20310 Vol. 1 Updating Report on World Bank Research Program June 19, 1979 oQfice oi the Vice President, Development Policy FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Document of the World Bank This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. FILE COPY FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UPDATING REPORT ON WORLD BANK RESEARCH PROGRAM Table of Contents Page No. THE ROLE OF RESEARCH IN THE BANK ............. 1 External Reviews ............................ 1 Evaluation u2 Allocation of Resources to Research .......... 3 TABLES 1.1 FY78 Resources Devoted to Research: Profile by Department .................. 5 1.2 FY78 Resources Devoted to Research: Profile by Functional Category .......... 6 1.3 External Expenditure FY75 to FY78, Compared to Guidelines .................. 7 CHART External Research Expenditure ........... APPENDICES A. Brief Descriptions of Projects Active During FY78 .............. ,.............. 9 B. Evaluation of Completed Projects .......... 55 APPENDIX TABLES 1. Research Committee Members . ......... 58 2. Financial Status of Current and Recently Completed Research Projects................ 59 3. Country Reference of External Research Projects and Participating Individuals and Institutions .......................... 61 4. Reports from Research Projects Completed in 1978 ................................... 68 5. Research Institutions Documents Exchange Program .......................... 70 This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their offcial duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. UPDATING REPORT ON WORLD BANK RESEARCH PROGRAM: 1978 THE ROLE OF RESEARCH IN THE BANK External Reviews 1.1 Since FY78 a review of the Bank's research activities has been underway, conducted by a series of external panels. 1/ Specialized panels have examined Bank research in the areas of Agriculture and Rural Development; Commodities; Energy, Water and Telecommunications; Income Distribution and Employment; Industrial Development and Trade; and Transportation. In turn, an overall panel, the General Research Advisory Panel, has under- taken a general review of Bank research based in part on the findings of the specialized panels. The various panel reviews provide an evaluation of past research and make recommendations on the objectives of Bank research, relationships with research institutions in developing countries and the size and balance of the research program. 1.2 The final reports of the specialized nanel on Income Distribution and Employment was sent to the Board for information on June 6, 1978. 2/ The reports of the remaining five specialized panels have now bTen completed, and are being distributed to the Board together with this report. 1.3 The General Research Advisory Panel has completed its discussions. The panel's report will be submitted by September and will be scheduled for Board discussion, at which time the reports of the specialized panels may also be discussed. 1.4 In view of the substantial volume of material on Bank research that will be generated through these various panel reports, the present report does not include an extended narrative discussion. It is intended primarily to update the statistical and factual material on Bank research which is regularly provided to the Board. 1/ World Bank Research Program, R78-18, January 23, 1978, p.5. 2/ Report of the Research Advisory Panel on Income Distribution and Employment, (Sec M78-493). -2- Evaluation 1.5 Independently of the external reviews, an internal survey was conducted in November and December 1977, to review the Bank's research in major areas. The survey was conducted by several small panels, each chaired by a member of the Research Committee. These surveys indicated that the most serious constraint on the execution and absorption of research by the Bank is staff time. The review also generated ideas for better dissemination of research results to operating staff, as well as proposals for integrated research programs in individual areas. The results of the internal survey were discussed at the Research Committee, and were also communicated to the General Research Advisory Panel. 1.6 Apart from these reviews by research area the program of project by project evaluation of complete research projects has continued. Four projects were evaluated in 1978; the results are summarized in Appendix B. 1.7 Several of these research projects are beginning to influence Bank operations. A recently completed study has developed a coherent economic framework for analyzing port pricing and invest- ment decisions. The principal output from the research is a book recently published under Bank auspices. 1/ Workshops and seminars have been held within the Bank to introduce projects staff to the basic approach suggested by the research. Under the auspices of a staff working party, a consultant is currently assessing the costing and accounting systems that would be needed to apply the suggested marginal cost principles in actual situations. Another project under- took an empirical examination of the housing market in the Republic of Korea. This analysis appears to have had an effect on discussions of housing policy within Korea. A third project had as its objective the design of a multi-purpose household questionnaire covering standard economic and demographic topics. The project responds to requests from projects staff for assistance in designing survey instruments, netded for the monitoring and evaluation of urban and rural development projects. The finalized questionnaire is now available for this purpose. 1/ Esra Bennathan and A. A. Walters, Port Pricing and Investment Policy for Developing Countries. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979. A World Bank Research Publication. -3- 1.8 A variety of lessons were drawn by the panels evaluating these projects. Two of the evaluation panels noted the importance of periodic reviews of the progress and objectives of a research :roject while it was underway. In one case an interim review ould probably have resulted in the cancellation of an exercise that had become more difficult as a result of organizational changes. In the second case an interim review resulted in a switch in the direction of research which was clearly beneficial. n the case of one project the collaborating agency insisted, for security reasons, that it control all access to the data it was to provide. This made analysis by Bank researchers extremely difficult. The evaluation panel noted that there were currently no formal arrangements within the Bank for guaranteeing the security of data sets owned by other agencies and suggested that such pro- cedures be instituted to permit greater use of such data by the Bank. Allocation of Resources to Research 1.9 In FY78, total resources devoted to research amounted to approximately $9.4 million (in FY78 dollars). 1/ This figure has been calculated after allocating to research its share of the over- head costs divided between the fourteen program categories used in the Bank's budgetary presentation. This figure may be compared with other program categories, approximately $23 million for country economic and sector work together and $14 million for operational review and policy work. Of the total of $9.4 million about $2.2 million is accounted for by the "external" expenditure (consultant, travel, data processing) authorized by the Research Committee for the projects it has approved. The remainder, which is mainly the cost of staff-time (plus the cost of consultants not financed by the "external" research budget) was about equally divided between research projects approved by Research Committee and other 'in-house' research (which also includes preparatory work on proposals to be submitted to the Committee). 2/ These proportions vary between the Development Policy Staff (DPST and the Central Projects Staff (CPS), ith the latter typically devoting a larger proportion of staff resources to departmental studies than the former. 1.10 As in previous reports, Tables 1.1 and 1.2 (on pages 5 and 6) give two breakdowns of (a) "external" expenditure from the research budget; and (b) staff allocated to research: one by depart- ment and the other by subject matter. Table 1.1 distinguishes between This excludes expenditure on routine commodity analysis and projections, but includes commodity work conducted under the External Research Program. / In round fiqures 66 manyears, at a unit cost, including allocated overhead and support services, of $108,000. Research Committee approved projects, departmental studies and a third miscellaneous ("other") category. This last category primarily consists of research preparation and some very small studies. Since a subject-matter breakdown is not available, this category is excluded from Table 1.2. The 'external' expenditure on projects approved by the Recearch Conmittee (RPC projects) can be traced from the inception of the program. As the chart on page 8 shows, the level of such expenditure stayed more or less constant at around $2.5 million (i FY78 dcllars) between FY73 and FY76 and declined to about $2. million in FY77 and FY78. For FY79 the chart shows the le-:el of authorization rather than expenditure. This includes an element of overprograiming to allow for the normal intervl between authorization and disbursement. The present estimate of external expenditure for FY79 (as shown in the FY80 budget documents -s that it will remain at about $2.4 million (in FY78 dollars) The chart also shows the mix of expenditure on projects according to the year in which they were initiated. As a rough rule of thumb, one-third of the expenditure in a given year is on new projects, one-third on projects from the previous year and the remaining third on older projects. In FY78 there were 13 projects completed, and 24 new starts. 1.12 In the first research report in 1973, informal guidelines rcz the allocation of external expenditure funds were set sector for fiscal years FY75 through FY78. As final expenditure tigures for FY78 are now available, actual expenditure for the Period in question is compared with the guidelines in Table 1.3 on page 7. The allocation of projects to the various categories is inevitably arbitrary; nonetheless, the correspondence between guidelines and actual expenditure, which was not intended to be exact in the first place, is fairly close. Table 1.1: FY78 RESOURCES DEVOTED ;') h:SEARCH iWente eY :me.e':w. (expenditures in $'000; manpowcr in mdn-yers) Department Research Committee Approved Projects Departmental Studies Other TExternal Exp. Manpower Manpower Manpower Prof. Asst. Prof. Asst. Prof. Asst. DPS Development Research Center 464.4 9.4 7.6 0.8 0.1 2.1 1.0 Economic Analysis and Projections /a 57.2 0.6 - 0.4 0.8 0.4 - Development Economics 727.5 15.3 11.4 2.4 1.3 7.8 1.4 Office of Vice President, Development Policy 39.0 . - - Policy Planning and Program Review - 0.2 - Total DPS 1,288.1 25.5 19.0 3.6 2.2 10.3 2.4 CPS Agricultural and Rural Development 148.1 1.5 0.4 6.3 1.1 0.5 - Transportation 108.0 3.2 - 0.6 - 0.6 - L1 Urban Projects 4.8 0.3 - 0.2 - 0.3 - Energy, Water and Telecommunications 366.4 1.9 - 2.3 - 0.5 - Education 110.4 0.6 - 2.1 - - - Industrial Projects 12.5 - - 2.1 - 0.5 - Tourism Projects - - .4 - - Office of the Vice Pres., o.7 - Projects Staff 10.7 - . Other CPS - - - 0.6 - b/ - Total CPS 760.9 7.5 0.4 1/ 14.6 1.1 3.1 - Regional Offices 180.0 0.3 - b/ - 1.4 TOTAL 2,229.0 33.3 19.4 18.2 3.3 14.8 2.4 1/ Note: Professional manpower includes the time of Young Professionals and of Consultants not financed from the External Research Budget. a/ Excluding routine work on Commodity Analysis and Prolections (approximately 12.9 manyears). F/ Less than 0.1 staff year. Table 1.2: FY78 RESOURCES DEVOTED TO RESEARCH; PROFILE BY FUNCTIONAL CATEGORY (expenditures in $'000; manpower in man-years) Category Research Committee- Departmental Approved Projects Studies "External" Exp. Manpower Manpower Prof. Asst. Prof. Asst. Income Distribution 70.5 1.1 0.9 0.4 0.2 Growth/Country Economic Analysis 238.2 3.5 2.3 1.1 0.7 International Finance and Trade 114.1 1.9 2.2 0.3 0.2 Agriculture and Rural Development 476.0 6.0 2.7 6.6 1.1 Industry 177.7 7.2 6.7 2.4 - Transportation 83.5 3.2 - 0.6 - Energy, Water and Telecommunications 366.4 1.9 0.7 2.3 - Urbanization 191.2 4.1 2.0 0.2 - Education 214.2 1.3 0.5 2,2 0.1 Labor and Employment 141.1 2.2 1.1 1.1 0.7 Population, Nutrition,and Health 117.1 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.3 Tourism . - - 0.4 - Other 39.0 0.2 - - - TOTAL 2,229.0 33.1 19.4 18,2 3.3 -7- Table 1.3 External Expenditure FY75 to FY78, Compared to Guidelines (Percentage of external expenditure) Categoy Guidelines Actual 1/ IA. General Planning 1.0 - IB. Income Distribution 14.0 11.4 IC. Growth/Country Economic 10.0 13.4 Analysis II. International Finance 4.0 6.4 and Trade III. Agriculture and Rural 20.0 17.9 Development IV. Industry 10.0 6.5 V. Transportation 10.0 11.0 VI. Energy, Water and 5.0 8.1 Telecommunications VII. Urbanization 10.0 7.8 VIIIA. Education 5.0 4.6 VIIIB. Labor and Employment 5.0 7.5 VIIIC. Population, Nutrition, 5.0 4.7 and Health Others 1.0 0.7 100.0 100.0 1/ Actual for FY75 to FY78 (in constant dollars) -8- EXTERNAL RESEARCH EXPENDITURE FY 1972 - 1979 (ACTUAL 1972 - 1978; AUTHORIZATION 1979) S Milions ,Constant FY'78 S) 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 .. ........ 0.5I 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 197B 1979 PROJECTS STARTING IN 1972 1973 " " 1974 1975 1976 1977 .v 1978 1979 WJorld Bank - 20309 -9- Appendix A Brief Description of Projects Active During FY78 Index Category Page No. Income Distribution 10 Country Economic Analysis/ Development Stratecy 12 International Trade 16 Agriculture and Rural Development 19 Industry 26 Transportation 31 Public Utilities 34 Urbanization 36 Education 38 Employment 42 Population, Health and Nutrition 47 Public and Private Finance 51 Tourism 54 Note: A fuller description of projects approved by the Research Committee (those with reference numbers in the 67- series) will be found in World Bank Research Program, Abstracts of Current Studies, October 1978. At the end of each section, the departments responsible for other ("non-RPO") projects are listed. - 10 , APPENDIX A Brief Descriptions of Projects Active During FY78 I. DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND PLANNING I,B Income Distribution Evaluation of Latin American Data on Income Distribution A major limitation of empirical work on income distri- bution and the relationship between inequality, poverty, and development is the poor quality of the available information. This study is part of a broad program of work to improve the data base for the systematic study of distributional problems (also see Ref. No. 671-08). The study will identify for each country in Latin America a recent data set s,:itable for the analysis of patterns of income distribution, and use these data to present a detailed picture of the various aspects of income distribution. (Ref. No. 670-83) Distributive Impact of Public Expenditures Public expenditures are known to have a substantial impoact on income distribution, but information as to the mechanisms at work is meager. Previous investigations have often been limited by their need to rely on statistics compiled for other purposes; their restrictive assumptions and the highly aggregated nature of their results have been major drawbacks. This project assessed the effects of public expenditures on the distribution of income in Colombia and Malaysia. The study identified major public expenditures allocable by specific households; classified these expenditures by income distribution, ethnic group, and other factors; explored the determinants of household demand for certain government services; and compared results for the two countries. (Ref. No. 670-96) - 11 - APPENDIX A - Page 2 -,a1uation of Asian Data on Income Distribution This study was designed to parallel the research croject on the "Evaluation of Latin American Data on Income Distribution" (see Ref. No. 670-83) and is part of a work -rogram aimed to improve the data base in this area. The basic research objective is to analyze patterns of income Aistribution in nine countries of the region: Republic of China (Taiwan), Hong Kong, India (for the States of Gujarat and Maharashtra only), Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Particular attention will be paid to the nature of rural-urban differences in income distribution and the relationship between income and various labor force characteristics. (Ref. No. 671-08) Income Distribution in Thailand This study will identify the forces affecting the distribution of household income within a country by applying techniques of statistical inference and economic analysis to a nationwide survey conducted in the early 1970s of some 14,000 households in Thailand. Specifically, it explores the relationship between the earning power of individuals, labor force participation, and household income. The human capital earnings function is extended to incorporate the behavior of two important groups of non-wage earning labor force participants: the self employed and unpaid family workers. (Ref. No. 671-36) Household Incomes and Expenditures in Mexico (Phase 1) This study is designed to improve the orientation and quality of anti-poverty projects in Mexico, which already receive much of World Bank lending to Mexico and will absorb part of the expected increase in petroleum revenues. Phase I is designed to identify the poor and the extent and causes of poverty, and to estimate the costs of reducing income disparities. The study will also increase the general understanding of income distribution in developing countries: whereas most previous studies in this field have been cross-sectional, comparing the distribution in different countries, or limited to observations within a single year, the Mexican data permit the analysis of distributional trends over time. This will help to elucidate the causes of change that are suggested by theory and cross-section analysis. Policies for reducing poverty will be analyzed in a later phase. (Ref. No. 671-76.) 