Philippines - Fourth Education Project

Document of The Woridi Bank C [0 El IFOa OI)IF F lC]IRAL USE ON!LY rrge$o. P-1997-PH REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED LOAN TO THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES FOR A FOURTH EDUCATION PROJECT February 16, 1977 This document has a resoi2ed dist,bufion and may be used by recip6ents only bn tbe perfonnnee of thetir ofeiAc duties. Its contenas mty not otherwise be disclosd withount World Bank nnthorizntson.  CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS US$1000 = Pesos 7.50 Pesos 1,000 = US$133.00 Pesos 1 million = US$133,000 ABBREVIATIONS BAEx - Bureau of Agricultural Extension BAI - Bureau of Animal Industry EDPITAF - Educational Development Projects Implementing Task Force PTC-RD - Philippine Training Centers for Rural Development NTC - National Rural Training Center RTC - Regional Rural Training Center FTC - Farmer Training Center RAC - Regional Advisory Council UPCVM - University of the Philippines College of Veterinary Medicine UPLB - University of the Philippines at Los Banos UPLB-CA - University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College of Agriculture UPLB-CF - University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College of Forestry UPLB-DAS - University of the Philippines at Los Banos, Department of Animal Science VISCA - Visayas State College of Agriculture FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31  FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED LOAN TO THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES FOR A FOURTH EDUCATION PROJECT 1. I submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed loan to the Republic of the Philippines for the equivalent of $25 million to help finance the foreign exchange cost of a fourth education project. The loan would have a term of 20 years, including 4-1/2 years of grace, with interest at 8.5% per annum. PART I - THE ECONOMY 2. An economic mission visited the Philippines in April/May 1975 and its report, "The Philippines: Priorities and Prospects for Development, Basic Economic Report" (No. 1095a-PH of May 5, 1976) was distributed to the Executive Directors on May 18, 1976 (SecM/76/366). Paragraphs 3-16 below are an updated summary of that report. Annex I contains country economic data./l 3. During the 1960s, the economy grew in real terms at an annual rate of about 5-6%. However, the rate of growth was less than the level that might have been achieved if the considerable natural and human resources of the Philippines had been exploited more effectively. Moreover, the benefits of growth were distributed relatively unevenly. As the population and labor force continued to grow rapidly, unemployment rose. Low levels of taxation accentuated these problems and resulted in inadequate public invest- ment in necessary infrastructure and social services. A relatively weak export performance combined with a failure to reduce the import dependence of domestic industry resulted in a steady deterioration in the balance of payments position. 4. During 1970-72, the authorities adopted policies of monetary and fiscal restraint in order to lay a firm basis for future growth. With assistance from the Consultative Group for the Philippines, they succeeded in improving substantially the maturity structure of the external public debt. Real GNP during that period increased at about 5% a year. In 1972, the Government initiated a series of social and economic reforms including an agrarian reform program, tax reforms, and an administrative reorganiza- tion. 5. In 1973, there was a sharp increase in the level of economic activity in the Philippines and the growth in real GNP doubled to 10%. /1 This is the same discussion of the economy as that in the President's Report for the Jalaur Irrigation Project (P-1973-PH of January 5, 1977) with minor updating. This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  - 2 - This upsurge was led by the international commodity boom, which resulted in higher export incomes, a strong recovery in agricultural and industrial production for the domestic market, and an expansion in public and private investment. 6. Like most countries, the Philippines was profoundly affected by the events in the world economy that began with the marked increase in the prices for food and petroleum in late 1973. With international trade the equivalent of almost half of its GNP, the Philippines was quite vulnerable to the impact of world inflation, the increase in oil prices, and the pro- longed recession in the industrialized countries. While adverse effects of the recession were cushioned somewhat in 1974 by a modest improvement in the external terms of trade, the Philippines was more seriously affected in 1975 by the continued rise in import prices and reduced demand for Philippine exports. While the international economic situation has made it difficult for the Government to realize its objective of accelerating the rate of development, GNP in 1974, 1975, and 1976, nevertheless, grew in real terms at an annual rate of about 6%. 7. Agricultural production has grown at an average rate of 3.2% per year during the 1970s, a period which has been characterized by unusually adverse weather conditions. Rice production increased by 25% in 1973/74, but because of damage by typhoons, grew by only 1% in 1974/75; the Government had to import 200,000 tons in the first half of 1975 to ensure adequate stocks. However, the rice harvest in 1975/76 was very good due to favorable weather conditions and during this period the Philippines was vir- tually self-sufficient in rice. The Government continues to give the highest priority to further increasing agricultural production and has initiated a number of programs designed to expand the use of fertilizer, irrigation and supervised credit. It has also intensified efforts to expand the social services needed in rural areas, including rural electrification, health and family planning services, and village road and small-scale irrigation projects. 8. Although progress has been slower than initially planned, the Government has made some progress with its agrarian reform for the nation's one million tenant farmers who grow rice and corn. By September 30, 1976, the Government had issued Certificates of Land Transfer to 224,000 of the 424,000 tenants on holdings of over 7 hectares; thus, title to 390,000 hectares of the total 825,000 hectares of farms occupied by such tenants has been transferred. The Government has raised the cash portion of the com- pensation package to landlords to reduce their resistance to land reform, but strong administrative efforts will be necessary to ensure continued progress in the implementation of the program. 9. Industry accounts for almost 30% of net domestic product, one third of total fixed investment and 15% of total employment. Industrial production, which grew by 12% in 1973, was adversely affected in 1974 and 1975 by the worldwide economic slowdown and the depressed demand for Philippine exports. As a result, industrial production increased by only 4% in 1974 and 5% in 1975. Stepped-up public sector spending for infrastructure development and  - 3 - other priority projects has contributed significantly to sustaining the higher level of domestic activity in 1976, especially in the construction industry. The longer term prospects for industrial growth are favorable because of the natural and human resource endowment of the Philippines and a very active private sector. 