e s t o c k and c r o p p r o d u c t s , i n c r e a s e d c o n s i d e r a b l y d u r i n g t h e s u r v e y p e r i o d ; t h e a v e r a g e a n n u a l g r o s s income p e r "carri5" ( e x t e n d e d f a m i l y ) went f r o m CFAF 3 0 3 , 0 0 0 i n 1980 t o CFAF 4 3 1 , 0 0 0 ( a l l i n c u r r e n t t e r m s t h r o u g h o u t t h e p a r a g r a p h ) i n 1982, a n i n c r e a s e of 42% i n nominal t e r m s o r 24% i f adjusted f o r inflation. (The g r o s s income i n c l u d e d n e i t h e r on-farm consumption nor s a l e s of m i l k ) . Income f r o m l i v e s t o c k s a l e s was a b o u t o n e - t h i r d ( 2 9 % ) o f t o t a l s a l e s ; t h e a v e r a g e a n n u a l income p e r c a r r e f r o m l i v e s t o c k i n c r e a s e d f r o m CFAF 8 5 , 6 0 0 i n 1980 t o CFAF 1 2 7 , 0 0 0 i n 1982, o r 48% i n nominal t e r m s o r 30% i f a d j u s t e d f o r i n f l a t i o n . The i n c r e a s e was m a i n l y due t o a n i n c r e a s e i n o f f - t a k e . The a v e r a g e a n n u a l g r o s s income p e r c a r r e from c r o p p r o d u c t i o n i n c r e a s e d from CPAF 196,000 i n 1980 t o CFAF 289,300 i n 1982, o r 48% i n nominal t e r m s o r 30% i f a d j u s t e d f o r i n f l a t i o n . Mcst of t h e i n c r e a s e was d u e t o a n i n c r e a s e i n c r o p p r i c e s , a n d a s m a l l e r p a r t (10%-20%) was d u e t o a n i n c r e a s e i n y i e l d s . The a v e r a g e a n n u a l income from l i v e s t o c k s a l e s , which i n y e a r s o f normal r a i n f a l l i s s l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n o n e - t h i r d of t o t a l s a l e s (28% i n 1980 a n d 30% i n 1 9 8 2 ) , i n c r e a s e s r a p i d l y i n d r y y e a r s . I n 1981, a y e a r of low r a i n f a l l , a 53% i n c r e a s e was n o t e d . T h i s c o n f i r m s what i s o b s e r v e d e l s e w h e r e , namely, t h a t h e r d e r s b u i l d up t h e i r h e r d s i n good y e a r s a n d s e l l o u t i n y e a r s of p o o r h a r v e s t . The s u r v e y a l s o showed a c o n s f - d e r a b l e f l u c t u a t i o n i n p a s t o r a l i s t s ' incomes f r o m one z o n e t o a n o t h e r . Pastoralists i n zone 4 , f o r example, had a b o u t 38% l e s s income t h a n t h o s e i n o t h e r z o n e s . S i n c e zone 4 was t h e l a s t t o b e n e f i t from t h e p r o j e c t ' s i n t e n s i v e l i v e s t o c k e x t e n s i o n s e r v i c e , t h i s c o u l d i n d i c a t e t h e p o s i t i v e impact c f t h e p r o j e c t . F i n a l l y , t h e s u r v e y showed t h a t t h e a v e r a g e a n n u a l g r o s s income p e r p e r s o n i n c r e a s e d from CFAF 29,000 i n 1980 t o CFAF 3 6 , 0 0 0 i n 1982, o r 26% i.n nominal terms o r 8% i f a d j u s t e d f o r i n f l a t i o n . VII. GOVERNMENT AND BANK PERFORMANCE 7.01 The Government d i d n o t f u l l y comply w i t h i t s o b l i g a t i o n s u n d e r t h e C r e d i t Agreement. The s t i p u l a t i o n s n o t c o m p l i e d w i t h a r e t h e f o l l o w i . n g : a) Government c o u n t e r p a r t f u n d s t o t h e p r o j e c t w e r e c o n s i s t e n t l y d e l a y e d , a s i t u a t i o n t h a t f o r c e d SGDEFITEX t o p r e f i n a n c e p r o j e c t e x p e n d i t u r e s . A t c o m p l e t i o n , a r r e a r s t o t a l l e d CPAF 660 m i l l i o n and c a u s e d a s e v e r e s t r a i n on p r o j e c t f i n a n c e s . b) Two s t a f f f r o m " S e r v i c e d e 1 ' H y d r a u l i q u e e t du G6nie r u r a l " , who were r e q u i r e d t o a s s i s t t h e e x p a t r i a t e h y d r o l o g i s t , w e r e n o t s e c o n d e d t o t h e p r o j e c t d u e t o a s h o r t a g e of q u a l i f i e d l o c a l s t a f f ; t h e r e s u l t was t h a t t h e e x p a t r i a t e ' s c o n t r a c t had t o b e renewed f o r two a d d i t i o n a l y e a r s .  c) Government d i d n o t p r o v i d e t h e n e c e s s a r y f u n d s f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n , m a i n t e n a n c e , r e n e w a l and r e p a i r o f w e l l s and f i r e b r e a k s . As a r e s u l t , t h e f i r e b r e a k c o n s t r u c t i o n program was s t o p p e d . 7.02 Bank A p p r a i s a l . The Bank a p p r a i s a l m i s s i o n and t h e two follow-up m i s s i o n s c a r e f u l l y a n a l y z e d t h e key i s s u e s which f a c e d t h e p r o j e c t . The a p p r a i s a l m i s s i o n v i r t u a l l y r e d e s i g n e d t h e p r o j e c t and t h e follow-up m i s s i o n s facilitated early project implementation by identifying agropastoral communities p r e p a r e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e p r o j e c t ' s g r a z i n g scheme. The a p p r a i s a l mission c l e a r l y underestimated t h e Importance of i n t e g r a t i o n of l i v e s t o c k and a g r i c u l t u r e , however, a s well a s the d i f f i c u l t i e s i n imp1 e m e n t i n g f i r e b r e a k s and t h e s l o w n e s s i n i m p l e m e n t i n g t h e c i v i l works program. ( s e e p a r a s . 3.07 - 3.10) 7.03 I D A S u p e r v i s i o n . F r o m t h e o u t s e t , t h e Bank p l a n n e d t o s u p e r v i s e t h e p r o j e c t c l o s e l y , f i r s t b e c a u s e t h e r i s k s of f a i l u r e were deemed h i g h , and s e c o n d , b e c a u s e t h e Bank hoped t o draw l e s s o n s from t h i s e x p e r i m e n t f o r u s e i n other livestock projects. The p r o j e c t was t h e r e f o r e s u p e r v i s e d a b o u t t w i c e a y e a r . Eetween p r o j e c t s i g n i n g i n J u n e 1976 and t h e c l o s i n g d a t e , t h e p r o j e c t was s u p e r v i s e d 14 t i m e s , t h e l a s t s u p e r v i s i o n b e i n g i n November 1983. S t a f f s p e n t a n a v e r a g e of 10 man-days i n t h e c o u n t r y . b l i s s i o n s were s t r e n g t h e n e d on s e v e r a l o c c a s i o n s : f o r example, a Bank f i n a n c i a l a n a l y s t j o i n e d a m i s s i o n i n J u n e 1980 t o r e v i e w a c c o u n t i n g and a u d i t i n g i s s u e s . An a g r o s t o l o g i s t c o n s u l t a n t accompagnied a n o t h e r s u p e r v i s i o n m i s s i o n t o a s s i s t t h e p r o j e c t i n p a s t u r e and f o r a g e p r o d u c t i o n . S o c i o l o g i s t s were i n v o l v e d i n p r o j e c t p r e p a r a t i o n , a p p r a i s a l and s u p e r v i s i o n . 7.04 T h e r e was s u b s t a n t i a l c o n t i n u i t y i n s u p e r v i s i o n o f t h i s p r o j e c t , and a t no t i m e was t h e r e a c o m p l e t e b r e a k between one m i s s i o n and t h e n e x t . The s t a r t - u p m i s s i o n s were p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t , e s p e c i a l l y t h e 4-man m i s s i o n i n December 1975 and t h e 3-man m i s s i o n i n J a n u a r y 1976, which were t o a s s i s t p r o j e c t management w i t h t h e i n n o v a t i v e g r a z i n g scheme component, a somewhat p i o n e e r i n g v e n t u r e i n \.lest A f r i c a . A l l supervision missions enjoyed c l o s e c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h p r o j e c t management, which was f o r t u n a t e t o have t h e same c o m p e t e n t manager t h r o u g h o u t p r o j e c t l i f e . 