Bolivia - Ulla Ulla development project : case studies

NOTES ON WOMEN IN DEVELOP?ET NO. 21 (Case Studies) BOLIVIA ULLA ULLA DEVELF?'ET PROJECT This case st:dv is one oc a series prepare4 ex?ressly for discussion by World Bank staff i: workshops on Women in develcynent. It is in no sense an evaluation of the project,' and describes nl- those of its features which are relevant to the concerns of the uork-shop. Office of the Advisor on Vomen in Develo:ment World Bank July, 1982 -ULLA ULLA DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Contents ? age I. Project Background 1 II. Context for Women 2 III. Project Description 3 A. Coals 3 B. Components 4 1. Livestock Development 4 2. Technical Assistance 4 3. Fiber Coliection, Stnrage and Processing 5 4. Handicraft ! .dustry 5 S. Roads 6 6. Health Facilities 6 7. Water Supply and Waste Disposal Facilities 7 8. Education Facilities 7 9. Solar Energy 3 10. Women's Participation 8 C. Preparation, Implementation, and Monitoring 9 Exhibit I - Bolivia 12 Exhibit II - Project Staff 14 This case study was prepared by the staff of The World Bank Office of the Adviser on Women in tevelopment with the assistanct' of the following consul:ants: Catherine Overholt. Mary 3. Ancerson, Kathleen Cluud, and James Austin. The :ase is to serve as :c basin for class di-cussion rather than tc illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a prcject situation. I. Project Background The Ulla Ulla Project area is located in the Department of La Paz, Bolivia, north and northeast of Lake Titicaca and extcnds along the Peruvian border in the upper part of the Suches River drainage basin. The total project covers approximately'300,000 heztares. The lowest elevation for this region of the Bolivian Alciplano is 4,000 meters at its southern border. About 10 percent of the project area consists of rocky slopes and water surfaces, and the rest is useable land without trees or shrubs. The bottom lands of the river valleys, and occasionally the adjacent steep slopes, are cultivated. However, the soils are best suited for grazing lands. The northernmost region of the project is made up of rolling stone foothills which gradually give way to gentle sloping grassy plains that provide Bolivia's main alpaca and llama breeding ground. Deep-rooted cultural ties have inhibitea Alcipiano people from migrating to the more lu:rative commercial agricultural ecenomy lo- cated in the eastern regions of Bolivia. In 1977 when the project was appraised, 70 percent of Bolivia's estimated population lived in rural areas c( the Altiplano with an annual pe,r capita income of between US$60 and US$100. Little scope existed for expanding land under cultivation or improving the producti-ity of th. extremely small-scale farm operation:. However, the potential for livestock production had not been fully exploited. Production of alpaca and llama fiber was low and programs to improve breeds for their high-value wool were confined to only small-scale research. The Bolivian GoverLment's strategy for agricultural develop- ment in the Altiplano aimed to alleviate acute poverty and underem?loy- ment through integrated rural development. It intended to increase production of wool and provide basic social services, infrastructure, marketing, credit and extension services. The Ulla Ulla project was part of this strategy and represented an investment of US$24 million over a 10 year period for which a Bank loan of USS9 million and an IDA credit in the same account were approved in 1977. The farm families of the Ulla Ulla region were distributed over the high puna rangelands where the median elevation is 4,600 m., well above The frost line. They were pastoral herders who raised llama and alpaca livestock. The Ulla Ulla project intended to provide technical assistance and social services - 3,400 of these pastoral families through-an intepr-ted system f-. _mproving the production, processing and marketin, i1paca,. llaria,, and vicuna wool. Local artisans as well as , .- in the La Paz and Cochabomba Departments also were to benefit frc: -echnical assistance for the development of handicraft skills and marketing procedures. Living conditions - were to be improved through the provision of health and education centers, potable water, waste disposal facilities, and improved roads. In addition, general cor=unity development, including a women's component, was intended to imorove the aualitv of life for the families and to encourage local management of the wool industry after Bank and Government support ceased. See Exhibit 1 for specific background statistics on Bolivia. II. Crntext for Womeg. Among the pastoral herding families in the rural Altiplano, w'imen maintain the animal herds, prepare the wool and wool products and control the marketing of handicrafts and agricult-.ral prcducts. They also collect animal dung for heating and fertilizer, haul water, prepare food and take care