10. The Government has made significant progress in increasing public investment. The ratio of public investment to GNP is currently over 4%, having risen from 1.8% in FY72. /1 The Government has also implemented a series of long needed tax reforms and improvements in tax administration. These reforms, aided by the increased economic activity, the boom in export incomes, and domestic inflation, resulted in a 36% increase in national government tax revenues in FY73, and an estimated 47 percent in FY74. The ratio of national government tax revenues to GNP has increased from an average of 9% in the early 1970s to about 12% in FY74, FY75 and FY76. 11. Significant financial reforms have also been introduced. At the beginning of 1976, the Central Bank issued circulars designed to help ration- alize the level and structure of deposit and lending rates; deposit rates were raised for the second time in 18 months; long-standing statutory ceilings on the long-term lending rates of banking institutions were increased from 12-14% to 19% per annum; and the ceilings on short-term lending rates were raised. Efforts were also made to control short-term money market operations and to strengthen the organized banking institutions. These actions should help to improve the mobilization and allocation of domestic resources in the Philippines. 12. In the latter part of 1973, inflation emerged as a major problem in the Philippines. The increase in prices was caused by the large increase in liquidity that came with the export boom in 1973/74, and by a number of cost-push factors, including the higher rate of world inflation. To deal with this problem, the Government adopted contractionary monetary and fiscal policies, and attempted to reduce the impact of inflation on consumers by subsidizing such essential goods as wheat, imported rice, and cooking oil. The annual inflation rate fell from 35% in 1974 to 8% in 1975 and 6% in 1976. 13. On the external side, Philippine's balance of payments benefited considerably from the international commodity price boom during 1973. Hligh prices for the country's chief exports, including coconut products, sugar, copper and wood products, resulted in a 70% increase in export earnings and a current account surplus of about $550 million. Since mid-1974, the external trade position has deteriorated, due to the sharp increases in the /1 Fiscal year July 1 to June 30.  - 4 - prices of oil and other imports, less favorable prices for Philippine exports, and reduced volume of some exports resulting from the downturn in the econo- mies of the Philippines' main trading partners. As a result, current account deficits of about $900 million in 1975 and about $1,000 million in 1976 were incurred. The current account deficits have been offset by direct foreign investment, inflows of medium- and long-term loan capital, the use of IMF facilities and some short-term borrowing by the Central Bank. The overall deficit in 1976 is estimated to have been about $160 million and external reserves stood at about $1.2 billion, equivalent to four months' imports. Assuming continued sound debt management and the maintenance of a reasonable maturity structure of foreign borrowings, the overall level of external debt of the Philippines is expected to remain within reasonable limits, as the ratio of debt service payments to exports and nonfactor services would average about 16-17% during the rest of this decade. At present, the Bank/IDA share in total debt outstanding is about 17% and its share in debt-service is about 4%. These shares are expected to increase somewhat in the years ahead. 14. Substantial foreign assistance will be essential to help finance the large investment expenditures which will be necessary for the country's develop- ment. In order to ensure that disbursement of external assistance reaches levels commensurate with the level of development expenditures which will be required during the latter part of the decade and that debt service obligations remain within reasonable limits, total commitments of official assistance will need to be maintained in real terms at least at the annual level of about $500 million which was achieved in 1974. The Consultative Group for the Philippines at its meeting in Paris on June 15 and 16, 1976, agreed that it would be reasonable for the Philippine Government to seek official aid commitments of about $600 million in 1976 and $700 million in 1977. Total new commitments of public and private medium- and long-term capital are estimated to have reached $2 billion in 1976 and need to be maintained at approximately this level through 1980. 15. Despite the slowdown in the growth of the economy, which is pri- marily a result of worldwide economic conditions, the Government remains committed to regaining the growth momentum, which began in 1973, to provide for a continued increase in incomes and employment. Both the Philippine Government and the Bank's Basic Economic Report estimate that it should be possible in the longer term for the Philippine economy to grow in real terms at a rate of about 7% per annum provided that good economic management continues and international economic conditions improve. High priority must be accorded to expanding employment opportunities, because unemployment and underemployment are still high and the labor force continues to grow at 3% a year. Continued attention must also be given to expanding the  -5 - Government's effective family planning program to reduce the rate of growth of the population and the labor force. 16. The Government is pursuing a development strategy which focuses on rural development with emphasis on food production, accelerated industriali- zation, both in capital-intensive resource based industries and labor-intensive export industries, and a substantial expansion in public sector investment in infrastructure to support the growth of the productive sectors. In support of these objectives, the Government plans to continue its efforts to increase public revenues, to strengthen the capacity of public sector agencies and to foster the growth of exports. The Government recognizes that the increased cost of petroleum and other imports cannot be financed indefinitely by borrow- ing abroad, and it is actively encouraging both local and foreign investors to expand productive investments. It will, however, take time for Government programs to have an impact on the balance of payments, and the Government is, therefore, seeking increased support from the international financial community to assist in the financing of its development effort. PART II - BANK GROUP OPERATIONS 17. By December 31, 1976, the Philippines had received 42 Bank loans /1 (of which two were on Third Wiindow terms) and three IDA credits for a total of $942.2 million, net of cancellations. About one third of Bank lending ($306 million) has been for infrastructure projects in power, transportation, and water supply and another third ($303 million) has been for agriculture. Of the remainder, about $250 million has been for industry and about $83 million has been for social sector projects in education, population and urban devel- opment. There has been a marked improvement in the execution of Bank-financed projects in the last four years compared with experience in the 1960s, when there were serious problems caused by a shortage of peso counterpart funds and poor administration. All ongoing projects are now being implemented reasonably well. Annex II contains a sunmary statement of Bank loans, IDA credits and IFC investments as of December 31, 1976, and notes on the execu- tion of ongoing projects. 