12 - APPENDIX A - Page 3 I.C. Country Economic Analysis/Development Strategy Development Strategies in Semi-Industrial Countries This study examines the incentives for import substi- tution and export promotion in six semi-industrial countries (Arqentina, Colombia, Israel, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan) in order to analyze the effects of alternative incentive policies on resource allocation, trade and economic growth. Government tax, credit and expenditure policies, as well as tariffs, subsidies and other incen- tives are examined in order to assess net incentives to individual industries and to export and import-substituting activities. The country studies will be followed by a comparative analysis of the experience of the six countries. (Ref. No. 670-01) International Model This study will develop a model to examine the adjustment of developing countries to changes in the inter- national economic situation, including changes in the level of protection in these countries and elsewhere; chan,es in the rate of growth of developed countries; and changes in oil prices. The model examines the relations between five regions of the world economy, Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and the developed countries. Each developing country is represented by an activity analysis model; the developed countries are represented by a trade welfare function. The model has been solved using a fixed point algorithm capable of solving large general equilibrium systems. (Ref. No. 670-07) International Comparison Project Although considerable progress has been made in standardizing statistical methodologies for estimating national aggregates, the conversion of these to a common international base of valuation is still being made at official exchange rates which do not satisfactorily reflect the differences in price levels among different countries. The International Comparison Project (ICP), initiated by the United Nations in 1968, is designed to provide detailed comparisons of national products by expendi- ture categories in terms of relative quantities and relative prices. These comparisons will permit a more accurate deter- mination of the relative purchasing power of currencies and the real gross domestic product per capita of different countries. (Ref. No. 670-68) - 13 - APPENDIX A Page 4 prototYPe Models for Country Analysis This research project aims to improve the Bank's country economic models program by developing a quantitative framework that addresses a broader range of issues in develop- ment policy than has been possible so far. These include the effects of alternative development strategies on employment creation and income distribution, the traditional-modern production dichotomy, and issues of investment allocation. The study will enable the Bank and its member countries to better assess the distributive aspects of economic growth and development policy and will permit country economic analysis to take full advantage of the expanding data base of most countries. (Ref. No. 670-86) Social Accounts and Development Models Macroeconomic analysis of development has been restricted mainly to two-gap models of resource needs and input-output models of industrial structure. These approaches are inadequate for studying the effects of policies concerned with employment generation, income distribution and eradication of poverty. This study aims to provide the basis for a new generation of macroeconomic models that will permit analysis of the tradeoffs between alternative policy goals such as growth and redistribution. It focuses simultaneously on the causes of poverty and inequality and their measurement, and on the determination of both prices and quantities in a model framework. At present the study involves the construc- tion of a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Malaysia and the development of an economy-wide model based on the SAM. (Ref. No. 671-27) Research Support for the World Development Report The principal objective of this project is to refine and improve a fifteen-region global model, which has been developed to explore the growth potentialities of the developing countries under alternative assumptions about international developments and domestic management. The model encompasses a variety of economic and technological constraints on development. The growth of individual (multi-country) regions will be described by submodels, and some 20 groups of internationally traded products will be differentiated. (Ref. No. 671-66) - 14 - APPENDIX A - Page 5 3rcwth, Poverty and Basic Needs: Development Policies in Sri kEa, Kerala and Punjab This comparative analysis of the course of development in three low income areas is designed to improve understanding of conflicts and complementarities between the growth of overall output and the eradication of poverty. Different basic needs have been satisfied by different means and over different time sequences in these areas. Whereas the Punjab, at one end of the spectrum, has relied mainly on accelerated economic growth to alleviate poverty, Sri Lanka, at the other, has relied on sub- sidies and public services to achieve a fairly high level of basic needs satisfaction at low income levels. The study will yield information useful for the design of policies and projects relating to basic needs in general, and for the program and policy work of the Bank in the South Asia region. (Ref. No. 671-72) Aggregative Models of Dualism and Development: An Overview This internal research activity is exploratory and has wide scope. Its main purpose is to formulate research problems in the general area of construction, analysis and application of macroeconomic models for developing countries. The work has involved a survey of the theory of economic development in dual economies, addressed the characteristics of aggregative models of distribution and employment and analyzed the links in them between inflation, investment and distribution in the short run. Much of this work has focussed on issues of growth and distribution in Brazil. (Ref. No. DRCIDO2) - 15 - APPENDIX A - Page 6 External Borrowing, Economic Growth and Debt Servicing Capacity This research examines theoretical and empirical aspects of the accumulation of external debt by developing countries, and ,ields policy implications which are useful for both borrowing nations and lending agencies. Reports cover issues such as optional borrowing policies, factors affecting the decisions of commercial lenders and the effects of policies on debt servicing capacity. An empirical index of debt servicing capacity is being estimated in cooperation with the Programming and Budgeting Department. Short Term Macro-Policy in India This project examines the power of monetary and fiscal policy instruments to increase output and curb inflation, using a two sector macro-economic model of the Indian economy. It demonstrates that a shortfall in agricultural output raises food prices and decreases nominal demand for non-agricultural goods unless the money supply is allowed to increase. The increase, hc;ever, engenders a rise in the aggregate price level. The paper also discusses some simulation experiments with this model. A Statistical Analysis of the Dynamics of Economic Growth in Iran: 1959-73 From 1959 to 1973, the Iranian economy grew fairly quickly, but unevenly. The non-agricultural sectors expanded rapidly, while the share of the government in real consumption and investment rose dramatically. Sluggish growth in real agricultural output, coupled with a rise in private real consumption expenditures,induced a rise in agricultural imports and relative prices. Following a decade of price stability, the rate of inflation increased after 1970, when the money supply began to increase rapidly as the government spent its growing oil revenue. This rise in the money supply was the primary impetus to inflation, since the demand for real cash balances did not increase as rapidly. Note: Macro-Policy in India and Dynamics of Economic Growth in Iran: Development Economics Department. Other non-RPO projects: Development Research Center. - 16 - 'APPENDIX A Page 7 II. International Trade -atural Resources and Planning: Issues in -Irade and Investment A systematic framework for the compilation of data and analysis of commodity markets is needed for the Bank's periodic ,valuation of the world economic situation and the prospects of eveloping countries. The aim of this study is to provide the nethodology and the data format to analyze global supply and Jemand conditions of important natural resources and resource- based secondary commodities. It comprises a number of sub- prcjects including, so far, the construction of a model of the orld energy economy; regional and global models for investment planning in the copper and bauxite/aluminum industries, and research on the dynamics of commodity markets. (Ref. No. 671-09) Promotion of Nontraditional Exports A number of Latin American countries have introduced incentive schemes to expand exports and promote investment in export-oriented industries. A comparative review of this experience was carried out in cooperation with the Economic Coiission for Latin America (ECLA), in which strategies and policies to promote nontraditional exports were evaluated, particularly those of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico. The papers were discussed at a conference in Santiago, Chile, in November 1976 and four country studies have been prepared. (Ref. No. 671-10) Agricultural Commodity Projections In cooperation with the Ford Foundation, this study developed a world model of major agricultural commodities (e.g., qrains, soybeans, beef) to project future supply and demand. Beginning with a two region model (the US and the rest of the world) projections have been prepared to 1980. (Ref. No. 671-23) - 17 - APPENDIX A - Page 8 jr,e of Commodity and Country Models This study was undertaken in the context of Project Link, econometric model of the world economy resulting from a coopera- :e effort by private and official research centers in developed ,,,,tries, the International Monetary Fund, the United Nations -=e for Development Planning Projections and Policies and the i eNations Conference on Trade and Development. The aim of study was to introduce some 20 commodity models into the model, thus making it possible to estimate the impact of business fluctuations in developed countries on the prices and ::ade of primary commodities. The models shed light on the _actors that affect the foreign exchange earnings of developing zcou.ntries as well as on the impact of commodity prices on infla- !:cn in developed countries. (Ref. No. 671-28) axccrt Incentives in Developing Countries Despite their frequent use in developing nations, excort incentives have hitherto been studied only in general terms and in an aggregated industry format. This study is *=_ertaking a more rigorous analysis of the subject through a cross-section investigation of the production of major w::-:crt- commodities and a time-series analysis of the effects of export promotion measures. It will evaluate the export cromotion efforts of four developing countries (Brazil, Greece, Republic of Korea, and Pakistan) in a comparative framework. The results will be used to formulate recommenda- tions on the scope and methods of export promotion in developing countries, particularly those under study. (Ref. No. 671-35) 7he Penetration of Industrial Country Markets by Imports of Manufactures from Developing Countries Potential exports of manufactures by developing coun- tries depend critically on the import policies of the industria- lized countries. This program of studies will calculate actual market penetration of industrialized country markets by developing country exports of manufactures, and analyze the economic, social and political factors which result in protection against developing country imports. The studies' objectives are to help identify pro- mUsing sectors for export expansion by developing countries, and are expected to assist Bank project and program staff in advising developing country clients on prospects for manufactured exports prospects. (Ref. Nos. 671-66 and 671-67) - 18 - APPENDIX A - Page 9 v Institutions and Expansion of Manufactured Exports This project will build on staff studies and the findings o related projects to fill gaps in what is known about the promotion mf 2anufactured exports, and prospects for increasing their value c%-er time. First it will examine the roles of institutions in the marketing and related aspects of finished goods produced for export by locally-owned firms in developing countries, studying the learning :rocess of these firms in linking production to consumer demand abroad. Second, it will assess the prospects for specific manu- -actured exports, based on interviews with key participants, including large retail and trading firms in developed countries. :t also aims to identify information sources to improve World Bank pro-jections of manufactured exports. (Ref. No. 671-68) international Trade Policy for the Development of Bangladesh Carried out in cooperation with the Government of Bangladesh, this study will provide the basis for an international trade policy to promote the country's development over the next five to ten years. Its objectives are: (1) to measure resource scarcity by estimating current and future shadow prices for major factors and products, (2) to measure sectoral comparative advantage in the form of domestic resource costs of foreign exchange, and (3) to prepare and evaluate trade policy alternatives, particularly export promotion policy. (Ref. No. 671-75) - 19 - APPENDIX A - Page 10 III. Agriculture and Rural Development Rural Development in Northeast Brazil Development in Northeast Brazil has evolved with arge numbers of peasants living in subsistence conditions alongside dynamic industrial sectors. This project was designed -c assist Brazilian agencies in developing the necessary infor- tional and analytical base for Northeast development lending crograms. Specifically, the study analyzes at the micro- economic level the restrictions that prevent resources from being channeled to the rural poor,evaluates the efficiency of farms of different sizes and tenure arrangements under various technological, geographic, and ecological conditions and pro- vides a data base to aid in the identification and imple- mentation of rural development projects for the region. (Ref. No. 670-73) Evaluation of the Lilongwe Land Development Program The Lilongwe Land Development Program is a multi- faceted program designed to improve the total fabric of rural life in the central region of Malawi. The problems and successes of this and other integrated rural development programs were examined in the Africa Rural Development Study, a research project (Ref. No. 670-18) now completed. The present study has been carried out to assess more precisely some of the Program benefits that were identified in the previous review and to determine the extent to which these benefits can be ascribed to the agricultural services provided under the Program. (Ref. No. 670-93) Analytics of Change in Rural Communities If rural development projects are to be the source of lasting and continuing improvements in rural living standards, they must be designed so that they help initiate a self-sus- taining process of change. This requires a more comprehensive understanding of the role of rural areas in national economic growth, and of their economic structure, than exists at present. In this study of the Muda River Irrigation Project in Malaysia, formal models of household and regional economic change are developed to clarify the structure of the local economy. The analysis should also shed light on feasible time paths and strategies for alleviating rural poverty within the con- straints imposed by national income generation and population growth. (Ref. No. 671-17) - 20 - APPENDIX A - Page 11 ,iulation of Buffer Stocks The benefits and costs to a developing country of holding b-uffer stocks of food grains are widely debated, but rarely quan- taively assessed. This study will attempt to provide such an assessment of costs and benefits with specific regard to farmers, scnsumers, the government budget, and the general economic welfare. An international model has been constructed which examines the effects of stocks for a given probability distri- bution of annual world production and alternative storage rules. A national model examines the effects of stocks for probability distributions of annual production in the country, world price, alternative trade and storage rules,and government policies to maintain a minimum level of consumption by the low income popu- lation. The stabilization effect is separately assessed using stochastic simulation. (Ref. No. 671-24) Agricultural Pricing and Storage Policies in East Africa Agricultural pricing and storage are central issues -or development planning in East Africa. This study develops a quantitative approach to the analysis of these problems through the construction of a large-scale agricultural sector model of Zambia, along the lines of the CEAC model of Mexico (Ref. No. 670-16). The present model will be used to measure the possible tradeoffs between such policy goals as development in subsistence areas, price stabilization, increased food production for the domestic market, subsidization of urban consumers and improvement of international trade, and to clarify the options by establishing the effects on socio- economic groups who might benefit from, or bear the burden of, Potential policy changes. (Ref. No. 671-29) Management and Organization of Irrigation Projects Present methods of analyzing irrigation projects rarely take account of the central importance of good organization and management. This study aims to establish a framework for evaluating the use of resources in the manage- ment and operation of Bank-assisted irrigation projects, by developing typologies and management criteria and applying them in selected case studies. (Ref. No. 671-34) - 21 - APPENDIX A - Page 12 The Consequences of Risk for Agricultural Policy This project has two objectives: (1) to analy7: whether accounting for risk improves the forecasting ability of agri- cultural project and sector models; and (2) to derive some of the broad policy implications of accounting for risk and its impact on the functioning of markets. The study examines the nature of competitive markets under risk, and their possible failure to lead to efficient prices (in the usual sense); analyzes different types of price forecasting behavior; and traces the implications of the findings for several areas of government policy. (Ref. No. 671-43) Agricultural Innovation and Rural Development The problem of effectively harnessing new technolo- gical possibilities to meet the needs of rural development is a highly complex one, involving far more than the provision and financing of an "appropriate" technology package. Using concepts embodied in the "systems approach", this study will develop a model portraying technological change in agriculture as a process of technology generation, selection, adaptation, adoption, and diffusion,interacting with nontechnical factors to yield a variety of possible adjustment paths. The model should prove useful for designing appropriate farm technology packages; learning to manage the transfer of technologies; and identifying guidelines for the establishment of a policy for the generation and management of technological change as a continuing process. (Ref. No. 671-44) Programming and Designing Investment: Indus Basin Agriculture and irrigation project formulation often depends on implicit policy assumptions and on complex technical relationships rarely explored at the appraisal stage. This study aims to improve the design of projects by testing the sensitivity of optimum project design to the inclusion of objectives other than economic efficiency--especially income distribution--with an investment planning model for the Indus Basin that will quantify the tradeoffs between multiple welfare objectives in investment project design and agricultural develop- ment policy. (Ref. No. 671-45) - 22 - APPENDIX A Page 13 stribution of Income Through the Extended Family System In the World Bank's strategy for development of the a-'el, irrigation plays an important role as a means to expand :seful employment and reduce the risk of crop failures and .:=ine. However, the Bank is suffering from an almost complete :ack of information regarding the beneficiaries of irrigation .rojects, and the effects of irrigation on the traditional --attern of task allocation among members of the family units. -his study seeks to provide such information through case studies of four villages in the Senegal Valley. Specifi- cally the study will observe the composition of work teams and the distribution of harvest proceeds. The results are expected to have operational significance for the design of o-her irrigation projects, especially in Senegal and Mauritania. (Ref. No. 671-57) India: Impact of Agricultural Development on Employment and Poverty This project aims to provide a better understanding Of the policy and investment alternatives for alleviating poverty in rural India. Most .studies of Indian agriculture have been descriptive rather than analytical, and have examined agricultural policies at the national and sometimes state level, but very rarely at lower levels. Here, a case-study approach is used, choosing a number of specific institutional-infrastructural- ecological situations, e.g. capitalist farming with well developed infrastructure; feudal and semi-feudal farming with poor infrastructure; areas where capitalist, feudal and peasant Proprietorships coexist; and so on. Models will be constructed for the various different types of farms in each area in