7.05 S u p e r v i s i o n by c o - l e n d e r s . None of t h e c o - l e n d e r s p a r t i c i p a t e d i n any o f t h e I D A s u p e r v i s i o n m i s s i o n s , and s t a f f from c o - l e n d e r s v i s i t e d t h e project only r a r e l y . When f i r e b r e a k c o n s t r u c t i o n was h a l t e d , S e n e g a l e s e p r o j e c t s t a f f e v e n had t o t r a v e l t o Khartoum t o d i s c u s s t h e u s e of t h e r e m a i n i n g f u n d s w i t h BADEA. VIII. FOLLOW-UP PROJECT 8.01 A follow-up o f t h e F i r s t L i v e s t o c k P r o j e c t i s now i n c l u d e d i n t h e E a s t e r n S e n e g a l R u r a l Development P r o j e c t (ESRDP), i n t h e form of two s e p a r a t e l i v e s t o c k components. ESRDP was o r i g i n a l l y t o i n c l u d e a s m a l i l i v e s t o c k component t h a t would d e a l o n l y w i t h t h e p r o m o t i o n o f a n i m a l t r a c t i o n , b e c a u s e a free-standing, follow-up l i v e s t o c k p r o j e c t was e n v i s a g e d . However, f o l l o w i n g t h e p r e p a r a t i o n by FAOICP of a p o s s i b l e follow-up p r o j e c t , a f r e e - s t a n d i n g l i v e s t o c k p r o j e c t was r e j e c t e d b e c a u s e i t was l i k e l y t o have a low r e t u r n , a n unproven package and b e d i f f i c u l t t o manage. A comprehensive livestock component was instead included tn the ESRD project, covering both the pastoral (northern) and agro-pastoral (southern) zones. The livestock component was appraised in September-October 1982 by a joint IDAICCCE mission Execution of the northern zone livestock component was entrusted to the previous project unit, now an autonomous entity named PDESO 11, with its own statutes and reporting to DSPA. The goal of this component was to consolidate the results of the first livestock project through further tmprovement in animal health and nutritton, and through the implementation of grazing nanagement plans in the remaining PUS. Emphasis will be on increased participation of pastoralists, so that they will be able to take responsibility for herd management, and for such activtties as livestock extension, input credit and cattle marketing. Execution of the southern zone livestock component was entrusted to SODEFITEX and the Livestock Department (DSPA). The main objective was to increase the productivity of the area's 460,000 head of cattle and 260,000 small ruminants, with special attention to draft oxen. Through SODEFITEX' extension service, farmers wtll be encouraged to adopt basic animal husbandry techniques and to integrate livestock into the farming system. IX. CCNCLUSIONS 9.01 Project implementation was more successful than anticipated at appraisal; the anticipated risks were reduced by higher-than-average inputs from IDA, in particular between appraisal and effectiveness. The key lessons learnt from the project are sumnartzed below: - development of a coatrolled grazing scheme is posstble if all the necessary preconditions are met, as was the case wich this project; - livestock development projects that involve development of a grazing scheme and participation of livestock owners requi-re a longer-than-average implementation period, in this case approximately ten years; - the success of the animal health component within the grazing scheme can be attributed partly to the credit component, whtch helped pastoralists to assume more eastly the cost of inputs sold at full cost. Outside the grazing scheme, only the annual vaccinatton campaigns supported by the project were carried out, and there was virtually no use of drugs and other vaccines; - the construction of firebreaks was costly and ineffective, as no maintenance could be provided; - the functional literacy program was crucial to the success of the grazing scheme and to extension and animal health services; - monitoring and evaluation was costly and difficult to carry out. The herd monttortng, however, was successful and provtded project management with valuable data on herd performances; the herd monitortng system.is now being tntroduced and used as a model for other livestock projects in ' West Africa; - although the disbursements were behind appraisal estimates, they were always more favorable than those of comparable IDA-financed projects; - Government difficulties in providing budget allocations should be anticipated. Project .implementation was only possible because SODEFITEX was able to pref inance project expenditures on behalf of the Government throughout the entire life of the project; - successful implementation of grazing management plans can mitigate, but not solve the problems of overgrazing. Several areas in the graz'ng scheme have reached the upper limits of their carrying capacfty and must resort to the mixed farming approach (cultivation .of fodder crops, storage and use of crop residues, production of organic manure, etc.), which will also help farmers solve the problem of declining soil fertility. This problem has been adressed in the follow-up project, which includes a mixed farming component; - the project is likely to have a sustainable impact due to the existance of well organized and functioning groups of pastoralists. - the re-estimated rates of return are lower than those estimated at appraisal, due to a decline in real prices of meat mainly caused by ar. oversupply situation resulting in turn from a continuing deterioration of rainfalls and pasture resources in the Sahel.  TAELE i PACE 1 SENEGAL EASTERN SENEGAL LIVESTOCK PROJECT Project Completion Report Kev Indicators Grazing Scheme Completion !09/83) Surface (ha) Approx. 1,400,000 Population 41,150 (1979/8C) Pastoral Units 65 Average Surface per P.U. (ha) 21,500 Extension Groups none Livestock Ext. Agents none Volunteers none Literacy Centers none Literacy Assistants none Villages n.a. Agricultural Families n.a. Livestock Families n.a. Livestock Families per P.U. n.a. Total Families n,a. Cattle (head) n.a. Average head of cattle per P.U. n.a. Cattle density (ha/head of cattle) n.a. Project Wells 100 Firebreaks (km) 2,400 Veterinary Posts 9 Vaccination Yards 40 Primary Health Centers none Reforestation (Trees) none Participants completed Functional Literacy 1,800 Courses Treatment of Cattle (no.) Rinderpest and CBPP Blackleg Botulism Pasteurellosis Deworming Trypanosomiasis Livestock Inputs Breeding bulls disseminated Breeding Heifers/Cows disseminated Cotton Seeds (tons) Mineral Supplement (tons)  Key I n d i c a t o r s (continued) Grazing Scheme Area Vaccinations (Rinderpest and CBPP) Cattle Vacci- Coverage Year numbers nations % Other Treatments Pasteurel- External Trypano- Year Blackleg Botalism losis Deworming Parasites somiasis 1/ C a t t l e vaccinated by the p r o j e c t . 2/ Only c a t t l e i n Zone 1 . - 7/ Only c a t t l e i n Zone 2 and 3 .  TABLE 1 PAGE 3 Key I n d i c a t o r s ( c o n t i n u e d ) E a s t e r n Senegal Region ( o u t s i d e t h e Grazing Scheme Area) V a c c i n a t i o n s ( R i n d e r p e s t and CBPP) Cattle Vacc i- Coverage numbers nations . 