of family members. Women's political participation or decision-making activities outside the home are negligible. Living conditions for the entire community are harsh. For woman the ecological severity has particular significance. Women must work hard and they die at a relatively young age. Life expectancy for women is 45 years. Girls must assume responsibilities early in life. Five year old girls are assigned to herding alpacas, spinning, hauling water over i,Lig distances, collecting dung for cooking fuel, washing dishes, and sweeping the house yards. Teenage girls continue to lock after the animals while assuming the responsibilities of caring for brothers and siscers, weaving, spinning and cooking. The average marrying age for girls is about 15 years, at which time they are accepted as full and equal members of their communities. Economic considerazions are important for both boys and girls in selecting a partner. Women who have reputations as hard workers are in great demand since a wife is expected to improve the economic welfare of the new family. The woman head-of-household carries major responsibilities for management and care of the alpaca and llama herd. She determines the pasture site each day, and then makes decisions on pasture rotation based on the condition of the rasture, the climate, available labor resources, and the needs of rie animal. She is the family member most knowledgeable about the food needs of the animals and the condition of the herd. it is the woman who notices when an animal is ill or when there is a newborn. Although the husband helps with breeding tasks, the wife selects which animals are to be bred. While the man manages male 1lamas on crips, the woman assumes -he critical role in the care and management of the animals at home. In the present system of land tenure, access to land depends on the ability of a family to lay claim to land by actually grazing their animals on it. Therefore, control of pasture land ca vary from day to day. If one family manages to put their animals out to graze earlier in the morning than others, the families who arrive later are forced to graze their animals on inferior, often rocky, pasture. -3- Nen and women work together to butcher their animals and cire the meat. Shearing is also a Joint activity. The man usually holds the animal while the wo=an shears the fleece with r piece of broken glass or a tin can lid. Shearing an alpaca takes about half an hour. In the majority of households, the woman manages the money. Men spend much time absent from the comunity traveling to the eastern valleys to trade meat and wool for corn, potatoes and coca and also to go to the local weekly market about twicf a month. Although the husband sells the home products, the wife decides how much fiber and meat can be sold and at what price. She also provides the shopping list with the allocated expenditures for the family necessities. If the woman accompanies the man to market, the woman has physical possession of the money and pays for their purchases. If the couple establishes a little store, the husband serves the customers, while the wife determines the prices and keeps the money. Market-place finance can be very complicated as transactions are often made in combinations of both Bilivian and Peruvian currency. Both men and women produce handicrafts. Women spin, dye, and prepare the wool for weaving. During the rainy season they knit ponchos, sweaters, chuspus, costalis and awayos. Men weave on hand looms. The women sell the handicraft to local middlemen who take them to LaPaz. While these pastoral families value education, few have had sufficient formal education. Forty-five percent of this population over the age of 15 is illiterate; 28 percent of men and 72 percent of women are unschooled. Data from Ancoraimes, a nearby canton, revealed that of the 2,500 students, 85 percent are boys and only 15 percent are girls. At the secondary level only 6 percent of the pupils are girls. Co=unities view education as a means to increase social status, and wish more opportunities existed for their children, especially the sons, to become professionals. III. Project Description A. Goals The ob'ective of the Ulla Ulla Project was to stimulate wool and handicraft production in one of the pporest regions of Bolivia. The Bolivian Govern=ent proposed this-project in order to increase its foreign exchange earnings through increa-sed export of wool products. It intended to stoo contraband wool trade to Peru and to reduce its dependency on imDorted foodstuffs by giving herders and the Bolivian Goverr=ent control over the trade of ca=alid fiber which wLs then in the hands of Peruvian and Bolivian middlemen. The annual income of the herders in the Altiplano was to be increased through expanded wool and handicraft industry. Complex project components were directed at stimulating the economic vitality of the region, building co7=uni:y