Philippines - Fishery Training Project

Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No.2628b-PH THE PHILIPPINES STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT FISHERY TRAINING PROJECT November 20, 1979 Projects Department East Asia and Pacific Regional Office This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (July 1979) US$ I = Pesos (P) 7.4 P 1 = US$0.135 GLOSSARY BAC - Brackishwater Aquaculture Center BFAR - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources BSF - Bachelor of Science Degree in Fishery CLSU - Central Luzon State University CONFIDES - Committee on Fisheries Integrated Development Education Study DBP - Development Bank of the Philippines EDPITAF - Educational Development Projects Implementation Task Force FAC - Freshwater Aquaculture Center FAO/CP - --Food-and Agriculture Organization/Cooperative Program FIDC - Fishery Industry Development Council MEC - Ministry of Education and Culture MNR - Ministry of Natural Resources MSF - Master of Science Degree in Fishery MT - Metric tons PCARR - Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research PFMA - Philippine Fish Miarketing Authority PIFT - Philippine Institute of Fisheries Technology RCFT - Regional Center for Fishermen Training RIFT - Regional Institute of Fishery Technology SEAFDEC - Southeast Asia Fisheries Development Council UPCF - University of the Philippines, College of Fisheries UPV - Uni-versity of the Philippines in the Visayas UPVCF - University of the Philippines in the Visayas, College of Fisheries FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31 SCHOOL YEAR July - April  FOR OFFCIAL USE ONLY PHILIPPINES: FISEERY TRAINING PROJECT STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT TALEC CF CONTENTS Page No. BASIC DATA 1. FISHERY MDUSTRY DETELOPENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Fishery Grounds and Potenti.al Yie7d . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Actual and Target Prod.nction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Principal Issues and Stracegy . , I . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Fishery Management and Stock Assessment ........ 3 Fishing Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Extension .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Handling/Processing Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Credit Facilities . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Trained Manpower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2. FISHERY TRAINING AND RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Formal Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Nonformal Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Principal Issues . . . . 15 . . 1 Government Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 World Bank Participation . . . .. . . . . .18 3. THE PROJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Objectives and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Professional Manpower Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 University of the Philippines in the Visayas, College of Fisheries .... . . .... . . . . . . 21 Technical Manpower Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Regional Institutes of Fishery Technology . . . . . . . 24 Regional Centers for Fishermen Training . . . . . . . . 28 Project Mlanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Management Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 This report! is based on the findings of a June/July 1978 mission to the Philippines comprising S.M. Asher (education economist and mission leader), T.S. Sigurdsson (architect), D. B. Thomson (fishery extension/ training specialist, FAO), R. Matte (fishery and maritime training specialist, consult- ant), and C.T. Gnanadoss (fishery training specialist, consultant). In August/September 1979, the project was further reviewed in the field by Asher and Sigurdsson. This document ha a restncted distribution and may be usd by recipients only in the perfornance of their official dutie. Its contents may not Otherwise be disckeid without World Bank uthQonitiond  -2- Page No. 4. PROJECT COST, FINANCING AND IMIPLEMENTATION . .31 Project Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 5. BENEFITS AND RISKS ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Benefits .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Risks .40 6. AGREEMENTS REACHED AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 41 LIST OF TABLES IN TEXT 1.1 Size of Water Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Fish Production by Type of Fishery, 1973-77 ... . . . . . 2 1.3 Projected Fish Production, 1978 and 1990 ... . . . . . . 3 1.4 Percentage Distribution of Fishery Employment by Occupation and Education, 1976 ... . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5 Projected Increase in Fishery Employment, 1978-90 8 1.6 Incremental Increase for Fishery Employment by Occupation, 1979-90 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.7 Average Annual Incremental Increase for Fishery Employment by Occupation and Education, 1979-90 ... . . . . . . . 10 2.1 Main Research Agencies, Areas and Staff, 1978 ... . . . . 11 2.2 Training Institutions and Enrollment in Fishery and Other Fields, 1977 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3 Staff and Enrollment at UPCF, 1977 ... . . . . . . . . . 14 3.1 Proposed Project Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.2 Projected Enrollment (BSF) at UPVCF . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.3 UPVCF Staff Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.4 UPVCF Fellowship Program, 1980-84 ... . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.5 UPVCF: Schedule of Fellowship Program . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.6 Location of Regional Institutes of Fishery Technology . . 25 3.7 Projected Enrollment at RIFTs, 1984/85 ... . . . . . . . 