18. The Bank's lending program has been designed to continue to support the Philippine development effort with its emphasis on agriculture and infra- structure and its growing attention to the needs of lower income groups. About one third of Bank lending planned for the next few years would continue to be for agriculture and rural development projects and another third would be for needed basic infrastructure projects, mainly in the fields of transportation and power. The amount of lending for social sector projects, including education, population and urban development, is expected to continue to grow rapidly and account for nearly 20% of future lending. The balance of future lending would be for industrial development, where growing attention is being given to the needs of small and medium industries with high employ- /1 Since then two more loans have been signed, a loan of $95 million for the Third Ilighway Project on January 12, 1977 and a loan of $15 million for the Jalaur Irrigation Project on February 14, 1977.  -6- ment potential. The rapid growth in public revenues during the past five years has allowed for a significant expansion in public investment and both the ambitious Philippine development program and the Bank's growing lending program have been designed to make good past neglect and to meet future needs. Bank lending totalled $165.1 million in FY74, $208 million in FY75 and $268 million in FY76 compared to about $30 million a year in the preceding five years. 19. This is the third loan to be presented to the Executive Directors in FY77. Other loans which may be ready for presentation later in FY77 are for agricultural credit, land settlement, power and water supply projects; a smallholder tree farming and forestry development project and an inter-island shipping project may be ready in early FY78. A number of these projects are designed to help the Government meet its objective of increasing the produc- tivity and incomes of the poorer segments of the population. 20. As of December 31, 1976, IFC has made commitments in the Philippines totalling $79 million for investment in 14 projects in the fields of devel- opment banking, power, telecommunications, ceramic tiles, paper, petroleum products, nickel mining and refining, chemicals and synthetic fibres and edible oils. Of these investments, $26.3 million had been sold, cancelled and repaid, leaving a net portfolio of $52.7 million, including $1.9 million undisbursed. PART III - THE AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION SUBSECTOR The Role of Agricultural Education in the Philippines 21. Agriculture is the predominant sector in the Philippines economy accounting for approximately one-fourth of the gross national product, over one-half of total employment and about three-quarters of export earnings. Current Government investment programs in the agriculture sector emphasize: (a) increased production of staple and commercial crops through expansion of irrigation, increased use of fertilizer and other inputs, and improvement in extension and other services to farmers; (b) development of forest resources and wood products for export; and (c) increased production of livestock and fisheries to reduce imports and raise local nutrition levels. A key constraint to the accomplishment of these goals is the serious lack of well trained agri- cultural manpower. The agricultural education system has in the past failed to respond adequately to requirements of employers for competent specialists and has produced graduates who tend to be poorly trained and ill-prepared for future employment. Although progress has been made in improving some areas of higher agricultural education, better qualified high-level specialists in veterinary medicine and both high and middle-level specialists in forestry and animal science are required by Government agencies and private industry. In-service training of existing field staff is needed in support of the Government food production programs to increase the effectiveness of the extension services. Existing in- service training programs have proved inadequate in making up for the deficien- cies of past training of practicing extension workers. There are also not  - 7 - enough farmer training programs to disseminate technology effectively. Such programs need to be expanded and improved to complement the work of extension services and to benefit many farmers not yet reached by the extension services. Agricultural Education System 22. Agricultural education constitutes a small portion of the total education system in the Philippines. Enrollments, however, have increased substantially over the past decade, and there has been a proliferation of agricultural institutions. This rapid growth, accompanied by financial constraints and an inadequate number of well-trained teaching staff, has led to instruction which is generally of low quality. As a result, graduates at all levels tend to be poorly trained and have difficulty in qualifying for employment in their respective fields. To respond more adequately to develop- ment needs, the agricultural education system requires: (a) consolidation to allow better allocation of resources to improve the quality of selected institutions with high potential; (b) improvement of the quality and relevance of technician training; and (c) creation of institutionalized systems of nonformal education. 23. At the higher level, enrollments have increased by almost eight times from 4,000 in 1964 to about 31,000 in 1974; the number of graduates has only increased by less than three times to about 3,000. There are currently 46 colleges giving degree courses in general agriculture, 18 in forestry, 21 in animal science, and 4 in veterinary medicine. M4ost of these institutions share the common problems of curricula that are often outdated, lack of well- qualified staff and insufficient facilities and equipment. These problems, coupled with poor student preparation at the secondary level, nonselective admissions policies, and high teacher-student ratios, have generally resulted in low internal efficiency indicated above. Many graduates fail to meet minimum requirements for employment as professionals in their fields. Within the agricultural education system, the University of the Philippines (UP) offers the best quality instruction, and its graduates are preferred by the public and private sectors. In particular, the Colleges of Agriculture and Forestry and the Department of Animal Science at Los Banos, and the College of Veterinary Medicine at Diliman