order to examine choices among investment activities which change the resources available (e.g. the supply of irrigation water) and among policies which affect product and factor prices. The object of the models is to quantify the impact of investments and policy changes on different socioeconomic groups, and thus to trace their likely distributional consequences. The project is intended to complement the work of the National Commission on Agriculture and will be carried out in collaboration with Indian research institutions. (Ref. No. 671-62) - 23 - APPENDIX A - Page 14 __ections of the Extent of Food Deficits of Target Groups under ave Policy Programs Large segments of the populations of developing countries continue to consume at levels below minimum nutritional standards if aggregate food supplies are sufficient to cover average ..tritional needs. This study measures the impact of changes in ncoe distribution and in food prices on the availability of major *.rod commodities to consumers at different income levels. Using dta from eight large foodgrain importing countries, it makes pro- -ections under alternative policy scenarios of the aggregate amounts .;: food required, the amounts which would need to be redistributed to satisfy the assumed requirements of low income groups, and the :..lications for domestic production and imports. The results 'e:rionstrate the extent to which malnutrition is a widespread and serious phenomenon and suggest that in many developing countries food distribution and intervention schemes will continue to be necessary. (Ref. No. 671-64) 7valuation of Food Distribution Schemes Little is known about the effectiveness of food distribution and intervention schemes in reaching poor consumers, about how to judce their required scale, or how to project their costs and benefits under different circumstances. This project includes a study of the operational aspects of current systems, an empirical analysis of the costs (fiscal and economic) and benefits of different types of food distribution schemes, and an assessment of alternative methodologies -or evaluating food distribution schemes and basic needs programs in nutrition. (Ref. No. 671-80) ERTS-World This study applies remote sensing technology to a wide range of activities in project identification, preparation and supervision. Projects included assistance to Malaysia on alternative cost effective methods of compiling land use data for Peninsular Malaysia, and the Preparation of a land cover-land use map of the Fez area, Morocco. Other activities included preparation of two land cover-land use association studies of kharif and rabi crops in Sheikhupura District, Punjab, Pakistan, based on field observations and contemporaneous Satellite imagery. The Bangladesh Analytical Map Series has been prepared based on satellite remote sensing. A manual is being prepared on the uses of remote sensing in development projects. (Ref. No. R112) - 24 - APPENDIX A - Page 15 cacrain Strategies - Prospects and Issues This study focuses on the policy issues and the past mcrance of international and country programs in providing c security. It explores alternative food security proposals their relationships to rural development. It examines the a_sibility of private and public holdings of buffer stocks, and *ir effects on production; issues in resource allocation for orch in food production and distribution; and the implications --cod security for rural and national planning. (Ref. No. R121) Root and Tuber Foodcrops This study examines the production and use of major root rops and their potential in development--especially with respect to heir function as basic food sources for large numbers of the rural poor. The study notes the wide range of end uses for these crops and concludes that their role in Bank-supported rural develop- -ent could be expanded, if more research is done on their production and utilization. (Ref. No. R122) iheries: Development Prospects and Problems This study assesses the present state of fisheries activity developing countries, with a particular focus on small-scale fisheries, examining their potential contribution to rural development. It will provide policy recommendations for the Bank on fisheries develcpment for the rural poor. (Ref. No. R128) 'gricultural Project Appraisal System (APAS) This joint activity of the Agricultural and Rural Development Department and the Computing Activities Department is designed to develop a computerized system for the financial and economic analysis of agriculture and rural development projects. The system provides the opportunity to explore options in project design with relatively little additional time and effort by the project analyst. (Ref. No. R129) nalysis of Risk in Projects This study is to develop and test a methodology for the analysis of risk in agricultural projects, taking into account risk effects arising from lack of robustness in farm models, difficulties in quantifying parameters, and variability in the physical performance of a project due to unexpected events. (Ref. No. R133) - 25 - APPENDIX A - Page 16 -d Mechanization and Rural Development This study examines the combination of technical hardware, titutional arrangements and policy instruments best suited to the -.el-anization of agricultural field operations in a range of typical eveloping country situations. It builds on previous Bank research ,to agricultural technology and tractorization in India and Pakistan a also involves a case study of the Philippines. J3 Dislay/Project Processor This activity aims to develop a simple, efficient computer- :ased system to calculate rates of return and net present values of aariculture and rural development projects. The first phase is 4evelcping a sub-program entitled CB/DISPLAY which performs sensitivity nalysis on project benefit and cost streams. Subsequent phases will :reate a more comprehensive system, which inter alia performs the basic ranipulation of raw data or submits data sets to existing programs for further processing. 'osts of Agricultural Credit Operations This study, which focuses on India, examines the real cost of providing institutional credit to farmers. It shows that the average ;irect costs of formal sector agricultural credit in India range from '6-20% of loan amounts outstanding. Indirect costs are more difficult to measure but may approximate 1% of loan amounts outstanding. Farmers -n India pay about 12% p.a. for formal sector credit; this implies a sizeable subsidy to borrowers. Larger farmers have greater effective access than smaller farmers to formal sector credit and thereby capture the bulk of the subsidy. The study also examines measures to reduce the costs of such credit. Agricultural Production and Factor Use under Uncertainty This research project deals with the impact of variations in price or output on planned production levels and input use, and the .Mplications for farm policies. Aspects covered include the demand for pesticides and the relationships between farm size, risk aversion, fertilizer demand and the adoption of high yielding varieties. The role of contingency commodity markets in stabilizing farm outputs and input use is also addressed. Note: Agricultural Production and Factor Use under Uncertainty: Development Research Center. Other non-RPO projects: Agricultural and Rural Development Department. - 26 - APPENDIX A - Page 17 IV. Industry ce for Capital-Labor Substitution in the Mechanical En cineering Industry Two studies of planning methodology in the mechanical encineering industries (Ref. No. 670-24) by the Bank's Develop- -0nz Research Center have shown the feasibility of implementing :,...erically solvable process-analysis models of mechanical t,ncineering activities. This study extends the methodology to :ermit alternative production techniques to be specified and reduct differentiation to be incorporated. It analyzes the scope for capital-labor substitution in mechanical engineering activities and the extent of substitution between locally produced and imported mechanical engineering products. (Ref. No. 670-23) Programming in the Manufacturing Sector This research program deals with the problem of invest- ment planning in the presence of economies of scale. On the basis of case-studies in a large number of countries, and of several industrial sub-sectors (fertilizer, forest industries, steel), a planning methodology has been developed that is useful for investment planning at the sub-sectoral level and for project identification. In addition to reports on the case-studies, the research program has resulted in methodological contributions. The planning methodology is described for practical use in a series of manuals. (Ref. No. 670-24) Industrial Policies and Economic Integration in Western Africa Studies of industrial incentives in developing countries have so far concentrated on countries that have already estab- lished an industrial base. This research project examines the Policies followed by four industrializing Western African nations: Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mali, and Senegal. Its purpose is to examine the choice of alternative strategies for economic growth in Western Africa, such as import substitution, export Promotion and the expansion of intraregional trade through economic integration. Further, attention is given to the choice between the expansion of agriculture or industry in the indivi- dual countries. A comparison of the results for the four countries will also shed light on the possibilities for regional integration. (Ref. No. 670-87) - 27 - APPENDIX A - Page 18 -0 erns of Industrial Development Studies by Kuznets, Chenery and others have suggested economic development, as measured by rising per capita income, mssociated with changes in the structure of the economy. This concentrates on changes in the internal structure of the manu- :,-aring sector associated with its growth, the growth of GNP, 3 & changes in international comparative advantage. -. data bank has been established. The study will test a1ternative descriptions of the development of industrial subsectors ing data for a large number of countries over the last two decades ..-thin a multiple regression framework. (Ref. No. 671-05) A Comparative Study of the Sources of Industrial Growth and Structural Change Few attempts have been made in the past to establish expilicit relationships between individual policy instruments, :hanges in the industrial structure, and economic performance. This study will develop the analytical framework required to articulate these relationships. The sources of industrial growth znd structural change are being examined for each of eight coun- tries (Colombia, Israel, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Norway, Taiwan. and Turkey). A simulation model has been developed to assess the relative importance of universal and country-specific influences on industrial structure and its evolution. In a subse- cuent phase, quantitative models for policy analysis will be constructed for several of the countries. (Ref. No. 671-32) Anoropriate Industrial Technology Recent studies of capital-labor substitution in manufacturing industries have indicated that there is substan- tial scope for choosing factor proportions in the production of t'e commodities studied, though it appears that the techniques chosen are frequently not socially appropriate, and sometimes do not minimize production costs. By conducting a survey and evaluation of past micro studies, this project examines the consequences of adopting the most socially appropriate of those techniques that are embodied in existing equipment, considers the Possible existence of technical constraints to adopting these techniques, and analyzes other reasons why they are often not adopted in practice. It also considers the role of capital goods producers as agents for stimulating use of more appropriate techniques. (Ref. No. 671-51) - 28 - APPENDIX A - Page 19 --eting Manufactured Exports Bank research on export promotion has generally . z-sed on price incentives. The present study will examine . institutional and other non-price aspects of the marketing .anufactured exports,based on a case study of Colombia's :c thing exports, which have increased dramatically since 1970. oarticular, the study will identify the main obstacles to .ze growth of clothing exports in 1970 and the ways in which -ese difficulties have been at least partly overcome. Pf. No. 671-56) small-Scale Enterprise This study stems from the growing realization that, employment opportunities and improved or cheaper goods and services are being sought for the poor, small-scale enterprises ay represent a neglected potential which -should be exploited. Se!-ral countries have initiated small enterprise policies, and he Bank has produced its own issues and policy papers on the s-bject. There were also a number of studies made in the early 'E;s, though there has been little systematic updating of the state of the art since then. The purpose of this study is to crcvide such an updating and to reduce some of the uncertainties U-ferlying these policies. Phase I of the study will consist of several parts: (1) a review of the literature, (2) case- S,:dies of experiences in selected countries, and (3) a number o: surveys of selected industries in urban and rural areas, .X-ploring in depth the characteristics of the enterprises and economic environment in which they operate. Subsequent Phases will depend on the outcome of the first phase. (Ref. No. 671-59) "anagerial Structures and Practices: Public Manufacturing Enterprise Government-owned and managed enterprises form a substantial and growing segment of the industrial sector in a number of develop- ing countries. The purpose of this research is to identify those characteristics of managerial structure and of the policy environment that are consistent with the efficiency and growth of such enterprises. The project draws on organization theory and management science to study, by extensive interviewing, several industries in Egypt, India and Yugoslavia. The study is largely designed to strengthen the Bank's ability to deal with managerial and other issues in lending to the public sector. (Ref. No. 671-71) - 29 - APPENDIX A - Page 20 Anro2_riate Industrial Technology (Phase II) This follows a study on appropriate choice of technology (Ref. No. 671-51), which indicated that employment and income originating in a typical developing country's manufacturing sec- tor could be greatly increased without additional investment appropriate technologies were chosen. The present project is a case study of technology choice in the production of blended cotton textiles. Efficient engineering alternatives will be delineated, and the effects of operating inefficiencies and alternative industrial organization patterns on technology choice will be considered. The case study has an explicit operational * 2- ~r~l bth raearc!-. and oerptironal 9ta-1 seekc to reconcile their conflicting views on choice of technology within a snecific context. (Ref. No. 671-77) The Sources of Growth and Productivity Change: A Comparative Analysis A better understanding of the sources of growth and of the influence of policy on development is important to the World Bank. The present study is a historical and comparative analysis of industrialization and growth in the Republic of Korea and Turkey (with a third country to be added later). It will extend the methodology of comparative analysis and the data base developed in the project on "Sources of Industrial Growth and Structural Change" (Ref. No. 671-32) to allow a more formal policy-oriented examination of industrialization processes. Within the framework of a general equilibrium model, it will link demand-oriented analysis to an analysis of the sources of growth from the factor side. The effects of alternative policies will be analyzed and the economy- wide analysis will be complemented with micro-studies of selected sub-sectors (in a proposed extension of the present project). (Ref. No. 671-79) Fertilizer Research An up-to-date data bank on fertilizer is required for appraising Bank fertilizer projects and advising the Bank on fertilizer and related topics. Primary emphasis is placed on the preparation of medium- and long-term projections for fertilizer supply and demand by nutrient. Fertilizer marketing and distribu- tion models as well as investment models are prepared, to assist in projecting fertilizer production and marketing costs. In addition, new fertilizer technology and fertilizers are evaluated. (Ref. No. R401) 30 - APPENDIX A - Page 21 ,.,d Phosphate Survey This study will compile and update a comprehensive manual Cvering phosphate rock reserves and resources, mining and phosphate fe4-tilizer production costs, phosphate rock and fertilizer markets, as well as agronomic considerations, non-fertilizer uses of phos- :- tes and demand and supply prospects. (Ref. No. R402/403) crd Potash Survey This study of the world potash market covered potash re5ources, mining and refining costs, supply/demand balances and the price outlook for potash fertilizers. Apart from adding sig- .ificantly to the Bank data base on fertilizers, the survey provided .ackground information for a Bank appraisal. (Ref. No. R404) .eo and Paper Profile This study aims to establish benchmarks for the appraisal of projects in the pulp and paper industry. It will summarize infor- .7Ation on the raw materials outlook, major trends in production and trade, representative investment and production costs, the interna- ticnal structure of the industry and world market price factors. (Ref. No. R405A) 'tate Manufacturing Enterprise in a Mixed Economy (The Turkish Case) This study assesses the role of state enterprise in promot- ing manufacturing growth in Turkey and reviews the performance of half a dozen major state industries. It suggests certain reforms to improve the performance of public enterprise, and examines the probable growth pattern under a policy more strongly supportive of Private enterprise. (Ref. No. R406A) Note: All non-RPO Projects: Industrial Projects Department. - 31 - APPENDIX A - Page 22 V. TRANSPORTATION -.stitution of Labor and Equipment in Civil Construction Relatively abundant labor supplies in many developing ,c-ntries are likely to make labor-intensive techniques more ,,ropriate for civil construction works. This research program in the final phase of a continuing study of the substitutability labor for equipment in civil construction. Its results are eo summarized in two handbooks designed to guide planning, eluation, and monitoring of labor-intensive civil construction :rcjects in the developing world. (Ref. No. 670-26) -ichway Design Study (Phase II) World Bank assistance for highway development is largely -i4rected to low-volume roads in lower-income, capital-scarce =:ntries where the trade-offs between initial construction costs future maintenance and road-user costs may well dictate different .ihway design and maintenance strategies from those appropriate in .crth America and Europe. In collaboration with leading research i-stitutions a major program of basic research is being conducted three countries (Kenya, Brazil, India) to provide a fundamentally ne.: data base for estimating the economic benefits and costs of a=ternative highway design and maintenance standards. Empirical "ata are being systematically collected and analyzed to delineate the physical and economic interrelationships of road design, dete- rioration, maintenance and road user costs for both paved and -:paved roads on a more rigorous statistical basis than has heretofore been possible. Models are developed which determine the total transporta- tion costs for large numbers of alternative designs and maintenance Policies, and establish the lowest cost alternative. Designed as -lanning tools, they are being used at the feasibility stages of Planning by government agencies and consultants; they are also being used by Bank staff in project appraisals. Currently based on the Kenya study and existing literature, the models are being revised as new data become available from Brazil, India and other research. (Ref. No. 670-27) Yemen Arab Republic Feeder Road Study This study is the first in a series of research projects -ndertaken by the World Bank to develop systematic information -or evaluating rural development projects involving feeder roads (see Ref. No. 670-71 and 671-14 following). The study areas comprise two regions of considerable agricultural potential in the Yemen Arab Republic currently served by low- standard transportation facilities: the Taiz-Turba region in the Southern Uplands and the Wadi Mawr region in the northern Tihama. esearch consists primarily of a series of regional surveys of e ;n io en,1-ros~ ra -hin ri -ho rncV_ aroa of influence before, - 32 - APPENDIX A - Page 23 :~oia Feeder Road Study This research project, second in a series of three ee Ref. No. 670-29 and 671-14), was initiated in 1973 :.uantifY the contribution of feeder road investments to rural elopment. A socio-economic survey of the area influenced by road improvement in the Kaffa province was conducted before Struction of the road. It is hoped that the originally planned .