7 Other Treatments ( d o s i s ) Year Blackleg Pasteurellosis Trypanosomiasis - 1/ I n c l u d e s Tambacounda, Bake1 and Kedougou Departments; c a t t l e a r e v a c c i n a t e d by t h e Regional V e t e r i n a r y S e r v i c e , a s s i s t e d by t h e p r o j e c t . F i g u r e s on c a t t l e numbers should be t r e a t e d w i t h c a u t i o n , a s t h e y a r e n o t a l l reliable.  TABLE 2 SENEGAL EASTERN SENEGAL LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT Suumary of P r o j e c t C o s t s of of LOCAL FOREIGN TOTAL LOCAL FORE. TOTAL t o t a l for- eign (CFAF M i l l i o n ) US $ Million) b a s e exch c o s t chan ge 1. Project Unit 180.0 157.5 337.5 0.8 0.7 1.5 11. Grazing Scheme A. Pastoral Service B. Firebreaks 196.2 155.5 351.7 0.9 0.7 1.6 19 43 C. Watering F a c i l i t i e s 391.0 260.7 651.7 1.7 1.2 2.9 33 41 D. Livestock Credit 45 .O - 45.9 0.2 - 0.2 2 11 E. Functional Literacy 32.3 4.2 36.5 0.2 - 0.2 2 11 Subtotal 885.7 508.3 1,394.0 4.0 2.3 6.3 73 37 111. Animal H e a l t h 120.3 88.7 209.0 0.5 0.4 0.9 10 4L T o t a l Base Cost 1,186.0 754.5 1,940.5 5.3 3.6 8.7 100 39 Physical Contingencies 67.5 45.0 112.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 6 GO Expected P r i c e I n c r e a s e 540 .0 312.8 552.8 2.3 1.5 3.8 44 39 Subtotal 607.5 357.8 965.3 2.6 1.7 4.3 49 39 TOTAL PROJECT COSTS 1,793.5 l,lI2.3 2,905.8 7.9 5.1 13.0 - 39 1111111 1111111 1111111 111 111 -111 111 11 The c o s t e s t i m a t e s were based on mid-1975 p r i c e s . T o t a l c o n t i n g e n c i e s amounted t o almost US $4.3 m i l l i o n , o r a b o u t 49% o f t h e p r o j e c t ' s b a s e c o s t s .  TABLE 3 SENEGAL EASTERN SENEGAL LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT Project Financing ?reject Component Livestock - Owners Cove rn- - ment - Kuwait - Fund - BADEA - IDA - Total US $ Million Project Unit - 0.45 - - 1.11 1.56 Srazing Scheme Pastoral Service - 0.45 - - 1 .OO 1.40 Firebreaks - 0.i8 - 1.09 - 1.5- Well Construction - 0.43 2.46 - - 2.89 Livestock Credit 0 .OG 0.01 - - 0.19 0.21 Functional Literacy - 0.04 - - 0.12 0.16 Subtotal 0.04 1.36 2.46 1.09 1.31 6.26 Animal Health Service 0.03 0.24 - - 0.66 0.93 Total Base Cost 0.07 2.05 2.46 1.09 3.08 8.75 Unallocated 0.03 0.95 1.64 0.51 1.12 4.25 Total 0.10 3.00 4.10 1.60 4.20 13.00 Percentage 1X 23% 3 1% 12% 33% 100%  - 50 - TABLE 4 u PACE 1 W 4 Y i ; 0 : 9 b U 4 I ,g Q: 9 N gj N. 1 ge N h - $ *q 3 m' -! 1 ?? n l - N '? ? =!N 3- 6 hl QI . - n h 2. 4 - I l n l n P S u l m ahl n - .. Y -, -. = - - - . - - - -. -. .- -- -C1 \- 2 g 2 $2 x 52 l 4 $$ g 1 2 - - W g *J C.? - i-1 ? ". "t F. -.. 7 (7 A 1 ga (7 h M i5 m . ,I E 3 3 0 - 0 . (7 \f g - ? s: * ". - gi lr, -f 21 - 9 3 3 - ? h hl 13 ?  TABLE 4 3 ? 22 - ? m.? ? m a - m N a3 S m 2 8 cu ~ " E rS .4 2 1 I . L, 3as- g- t J a j b I C. l f i hl 7 Q f - i . xq C? n F all TABLE 5 PACE 1  TABLE 5 . - PAGE 2 L 7 c .# .a -2 2 m U C Y U L'O J 2 Id -c 0 u ICI 'nL.4 E & u 0 U 3 x 3 J L C I a u ' O > ? a " a h 0 U h W (J 2 1 I ii - \- :'a1 .z ,.: 'I - N l - - m C ? h - w - Inll Inll " I II I Id .cl m o u u 3 U a 3 O C L U O U 4 m C U C 0 4 ,o .4 L d MLLI m - c i C m C L W . 4 al d d * alo 4 C U n Q P L a l m m x o i-w  TABLE 5 PAGE 3 u 4 91 'n 4 '= 191 .a .'3 c 4 u C a IP, -4:z -91u c m ' ? u r n C a:: B C W 4 U-H L U > M C L 0 0 91 Lkcn . 1 m - ~ l . . . r. N 1-a 0.p C l h 'I: C Z W Z Ca Z 8  TABLE 6 - 56 - SENEGAL EASTERN SENEGAL LIVESTOCK PROJECT PROJET DE DEVELOPPEMENT DE L'ELEVACE PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT . - AU ST'--- INEGAL- ORIENTAL ' \PI n l A ~ U C ~ I P L I P L I . ~ RAPPCRL v nuxrvrr*=nL FINANCIAL SITUATION AS OF SEPTEMBER 30 SITUATION FINANCIERE AUX 30 SEPTEMBRE 1982 and 1983 (CFAF '000) (en milliers de FCFA) - ASSETS /ACTIF l/ Fixed ~ssets/Valeurs 1,668,305 1,754,402 Investment-Grants/ 1,361,970 1,476,86 Immobilis6es Subventions d'Equip- ment Stocks/Valeurs d'Ex- 15,297 10,488 ploitation Short Term Debts/ 630,166 457,31 Dettes 3 court Liquid Assets/ 166,082 60,573 t e rme Valeurs rgalisables et dispcnibles Surplus/Exc6dents B $4,414 39.32 af fecter Grant to be received/ 192,996 153,212 Subvention B rece- Sales of Beef and 6,130 5,09 voir Cattle/Ventes de viande e t betail TOTAL ASSETS/ACTIF 2,042,680 1,978,657 TOTAL LIABILITIES/ 2,042,680 1,978,67 111111111 11111111= PASSIF m11=1=111 -11=9=1= - 1/ Net after depreciation  - 57 - TABLE 7 SENEGAL EASTERN SENEGAL LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT PROJETCT PROJET DE DEVELOPPMENT DE LIELEVAGE XU SENEGAL-ORIENTAL Project Completion Report Rapport d'~ch6vement Running Expenses and Operational Income Etat des Ddpenses de Fonctionnement et For Years Ending des produits correspondants pour les Exercices Sept. 30, 1983 and Sept. 30, 1982 Clos les 30.09.83 et 8 2 (In thousands of CFAF) (Montants en miliers de F CFA) Operating Expenses 09/30/83 Depenses de fonctionnement Stocks consumed and sold Stocks c o n s o m i s et vendus Off ice supplies Fournitures de bureau Purchases of petroleum products Achats de produtis pitroliers Miscellaneous purchases Achats divers Maintenance and repairs Entretien et reparation Rents Loyers Fees Honoraires Other work, outside services Autres travaux, .;?:vi~zs s v t 5 - rieurs Other charges Autres charges Personnel Costs Frais de personnel Taxes Imp6ts et taxes Finance charges Frais fina'nciers Depreciation Dotation aux amortissements Provisions Dotation aux provisions Other Autres Income Produits Equipment subsidies (120,h27) Subventions d'gquipement rapportges au resultat Production subsidies (172,446) Subventions d'exploitation Sales to farmers (41,027) Cessions aux paysans Miscellaneous products and profits (40) Produits et profits divers Stocks of products 1,671 Production Stockee Interest received (3,821) InterZt recu Result of sales of assets (76) Risultat sur cession d'actifs Subsidy to be received Subvention 2 recevoir  TABLE 8 SENEGAL EASTERN SENEGAL LIVESTOCK PROJECT (Credit 633-SE) PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT SCHEDULE OF DISBURSEMENTS Actual/Revised Est. Fiscal Appraise Profile /b) as % of Appraisal - Year Quarter Estimate (USSM) (XI -- Actual Percent Amount (USSM) (USSM) Estimate (%) Profile (XI a> Board Date: 06/03/76 i.e. last quarter of FY76. b Using profile from "~pdatedDisbursement Profiles", dated June 9, 1982 (livestock projects in East and West Africa Region). c Last disbursement made in November 1983.  TABLE 9 SENEGAL EASTERN SENEGAL LIVESTOCK PROJECT (Cr. 633-SE) P r o j e c t Completion Report F u n c t i o n a l L i t e r a c y Program Percentage Enrolled Parti c i - Partici- partici- pants pants Classes - I/ ?ants i n completed completed Year (no. courses courses COUTi2J 1979/80 1980/81 1981/82 1982/83 Total - 1/ T o t a l c l a s s e s o v e r a two-year p e r i o d , each of 5 months (from January t o May). - 2/ C l a s s e s completed i n May 1983. - 3/ A s of May 1983; c l a s s e s c o n t i n u e under t h e follow-up p r o j e c t .  