are recognized as the chief sources of qualified graduate-level manpower and technical advice in these areas. However, the UP College of Agriculture needs further staff development to strengthen its graduate programs. The College of Forestry and Department of Animal Science both require additional physical facilities and equipment and improvements in staff quality. The UP College of Veterinary Medicine at Diliman needs to be relocated at Los Banos where better physical facilities and the needed closer physical and academic relationship with the Department of Animal Science can be provided. Although strong regional agricultural colleges are being established in Luzon and Mindanao, a similar regional college needs to be developed in the Visayas, one of the most important and poorest regions of the country. Higher education in the Visayas is offered by eight institutions,  - 8 - most of which are substandard. Of the eight, the Visayas State College of Agriculture (VISCA) has the highest potential for development into a service- oriented regional college of agriculture. To perform this role, however, VISCA needs staff development, physical facilities, and equipment. 24. At the post secondary level, 63 schools enroll about 4,000 and graduate about 600 technicians each year in poultry or pig husbandry, farm mechanics, and forestry. At present, no middle-level training is given in animal disease and protection, but the Government plans to start such a program in the near future. In general, most of the schools lack qualified teachers, facilities and equipment, and both internal efficiency and output are low. Originally conceived as terminal courses with emphasis on practical training, two-year diploma courses have largely become a means of college entry for those who do not qualify for direct admissions. 25. Systematic and coordinated programs for effective training of extension workers and farmers have not yet been developed in the Philippines. In-service training is currently conducted separately by about 15 employing agencies. These courses (three days to nine months duration) are generally on an ad hoc basis and have weak curricula and little follow-up to evaluate effectiveness. There is little coordination between agencies; this tends to result in duplication of efforts. Four residential farmer training centers, each experimenting with a different methodology, are in operation and seem to be effective although results are still under study. Various agencies are conducting nonresidential farmer training using demonstration farms and radio programs. These training programs are designed to identify and develop farmer leaders who, through the demonstration of better standards of crop and animal husbandry on their own farms, would complement the efforts of the extension services. On completion of the training program, they would serve as village-level contacts for the extension service. Government Strategy for Development of Agricultural Education 26. The Government has developed a strategy for the rationalization and improvement of agricultural education. Central to the strategy is the Technical Panel for Agricultural Education in the Department of Education and Culture which the Government set up in January 1977 to assist the Secretary of Education in formulating overall policies and in coordinating development plans in the subsector. One of the primary functions of the Technical Panel is to assess agricultural institutions and to establish an effective accredita- tion system as a basis for central budgetary allocations. The goal is to phase out substandard schools and colleges and thereby allocate scarce resources for the upgrading of selected agricultural institutions with high potential. The Government has agreed to maintain the Technical Panel with terms of reference and composition acceptable to the Bank; the Panel would be assisted by a full time Secretariat which would be fully staffed by March 31, 1978 (Section 3.02 of the draft Loan Agreement). The organization of the agri- cultural education system would be comprised of: (a) apex institutions at the national level to serve as centers of excellence in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and animal sciences/veterinary medicine; (b) one agricultural college with high standards in each of the three major regions (Luzon, Htindanao, and Visayas), around which selected colleges and  - 9 - agricultural high schools would be clustered to serve as vocational/technical training or nonformal education centers; (c) experimental agricultural high schools to improve the relevance of secondary education to rural needs; (d) post secondary two-year technician training programs to provide practical skills in various disciplines of agriculture to those not pursuing four-year degrees; and (e) effective systems of training extension workers and farmer leaders in support of food production programs. Bank Lending Strategy for Development of Agricultural Education 27. The Bank first began to support agricultural education in 1964, when a loan of $6.0 million (Loan 393-PH) was made to assist in financing the development program of the University of the Philippines at Los Banos- College of Agriculture (UPLB-CA). Although the project was completed three years behind schedule in May 1973 because of delays in the provision of budgetary funds, substantial progress was made under the project in helping UPLB-CA become a national center with excellence in agricultural education. Further assistance is, however, needed for the UPLB staff development program so that it can develop its forestry and animal sciences programs. These subjects did not receive assistance under the First Education Project and have remained comparatively less developed. Under the Second Education Project (Credit 349-PH, signed in 1973), development of the regional agricul- tural colleges in Luzon and Hlindanao began, and 13 experimental agricultural high schools and 6 barrio development high schools were established as a step toward increasing the relevance of secondary education through emphasis on practical training. This project is being implemented successfully. The Third Education Project (Loan 1224T-PH, dated April 8, 1976) for textbook development for primary and secondary schools is progressing satisfactorily. The proposed project is designed to help the Government implement its longer term programs for the development of agricultural education. 