Djibouti - Education Project

DOcuMeal of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Rqimt N P-3885-DJI REPORT AND RECO&1ENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF TE INTERAlTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS PROPOSED IDA (REDIT POR SDR 5.1 tMLLION (US$5.0 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF DJIBDUTI FOR AN EDUCATION PROJECT JANUARY 2nd, 1985 ThIs dscums. bm a biikdu dkbBWM=m d moy be mod by ,eh. eml' Iay in the perfemmewe of dhei eUda datuialbP 1k u-ak mmy -&a huph be disclosed wlhfWoul BoOk aUhdmmzglaa.  CURRENCY EQuIVALENTS Currency Unit = ED USS.00 FD 177_7 FD 1,000 - USS5.6 VD 1,000 - US$5,6Z7 SDR 1.00 US$0.996 US$1.00 SDR 1.004 WEIGErS AND MEASURES 1 cm - cenriaeter = 0.39 inches I m - meter - 3.28 feet 1 m3 - cubic meter 264 US gallons 1 km - kilometer = 0.62 miles 1 km2 - square kilometer = 0-39 square miles GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIAIIONS AhD ACRONYMS ADF - African Development Fund DGEN - Direction Gagrale de 1'Education Nationale (Directorate Ge,-zal of Nationa-l Education) MmE - Xinistry of -ational Education, Youth and Sports MOF - Ministry o- Finance and National Economy MPw - Ministry ot Public Works PTF - Project Task Force SDF - Saudi Develop.-unt Fund FISCAL YEAR Januar 1 -- December 31  FOR OFFICAL USE ONLY DJIBOUTI Education Project Credit and Project Summary Borrower: Republic of Djibout- t Beneficiary: Ministry of National Educaticn, Youth and Sporrs (MNE) Amount: SDR 5.1 million (USS5.0 uillion equivalent) Terms: Standard Project Description: Objectives: The objectives of the project are: (i) to expand and improve primary education in underprivileged urban and rural areas; and (ii) to improve the management of the education system through educational planning and evaluation. Comsponents: (a) Urban primary scuools. Establishment of two new schools in underprivileged areas of Djibouti-City enrolling 1,800 students. Cb) Rural primary schools. Establishment of four new schools and expansion of four existing school-s in rural areas enrolling 1,300 students. (c) Management of education. Strengthening educational planning and evaluation through three man-years of technical assistance and two man-years of fellowships (to be financed under the ongoing Technical Assistance Project, Credit 1232-DWI). Benefits: The proposed project would assist the Government in improving the delivery of primary education opportunities to the most underprivileged segments of the population, and in improving the efficiency and quality of education through better management of the system. The project would benefit 3,100 primary school-age children, representing an increase of 10 percent over 1983/84 primary enrollment. Some of the schools would also serve as literacy and community development centers. The technical assistance component would help ensure the best use of available resources through planning and assessment of educational performance. This document has a reunoed dstfououan and may be used by reapwnts only in the performance of ther offi*cal dutis Its ontets may not otherws be dmdosed unthout Wodd Bank authbonzau  - iI - uski: Risks are judgeZ zinul because of the siula dsign of th. proJect and the fmet that schools si.lw to thos enviae ae already effectively and routinely constructed by the MME trough contractors d district departmental force. The risk of l r tha epected rural Umnts ha been vinimize by a sivy of the demand for education in the catchuent area concernd, and the proposed adoptio of a cost-efficient school model, already successfully Ieuentmd under similar circuutances. Estimted Costs: -us$ xilioai-- Local Forein Total (a) Urban Primary schools 1.06 0.80 1.86 (b) Regional Prlmary schools 2.25 1.67 3.92 Cc) Project administration 0.01 0.05 0.06 Total Base Cost 3.32 2.52 5.84 Physical Contingencies 0.33 0.25 0.58 Price Contingencies 0.55 0.42 0.97 Total Project Cost 4.20a/ 3.19 7.39 a of which 0.7 million taxes and duties. Financing Plan: USS Million- Local Foregn Total IDA Credit 1.8 3.2 5.0 Government of Djibouti 2.4 - 2.4 Total 4.2a/ 3.2 7.4 al of which 0.7 million in taxes and duties. Estimated Disbursements: -S$ Million- IDA FY 85 86 87 38 89 Annual 0.9 1.2 1.6 1.0 0.3 Cumulative 0.9 2.1 3.7 4.7 5.0 Economic Rate of Return: :Not applicable Staff Appraisal Report: No. 5215-DI Map: IBRD No. 18246  INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPKENT ASSOCIATION REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ~ ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO THE REPUBLIC OF DJIBOUTI FOR AN EDUCATION PROJECT 1. I submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed development credit to the Republic of Djibouti for SDR 5.1 million (US$5.0 million equivalent) on standard iMA ter1r to beip financz an educatiou project. PART I - THE ECONON 2. An economic report, entitled -DjiboutL: Economic Situation and Prospects-, wa distributed to the Executive Directors on October 19, 1984. Structural Characteristics 3. The Republic of Djibouti is a small arid country located at the mouth of the Red Sea. Its land area of 23,000 square kilometers is bordered on the north, west and southwest by Ethiopia and on the southeast by Somalia. Although the results of a population census taken in January 1983 are not yet available, the 1982 population was estimated by the Government at about 330,000. In addition, there is a refugee population estimated at about 42,000. Djibouti became an independent nation in 1977 and joined the World Bank in 1980. 4. The country is characterized by a rugged topography, with elevations ranging from 150m below sea level to 2000m above. Its climate is very dry and hot, and in the absence of any perennial rivers, the lack of water is a major physical constraint. An estimated one million head of livestock are herded by the nomad population, who comprise roughly 20 percent of the total population. Because of the scarcity of water and harsh climate, only about 250 hectares are cultivazed, although about 6,000 hectares are deemed to be potentially cultivable. The country's fishing potential is just beginning to be exploited. There are few proven natural resources except for salt, limestone, gypsum, other raw materials used in the production of cement, and some geothermal potential. The manufacturing sector is limited to a number of small-scale establisnments producing for the domestic marketz 5. In spite of its unfavorable climate and limited resources, Djibouti has nevertheless been able to benefit from its strategic location and its historical and regional ties to build upon the service-oriented economy inherited upon independence. Thus, while both the primary and secondary sectors are very underdeveloped, accounting for only 6 per-cent and 15 percent of GDP respectively, there is a relatively dominant and  active tertiary sector associated with the port of Djibouti, the railway to Ethiopia, the international airport, a private banking system which handles some offshore business, and the presence of a relatively large number of French military and civilian personnel. The economy is a highly open one, notable for its complete lack of trade barriers and exchange restrictions, and rhere is a free trade zone at the port. To finance both current and capital expenditures, the Government has depended heavily on foreign grants and loans, which have made it possible to sustain large trade deficits. 