infrastructure, and i=prbving local conditions in health and education. -4- B. Comoonents In keeping with co=unity and economic development strategies of the 1970's, the ULla Ulla project was a ccmplex package with compon- ents for economic, co=uaity and social development. The Project's major emphasis lay in the 11a-a and alpaca agribusiness. Moreover, the harsh livinS conditions and extre=e poverty of Ulla Ulla inspired a comprehensive project design which included social and technological components directed at ca=unity development. It aimed at improving women's participation in this development. Apart from the numbers of water pumps, privies and school houLe heating units, the specific objectives in terms of i=pact on the co=uaity were not defined. 1. Livestock Develot,=ent The livestock co=ponent was intended to promote development in pasturage, animal husbandry, and wool production technology which would be appropriate to local needs and inexpensive. The goal was to increase fiber yields per aaial and i=prove ani=al reproduction and health. Based on Feruvian experience, the Bolivian plannets estimated that alpaca fiber productivity could be increased 43 percent. Lla=a production could be increased slightly without an improved dehair .ng technology. The dehairing technology could increase production several times over the original amounc. A co=ercial far- and ezperiment station were to be established as laboratories and demonstration centers for iproved range and livestock technologies. 7ogether, the co=ercial farm and the experiment station facilities were to encompass an area of about 4,000 hectaces. The commercial farm would operate as a co=ercial enterprise and a demonstration wait, adopti=g iproved range management and animal husbandry practices developed at the experiment stAtion. The experi- tuent station would contain equipment and reseLrch racilities: for low-cost production systems; for pasture develop=en: and 1lama and alpaca nutri- tion; and for parasitclogv, bacteriology, and biology. Research :or de- hairing technology for 11ama hair was also proposed. The short-term goals for the experien: station were to improve agricultural and livestock technologies by i=proving the existing technology. Longer- range goals such as range -anagement were to emphasize practices intro- duced in the co=unal las of the peasant groups, adaptability of . different types of forage to the Ulla Ulla environment, inventcrying, and mapping of pasture s::es, seeding pastures, and irrigation.. 2. Techizal Assistance Extension agen:s, a sociologist, and technician in the fields of livestock develo;=en: and range management were to provide technical assistance in animai h;sbandr-, Iproved herd and range management practices, veterinary servizes and preParazicr. and i=olementation of farm development plans. C.z=unications berween the extension personnel and the herders were :o .e :acii:a:ed :hrolgn :ocal cadres wno were youns men of the cc=unicy. They would be selected to be trained Ln anim.l -5- husbandry and range management. Each cadre would specialize in shearing, range development and herd management. They would be responsible for teaching the j. ie in their villages the improved techniques and thereby expand the U Fluence of Zhe extension work. In addition, para-extension workers would assist extension staff in preparing farm plans to serve as bases for sub-loan applications. Because a technology for separating the fine llama fibers from the coarse ones would improve the quality of llama wool productn and incre!ase marketability, the project would finance a research program and a pilot processing plant in order to develop an improved lla=a dehairing technology. 3. Fiber Collection, Storage and Processing Increasing sales of handicraft items have generated a large demand for yarn by rural and urban low-income artisans. However, Bolivia's processing capacity of alpaca yarn has been limited to an estimated 25 percent cf the total demand. Modernization of yarn technology and pro- cessing facilities as well as improved management and organizati.on were needed. The project would expand the improved fiber collection system and build a new centrally located plant. It would also include consul- tant services to provide technical know-how and to train workers for the plant. The collection network would be expanded and improved to accom- modate the seasonal fiber collection by renting larger storage rooms and buying posts. The proposed site was El Alto, near LaPaz. The project would finance the purchase of five new vehicles, three five-ton trucks and two lighter, four-wheel drive vehicles : transport fiber to La Paz. The proposed spinning plant was to process ma and alpaca fiber and sheep wool. The new plant in La Paz would luire technical assistance to implement mill control programs and a trdi-aing program. The project called for the Bolivian Government to establish a pricing mechanism which would provide a production incentive to pro- ducers and artisans to ensure a steady and timely supply of fleece for the processing plant and of yarn to artisans. Guaranteed minimum prices for fleece and yarn would reflect farm production cOsLs, collection and storage costs of the processing plant including a reasonable profit margin. Guaranteed prices would take into account the prevailing prices in Peru which approach real production costs.