-,ow-up surveys can be realized as part of the program of the .-nned Monitoring and Evaluation Unit in the Ethiopian Highway nority. The goal is to develop formulas relating the net value -: agricultural production to varying levels of total road invest- ---.: for areas of differing physical, social, and institutional :7wents. 'Ref. No. 670-71) '-aiagascar Feeder Road Study This study is the third in a series of projects designed auantify the contribution of feeder road investments to rural ie,velopment (see Ref. No. 670-29 and Ref. No. 670-71). These ::ries are monitoring, for a period of six to ten years, the pact of rural road projects on the small local economies they rve. In the case of Madagascar both baseline and follow-up -.rveys have been completed. The analysis has established net I-roject benefits applying two alternative methods: road user :vings and producer surplus. Analyses have been made of -:sehold and per capita income and consumption levels before 5 after completion of the road, and a number of additional Zcieconomic indicators of the region's development have also been examined. Based on the results of the three studies and cn relevant Bank Project experience, a cemniter package "Rural Roads RRPACK) for establishing producer surplus and ser savings based project returns has been developed. Ref. No. 671-14) -conomic Role of Railways Despite heavy investment, railway projects have generally not yielded results consonant with appraisal expecta- tions. A major reason is the difficulty of forecasting future railway traffic demands. This study will develop improved -orecasting methods and analyze the role that railways should play Jn national transport policy, on the basis of a comparative analysis of the composition and trends of current transportation patterns in several developed and developing countries. In addition, the study will examine the commodity composition of Shipments made by different modes of transportation; investi- aate the factors governing modal choice in developing countries; and assess the role of rail in the provision of passenger services. (Ref. No. 671-50) 33 - APPENDIX A- Page 24 " oropriate Vehicles The main objectives of the study are to identify and encourage the development and adoption of technologically more aoropriate vehicles for rural transport. Following the very cod response from numerous developing country institutions to compilation of a catalogue on "Appropriate Technology in Rural :evelopment: Vehicles Designed for On and Off Farm Operations" (?hase I of the study), further work is being done in updating and expanding the catalogue on the basis of comments and data received from various sources in developing and developed countries.(Ref. No. 3809) Economics of Railway Subsidization This project assessed the economic reasons for railway subsidies, and undertook five case studies of European countries. The reasons for the financial aid to railways appeared to be mainly political and social rather than economic, and there seems to have been no clear assessment of the benefits and costs of subsidization. (Ref. No. R812) Railway Paper This paper examines the problems that confront railways and railway projects assisted by the Bank. It offers guidelines on the economic role of railways, operational and institutional difficulties, financial performance, the case for subsidization, and for the rationalization and closure of lines. (Ref. No. R814) Maintenance Performance in Highway Projects This project investigates the factors that affect highway maintenance programs. The success of these programs depends largely on human factors and has been highly variable. The Bank's portfolio of highway maintenance projects has been reviewed including a closer examination of specific projects in Korea, Paraguay, Niger and Guinea. The report was circulated to the Board April 26, 1979. (Ref. No. P8111 Note: All non-RPO projects: Transportation Department. - 34 - APPENDIX A - Page 25 VI. Public Utilities ,-inlg and Investment in Telecommunications The traditional approach to pricing and investment in telecommunications is based almost entirely upon technical and financial criteria, with economic analysis eving a minor role. The present project analyzes the nature :he benefits and the types of beneficiaries of telecom- cations projects, the economic benefits and costs of such :cjects, and appropriate pricing strategies. Its objective -s to assist telecommunications authorities and other planning todies in determining the appropriate level of investment in telecommunications projects and the priorities assigned to :c-peting demands within the sector. (Ref. No. 670-76) Acoropriate Technology for Water Supply and Waste Disposal The objective of this study is to identify the appro- priate technology for providing the urban poor and rural com- nunities with socially and environmentally acceptable water ":=ly and waste disposal services at a cost they can afford. The research will be directed to water supply and waste d'sposal (including reuse) although emphasis will be on the latter. Total economic costs rather than financial costs alone will be analyzed. (Ref. No. 671-46) Petroleum and Gas in Non-OPEC Developing Countries This project undates projections of petroleum production and consumption and associated investment for oil-importing developing countries. It provides essential background informa- tion for the Oil and Gas Lending Program of the Bank for the development of domestic energy supplies in these countries (PUN-35). (Ref. No. R602) Rural Energy Study A Pilot Exercise in Colombia was designed to develop a practical approach for identifying, preparing and implementing rural energy projects and programs, mainly using local expertise. The first phase involved qualitative studies in selected rural areas, the second the preparation of rural energy equipment and implementation of pilot projects. A study on Energy for Development developed methods of forecasting the demand for energy, and Particularly for non-commercial fuels which are the predominant energy source in rural areas of developing countries. It also examines basic energy needs. (Ref. No. R609) - 35 - APPENDIX A - Page 26 n f Low-Cost Water Distribution Systems Designers of water distribution systems have lacked ,:-le analytical tools to test the implications for system costs alternative designs. Secondary distribution networks have erefore often been designed by rule of thumb, using standards .at are inappropriately costly, particularly where service to :e urban poor is concerned. Secondary distribution systems in several urban areas in developing countries were analyzed, and si"le mathematical models developed which permit predictions Cf total pipe length, average diameter and network cost, given decisions on variables such as per capita usage and spacing of n.blic standpipes or hose connections. (Ref. No. R610) Development of PVC Well Screens for Local Fabrication in Developing Countries This project has developed and is testing a well screen for use in rural water projects that can be manufactured in developing countries at a lower cost than those presently used. (Ref. No. R612) Reduction for Unaccounted-for Water Research was conducted to develop a manual for the identification of various causes of unaccounted for water, to determine the financial effects and reduce losses. The final report was unsatisfactory and has not been released. (Ref. No. R620) Pipelines: State of Art This study reports on the state of the art in the design and construction of large diameter pipelines. It analyzes the Bank's experience with irrigation and petroleum pipelines as well as those for municipal water supply and sewerage, and recommends Procedures to be followed in future projects, reflecting present technological developments. (Ref. No. R621) A Preliminary Study on Energy Needs and Possibilities for the Poor of the Developinq Countries An extensive review of the literature on the energy con- sumption patterns of the urban and rural poor, supply and conserva- tion options and energy strategies, was undertaken to define areas in which further research is needed to assist the provision of basic energy services to the poor. (Ref. No. R622) Note: All non-RPO projects: Energy, Water and Telecommunications Department - 36 - APPENDIX A - Page 27 VII. Urbanization a Public Finance and Administration Little research has been done on municipal finance and ax systems in developing countries. Yet this area is of great .-pcrtance to national and local governments in developing c,-_ntries, as well as to the World Bank, in dealing with the :rcblems of large and rapidly growing cities. This research rcrject consists of a comparative analysis of selected features of local fiscal systems in eight cities: Ahmedabad and Bombay (:.dia); Bogota and Cartagena (Colombia); Jakarta (Indonesia); *Ninqston (Jamaica); Seoul (Republic of Korea); and Tunis (7unisia). It will analyze patterns of expenditures and revenues, the idequacy of the overall municipal revenue structures, and the tradeoffs between revenue raising capacity an-d equity effects of the major financing instruments. The data collected will allow an evaluation of alternative strategies for i-.ancing municipal development. (Ref. No. 670-70) 7ricina and Financing of Urban Public Services: Water Supply and Sewage Disposal One of the most important questions of public policy in developing countries is how to finance the provision of public services in rapidly growing urban areas. This study considers this question for the case of water supply and sewage disposal in two cities--Cali (Colombia) and Nairobi (Kenya). It is an outgrowth of the Bank's research on urban public finance (Ref. No. 670-70), in which self-financing systems were identified as an important means of expanding urban public services and raising revenues for further expansion. (Ref. No. 671-18) - 37 - APPENDIX A - Page 28 , Traffic Restraint (Singapore) The Government of Singapore has put into effect a- ,zbination of policies aimed at reducing automobile traffic c,,n periods of the day and in parts of the city that were !cr:e1ly subject to congestion. Policies like these have * recomlended by the Bank to its borrowers on the grounds restraining private car traffic is often a prerequisite * chievilg good bus service and reducing heavy investment .frecWays, complex intersections, and road widening projects tuilt-up areas. The action in Singapore is the first appli- Cation of area licensing in a major city and is thus of great ;nterest tp the Bank and to developing countries. This research ,rcject is designed to measure the impact of these policy mea- -::cs through before-and-after observations and to collect basic data from which to predict the effects of similar policies in other cities. (Ref. No. 671-20) Sz-ategic Planning to Accommodate RaDid Growth in LDC Cities ("The City Study") In LDC cities, relatively little is known about the impact of urban projects on intraurban develonment patterns, i.cluding residential and employment location, travel patterns, and the demand for public services. The principal objectives of this study are to estimate the potential magnitude of these impacts and to develop tools that can be used in the development and evaluation of projects and for the analysis of the spatial and economic impacts of policy interventions. The study will test existing models in Bogota and Cali, Colombia and, as necessary, Will develop new ones, focusing on five components of the urban economy: housing, transportation, employment location, labor force, and public finance. (Ref. No. 671-47) - 38.- APPENDIX A - Page 29 VIII. Population and Human Resources VIII.A Education --oject Evaluation Methodology: Education Attainments Until quite recently the evaluation of education .rOjccts assisted by the Bank dealt mainly with physical and t-ministrative aspects. Increasing attention is now being Civen to the performance of the institutions and programs tnd to their effects on students. This study is designed to produce a methodology for evaluating learning in Bank education projects, derived from research on the measurement ot educational attainments, including cogniti-ve, psychomotor, tahavioral, and attitudinal performance, as well as quanti- tative achievements. The method, presently being tested in :anzania, incorporates repetitive cycles of testing and feedback of results to curriculum writers, and aims both at raising aqgregate learninq levels and at redicing instruc- tional disadvantages for poverty groups. The method was t-asted in Tanzania, and a review of this e7-p1erien7,a concluTed that it had contributed to developin- local expertise at low t. The project has now been successfully concluded with four cne-day Bank staff seminars. (Ref. No. 670-78) -conomic Develo-ment and Educational Reform Most developing countries are either in the process of reforming their educational systems or are considering doing so. However, knowledge of the factors that contribute to successful educational reforms is scarce, and where it exists may not be readily accessible to countries other than those which have instituted the reforms. This project will compile and analyze information on educational reform from several developed and developing countries (Chile, China, Cuba, India, Poland, Sweden, Tanzania, United States, and USSR) and compare the political, economic, and educational determinants of particular reforms across several of them. The reports from USSR, Cuba and Sweden have recently been issued as staff working papers, and a draft monograph has been prepared (Ref. No. 671-19) - 39 - APPENDIX A - Page 30 p ton and Rural Development in Nepal and Thailand Although evidence indicates that more widespread educa- i is associated with higher agricultural efficiency and lower .Iation growth rates, there is virtually no information to 'nA;z:te through which of its outcomes schooling may be affecting ,--riultural productivity and individual fertility; nor is there e than suggestive evidence that the correlation between educr- a;on and these variables is at least partially causal. This study .s exploring these relationships by designing appropriate survey nstruments, conducting surveys in Nepal and Thailand and drawing ccnclusions from the resulting data. (Ref. No. 671-49) EconCmics of Educational Radio In 1975 the Bank's Education Department initiated a review, of experience with educational radio. The survey concluded t radio could be used to improve the quality of instruction it the elementary level and could serve as a low cost alternative to traditional means of providing secondary and higher education. Tnis study is an outgrowth of the initial review; it will explcre t'e economics of radio for distance learning through case studies of projects in Brazil, Israel, Kenya, Korea and Malawi. In addition, the study will assess the impact of in-school radio on student rcpout and repetition rates through an examination of the !icaragua Radio Mathematics Project. (Ref. No. 671-54) - 40 - APPENDIX A - Page 31 on of Literacy/fumeracy Skills Among School Leavers Much of the current educational thinking in develoning is governed by the hypothesis that there is a threshold w,hich school leavers will retain the basic skills accuired col. The study seeks to examine the relationship between ion of schcoling, dropping out and the retention of skills .7J in school. Specific questions will be studied such as: -actors are associated with dropping out of school? 7hat the effects of dropping out at different levels of schooling le,6els of reading, writing, numeracy and other skills? -t-dy's conclusions are expected to assist in formulating c-es on the length, structure, and format of basic education 11 as on the desirable length of compulsory education. The should also provide insights concerning the application -d'inistration of promotion policies and the design of - education curricula and other programs with a bearing . -rtenticn of skills among school leavers. Phase I, -ofead, dnveloped methodology for examining the --on of basic skills. This is being used in phase II whic- ally will consist of several country studies. The first of (Egypt) was started in October-November, 1978 (Ref. No. 671-35) ak Availab-ilitv and Educatirnal (;ualitv PolicIy options for improving the quality of educaticn in . ome countries are ].iMited; some (e,g. reducing class sizes) stl and of dubious efficacy. Several studies at least -. that increasing the availability of textbooks (and other m is a cost-affective approach to improving quality, ncreasing number of Pank education projects include a text- Cmponenz. The purposes of this research project are to check: findings on textbook effectiveness, to obtain quantitative ates of how quality responds to textbook availability, and to 7t to identify ways of making textbooks available that will est likely to be effective. The first phase of the project ill support the analysis of existing survey data from Uganda and * conduct of an experiment on increasing textbook availability -icaragua. A second stage will extend the effectiveness studies t eight other countries in Latin America. (Ref. No. 671-60) -41 - APPENDIX A - Page 32 tional and Other Determinants of Farm Household Response !L:7g;crnl tImul This project has objectives similar to those of two others, * e structure of Rural Incomes, Employment and Labor Markets" ::o. 671-30) and "Education and Rural Development in Nepal and " (Ref. No. 671-49). Its end product will include an improved Godology for the construction of sectoral, regional or country dels for the appraisal of agricultural projects. Using data from sal of farm households in Thailand observed over time, the study :1 artsmpt an empirical examination of the determinants cf changes t consumption, production and migration behavior of farm house- Us and will investigate the way in which their response charac- ri stics -are modified by changes in the underlying environment. '-o Ceterminants to be considered include the degree of literacy, :evels of nutrition and health, availability and type of agricultural citension and proximity to markets. External changes include factor ano prcduct prices, capital and land endowments, and the availability credit and irrigation. (Ref. No. 671-78) - 42 - APPENDIX A - Page 33 VIII. B Employment . or Force Participation, Income and Unemployment Improving the productivity of the urban poor requires %,cwledge of the operation of urban labor markets. This project consists of studies of employment and earnings in the "informal" sector of the Malaysian and Indian labor markets and the rela- ticnships among participation rates, individual earnings and hcusehold income. (Ref. No. 670-45) 7=cloyment Models and Projections Although a considerable amount of research is under way on labor force absorption and other aspects of employment in