6. In a number of respects, Djibouti 's structural characteristics are similar to those of other least-developed countries, while in other respects taey are exceptional. Among the exceptional characteristics are the extent to which the economy is service-oriented (as noted above), urban, open and aid-dependent. At the same tine, the country's lov le-vel of development is reflected not only Lu the level of per capita Income of its indigenous population, but also in terms of various social indicators. 7. Djibouti's per capita income was estimated in 1982 at about US$880. This average has to be interpreted, how2ver, in the context of a relatively large foreign population and a high degree of income dispersion. The 16,000 registered wage earners received average incomes of US$3,500 whereas the average income of the 100,000 rural and nomadic population was well below US300. The per capita adjusted income of the indigenous population as a whole was estimated at US$480, thereby qualifying Djibouti for inclusion in the United Nations list of least-developed countries. 8. Approximately two-thirds of Djibouti 's population live in the capital city. As a consequence of the inflow of refugees, the total population has been growing at a rate of about 5.4 percent per annumr-substantially above the national rate of population increase, estimated at 3 percent. There is no official population policy regarding either immigration/emigration or family planning. Djibouti spends close to 6 percent of its GDP on health services, but these are concentrated on curative rather than preventive public health measures; life expectancy is estimated at 45 years and infant mortality at 30 per thousand births. 9. Djibouti's heavy reliance on expatriate administrators and technicians is a reflection of the cou-ntry's underdeveloped human resource base. The literacy rate is only 10 percent, and the primary, secondary and higher level enrollment ratios are estimated at 41 percent, 10 percent and 0.6 percent, respectively. 10. The economy suffered a decline in the years immediately after independence in June 1977, reinforced by the outbreak of bostilities between neighboring Ethiopia and Somalia. In 1979 Djibouti started to recover as the result of increased investment, especially in the construction and commercial sectors. Coupled with increased capital expenditures by the public sector, these developments contributed to an estimated average grovth rate of real gross domestic product (GDP) of 3.4 percent per annum in 1979-81. Since 1982 growth has, hwvever, been such lower. Real per capita GDP has been on a downward trend since independence, partly as the result of immigration from neighboring  -3- countries. This movement, together with the steady entry into the labor market of school leavers, has tended to intensify the problem of unemployment in recent years. 11. Djibouti's fiscal performance following independence was reasonably satisfactory Lp to 1981, surpluses, averaging 4.1 percent of GDP per annum during 1979-81, were invested abroad, which resulted in the accrual of relatively substantial investment income. However, in 1982 financial imbalances began to emerge in the operations of the public sector, reflecting partly the slowdown of economic growth but also a reduction in the rate of collection of direct taxes and broad exeaptions granted under the investment codei. At the same time, expenditures rose from 46 percent of GDP in 1981 to 56 percent of GDP in 1982. This reflected mainly an increase in investment expenditures, but also the inclusion in the budget for the first time of the expenditures for the national army. While foreign grants earmarked to cover defense expenditures were reduced, there was also a noticeable rise in subsidies to public and semipublic enterprises. As a result of these developments, the Government's transactions recorded a deficit equivalent to 8.4 percent of GDP. The deterioration in the Central Government's operations was compounded by a pronounced drop in foreign grants from DF 11.2 billion in 1981 to DF 7.9 billion in 1982. The estimated deficit for 1983 of DF 5.0 billion (7.6 percent of GDP) represents only a marginal improvement over the performance in 1982, despite a substantial reduction &n expenditures by 12 percent, as foreign grants continued to decline to about DF 4.8 billion. In order to finance the overall deficits, deposits with domestic and foreign banks were drawn down and loans negotiated. 12. Since independence, the Government has fostered the creation of public and semipublic enterprises to provide social and economic services in various fields, particularly where private sector participation was nonexistent or deemed inadequate. The combined financial accounts of these enterprises showed modest operating surpluses up to 1980, but they have incurred losses since then. These losses were partly the result of a deliberate Government policy of not permitting price adjustments to reflect fully the increases in costs of specific goods and services, e.g., wheat flour and port services. 13. Up to 1981 Djibouti's balance of payments was characterized by large balance of trade deficits that were more than offset by the sum of net receipts on services and official unrequited transfers. As a result, overall surpluses were realized, and official net foreign exchange reserves reached a peak in early 1982 equivalent to about SDR 84.5 million, corresponding to some six months of imports. In 1982, exports (most of which are re-exports to foreigners stationed in Djibouti) fell by 8.5 percent, mainly as a consequence of the reduction in purchasing power of these foreigners. Meanwhile, total imports remained essentially unchanged, so lnports not destined for re-export increased sharply from about 24.5 percent to 30.5 percent of GDP. This increase reflected partly the rise in investment-related imports of capital goods, as well as the strong effective appreciation of the Djibouti franc. At the same tine, net receipts from services and official transfers declined sharply, and the current account turned from a surplus amounting to 4.1 percent of GDP in 1981 to a deficit of 12.4 percent of GDP in 1982. The deficit was financed by drawing on foreign loans and an inflow of private capital, and the  -4- overall balance of payments remained-in surplus. Howeves, in 1983 the continued finAncial imbalances in the public sector led to an overall balance of payments deficit of SDR 17.2 million, as dravings on foreign loans slowed and the flow of private capital was reversed. 14. Monetary developments during the period 1979-81 mainly reflected favorable developments in the balance of payments and in substantial external budgetary support. With net foreign assets of both the Treasury, and the comercial banks Increasing, credit to the private sector grew at 13.0 percent. In 1982 this pattern was broken as Government deposits with the commercial banks declined and net foreign assets fell. Money growth accelerated to 23 percent as growth in credit to the private sector continued at a rate of about 40 percent despite the slowdown in economic activity. The rate of inflation, mueasred by changes in consumer prices for expatriates and dominated by the development of import prices and exchange rate movements, declined from 5.6 percent in 1981 to -2.4 percent in 1982 but rose again in 1983 to at least 1.0 percent. 