--A stabilization fund,would be set up to suppor: this price guarantee scheme. It would be supported initially by Government contributions and'built up progressively from the profits of the new processing plant,. 4. Handicraft Industry In 1977 the Bolivian handicraft industry generated about USS4 million in foreign exchange but this was only a fraction of the potential income from wool handicraft trade. The industry was a vital source of supplementary inco=e and employment tir poor rural and urban families and in 1974 the Government had set up an institute which was to expand the markets. -6- The Ulla Ulla project planned to organize cooperatives and loose associations to teach handicraft skills, to supply quality control and to gather products for marketing. Credit for families needing financial assistance to buy wool and handicraft tools could apply to the Bolivian State Bank. The project would provide technical assistance particularly for training the artisans, promotiag the use of available credit, im- proving production and developing a marketing and pricing strategy. The handicraft component consisted of: a. US$2 million lending program to finance the :.pital require- ments of small rural and urban artisans; b. US$1.0 million technical assistance program to organize artisan production and marketing groups, to finance the cost of quality control and standards, to develop a national catalogue for export promotion, to supervise training progra=s for artisans, and to supervise tha credits given by the State Bank; c. US$100,000 purchasing fund to enable the governmental agency to buy handicraft articles. The Bolivian Government hoped to bolster the vitality of its export trade with a growing handicrafts industry. Europe and the United States were considered ready markets for the scarce alpaca and llama wool articles. 5. Roads The remoteness of many of the rural communities required the construction and improvement of roads to insure the flow of goods and services to and from the project area during the rainy season when raw materials and handicrafts were produced. The project proposed the construction and i=provement of about 54 km of all-weather roads in the project a:eas. 6. H,.lth Facilities Health conditions in the Ulla Ulla areas were poor. Measles and whooping cough were prevalent, at times in epidemic proportions. Upper respiratory infections were coMon as were pulmonary tuberzulosii, scabiosis, bacterial dermatitis, and paratiditis. Gastronomic disease caused by polluted water supplies was endemic, and poor personal hygiene increased a family's chances of contracting murine typhus. There were no health facilities in the Ulla Ulla area. The closest clinic was in Cojata in Peru, a three-hour walk from the northern .-gion of Ulla Ulla. A medical outpost in Charazani was approximately 30 km from Ulla Ulla. Men practiced'traditional medicine as yatiris to supplement family incore. Births were not generally attended except by traditional midwives. -7- The project prc-posed a health facilities network that would pro- vide minimal services. Health care services would be delivered to "Group Units" composed of several co=munitits. A micro-health post would be installed in each village. Each post would be equipped with a first aid kit containing basic d:ugs for t.eating the most comon ailments. A 6-bed medical unit would be built in Ulla Ulla and the outpost in Charazani would be expanded to a 6-bed unit. With ambulance service, the Ulla Ulla post could serve 16,000 people of the surrounding community. The newly created health facility in Achachachi, 150 km from Ulla Ulla, was to be tha main referral hospital for the project area. The Project would provide two physician,, two auxiliary nurses and 33 community health workers. Health care would focus on: mass immunization; implementation of hLne improvement schemes; teaching personal hygiene practices; construction of clean water systems; construction of pit privies; and fundraising for co-financing of expenditures for "health kits." 7. Water SuDolv and Waste D'sDosal Facilities Knowledge of sanitation was nearly non-existent and impeded the improvement of the local standard of living. The lack of potable water in the project area affected the health of the inhabitants. Dur- ing the ten years of the project cycle, 1,200 water pumps were to be installed. Some would be installed inside homes while other single units would serve seVEral households outside the villa2e. The instal- lation of 1,000 pit privies was anticipated. These i=prove ents were thought to be simple, effective, long-lasting, and affordable. Never- theless, this component, when successfully comaleted, would,serve only 67 percent of the population because the facilities would be in villages. The anticipated impact of this compcnent on the.,daily life of the community was not specified. 