26 3.8 Regional Institutes of Fishery Technology Staff Requirements 27 4.1 Cost Summary by Project Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.2 Cost Summary by Category of Expenditure . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.3 Area and Costs per Student Place at RIFTs and RCFTs . . . 34 4.4 Annual Escalation Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.5 Financing Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.6 Schedule of Expenditure and Disbursements . . . . . . . . . 38  -3- ANNEXES 1. Comparati-ve Education Indicators 2. Technical Assistance Program 3. Lmplementation Schedule 4. Summary of Project Costs 5. Selected Documents and Data Available in the Project File MAP (IBRD 13816) Location of Project Institutions   THE PHILIPPINES BASIC DATA (1977 Estimates) No. of islands 7,107 Coastline 17,500 km No. of fishermen 0.9 million as Z of labor force 5% Fish production 1.5 million metric tons Total value P 8,800 million as X of GNP 5% Fishery Training No. of postsecondary fishery training institutions 48 Enrollment 5,400 as % of enrollment in postsecondary agricultural training institutions 5% Total expenditure of postsecondary fishery training institutions under the Ministry of Education and Culture P 26 million as % of total MEC expenditure 1%   1. FISHERY INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT 1.01 The potential for the expansion of the Philippine fishery industry is significant. Over the 1973-77 period, fish production grew at an average of nearly 6% p.a. from 1.2 million to 1.5 million metric tons (MT). In 1977 the Philippine :;shery industry accounted for about 5% of GNP and employed about 900,000 people, or 5% of the total labor force. Marine fishery accounted for about 90% of production in 1977, and surveys of potential yields indicate that production could be more than doubled with appropriate tech- nology, support services and trained manpower. Currently about 95% of production is consumed locally, as fish is a staple of the Philippine diet and constitutes about half of the national intake of protein. Fish exports, though relatively small, grew by an average of 37% p.a. between 1973 and 1977; however, due to the high local demand for fish, the volume of imports has been almost three times as large as that of exports. Fishery Grounds and Potential Yield 1.02 The Philippines comprises over 7,000 islands and has. 17,500 km of coastline which shelters numerous fishing ports in its coves and inlets. The aquatic resources of the Philippines exist in the different water bodies detailed in Table 1.1. Table 1.1: SIZE OF WATER BODIES Body of water Area (sq km) % Marine (territorial limits) Coastal /a 266,000 17.8 Oceanic /b 1,207,900 81.0 Lakes (freshwater) 2,000 0.2 Reservotr 1,300 0.1 Swamps Freshwater 1,300 0.1 Estuarine 2,500 0.1 Estuarine fishpond 1,800 0.1 Rivers 5,100 0.3 Rice fields (irrigated) 4,400 0.3 Total 1.492,300 100.0 /c /a Refers to waters covering the continental shelves (less than 100 fathoms deep). lb Refers to waters beyond the continental shelves. Jc Figures do not add to 100% due to rounding. Source: Development Academy of the Philippines, Pooulation, Resources, Environment and the Philippine Future, 1977.  -2- 1.03 Research indicates an annual sustainable yield from marine fishing grounds of between 2.5 million MT and 3 million MT, which suggests that present yields could be doubled without decreasing fishery resources. The inland fishery resources area is estimated to cover 2.9 million hectares (ha), only about one tenth of v.'hich is used for fish farming. While there is a growing concern about the ecological impact of a major expansion of fishponds, especially in r.angrove swamps, fishery experts estimate that the present average harvest of 800 kg/ha/year can be more than doubled when fishponds are fully developed using modern technology. Actual and Tar2et Production 1.04 The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) of the Ministry of Natural Resources has compiled estimates of fish production in the Philippines as shown in Table 1.2. Table 1.2: FISH PRODUCTION BY TYPE OF FISHERY, 1973-77 Municipal /a Commercial /b Inland fishery fishery fishery Total '000 MT x '000 MT % '000 MT X '000 ST % 1973 640 53 465 39 100 8 1,205 100 1974 685 54 471 37 113 9 1,269 100 1975 732 55 499 37 107 8 1,338 100 1976 773 55 508 37 113 8 1,394 100 1977 875 58 518 34 116 8 1,509 100 Growth rate p.a. 1973-77 8.1% 2.7% 3.7 5.8% /a Defined by Presidential Decree 704 as a small-scale Fishing activity using boats of 3 gross tons and less, licensed by municipalities, or using gear in shallow waters without a boat. b Defined by the same Decree as the operation of fishing vessels of over 3 gross tons licensed by BFAR, in marine waters of more than 7 fathoms in depth (one fathom equals 1.83 meters). Source: BFAR, 1977 Fisheries Statistics of the Philipoines. It is noted from the above table that municipal fishery has contributed to more than 50' of total fish production in the country.  -3- 1.05 The Fishery Industry Development Council (FIDC) under the Ministry of Natural Resources has prepared an Integrated Fisheries Development Plan for 1978-87, whfch has the principal objectives of: (a) raising fish production to attain self sufficiency in fish/i and increase fishery exports; and (b) improving fishery resources management. Based on the Government's targeted growth rates for the industry, fish production can be projected as shown in Table 1.3. The table indicates an increase in the shares of commercial and inland fisheries in total production, but a decline in the share of municipal fishery; however, municipal fishery w-uld continue to account for the largest percentage of total fish production. Table 1.3: PROJECTED FISH PRODUCTION, 1978-90 Marine Domestic Municipal Commercial Inland Total consump- '000 '000 '000 '000 tion MT % MT % MT % MT % '000 MT 1978 810 52 580 37 170 11 1,570 100 1,580 1982 970 50 720 37 250 13 1,950 100 1,910 1987 1,100 45 1,000 41 350 14 2,450 100 2,370 1990 