15. The public and publicly guaranteed external debt of Djibouti is still small and consists mostly of concessionary loans; at the end of 1982 outstanding disbursed debt amounted to SDR 36.3 milL1on or 11.3 percent of GDP, with a debt service equivalent to 2.4 percent of exports of goods, services. and private transfers. However, the debt servile ratio is likely to at least double by 1987, as the grace periods of recently contracted loans begin to expire. Planning and Aid Coordination 16. The main concern of the authorities is to achieve a satisfactory and sustainable rate of growth. Given the very limited natural and human resources of the country and its unique location, recourse to an open economy, driven by an active private service sector, is a logical choice. However, the services sector, which is very sensitive to external shocks, has so far not been able to generate a sustainable rate of growth or to generate enough foreign exchange to meet growing import expenditures. Therefore, a redirection of efforts is being made towards a broadenIng of the economic base (small scale industry, fishaing, transport, livestock and even agriculture), while trying to improve the performan-e of the service sector. 17. A donors conference was held in Djibouti in November 1983. It was organized with the help of the UNDP and the Bank and vas aimed at broadening international support to the country and reversing the trend of declining concessionary assistance. A five-year investment program was proposed to the Conference. The main objective of the program is to correct the structural weaknesses of the economy through efforts at diversification, development of human resources; and the continuing build up of essential infrastructure. The size of the proposed program was US$570 million of which US$240 million had already been secured and USS20 million was to be financed from domestic resources. Out of the remaining US$310 million, assurances of US$230 million were apparently secured at the Conference, although expressions of interest for some sectors were apparently in excess of need. In addition, there were a number of offers of lncreased technical assistance, which the Government considers critical, given its past-lbsorptive capacity probleos.  PART II - WORLD BANK GROUP OPERATIONS IN DJIBOUTI 18. Djibouti joined the Bank and the Association on October 2, 1980. The Bank Group assistance strategy is aimed at helping to strengthen the country's economic management and development institutions, meet the basic needs of some of the poorest parts of the population, develop natural resources such as geothermal energy and improve human resources training. Annex II contains a summary statement of Bank loans, IDA credits and IFC investments as of September 30, 1984. 19. The proposed Education project would be the fifth Bank Group operation in the country, after the US$3.0 million credit for a Technical Assistance project approved in 1982, the US$6.4 million credit for a Highway maintenance project approved in 1983, the US$6.0 million credit for a Geothermal Exploration project approved in May 1984, and the US$5.0 million credit for an Urban Development project approved in September 1984. None of these projects has yet been completed and no audit reports are available. 20. The Technical Assistance project, cofinanced with a parallel contribution of US$1.46 million from UNDP, is designed to improve the Government's capabilities to formulate an appropriate development strategy, to coordinate development efforts and to engage in planning, project preparation and monitoring. The project provides two long-term advisors to the Planning Directorate and one to the Statistics Directorate. In addition to training, equipment and vehicles, it also finances a Project Preparation and Sector Studies Fund to conduct background and feasibility studies necessary to design and implement a development strategy. The planning component of the project has encountered difficulties and a major reorganization of planning is now under way. 21. The Highway Maintenan-e project consists of a three-year road improvement and maintenance program, including resurfacing of 25 km, routine maintenance of other roads, as well as provision of equipment, workshops, studies, technical assistance, and training. The project has been initiated satisfactorily. 22. The Geothermal Expleration project is cofinanced with the Italian Government, the OPEC Fund, the African Development Bank and the UNDP. The objective of the project is to prove the availability of counercial geothermal reserves in the Hanle/Gaggade area on the basis of extensive geoscientific work carried out in several areas of Djibouti. The project consists primarily of the drilling of up to four deep exploratory wells (about 2,000 m. each) and the carrying out of complementary surface exploration in the Gaggade sub-area; it includes technical assistance and training for the local implementing agency, as well as power studies to be carried out by the local power utility. If and when developed, the expected reserves would substantially reduce the country's current total reliance on imported fuel to satisfy its energy needs. 23. The Urban Development project is cofinanced with USATD and the CCCE. The objectives of the project are to improve the living conditions of the urban poor in Djibouti and to strengthen the capacity of the key agencies involved in the urban sector. The project includes upgrading and  - 6 - drainage works for poor areas and squatter settlements in Djibouti City, a sites and services development, technical and institutional support. including training and equipment to various urban developm-ent agencies and housing credit to improve existing homes and construction of new ones. Detailed designs for the infrastructure works to be carried out during the initial implementation period are being prepared. 24. The Bank participatel in the Donors' Conference of November 1983 where the Government presented its investment program for the period 1984-88 (see para. 17). A technical secretariat to the 'Comite de Surveillance' of the Donors Conference was established with the task of monitoring the overall evolution of the Djiboutian economy, and of preparing and monitoring the projects for which financing has been obtained. To strengthen this secretariat and develop the planning function, the Bank has assigned to it the project economist and the macroeconomist of the Technical Assistance project. Assistance of outside consultants financed by the Studies Fund will also be provided. 25. With this Education Project the Bank's initial program in Djibouti will be completed. The program that we have put in place gives the Bank a good opportunity to provide continuing advice to the Government on the development of its key sectors. Further project preparation will depend on Government performance in the sectors represented by the projects in place - i.e. transport, power, urban and education, and on the outcome of i-scussions we will soon hold with the Government on its investment program. PART III - THE EDUCATION SECTOR 26. The structure of formal education in Djibouti consists of six years of primary education; four years of junior secondary and three years of senior secondary general education. Primary teacher training is provided through a two-year course following completion of at least junior secondary education. Higher education is offered through fellowships abroad. Education is provided by Government public schools, Government-aided private schools teaching official programs, and independent private schools teaching Koranic or foreign Arab programs. Major Issues 27. Despite substantial progress since independence in 1977, particularly in primary and junior secondary education, enrollment ratios in primary and secondary education are still low (41 percent and 10 percent respectively). The output of the system is also low: only 29 percent of the candidates for the primary school leaving certificate, 33 percent of the candidates for admission to general secondary education and 50 percent cf the candidates for the junior secondary certificate passed in 1983. Secondary pass rates could be substantially raised if the quality of secondary education were not adversely affected by the deficiencies of primary education.  - 7 - 28. Absenteeism is high in remote rural areas due to difficulty of access to schools, inadequate provision of food programs and accommodation, and socio-economic traditions involving students in their parents' agro-pastoral activities. Repetition is limited to 10 percent per grade through a strictly enforced regulation. The only exception is the last grade of primary education (Grade 6) in which over 40 percent of students repeat the year. The examination system is utilized not only to test students' knowledge but also to screen entrants to higher programs on the basis of the highest test scores. As competition is high, examinations tend to dictate the contents of the course, whatever the curriculum, and memory prevails over reasoning and life skills. 29. The major causes of the deficiencies of primary education are: (a) Teachers' insufficient qualifications. Over a quarter of primary teachers are still underqualified. The Primary Teacher Training Institute, established in 1980 with French assistance, cannot yet recruit a sufficient number of trainees to fill its facilities (120 student places), due to the inadequate quality of many applicants. This problem will be alleviated in time as the education system expands and improves. (b) The language problem. French is the official language and the language of instruction, although outside official business and school the vernacular languages, Afar and Somali, are dominant. Primary students do not acquire an adequate mastery of French, mainly due to teachers' inadequate preparation for teaching French as a foreign language. The issue is expected to be alleviated with the progressive improvement of teachers' qualifications and on-going adjustment of the teaching method and course content to the specific linguistic situation in Djibouti. tc) Malnutrition. This severe, widespread problem, together with low health levels, adversely affects primary students' e performance. The proposed project would help alleviate this issue through the expansion of the infrastructure required in primary schools to deliver food programs for children. 30. Recent progress has greatly alleviated the imbalances in education opportunities between the various areas within Djibouti-City, and between the Capital area and the interior districts. The rural population now represents about one-third of the total population and 27 percent of primary students are enrolled in rural schools. Within Djibouti-City, a number of areas still have significant shortages in educational opportunities, such as Balbala and Gabode in which an estimated 50,000 people live in extreme poverty. In the interior districts, primary enrollment ratios in a number of areas are well below the national average. While girls represent 46 percent of primary enrollments in the Capital area, they represent 32 percent of these enrollments in rural areas. Girls are still at a disadvantage in rural areas because of the distance they have to walk from home to school, as well as because their nomad parents are reluctant to permit them to live away from the family  - 8 - when no accommodation is available for them at the schools. Pemale enrollments in rural areas would go up because of the construction of eight rural primary schools under the proposed project. 31. Management of Education. The Ministry of National Education, Youth and Sports (MNE) has administrative, financial and academic control over the formal education and training system. Other ministries, particularly those of Labor and Social Affairs, and Health, and national associations for youth, women and children, also provide non-formal programs to about 2,600 students. While the MNE administrates the system adequately, there is virtually no local expertise in educational planning, programming and evaluation, which is needed to establish an adequate balance between the various levels and types of education and training, regulate the flow of students within the system, monitor and assess the on-going quality and efficiency improvement process and cost saving measures, coordinate Government agencies involved in education and training, and channel and control the substantial foreign aid to education. Educational planning and evaluation services would be provided under the proposed project to meet this need. Government Policy and Objectives 32. The Government is aware that the output and quality of the education system should be improved and better adjusted to local needs and constraints. Although no educational development master plan exists, and priorities and precise ways and means to resolve major issues are still unclear, the Government has been implementing the following measures designed to improve the quality and internal and external efficiency of the system: (a) adjusting teaching programs for French and social and environmental sciences to local features and requirements; (b) implementing a practically-oriented in-service teacher upgrading program and reinforcing French and teaching practice in the pre-service teacher training program; (c) enforcing strict regulations limiting repetition and fixing age limits for admission to grade 1; (d) organizing double-shifting, to make the best use of physical facilities; (e) making textbooks and teachers" guides available to all students and teachers; (f) introducing tertiary sector-oriented training programs in high demand and phasing out programs irrelevant to the local labor market; (g) substantially expanding public educational opportunities throughout the country with primary and junior secondary enrollments, increasing respectively by 11 percent and 13 percent per annum (from about 8,500 to 20,100 and from 2,000 to 5,600 between 1975/76 and 1983/84); and (h) expanding students' feeding programs provided by the World Food Program and other aid agencies, to alleviate the malnutrition problem. 