8. Education Facilities Ulla Ulla residents believea tnat education was a means for upward economic and social mobility. Nevertheless, education programs in Ulla Ulla had had limited success and children were often kept at home to help within the family economy. Other obstacl,!s which kept children from school were: -8- conflict in timing between the school calendar and peak demands for labor for herding and other agricultural activities; language difficulties -- many children spoke only Aymara while classes are taught in Spanish; inacequate and unsanitary physical condition of sc*ool rooms; and inadequately trained teachers. 3f the 730 students attending primary school in 1976 (26 per- cent of the eligible primary school population), only one-thire were girls. Young girls were more apt to be found tending the herds Zhan boys. Further- more, no vocational or remedial programs existed for adults. The project proposed to restore and construct the basic edu- cational infrastructure at the primary and intermediate levels. It also intended to develop new textbooks and learning materials with an emphasis on a bilingual approach. The teachers would receive training courses and pedagogical supervision. The design of the component, however, left unresolved the issue of poor attendanze of girls. 9. Solar Energy The average daily temperatures in the Altiplano were below 100 C. Scrub-brush and animal dung were the only home fuel available for heating and cooking. The need for alternative energy sources and the high level of solar radiation raised goverrment interest in developing a solar energy component. The project supported the re- search of teams from the Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicas (i?) at the University of San Andre's in La Paz. Work would emphasize a study on the use of passive solar energy. Applied solar energy research would focus on heating, cooking,,food drying, and green- house agriculture. 10. Women's Particivation' The women's component was attached to the project, because both Bank staff and 3olivian Government officials were sensitive to the issues of women in development and becau. women were important in local economic activities. The objectives of the women's component focused on health, nutrition and home care. Some attention was given to improved edu- cational opportunities for women. Vocational education for women included training for handicraft production and marketing. Zecause project planners believed there -as a scarcity of information on rural women of the Altiplano, they proposed a cautious approach. The women's ccmponent contained f -ds for 5 Xothers' Club Centers which would recruit and train local :omen to becom- oromotion agents, and visit -9-. area villages !:o organize women into working groups. The promoters, under the supervision of a sociologist/anthropologist, would be taught to i=- prove health standards, practice preventive medicine, prepare nutritional meals, and make home improvements. They would be instructed in child care, basic reading, writing and arithmetic skills. They would also be trained in techniques for handicraft production and marketing and to organize production and marketing groups or associations. The five Mothers' Clubs would be adeouately equipped to conduct the training programs. C. PreDaracion, Imole=entation, and Mnftoring The pla:iing team was composed of officials from the Bolivian Ministry of ?lannin3 and Ministry of Agriculture. No women participated at this level of plan-ag. The Bolivian plznners had no background in sociology or an:hr pology. The Bolivian Anthropology In!tit,te hired an anthrcpologist to supply information about the co=unity. She .-s ,oung, inexperienced, and unsure ef her responsibilities. During project preparation, meetings were held with the project beneficiaries, the Ulla Ulla citizens. The planners explained the objectives of che project and solicited citizen opinions regarding what they wanted ft:= the project. Full comminication was limited by the fact that the Goverr=ent officials spoke mostiy in Spanish. The Ulla Ul1a population were most interested in schools and roads. They were learv of the health co=ponent -ecause of an unfortunate experience with a previous govern-ent health program. No one believed the water and waste disposal cnd solar components were necessa-y. No one in the community sig3es:ed a women's component. Ulla Ulla women traditionally did not parcicipa:e publicly in community organization. Their views were not solicited in their