BAS'I'ERN SENlC(:AI. 1,IVESTOCK L)EVEI.OPMENT PKO.IECT - PROJECT COWLETION REPORT Economic R a t e of R e t u r n : C r a z i n g Scheme IU~II: ~ O UCFPFI 1917 lqlll I IWII I'J~II IPU: IYB? IqN4 I'I~!. IP@~ IYnl 1900 1989 199rl 1991 199: 1991 1974 1v95 IPP~ ...................................................................................................................................................................................... r051s ..-.. I. P(l0JCCI M I 1 0 I l V t S l l l t l l CMIS WIILOIIES 1 0 CDlSlYUll ION ~~~IICL uo ~ S coulrncal lOlY OTCRIII* rosls b I SMMItS U D W S l b l b l 11;15 1!451 IYEO! :b48: 9b:V Ilflh) I4bl ;4bl !4bl :4hl 14b1 !4b1 4 1 14h1 34&1 14h1 4 14h1 !4bl VtnlcLt W.COSIS L IPL. hl? I 5881 &*PI Plb5 I!III l8q70 11 L I 1 1 u 0 0 0 V 0 BJ 0 rj l l K R tltCNSC5 5hl1 1 bb48 bb!l 9 5 141068 139: at 3 I 11 I I U I I 0 U 0 it 8, II YDIOIY I :!.I80 :5995 :I5lO !ObJlb Ib11;q 4dI01 I4bl 14bJ '461 '4bl 14bl 1 !4b1 14h1 J4h1 14b1 4 UL1 101 I I .P L I I * SCKd h. 1 L S I U Y SCWICCS 1 M S I H 1 1 CMlS ~ 1 1 ) w 1 $ N O t ~ s ~ t 1101 WlPOSlS kll I I ?#I) 0 (I !4)b I 1:11: 6 4 IElll . : I ! , 4b4B . 11 (I 41 to U. I 11 ! ( V 1) 11 0 3 ! I V 0 B U 11 0 U 1, tl U~HILL~S WD COVIYMII I:)#( 11 I~IEO 1!11411 14011h ~rur: :we I# , 11 a D !I 0 Y o o o ,I lolY 111844 0 lbl88 1811b 88h18 ! 111149 II 1 48 fi 0 #I ! I n 0 I I 0 14 WCNLI IS COSlS b I SMMILS U D YLMS I!! :9 a ? I ! 1;Pb: 44111 ;!ubu ?hJ:q +I981 .q19*1 9lVl ~IYII PIql' PI90 9lVll 9190 9l9n 9190 91911 9190 9191) HIIICLC 01. COSI'a L RLPL. I $04; 4111 4!911 9G48 I'fbb5 .:bll4 11 (8 I+ 1 ( I I 1 ) 11 I) U b 41 IRA1~116 11 o 16:4 11 ! I IIC:I I, ) I ,I 81 0 11 0 II 0 ! I I I P CCILR~ 101111115. I ! 1 ~ 5 5;14 bllb I ! 141841 14BP 4, I ! (6 0 9 (1 I ! 0 U U ' II lUlY !~~'% !l891 1.51141 4411t b?:l: I ! 8 (.I911 PIP0 *lVl~ JlPll 91'111 PIPI) 91911 1190 9190 09) 9I9i1 Vl9u 91Plb SUCIOIY 4Pr18: lBll@l fl.il b:u48 l!~"+'i!IIon111 UJ'5l YlPll )1V1! PIPOI qlqd (I~II QlPu 9191) 9191 Plqll 91%~ 919s 91911 9191, 1. I I C k I l Y 5 WIOIY I If*;( JiQb l4.42b 41119 l II V 1 1 U II 0 I) 0 11 0 18 0 II L. W l t R l l FM11111CS I l M S l d l l custs 1 1 1 1. 1 %a@ l t l t ~cu61bU(11M 11 18 lU;u: @ 11 I ! t t* II 0 11 0 !# Y 0 u 1 E L L CMI*ICIlM t k C 41 ?!~bll :I'11nb 46?l:'~ !Xt 114 11 II ) I II I B t , 0 BJ 0 U 0 - !8J4:4 H l l l t W f 01 6 1 1 5 0 Q d :;by 4!.1#: 9!:? l::bP I I:J119 1.189 I.@P lll8q 12109 17189 17109 12119 I2109 1:119 I7109 11189 SUCIUIY v 81 ;".b:$,, :1b115 4~ac:) !5?4'o J ! I . I : 1:1Ll% 1;lhQ I.!LIP I2183 1?189 12199 12119 12119 12189 12189 I:~OP .!idhjt 0. LIYtSIOCt CbLOll > .I IZO~;:. n U n V 11 0 i ' 0 11 t l 151 04 the t o r l r o l P r o l e r l lhll. b l I l p p l l ~ n qSCF ol ~ . l ? . P5rwalnq Il1r1 r l l r r p r n ~ r t tr o n p l r l ~ o nqorernaenl s e r r l ~ r l- 1 1 I be r e P l r c r 4 by rut I l r a r ~ e spaid bv h r r l c r . rnd I h r i r r t l t r l r l r l l l b r MI! o p r r t l l n q c o s l r tI14 01 s a l t r ~ r rt l 190) Irlrll cl ~ n ~ l u d ~ sr q ~ r q e~ t l u r ni a d l rear 211, r51~11nq a* ~(OIIUBIC 01 m ~ 0 51:5i 01 t u n t l r u t l ~ o n~ 0 5 1 5 1 O l e IJI !.I# y P l 1 5 , 0 I1 o l rrll conslrucllon roslr. 11 ~ n l l u d t n q~ n ~ r r r m l herd r l r r l u r r l l e r r 111. 1'1 c b ~ i o m i cR a t e of R e t u r n : 8.1%  TABLE 1 4 o 0, ' : . s5 -8 s = =5- = -- o w g 2 g + r SF 4 t c.- - - E % c. - . ..o. o gg-j-rr 2 3 33 3 = g; 22 d. + -= ? - 2 5 . a 0 0 0 sg-s'*z$ g $ Z" C 4; - -- s .... fnOs*gy - * y+ t o t g t §! .< - f- 1 p S C C t - 4 S fi t C r. =: C. 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P g - n - nr -, - - s- --,-- $z-%.g !;$ m - 0 * me2 - . 0 ,93 -- .-, - - - z 2 2. P 0 - . I .d a C - 1 - , m-Y.3 - -- 0 - c.N a - r . S - =.- - - t . . . t O sg ,. .- z $ < Z,- - - -.><. m - 5 7: - 0 = --, : ? L - - - - 0. Lrl = t 0 = . - t > ** - m. t C. 5 0 w 0 W P E J 2 ; - T= - . I + - = " pgsgs8r% t - 0 - . . z z 2 25 --.. - - Z - - C ~ - G ; - = - -. -- 4 0 - a IL u =: a 0 - S 2 0. - I _ 0 CI * 0 & 04-0 -- 0 - 0 0 N~-,.-, ~e z - -7 m W u d 0 0 " , : xgs %;gEsz = 91: - 2- " z i2 - .-. 5f - - .., S - .; - , 2 3 2 ; a I 4 U " " a i I.:,== c " - - r r 3 <r -=-?Szg o 7. n r . ~ - ~q e 4 522 2. s i - - =. = 0" -,.0 4 C - -- - = . O C -- 2 , -- ;5 _ t t 0 W u .* -- - .: - 9 3 4 2 2 4 4 a - - n c . n - . = - + % = = = = - - . N O - z s gff - -- 0 3 4 4 c2 o z C "- -- "- C 0 .- o - , , = - 9 C c 5 2 - -. . v, .d C Z & 0 u W - Y - V) .d L w W - -- - Y 5 e I _ " a W L I I g - = rt 3z = c L; ;..: 0 s: . I. -- 5 f i f =! -, .- - - C = z3 r - % a - 1- = .1 0 0 ' - " Z Z =2 Y --". V) -8- = V ) , - , z :-t - : - 5 - s ; = = :l ; s;; t=z GigS = , O = - d X * - , ISE s : z = Z s: ; z =  TABLE 1 PAGE 1 Herd P r o j e c t i o n - C r a z i n g Scheme - With P r o j e c t J K L H K YEAR 1 no. no. of HOR- HOR- UNIT ' S K E S NO TYPE rrF AHIHALS YEAMI ne CALVES TALI TY TALI TY CULLING SALES COST VALUEANIHKS ANIHALS In YEAR o RATE YEAHED RATE (NO. ) RATE (NO., 000 CFAF 000 CFAF EWD YR 1 ------- -------- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ----- ----..----------- -------- BREEDING COWS 40000 0.06 2400 0.06 2400 22 , 52800 35200 BREEDING HEIFERS 6600 0.06 396 0.06 396 25 9900 5808 BULL CALVES 10100 0.00 0 0.00 0 10 0 10100 HEIFER CALVES 10100 0.00 0 0.00 0 10 0 10100 HEIFERS (1-2 YR) 8400 0.06 504 0.00 0 20 0 7896 HEIFERS (2-3 YR) 7600 0.06 456 0.00 0 30 0 7144 BULLS k ST. (1-2 YR) 7190 0.06 426 0.00 0 I5 0 bb74 auLLs 4 ST. (:-I !R) 4830 ?.Sb 39 9. !9 180 23 '520 i!:2 BULLS t ST. (3-4 I R ) 3400 0.06 204 3.25 a50 30 25500 2346 BULLS & ST. (OVER 4 YR) 3900 0.04 234 0.94 3666 35 128310 0 ---- ------- ----- ------- --- ------ ----- SUBTOTAL 4908 7792 226110 89300 YEANED CALVES JIRTH-CCYS I N HILK YEAR 2 ------- KO. NO, OF #OR- HOR- UNIT SALES HO TYPE OF ANIHALS YEAM I CALVES TALITY TAL ITY CULLIYG SALES COST VALUE ANIMALS ANIHALS BE6 YR 2 RATE YEAMED RATE (NO. J RATE iNO. I 300 CFAF 000 CFAF END YR 2 ------- ------- ------ ------ ------ BREEDING COWS 0.05 2050 BREEDING HEIFERS . 0.05 357 BULL CALVES 0.00 0 HEIFER CALVES 0.00 0 HEIFERS ( I - ? YR) 0.05 505 HEIFERS r2-1 Y R ) 0.05 394 BULLS b ST. (1-2 YR) 0.05 505 BULLS k ST. (2-3 YR) 0.05 333 BULLS t ST. (3-4 YR) 0.05 20 1 BULLS t ST. (OVER 4 YR) 0.05 117 ---- ----- 4462 YEAHEO CALVES BIRTH-COYS I N HILK TOTAL  TABLE 1 PM;E--3- 1 LU 111 112 115 YEM S 114 II 5 --- 116 117 YO. YO. OF I#- UHlT S M 9 No 118 TVW o f M I M 9 WlllIW CnLVES TYITV C U L I W !US COST VALUE W I M L S 119 120 ---- AllIlllYS 0 ~ rr ----s 5 rrn --- Ern -- --- --- ---- (110.1 RATE -------- (YO. I 000 C F M 000 CfM EN0 YR S 121 BREEDIrn Con¶ - 44403 1184 0.15 6690 a 1 6 1 ~ 5613 122 MEEDIIIB HEIFERS 6932 217 0.05 $44 25 8650 IS09 123 BULL CALVES 107s 0 0.00 0 10 0 10757 124 HEIFER W V E S 10757 0 0.00 0 10 0 1079 13 HEIFERS (I-! YR) 9642 JIIS 0.00 0 20 0 9257 126 -HEiFE2S (2-3 9) 3257 330 0.00 0 25 3 "T? 127 BULLS L ST. (1-2 4Rt 9642 ;a3 0. lo 964 20 17:ao a:?$ 120 ,BULLS k ST. (2-5 YR) 7406 296 0.23 1831 23 46275 5259 129 BULLS k ST. 15-4 YR) 4501 183 0.40 1054 33 64190 2370 150 BULLS k ST. (OVER 4 YRI J?b5 130 0.96 5612 40 144480 1 131 ------- ---- ---- ------ ---- ------ ----- 132 SUBTOTAL 116556 . 