33. For the decade to come, the Government's target for primary education is to reach a 60 percent admission ratio for 6-year olds in Grade 1 and to enroll about 50 percent of the 6-11 age group in primary schools. This would result in about 36,000 primary enrollments in public schools by 1992/93, when the proposed project schools are expected to be in full ooeration. This expansion would be compatible with the expected output of the teacher training programs and the policy to reduce the proportion of underqualified teachers. The Government would establish additional schools in interior villages, expand education in district capitals to slow down  the drain towards Djibouti-City, and meet a portion of the demand for edcation in poorer areas of the Capital. The Government also int-nd to expand junior secondary education in the Capital, and to establish a new technical secondary school with a view to improvling and expanding uiddle-level skill training for tertiary sector staff In particmlar. However, because of the high cost of education in Djibouti, the Government will have to choose between concentrating on primary targets exclusively or focussing mainly on expanding junior secondary and technical education. Educational planning services under the proposed project would help resolve this issue. cxternal Assistance 34. Extensive foreign aid has provided a hig share of capital investment in education since independence in 1977. France. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates have so far financed the establishment of the Primary Teacher Training Institute, 93 primary classrooms and five junior secondary schools. Over half of total French assistance (estimated at about USS55.0 million annually) goes to education and training. France and the Arab League, as well as other countries, have provided or financed teaching, supervisory and administrative staff and fellowships abroad. UNICEF, USAID, the Arab Labor Organization, and the African Development Fund (ADF) have supported commercial, vocational and non-formal education. The Bank Greup assisted in the appraisal of a proposed project to be fimnaced by the Saudi Development Fund (SDF), estimated at about US$4.7 million which would inter alia include construction and equipping of three 12-classroom primary schools, one in each of the three interior district capitals. Bank Group assistance will be designed to complement these efforts. Education Finance 35. Recurrent expenditures on education in Djibouti are provided through Government budgetary allocations, and through external assistance providing teachers, educational materials and food. Public education is free and private education, which represents only about 9 percent of overall enrollments, Is also heavily subsidized. Donor agencies provide most investment financing, with the Government's partizipation in investeent expenditures usually consisting of limited expansion (including teachers' housing) or improvements. 36. Between 1979 and 1982, Government recurrent expenditures in education grew at an average of 3.4 percent per year in real terms, i.e. slower than enrollments which increased by over 10 percent p.a. during the period. This was made possible by holding nominal wage rates constant and moderately increasing student: teacher ratios . Recurrent expenditures now account for about 12 percent of the Government's recurrent budget and 3 percent of GNP. The above figures greatly understate the importance assigned by the Government to the education sector in as nuch as they exclude the bulk of the expenditures related to technical assistance financed by donors. If these staff were paid by the Government according to the local salary scale, the education budget would have to be increased by 20 to 25 percent, which would severely strain the Government's financial  - 10 - capacity. Within the recurrent budget of the MNE, the share of secondary education has increased, principally because of increases in the number of teachers fully paid by the Government. 37. Although the salary (excluding housing allowances) of over a quarter of primary teachers is borne by external donors, the unit cost to the Covernment per primary student, estimated at about USS320 equivalent for 1983/84, is high compared with that in other Eastern African countries. The high unit cost for primary education can be attributed to high salary levels prevailing in the country where the cost of living is closer to that of the neighboring Arab world than to that of African countries. The Government, aware that if education costs are not contained, its enrollment targets cannot be met, is considering policy measures to continue to hold nominal wage rates constant, increase the average primary student:teacher ratio from the present 40:1 to 45:1, eliminate or limit secondary education scholarships, request parents to contribute for the provision of textbooks and school Materials, and obtain community participation for the maintenance of schools. 38. Since independence Djibouti has made a substantial investment effort in school construction esti =ated at about US$17 million in the period 1977 through 1983. Over one-half of these expenditures were made in support of primary education; slightly over one-fourth in support of secondary general and technical education; and 15 percent in support of adult vocational training. Over two-thirds of these expenditures were financed from external resources. Because of the high cost of construction, they represent a relatively limited contribution in physical term as compared with the most urgent educational needs. PART IV - THE PROJECT 39. Exploratory discussions on the Education Sector were held with the Government in December 1981 and March 1982. The proposed project was identified in November 1983. The preparation of a possible education pr-iect and the related request by the Government for Bank Group financing was completed with UNESCO's assistance in January 1984. Appraisal took S place in March 1984. Negotiations were held in Washington from November 12 to November 16, 1984. The Djiboutian delegation was led by E.E. Mohamed Djama Elabe, Minister of National Education, Youth and Sports. The Staff Appraisal Report No. 5215-DJ1 is being circulated separazely. Rationale for Bank Involvement 40. Bank Group support for basic education is a primary means of acnieving long-term economic development in Djibouti, since the country's physical resource base is very limited. Bank Group supvort will complem&zzt assistance to basic education from, inter alia, Saudi Arabia and France, and will help to ensure the most economic standards for school construction. Support for educational planning and evaluation wi^ strengthen Djibouti's capacity to manage its educational system.  - 11 - Objectives and Project Composition 41. The proposed project would assist in (a) expanding and improving primary edmcation in underprivileged areas; and (b) iwproving the management of the education system through educational planning, and through monitoring and assessing the ongoing cost-efficiency and quality improvement process. The proposed project would provide 2,350 new student places, of which 2,150 would be additional and 200 would replace inadequate existing facilities. The project would establish new prLmary education facilities in urban areas, where the demand for such education Is strong and educational facilities are insufficient, and in rural areas, where it will help _o increase the populations' participation in the development process and improve opportunities. It will also contribute to further improving the balance between educational facilities in Djibouti-City and in the interior districts. An additional 1,800 student pLaces would be provided by a proposed Saudi Developament Fund (SDF) project- 42 Technical -2ssistance in educational planning and evaluation would be financed by IDA under the Technical Assistance project (Credit 1232-DJI), which was approved in 1982 and includes a fund for sectoral planning. Educational planning would belp establish the mDSt appropriate and affordable balance between basic education