1,160 43 1,110 14 410 15 2,680 100 2,590 Growth rate p.a. 1978-90 3.0% 5.5% 7.4% 4.5% 4.2% Source: BFAR. 1.06 To attain the above objectives, the Government has identified problem areas in the fishery industry and devised strategies to solve them. Principal issues are related to fishery management and stock assessment, fishing technology, extension, handling/processing/marketing, credit and trained manpower. Principal Issues and Strategy 1.07 Fishery Management and Stock Assessment. Fishery production in some areas is reported to be declining in terms of the catch per vessel; for instance, production in Manila Bay is estimated to have declined to 50% of the 1945 catch. Demersal (bottom) fishery in the Central Visayan Seas appears to have decreased while pelagic (surface) fishery appears to have increased. Effective management of fishery resources requires continuous research on the extent of over- and under-fishing of marine waters. Available information is limited to oceanographic data of the Philippine Sea (mostly gathered by /1 About 10% of current consumption is imported.  -4- foreign researchers) and limnological studies of freshwater resources of Laguna de Bay. The Government plans to: (a) conduct similar studies of other water resource to lmprove data on the optimal productivity of water bodies and to detect changes in their ecology; and (b) develop local research capability. 1.08 Fishine Technoloev. Marine fishing technology appropriate for Philippine waters continues to develop. Municipal fishing uses bancas, which are usually outrig3er dugout canoes, and bigger boats, which are constructed from lumber. Although about 40% of municipal fishing boats are motorized, the rest are operated by paddles., oars, or sails. Most municipal boats use only one type of gear (e.g., gill nets, beach seines and multiple lines), though production could be increased by the use of alternative gear. In commercial-fishery, about half the vessels are more than ten years old and about 90% of the bigger boats were purchased secondhand from other countries. The condition of the boats confines their operations to depths of less than 50 fathoms. Most commercial fishing vessels lack equipment and accessories (such as navigation aids, winches, drums, masts and derricks) which, if installed, could double the fish catch per vessel. As with the smaller boats, most vessels use only one type of fishing gear but could be more effective with different types of gear. It is estimated that training for proper operation of vessel equipment and gear comld contribute to increasing productivity by 30%. 1.09 Different from marine fishing technology, some aquaculture tech- uology/l is available on an experimental basis, and among progressive fisher- men. The Government plans to (a) develop indigenous marine technology and expertise among fishermen in navigation and boat engineering; (b) transfer available aquaculture technology to fishermne; and (c) increase support of a loan scheme for needed investment. 1.10 Extension. The fishery extension service has not yet been fully exploited as a neans of transferring available technology to fishermen. BFAR is the main agency for fishery extension /2 and runs about 50 demonstration stations through its regional offices. In 9t77 these stations employed about 500 agents, an average of one extension worker to 1,000 small-scale fishermen. This ratio varied from I to 300 im Regioa gII to 1 to 3,000 in Region VIII. Lj This includes a plankton methLd and'platfQrm method of fertilization in brackishwater aquaculture, which produces 2.000 kg/ha/yr; sex reversal of tilaDia and nonosex cuLture in freshwater aquaculture, which yields 4,000 kg/ha/yr; and in maric=Lture, ropeculture of mussels, oyster culture and seaweed culture. /2 Other governnent agencles, =nirersities amd colleges provide an extension service to fisherett in their immediate vicinity. The latter include the University of the Phili;p7ies College of Fisheries (UPCF) through its 3rackishrater Aquaculture Center (BAC) and its Institute of Fisheries Research and Development, and tte Central Luzon State University (CLSU) thrrugh its Freshwater Aqn=a=tumre Center (FAC).  -5- Roughly 20% of the extension workers were fishery degree holders, 60%' fishery diploma holders, and the remaining 20% nonfishery graduates from colleges and secondary schools. Most extension staff specialize in inland fishery or general marine biology, and few are familiar with boat building techniques or marine and processing engineering. The Government intends to increase the average ratio of extension workers to fishermen to about 1 to 400, a ratio comparable to those in countries that have developed fishery industries. BFAR is expected to increase its extension force about fivefold in the next decade. The new positions are to be filled by graduates in marine fishery specializa- tions and those who have pratical skills such as boat building. BFAR's recurrent expenditure (over P 80 million in 1978) is expected to increase by an average of 10% p.a. (at 1978 prices), with roughly 30% of its budget allocated to support the extension service (up from 15% in 1978). 1.11 Handlinz/ProcessinR/Marketing. Due to inadequate handling, process- ing and marketing, 20-30% of the fish catch is spoiled. The warm and humid climate of the Philippines contributes to the spoilage, most of which occurs within 24 hours of capture. Proper handling of the catch would decrease spoilage and could increase marketable catch by about 10%. Commercial vessels use refrigeration units on board, but methods of icing suitable for small- scale fishing operations need to be developed and adopted by an increased number of fishermen. Other fish preservation methods such as salting, smoking, drying, marinading and fermenting are of low quality and most of the fish products are sold exposed and unpackaged, which result in low prices and limited markets for these fish products. The Government plans to intensify research related to fish processing techniques and to urge fishermen to adopt such techniques. 