3790 15291 450123 97269 115 134 YEANED CALVES 135 BIRTH-CONS In BILK 136 In TOTAL 138 139 YEAR b 140 ------- I41 !42 No. No. OF NOR- ROR- UNIT SALES MO 143 TYPE OF A N I W S Y ~ l Y G CIKVE! TALITY T l L I T V CULLIIG SALES COST VALUE ANlfllLS 144 145 ANIMALS ------- 8E6 YR 6 UTE --------- ------- ---- ------ E M D RATE 110. t RATE !NO. 000 CF# 000 C F M END VR b ------ ------- ------ -------- -------- ------- 146 BREEDING COYS 42438 1b97 0.13 6365 25 159125 54376 147 BREEDING HEIFERS 7957 517 0.05 396 23 9900 7224 I48 ItULL CALVES 11130 0 0.00 0 10 0 11130 149 HEIFER CALVES LllfO 0 0.00 0 10 0 111% 150 HEIFERS (1-2 rR) 10737 450 0.00 0 20 0 10527 IS1 HEIFERS (2-3 YRJ 9257 570 0.90 0 23 0 8087 152 BULLS L ST. L1-2 YR) 10737 450 0.10 1075 20 21300 9252 153 BULLS L ST. 12-3 YR) 8293 331 9.25 2073 23 51023 5009 IS4 BULLS k ST. (3-4 YR) 3239 210 0.40 2103 35 73603 2946 155 BULLS L ST. !OVER 4 'fR) 2570 102 0.76 2467 40 98680 1 156 ----- ---- ---- ------ ------ ---- ------- ------ 157 SUBTOTAL 119368 3887 14479 414635 101202 I58 IS? YEAHED CALVES I60 BIRTH-CONS I N BILK lbl 162 TOTAL t L1  TABLE 1: m 0 m. an- TYPE OF ar1w.9 WIU T u n CULI~ Awl11119 ---- ---- --- BE9 YR 7 I 1 A I Mn lMO1lW COW 41bM #EEDIII HEIFER¶ 8817 WU C M H S 1124b HEIFER C M M 1124b NIFERI (1-2 11130 HEIFEM (2-3 YR) 10327 B t r L S k ST. (1-2 VI) lllM DULLS k ST. 12-3 YRI 9252 BUS L 91. (3-4 YR) sea9 B U S k ST. (OVER 4 VRI ----- 294b ,-,. SUBTOTAL .db?j U E M D CMVES 41600 3.56 I I R T H - C N S I N MILK 21 142 . TOTAL YEAR 3 ------ no. no. a MOR- MOR- UNIT SALES MI TYPE OF AN1MAI.S MEAN1116 CALVES T A L I TY TALITY rllLL[ma SALES COST V A L E ANfHALS ANIMALS 9E6 1R 8 RATE YWD RATE (NO.) RATE ( M . 1 000 CFAf O W CFlY END YR 0 ------- --------- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------- ------ ------- -------- -------- BREEDIN6 COYS 42283 0.03 I268 0.15 bj42 25 158550 !4673 !REEDING HEIFERS loole 0.03 390 0.05 500 25 12500 9218 BULL CALVES 11648 0.00 0 0.00 0 10 0 11648 HEIFER CALVES 1 1648 0.30 0 0.90 0 10 0 11648 HEIFERS 11-2 YRI I1246 0.03 j37 0.00 0 20 0 10909 HEIFERS (2-3 YR) 10816 0.03 324 0.30 0 25 0 10492 BULLS & ST. (1-2 !R) 11246 0.93 317 0.10 1 I24 20 22480 9785 BULLS L ST. !2J YRI 9701 0.03 291 0.25 2425 ?S 60625 6985 JULLS & ST. (3-4 1 R l 6662 0.03 199 0.40 2664 33 93240 1799 BULLS k ST. !OVER 4 YRI :Is8 3.03 100 0.97 3237 40 120280 I ------ ----- ----- ----- ---- ---- ------- ------- SUBTOTAL 128626 1156 15312 477675 109150 YEBNEO CALVES BIRTH-COYS I N MILK TOTAL  TABLE 12 PAGE 5 YEAR 9 ------- NO. No. OF NOR- NOR- UNIT SALES NQ TYPE OF A n I a L s YEANIN6 CALVES TALITY TALITY CULLING SALES COST VALUE A N I R I L S ANINALS BE6 YR 9 RATE YEANED RATE (NO. I RATE (NO.) 000 CFAF 000 CFAF END YR 9 ------- .-------- ------a ------ ------ ------ ------- ------ -------- -------- -------- BREEDlNG COYS 43891 0.03 1216 0.15 6583 25 164575 35992 BREEDING HEIFERS 10492 0.03 1 4 0.07 734 25 18350 9444 BULL CALVES 10252 9.00 1) 0.00 0 10 0 10252 HE IFER CALVES 10252 0.00 0 0.00 0 10 0 10252 HEIFERS (1-2 I R ) I 1 648 0,03 349 0.00 0 20 0 11299 HEIFERS 12-3 YR) 10909 0.03 327 0.00 0 . 25 0 10582 BULLS & ST. (1-2 YR) 1 1648 0.03 349 0.10 1164 20 23280 19135 BULLS & ST. (2-3 YR) 9785 0.03 293 0.25 2446 25 61150 7046 BULLS & ST. (3-4 YR) 6985 0.03 209 3.40 2794 35 97796 1782 :ULLj i S i . I%",'R 4 ! a ? ,. . . --aq '7 35 !I: j.77 -, * .:us 40 14: W i ----- ---- ,a SUBTOTAL : 1?6 61 YEAMED CALVES 43391 0.56 24578 SIRTH-CCYS I N MILK 22718 TOTAL YEPR 10 ------- no. H a . 0 ~ NOR- YQR- UNIT SALES na TYPE OF 4M IRALS WEANING CALVES TALITY TALITY CULLING SALES COST VALUE AMIflILS AN LNALS 3E6 'iR10 3ATE YEANED RA'IE !NO. ) RATE 300 CFAF 000 CFAFEND YRIO --------- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------- ------ -------- -------- -------- 1na.r ------- bkEE3IHG C2YS 4543 0.03 l ;A3 3.15 5815 25 170375 37250 3REED:NG *!FEES 1~502 0.03 : 1i 0. 05 529 25 13225 9736 3ULL CAL'IES 12299 0.00 0 0.00 0 13 0 12289 HE!FER CALVES !2189 0.00 c 0.00 0 10 0 12289 HEIFERS !I-? i R ) 10252 9,03 307 ') .IO ) 0 20 0 9945 HEIFERS (2-! 'YR) 11209 0.03 338 0.90 0 15 3 10961 BULLS & ST. (1-2 YR) 10222 (1.03 307 0.10 1025 20 20500 8920 BULLS & ST. (1-3 YR) !0115 0.03 304 2 5 2533 25 63325 7298 BULLS & ST. (j-4 YR) 7046 0.03 21 1 4 0 2918 15 98630 4017 SULLS & ST. {OVER 4 YR) 3982 19.03 119 0.97 3962 40 154480 I ----- ---- ----- ----- --- ------- ----- SUBTOTAL 1362 3266 17582 520535 I12714 YEANED CALVES 454% BIRTH-COYS ~n ILK 23497 TOTAL SALES VALUE (YRS 11-20] 8729900  TABLE 1: XGE~ Hard P r o j e c t i o n - - Grazing Schema fJithout Project I#. WO. OF m- m- UNIT SUE3 110 TYPE OF M l M 3 WIl CMWI TKIN I K I T V SMEI COST VALE A I I M S ---- MllMS ---W 0 RITE IN V _C_- --- --- ---- YEllllO 1110. RllTE ---- ----- (NO.) 000 CFM OOOcFlv EHDM 1 ------ ------- WLPIl C a w 4oooo 0.M 2406 4400 22 96MO 33200 MEEDIN6 SICUS 6600 0.01 196 596 3 9000 3 W WU WVE3 lo100 0.00 0 0 10 0 10100 Ylrn U Lm 10100 0.00 0 0 10 0 10100 HEIfERQ (1-2 YR) 8400 0.06 304 0 20 0 7896 YIRR3-(2-3 YR) 1600 0.M 456 0 2s 0 1144 M L S L ST. (1-2 VR) 1100 0.06 426 0 1s 0 6674 U S L ST. (2-3 YR) (800 0.06 288 90 20 19200 3552 BULLS L ST. !3-4 YR) 3400 0.06 204 1020 30 30600 2176 15 BULLS k ST. (OVER 4 I R I 300 ------- 0 3:6 X4 , 3666 --- !:3:10 (1 --- ------ ----- 4908 10442 234810 86650 BIRTH-COYS IN HILK TOTAL YEAR '2 ------- KO. NO. OF HOR- NOR- UNIT SALES KO TYPE O F ANIRKS MEWIN6 CALVES TALITY TAL 1TY CULLIffi SALES COST VNUE nnlRks AIIIRALS BE6 Y R 2 RATE YAWED RATE (no. I RATE lN0.I 000 CFAF 000 CFlv END YR 2 ------- --------- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------- BREEDIN6 COY5 39008 0.06 2340 0.08 BREEDIN6 HEIFERS 1144 0.06 428 0.06 BULL CALVES 7600 0.06 436 0.00 HEIFER CALVES 7500 0.06 436 0.00 HEIFERS (I-? YR) 10100 0.06 606 0.00 HEIFERS (2-5 YR) 7896 0.06 475 0.00 BULLS L ST. (1-2 YR) 10100 0.06 606 0.00 BULLS k ST. 12-3 YR) 6614 0.06 400 0.20 BULLS L ST. (3-4 YR) 3552 0.06 213 0.30 BULLS k ST. (OVER 4 YR) 2176 0.06 ------ ---- ----- .---- 130 0.94 SUBTOTAL 101830 6108 UEANED CALVES BIRTH-toms IN RILK  TABLE 13 PAGE 2 ---- VEM 3 Hm- UNIT SALES rm TV?€ of T M I T T CUIIII WE9 COST VALE MIHlYS (M.1 000 OY 000 OAF EllD VR 3 ----- IYIIRM9 (110.1 RATE M f E D I W l COW BREEDIllQ HflFERS BUL W YE S HEIFER C YVE! HEIFERS (I-? YR) m r F a r s (2-s YR) u s & ST. (1-2 VRI B U L S & ST. (2-3 VRI BULLS & ST. 13-4 VR) a u i L s L ST. !OVER r ~ R I YERmn CALVES 0IRTH-C3YS IM RILK ------- - YEAR 4 no. M. OF KOR- NOR- UNIT SALES NO TYPE OF AIIHIILS WNlM CAL'KS TaLITv TALITY CULLING SALES COST VRLUE U [ H A L S ANIHYS BE6 YR 4 RATE %AWE# R4TE !no.) RATE [NO.) 000 CF4F 000 CFlw EN0 YR 4 ------- --------- ------- ------ ----- ------ ------- ----- -------- -------- -------- 9REEOlN6 COYS 41191 0.07 2883 3.06 2471 25 617n 33837 BREEOIW6 HEIFERS 8923 0.07 624 0.06 335 25 15375 7766 bULL CALVES b573 0.01 446 0.00 0 10 0 5927 HEIFER CALVES bS75 3.07 446 0.00 0 10 0 5927 HEIFERS (1-2 YRt 6050 0.07 423 0.00 0 20 0 5627 HElFERS (2-3 YR) b7lS 3.07 470 0.00 0 25 0 6246 BULLS L ST. (1-2 YR) 00SO 0.07 423 0.00 0 20 0 5627 BULLS. & ST. (2-3 YR) 5288 0.07 370 0.20 1057 25 26423 3061 BULLS L ST. 13-4 YR) b077 0.07 43 0.30 1823 35 63805 3829 BULLS L ST. IOVER 4 YR) 0.07 221 0.93 2940 40 ll7bOO 1 3162 ----- ---- ----- ----- ---- --- ------- ----- SUBTOTAL 96205 6731 8826 282980 Bob40 UEIWED CALVES BIRTH-COY5 I W RILK TOTAL  0 No. IrO. OF m- M R- UWlT SALES no TYPE OF A 1 1 1 M S YEAWIN0 