for the majority of the population and training for the limited number of skilled staff required by the higher level modern educational sector. Educational evaluation would assist in assessing and correcting, if required, the educational policies and programs which seek to make the system more effective with limited resoerces. Urban Erimary Schools 43. The proposed project would provide for two new double-stream schools to be located in Djibouti-City, in the squatter settlement of Balbala, where the Bank Group has initiated an urban development project to start in FY85, and in the Tderprivileged aree of Gabode. Half of the 1,200 student places to be roviaed in these schools would be utilized on a double-shift basis and therefoxW, they would accommodate a total of 1,800 new primary students, representing about 17 percent of 1983/84 primary enrollments in the Capital. The schools would also be utilized as community centers for literacy and cultural activities through evening programs. In addition the proposed SDF-financed project (para. 34) would support three primary schools, one each in the three district towns of Tadjourah, Ali Sabieb and Dikhil to enroll 2,700 students, and would enable the Government to cope with the increasing demand for education in these district capitals. Rural Primary Schools 44. The proposed project would also provide for new or extended facilities for eight rural schools, including staff housing units for 20 teachers and students' accommodation for about half of the students. The schools would be located in villages where schooling facilities are insufficient or non-existent although the regional catchment area ensures permanent full enrollment. This component would include construction and  - 12 - equipping of four new schools and extension and equipping of four existing schools, and would provide 1,150 stndent places of which 950 would be additional and 200 would be replacements. With partial double shifting, the schools could accommodate a total of 1,300 students and result in an increase of 17 percent over 1983/84 primary enrollments In the interior. The schools would also be utilized as community centers for cultural activities and literacy. Staff housing would be an incentive for teachers, and a minimIr of student accommodation and food assistance are a sine qu& non for nomad parents to send their children to school. The Government bas agreed to take all appropriate steps to provide the project schools with an adequate supply of goods and services, and to ensure adequate living conditions including nutrition program for staff and students in rural areas (Section 3.01 (b) of the draft Development Credit Agreement). Technical Assistance 45. In view of the high quality of the technical assistance provided by France, only a small technical assistance component would be financed by IDA. The funds for this purpose would come from the Technical Assistance project (Credit 1232-DJI) which would finance two man-years of speciaists' services in educational planning, one man-year in evaluation, and two man-years of rellowships to upgrade the counterpart staff. 46. The educational planner's major assignments would be to assist in implementing a country-wide school mapping exercise and in establishing a master plan for educational development. The Government has agreed that the results and recommendations of the master plan and school mapping exercise would be submitted to the Association for its review and coment by December 31, 1986 and that the recommendations would be promptly implemented, taking into account the Association's comments (Section 3.01 (d) of the draft Development Credit Agreement). The educational evaluation -peclalist would assist in establishing an evaluation mechanism focussing on the on-going efforts to improve the efficiency and quality of education. The Government has confirmed that these specialists would be placed under the direct authority of the Minister of Education as his advisors (Section 3.01 (c) of the draft Development Credit Agreement). 47. One man-year of fellowships for foreign training would be provided to each of the two national counterparts to the above mentioned specialists. These counterparts are already involved within the MNE in activities related to education development programming. The fellovships would complement the upgrading of the national counterparts by the technical assistance specialists in Djibouti. Female Participation in the Project and Education Sector 48. Over 45 percent of project school enrollments in Djibouti-City and about one third in rural areas are expected to be girls. A possible long-term consequence of expanding basic education, benefiting girls in particular, through the proposed project schools, would be to assist in reducing population growth, as studies indicate that the fertility rate starts decreasing with the second generation of educated women. About 34 percent of primary teachers and headmasters are women.  - 13 - Project Cost and Financing 49. The total cost of the project has been estimted at US$7.4 million equivalent, including duties and taxes amounting to about US$0.7 million, of which US$3.2 million (i.e. 43 percent) is foreign exchange. Cost estimates for civil works. furniture, equipment and vehicles were made in consultation with the staff of MNE and the Ninistry of Public Works (MW) and were derived from data on recently completed primary education projects in Djibouti. The construction base cost per sq .., esUimated at about US$600, is high compared with costs iu neighboring African countries, but similar to costs in neighboring Arab states. The maun causes of high building cost are high labor costs and limited competition due to the small size of the market. The costs of technical assistance and fellowships are based on U.N. rates. 50. For pbysical contingencies, 10 percent has been added to the base costs. Price contingencies are based on estimates of inflation rates, both international and local, as follows: 1984:3.5 percent; 1985:8 percent; and 1986 to 1988:9 percent. Local and foreign inflation rates are assumed to be similar due to the dependence of the country on imported gnods. Total price increases are estimated at 15 percent of the base cost plus physical contingencies. 51. The financing plan provides for IDA assistance of US$5.0 million equivalent (75 percent of total project cost net of taxes). In addition, US$0.5 million would be provided under the Technical Assistance project (Credit 1232-DJI) to finance the technical assistance component (see para. 45). The IDA Credit would finance 100 percent of foreign expenditures (US$3.2 million) and US$1.8 million equivalent of local costs. The net Government contribution (after subtracting taxes estimated at US$0.7 million), would amount to US$1.7 million equivalent, which would represent 25 percent of project costs excluding taxes. 