1.12 Fish catches are often not efficiently distributed and marketed. Distribution is hampered by poor roads and land transporation facilities, inadequate shipping and air freight services, and insufficient information on marketing possibilities and regional demands. The Government has recently established a Philippine Fish Marketing Authority (PFMA) responsible for developing and managing fishing ports and marketing facilities, and monitoring market information. The Authority prepared a ten-year National Fish Marketing Infrastructure Program in 1978, which includes the establishment of 30 munici- pal and 14 cor=ercial fishing ports and markets throughout the country. A northern Palawan project assisted by the Asian Development Bank will develop marketing facilities that benefit small-scale fishermen. The Bank is also considering extending financing for a small-scale fisheries development project. This project would provide marketing opportunities for small-scale fish producers in the Samar Sea area as well as institutional support for agencies such as BFAR, FIDC and PFMA, so that they can offer a more effective production service to small-scale fishermen. The Cold Chain Project of the Ministry of Natural Resources will further benefit municipal fishery by setting up a network of icemaking, freezing and cold storage facilities to complement 16 existing ice plants and cold storage facilities.  m6- 1.13 Credit Facilities. The availability of credit is an essential part of an integrated fishery development strategy (paras. 1.08-1.09). In the past, groups of 6-21 municipal fishermen obtained loans to purchase boats and gear through the Municipal Fisheries Financing Program implemented by the rural banking system, and through the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP). In 1975 and 1976 the DBP also financed a large-scale credit program for motorization of bancas. However, serious repayment problems resulted from insufficient understanding of the credit process involved in the selection of borrowers, and in the supervision and collection of the loans. In September 1978, the FIDC's Technical Board for Agricultural Credit endorsed a new credit program for small- and medium-scale fishery similar in concept to the Masagana 99 program for rice growers. FIDC coordi- nates the program with the support of BFAR in extension, and evaluation of borrowers and loan collection; PFMA in marketing; the Ministry of Local Gov- ernment and Cooperative Development in organization of cooperatives; and the DBP/the Philippines National Bank/the Central Bank-rural banks in granting loans. In 1978, the Ministry of the Budget released P 5 million for rural bank lending on an experimental basis for priority investment areas and for projects identified by BFAR regional offices. 1.14 Funds for commercial fishermen who operate vessels of 45 gross tons and above and for inland fishery operations are available through the DBP with the assistance of the Bank's Fisheries Credit Projects (Loan 891-PH approved in 1973 and Loan 1270-PH approved in 1976). On completion of these projects, a total of US$42 million will have been loaned to private fishery operators to improve fishing vessels and gear, ice plants, slipways, and fishponds. The Bank is presently considering a third fisheries credit project with similar objectives. 1.15 In summary, the Philippine fishery industry appears to be largely a subsistence activity bound by traditional technology. The planned changes in the production structure (para. 1.05), technology and support services (e.g., ports, credit, extension), however, indicate a period of transition from traditional subsistence fishing to efficient commercialized operations. Suc- cessful implementation of these changes requires the provision of appropri- ately trained manpower. 1.16 Trained Manpower. The fishery industry has an estimated 900,000 workers, i.e., about 10% of all agricultural workers and about 5% of the total work force. Roughly 18% of fishery workers are wage/salary earners, 66% self-employed, 2% employers and 14% unpaid family workers./l A majority of 67% are engaged in municipal fishery, 5% in commercial fishery, 22% in inland fishery and 6% in fish processing. The educational profile of fisher- men by occupation is given in Table 1.4. The educational attainment of fishery workers (4%O had education above the primary level in 1976) is low compared with average educational attainment in the country (23% of the il Hereafter "employment" refers to workers in all these categories.  -7.- total work force had education above the primary level in 1965) and is even low compared with other agricultural workers (of whom 9% had education above the primary level in 1965). It is particularly significant that the educa- tional attainment of over 80% of extension workers in the country is limited to full or partial primary education. Increased technology in fi"hery would require higher levels of educational attainment. Table 1.4: PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF FISHERY E4PLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION AND EDUCATION, 1976 Res./admin./ Extension Managers teachers workers /a operators /b Laborers Total Primary education and below /c - (-) 0.4 (83.2) 0.4 (88.3) 99.2 (95-9) 100.0 (95.6) Secondary education /c - (-) 0.3 (2.2) 1.2 (11-7) 98.5 (4-1) 100.0 (4.2. Postsecondary education 67.2 (100.0) 32.8 (14.6) - (-) - (-) 100.0 (0.- Total 0.1 (100.0) 0.5 (100.0) 0.4 (100-0) 99.0 (100.0) 100.0 (10O.C Note: Figures in parentheses represent the percentages of column totals. Other figures represent the percentages of totals of each row. la Includes all extension workers employed by public and private agencies. /b Includes those who run their own enterprises or manage laborers in fishponds and commercial deep-sea fishing operations. /c Includes dropouts. Sare~e: Committee on Fisheries Integrated Development Education Study (CONFIDES). 