homes or workplaces. The women's co=pon- ent was added late in the planning stage by planners who know that women in develoc=ent issues were becoming a concern with the Bank and with the more educaced population in Bolivia. The planners did hope that the women's component would encourage wcmen to participate in other aspects of the rural development project. Exhibit 2 shows the organization management of the Ulla U11a Project as proposed at appraisal. It was revised in August, 1931. Vr.e National Institu:e for the Development of Wool (INFOL) was a Bolivian Governmental agency created specifically to deal with the develp=ern: of alpaca and !la=a fiber ard sheep wool production in the count-y. INFOL was responsbile for ';ole=enting the project but shared responsibilities with other govern=ent agencies that had direct con:rcl over a particular activitv. For instance, the National Institute for Small Industries and Handicrafts (INSOPIA) directed the handicraft component. BOAFOM, the agricultural deveoopMent bank, and the Banco del Estado -ere responsible for credits. The organizational char: also shows the pocints where wo=n were intended to have administrative responsibility. -10- An ad-hoc technical committee was designed to operate as an advisory body to coordinate the programs undertaken by the project. It was supposed to review annual investment plans to agree on a common approach for the implementation of rhe project end to resolve any outstanding issues which -aight arise between the participating farmers and project management. The committee was to be chaired by the chizf of the Agricultural and Social Infrastructure Division. It was to include the unit chiefs from the Commercial Farm, the Experiment Station, the Cred,t and Exten3ion Division, and four representatives from the project beneficiaries, two of whom were to be women from the project area. As of July, 1981 the ad-hoc committee had not been organized. The Education and WomeA's Affairs Unit was the ,organizational office for the women's component. Through this office women's courses and Pctivities would be planned, approved, ard implemented. An anthropologist/sociologist was to head the office in La Piz. A field supervisor and promotors were to work locally. Organizationally. the promotores were intended to co=unicate local reactions to the La Paz office, and the La Paz office was to coordinate programs such as health education with the other components. The first female supervisor was a resident of La Paz and a mem- ber of the middle-class. Her appointment was based on kinship with a powerful' elite member in the project area. She believed that exposing the Aymara women to Western customs would somehow influence their participation in The Ulla Ulla ?roject. Between July 30 and August 3, 1979, twenty-nic. Ulla r111a women attended the first course organized by the supervisor in l Belen, a five hour drive from Ulla Ulla. Initially, the Ulla Ulla men opposed the women's travelling to Belen, as women previously never had travelled long distances without the protection of male family members. Men expressed their fear that the women would be abducted and raped. During the five day course, the women were instructed in sewing, weaving, crocheting, embroidery, nutrition, confectionary, and making paper flowers. A cosmetics demonstratibn.was given and women were instructed in the use of facial creams. In the dormitories, the women slept on cots with pillows and blankets and they ate at a table with a formal ;lace setting. Nutrition education by a dietician emphasized preparation of balanced meals which depended upon the preparation of green vegetables. The Ulla Ulla climate was not conducive to growing vegetablas and :he women could not afford to buy the quantities of green vegetables needed. The solar energy greenhouse used in the Ulla Ulla experiment station proved to be ex7ensi-:e and difficit to erect. ;omen requested that nutritional regimes use more local produce. The course did not offer information in animal care, handicraft technology, marketing, or information related to the other project components. Many of the appointments of local agents were not made and there were turnovers of female supervisors. Cooperation bezwcon staff of othc: components ind the women's supervisor was lacking and resulted in duplication of efforts or ncn-iLalementation of programs. -11- Men were invited to attend the animal husbandry courses. Tech- niques in dipping to eliminate mites, and lectures and demonstrations on shearing made up the introductory course. Men evidently reported the new techniques to their wives or female family members because thj women were observed a short time after the course practicing the new technology. Many of the development targets of the project had to be scaled down due to sharp price increases in Bolivia during the past few years. Political and economic crises in these years have also