developing countries, a standard methodology for assessing trends in sectoral employment growth, the factors contributing to these trends, and the future employment outlook has yet to emerge. The objective of this study is to develop, apply, and evaluate such a methodology on the basis of case studies in India and Zambia. (Ref. No. 671-06) C-ouncil for Asian Manpower Studies As part of its efforts to assist the development of indigenous research capacity in member countries, the Bank has been supporting a number of research projects undertaken by the Council for Asian Manpower Studies (CAMS), a regional association of Asian scholars engaged in policy-oriented research on the manpower and employment problems of Asian countries. The Bank- funded projects have focused on three areas: 1) the demand for labor; 2) the employment implications of different trade regimes; and 3) the development in Asian countries of ancillary firms (i.e., firms, usually small, that manufacture parts or provide services for large assembly plants). (Ref. No. 671-07) Structure of Rural Employment, Income, and Labor Markets Agriculture and rural development projects assisted by the Bank are usually directed toward improving the lot of farm households by a variety of means ranging from the construction of irrigation facilities to the provision of subsidized inputs. Many households in rural areas, however, have little or no access to land and are therefore not directly affected by such projects. Using data collected as part of the evaluation and monitoring of a project in Nigeria, this study will attempt to quantify the extent to which the Bank's agricultural projects also benefit landless or near-landless rural households who depend on wage employment as their main source of income. (Ref. No. 671-30) - 43 - APPENDIX-A - Page 34 ,x Comparative Analysis of Rural-Urban Labor Market Interactions This research program focuses on the labor reallocation ,:ich often accompanies urbanization in the developing countries. The aim of the study is to shift research away from the conven- t-ional emphasis on measurement of rural-urban or interregional mcvement to analysis of means of effecting changes in the scatial, occupational, and industrial patterns of employment and income. Attention is therefore focused on the consequences of the labor reallocation associated with such changes for the structure of incomes and labor absorption. The study involved a conference on labor market interactions to discuss the link- ages among distribution, migration, surplus labor, and poverty in developing countries. The results should be valuable for Bank policy and decision makers in developing countries, as earlier literature did not fully articulate an underlying model of the labor market. (Ref. No. 671-31) - 44 - APPENDIX A - Page 35 *- an Labor Markets in Latin America This study seeks to complement earlier Bank research on ,:ployment by developing aggregate yet detailed statistics on labor ,arket structure and flows, and by examining the factors underlying . ostructure of wages and the relationship between different sub- .:or markets through case studies of Colombia and Peru. The research .z1 serve as an illustrative model for country economic analysis of e=ployment issues, and will improve understanding of urban labor zarket structure and behavior. (Ref. No. 671-48) Cccupational Structures of Industries Current manpower forecasting for developing countries is based on data derived primarily from censuses and surveys of the 1950s and 1960s. This study will deyelop data for the 1970s crcm similar sources, which should prove useful for forecasting cccupational structures of the 1980s or 1990s, and will attempt to refine existing forecasting methodclogies by establishing ccefficients between such variables as capital per worker and cccupational structure, as well as between education and productivity. (Ref. No. 671-52) Labor Migration and Manpower in the Middle East and North Africa Little is currntl" knoin about the economic consequences of labor migration in the Middle East and North Africa, although about 2 million persons migrated in this region in 1975. This study will prepare projections of manpower supply and demand for 1975-85 using computer simulation manpower-planning models. Projections will be for 8 major sectors and 7 broad occupational groups. The study will also examine the economic implications of and prospects -cr future labor movements. (Ref. No. 671-63) Wage Structure and Wage Determination in Tanzania This study uses a relatively large sample, drawn from Tanzania's manufacturing sector, to analyze the operation of labor markets. It examines the relationship between personal character- istics of employees and their wages and, by integrating data on individuals with data on the firms for which they work, the rela- tionship between firm characteristics and,the level and structure Of the wages they pay. (Ref. No. ECDER60) - 45 - APPENDIX A - Page 36 -ecry of Wages and Unemployment in a Poor Agrarian Economy - ~a Using data from a large-scale survey of rural West :engal, this study develops simple theoretical models of wage car-cyment determination, incorporating factors ignored in sta,ndard theories, and generates hypotheses about variations ;n wage rates. It explains why wages are generally higher where -emand is expanding and where household dependency ratios are , and why wages are generally lower for women, lower caste wor.ers, landed casual farm workers and for all agricultural workers where land distribution is highly unequal. One variation of the model is used to analyze inter-season adjustments in labor -i-ring and the relationship between permanent labor contracts and the tightness of the peak season labor market. (Ref. No. ECDER61) ?.nalysis of Wage Structure and its Determinants in Colombia This project examined the determinants of wage structure in Colombia, at household and interindustry levels, as a contribu- _in to a program of research on labor markets in Latin America. Characteristics of firms were found to play an important role in ,eermining average remuneration in Colombian manufacturing indus- tries. Spatial factors contributed relatively little to wage differentials. (Ref. No. ECDER62) .actor Markets, Farm Size and Productivity The project examines the nature of capital markets in rural India. Sources and uses of credit are described, as are cnanges over a 20 year period. The second aspect of the project concerns the role of credit in the firm-household nature of farms. Models are being developed and will be tested with Indian house- hold data. (Ref. No. ECDER63) Industrial Technology and Employment in the People's Republic of China This paper reviews current evidence on employment in China, and the policies pursued to increase labor absorption in agriculture and industry. In the 1950s, China suffered from considerable un- employment in urban and rural areas, but appears to have made major steps towards achieving a fully and productively engaged labor force. Increased labor absorption in rural areas was the main achievement, reflecting a rise in economically productive labor-intensive inputs into agriculture and farm support activities (including rural industries). Industrial policies, on the other hand, have generally acted to increase capital intensity--though there is no evidence of involuntary unemployment in cities. - 46 - APPENDIX A - Page 37 imperfect Rural Capital and Labor Markets Factor markets are often interrelated--for example, tenants deal with landlords who are also money lenders. Bargaining power in one market may be reflected into a different one. Such market situations have implications for policy, since interventions in one market will affect the equilibrium in others. Present research on these relationships is theoretical, but it is expected that future work on them will be substantially empirical. (Ref. No. DRCIDO6) Note: Imperfect Rural Capital and Labor Markets: Development Research Center. Other non-RPO projects: Development Economics Department - 47 - APPENDIX A - Page 38 VIII.C. Pooulation, Health and Nutrition Po,ulation Growth and Rural Poverty Many of the family planning programs instituted in the ecorer developing countries have not resulted in a significant -Ceuction in the rate of population increase. This study aims to assess the socioeconomic determinants of fertility and the economic cost and benefits of larger families for rural house- holds through the detailed study of eight villages in India, :,,2nya, Nigeria and Sri Lanka. (Ref. No. 671-02) xicration Patterns in West Africa (compl:-ted) West Africa is one of the few regions of the world where relatively large-scale free movement across international bzundaries still continues. Understanding the determinants :.- consequences of such migration is of direct relevance for :Ee Bank's rural development and education projects. This stu- 4v examines migration streams both between and within nine countries in the area (Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo and Upper Volta). Both the characteristics of the migrants and their numbers are examined. (Ref. No. 671-26) Narangwal Population and Nutrition This study analyzes fertility, family planning, health behavior, and the efficiency of service delivery systems using household data collected in Narangwal (Punjab), India. Groups of villages were provided with various combinations of, health, family planning, and nutrition services and households in each group were observed over time. A preliminary report, "The Integration of Health and Family Planning: The Narangwal Experience" has been prepared. (Ref. No. 671-38) - 48 - APPENDIX A - Page 39 _ onal Review Grouo on Research in on and Development in collaboration with eight other agencies and founda- -he World Bank is co-sponsoring a group of experts to S cial science research in population and development. by Dr. Carmcn Miro, the group has reviewed the "state of the nd is assessing the present use of social science research s in policy making in population and development, and com- an inventory of the current institutional capacity for research in social sciences for the major nations, regions, !suuregions of the developing world. The study is close to letion. (Ref. No. 671-40) F1Salvador Health Study This study is part of the Bank-'s evaluation of gojeczts it has financed for urban sites and services and squatter .ca upgrading, and will assess the effect of such schemes on the .lth of low-income groups in a Salvadorean city. The z:o--2ct is the Bank's first attempt to measure the health effects :urban projects. (Ref. No. 671-53) _ tlt Behavior in Rural Botswana The objectives of this study are to identify and 'rt,asure the socioeconomic correlates of fertility behavior in r,_ral Botswana. This research, which is an extension of a preliminary analysis prepared for the Government of Botswana, deals with the socio- economic determinants of fertility behavior and demographic charac- :eristics in -Botswana. The study is to be based on the Bank :InEnced. Botswana Rural Incoma- Distribution Survey. (Ref. No. E71-61) Cse Studies of Determinants of Recent Fertility Decline in E Lanka and South India Fertility declines of the magnitude recently observed in Si Lanka and Kerala are virtually unprecedented in poor populations. Between 1969 and 1974 the Sri Lanka birth rate declined from 37 to 27 births per thousand; in Kerala it fell to 28. In both areas, changes in marriage patterns were largely responsible. This study aims to understand these fertility declines and to study the determZinants of age at marriage, using household sample survey data. (Ref. No. 671-70) - 49 - APPENDIX A - Page 40 Health, Nutrition and Worker Productivity Studies The relationship of health and nutrition to the produc- ivity of Kenyan road workers, and that of parasitic infections -he growth of children, have both been investigated by a ..jious world Bank research project (Ref. No. 671-15). This v extends the earlier research. It will survey health and ~tional factors, determine the effects of different caloric taes on work output, and evaluate alternative feeding and .r3site control programs. (Pef. No. 671-73) The Economics of Schistosomiasis Schistosomiasis is a tropical parasitic infection that ,-. victimizes about 250 million people in 71 developing countries. Moreover, with the development of irrigated agriculture, dams and !isheries, the habitat of the vector snails is increasing. This _rcblem has had to be faced in 30 Bank-financed development projects -: 1971. Control programs are 7enerally expensive and ipose .ea:- demands on scarce health resources. The study is concerned :Ile aesIg of '-he most ecoomical strategy of control usi4g 7lluscicides and chemotherapy in irrigated agricultural deveopment. has developed an optimization model to assess the workings of :zntrol methods over time, based on data from control programs in :erto Rico and St. Lucia. (Ref. No. 671-74) -aterminants of Fertility in Egypt The Egyptian Fertility Survey will shortly collect economic and fertility data from 10,000 women. The present project is phased tc follow this survey, and will interview the heads of 2,000 of -.ese households. The resulting data set will contain a unique com- .-nation of male-female economic and fertility data, and is expected co contribute towards the design of policies to encourage smaller ,amily size. (Ref. No. 671-81) _xperiments in Family Planning Experiments in Family Planning evaluated the approaches teSted and the methodologies employed in 96 family planning exPeriments. The study resulted in a book; an article and a aper presented at an international conference were also based oI this exercise. (Ref. No. ECDPH40) - 50 - APPENDIX A - Page 41 and Savings This research models the micro-economic relationship ousehold size and composition and savings, in a life- e -text. It suggests ways of testing behavioral hypotheses, -which relates to the viewing of children as a vehicle for ns (Ref. No. ECDPH42) Behavior in Rural Botswana The objectives of this study are to identify and measure e sc4o-economic correlates of fertility behavior in rural swar.a. The research extends a preliminary analysis prepared o the Government of Botswana, and prepares for a comprehensive .,search program on the economic implications of household demo- ;.a hic characteristics in Botswana. This program is to be based o the Bank-financed Botswana Rural Income Distribution Survey. 'ef. :o. ECDPH44) -ducation and Fertility This study reviews the empirical evidence on the relation- i ce:ween education and fertility on an aggregate and an 4ndi- vduaL level, and has constructed a mofe7 of fertility -etermiation. This exercise is now completed and the results published as World Bank Occasional Paper No. 26, "Fertility and Education: What do We ?eally Know". (Ref. No. ECDPH45) Interccuntry Analysis of Family Planning This is a study of fertility decline at the country level with a bearing on the controversy regarding the effectiveness of Camily planning programs. Comparative country analysis is used to 4emonstrate that a country's birth rate is strongly associated with louse.hold standard of living. The availability of family planning ;nputs is a significant but weaker influence than the level of 4eveIclpment. The results of the study are now available as World lank Staff Working Paper No. 318, Sources of Fertility Decline: actor Analysis of Intercountry'Data. 40mn in the Urban Labor Market This study uses data from the 1971 Naticnal rjrban Migra- ir and Employment Survey to analyze the performance of women in he urban labor market of Tanzania and to compare it with that of e.. No evidence was found of occupational or wage discrimination _alnz- women, although sex differences in employment and earnings apparently because of sex differences in access to educational e nities. (Ref. No. ECDPH52) t: All non-RP'O projects: Development Economics Department - 51 - APPENDIX A - Page 42 IX. Public and Private Finance nercial Bank Behavior Because of its size, its role in mobilizing deposit rerources and its relatively wide geographic dispersion, the ,,,:_-ercial banking system is the dcr.inant financial institution most developing countries and exerts a substantial influence the allocation of resources. Yet, despite the policy impor- tance of commercial banks, little is known about the determi- nants of their behavior and the effects of government policy o their actions. This study, now completed, investigates the !.nking system of selected countries; a study of Brazil, ,C%-aiuates the use of selective credi- policies to determine : successful they have been in influencing the :s of cormercial bank credit to the agricultural sector to export-oriented industries. A s-udy of Sri Lank o:ncentrates on the mobilization of resources by the ba2k- nz system and on differences in the operations of expatriate dcRestic banks. Finally, there are three studies of Indian anking which discuss some of the institutional innoatiozz that : rMn ~introduced to improve the accessib-4_v cf credt, especially to smaller borrowers, and accelerate the pace Co ZeCosit mobilization. (Ref. No. 671-25) S7.all Enterprise Financing: The Role of Informal Credit Markets Despite the importance of so-called informal credit markets in the financing of small enterprises in Asia and Africa they have been little studied. Greater knowledge of their operations would be useful in designing policies relating to the credit market and in obtaining estimates of transac- tion costs. This project will study the indigenous bankers of india, the Shroffs, and their clients. The project is also intended to indicate those aspects of the informal credit market most in need of study in other countries. (Ref. No. 671-65) - 52 - APPENDIX A - Page 43 al Market Imperfections and Economic Development This study is closely related to other Bank projects on 1 enterprises and capital markets (Ref. Nos. 671-25, 671-59 671-65) and examines the interaction between capital market 5ructures and economic development. Using a country-specific - substantially micro-economic approach, the study analyzes the -act of capital market imperfections on the traditional sectors, .- the impact of policy interventions on the capital markets. -ater phase will expand the country coverage and the scope of .e study to analyze wider aspects of the relationship between .aancial and economic development. (Ref. No. 671-69) .n-.cations in Banking: The Gujarat Experiments This study describes and surveys the banking innovations .n:roduced by several Gujarat state institutions to provide finan- ial, entrepreneurial training and infrastructural facilities to .