1.17 Based on the Government's fish production targets (Table 1.3), employ-ment in the fishery industry is projected to increase to 1.4 million by 1990. Table 1.5 projects employment in municipal, commercial and inland fisheries to grow at 2.0%, 4.0% and 7.5% p.a., respectively, which is lower than comparable government projections (3.3%, 6.7% and 11.3%). The employ- ment projections of Table 1.5 are based on the assumption that development programs for the industry would increase worker productivity, primarily through technological improvements in fishing crafts, gear and methods, whereas Government projections assume that worker productivity would remain constant; The annual rate of employment growth in the secondary subsector is assumed to be about equal to that of the primary subsector as a whole, since  -8- processing activities are closely related to fish catch. The increase in extension workers is based on the ratios of 1 worker to 10 vessels for commercial fishery (a total increase of 300 extension agents), and 1 worker to 400 fishermen for municipal (1,900 new extension agents) and inland (1,200 new agents) fishery. The need for extension workers in processing (200) assumes that half of the workers would be trained by managers/operators and half by extension workers at the ratio of 1 to 400. The increase in researchers (700) is based on the ratio of 1 researcher to 5 extension workers. Table 1.5: PROJECTED INCREASE IN FISHERY E4PLOYMENT, 1978-90 Actual Additional Projected Average Industry employment, employment, employment, annual rate subsector 1978 1979-90 1990 of growth (%) Primary 836,000 465,000 1,301,000 3.8 Marine 633,000 185,000 818,000 2.0 Municipal 586,000 157,000 743,000 2.0 Commercial 47,000 28.000 75,000 4.0 Inland 203,000 280,000 483,000 7.5 Secondary Processing 55,000 33,000 88,000 4.0 Tertiary 1,900 4.500 6,400 10.6 Research, teaching administration 1,400 1,400 2,800 5.0 Extension 500 /a 3,100 3,600 17.5 Total 892,900 502,500 1,395,400 3.8 /a Refers to extension workers employed by the Government, i.e., BFAR. Sources: BFAR, CONFIDES, Bank Staff. 1.18 A summary is presented in Table 1.6 of the incremental increase in fishery employment by broad occupational category over the 1979-90 period.  Table 1.6: INCREMENTAL INCREASE IN FISHERY EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION, 1979-90 Res./admin./ Extension Managers/ teachers workers operators Laborers Total Stock 1978 1,400 500 4,000 887,000 892,900 1990 2,800 3,600 14,000 1,375,000 1,395,400 Incremental Increase, 1979-90 Industry expansion 1,400 3,100 10,000 488,000 502,500 Attrition /a 400 100 1,000 187,000 188,500 Total 1,800 3,200 11,000 675,000 691,000 Average Annual Increase, 1979-80 180 320 1,100 67,500 69,100 ja Assumes 2% p.a. for laborers and 3% p.a. for other occupations. 1.19 Based on the broad education and occupation matrix (para. 1.16), it is calculated as shown in Table 1.7 that the formal fishery training program needs to produce about 1,300 graduates each year to fill professional (200) and technical (1,100) positions. Since existing institutions graduate about 400 degree holders and 1,000 diploma holders annually, this need can be met quantitatively but the quality of fishery training does not prepare graduates adequately for the positions they fill due to changing requirements of the industry (para. 1.10). Sufficient numbers of persons with secondary educatign and below are expected to join the fishery industry; however, a large-scale nonformal fishery training program will be needed to upgrade the skills of new workers and those already employed in the fishery industry (para. 1.09).  10 Table 1.7: AVERAGE ANNUAL INCREMENTAL INCREASE FOR FISHERY EMPL0YMENT BY OCCUPATION AND EDUCATION, 1979-90 Reso/admin/. Extension Managers/ teachers workers operators Laborers Total Primary education and below /a - 110 48,000 48,110 Secondary education /a 30 220 20,000 20,250 Postsecondary education (fishery) 200 270 770 - 1,240 Total 200 300 1,100 68,000 69,600 /a Includes dropouts. 2. FISHERY TRAINING /1 AND RESEARCH 2.01 Overview. Fishery training in the Philippines is of more recent origin than agriculture training. The oldest fishery training institutions opened in the early 1940s at Catbalogan and at Navotas (the Philippine Institute of Fisheries Technology - PIFT); agricultural training dates from the 1920s when several farm training schools were established. By 1957 there were only seven fishery institutions; the administration of six of these institutions was then transferred from the Bureau of Fisheries of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources to the Bureau of Public Schools of the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC). The seventh insti- tution, PIFT, was relocated at Diliman as a part of the University of the Philippines and became the UPCF. Since the early 1960s, the number of fishery training institutions has risen rapidly and by 1977 there were about 50 post- secondary institutions. This rapid growth, constrained by financial and human resources, has prevented fishery training from attaining quality and rele- vance. Fishery research in the Philippines is also at an early stage of development, and local research capacity needs to be strengthened. Research 2.02 Overall responsibility for coordinating agriculture-related research rests with the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources /1 In this report, "training" is used to cover both vocation-related "training" and general "education."  - 11 - Research (PCARR). The FIDC (para. 1.05) assists the Council in coordinating fishery research activities carried out by several agencies (Table 2.1). Peseirch is funded by the Government and multilateral and bilateral agencies, including the Southeast Asia Fisheries Development Council (SEAFDEC), UNDP, USAID and West German authorities. Foreign researcners often participate in studies to supplement local research capability. Table 2.1: MAIN RESEARCH AGENCIES /a, AREAS AND STAFF, 1978 Agency Main area - Specialization Staff /b BFAR Marine - fish biology oceanography 1 MS Aquaculture - sea farming Processing - canning, drying, fermentation 5 MS candidates CLSUI-FAC Aquaculture - pond culture 3 PhD rice fish culture 1 PhD candidate aquaria and cage culture 1 MS candidate UfPCF (i) BAC Aquaculture - milkfish and tilapia culture 2 PhD (plankton method), pond engineering and con- struction (acid-sulfite soils) (ii) Diliman Marine - fish biology 7 PhD campus /c oceanography 2 PhD candidates stock assessment & management 15 MS Processing - fish handling on board and container improvement (commercial) fish handling and preservation (municipal) SEAYDEC Aquaculture - prawn culture and hatchery, Several MS milkfish spawning, lake (PhD and other fishery and aquaculture MS are in non- sea farming /d fishery research) /a Other studies are being carried out by: the Mindanao State University at Naawan (aquaculture studies similar to those of SEAFDEC); the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management in conjunction with CLSU (the recycling of waste in aquaculture); the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Program (the improvement of fish production statistics); and the PCARR (the socioeconomics of aquaculture). lb Only includes staff with advanced degrees. /c At the Marine Sciences Center and the Institute of Fisheries Research and Development. 7d In conjunction with BFAR.  - 2 - The thrust of research in the Philippines has been in aquaculture. Assisted by USAID, UNDP and ASEAN regional governments, staff and facilities are strong at CLSU-FAC, UPCF-BAC and SEAFDEC. In comparison, research in marine fishery lags behind. UPCF has recently begun studies on marine resources assessment, fishing gear and fish processing with German and Danish assist- ance extended to the 1978-81 period. Further development in these areas is needed. Formal Training 2-03 Administration. Overall responsibility for the education sector rests with the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC). The National Board of Education (NBE) is the principal agency involved in formulating overall sectoral policy and making recommendations to the Minister of Education. In 1977, the Technical Panel for Agricultural Education was formed as an advisory body to the NBE for all agricultural education including animal science, veterinary medicine, crop science, fishery and forestry education. The activities of the Technical Panel include the development of a national system of accreditation for agricultural training programs, technical assistance in the supervision, inspection and regulation of all institutions giving agricul- tural training, and recommendation of the allocation of resources for agricultural education. 2.04 Postsecondary fishery institutions are administered by the MEC except for one private institution and five chartered institutions. The chartered institutions, which are governed by their own boards of regents, are the Colleges of Fisheries of the University of the Philippines, the CLSU, the Mindanao State University, the Cagayan State University and the Bicol State University. The Bureau of Higher Education in the MEC is responsible for the supervision of fishery training. At the local level, fishery training institutions are supervised through a regional education director at each of the 13 regional offices. 2.05 Programs. The formal fishery training program consists of (a) a four-year postsecondary course leading to a bachelor of science degree in fishery (BSF) in one of the three main areas (i.e., marine fishery, inland fishery and fish processing), and (b) a three-year postsecondary course leading to a diploma in one of the three main areas (i.e., fish capture, culture and processing). The BSF curriculum allocates about 18% of 138 units to languages, 15% to humanities, 20% to sciences, 25% to general fishery and 22% to a specialized fishery area. The diploma program uses a curriculum comprising 120 units for graduation, of which only one-third is allocated to technical and practical fishery subjects. An appropriate ratio of technical and practical subjects to theoretical ones is about 3 to 2. While the degree program aims to produce junior fishery scientists, technologists, teachers and administrators, the diploma program aims to produce technicians mainly for employment by the Government and the fishery industry.  - 13 - There were fishery schools at the secondary level until 1975,/1 when all secondary schools adopted the same curriculum following the recommendations of a task force.appointed by the National Board of Education. 2.06 Enrollnents. Enrollments in tertiary fishery institutions have grown rapidly in the 1970s. In 1971/72, only 910 students were enrolled in tertiary fishery courses, which accounted for 1% of the total enrollment in agricultural education at that level. By 1977/78, enrollment had risen to 5,400, representing 5% of tertiary agricultural enrollments. Most students in fishery training are enrolled in public institutions, though the reverse is true of students in other fields of study at the tertiary level (Table 2.2). 'Table 2-2: TRAINING INSTITTJTIONS AND ENROLLMENT IN FISHERY AND OTHER FIELDS, 1977 Institutions Enrollment Agriculture Nonagri- Agriculture Nonagri- Fishery Other cultural Total Fishery Other cultural Total Degree course (grades 11-14) Public 17 10 168 195 1,800 6,900 115,300 124,000 Private 1 191 344 536 200 19,500 814,300 834,000 Total 18 201 512 731 2,000 26,500 929,500 958,000 Diploma course (grades 11-13) Public 29 8 59 96 3,200 2,000 222,800 228,000 Private 1 120 50 171 200 72,500 27,300 100,000 Total 30 128 109 267 3,400 74,500 250,100 328,000 Sources: CONFIDES, Educational Development Projects Implementation Task Force (EDPITAF). 