CALVES TAL ITY TAL ITY CULL IJ6 SALES COST VALUE ANIRALS ANINS ----- --------- ------- Y BE6 YR 7 Em ---- RATE RATE 110. ) RATE (MI.) 000 CFAF 000 CFMEND i R 7 ------ ----- ------- ------ -------- -------- ------I BREEDIN6 C W S 42287 0.07 2960 0.0) 2537 25 63425 36790 BREEDIN6 HEIFERS 5 128 0.07 358 0.0b 307 25 7b7S 44bS BULL CALVES b93q 0.07 485 0.00 0 10 0 6454 HEIFER CALVES 6939 0.07 485 0.00 0 10 0 6454 HEIFERS (1-2 YRI 6400 0.07 434 0.00 0 20 0 4034 HEIFERS (2-3 YR) 5700 0.07 399 0.00 0 25 0 5301 BULLS k ST. 11-2 YR) 6488 0.07 454 0.00 0 20 0 6034 SULLS $ ST. !2-3 "R) 5'99 9.97 399 9.15 075 23 71375 4446 BULLS k ST. (3-4 YR) 4026 3.07 201 9.25 1096 15 :52!3 ;7i? BULLS k ST. (OVER 4 YRI 2590 0.07 181 0.93 2W 40 96320 ------- ----- ---- ---- ------ ---- ------- -----I SUBTOTAL 92285 645b 7113 224005 78716 YEANED CALVES 423? : 0.2 I3531 BIRTH-COYS IN NILK 20627 YEAR 8 ------ NO. NO. O f NOR- NOR- UNIT SALES NO TYPE OF ANIHALS YEAN I N 6 CALVES TALI TY TALITY CULL[IG SALES COST VRLUE ANlAILS ANINALS aE6 YR 8 RATE YEANrn RATE !NO.l RATE (NO. 1 090 CFAF 060 CFAF END YR 8 ------- --------- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------- ------ -------- ------- -------- ~REEDING cans 41253 9.07 :I87 0.06 1475 25 61875 15831 BREEDING HEIFERS 5301 0.07 371 0.06 118 25 7950 4612 BULL CALVES 6765 0.07 473 0.?0 0 10 0 6292 HEIFER CALVES 6765 0.07 473 0.09 0 10 0 6292 HEIFERS (I-? YR) $454 0.07 451 0.90 0 20 0 6003 HEIFERS (2-1 YR) 5034 0.07 422 0.39 0 25 0 5612 BULLS k ST. !I-2 YRI a454 0.37 451 0.30 0 20 0 6003 9ULLS k ST. (2-3 YRI 6034 0.97 422 0.15 905 23 22625 4707 BULLS k ST. 13-4 YR) 4446 0.07 311 0.25 1111 35 38885 3024 8ULLS k ST. (OVER 4 7R) :759 0.07 191 0.95 2547 40 101880 I ------ ----- ----- ----- ---- ---- ------- ------- SUBTOTAL 92245 6452 7356 233215 78437 YEANED CALVES 4 1253 0.32 I3290 BIRTH-COYS I N NILK 23232 TOTAL  TABW 1 PACE 3 m- m- UNIT SnLES ha TYPE OF TnLITY TlYITY CUUImi SKES COST VALUE ANIllnLS (no.) RATE crm.1 ooo ~ F Mooo CFMEND YR 9 ANIllnLS ---- RATE ----- ------ ------- ------ -------- -------- ------ BREEDIN0 COMS 0.07 2831 0.06 2427 25 60675 35196 BREEDIIIG HEIFERS 0.07 392 0.06 316 2s 8400 ren BULL CnLVES 0.07 717 0.00 0 10 0 9535 HEIFER CALVES 0.07 717 0.00 0 10 0 953s HEIFERS 11-2 YR) 0.07 439 0.00 0 20 0 5044 HEIFERS (2-3 YR) 0.07 410 0.00 0 25 0 5573 B U S & ST. 11-2 YRJ 0.07 439 0.00 0 20 0 5844 BULLS & ST. (2-3 YRJ 0.07 419 0.5 098 25 22450 4675 B U S & ST. (3-4 YRJ 0.07 328 0.25 I174 35 41090 3196 BULLS 4 ST. (OVER 4 YRI 0.07 211 0.93 2812 40 112400 I ---- ----- ----- ----- ---- -..----- ------ SUBTOTAL 6912 1647 :!45095 04212 WEANED CALVES BIRTH-CONS IN MILK TOTAL YEAR 10 ------- no. No. OF ROR- UNIT SALES no TYPE OF ANIHALS WEANING CALVES TALITY CIJLLIIG SALES COST VALUE ANIMALS 4NIMALS BE6 YRlO RATE WEANED RATE . RATE (H0.1 000 CFAF 000 CFAF END YRlO ------- --------- ------- ------ ------ ------- -----a -------- -------- SREEDIHG COWS 40069 0.37 0.06 2404 25 60100 34061 6REEDIH6 HEIFERS 5573 0.07 3.06 334 25 3350 4849 BULL CAL'XS s472 09.07 3.00 0 10 0 6019 HEIFER CALVES 5472 0.07 3.00 0 10 0 b019 HEIFERS !I-! Y4) 9535 3.07 9.90 0 20 0 8868 HEIFERS (2-5 YR) 5844 0.07 ?. 00 0 25 0 5435 BULLS 4 ST. !I-! YR) 9535 0.07 6.00 0 20 0 8868 BULLS 4 ST. !:-I YR) 5844 0.07 9.15 916 25 21900 4559 BULLS k ST. !I-4 YRJ 4675 0.07 9.25 llb8 5 40880 2180 BULLS k ST. !OVER 4 YR) 3196 0.07 0.93 2972 40 Ill0800 1 ----- ----- ----- --- -..----- ----- SUBTOTAL 97215 7754 2501 10 82659 YEANED CALVES 3IPTH-CONS IN RILK TOTAL SALES VALUE (YRS 11-201 5479350  TABLE 1 L PAGE 1 Herd Projection - Eastern Senegal Region - Animal Eealth Services - Yith Project 110. No. OF M R- WR- UlllT S U S Ha TYPE OF ANIWS W N I 6 CALVES TALITY TACITY CULLIN6 SALES COST VALUE AMIIALS AM I H l Y S I N YEA# 0 RAE YAW RATE (NO. 1 RATE ooo c ~ wEN^ r R 1 ~M.I000 C F ~ F ------ --------- ----------- ----- ------ ------- BREEDIffi COWS 103000 0.06 6180 0.06 BREEDING HEIFERS 1 5000 0.06 900 0.06 BULL CALVES 19000 0.00 0 0.00 HEIFER ClLVES 19000 0.00 0 0.00 HEIFERS (1-2 YRt 10000 0.06 1080 0.00 HEIFERS (2-3 YRI 17000 0.06 103 0.00 auLLs L ST. ( 1 - 2 YR! ldil00 0.06 1?90 3.00 BULLS L ST. (2-3 YRI 17000 0.96 1020 0.10 BULLS L ST. (3-4 YR) 14000 0.06 840 0.25 BULLS L ST. !OVER 4 YRI 10000 0.06 600 0.94 ------a- ---- ------- ----- SUBTOTAL 250000 12720 NEANED CALVES BIRTH-COYS I N IIILK TOTAL NO. M. OF IIOR- IIOR- UNIT SALES NO TYPE OF ANIIIIKS Y EANIN9 CALVES rnirtr TALITY CULL/MG SALES COST VALUE ANIRALS (no. I 000 CFAF 000 CFAF END YR 2 ANIfiALS ------- --------- ------- WEANED BE6 YR 2 RATE ------ RATE (NO.) RATE ------ ------ ------- ------ -------- ------- -------- 3REEDIN6 CONS l0j840 0.06 6230 0. 06 6230 22 137060 91380 aREEOIN6 HEIFERS 15980 0.06 958 0.06 958 25 23950 14064 a u i L CALVES 19570 0.06 1174 0.00 0 10 0 10396 HEIFER CALVES 19570 0.06 1174 0.00 0 10 0 18396 HEIFERS (1-2 YRI 19000 0.06 1140 9.00 0 20 0 17860 HEIFERS !2-3 YRt 16920 0.06 LO15 0.00 0 30 0 15905 BULLS h ST. (1-2 YR) 19000 0.06 1140 0.00 0 15 0 lie60 BULLS L ST. (2-3 I R I 16920 0.06 1015 0.10 1692 20 33840 14213 BULLS k ST. (3-4 YRI 14280 0.06 956 0.25 3570 30 107100 9854 auiLs L ST. !OVER 4 Y R ~ 0.06 579 0.94 9000 35 317000 I 9660 ------ ---- ----- ----- ----- --- ------ ------ SUBTOTAL 254740 15281 21530 619750 217929 YEANED CALVES BIRTH-COYS IN HILK TOTAL  TABLE 1L FmZ2 -- NO. OF NOR- NOR- UNIT SALES NO TYPE OF YEAHIM CALVES TALITV TLLITV CULLIWI SALES COST VALUE ANlNALS ANIHALS RATE YEAmD RATE [NO. 1 RATE 1110.) 000 CFAF 060 CFAf END YR 3 ------- ------ ----- ----- ------ ------- BREEDINS C W S 0.06 632b O.Ob BREEDIN6 HEIFERS 0.Ob 954 0.06 BULL CALVES 0.06 1183 0.00 HEIFER CALVES O.Ob 1183 0.00 HEIFERS (1-2 YR) 0.06 1103 0.00 HEIFERS 12-3 YRI 0.06 1071 0.00 BULLS L ST. (1-2 YR) 0.06 110s 0.10 3GcLS & ST. ( 2 - J !g) , :. ;S 13?1 9.25 BULLS L ST. 13-4 YR) 0.06 852 0.30 BULLS L ST. (OVER 4 YR) 0.06 591 0.94 ----- ---- ---- SUBTOTAL 15437 YEANED CALVES BIRTH-COYS rn TOTAL YEAR 4 ------- NO. Ha. OF HOR- UNIT SALES no TYPE I1F ANIHALS YEANIN6 CALVES TAL ITY CULLIYG SALES COST VALUE ANIHALS AN IRALS BE6 YR 4 RATE YEAllED RATE RATE !NO.) 000 CFAF 001) CFAF END YR 4 ------- --------- ------- ------ ------ ------- ------ -------- -------- -------- BREED I N 6 COYS 106789 0.05 9-97 7475 25 106875 93975 BREED IN6 HEIFERS 1 ST89 0.05 0.07 I175 25 29375 14775 9ULL CALVES 20561 0.05 0.01) 3 10 0 19533 HEIFER CALVES 29561 0.05 0. 30 0 10 0 19533 HEIFERS (1-2 YR) 18546 0.05 0.30 0 20 0 17619 HEIFERS 12-1 YR) 17293 0.05 0.30 0 25 0 16429 BULLS L ST. (1-2 YRI 18546 0.05 d.00 0 20 0 17619 BULLS L ST. (2-3 YR) I5454 0.05 0.15 2310 25 57950 12364 BULLS L ST. !3-4 YR) I2324 0.05 0.30 3697 35 129595 eoll BULLS L ST. !OVER 4 YR) 9098 9.05 0.93 9461 40 138440 I03 ----- ---- ----- ---- --- ------- ----- SUBTOTAL 25396 1 23126 742035 220041 WEBNED CALVES BIRTH-COYS IN H1LK TOTAL  TABLE 14 PAGE 3 YEAR 5 ------ No. Ma. OF NOR- MR- UNIT SALES NO TYPE OF A N I R M S YEANI tie CALVES TALITY TALIn CULLIN SALES COST VALUE M I N K S (I.) ooo CFAF ooo CFM END YR s AIIIllnLS ------ -------- ------- YEAWED BE6 YR 5 RATE RATE ----- ------ ----- ------ RATE (no.) B R E E D I M COYS 100750 0.05 5437 0.07 BREED IN6 HEIFERS 16429 0.05 821 0.07 BULL CALVES 20023 0.05 1041 0.00 HEIFER CALVES 20823 0.05 1041 0.00 HEIFERS 11-2 YR) 19533 0.05 976 0.00 HEIFERS !2-3 YR) 17619 0.05 800 0.90 BULLS k ST. (1-2 YR) 19533 0.05 976 0.00 BULLS h $1. :2-3 f R ) 17319 fJ5 *). 