--1 scale industries. Units receiving assistance through the -=eriments, as well as through conventicnal channels, are srveved. e 7periment provides some important lessons for similar zperations esewhere. (Ref. No. ECDPF82) .c,ntractual Saving This study analyzes the effects of social security :.stitutions on resource mobilization and allocation in -n..ia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Sri Lanka, In Asia these institutions appear to have a positive impact on ':ing, and they have become one of the principal sources Cf medium- and long-term finance. The experience in Chile 2s different because of the inflationary environment and the way in Which social security schemes are implemented. (Ref. No. ECDPF85) - 53 - APPENDIX A - Page 44 . Flow of Funds as a Tool of Analysis in the Less Developed -cnries Development planning often ignores the fact that the inancing of investment has to be consistent with the structure saving and the flow of funds. Hence the investment structure x cst can be radically different from the structure that was _3anned. This research examines the uses of flow of funds data, 3f. their potential use as a tool of analysis and as a basis for .:estment planning. In most countries at present, these data are insufficiently disaggregated by sector and by income class. A case study using Indian data developed a model to project the .lcw of funds over time, and traced the implications for savings and investment policy. (Ref. No. ECDPF90) -redit Extension to the Small-Scale Sector in the Philippines: A' Estimation of Transaction Costs This study estimates the transaction costs of lending to small farms and enterprises through rural banks,private development banks, the Development Bank of the Philippines and the Private :evelopment Corporation of the Philippines. Transaction costs were estimated using data obtained from the institutions, or were imputed on the basis of cost-accounting techniques. (Ref. No. ECDPF92) Note: All non-RPO projects: Development Economics Department. - 54 - APPENDIX A -Page 45 X. Tourism Social Impact Study This study examined the non-economic effects of tourism development, which have frequently been used as counter-arguments to projects justified on economic grounds, to determine means to take account of such factors in the design of projects. The pro- ceedings of a seminar on the Social-Cultural impact of tourism will be published in 1979. (Ref. No. R707) Integration of Women in Development The objective of this study was to examine the effects of tourism development on the roles and positions of women in Zihuatanejo, Mexico, where the Bank has financed a tourism project. The effects of urbanization and community development on the employment status of women and on family living patterns are described. Tourist Flows This report contains statistics and commentaries on tourist promotion and arrivals, and receipts and developments in the travel industry. The report aims at keeping the Tourism Projects Department up to date as to the most recent data and developments in countries to which the Bank is considering making, or to which it has made, tourism loans. Note: All non-RPO projects: Tourism Projects Department. - 55 - APPENDIX B Evaluation of Completed Projects Four completed projects have been evaluated since the st report to the Board. The first of these (670-89) was a y of traditional smallholder agriculture within the overall ,::"cultural development strategy of Yugoslavia. The study was o undertaken by consultants in collaboration with a research szitution in Yugoslavia. The outcome of the study has been s.5pcointing for several reasons. The original proposal was sl:.:iciently precise as to methodology and staffing; the ,:a-1ation panel felt that the proposal would not have been 1::r:ved under current Research Committee review procedures. _hese weaknesses were compounded by difficulties encountered v~:h the various consultants on the project as well as with the 13:a. The senior consultant was forced to leave the project shortly after it began and the execution of the project was shifted onto Bank staff at short notice. The local collaborating : stitution insisted, for reasons of. security, that it control all access to the principal data set, and that it undertake all data :7-essing. This arrangement proved both costly and inefficient, ind made analysis extremely difficult. It was ultimately decided := terminate the project before its objectives were fulfilled. :n drawing lessons for the future, the evaluation panel concluded that an intermediate review of the project would have been desirable a-.d would probably have led to earlier termination. It noted that suitable arrangements for data availability and data processing _culd have been formalized prior to initiation of the project. The :ack of arrangements within the Bank for guaranteeing the security sf data sets owned by other agencies was cited by the panel, which s*ggested that appropriate procedures be devised to permit the use such data by the Bank. The second project (671-03) was a comparatively small-scale study financed jointly by the Bank and USAID. It was undertaken in response to requests from researchers and operating staff in both agencies for assistance in the design of household surveys, parti- cularly in connection with monitoring and evaluation work. The Project was almost wholly undertaken by consultants, whose performance ',as satisfactory. The project was well integrated with related work in the Bank and included a review of experience with 33 Bank-related - 56 - APPENDIX B - Page 2 household surveys conducted since 1970. The principal end-produc vo the research is a multi-purpose household questionnaire of standard economic and demographic questions. This questionnaire has been published by the Bank and widely distributed; though inited in scope, it is expected to be useful in Bank operationa rk and to the academic and official community concerned with ,o.sehold surveys. Overall, the study was seen as cost-efecti- a satisfactorily executed. project on ;ort oricina and i n-estei (n t-r i e atest In a series of st-dies unea:: oan Ie e in ch parnciples oc -arg'nal cos nricing ha ne -alIed t ta riFf and invest-ent decisicns -n a C .. Zus±o 2e rc -,-a- outputfom h C ti:-- e~ s e dea e M '3.:_ 7-- - L. ---n~e a;c gccr.l Ssu Cir c:co di: . dissemi air. on by the sponsor n e partment, there Dpearz to b scre reassessment of port pricing policies an apprcacnes within the Bank. A staff working party has been constituted t examn the feasibility of translating this body of ideas into practice- A ccnsultant is currently engaged in defining the accounting, st: tistical and costing systems that would be needed to identify un- costs. This is expected to lead to one or more case studies. C' the longer haul the use of the book produced by this project as training text for port administrators could result in a greater spread and application of these ideas. The evaluation panel concluded that this particular research project was a prime example of the proper exploitation of the Bank's comparative advantage in research. - 57 - APPENDIX B - Page 3 The fourth project (671-37) was to develop a framework !: analyzing the effects of different urban housing policies in *;eloping countries. The methodological work undertaken had the -Lit1ious objective of adapting a model of the United States sing market, designed by the Urban Institute, to conditions Aeveloping countries. Though the theory behind this model broadly applicable, the very considerable differences between and developing country housing markets demanded adaptations ich were beyond the resources of the project team. The research nonetheless indicated the way in which future modelling work nousing markets in developing countries fruitfully move. After a intermediate review, the project's focus shifted toward empirical -Ialysis of the demand for housing, tak,ing cities in the Republic of 7crea as a case study. Valuable resul;:s on the demand for housing nKorea have been generated from this exercise. These results have had some influence on the discussion of housing policy in Korea. - 58 - APPENDIX WORLD BANK RESEARCH PROGRAM Table 1: RESEARCH COMMITTEE MEMBERS , S. Chenery, (Chairman), Vice President, Development Policy Balassa, Acting Research Adviser Benard, Special Adviser, Economic Analysis and Projections Department de Azcarate, Chief Economist, Western Africa Regional Office :olsen, Chief Economist, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office . 3. King, Director, Development Economics Department Picciotto, Director, South Asia Projects Department Turnham, Adviser, Agriculture and Rural Development Department G. van der Tak, Director, Projects Advisory Staff B. Waide, Chief Economist, South Asia Regional Office .. A. Walters, Urban Adviser, Urban Projects Department . J. Wood, Assistant Director, Programming and Budgeting Department - 59 - WORLD U E ESEARCH FBDGEAM Tabl. 2; FINAUCIAL STATUS OF CURRENT AND RECENTLY CG0PLTED RESEARC1 PEDJETf ( sm '1kAP) Ptojet D.Pt. YY77 PY78 To~a 1Y79 Reainder of Gode Resp. (AcItual) (Atal) to Date e/ Aut. bL Total AuthortIztion 50 pai n.d Pl-arnlng n rand ~0n-run Influencec upon Income Distribution 670-06 DRC 10.7 - 271.6 - - ton Arin Amerr.al Data or tCo-e Ditribution 670-83 DRC 9.9 154.6 - - ..rEaploy , and ito Distribution of Income 670-84 DEC - 209.5 - .a eoe Distribution in Latin Atracio 670-85 DRC - 193.0 - - -opoct of Public Expendttures 670-96 DRC/VED 14.9 - 174.3 - - o of Asaln Data on Incme Diatribution 671-00 DEC 40.0 64.7 170.8 46.5 o Dt.crIbution ln Tha-'and 671-36 DRC 25.6 5.8 43.6 - - recrt Ettatjon or oho Silr Distribution of Inc~me 671-41 DRC 17.6 - 20.0 chld joo~,and Expendtture i Mexno 671-76 LC - - - 30.0 66.1 S.b-Total UU... j. 7.-5 i8,. 66.? t.'OlCouttryEctontomic Analysis/Deveopnrtot Strategy 0 po0ent Strategi s :n , ein-ndstrial CountrIeo 670-01 DRC 0.7 5.4 140.4 - - t:rroa-ionl Co~rion Project 670-66 EPD 203.0 - 604.2 150.0 - 9,rpo Model- for CountrY Analyi- 670-86 DRC 96.8 108.2 352.1 53.6 xIcoial Bank Behavi r 671-25 DED 4.9 10.0 30.1 - .,:.al Accounts and Develo ent Mtodels 671-27 DRC 62.4 46.0 149.8 37.7 10.0 en3a lgebtaIc Model`g Sy-tr 671-58 DRC - 23.2 23.2 41.8 20.0 ntrprisa Finac Int Ro of nformal Credts arkot- 671-65 DED - 7.2 7.2 60.9 ..ach' Support lor the orld Develoepuent Report 671-66 EPD - 18.2 16.2 212.3 365. a-k arket ..ptos nd Eoomoic Development 671-69 DED 20.0 20.0 18.3 - v:h, Poverty and Oasic 'eeds 672-72 'RC - - 4.5 75.5 - ~-tr aion oE Japanese, :anadian and Australkan 671-82 EPD - - - 34.0 36.0 -akets LDC Manufocture ob-Total 367.8 28.2 1 7 684.1 431. Total Sectiol 486.5 308.7 2507. 760.64 inal Trade and Kina Ral Resoortes and Plani.rg Issues in Trade and Invest~ent 671-09 DRC 54.9 10.4 151.3 13.6 - on of No-Traditoal Exort 671-10 IC2 15.0 - 42.0 - - tal Co-odity Projectons 671-23 OPD - - 50.0 1.9 e of Comodity and Country Models 671-28 EPD 30.0 39,0 69.0 4.0 :centLves n Develop-S Countrjas 671-35 DRC 52.1 31.8 83.9 23.3 25.0 Ma-ufactured Exortr 671-56 DED - 7.2 7.2 25.3 . .oo eased Iports of 4anfactrd Cood. 671-67 ERD - - - 91.2 9.6 a Developing Countries - -zstltutions and Expansion of Manufactured Expons 671-68 OED - 25.7 25.7 57.9 9.4 arional Trade Polic; tor :he D-loopoitt of Bangladesh 671-75 ASA - - - 78.6 Total Section l; 177.0 114 1 4 296 0 ultre and Rural Developpmnt -a DeveloPment in orthea.t B-rail 670-73 DRC 44.0 17.6 356.8 1.1 -on Ret.r i La Aerica 670-80 DED - - 55.8 - veOoprent Strategie- for Saallholder A9uolturr in Yugoslavia 670-69 AGR 0.8 - 33.1 - - a .tion of Lilongwe Land Development Prtoagm 670-93 PAP 2.5 - 24.8 - -c Analytic of Change in Rural Comunities 671-17 DORC 486.6 38.2 219.3 19.7 3 - laron of Buffen stocks 671-24 DED 10.9 13.1 40.6 8.1 - k-n:Cultural Pricing and Storoge Policies in East Africa 671-29 DRC 49.3 15.6 108,3 - - »-teet ond Organization of Irrigation Projecta 671-34 AGR 25.0 92.9 153.3 3.2 - :-- Inltervt.n in .Agicultre 671-39 DRC 2.8 - 5.2 - - >try Cas Studies of Agricultural PrIces and Subsidies 671-42 AGR 189.1 28.3 217.4 - - -zequences of Risk for Agricultural Policy 671-43 DOC 25.4 . 14.5 39.9 8.1 erioultural lnnotono. ond Rurdl Delop-nent 671-44 AGR 54.1 3.8 57.9 11.8 - srinsassing and Deeigning Irvestant: Indus Bastn 671-45 DRC 53.4 83.3 136.7 L33.3 stsribution of Inome through the Extended Family Sys tea 671-57 WA2 - 140.4 140.4 34.9 - oda: iopact of Agrigultural Developsaent on Employmnt 671-62 DRC -.2 3.2 20.3 - ond levertyt Phose 2 70,d Deficita of 'arget Grop. 671-64 AGR - 23.1 23.1 21.7 -Ialaton of Food Distribution Schemes 671-80 AGR - - - 62.0 25.0 Total Section 1Il uu 476.3 1647.8 346.2 23.0 .' -O stry o for Capital-Labor Substitution in the Mechanical 670-23 DED 8.0 6,3 128.1 - Oloineering industry l3ranming in the ranufacturring Sector 670-7 DED 28.5 9.2 209.3 27.3 - trrtal capacity Jtili-ation in Seleoted Laio Amertcan 7-unrtie 670-25 IDF - 12.5 37.5 - :strial P leg and Eooit integration in West Africa 670-87 DORC 3.0 2.4 90.0 3.6 `3t@rn& of Industrial Developoent 671-05 DED 17.2 L.3 57.2 1.3 . o :tparative Study of the Sourte. of Iadustrial Cromth 673-32 DED 42.6 44.1 143.2 12.4 3.1 and Structursl Change .rltrtptiate Induatrial Technology 671-51 DE - 17.3 17.3 9.5 2.8 11 Scalc Enterprise Develop~ent 671-59 DED - 77,4 77,4 115.0 57.2 --.ic Manufactring Enterprises 671-71 DED - 7.2 7-2 86.6 4.0 nrOPriate Industrial Tonolotgy, phaae II 671-77 DED - - - 75.0 25.0 ;;rCes of Gro,th and productivity Chane: A Comparative Analysi, of 7hree Coountres 6-i-79 DED - - 66.2 - Total se-;on IV 2 J77 . 767 2 sootnnrteton ý.tstitution of Labor and Eruipment in Civil Construction 670-26 TRp 101.4 903.4 -Vay 4te n Study, PIan 11 670-27 TR 115.4 78.6 530.2 74.4 . nd intmo~ent Polcifo Developing Couont,re 671-13 TRF 6.2 . 34.5 - -d- R-d 671-14 TRP 14.2 - 102.2 2 3 cnasio Role of Ruilvays 671-50 TRF 12.8 4,9 15.7 15. Total ct-on V 20 - 60 - Taile 2 - Ptge 2 APPIENZ Project Dept. PY77 778 Total fl79 Reatd- f Cod: Resp. (Actual) (Actual) to Data af Auth. b/ Total AutborisatLon e/ fUrha Electricity Supply 670-67 ELT 64.6 6.5 121.0 . ielecommuniationlfltlOOS 670-76 EWT - - 33.4 - - r ater Supply and Waste Dispoual 671-46 EWT 168.1 359.9 528.0 51.8 Total l Stlo VI _.. .. al.Development n4 Adnistratcon 670-70 DED 3.4 8.7 79.0 1.6 f Urban Public Servce ~d sage Nsposal 671-18 DED 1.8 0.1 59.6 0.5 as rin o'ngapor) 671-20 URS 7.3 4.8 267.5 - * a of *-rban H-uing Poicie. ntis 671-37 DED 22.2 - 32.2 - eLptg countries ("City Study") 671-47 DED 30.4 177.6 208.0 351,0 30.0 Total lCtuin Vli SdY 671 n eources ation Methodoogy: Education Attainment, 670-78 EDC 12.7 - 97.0 - - velopnent a.d Educational Reform 671-19 DED 2.4 1.7 41.7 1.2 s-rertstias Factobs of Production 671-33 DRC - - 7.3 - - and ural Deel_ont . Sep. and Thailand 671-49 DED 30.4 60.5 9.9 38.8 12.0 . tn-l tructres of ,odustrie 671-52 EDC - 32.4 32.4 41.2 i Educ~nal Radio 671-54 EDC 4.3 57.1 61.1 5.5 f Literay sneracy Skills Among School Leaners 671-55 EMP/EDC 1.9 41.6 43.5 144.0 76.0 iwaäabtl and Educational Quality b71-60 EDC/DE - 20.9 20.9 56.4 54.0 --anal and Other Determinants of Farn Household 671-78 DED - - - 30.9 - .--nEo Eternal Stimuli Sb-Total 5j.4 214.2 394.8 318.0 152.0 ,o-- .d Eploment 0 orce Partcipatiuon Incomi and Uonloymnent 670-45 DED 18.2 6.8 118.9 3.2 - ,nar Models and Projoctions 671-06 DED 24.1 3.4 145.5 - .. for Asian tanpoer Studies (CAMS) 671-07 DED - - 50.0 2- :mn ~ atternsin West Africa 671-26 DED 13.1 14.6 56.1 4.9 rotire of Rurol Employent, Income, aod Labor arkets 671-30 TED 8.6 47.9 69.2 40.6 ~ .1 v.aratinn Analyss of Rural-urban Labor Market 671-31 DED 0.4 1.4 24.0 2.6 'abor Markets l Latin Anerica 671-48 DED 5.5 49.3 54.8 3.3 aT ,r irtion and Manpower in the Hiddle East 0 orth Africa 671-63 DED/EMP - 17.7 17.7 111.8 t of Manpower fro Pakistan and Bangladesh 671-63 ASA - - - 120.0 30.0 no hiddle East -ne and Employetit Trends and Structures 671-84 DED - 30.5 30.5 Sb-Total 69.9 141.1 936.2 316.9 60.5 'n-.t.on and Health ..tion Grouth and Rural Povnrty 671-02 DED 13.7 - 60.4 2.0 - eran.gal Population and Nutrition 671-38 DED 61.1 57.5 172.1 42.5 - tentionall, Revie Group on Research in -'unl '25pn and Develspnent 67 1-40 DED - - 20.0 - - halnadsr Kealth Study 671-53 DED - 0.9 0.9 1.1 oct-EonnmcAspects of Fertility Behavior Ruraf Bot-nana 671-61 DED - 20.0 20.0 63.3 *te SludLes ef Determinants of Recent Fertility Decline 671-70 DED - 3.5 3.5 76.5 - na - Health, Nu itin and Worker Productivity Studies 671-73 TRF - 24.5 24.5 30.8 - 42.0 nononics of Schtorcaiasin Control Activtie 671.74 PAS - 10.7 10.7 55.4 30.7 -n inantsf FertIity in Egypt 671-81 DED - - - 54.0 125.5 Sub-Total 74-8 fl.j. 312.1 325.6 198.2 Total Section VlIl j9L. 472.4 124.1 960.5 410.7 19.4 39.0 111.1 16.8 Grand Total 2023.0 2729.0 9672.1 3276.4 1140.7 t exPnditures, FYl972-FYl978. Research projects complered during or prior to FY77 have been oitted from this table for simplicity of presentation. * T nancial infsrmat ion nuch projeots, pleae consult World Back Research Program, J-anary 23, 1978. Appendi. Table 2. COonttee authorinations as of Jenary 1979. Authorloatlons inolude overprograoming to allo for normal intervals between authortrations and o-n t. The budget a.therization for FY79 1u $2,524.000. aT. nd beyond. j:rur17'AhI n o C estud, s in the country concentration exercise completed in 1976, and provision for travel and conferences. he above figures include expenditres for consultant fees, consultant and staff travel, and contractual services, bur not salaries of Sank staff. --enn_Pelicy Stalf Central Prciecns Stuff Regional Offices ~nt Ecnooics Departnent ACR - Agricul ture and Rural Development Department ASA - South An1a, Country Programs Department Z :e`IopIeunt Reserch Center EDC - Education Department EAP - Eantern Africa, Projects Department ~hoec Analys, and Projeotlons Department EWT - Energy, Water, and Telecommunications Department EMP - Europe, Hiddle East and North Africa. Projects Departoent IDF - Indu:trialt Dvelopssent and Finance Department LCL - Latin America and Caribbean, Country Programs Deparctmen TRP - Iransportatlon Department LC2 - Latin America and Caribbean, Coutry Program. Dep-rtec URB - Urban Projects Department PAS - Project. Adviuory Staff 0A2 - Western Africa. Country Progrs. Department It - 61 - fl12 UAM µIeala PUDCMM APPEfDIl Table 3: C~ YTT REFENC O? ET L ESZA~. PIOJCTS AND ?ARTXICIPATIG INlDlVtD=LS Afl IMSTIUTIKS Ttt. - Pattiiating Individual() ned tnstitutions DeveotPaent Strntegir. in Seai-Sndustri Countrn D. Sehydieøsky (Center for latin A~artian Studt.., Botn Univtrity, USA); J. B.rlinski (Di Tella institute, Beno Aires) 00o-83 s,iuttion of Latin Amercat Data 0n lna Diatsibution UN Econe Ctonession for Latin Aterita (ECIA) . 0. Altimir Protin of Non-Tradit~ial Export UEonoumic nision for Latin America (ECA> - A. Monti.-<. arqia, 67N1 prentis' 0 fl tay R. ffrsnch-Dvis, J. Pi&ra; United itions Devniopnt Pregra (UBDp) 671-75 Int.ruaiional Trade Policy for the Developaent of D. Szhydl-e.ky (Center for Latin Aserican Studies, Bot~ University, USA). 670-24 Progratoing in the Manufacturing Sector unta del Acuerdo do Cartageaf , Lim 671-46 Appropr'Ate Technology for Water Supply and 77. D. la.ckn.r. W,.te Disposal1 ,71-61 Soco-conoic Apects of Fertility Behavtor in Botswana Central Stattics Office; R. Lutas (3oston Universiz, SA); Ru.a ut.an E. Mueller (Unive.ity E Miuhign, USA) 670 -27 Highvay Design Study, Phase 11 Transport Planning Agency (GEIPOT), Brasilia, University of exas t£SA) 670-68 international Coparison Project 1. travis Luniversty of ?,nn3ylvania, US) ; C. dtto (Unted Natiuns Statistical Office, U1SO); Fundauo Cetúlio Vargas, Ria de 'aneiro 670-73 Rural t*velopnent in Northeast Brazl Superintendencia do Desenvol i,ento do Nurdeste (SUDENE). RectE, 670-83 Evaluaton of Latin America n In n 1uose Ditribution IN Ecouoc Co~issiun for latin Amerit. ;7CtA) - 0. Altiir 67110 'rnneo uf ono-Tradittnl Expurts Ul Ecom Cominssin for Latin Aeria (ECLAS - A. Murti Garc , R. ffrench-Davis, J. Pinra; United Natios Development Pregr-e,a TUNDP) 671-25 Co rcial Bank Behaviar Funda?. Getuio varga-, Rin do Janeir 671-35 E.port :nentivro in Develping Cutries 4auricio Berat de Paul Pinto (Funda.o Znstitutn de Pesquisa, Ecunomcuan, Sa Paulo) 671-54 Economic of Educationl Radio J. and M. Oliveirt 671-68 Key Instituttons and Eipansion of Hanufactured Exporto L. H. Wortzel, R. V. Wortoel (Boston University. USA) 670-83 Evaluation of Latin Aserican Data on Inc~ UN Econ~mic Cuanisson for Latin A-etiua (ECiA) - 0. Altiir Distribution 671-19 Economic Development and Educational Ref,r. C. Calvu, M. Carny (Stantord Univerrity. USA) 670-ti Deelop ent Stratagen i. Semi-Inurrial T.H. Lee (Jiont Co-insiun un Rural eontructin, Taip.i); Cutrirs K. Liang (Central Bank of China, Taipei) 671-07 Cuncil for Asan . oMapomer Studie. (CAMS) K. Liang (National Taian University>; C. Liang (National G'anguht University) 671-08 Evaluation ut Asian Dat on Inoe Di.tribution UN Lcontnic and Sociat Co~sison for Asia and the Paciftc (ESCAP) 671-19 Econi Development *nd Educatiunai Refor. G. Tannenbaun 671-32 Å Cumpaortiv Study of the Sotree of tndustria 8, inn (ttiunai Taiwn Univ.rity, Taipei) tro-th aod Stutural Change 671-46 Appropri*te Technology for Water Supply and Waste Diipusl K. S. Ng 670-01 Develupmaet Strategies in Sesi-Industrtal Countrie D. Schydt~sky (Center for Latin Amertian Studie., Boston University, USA) 670-68 I~tern nai Coeparis.o Projeet i. Kravin (University of Penn*ylvana, us&); C. Otto (United ntions Statisticat Office,UNSO); Departsaento ådtnistrativ- Nacional de Estadiotica (DANE),Bosad 670-70 Urban Public Finance and Adaini.trmtion R. lahl (Syracue Univ rity, USA) 670-83 Eva-uattion t Latin Anerican Dat. on rnr - otribution UN Econotic Cooion Eor Latin aserica (Ett.) - 0. Altisir 670-96 Dittributive tepact of Public Expenditures rna-ni. COLbiana de Dtos, Bogota 671-10 Prosetion of Non-Traditional Esport. UN Economic C~Lmisn for Latin Aserita (EUI) - A. Monti, IL. Carzin, R. ffrench- Denis, J. Pinera; United Nattn. Developsent Progreae (fDp) 671-18 Priring ord rinancing et Urban Public Ser.ice.: R. Bird (University Of Toronto, Canada); L. K. nubb.11 (UniverLty i aacosri, Wtter Supply ned San.go Dipo..l Kansta City, USA); C. E. lt Lure (Ric University, USA) 671-32 A Coparutive Study of the Surce. of Jnutta) 1. de eto (Go-rton Univerity, USA) Gr~oth and Structural Chsange 671-47 StratogI PlannIng to Accumodate kapid trowth In Corporaon Centon Regio do Pobiacieo (CCRP), BOgot ; fDparep eno Adi.strativo Cien ut DeveLoping Counte. ( ty Study"> Nacional de Est.dlY.tina (NE),ge 671-49 Urban Labor Markets in Latin A~erica A. barry (University ot Toronta, Cåad.) 671-56 Marketing Mamf.ctured Export6 D. Mora-t. JBoton Utvrtty, USA) ro ej - 1.. Wl rfse . nr oiavslosmsen t rr.. . ----- .