2.07 The chartered institutions (para. 2.04) are generally considered the leaders in fishery training and together they account for 5% of fishery enrollments. The UPCF is considered the institution that gives the most comprehensive fishery training program. It offers both degree and diploma programs, and in 1977 enrollment in these programs totaled about 700 (Table 2.3). The UPCF also enrolls about 50 students in its master's degree in fishery (MSF) program, which presently offers an aquaculture specialization only. /1 Nearly 70 schools enrolling about 20,000 students are still called fishery secondary schools; these are in essence comprehensive schools that allocate the learning time for practical arts (about 10% of the total) to fishery subjects.  _ 14 - Table 2-3: STAFF AND ENROLLMENT /a AT UPCF, 1977 Staff Enrollment Staff/student ratio Marine fishery 12 79 1:7 Inland fishery 20 300 1-15 Fish processing 9 119 1:14 Total 41 /b 498 1:12 la In the BSF program; an additional 200 students were enrolled in diploma programs in fish capture, culture and preservation. /b Of which 4 have PhDs and 13 an MSF. Sources: CONFIDES, UPCF. 2.08 Financing. Government spending on education (through the Ministry of Education) has increased from P 1,681 million in 1975 to P 2,605 million in 1977 (at current prices), which represented about 3% and 3.5% of GNP respectively. Over the same period, spending on secondary and tertiary fishery training decreased, from P 36 million in 1975 to P 26 million in _ 1977 (at current prices). This decrease has been one cause of the inability of the fishery training institutions to improve the quality pf their programs. However, the allocation in the 1979 budget rose to P 39 million, indicating the growing priority attached to fishery training. Nonformal Training 2.09 Nonformal training is provided through the Fishermen's Training Center at Cavite City and a variety of ad hoc programs. The Center, estab- lished in 1974 with UNDP/FAO assistance, is under BFAR. It offers six-month courses for skippers and engineers of commercial fishing boats, and in 1977 trained 170 course participants in four groups. Nonformal training for small- scale fishery is mainly provided through demonstrations, though only limited equipment and boats are available. Other nonformal training is provided on an ad hoc basis through extension activities (para. 1.10). These include short courses on fish catching, processing and fish culture techniques run in the villages by small teams of field extension workers.  _ 15 - Princioal Issues 2.10 Inadecuate Manaqement- Fishery research and training in the Philippines suffer from weak planning and control. The MEC's role is limited to the establishment of academic standards; the National Bcard of Education and the present Technical Panel (para. 2.03) can devote only limited attention to fishery training because of their wide range of responsibilities. Accurate statistical data on fishery institutions are absent and inadequate planning has resulted in a structural imbalance between the suoply and the need for trained manpower. Fishery training institutions have proliferated *in response to social and political factors at the local level. As a consequence, insufficient consideration has been given to some forms of training such as inservice training of fishermen and training in marine fishery. The uncoordinated development of training has had an adverse effect on research; since most students (about 70%) specialize in inland fishery, few graduates can be recruited for marine fishery research. Also, the need to use foreign researchers (para. 2.02) has contributed to the general orientation of studies rather than the development of indigenous technology (para.s 1.08-1.09). These problems would call for stronger and more effective planning. 2.11 Lack of a Coherent Fisherv Training System. The Philippines has failed to establish a coherent fishery training system that provides the kinds of research and the levels and types of training needed by the fishery indus- try. Largely this is due to ad hoc growth of the fishery training sector. While the UPCF has developed as an apex institution for fishery research and training, it has been unable to develop important research programs in such fields as marine fishery, fishery engineering and management and fishing gear and boat developments. Its inability to become a lead institution in these fields is related to: (a) inadequate facilities (it has only five laboratories and one lecture room with sufficient capacity to adequately train about 200 of the 500 students who are enrolled); and (b) its location (the campus at Diliman provides no direct access to the sea and no land for further expansion). Degree and diploma level training is also given at about 50 other institutions, but these programs fail to produce appropriately trained manpower for the fishery industry because the programs are not practically oriented to produce fishery technicians (para. 2.05). Most teaching staff have inadequate experience in the industry, and even with such experience they are disadvantaged in providing good training due to the absence or inadequacy of equipment and facilities. Nonformal training is not given on a routine basis, although such information and skills as relating fishing technology, marketing, and credit need to be extended to small-scale fishermen to help increase their production (paras. 1.08, 1.11, 1.13). Thus there is a need to establish a system of fishery training comprising a center of excellence for high level research and training, a technician level training program, and a continuous nonformal training program for fishermen. 