383 3.15 BULLS k ST. 13-4 YR) 12364 0.05 618 0.30 BULLS k ST. [OVER 4 YR) 801 1 0.05 400 0.93 ------- ----- ---- ----- SUBTOTAL 261504 13070 YEAWED CALVES 108750 I). 40 43500 BIRTH-COYS I N N I L K 55080 TOTAL YEAR 6 ------- no. HO. OF ROR- ROR- UMIT SALES no TYPE OF ANIMALS YEANlNe CALVES T A L I TY TALITY C U L L I P SALES COST VALUE ANIRALS ANIHALS RE6 YR 6 RATE YEAWEU RATE !NO.) RATE !NO. 1 000 CFAf 000 CFAf END YR 6 -- - .--- --------- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------- ------ -------- -------- -------- BREEDING CONS 110159 0.05 5507 0.07 '71 I 25 192775 96941 IREEDING HEIFERS 16739 0.05 836 0.07 1171 25 29275 14732 BULL CALVES 21750 0.05 1087 9.00 0 10 0 20663 HEIFER CALVES 21750 0.05 1087 9.00 0 10 0 20663 HEIFERS (1-2 YR) 19782 0.05 989 0.00 0 20 0 18793 HEIFERS (2-3 YR) 18557 0.05 927 0.90 0 25 0 17630 BULLS k ST. (1-2 YR) 19782 0.05 989 0.00 0 20 0 18793 BULLS h ST. (2-3 YR) 18557 0.05 927 9.15 2783 25 69575 14847 BULLS h ST. 13-4 YR) 14097 0.05 704 0.30 4229 35 118015 9164 BULLS k ST. (OVER 4 YR) ---- ---- 8037 ------ -----0.05 401 0.93 ---- ------ ------ 7174 40 298960 ---- ------- ------162 SUBTOTAL 269210 13454 23358 738600 232388 YEANED CALVES 110159 0.40 14063 BIRTH-CONS I N R I L K 55037 TOTAL  TABLE 1 PAGE 4 0 m. m. OF m- UNIT SALES No TYPE OF M I W S YWINU CALVES TALItr CULLIN6 SALES C03T VALUE A l l I M M S AN1 HALS ------- -------- - .--- BEBYR7 RATE ----- ------ Y A m RATE ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- RATE iM.1 000 CFAF 000 CF# END YR 7 B R E E D l l CONS 111473 0.03 0.07 7817 23 193425 98213 BREEDl116 HEIFERS 17430 0.05 0.01 1234 23 108% 13513 BULL ClKVES 22031 0.05 0.00 0 10 0 20930 HEIFER CALVES 22031 0.03 0.00 0 10 9 20930 HEIFERS (1-2 VR) 20663 0.03 0.00 0 20 0 19630 HEIFERS (2-3 VR) 18793 9.03 0.00 0 23 0 17854 BULLS & ST. 11-2 YR) 20663 0.05 0.00 0 20 0 19650 BULLS & ST. (2-3 YR) 18793 0.03 0.20 37158 25 93930 14096 BULLS & ST. (3-4 YRI 14847 .o.os 0.33 3196 33 181060 8909 9ULLS k ST. '4VER 4 YR) 9!54 1. 1 15 1.93 ?! ?? 40 !V?03 :?4 ------- ----- ---- SUBTOTAL 276288 YEAWED CALVES 111675 0.41 43703 BIRTH-COYS I N MILK 56894 TOTAL YEAR 3 ------ NO. Ha. OF MOR- ROR- UNIT S U E S Ma TYPE OF ANIMALS YEANING CALVES TAL 1TY TALlTY CULLING SALES COST VALUE ANIMALS ANIilALS BE6 YR 8 RATE NAMED RATE iH0.j RRTE 010. J 000 CFAF 000 C F M EMD YR 8 ------- --------- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------- ------ -------- -------- -------- 9REEDIN6 SOYS 113?00 0.03 5609 9.07 7965 75 199125 100134 BCEED116 HEIFERS 17834 3.53 992 11.37 It49 25 1 2 15713 SULL CALVES 22892 9.05 1144 .!.00 0 10 0 21748 HEIFEC CALVES 22892 0.03 1144 9.00 0 I0 0 21748 HEIFERS !I-? 1R) 20930 9.03 LO4b .0.00 0 20 5 I9084 HEIFERS I?-3 YRJ 19630 ').03 901 0.00 0 25 0 I8649 BULLS k ST. (1-2 YRJ 2930 0.03 1046 3.00 3 20 0 19084 BULLS k ST. !2-3 YRJ 19630 I). 03 981 0.20 1924 25 00150 14723 3ULLS k ST. (3-4 YRJ 14G96 0.05 704 0.X 4933 31 172455 0459 BULLS k ST. !OVER 4 YR) 0909 0.05 445 0.93 9295 40 331400 179 ----- ----- ----- ---- ---- ------ ------- SUBTOTAL 201551 14072 26358 032553 24 1121 YEAMED CALVES BIRTH-COYS I N HILK TOTAL  TABLE 1- PAGE 5 YEAR 9 ------- NO. O f HOR- UNIT SALES NO TYPE OF uEAII118 CALVES lALITY CULLIWG SALES COST VALUE AWIIIALS AtiInRs RATE YlANED RATE RATE (M.1 000 CF* 000 CF* EM0 Y R 9 ------- ------- ----- ------ ------- BREEDIWG COYS 0.05 0.07 BREEDING HEIFERS 0.05 0.07 RUU CALVES 0.05 0.00 HEIFER CALVES 0.05 0.00 MIFERS (1-2 YR) 0.0s 0.00 HEIFERS 12-3 VR) 0.05 0. 00 BULLS & ST. (1-2 YR) 0.05 0.00 BULLS & ST. (2-3 YR) 0.05 0.20 . BULLS & ST. !3-4 YR) 3.05 0.35 BULLS & ST. (OVER 4 YR) 0.05 0.93 ----- YEAHED CALVES BIRTH-COWS IN MILK TOTAL #EAR 10 9 ------- no. no. OF [OR- ~OR- UNIT SALES no iiPE O F AIIllALS YEAWIN6 CALVES TALITY TALITY CULL:% SALES COST VALUE AWlllALS tiUIIIALS BE6 YRlO RATE YEAHED RATE iua, I RATE !no. 1 300 CFAF 000 CFAF END r ~ i o ------- --------- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- 9REEDI!45 COWS 118350 0.05 5917 0.97 9283 25 237125 134156 SREEDING HEIFERS I8890 3.05 744 9.07 1322 25 13050 lbbZ4 3ULL CALVES 23?48 0.05 1187 0.CO 0 10 0 22561 HEIFER CALVES 21740 0.05 1!8? 0..jO 0 10 0 22561 HEIFESS !I-! YR) 9740 0.05 487 0.00 0 23 0 9253 HEIFERS (2-5 Y R I 3bbl 0.05 1033 3.00 0 25 9 19b28 9ULLS L ST. [I-!YR! 9740 0.05 417 3.CO 9 20 0 9253 YULLS t ST. 12-5 f R 1 20bbl 3.05 1933 2 3 4132 25 L1)5300 L549b BULLS L ST. !5-4 YR) 14914 0.05 745 0.55 5219 i5 182bb5 9950 SULLS & ST. (OVER 4 iRt as54 3.05 441 9.B3 9215 40 528600 178 ----- ---- ----- ----- --- ------- ----- SUBTOTAL 259294 134bl 27173 954740 228660 YEANEO CALVES SIRTH-CCYS I N MILK SALES VALUE (YRS 11-20) 17b05900  TABLE 1 PAGE 1 Herd Projection - - Eastern Senegal Region Animal HealthServices - Without Project no. No. OF NOR- MR- UNIT SALES MI TYPE OF MIHaLS WEAIIIW CMVES TMITY TaIn CULLIM SMES COST VMUE AMINMS MIHaL9 ---*- ----- --- IN YEM 0 RATE N EMD -**- RATE (110.) ---- --- - ---- RATE (MI.) 000 C --- FN 060 CFM END Y R I ---.*-- ------- BREEDIN6 CWS 103000 0.06 6160 0.06 6180 22 135960 90640 BREEDIN6 HEIFERS l5000 0.0) 900 0.0) 900 25 22500 15200 BULL CMVES 19000 0.00 0 0.00 0 10 0 I9000 HEIFER CALVES 19000 0.00 0 0.00 0 10 0 I9000 HEIFERS (1-2 YR) l8OOO 0.01 1080 0.00 0 20 0 16920 HEIFERS 12-3 YR) 17000 0. Ob I020 0.00 0 SO 1) 15980 3ULLS k ST. [ I - ~ ' Y R ) 13000 3.36 1080 0.30 0 ;5 3 :::3 BULLS k ST. (2-3 YR) I7000 0.0b 1020 0.10 1700 20 34000 14280 BULLS C ST. (3-4 YR) 14000 0. Ob 840 0.23 . 3500 30 105000 9660 BULLS C ST. (OVER 4 YR) 10000 0.06 600 0.94 9400 35 329000 0 ---- ---* ---*- ------ -- ----- em--- SUBTOTAL 11720 21680 626460 215600 UEANED CALVES BIRTH-COWS IH !ILK TOTAL YEAR 2 ------- Ma. Ma. OF HOR- NOR- UNIT SALES NO TYPE OF Anltws l~ u ~ l l ~ t l CALVES TAL ITY TALlTY CULLING SALES COST VALUE ANIMALS AHIllKS BE6YR2 RATE YEANED RATE (NO.) RATE R 2 (NO. 1 000 CFAF 000 CFlY END Y ------- -----**- ---*- ----- ----* ------ ------- ------ -------- -------- ------- BREED In6 COWS 103840 b.0b 6230 0.06 6230 22 137060 91380 BREEDING HEIFERS IS980 0.06 958 0.06 958 25 23950 14064 BULL CkVES 19570 0. Ob I174 0.00 0 10 0 18396 HEIFER CALVES 19570 0.0) 1174 0.00 0 10 0 18396 HEIFERS (1-2 YR) 19000 0. Ob 1140 0.00 0 20 0 17860 HEIFERS (2-1 YR) I6920 0. O b 1015 0.00 0 30 0 15905 BULLS k ST. 11-2 YR) 19000 0. O b 1140 0.00 o IS o 1ta60 BULLS k ST. (2-3 YR) 14920 0.06 101s 0.10 1692 20 33840 14213 BULLS k ST. 13-4 YR) 14280 0.04 85) 0.25 3570 SO 107100 9854 BULL9 C ST. (OVER 4 YR) 9460 ---**- ---- ---- 0.0) 579 0.94 ---* 9080 ---- 35 317800 --- ------ ------ 1 SUBTOTAL 254740 15201 21530 419750 217929 YEAMED CALVES BIRTH-CWS IN NlLK TOTAL  TABLE 15 RAGE 2 ---- YEAR 3 WO. Ha. DF ma- llOR- UNIT SALES NO TYPE Of AWIHMS I I L A I I M CALVES T A L I N CULLIM SALES COST VALUE M I A M S ANIHMS ----- BE0 YR 3 RATE -------- ----- NAW) --- ---- ----- ------- ---- ---- ------ ------- RATE 1110.) RATE M0.t 000 C F f f 000 C F f f END YR 3 BREEDIM COYS 105444 0.06 6326 0.06 6326 25 158154 92792 BREEDIWB HEIFERS 15905 0. ob 954 0.06 934 25 23850 13997 BULL CALVES 19723 0.06 1183 0.00 0 10 0 18544 HEIFER W Y E S 19729 0.06 1103 0.00 0 10 0 10546 HEIFERS (1-2 YRt 18196 0. 