52. When the proposed project schools are in full operation in 1992/93, the incremental recurrent costs generated by the project are estimated at an annual US$0.9 million equivalent and would account for about 6 percent of total recurrent expenditures on education. Including the proposed SDF project (para. 34) incremental costs would be raised to a total of US$1.7 million equivalent, i.e. about 11.5 percent of the MNE 1992/93 recurrent budget. IMplem entation 53. The project would be implemented over a period of about four and a half years, including six nouths for completion of payments and withdrawals. Project completion is expected by December 31, 1988 with a Closing Date of June 30, 1989. The implementation schedule is based upon experience derived from recently completed Government programs and other primary education projects financed by bilateral agencies, and takes into account that sites have been selected and that existing standard school designs, equipment and furniture lists, tender documents and construction specifications need only to be adjusted to the proposed project. The Government confirmed at negotiations that all sites for project institutions, acceptable to the Bank Group, are available and agreed to provide the sites as and when needed (Section 3.05 of the draft Development Credit Agreement).  - 14 - 54. Administration. No special nea arrangenents are requlred for the implementation of the project since similar projects have been iimplemented routinely and effectively earlier by the MWE, with the assistance of the Ministry of Public Works (MPW). A Project Task Force (PTF) within the General Directorate of Education (DGEN), to be In charge of project implementation, would comprise, on a part-time basis, the Director General as project director; the chief of admiajtrative and financial services, as deputy-director and procurement officer, assisted by the MNE Accountancy Section; the chief of the construction division of the MPU, responsible for the design and execution of construction works, and the director of finance of the Ministry of Finance and National Economy (HOF), responsible for the financial aspects of the project. The PIF would be responsible for the overall planning, coordination and execution of the project, and for liaison with the Association. The list and responsibilities of DGEN, WW and MOF staff constituting the PTF were officially established by a decree of the President of the Republic, dated June 7, 1984. The continuance in force of this decree is dealt with under the remedies of the Association (Section 5.01 of the draft Development Credit Agreement). Funds have been included for equipment, including a vehicle, internal travel and other incremental operational costs of the PIT. Procurement 55. Procurement arrangements are sur ;r 'zed in the table nest below: Procurement method (US$ minions) Project Category ICB LCB N.A.2 | TOTAL l Civil works 3.45 1.45 0.40 1.55 6.85 t i I(294) (1 24 ( 1 (O) (4.51) Furniture, equip- 0.30 0.07 0.37 ment & vehicles (0.30) (0.06) (0.36) I Professional 0.15 t 0.15 services I I I (0.12) I (0.12) I I I 1 5 1I Project adminis- tration l l 1 0.02 0.02 (0.01) (0.01) TOTAL 3.75 1.52 0.55 1.57 7.39 (3.24) (1.30) (0.45) (0.01) (5.00) 1Transportation of labor and construction materials, and remuneration of 2/persounel especially employed for the project. 2 Fcree accouut procedures (labor salaries). Note: Figures in parentheses are the respective amounts including contingencies financed by IDA under the proposed project.  - 15 - 56. For civil works. furniture, equipment and vehicles, contracts would be awarded on the basis of international competitive bidding in accordance with Bank Group Guidelines for Procurement. However civil works for the eight rural schools would be carried out by existing district departmental forces, following established force account procedures acceptable to the Association. Building materials estimated at US$1.5 million for construction under force account procedures would be procured through competitive bidding advertised locally, and in accordance with local procedures satisfactory to the Bank Group. A preference of 7.5 percent would be applied to bids from local civil works contractors. With regard to furniture and equipment, when ICB procedures are used, domestic manufacturers would be allowed a margln of preference of 15 percent, or the existing applicable rate of import duties, whichever is lower, over the c.i.f. price of competing foreign suppliers. 57. Contracts for furniture, equipment and vehicles costing less than US$20,000 equivalent each would be awarded on the basis of competitive bidding advertised locally and in accordance with local procedures acceptable to the Association. The aggregate total of such contracts is not expected to exceed US$70,000 equivalent. 58. Sketch designs, draft tender documents and master lists of furniture, equipment and vehicles, indicating proposed grouping and cost estimates, would be reviewed by the Bank Group. Items would be grouped to the extent practicable to encourage competitive bidding and to permit bulk procurement. Review of tender evaluation documents prior to award would be required only for contracts exceeding US$100,000 equivalent for civil works, and US$50,000 equivalent for furniture, equipment and vehicles. 59. All specialists and consultants would be hired in accordance with the Bank Group's Guidelines for the Use of Consultants. Disbursement 60. Disbursement would be as follows: (a) 85 percent of total expenditures for civil works, including transportation of personnel and the remuneration of the personnel especially employed for the project; (b) 100 percent of foreign expenditures for directly imported construction materials, furniture, equipment and vehicles, or 85 percent of local expenditures if procured locally, including transportation of such materials to school sites; (c) 100 percent of foreign expenditures or 80 percent of local expenditures for professional services; and (d) 80 percent of total expenditures for project administration excluding salaries. 61. All disbursements would be fully documented except for: (a) work executed by the district departmental forces utilizing force account methods; (b) eligible operating expenses for project administration; and, (c) for all locally purchased expenditures costing less than US$20,000 equivalent for which disbursements would be made against statements of expenditure (SOE). To ensure a prompt start-up of project operations, expenditures on building design and site preparation, up to a total of US$0.25 million equivalent, incurred as from July 1, 1984, would be financed retroactively.  - 16 - 62. Special Account. uI order to ensure that funds for the project would be made available when needed, a Special Account in US dollars operated by the PTF would be established at the National Treasury with an initial deposit of about US$0.5 million to cover about three montbs of expenditures--which would be drawn from the Credit account after credit effectiveness. The account would be replenished on the basis of documentary evidence of payments made from the account for goods and services required for the project. The opening of an account into which the initial amount of the Special Account would be deposited would be a condition of Credit effectiveness (Section 6.01 of the draft Development Credit Agreement). No diffic'xlty is anticipated and no exceptional provision was deemed necessary for obtaining the required counterpart funds from the national budget during project execution. Reporting, Evaluation, and 4uditing 63. Semi-annual progress reports on implementation would be submitted to the Bank Group by the PTF by each June 30 and December 31 followIng Credit Effectiveness. In addition, the Government would prepare and send to the Association for comments within six months from the Closing Date, a completion report assessing attainment of project objectives. 