2.12 Low Quality. Fishery training suffers from low quality. Both at the degree and the di?loma level, graduates are poorly trained due to weak teaching staff, inadequate teaching equipment and facilities, and the type  - 16 - of training given. The qualifications of staff are generally low: at the UPCF, 13 out of 41 staff (33%) have a graduate degree (beyond BSF); and throughout the country, the percentage is only about 20%. Thus most staff have degrees equal to those granted to the students they teach. An important factor affecting the quality of training is the level of training expenditure, which has been declining in the 1970s during a period of rapid expansion (para. 2.08). Limited equipment and facilities have been provided for prac- tical training; particularly serious for fishery training is the lack of training vessels at most institutions. If provided, vessels are mostly outrigger boats which are unsuitable for open-sea fishing with modern fishing gear. This results in training which is academic rather than practical, and which does not prepare students for employment in the fishery industry. With regard to employment opportunities, diploma students are at an added disad- vantage, because most graduates seek government positions which require either a diploma plus one year's job experience or a degree. This requirement con- tributes to the present high proportion of diploma holders (about 30%) who transfer to degree programs despite the country's need for well-trained technicians. This result in undesirable pressures to introduce open degree programs at diploma-granting institutions. Such new degree programs are usually introduced without corresponding upgrading of staff and facilities, which results in enrollment beyond the institution's capacity and a further decline in quality. The quality of fishery training therefore needs to be improved by staff upgrading and additional recruitment of adequately trained staff; increased provision of facilities and equipment (particularly training vessels); a diploma program with a significant amount of practical training; and facilitation of the appointment and career development of diploma holders in the government extension service. Government Strategy 2.13 As part of its strategy for integrated fishery development, the Government intends to further improve fishery research and training for the development of management, technology, marketing and appropriate manpower. To achieve these goals, the Government plans to strengthen planning of fishery programs, establish a coordinated national strategy, and introduce measures to improve the quality and relevance of fishery research and training. 2.14 Management. Fishery training will continue to be managed as part of agricultural training (para. 2.03), but the Government further plans to estab- lish a committee for each agricultural training subsector under the Technical Panel. The first of these, a Fishery Education Technical Committee, was created in 1979. It is headed by the Dean of UPCF, who is also a member of the Technical Panel. The Committee is composed of 12 representatives from the public and private sectors concerned with fishery development. The main functions of this Committee are to: (a) monitor fishery manpower need and supply information to the Technical Panel; (b) adopt a national system of accreditation; (c) evaluate suggested course changes; and (d) assist in the supervision, inspection and regulation of fishery institutions.  - 17 - 2.15 Rationalization of a Svstem. The government strategy for agricultural training involves consolidation within the framework of an apex national institution, leading institutions serving the three main geographic zones (i.e., Luzon, Visavas and Mindanao), regional institutes of technology/l and nonformal regional training centers. A similar strategy is being adopted for fishery training. This entails developing a University of the Philippines College of Fisheries in the Visayas (L?VCF) as an apex national institution and to serve as the leading fishery training institution in the Visayas. The UPCF at Diliman will be transferred to the Visayas (Miagao) to form the core College of the new University of the Philippines in the Visayas (UPV). In the other two main regions, the present Colleges of Fisheries of the CLSU and the Mindanao State University (MSU) will continue to be developed as the leading institutions serving the Luzon and Mindanao regions. Regional institutes of fishery technology will be established by improving existing institutions and, in regions without an institution suitable for upgrading, by establishing new institutes. The Government plans to develop nonformal fishery training centers adjacent to the regional institutes of fishery technology. This system should provide a basic framework to produce an improved quality of fishery training for professional manpower (UPVCF, CLSUCF, MSUCF) and for technical manpower (regional institutes of fishery technology and nonformal training centers). 2.16 The Government has already made progress towards establishing this fishery training system.- The Fishery Education Technical Committee has been created under the Technical Panel (para. 2.14), and a preliminary step has been taken to create UPV. This University is being established as part of a national strateg7 under the current five-year plan which aims to disperse the population from the congested Metro Manila area to less populated rural areas and simultaneously to relocate UPCF to a place more suited to fishery research and training. UPV will be located in M4iagao, Western Visayas (Region VI), about 40 km west of Iloilo City, where 1,200 ha of land have been allocated for the campus. The UPV will be an autonomous university headed by a chancellor who will report to the President of the UP system. According to the sic-year development plan of tTPV, it will initially be organized with three degree-granting units: a College of Fisheries, a College of Arts and Sciences, and a School of Development Management. A graduate school will also be set up to coordinate and provide administrative support to degree programs. In addition, a Philippine Center for Regional Development is expected to be established in UPV as a joint undertaking with the National Economic Development Authority. In about the third year of the UPV development plan, a /] The in