-_ . - 62 - this 3, flP 2 roject Title Irtietsatm h1stvikLmilf) anm å tittie<,) 670.76 poicing and Inveset In Tele-cationa Instituto Cotarriceons de ZEatricidad, San Jo;, x. Trista. (University -. s of Costa Rica, San Jos) 670-83 Evaluation of Latin American Data on Incoe UN Zcoocnic Coassion for Latin Amrica (ECIA) - 0. Aitiair Distribution 671.19 Econoic Developnent and Educational Reform m. Caroy, J. netheim (Stanford University, USA) 670-83 Evaluation of Latin American Data on Income UN Economic Cosnission for Latin America (ECiA) - 0. Altimir D ts triburtion 670-24 Programming in the Macfacturing Sector Organizati.o for Chemical Industries, Cairo 671-81 Determinants of Tertility in Egypt Central Agency for Public Mobiliratio and Sta iCis (CAPMS), Caire; World Fertility Survey, London, UK 0..rer 671-53 El Salvador Health Study Fcd.acoon Salvadorena de Desarroljo y Vivienda Minia (fSDV>, San Salvador 670-71 EtNiopia Feeder Road Study inscitute of Developmnt Research, National University, Addis Abaha 670-78 Project Evaluation methodology: Education Attainmenta International Institute of Educational Planning (IIEP), Paris, France; . ?osteclthaite (University of Hamburg, F. R. Geroany) 611.26 Migration Patterna in West Africa J. Conde (OECD Developrent Center, Paris, France); K. Swindell (Univers ity of Birmingha., tIK) 670-87 Industrial Policies and Economic Integration D. Stryker (Tuft. University, US&); S. Pearson and G. Nelson in West Africa iFood Research institute, Stanford University, USA) 671-26 Migration Patterns in West Africa J. Cod (0ECD Development Center, Paris, France); E. A. CoILeraft; B. Gyepi-Garbrah; N. K. Mair 671-46 Apprrpriate Technology for Water Supply K. Iugo (University of Birninghas, UK); A. Wright (University of Sciencc and Waate Di.po.l and Technology) 671-35 Export Incentive. in Developing Countries E. Voloudakis (Center for Planning and Economic Research, Athens) al. 671-46 Appropriate Technology for Water Supply .4. Elasedorf; P. Buckles; R. Cacerea (Centra Mesoamricao de Etndio., and Waste Diaposal Guatemala City) knrO~as 670-26 Sobst.uion of Labor and Equipett in Milistry of C-n.unicatione, Public Work and Tranport, Tegucigalpa; Civil Contruction GITEC, Du-aIdorf, F. R. Geemany 670-83 Evaluation of Latin AoerIca Data on locome Ditribution U Economic Coasmason for Latin America (ECiLA) - 0. Altisir 2-& Knng i71-07 Conc.il for Åsnan Mapouer Studt.a (CMS) R. 8.L. (University of Hong Xong) 671-08 Evaluation of Asian Dat on Incoe Distribution UN Econoc and Social Cossion for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) 671-68 Key Institutions and Expansion af Kanufactured Exports L. H. Wortzel, H. V. Waortal (Beton University. USA) -.d. 670-24 Proeraarting in the Manufacturing Settor Ministry of haemicals and Fertiliera, FertLIzer Association of India, FertiLzer Corporation of India, New Delhi 670-26 Substitution of Labor and Equipmet in Civil Sott, Wilson, Kirkpetrick and Partnera, London, Ut; Ihrecror General. Constr;:ion Borden Roade, Ner Delhi; Miniatry of Transport, Ber Delhi; C,ntral Water and Pser Coission, Ne Delhi; State publin Work. lepartent 670-27 High.ay Design Study, haae 11 Central Red tesearch ns.i.ute, tor Delhi; tinistry of Xan .rt, Bas Delhi 670-45 Labor Force Participstin. nco.e and Uneapioyoent vo=ay Unetvtert, Bombay 670-68 International Cmparson Project 1. ravis <UnivLersity of Pen.sytvanis, JSA); c. t. ntej natirt. Stacilticai Offica, US01; Central Sttistial na rgaPiact, eo Dehi 670-70 Urban Public Finance and Ad.inistration R. Bahl (Syracuss University. USA) 671-02 Population ironth and Rural Foaerty s. Epatin (Institute of Developuent Stadies, Univerityf e Anen, tj; Miniatry of Ovaesea hvelopunc, UL: Population Conncil, USA - 63 e f.itl Titte Prrteiiatina Individual(} end Ietituti"<(& 671-06 Employ.ent Hodel. and Projeotlons R. Kria (Planning Comista, lie Dal); M. McPheresn (Harvard University. USA) 6710g Evaluation ef Asia. Data on Inc~ Di.tributio UN E.onsaLo and So~al C~miet- for sia atd v he Pettci (ESCAP) 671-10 Promotton of Non-Tradittal Exporte UN toomnc C~asio for Latin Ateica (ECIA) - A. Monti, R. Carcia, R. ffrench- Davit, J. Piãera; United Nations Devetlopent Progressta (UNDP) 671-19 Economic Developsent and Edcatonal Refem P P.c-khi (University of Bbay) 671-25 Conoercial Bank Behavtor bedian Institute of Management, Aksedaad 671-30 Structure of Rural tEployent, loccen and Labor Narkets K. Bardhn; E. KnI 671-38 Narangval Population and tutrition John. Hopki. University, USA - C. Tayl.r, R.S.S. S.-, R. Parker, A. 1ie.n, M. Kielmann 671-59 Small-Seale Enterprise Development Sri Ras Center for Industrial Reoearch, New Delhi 671-62 India--Impact ef AgriclturaI Developnene on P. K. Bardha. (University f California, Berkeley, USA) E,ploysent and Poverty: Phts I 671-65 Smal Enterprise Finaing: Role of Inforal T. Tere~g Credit Market 671-70 Case Studies of Determtnants of Recent Fertility Decline K. Namboodiri (University of Nort Caeltna, USA); A. Thavarajah and S.L.N. Rao (United Nations Fund for Populatton Activities. JNPA); Bureau of Economics and Statisties, Kerals Goverrane, Trivandrua; Institute for SociaL and Econoic Cange, Bangalore 671-71 Public MAnufacturing Encerprises P. N. lkandvalla (Indlan Institute of Management, Ahedakad) 670-24 Prograing in the Manufacturtng Sector Food and Agriculture Organization (FAD), Roa; PUSRI, Jakarta 670-26 Substitutiee of Latr and Equipment in Direetorste t Water Resource Deelop.e.t, Jakartai Highay. Departmeen, Civil Construction Jakarta; Scott, Wilson, Kirkpatrick and Partners, London, UK 670-70 Urban Public Finance and Adeinitratien R. Bah (Syracuse Uierstty, USA) 671-46 Appropriate Technology for Water SuppLy and 5. Soesanto (National Institute of Health Research and Developeent, Jakarra, Waste Disposal 671-65 mall Enterprise Fiancing: Role of Informal T. Tiberg Credit Market 670-68 International Comparisn Project 1. Kravis (University of Pennsylvania, USA); C. Ot-o (United Nin Statisticea Office, UNSO); Bank Marka.i Iran. Tehran ,-ael 670-01 Developtent Strategies In Semi-Induetrial Countries Z. Sss an (Bank ei israel, Jeruslesm) 671-10 Pro~otion of Non-Traditional Export* UN Economic Co~misston for Latin A~erica (ECILA> - A. Montt, N. Garcia. R. ffrench-Davis, J. Piera; United Nation Dv.epent Prograe (UNDP) 671-32 Å Compørative Study of the Source. of Industrial M. Fraenkel (Bank of Israel, Jerusalem) and Struntural Change ~ry Coast 670-87 Industrial Policie.. and Econoin Integration in D. Stryker (Tufts University, USA); T. Monso. (Centre Ivotien de Recherche West Africa Econmique en Socale, Abidjan) 671-26 Migration Pettern, in West Afrin J. Conde (0ECD Devel.pent Center, Parte, Fran> -snca 670-70 Urban Public Finance and Administration R. Bahl (Syracuse University, USA) 671-32 Å Comparative Study of the Sources of Industrial T. Watanabe (University of Osaka, Japan) Crowth and Structural Change 671-46 Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Nih.n Sutdo Conultnet, Tokyo Wa.te Dipsal 671-68 Key Intutiotttne ad Eepens.on ef Nanu.fatured L. H. Wortet and L. T. Wett1 Se. Export. 670-26 Substituttm of Laber a Equip-ent i CivIl International Lbour Office, Geneva, Switeraend; Sote. ilson., Kirkpstrick and Partner, Lend, UK: Ninnstry of Works, Nairobi 670-27 Highway Design Study, Phase 1 hintry Of Worke, Nairobi; Transport and Road Research Laboretory, UK 670-68 InternatioaI Cepartson Project 1. Kravis (University of Pennsylvania, USA); C. Otto (Unitet letion. Statetical Office, UN50) ; Central Bureau of Statistica, Nairobi 671-02 Population Grwth and Rural Poverty 5. Epatein (Institute of Develptent Studes, L'niversity of S..sex, UK); Miet.ry of Oversea. Developen, UK; Popette, Councti, USA 671-18 Pricig and Financieg f Urksn Public services: R. Bird (Univ-erety of torone, Canada); L. K. hu Uc ,__<tniveraty st eIer SuPPlY att S-Sge I.p~lt Miaao.ri. Kansas City, USA); C. E. Be Lure (Rice University, USA> - 64 - Table 3, Pagw 4 Project Title Participating Individual(s) and Inatitution() 671-54 onomlics of Educational Radio J. Nkinyanji 671-65 small etere Financing; Role of Informal T. Timberg Credit Market 671-73 Kenya - Health, Nutrition and Worker Productivity M. C. Lachom and L. S. Lathm (Cornell University, USA); Rural Access Studies Road Programa, Ministry of Works, Nairobi; Overses Development Ministry, UK 670-01 Developeant Strategies in Sei-Indlustrial Countries K. S. Kim (Korea Development Institute, Seoul) 670-23 Scope for Capital-Labor Substitution in the Mechanical Korean Institute of Science and Technology. Seoul Engineering Industry 670-24 Programing in the Manufacturing Sector Korean Institute of Soience and Technology, Seoul 670-68 International Comparison Project I. Kravis (University of Pennaylvania, USA); S. Otto (United Nations Statistical Office, UNSO); Bank of Korea; Economic Planning Board; Ministry of Construction, Seoul 670-70 Urban Public Finance and Admin-stration R. Bahl (Syracuse University, USA) 670-86 Pototype Models for Country Analysis Korea Development Institute, Seoul 671-08 Evaluation of Asian Data on Income Distribution UN Economic and Social Conission for Asia and the Pacifte (ESCAF) 671-10 Prcmotion of Non-Traditional Exports UN Economic ConEisetor for Latin America (ICIA) - 0. Pont, H. Garcia, H. ffrea-t- Davis, J. Pinera; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 671-30 Structure of Rural Employment, -ncome and C. Yf. Ahn (Choong Ang University, Seoul); Korea Rural Economics Institute, Seeu Labor Markets 671-32 A Comparative Study of the Sources of Industrial K. S. Kim (Korea Development Institute, Seoul) Crowth and Structural Change 671-35 Export Inentives in Developing Countries S. T. Sich (Korea Development Institute, Seoul) 671-46 Appropriate Technology for water and Waste Disposal D. m. Kim (City College of Seoul, Seoul) 671-54 Economics of Educational Radio Y. I. Kim 671-68 Key Institutions and Expansion of Manufactured Exports L. H. Wortzel and L. T. Wells Jr. (Boston University, USA) .mar,c6 670-78 Project Evaluation Methodology: Education Attainments International Institute of Educational Planning (I:1 , Parve. Frana; N. Postlethvalte (University of Hamburg, F. R. Germany) --ar:a 671-26 Migration Patterns in West Africa J. Conde' (RECD Development Center, Paris, France) 'araJasca 671-14 Madagascar Feeder Road Study Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich; Bureau Central d'Eudes Four leo Equipements d'Outre-Mer, Paris, France; Fods d'Aide at d. Cooperation. Paris. France 670-68 International Comparison Project I. Kravis (University of Pennsylvania, USA); C. Otto (United Nation Statetical Office, UNSO); National Statistical Office, Zomb. 670-93 Evaluation of Lilongue Land Development Program B. Kinsey (School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, UK) 'a!a's' 670-24 Programing in the Manufacturing Sector World Pulp and Paper Program, Food and Agricultural Organisation (PAO), Rome 670-68 lnternational Comparison Project S. Kravia (University of Pennsylvania, USA); C. Otto (United Nations Statistical Office, UNSO); Department of Statistics, Kuala Lumpur 670-96 Distributive Impact of Public Expenditures Lai oh Hoon (University of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur); P. Heller (University of Michigan, USA); Eastern Market Assessment Survey Company, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Statistics and various ministries, Kuala Lump,r 671-08 Evaluation of Asian Data on Income Distribution UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) 671-27 Social Accounts and Development Model. 1. Round (University of Warick, UK); Department of Statisatics, Kuala Lompur; Economic Planning Unit, Kuala Lumpur 671-46 Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and K. S. Hg Waste Disposal 671-65 SNall Enterprise Financing: Rule of Infa-nal T. Timberg Credit Market XaIL 671-26 Migration Patterns in West Africa J. Conde (OECD Development Center. Paris, France); Michele Fieloux 0f1-57 Distribution of Income through the Extended J. Mogey (Boston University, USA) Family System - 65 - Table 3, Page 5 t Title Participating Individual(s) and Institution(s) rational Comparison Project I. Kravis (University of Penansylvania, USA); C. Otto (United Nations Statistical 7-68 Inten Office, UNSO); Direccion General do Estadiatics, Mexico City. Banco de Mexico, Mexico City Promotion of Non-Traditional Exports UN Economic Commission for Iatin America (ECLA) - A. Monti, R. Gare(, R. Ifrenc Davis, J. PiRera; United Nations Developmnt Pregramme (UNDP) 32 A Comparative Study of the Sources of Industrial M. Syrquin (Bar 1Ian University, Israel) 71.2 Growth and Structural Change *7t.46 Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and F. Miller (University of Minnesots, USA) wasec Disposal 1 h6 ousehold Incomes and Expenditures in Mexico L. Sols (Bank of Mexico) C. Martinez (Ministry of labor) 6eL-f Eval,atioa of Asian Data on Income Distribution UN Economic and Social Coamission for Asia and the Pacific (ESC&P) 671- -ducacion and Rural Development in Nepal end Thailand New ERA, Kathmandu; L. Lau (Stanford University. USA); M. Lockheed (Educational Testing Service, USA) 671-46 Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Waste Disposal M. Elmendorf; C. Pineo 671-54 Economics of Educational Radio P. Suppes (Stanford University, USA) 671-60 Textbook Availability and Educational Quality P. Suppes (Stanford University, USA) 611-02 Population Growth and Rural Poverty S. Epstein (Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, UK); Ministry of Overseas Development, UK; Population Council, USA 671-30 Structure of Rural Employment, Income, and Labor Markets Northern Projects Monitoring and Evaluation Unit, Kaduna v01-46 Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Waste Disposal K. Twugo; P. Oluvande (University of Sbadan) 670-68 International Comparison Project 1. Kravia (University of Penneylvania, USA); C. Otto (United Nations Statistical Office, UNSO); Statistics Division, Ministry of Finqnce, Planning and Economic Affairs, Islamabad 671-35 Export Incentives in Developing Countries M. Khan (Pakistan Development Institute, Karachi) n7l-45 Progra:ming and Designing Investment: Indus Basin Water and Power Development Administration, Karachi 670-83 Evaluation of Latin American Data on Income UN Economic Comission for Latin America (ECLA) - 0. Altimir Distribution 670-24 Prograoming in the Manufacturing Sector Junta del Acuerdo de Cartagena. Lima; Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, D.C., USA 670-83 Evaluation of Latin American Data on Income UN Economic Coomission for Latin America (ECIA) - 0. Alcinir Distribution 671-48 Urban Labor Markets in Latin America Universidad Catolica Peruna, Lima; P. and C. areoan 670-24 Programing in the Manufacturing Sector World Pulp and Paper Program, Food and Agriculture Orginization (FAO), Rome 670-68 International Comparison Project 1. Kravia (University of Pennsylvania, USA); C. Otto (United Nations Statistical Office, UNSO); National Census and Statistics Office, ManIla 671-08 Evaluation of Asian Data on Income Distribution UN Economic and Social Conmission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) 671-59 Small-Scale Enterprise Development Department of Industry, Manila; H. Fajardo (University of the Philippines, Manila) 671-60 Textbook Availability and Edcational Quality Educational Development Inplmnting Task Fore, Manila 671-68 Key Inatitutions and Expansion of Manufactured L. H. Wortzel, H. V. Wortzel (Boston University, USA) Exports - 66 - Table 3, Pago 6 Project Title Participating lndividial(s) and Institution(s) Ioterestioali Comparison Project I. travis (University of Pennsylvania. USA); C. Otto (United Nations Statistical Office, UNSO); Central Statistical Board, Bucharest 670-5g Eindustrial Policies and Economic Integration in D. Stryker (Tufts University, USA); S. Horton (Tufts University, USA) West Africa &71-26 Migration Patterns in West Africa . Conde (OECD Development Center, Paris, France); N. K. Nair 7 Distribution of Income through the Extended I. Mogey (Boston University, USA): Socite Nationale deo Etudes de Family system Neveloppement (DONED), Dakar; SocLiti d'Amenagement at d'Exploitation des Terrs du Delta, Dakar 1-26 Mratton Ptterns to West Africa Cond (OECD Development Center. Paris, France); C. Okoyo; E. a. Campbell 670-01 Development Strategies in Semi-Industrial Countries k. :an (University of Singapore) ;0. Hock 671-08 Evaluation of Asian Data on Income Distribution .N Economic and Social Coamission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) t71-20 Urban Traffic Restraint (Singapore) Singapore Road Transport Action Coamittee, Government of Singapore. Sitgapore; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); ?oted States Department of Transportation 670-78 Project Evaluation Methodology: Education Ircernational Institute of Educational Planning (I:E?). Paris, France; Attainments N. Postlethwaite (University of Hamburg, F. R. Germany) 670-68 International Comparison Project -. Kravis (University of Pennsylvania, USA); C. Otto <Unated Nations Statistical Office. UNS0); Instituto Nacional de EcaadCstca, Madrid 670-68 International Comparison Project Cravis (University of Pennsylvania, IUSA); C. Otto United Nations Statistical Office, UNSO); National Census and Statistics Office, Colobo 671-02 ?opulation Growth and Rural Poverty 3. Epatein (Institute of Development 5:sdies, Univers.-, :o Sussex, UK); mnistry of Overseas Development, MC; Population Concil, *SA; Sri Lanka ^entre for Development Studies (Marga institute), Colombo 671-08 Evaluation of Asian Data on Income Distribution '.S Economic and Social Comission for Asis and the Pacific (ESCAP) 671-70 Case Studies of Determinants of Recent Fertility K. Namboodiri (University of North Carolina, USA); S.L-N. Rao (United Decline Nations Fund for Population Activities, UNFPA); Department of Statistics. Ministry of Plan Implementation; Demographic Training and Research Unit. *-niveroity of Sri Lanka, Colombo. 