64. The PTF would maintain separate accounts for all project activities in conformity with national accounting practices. The PTF would prepare an annual report summariziing the financial situation of all project operations, which would be submitted to the Association. Auditing would be required on an annual basis for all expenditures financed under the project with particular attention to those reimbursed under Statemnts of Expenditure procedures or funds drawn from the Special Account. Anditting would be performed by an independent auditor acceptable to the Bank Group, within six months following the end of the Borrower's fiscal year. Environmental Impact 65. The project, which includes only simple one-storey structures, is not likely to have any adverse effect on the environment, as the schools would be built according to architectural standards and features compatible with existing buildings in urban areas, or in keeping with the cultural and geographic environment of the villages. Benefits 66. The proposed project would assist the Government in improving the delivery of primary education opportunities to the most underprivileged segments of the population, which is a Government priority, and in providing additional school infrastructure to expand the children's nutrition programs. The technical assistance component would strengthen key ministerial services, essential for improving the management of the system and making the best use of available resources through careful planning and assessment of educational performace.  - 17 - Risks 67. Since this is a first operation in the sector, the project design has been kept simple as a weans of reducing possible risks. Schools similar to those envisaged are already effectively and routinely constructed by the MNE through contractors and district departmental forces * One risk may be that cultural traditions in remote rural areas may result in enrollments being somewhat below expectations. This risk has been minimized by a careful survey of the demand for education in the catchment areas concerned, the proposed adoption of a cost-efficient school model, already successfully implemented under similar circumstances, and the provision of students' accommodation and feeding facilities. Another risk may be that the on-going food program and external financial and technical assistance could be terminated. At present, there is no evidence of such reduction and, *in any event, the MNE gave assurances that the proposed project schools would be included in these programs (para. 44). Teachers' commitment may be affected by the INE policy intended to stabilize salaries. However, this risk is minialzed by the on-going teacher recruitment and upgrading policy, the provtsion of staff accommodation, and the limited job opportunities in the modern sector labor market. PART V - LEGAL INSTRINS AND ATORITY 68. The draft Development Credit Agreement between the Republic of Djibouti and the Association, and the Recommendation of the Committee provided for in Article V, Section I (d) of the Articles of Agreement of the Association are being distributed separately to the Executive Directors. Special conditions of the credit are listed in Section III of Annex III to this Report. 69. I am satisfied that the proposed credit would comply with the Articles of Agreement of the Association. - PART VI - RECOMMENDATION 70. I recommend that the Executive Directors approve the proposed Credit. A.W. Clausen President Attachments Washington, D.C. January 2nd, 1985  - 18 - AJnex I TABLE s3 mi 61 of 6 W~~~~OA RI. MXCLTES DM SUMCt wJTn -s So5A 11605kA 8 HOST (HOS Glu UTfluU) lb rb Rbecur t.961.... I37O.~ ESUNAZL.... Anici s. 0r7 S3 A. S_ICA S ID EUST TOTAL ZZ.O ZZ.O ZZ.O A0ZCULZDRAL 2_5 2Z5 2.5 Dim (688) ._ ._ . 1112.9 1149.8 (KEIWCRAS OF 01. EXVALZHT) 7506.0 4690.0 1619.0 5sv.0 622.L POPULM101 AND STEL 3ST1MICSE POPULATIOIJUD-WEAR CSSDS) 126.0 160.0 330.0 . URBAN FOPlXATIOW CZ OF TOTAL) 49.6 62Q0 66_0 29_7 a8.2 POPULATIOS HBZECIZG5 POPUTATIS tig YEAR 2000 (SIL) C_6 STATDla POULAT (.L) LOPOLATIMOH EWMI PDOPULATIs DENSmY PER sq. i. 547 7J3 14.5 55.8 36_3 PERt Sq- 11 ACRI. LAND 51.4 65.3 130.6 111.5 461.7 POCLATIOI AGE STgLTCRE (-) 0-L4 IRS .- .- 34.0 45.4 43.6 15-64 IRS _ 65.0 51.7 53.1 65 AID MO-E 1.0 2.9 3.3 PopuLAn11S CeR RamE C() TOTAL 2.0 2.4 6.0 IC 2_8 2.8 633* - 4.7 6.8 5_2 4.5 CDE aim RATE (PER TR) - - 49.2 47.0 40.4 CWDE DEATH RATE (PER THOCS) ,, 183 15.2 11.5 CROSS PEPlODOCTICIS RATE - 3.2 3.2 2.S FaMELT PEARNS A11 t O. AHIAL CTWES) - 2 w ir (,n o ui m68 mwai 2 IDDEX OF FOOD PROD. PER CAPITA (199-71-100) 91.6 97.3 ER CAPITA SULY OF CALORIES C OF MEQffXREUITS) . . .. 98.2 uo8 PROTEIS (CRAMS PER ) . 56.7 70.1 OF WIC ! AIXlIWL AOD PULSE 17.0 17.8 CHUM (AG L-4) CEATS RATE 23.0 16.0 10.0 18.7 14.6 LIFE EXPECr. AT hAtE (YEARS) 50.0 51.7 57.5 IUAThr MOEr. RATE (PEIL TOS) 69.1 32.6 30.0 d,. 102.7 101.5 ACCESS TO SAFE KATER (XPOP) TOTAL _ *43.0 /d.f 35.6 59.7 URRAS 53.0 /6.1 54.1 84.5 RUIRAL -- 20.0 di6 27.3 38.4 w ACCESS TO EICRETA 0ISPOSAL (: OF POPUXATION) TOTAL .. URA . .. . . .. POPUATvION Plmt P IsCIAs 9690.0 3640.0 1960.0 11948.3 434S_I POP. FE NURSINS PERSON 600-0 550.0 i t 248.9 l33I_1 OP. PE BOSPITAL HED TOTAL 190.0 170.0 240.0 98.6-9 329 URBAN - - l0 0 36S.7 545.5 RURAL 420.0 4012.1 2513.5 ARNISSIOIS P OSPIAL BED 16.5 /b 13.7 L 26.2 AVERE SIZE OF HOUSEHOLD TOTAL .. 7.0 /_ URA. .. ... RU_AL .. .. AVERAGr *0. OF PERSOS/HOG TOTAL .. .. URnU '- -' RURAL .. .. ACCESS 10 ELECT. (2. W UILDCS) TOL 2. .. 2 3RMS ..77 .. 77. RURAL _. .. .. .. 161  - 19 Annex I TABLE L 3 or 6 UJISOT ( - SOCIAL =91CATOS DTA S3MT DjZDQUT_ Cw 0ROWS (UEIUUED rvERm=) =* IIOST OST IZMT ESTMDAZ) lb z l97*c miiw -* AiCi S. or sAARA M. AFrI S NO LASr ASTED mmtLUTr RATO : TOTAL .. .. 32 91.0 U.3 -AZZ 90 .. .. 90.5 102.5 FUEP .. .. ..73.6 73.6 SEONDARY: TOTAL .. .. 8.0 17.4 43.0 hALE .. .. .. 23.7 S 3 FENALE .. .. ._ 14.8 33.0 VOCATIONAL C: Or SEcOIAT 37.9 44.0 25.3 5.3 10.3 !MSL-ZCHEt RATLO PRAIM 36.0 36.0 44.0 38.6 30.3 SECOllDAN 13.0 12.O 19.0 24.3 23.1 ADUT LZAT T (:) .. .. 10.0 35.6 43.5 PASSENE CAIS/0SAb 10? .. 48.7 45.3 20.7 17.8- RAIUD lDaxEvEU/tSM POP .. 43.8 54.8 100.8 1U8.8 IT z V S/TO05 4 O0 .. 6.3 16.1 18.5 46.1 SOiAPt CVAX 0XENIIL zm s) cluaou PER AD PopuLA .. .. .. 17.2 31.2 C ( ANA ATTI E/cF .. .. 3.3 IT 0.3 1.7 TOTL LA OC CTS) . .. 79.2 i PRCEn) .. .. .. 33.8 t0.8 A E (PERCET) .. .. L7 57.1 42.4 NUS (PERC .. .. 20.6 17.4 7.9 PARTXIATIO RATE (PERCE) TOL .. .. 24.0 36.3 26.2 RAZ .. .. .. 47.6 66.4 FL.. .. .. 25.1 5.8 scOM lunoE .. .. 1.3 I.& 1.8 -I 9 or PE7Q= ZICOR MCSt0 S .. .. ...... IVMT 202C or s .. ....... LOET 20? OrOI S .. .. ..... DTIMASED ASSN= POVM IDCR LEEL (SS P CAPITA) W4 .. . .. 525.3 274.8 L .. . .. 249.0 177.2 23TAUZD mIrIE POVT DEVE LUL (ISS M CAU) _ cm .. .. .. 4'7.4 406 aL .. .. .. 186.0 264.9 ZSTZ3AD POP. BEW AUSOW - PwVER micmm LZVl CZ) _ .v .. . ... .. . RURAL .. .. Mr AVAUA ZV Nr APPLICABL N O T 9 S La The grasp aveage foer eab indcator am. poplaclow-weUbfd arSt.cStlc mun. Gnar of countries aowg thE s*icatonw dep_ads an e aq3ab11tty of date b Is not 2re_ . Vais..otbet noted. "Dta for 2160` reer eo an yea betwen 1959 and 1964; Dsea for 1970 betw 1969 and 1971; mod"to for 'Met Icest Zutdm te I 1980 e_d 23t _ ibis high raft 2flet. steady _ 1aeton fm ealorbl coustries; /d 03c1 dats; la 1978; If 2976; A 1977; /b 1972., /I 1975. 3102. 1984  P1Pid ' 84jW. na A. au3intT- a 1 - ..LTMJ vm .a.a SW Am m- 1l" 2912.91 t I