28. The lessons learned from implementation of the First Education Project have been taken into account in the design of the proposed project: (a) the Project Performance Audit Report (Sec. 75-516, July 30, 1975) had reported that most of the buildings constructed under the project were too scattered due to the desire of the University authorities to have the new buildings near the then existing ones, and due to lack of adequate coordination between the various consultant architects. The report concluded that a more integrated layout would have been less costly and would have allowed greater efficiency in the future growth of the University. The proposed project takes these points into account and the new construction at Los Banos is planned in accordance with a recently adopted campus plan. Furthermore, the proposed regional college for the Visayas has engaged a master planner and consulting architects to prepare an integrated master campus plan and physical plans; (b) the audit report also referred to the proliferation of agricultural education, inadequate utilization of resources and low quality of agricul- tural education. The Government has now established a Technical Panel, referred to in paragraph 26 above, to help maintain educational standards of the existing institutions and to regulate the development of agricultural  - 10 - education and training; and (c) in order for UPLB to improve its staff retention, the above report advocates better incentives, mainly in the form of further educational opportunities. The University has prepared staff develop- ment programs, including post doctoral programs, to upgrade staff quality and also to provide incentives for its staff to remain at UPLB. PART IV - THE PROJECT Objectives 29. The main objective of the project is to increase the supply of well-qualified agricultural manpower needed to implement important agricul- tural development programs in crops, forestry, and livestock. The project would assist in the implementation of the Government's education development strategy in the following key areas: (a) strengthening staff development at the University of the Philippines at Los Banos, particularly in the College of Forestry and the Department of Animal Science; (b) establishing strong centers of national excellence at Los Banos in forestry, animal science, and veterinary medicine; (c) establishing a strong regional college of agriculture in the Visayas, a region not covered by the second project; and (d) creating a national system of in-service training for practicing agricultural extension workers and other rural development staff and pilot programs designed to test various methods of training farmer leaders. The project would help the Government achieve a better balance among disciplines (agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and veterinary medicine), among regions (Visayas, Luzon, and Mindanao), and between formal and nonformal agricultural education. Background 30. The project proposal was prepared by the Government with the assist- ance of UNESCO and appraised by a Bank mission during January/ February 1976. A follow-up appraisal mission visited the Philippines in November 1976. Negotiations were held in Washington in January 1977. The Philippine dele- gation was led by His Excellency Eduardo Z. Romualdez, Ambassador to the United States and the Honorable Juan L. Manuel, Secretary of the Department of Education and Culture. Project Description 31. The proposed project would consist of: (a) Civil works, procurement of furniture and equipment, and the provision of technical assistance for the College of Forestry and the Department of Animal Science of the UPLB; the College of Veterinary Medicine at Diliman, which will be moved to UPLB; the Visayas State College of Agriculture; the Philippine Training Centers for Rural Development (PTC-RD) (one national and five regional training centers and six farmer training centers); and  - 11 - (b) Technical assistance: fellowships to strengthen the technical and management capability of the staff of (i) the Education Development Projects Implementing Task Force (EDPITAF), (ii) the Secretariat of the National Governing Board for PTC-RD, which will be responsible for implementing an important part of the project, and (iii) the Technical Panel in the Department of Education and Culture; and specialist services to assist (i) EDPITAF in carrying out feasiblity studies for future education projects, and (ii) the Philippine Center for Economic Development (PCED) in conducting industrial policy studies. Detailed Features of the Project 32. University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College of Forestry (UPLB-CF) ($3.2 million)./l The primary objective of the proposed project component is to develop the UPLB-CF as a center of national excellence for forestry education and training so as to ensure a continuous supply of better trained foresters, wood scientists, and technologists needed by Government agencies and private industry and to strengthen forestry research programs. Assistance would be provided for improvement of physical facilities and equipment, as well as for upgrading the staff through overseas fellowship programs. The enrollment would increase from 415 to 890 by 1981. Particular attention would be given to strengthening the newly established Department of Wood Science and Technology because of its potential contributions to the wood-processing industry. Some 30 additional staff required for the planned enrollment increase would be recruited primarily from among the College's own post-graduates. 33. University of the Philippines at Los Banos, Department of Animal Science (UPLB-DAS) ($4.4 million). The proposed project would enable the UPLB-DAS to increase the quantity and improve the quality of graduates who are in high demand for government, private industry, teaching, and research positions. As part of the Government's higher education development strategy, the DAS would be upgraded as a national center. The proposed project would provide physical facilities and equipment. The staff and curricula would be strengthened through overseas training in fields closely related to livestock development, such as reproductive physiology, meat science, and animal by-products utilization. The UPLB-DAS will be closely linked physically and functionally with the relocated College of Veterinary Medicine (UPCVM). The proposed component will enable DAS to increase the enrollment from 200 to 390 by 1981 and to expand its function of teaching students from other faculties of UPLB from about 1,000 to 2,000 students. 34. University of the Philippines, College of Veterinary Medicine (UPCVM) ($3.9 million). The project would provide for a planned reloca- tion of the UPCVM from Diliman campus near Mlanila to Los Banos and provide for expansion of enrollment and improvement in the quality of teaching, research, and extension programs of the UPCVM. The Government strategy /1 Figures in parentheses are the estimated total cost of the individual components, net of contingencies.  - 12 - to upgrade the UPCVM as a national center would be supported through the proposed provision of physical facilities which would be closely related to the facilities and equipment being provided for UPLB-DAS. Overseas fellowships and specialists' services would be provided to assist in staff development. The enrollment would be increased from 260 to 400 by 1981. The 15 additional staff members required for the expansion would be recruited mostly from the College's own post-graduate program. A two-year animal science technician training program for 220 students would be established jointly by the relocated UPCVM and the UPLB-DAS. 35. Staff Development at the UPLB ($2.5 million). As indicated in the preceding paragraphs, the proposed project would make substantial provision for strengthening staff capability in teaching, research, and extension. Staff development is a major aspect of the UPLB's long-term development plan emphasizing expansion and quality improvement of graduate training programs in development- oriented fields. This would reduce dependency on foreign training in the future, particularly at the doctorate level, and would further reinforce the role of the UPLB as the major source of trained agricultural manpower and technical advice to other colleges and government agencies. The proposed loan would finance a total of about 200 man-years of overseas fellowships for UPLB staff in fields of specialization for which training is not presently offered in the Philippines. In order to help ensure that the foreign fellowship training is relevant to Philippine circumstances, wherever possible, the fellows would be encouraged to return to UPLB to do thesis research after completion of the necessary classwork abroad. Government regulations stipulate that, after completing their doctoral degrees, each fellowship recipient must teach at the University for a period equivalent to two and one half times the man-years the recipient spent abroad. The Government has agreed to provide local fellowships for about 220 UPLB teachers for PhD and Masters' programs in the Philippines (Section 3.04(c) of the draft Loan Agreement). The proposed staff development program, including local fellowships, would raise the proportion of doctoral degree holders from 26% at present to about 40% by 1981. In particular, it would enable the University to commence teaching in new fields important to agricultural development in the Philippines, e.g., wood engineering and forest products utilization, hydrogeology, post-harvest physiology, biophysics, ecology, and aerial photogrammetry. 36. Visayas State College of Agriculture (VISCA) ($12.7 million). The main objectives of the proposed assistance to VISCA located in Baybay, Leyte, are to: (a) develop VISCA into a regional center of excellence in agricul- tural education, research, and extension; (b) train competent agricultural specialists, teachers, technicians and extension wiorkers to meet regional requirements; (c) promote research activity and the development of extension methodology appropriate for the region; and (d) enable VISCA to disseminate research results and new technology through extension training, radio pro- grams, and publications. The proposed project would help finance necessary physical facilities, equipment, and overseas fellowships (85 man-years) and specialists' services (4 man-years) for curriculum development. Under the project, enrollment would increase from 950 to 1,500 students. To support the planned increases in enrollment, research and extension activities, the number of staff would need to be increased from 135 to 200. To help ensure that VISCA develops an adequately trained teaching staff, the Government would train about 25 teachers of VISCA in domestic PhD programs and 70 in  - 13 - domestic Masters programs (Section 3.04 (c) of the draft Loan Agreement). The majority of this staff would be trained at UPLB. During the project implementation period, VISCA would submit its annual development program to the Bank for comments and would obtain the approval of the Technical Panel for Agricultural Education before new fields of study are added or its enrollment is expanded beyond 1,500 students (Section 3.04 (a) and (b) of the draft Loan Agreement). This would help ensure the orderly and rational development of VISCA's program. 37. Philippine Training Centers for Rural Development (PTC-RD) ($6.3 mil- lion). The proposed investment in PTC-RD would enable the Government to develop a national system for in-setvice training of field extension workers and farmer leaders in support of the national food production and rural develop- ment programs. Under the project, a National Training Center (NTC) ($1.0 million), five Regional Training Centers (RTCs) ($2.5 million), and six Farmer Training Centers (FTCs) ($2.0 million), would be constructed and equipped. The NTC would develop training programs and materials for the RTCs, train staff and evaluate programs. The functions of the RTCs, to be established at five agricultural colleges in key areas, would be to (a) develop training courses to meet local needs, (b) provide in-service training to field staff involved in rural development work, and (c) to supply feedback for research on agriculture and other problems encountered in the rural development process. The in-service training would be for about 450 rural development workers per course or about 3,600 a year. By 1981, about 70% of the estimated total number of workers would have been trained by the five RTCs. Courses, which would last about one month, would be designed to meet the specific needs of each region and partici- pating Government agencies. Programs would cover crop production, animal breeding and husbandry, plant protection and rural communications. About 60% of the trainees would be extension workers from the Department of Agriculture. The balance of trainees would come from the Departments of Natural Resources, Agrarian Reform and Local Government and Community Development. The 40 trainers required would be selected from senior line agency staff with field experience. 38. The main objective of the FTCs is to assist the Government in devel- oping a pilot scheme for training farmer leaders through short courses on agri- cultural technology and management, aimed at achieving increased food production and rural incomes. Courses, which will be of about a week's duration, will be commodity-oriented, will teach up-to-date farm production technology, and will concentrate on communication skills and managerial aspects of agricul- tural and rural development programs. A total of 45,000 farmer leaders would be trained at the FTCs during the five-year implementation. On their return to the villages, these farmer leaders, with assistance from local extension agents and FTC staff, would establish demonstration farm plots and train farmers from the surrounding areas, thus multiplying benefits of the training. Bank financing would be provided for simple physical facilities and equipment,  - 14 - mainly at existing demonstration stations operated by the Department of Agri- culture. The trainers needed would be recruited mainly from the Department of Agriculture and would be given necessary training at the proposed NTC. If the proposed pilot scheme is successful, the Government plans eventually to establish an FTC in each of the 73 provinces in the Philippines. The project would also provide equipment and materials ($0.8 million) to the Bureau of Agricultural Extension units in the service areas of the six FTCs to facilitate back-up support by extension personnel to FTC-trained farmer leaders and to establish a mode of extension service operations that takes fullest advantage of the village-level contacts established through the farmer leader training. The National Governing Board (NGB), which includes representatives of the agencies concerned with agriculture and rural develop- ment, would be responsible for policy and program formulation for the National, Regional and Farmer Training Centers. The NGB would send to the Bank for comments its annual operational plans for the different training centers (Section 3.10 (b) of the draft Loan Agreement). 