06 1103 0.00 0 20 0 17293 HEIFERS (2-3 YR) 17060 0.06 1071 0.00 0 25 0 16709 B U S L ST. (1-2 YRI 18396 0.0b 1103 0.10 1839 20 36780 15454 BULLS L ST. (2-3 YRt 17860 0.06 1071 0.25 4465 2s 111623 12324 B U S L ST. (3-4 YR) 14213 0.06 852 0.30 42U 35 1492OS 9098 ~ais L ST. (OVER 4 YRI ---- 9854 0.06 ---- ---- --- ----- 591 0.94 9262 40 370480 -- ---- -----1 SUBTOTAL 15??!b 15437 27 109 950090 Z! !'It0 YMED W V E S 39014 BIRTH-COYS I N MILK TOTAL YEAR 4 ------ M. Ma. OF ROR- ROR- UNIT SALES NO TYPE OF ANIRALS NEANIIIG CALVES TALITY TAL 1TY CULL1N6 SALES COST VALUE lN1llM.S uInaLs BE6 YR 4 RATE NEANED RATE rno.) RATE 1NO.I 000 CFAF 000 CFAF END YR 4 ------- --------- ------ --- ------ ------ ------- ------ -------- -------- "------ BREEDING CONS 106789 0.07 7475 0.07 7475 25 186875 91839 BREEDING HEIFERS I6789 0.07 1175 0.07 I175 25 29375 14439 BULL CALVES 19507 0.07 1365 0.00 0 10 0 18142 HEIFER CALVES 19507 0.07 1355 0.00 0 10 0 L8142 HEIFERS 11-2 YR) 18546 0.07 1290 0.00 0 20 0 17248 HEIFERS (2-3 YRI 17293 0.07 1210 0.00 0 25 0 16083 BULLS L ST. (1-2 YRI 18546 0.07 1298 0.00 0 20 0 17248 BULLS L ST. (2-3 YR) 15454 0.07 1081 0.15 2316 25 57950 12055 BULLS L ST. (3-4 YRI 12324 0.07 862 0.30 3697 35 129395 7765 BULLS L ST. (OVER 4 YRt 9098 ----- 0.07 ---- --------- 636 0.93 8461 ---- 40 338440 --- ------- 1 ----- SUBTOTAL 253853 17765 23126 742035 212962 WEANED CALVES 106789 0.37 3951 1 BIRTH-CONS II NILK 53139 TOTAL  TABLE 1 PACE 3 .. . 110 111 112 1'1 3 114 115 ---- YEAR S 116 117 Ma. No. OF m- MR- UNIT SALES 110 l I8 TYPE OF MIIIkS YEnNIl CALVES TAlllY T n t l T r CUUIYB SALES COST VlKUE AllIllALS 119 I20 ------ AMrnks --------- ----- BE6 YR S RATE --- ----- ----- ---- YEnm RATE 1110.) RATE -rna. ooo ----- CFMooo CFM EMYR s ------ ----- I21 BREEDIWG COW 106278 0.07 7439 0.07 7439 25 185975 91400 n i BREEDIIIB HEIF€RS 16003 0.07 1123 0.07 1125 25 28lZS 13813 i 23 BULL CALVES 197s 0.01 1382 0.00 0 10 0 18373 I24 HEIFER CALVES 19755 0.07 1382 0.00 0 10 0 1837s I25 HEIFERS (1-2 YR) 18142 0.01 I269 0.00 0 20 0 I6873 I26 HEIFERS (2-3 YR) 17248 0.07 1207 0.00 0 25 0 16041 127 BULLS I ST. 11-2 YRt 18142 0.07 1269 0.00 0 20 3 !5873 123 3ULLS t ST. (2-3 YR) 17248 0.17 1207 0.15 2587 25 j4bi5 11454 129 BULLS k ST. (3-4 YRt 12055 0.01 043 0.30 3616 35 l2b560 7596 130 BULLS k ST. (OVER 4 YR) 7765 0.07 543 0.93 7221 40 288840 1 131 ------- ---- --- ----- ----- ---- ------ ----- 132 SUBTOTAL 25247 1 17666 21988 694175 212817 133 I34 YEANEO CALVES 135 BIRTH-COYS I N !ILK 11s 137 TOTAL 138 139 YEAR 6 140 ------- I4 I 142 NO. NO. OF NOR- NOR- UNIT SALES HO 143 TYPE OF ANIHACS YEANIMS CALVES TnLITy TBLITY CULLING SALES COST VALUE AWIHALS !44 ANIRALS eE6 YR 6 RATE Y EANED RATE (NO.) RATE [NO.) 000 CFAF 000 CFRF END YR 6 145 ------- -------- ------- ----- ----- ------ ------- ------ -------- ------- ------- !46 BREEDING COYS 105233 0.07 7366 0.07 7366 25 104150 90501 147 BREEDIHG HEIFERS 16041 0.07 1122 0.37 1122 25 28050 13791 148 8ULL CALVES 19130 0.07 1339 0.00 0 10 0 17791 149 HEIFER CALVES 191JO 0.07 1339 0.10 0 10 0 17791 150 HEIFERS 1 1 -2 VR) 18373 0.07 I286 0.00 0 20 0 17087 151 HEIFERS (2-3 YR) lb873 0.07 1181 0.00 0 25 0 15692 152 BULLS k ST. (I-? YR) 18373 0.07 1286 0.30 0 20 0 17081 153 BULLS k ST. (2-3 YRt l b873 0.07 1181 0.15 2530 25 63250 13162 154 BULLS k ST. 13-4 YRt 13454 0.07 941 0.10 4036 35 l4l260 8477 155 BULLS k ST. (OVER 4 YR) 7596 0.07 531 0.93 7064 40 2025b0 1 156 ----- ---- ---- ---- ------ ------ ---- ------- ------ 157 SUBTOTRL 25 1076 17572 22110 699270 ZL1386 158 159 YEANED CALVES I60 BIRTH-CWS IN MILK Ibl 162 TOTAL  TABLE 15 PAGE 4 0 10. m- 11011- MlT SALES no TYPE OF U l M L S WAWIWB TMITV T l L l N CULIWB WE9 COST V A L E IYIIM.3 YIWS ---- Y0YI7 _I-- --- RI'IE RATE (NO.) -_I ---- -- --- RATE ----- -- (NO.) 000 CFlY 000 E M END YR I BREEDIIIG COYS lO4tOl 7300 0.07 7300 2s 1en00 89490 BREEDIM HEIFERS lfH2 1090 0.07 1090 25 274% 13496 BULL CALVES l8?4 1 1325 0.00 0 10 0 17416 HEIFER ClLVES 18941 1325 0.00 0 10 0 17416 HEIFERS l l - 2 YRI 17791 1245 0.00 0 20 0 16546 HEIFERS (2-3 YR) 17087 1194 0.00 0 25 0 15891 BULLS k ST. (1-2 YR) 177?L 1245 0.00 0 20 0 16546 BULLS k ST. (2-3 YR) 17087 1194 0.20 3417 25 85425 12474 BULLS b ST. (3-1 YR) 13162 921 0.35 4606 55 !b!;10 73:s BULLS k ST. (OVER 4 VRI ----- 8477 ---- ---- ----- 593 0.93 7883 ---- ------ -----1 40 315320 SUB1OTAL 249267 17444 24304 771905 207519 YEAWED CALVES 104290 0.36 BIRTH-CWS I N MILK 51597 TOTAL YEAR 8 ------ NO. NOR- ROR- UNIT SALES NO TYPE OF ANIBALS YEININ6 TALITY TALITY CULLING SALES COST VALUE ANIMALS ANIMALS BE6 YR 8 RA'IE RATE (NO.) RATE (NO.) 000 C F U 000 CFAF END YR 0 ------- -------- ------- ------ ------ ------- ------ -------- -------- ------- BREEDING CONS 103194 0.07 7223 0.07 723 25 180575 88748 BREEDING HEIFERS 15991 0.07 1112 0.07 1112 25 27800 13667 BULL CALVES 18773 0.07 1314 0.00 0 10 0 17459 HEIFER CALVES 18773 0.07 1314 0.00 0 10 0 17459 HEIFERS (1-2 YR) 17614 0.07 1233 0.00 0 20 0 16383 HEIFERS (2-3 YRI 16546 3.07 1158 0.00 0 25 0 15388 BULLS L ST. (1-2 YR) 17616 0.07 1233 0.00 0 20 0 16383 BULLS L ST. 12-3 YR) 16546 0.07 1158 0.20 3309 . 25 82725 12079 BULLS k ST. (3-4 YR) 12471 0.07 873 0.35 4365 35 152775 7236 BULLS L ST. (OVER 4 YRI 7635 0.07 534 0.93 7100 40 284000 1 ------ ----- ----- ----- ---- ---- ------- ------- SUBTOTAL 245064 17 152 23109 727975 204803 YEANED CALVES BIRTH-CWS I N MILK TOTAL  TABLE 1 PAGE 5 no. no. OF MOR- UNIT SALES no TYPE OF AN IIIALS YEANIne CALVES TRLITY SALES COST VALUE ANIllALS ANIHALS ---a BE6 YR 9 RATE YERNED RATE --- ---- (NO. J 000 C F M 000 CFRF E M YR 9 .---- ------- BREEUIN6 CONS 7169 25 179225 48077 BREED1116 HEIFERS 1077 25 26925 13234 B U CALVES 0 10 0 9535 HEIFER CALVES 0 10 0 7555 HEIFERS (1-2 YRI 0 20 0 lb237 HEIFERS (2-3 YR) 0 25 0 15237 auus L ST. (1-2 YR) 0 20 0 . I6237 auus I , ST. (2-3 YRI 3276 25 81900 11961 BULLS k St. (3-4 YR) 4227 35 147945 7607 BULLS I, ST. (OVER 4 YR) 6729 40 269160 1 ----- ---- ------- ------ X478 735155 id7061 YEAWED CALYES BIRM-COYJ I N HILK TOTAL YEAR 10 ----- ma. no. OF IOR- flOR- IlNIT SALES 10 TYPE OF ANIfflLS uEANlN6 CALYES TALlTY TALITY CULLIHG 3dLES COST VALUE ANIMALS ANIHALS BE6 Y R l O RATE YEANED RATE 190. I RATE (NO. I 000 CFAF 600 CFAF END Y R l O ------- -------- ------- ----- ----- ------ ------- ------ ------- -------- -------- SREEDING COYS LO1311 0.07 7091 4.07 7091 25 177275 87129 3REEUIHG HEIFERS 15237 0.07 LO66 4.97 1966 25 :So50 13105 BULL CALVES 18434 0.07 1290 0.00 0 10 0 17144 HEIFER CALVES 18431 0.07 1290 O.'IO 0 10 9 17144 H E I F E X (1-2 YR) 9535 0.07 567 0.00 0 20 0 9868 HEIFERS (2-1 YR) 16237 0.07 1136 9.?0 0 25 0 15101 BULLS L ST. (1-2 YR) 9535 0.07 667 0.30 0 20 0 a868 BULLS I , ST. (2-1 YR) 16257 0.07 1116 0 0 5247 25 81175 11854 SULLS & ST. (5-4 Y R I 11961 0.07 a27 3.15 1lab 35 146510 6733 auus k ST. (OVER 4 YR) 7007 0.07 130 9.95 6516 10 30640 1 ----- ---- ----- ----- -- ------- ----- SUBTOTAL 221923 YEANED CALYES BIRTH-COYS In HILK SALES VALUE (YRS 11-20) 14440050 F L E U V E