delayed project implementation. -12- Bolivia Exhibit I Basic Indicators * '? per capita Average Average Average Life index of Area annual annual Adult expec- food produc- Popula- (thousands growth -ate of infla- literacy tancy at tion per tion of square (per- cion rate birth capita (1969 (millions) kilo- Dollars cent) (percent) (percent)(years) 71-100) Mid-1978 neters) 1978 1960-78 1960-70 1970-78 1975 1978 '976-78 5.3 1,099 510 2.2 3.5 22.7 63 52 111 Growth of Production ______7_-_ricu1ture_Average Annual Growth Rate (percent) GD" Axciculture industry Manufacturinz Ser-ices 1960-70 1970-78 1960-70 1^70-78 1960-70 1970-78 1960-70 1970-78 1960-70 1970- 5.2 5.6 .j 3.6 6.2 5.1 5.4 6.8 5.5 6.5 Structure of Production Distribution of gross domestic product (percent) Acriculture Industry (Yanufacturinz) Services 1960 1973 1960 1978 (1960 1978) 1960 1978 26 17 25 28 15 13 49 55 Balance ol ?ayments and Debt Service Ratios Current account balance before InLerest interest payments payments on Debt service as percentage of: on external public e,-. I public Exports of de t dtot goods and (millions of dollars) (millions of dollars) GN? services 1970 -978 1970 1978 1970 1978 1970 1973 -16 -301 6 83 2.2 8.5 10.9 t8.7 Labor Force ?ercentage of population :f Average annual growth working age Percentaze of labor force in: of labor force (15 - 64 *:ears) Agriculture Industry Services (.ercent) 1960 1973 1960 1978 1960 1978 1960 1978 1960-70 1970-80 1950-2C 55 53 61 51 18 24 21 25 1.9 2.4 2.9 --13-- Bolivia Exhibit I (cont.) Education Number flumber enrolled in enrolled in secondary higher education Adult Number enrolled in primary school school as as percentage literacy as percentage of age 2roup percentage of of population rate Total Male Feuale age group aged 20-24 (percent) 1960 1977 1960 1977 1960 1977 1950 1977 1960 1976 1960 1975 64 80 78 88 so 72 12 26 4 10 39 63 Health-related Indicators Percentage Daily calorie supply of population per capita . Ponulation oer: vith access As percentage Physician Nursing person to safe water Total of reauirement 1960 1977 1960 1977 1975 1977 1977 3,660 1,850 3,070 34 1,974 83 Life Expectancy Life IrLf ant Child expectancy mortality death at birth rate rate (years) (aged 13-1) (aged 1-4) 1960 1978 1960 1978 1960 1978 43 52 158 36 22 Demographic and Fertility-related IndL=ators Crude Crude Percentage .?ercentage Percentage birth death charse in: of women in of married rate per rate per Crude Crzde Total reproductive women using thousand thousand birth dea:h fertility age group contra- population 2oPulation rate rare rate (aged 15-44) centives 1960 1978 1960 1973 1960-78 1960-78 1978 1978 1970 1977 48 44 23 15 -8.3 -34.8 6.5 41 ?oDulation Growth. ?ast and ?rojec:ed. and Evoothetical Stationary Pooulation Average annual Hypothe,ical growth of ?rojected size of Assued year Year of population populazion scationary of reaching net reaching (percent) (ilions) pc ±1ation reprrduction stationar-. 1960-70 1970-73 19S0 2000 (.Lilions) rate of 1 population 2.5 2.6 6 9 20 2030 2120 -14- Exhibit II Project Staff BO!JvTA No. of Staff 11a Ulla Development 7ro'cct Years Responsible Project Staff 1 2 3 Total Agency Reference Exhibit 2 Restarch and Extension Research 1 3 - 4 ASI Annex 1 Laboratory technicians - 2 2 4 Extension agents 1 6 - 7 Farm manager - 1 - k ,Laborers and herders - 15 10 25 Sub-total 2 27 12 41 Vicuna Conservation Prozram Guards 6 - - 6 ASI Annex 3 Wool Collection, Storaze and Processing CO%r?RO/I.oFOL Annex 4 Collection: Agents - 4 - 4 Driver - 1 - 1 Warehouse: Manager - 1 - 1 Supervisors - 2 - 2 Administrati-e staff - 3 - 3 Guards - 2 - 2 Drivers - 2 - 2 Laborers - 6 - 6 Processing: Plant manager - 1 - 1 COM?RO Annex 4 Textile engineer - 1 - 1 Sales manager - 1 - 1 Office manager - 1 - 1 Administrative staff - 32 - 12 Technical sta'f - 111 - 111 148 148 Handicraft Training moni:ors 15 - - 15 7O0 Annex 5 Textile engineer 1 - - 1 LT30?IA .tnex 5 Designer 1 - - 1 Marketing specialist 1 - - 1 Promotors 4 - - 4 Sub-total 22 - - 22 -1s- Exhibit II (cont.) Health Physician 2 - - 2 MPSSP/DPH Annex 7 Auxiliary nurse 2 - - 2 Community health workers 30 - - 30 Sub-total 34 - - 34 Education Supervisor 1 - - 1 ASI/Project Annex 9 Driver 1 - - 1 Unit of the Sub-t ,tal 2 - - 2 Education and Vocational Training Project Women Particioacion Anthropologist - 1 - 1 ASI Annex 10 Promotors - - 5 5 Sub-total -31 5 6 Llama Dehairing Mechanic - i - 1 COMPRO Arnex 10 Machine operator - 1 - 1 Laboratory technicians - 2 - 2 Administrative and sup-ort staff - 2 - 2 Sub-total 6 6 Project Administration (INFOL) General manager 1 - - 1 Deputy general manager 1 - - 1 Divisiorn chiefs 4 - 4 Economists 2 - - 2 Financial analyst 2 - - 1 Veterinarian - 1 - 1 Agronomist - 1 - 1 Administrative and support staff 14 - - 14 Sub-total 24 2 - 26 To 31 90 184 17 291 Flurce: Annex 12, Table 2, Appraisal of Ulla Ulla Develooment Project, Report No. 1708a-30, Dece=ber 27, 1977.