39. Project Management Support ($0.1 million). Seven man-years of fellowships and study tours would be financed under the project to strengthen staff capability of the Rural Development Section of the Education Implementing Task Force (EDPITAF), the project implementation unit. The objective is to develop a core of staff capable of formulating and executing plans in agricul- tural and rural education and training. Two man-years of fellowships would also be provided to strengthen the staff capability of the Technical Panel for Agricultural Education. 40. Feasibility and Industrial Policy Studies ($0.4 million). Four and one half years of advisory services would be financed to assist EDPITAF in carrying out feasibility studies for a number of future development projects. At the request of the Government and as a part of its efforts to improve its research capabilities in economic policy areas, two years of advisory services would be financed to assist the Philippine Center of Economic Development in conducting a workshop and studies on industrial policy. Project Cost and Financing 41. The total project cost is estimated at $45.3 million equivalent (including $3.3 million for taxes). This includes a physical contingency of 7% of base cost estimates and an overall price contingency amounting to about 27% of project costs (including physical contingency) to take into account the expected rates of international and domestic inflation. Base costs per man-year of specialists' services and overseas fellowships are based on the following: $55,000 for specialists; $15,000 for study tour; $12,000 for doctoral fellow- ships; and $10,000 for masters' degree fellowships. Detailed cost estimates are given in Annex III. The proposed loan would finance the foreign exchange component of the project, estimated at $25.0 million, or 60% of the total project cost net of taxes. The balance would be financed from Government budgetary resources. Expenditures for professional services and fellowships incurred after l4ay 1, 1976 are recommended for retroactive financing up to a maximum of $450,000; these expenditures were necessary to ensure the timely preparation of the project and to initiate the staff development program.  - 15 - Project Implementation 42. The project implementing unit, EDPITAF, in the Department of Educa- tion and Culture, currently in charge of implementing the Second and Third Education Projects, would be responsible for project administration, procurement, financial control and liaison with the Bank. The teaching programs of the National and Regional Training Centers and the Farmer Training Centers would be the responsibility of a Secretariat of the National Governing Board in the Department of Agriculture. Key staff of the Secretariat have been appointed and prospective trainers for regional rural training and farmer training centers have been selected and given a two-week orientation training. Specific training programs for extension workers and farmer leaders and budgetary arrangements have also been worked out. A master plan for VISCA and sketch plans for all other project institutions have been prepared. Design and supervision of civil works for VISCA and the University of the Philippines are being carried out by local consultants, assisted in the case of VISCA by a foreign campus planner. The architectural division of EDPITAF has prepared sketch designs for the Philippine Training Centers for Rural Development. Satisfactory sites have already been acquired for all project institutions. A Fellowships Committee has been established and selection criteria and proce- dures for awarding fellowships have been formulated. Monitoring and Evaluation 43. The Government would establish a monitoring and evaluation system for all the project components. This will ensure that data essential to the project execution are provided to the project managers. The University of the Philippines and Visayas State College of Agriculture components will be monitored by the project implementation unit, and the Philippine Training Centers for Rural Development will be monitored by the Secretariat of NGB in the Department of Agriculture (Section 3.08 (a) of the draft Loan Agreement). The Government would also prepare a report providing its assessment of the project and the lessons learned during the project implementation, within three months after the Closing Date (Section 3.08 (b) of the draft Loan Agreement). Procurement and Disbursements 44. Major contracts for civil works, furniture, and equipment with an estimated total cost of $30.0 million would be awarded on the basis of inter- national competitive bidding in accordance with Bank Group Guidelines. In the evaluation of bids for equipment and furniture, qualified local manufacturers would be given a preference of 15% or the level of customs duties, whichever is less. Contracts for civil works, estimated to cost less than $700,000 each, with an estimated total cost of about $5.5 million, and contracts for furniture and equipment, estimated to cost less than $50,000 each, and with an estimated total cost of about $2.0 million, would not be suitable for international competitive bidding. These civil works contracts would be distributed widely throughout the country and phased over time, and the furniture contracts are small and could not be easily aggregated into larger bid packages. These contracts would therefore be awarded on the basis of competitive bidding advertised locally in accordance with Government procedures which are accept- able to the Bank. Foreign bidders would be allowed to participate. Furniture  - 16 - for VISCA, estimated to cost $200,000, would be produced by the College's own maintenance and production workshop, which is currently producing inexpensive furniture of acceptable quality. In addition, miscellaneous items, in contracts not exceeding $10,000 equivalent, subject to a limit of $250,000 equivalent in the aggregate, could be purchased on the basis of acceptable local procedures that would involve solicitation of a minimum of three price quotations. Books (estimated value $300,000) would be procured directly from authorized distributors after negotiations for bulk purchases. 