670-78 Project Evaluation Methodology: Education Attainments :ncernational Institute of Educational Pleaning (IIEP). Paris. France; N. Postlethwaite (University of Hamburg, F. R. Germany) 671-46 Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and 3. M. Elhassan (University of Khartoum, Khartoum) Waste Disposal 670-78 Project Evaluation Methodology: Education Attainments International Institute of Educational Planning (ITEP) , Paris, France; N. Postlethwaite (University of Hamburg, P. R. Germany) 670-68 International Comparison Project I. Kravis (University of Pennsylvania, USA); C. Otto (United Nations Statistical Office, UNSO); Central Burean of Statisis, Damascus 670-78 Project Evaluation Methodology: Education Attainments International Institute of Educational Planning (I1EP), Paris. France; N. Postlethwaite (University of liamburg. F. R. Germany); M. Kinunds (Commissioner of National Education, Dar ts Salan); Institute of Education, University of Dar eo Saliam 671-19 Economic Development and Educational Reform T. Mallysakons (University of Dar as Salasa) 670-24 Programming in the Manufacturing Sector World uip and Paper Program, Food and Agriculture Organizatton (FAO), Roma 670-68 International Comparison Project 1. Kravis (Univeraity of Pennsylvania, USA); C. Otto (United Nations Statistical Office, UNSO): National Economic and Social Development Board; Ministry of Commerce, Bangkok 671-08 Evaluation of Asian Data on Income Distribution UlN Economic and Social Comission for Asia and the Paciftc (ESCAP) 671-36 Income Distribution in Thailand C. Chisick (Stanford University, USA) 67 - Table 3, Pmgs 7 irod ilParticipating Individual(s) and Iastitucton(a) Edcatiou and Rural D&velopment in Nepal and Thailand L. Lau (Stanford University, USA); M. Satisarn (Chisag Mai University) Ip Institutions and Expansion of Manufactured Exports A. It. Wortzel, H. V. Wortsel (Boston University, USA) Eduational ad Other Deteminants of Fanm Household L. la. (Stanford University, USA) Lsponse to External Stiauli Mig26 .I1ration Patterns in West Africa J. Conde (OECD Development center, Paris, France); N. K. $air t0-73 3rbn Public Finance and Administration R. Prud'hs o,1-3: A Comparative Study of the Sources of Industrial M. Celasun (Middle East Technical University, Ankara) Growth and Structural Change 67:--s M,-gration Patterns in West Africa J. Conde' (OECD Development Center, Paris, Frace 670-is :nternational Cooparison Project I. Kravis (University of Pennsylvania. USA7; C. GCto (United Nations Statistical Office, UNSO); Banco Cencral del Uruguay, Montevideo o70-83 Zaluation of Latin Ameritan Data on Income Distribution IN Economic Cocnission for Latin America iC'A) - 0. Altimir 670-2% vrograming in the Manufacturing Sector Junta del Acuerdo de Cartagena, Lima 67-03 italuation of Latin American Data on Incoge EN Economic Comanission for Latin America (ZCIA) 0. Altimir Distribution 670-55 :nternational Comparison Project 1. Kravis (University of Pennsylvania, 15A'; C. --to (Uniced Nations Statistical Office, UNSO); Federal Inst.:u:e for Statistics. Belgrade 671-10 Promotion of Non-Traditional Exports UN Economic Coccission for Latin America (ECIA) - A. Monti. H. Garca, R. ffrench-Davis, J. PiVera; United Nations Development Prograane (UND 671-71 Public Manufacturing Enterprises International Center for Public Enterprises in Developing Countries, Ljul 670-68 International Comparison Project 1. Kravis (University of Pennsylvania, USA); C. Otto (United Nations Statistical Office, UNSO); Central Statitcical Office, Lusaka 671-06 EmpIoyment Models and Projections M, McPherson (Harvard University, USA) 671-46 Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and K. Ings (Univeraity of Birsingha, UK) Waste Disposal '"Atin given for individual conaultants applis to tisse period of execu.tion of project. - 68 - WORLD BAK RESEARCH PRDGRA« APPENDIX Table 4: REPORTS F1OM RESEARCH PROJECTS CC'PLETED 1 1978 Proiet Coda and Long Ran Influences upo In..e Distribution 670-06 1. Adelman, "DeveLop_nt Economiaa - A R..s.sment of Goa1.." American EConamtC Revie 65 (Jn 1975). - , "Strategi_. for Equitable Grouth." Challenge 17 (June 197.). i. Adelan and 0. Robinson, "A Poverty Pocused Planning del." ln Etonoaic Groth ln Developinn Countrie. - Humteril and uana. Res.auc.. Edited by Y. Rasati. Me York: Praeg-r, 1975. ____________________, "Incomae Distributton, import Substitution and Graowth Strategies ina Developing Country." In adelling EconomiC Change: The Recursive Programuing Apprach. Edited by R. f. Day and A. Cigno. Amsterdam and London: North-HOlland. 1978. ,tao_ Income Distribution Palicy in Developing Cantries: A Case Study of Korea. Stanford: Stanford University Prqm, 1978. , "igatinnn, Dlemographio change and Inacn sDitribution in a Model af a Developia Country." In Reaearah in Population Econamics. I Edited by i. Simon. Greenwich, Conn: JAt Press, 1978, 0. Adelan, C. T. Marris and S. Rabinaan, "Palicies far Equitable Grouth." World D*~eepsent 4. 1976, Also raprinted In Incoan Distr1bution, Povertv and Economei Dveelo;nast. Edited by J. Powelson. Boulder: WestvIe Press, 1977, E, Adelan, H.. opkLin . .obinson, G. d - a . Wery, A Conparisan af ' adels far .noe~ Distribution Planning." Journal of Plicy iodeling 1 (1979). , Th. Politica Econa, f gali tarlan Groth. Monagrapa. Geneva: International Labar organizataon, 1976. 5, Robnson, "Inco.e Ditributn withun Group.. ang jroups and ONerall: A Techn:que of Analysis. Research Pragram ln g )eelopn nt Stade, Discussion Paper No. 65, Prinaeson University, August 1976. ,_ "o .ard an Adequate Long Run (,del of Income Distribution and Econoac Deveoent." Amerian Iconamic Rvie n6 (gtay 1976>. of Reliability of Urban EleCtrIcity Supply 670-67 M inghe, "The leiue st of Electric Pouer Failure." world Bank Staff Working Paper No. 285, June 1978. 4. Munaninghe and others. "The Economt Coatg of Electric Pover Ouaage. and the ,tu L1 of Reliability. Report 1 The Economic Methodology Repart i, Otagn Costa of Residntial Cons-ners Repart 111 - The Deand Forecast and Engneering 1ethodology Final Repurt." ?.,. Reports ns. 16 - 19, Energy, Watr and Teleco=aunications Depart-nt, World Sank. Oatober 1978. 4. Muna,inghe and M. Geller.on, "~ptianu. Economit Power Sy,se Reliability." .orid Bank Staff Working Papen No. 311, Januay 1979. M. Tuha.nghe, hE- cono of ?-aer System Reliabillty and PI~ne. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Paese (forthcoming). avelooent of Sant and Southeast Asa 670-79 ,nte.ratiol tval.opment Center af Japan, "The Interrelated Econaln revelopcent of East ud Soutneast Asia in the Coming necade." fmlmeo, agst 197. rm in Latin America 670-80 5. Eckstein, ~, Donald. D. Horton and T. Carroll, "Land Reform In Latin America: BolLvia, Chile, lico, Peru and Veneuela." World Bank Staff irking ?apr ma. 275. AprLi 1978. Esployent and the Site Distribution of Incoe 670-B4 J.CH. P.. 0. Ra. and S.W.Y. fan, "Equity aith Grwth: Th. Ta., Cas." Mee York: Ovford UnVrtnty P r.. (frthaacing). , "Groth and the Family Dietributiot of lmo~ by Factor Component.." Quarterly Journal f Econmis 92 (Pcbrary 1978) G. Pyatt, G. Chen and J. Fel, "The Distribution of Incoe by Factr Companents." (~.meo, Decemb.r 1978>. cane Distribution in Latin America 670-35 R. Perber and P. Musgrove, "Fnding the Por.' (nimec, 1976). , "ldentifyLag the Urban Pour." Latin American Research Review kS-r 1979). , "Pinding the Poor." Rev,ew af lnao- aad Wealth (farthcoming). ·t St-ategas for Sallholder Agriculture in 670-99 ?. Iaxell, "Stati.tical Analysi. of the Cooperative Arrangeanita bete Soci -al d Private Par. Ln Yugoslavia." (ima, January 1975). I and Inna1~ Distribution in Kalaysia 670-94 s. Anand, n~qality and P"erty in Malays.a: teas.uresst and Decompositon. New York: 0xord University Press (forthnoming). "A.pets af Poverty in 4layaa." Review of Incoa~ and Walth (March 1977). ".alaysia: Second Plan Performance and Third Plan Issues. Anne V." iBR Report 1177-MA, July 1976. d Use PDlicis: Ta-ation and Cnttol 670-98 W. Doebelt,"A C~ssentary on Urban Land Policy in Saeden." (sisen . 1974). ,land Policy in Seul and Gwangju, Korea, with Special Referenne to Land iadjustnt.' World hank Urban and Regional Economica Division, Report Mo. 77-9. Vo~l I and 11, 1976, - 69 - Table 4, Page 2 __m Project Code Policies: Taatin and Control (Cont'd.) 670-98 W, Doebele with 0. GrIe, "vairitn Chre. ea Methed af ._a Financing Urban Public Worbe: The Exaeple ar Bagot Colombia." World Bank Staff Working Paper He. 254, March 1977. W. Doebele. 0. Grime. and J. Y. Linn. "Participation of &eneftciarie. Is PLnaning Urba Service.: Valrrization «argen in Sag-ti. Calebie. land Economics S5 (Frbrary 1979). 0. Grim., "Reapprasing Urban land Ten Effectivenese Agin9t PlmIcy Gnal.' Urban Sseene Research. Edited by John W. Dtc"ey end R.y W. R. Muncey. Washington D,C.: NatinaL Technirl. Information Service, April 1975. "rban Land and Pblc Policy: Social Appro-r1ation af Betterment." Wrd Bank Staff Working Peper No. 179. May 1974. oChprer i6 le .acal Service Pricint P.licies end Ther Effenca n Urban SnatLal Structure. Vancouver S.C.: University nf British CoInubia Preen, 1977. 0. Grimes and G. C. Lim, "Eaployent, Land Values and the Residental Choice ef L- .-n e Ro useholds: The Case of B.g.tj. C.lambi ." Land Econoice 52 (A.gnet 1976), ng and Lnestaent Plinaes for Developing 671-L3 i. Bennathan and A. Walters, PErt Prci and Inestenvt Policies fer Developirn Lu:-tes. Ne York: Oxford University Press, 1979. an Mgration Study 671-26 i. Cnnde, " I.gration le Upper Vita." (ei.e, 1978).(French and English FLeloux "Mali: ntrevena and Internatinal Migration." (mime, 1978). <Freenc and English) C. 5. Gkny., sit an annen by E.K. Campbell),"Migration Sierra Leone. (imeo, 1978). L. -Svasaa, "Migretion cc L-ieria." (eime, 1978. K. C. Zachara, "Migration to Ivory Coasc." (mireo, 1978>(Prench, English) K. C. Zachar.ah and i. Conde', "Dengrapbic Aspects of a gratinn in Wnet Afiica." (nineo 1978). _ , "De-graphic Aspers af T.gratin in Went Africe; b Sibiography." (kinno, >978). , "Internatioa1 Mi "ati n r - Demographic ard Enmnnic Aspects." le International Uron for Scientific study al Popuat:.n Proceedings øf the Cnference on -conomtc and De~mo~aphicCha~e: Isses fIr the 1980., eisairk: 197S. K. C. Zachar:.ab~th an annen by Kenneth Sndell),'igrati.n in the Gabia." (nie. 1978. K. C. Zach~ra: and S.K. Nair,"Dee~raphic Aspets of 3etent inrernaronaL and Interanal Migration in Chana." (mimen, 1978). ,"T.g: Ecternal and i-ernal Migratron (mime. 1978 . French and English) ,"Senegal: Parterns at Internal and I,ternat,onal 1igration i" Recent Yeam." (Frenah.and English) Ar.aly.ing the Effcts of lUrban Hu.ing 671-37 J. Gaeron and k. J. Sttryk, 'Dncumentation for the LDC Urban Housing Model" Urban Institute Working Pap.r 5062-2. August 1976. R. Struyk, "A Siua-.tion Andel nI Urban ausing ;Markets in Developing CoEntries." urban nstirte Working Paper 506-1. Urban Inrtita, Washington D.C. Angust 1976. Optimality of Tax Subsidies Intrvention 671-39 T. Bertrand. 'Market Interferences and Irnome Distribution: A Hethodnlogy far Studying the Agricultural Sector in Leez Developed Economie..' ame., AngSt 1976). Persona Distribtin of ncme 671-41 R. S. Ecaus. "Report .n en Indiret Approach to M«esing Sine Distribution nf lncome." (mimen. March 1977). Con.try Ca Studies of Agricultural Prices end Sub.idite 671-42 T. Bertrand, "Thailand: Country Case Study nf Agricultural Prices end Sabsidie." AGREP Working Pear N. S. Agrclrre and RaL D,eelpeent Departmen. Jul 1977. G. Breve and G. Donalden, 'Agicultural Price, Subsidies and Taxea: A Reie of Experience." (.ime., 1978). G. Broøn nnd C. Eorach, "Prices and Sabnidies in Pakistan Agricuitre: 1960-1976." AREP Divisine Working Peper No. 4. May 1978. A. Co and A. Rayner, -Yugeslava: Agricultural Prices and Subsxdies Cae Study." AGREP Division Working Papr Nn. 6. Mard, 1977. W. Cuddihy. "tgypt: Pa-e Pricee, Ta.e end Sbsidie. AGREP Divisio Working Paper N.. 2. September 1977. H. Kim, "Agricultural Prices and Subsidies - Portugal Case Study." ACREP Divieion Working Paper No. 8. May 1978. E. Luta nd P. Sandirro, "Prica Distortions i. Deeloping Countrift: A Bias Againt Agrinskture." AGREP Divieson Working Papar Na. 12. emeber 1978. (American Joneal ef "Aicultaral En.omic, forthcoming), P. McLaughlin* "Kenya: Cae Study nf Agricultural Prine. and Subnidie. . AEP Divieion Working Pepe. No. I. Jun- 1977. y. Pleeser end 8. Y-aeva, "exico: Contry Case Stdy nf Agritaural Price end Subeidiee." ACREP Division Warking Paper No. 7. 1978. L. Reca "Argentina: Country Cme Stady nf Agricultural Prince and Sb;eden.' AGkEr Divilon Working Paper No. L. February 1977. P. Scandiaeo, ''the Srucruare and Effictency Effecs nf Agrinltural Prine lncsrver. In." (ntme. 1978). "Agri,cturel Prices, S.b.idis end Te: A P.licy Hare.n W.rld B.n, Navember 1978. - 70 - APPENDIX WORLD BANK RESEARCH PROGRAM - 5: RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS DOCUMENTS EXCHANGE PROGRAM List of Participating Institutions vSTERN AFRICA Institute of Development Research, National University, Addis Ababa, EthioTia institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, Kenya 2. National University of Somalia, Mogadisho, Somalia .. Economic and Social Research Council, National Council for Research, Khartoum, Sudan Economic Research Bureau, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Institute for African Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia YESTERN AFRICA Association of African Universities, Accra, Ghana Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana Centre Ivoirien de Recherches Economiques et Sociales, Universite d'Abidjan, Ivory Coast Economic Development Institute, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria . Inqstitute or Agricultural Research, Zaria, Nigeria 5. Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Ibadan, Nigeria Societe Africaine d'Etudes et de Developpement, Ouagadougou, .Upper Volta AST ASIA AND PACIFIC * Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Canberra, Australia Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia * Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia Institute for Regional Economic Research, Andalas University, Indonesia * nstitute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, 5 Tokyo, Japan * Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund, Tokyo, Japan * Korea Development Institute, Seoul, Korea SUniversity of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia :* Development Academy of the Philippines, Makati, Philippines 2 University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand - 71 - Table 5, Page 2 ASIA Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development, Comilla, Bangladesh Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dacca, Bangladesh Bureau of Economic Research, Dacca, Bangladesh Center for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta, India Council for Social Development, New Delhi, India DecartLent of Economics, Bombay University, India Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Poona, India Indian 7nstitute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi, India Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, IndIa Institute7 for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore, India Institute of Economic Growth, University of Delhi, India National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi, India Reserve Bank of India, Economics Department, Bombay, India Agricultural Projects Services Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal Centre for Economic Development and Administration, Kathmandu, Nepal Industrial Services Center, Kathmandu, Nepal .7. Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan .3. Sri Lanka Academy of Administrative Studies, Colombo, Sri Lanka .. Sri Lanka Centre for Development Studies (Marga Institute), Colombo, Sri Lanka 1. United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna, Austria 2. Vienna Institute for Development, Austria 3. Center for Development Studies, University of Antwerp, Belgium 1inistry of Finance, Nicosia, Cyprus Planning Commission, Planning Bureau, Nicosia, Cyprus - Center for Development Research, Copenhagen, Denmark Institute of National Planning, Cairo, Egypt . Institut de Recherches en Economie de la Production, Paris, France OECD Development Centre, Paris, France * Bibliothek des Instituts fur Weltirtschaft, Kiel, Germany Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Forschungsinstitut, Bonn, Germany 2. German Development Institute, Berlin, Germany - IFO-Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung, Department for Development Studies, Munich, Germany * Institute for Scientific,,Cooperation, Tubingen, Germany *5, Institut.fuir Allgemeine Uberseeforschung, Hamburg, Germany 1* Research Institute for International Techno-economic Cooperation, Aachen, Germany South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg, Germany * Greek Productivity Center, Athens, Greece * Institute for World Economics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary * Bank Markazi Iran, Tehran, Iran - 72 - Table 5, Page 3 NA (continued) Economic Research Institute, University of Tehran, Iran David Horowitz Institute for the Research of Developing Countries, Tel Aviv University, Israel Maurice Falk Institute for EconoicR esearch, Jerusalem, Israel , FINAFRICA, Centro per 1'assistenza finanziaria ai Paesi Africani, Milan, Italy . Istituto di Studi per lo Sviluppo Economico, Naples, Italy 6. Scuola di Sviluppo Economico, Rome, Italy '7. Institut National de Statistique et d'Economie Ap1iquee, Secretariat d'Etat au plan et au Dvelocppement Rdgional, Raba:, Morocco 3. Centre for Development Planning, Rotterdam, Netherlands 9. Instute of Social Studies, Resource Development Department, The Hague, Netherlands ;0. Institute o: the Tilburg University, ilburg, Netherlands 231. Chr. Michelsen Tnstitute, Bergen, Ncway .2. Central School of Planning and Statistics, Research Institute for Developing Countries, 'arsaw, Poland Centro de Estudos de Economia Aqraria, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Ceiras, Portugal ,4. Escuela Superior de TEcnica Empresarial Agr"cola, Department of Social Sciences, Cordoba, Spain 35. Institute for International Economic Studies, University of Stockholm, Sweden 36. Research Policy Program, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden 37. Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Economiques et Sociales, Tunis, Tunisia 38. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey 29. Turkish Scientific and Technical Documentation Centre, Ankara, Turkey 40. Ekonomski Institut, Zagreb, Yugoslavia 41. The International Center for Public Enterprises, Titova, Yugoslavia 42. National Bank of Yugoslavia, Research Department, Belgrade, Yugoslavia 42. Institute of Economic Sciences, Belgrade, Yugoslavia - 73 - Table 5, Page 4 AMERICA AD CARIBBEAN Instituto de Desarrollo Economico y Social, Buenos Aires, Argentina Instituto de Estudios Pol`ticos para America Latina, Buenos Aires, Argentina Library of Instituto Torcuato di Tella, Buenos Aires, Argentina Instituto de Investigaciones Socio-economicas, Universidad Catglica Boliviana, La Paz, Bolivia 5. Fundagao Instituto de Pesquisas Economicas, Cidade Universi- taria Sao Paulo, Brazil 6. Instituto Brasileiro de Economia, Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 7. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Centro de Estudios de Planifi- caciön Nacional (CEPLAN), Santiago, Chile S. Corporacion de Investigaciones EconSmicas para Latinoamerica, Santiago, Chile 9. Fundaci6n para la Educacion Superior y el Desarrollo (FEDESARROLLO) Bogota, Colombia .. Instituto de Investigaciones, Escuela de Ciencias Economicas y Sociales. University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Z. Programa Centroamericano de Ciencias Sociales, Consejo Superior Universitario, San Jose, Costa Rica 2. University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica J. Dirección de Estudios Económicos, Secretaria die la Presidencia, Mexico City, Mexico 14. Instituto de Investigaciones Econo`micas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico 15. Programa Academico de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru, Lima, Peru CANADA 1. Institute for International Cooperation, Ottawa 2. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa 3. University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario UNTED STATES 1. UNCTAD Library, United Nations, New York
Groupe de la Banque mondiale · Report on the World Bank Research Program
Updating report on the World Bank research program (Vol. 1 of 6) : Main report
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