45. The proposed loan would be disbursed on the basis of: (a) 33% of total expenditures on civil works and furniture; (b) 50% of total expenditures on consulting services for master planning and architectural designs; (c) 100% of foreign expenditures for directly imported goods and on the ex-factory price of locally manufactured goods, or 65% of expenditures on goods which are imported but procured locally; and (d) 100% of expenditures on technical assistance. A schedule of estimated disbursement is given in Annex III. Project Benefits 46. The project is designed to provide for the strengthening of agricul- tural education institutions and to bring about a significant improvement in the quality of agricultural education and training. It would thereby help the Government to meet the manpower requirements of the agricultural sector and to realize its objective of increasing agricultural production. Assistance for facilities, equipment, and staff development in agriculture, forestry, animal science, and veterinary medicine is expected to result in greater numbers of graduates who qualify for professional occupations in their respective fields. The proposed assistance to the Visayas State College of Agriculture would pro- vide a third major region of the Philippines with a strong agricultural college to supply manpower and technical assistance for regional development. With the assistance to be provided under the project the institutions involved will pro- vide the following percentages of the projected annual national manpower needs between 1976 and 1985: the College of Forestry, 25%; the College of Veterinary Medicine, 60%; the Department of Animal Science, 40%; and VISCA, 20% of the regional agricultural manpower needs. Even with the project, there would still be sizable manpower deficits. These are the inevitable result of the time lag involved in increasing the output of well-trained graduates. The project, however, has been geared to the maximum feasible rate of expansion, taking into account the urgent need for quality improvement. 47. The proposed project would also help establish institutions for nonformal agricultural education. By 1981, the proposed Rural Training Centers would provide in-service training to about 3,600 rural field workers annually. This is expected to afford practically all 2.3 million farm families access to well-trained extension workers by 1985. The proposed  - 17 - Farmer Training Centers, are expected to help the Government develop effective. farmer training programs which would help expand the effective use of the high-yielding crop varieties, fertilizers, pesticides, credit, and marketing. Every farmer leader trained directly would be expected to impart knowledge and skills learned to 10 farmers in his village and, in all, about 450,000 farmers would benefit from the farmer leader training programs in a five-year period. Conclusion 48. The project is designed to support the Government's program of developing education and training to increase agricultural production. Realization of the full benefits of the proposed project will depend on effective Government actions in a number of areas. (a) It is important that the Technical Panel for Agricultural Education and its Secretariat develop into an effective institution by rapidly improving its staff capability and successfully fulfilling its responsibilities for implementing an effective system of accrediting agricultural education institutions. (b) In order to make effective use of better trained agricultural graduates, it will be necessary for the Government to improve the salaries and organization of Government agencies concerned with increasing agricultural production. The Government is studying the issue of civil service salaries and has initiated a review of the agriculture extension system. In this connection the Govern- ment has requested the Bank to send a mission to the Philippines to review their agricultural extension system and to make recommendations for its improvement; the mission is scheduled for April. (c) The success of the nonformal training components will depend on active, participation by the user agencies in program development and evaluation of results. The organi zational arrangements for these components have been designed to help ensure appropriate coordination and participation of the agencies concerned. Bank staff will closely monitor developments on these matters. Although some risks relating to (a), (b) and (c) in this paragraph are involved, the benefits of the project are substantial and, with the conditions proposed, the project can be expected to make a significant contribution to the development of the Philippines. PART V - LEGAL INSTRUIIENTS AND AUTHORITY 49. The draft Loan Agreement between the Republic of the Philippines and the Bank, the report of the Committee provided for in Article III, Section 4 (iii) of the Articles of Agreement of the Bank and the text of the draft resolution approving the proposed loan are being distributed separately to the Executive Directors. Features of particular interest are referred to in Section III of Annex IV to this report.  - 18 - 50. I am satisfied that the proposed loan would comply with the Articles of Agreement of the Bank. PART VI - RECOMMENDATION 51. I recommend that the Executive Directors approve the proposed loan. Robert S. McNamara President Attachments February 16, 1977 Washington, D. C.  TABLE 34 Page I of I4 pages PHILIPPINES - SOCIAL INDICATORS DATA SHEET LAND AREA (THOU K)42)-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ___ .......... ~~~~~~PHILIPPINES REFERENCE COUNTRIES (1970) TOTAL 300.0 MOST RECENT AGRIC. 116.3 1 960 L970 ESTIMATE THAILAND rURREY KOREA,REP. CF * GNP PER CAPITA (US$) 140.0 230.0 310.0 2 10. 0 48 0. 0 2to0.0 PUPULATION AkND VITAL STATISTICS POPULATION (MID-YR, MILLION) 217. 4 36. 9 4 2. 5 36 .3 35.7 31 .4 POPUJLATIJN DENiSITY PER SQUARE KH. 91.0 123.0 142.0 71.0 46.C 319.0 PER SQ. KM. AGRICULTURAL LAND . 27 9.O 326.0 Id 6.61. 0 1 320. 0 VITAL STATISTLCS AVERAGE BIRTH RATE I/THOU) 45. 1 4 4 .2 4 3. 8 4 4. 3 4 0. 6 35. 0 AVERAGE DEATH RATE c/THOU) 11.9 13.2 10.5 13.1 14.4 11.4 14FANT MlORTALITY RATE (/THUU) . 8 0.0 68.0 L! 0.0 14 5. 0 LTFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH (YRS) 4 9. 4 55. 6 58. 4 55 .5 5 4 .4 5 .17 ,~RUSS HEPRJDUCTION NATE 3. 5 / .3. 3 3. 3 3 .2 2 .6 /a.b 2.6 PJPULATION GROWTH RATE Cl) TOTIAL 3 .0 3.0 2.9 3 .1 2 .5 2.3 URBAN 4 .0 4 .0 4. 0 4 .9 426.4 U V A N POPULAT ION (C O F TOTAL) 2 5.3 217.6 2 9.0 15 . 31.2 41L. 2 AGE STRUCTURE (PERCENT) 0 TO) 14 YEARS 4 5.17 4 5 .6 Ih.0 /a 45 .0 4 1. 8 42. 1 15 TO 64 TEARS 5t.6 51.6 54 0 ~52.0 53.9 54.6 65 YEARS ArRO OVER 2.1 7 .8 2.0 3.04.33. AGE UEPENDEACY RATIO D. 9 0 .9 0.9 0. 9 0. 9 0.8 ECUNUMIC DEPENDENCY RATIO 1.3/b 1.5 1. 4 b 1. 1.1L 1. 4 FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS (CUMULATIVE, T HOU). 35 4. 0 28172. 5 4170.0 USERS (I OF HARRIED WOMEN) . 2. 0 1 9. 0 1 0.' 8.2 42. 0 E MPL DYHENT TOTAL LABOR FORCE (THOUSAND) 10100.0 Ie300.0 14200.0 Iol00.0 14 50D.0 0 10400.0 LABOR FORCE IN AGRICULTURE CC) 6 1. 0 55.0/a 56.0 /c 7 9.0 67.0 50. 5 / UNEM4PLOYED El OF LABOR FORCE) 6 .0 . 0 4. 0 4. 0 ~ s. o/ INCOmE DISTRIBUTION 1OF PIVATE INCOME RECOD BY- HIGHEST SC OF HJUSEHOLDS 28.6 . 24. 8/d . 3 2 .8 117.1I HIGHEST 200 OF HOUSEHOLDS 56. 2 54. O d 6 0.6 4 4. 5 LOWEST AD: OF HOUSEHOLOS 11.9 2 3 11. 9d f . 1 LOWEST 420 OF HOUSEHOLDS 4. L . 93.9 ..92.9 117.1 DISTRIBUTION OF LAND OWNERSHIP U WNED BY TOP 10% OF OWNERS .. .. 5 3.1 28. 0 C UWNED BY SMALLEST 10% OWNERS . .. . . 0. 9 2. 0 HEAL TV AND NUTRITIUN POPULATION PER PHYSICIAN .. . 3220.0 /910.0 2 22 0.0 22 10.0 POPULATION PER NURSING PERSON . . 2000.0 e 6 650. 0 1860.0 Zs 1160.00 PUPULATIONi PER HOSPITAL WED 118J.0 850.0 . 850.t0 49 0.0 1 92 0.0 PER CAPITA SUPPLY OF- CALORIES Cl OF REQUIREMENTS) 3. 0 100.0 9?.q La105.0 11 0.0 103.0 PROTEIN (GRAMS PER DAY) 4 4 .0 45 .0 41.0 52.0 1 8.0 65. 0 -OF WHICH ANIMAL AND PULSE I).0Li 2. 0 ..11.0 a 22.OA 19. 0 DEATH RATE (/THOU) AGES 1-4 9 .0/cg 9 .0 9.3/a. 15.C/b E,DUCATION ADJUSTED ENROLLMENT RATIO PRIMARY SCHOOL 91 0/e 108 0k 110.0a.'g 82.0 I1.0Li 104.0 SECONDARY SCHOOL 26.07- 4'8.0 48.0Ogi 16. 0 28.0 41. 0 YEARS OF SCHOOLING PROVIDED (FIRST ANI SECOND LEVEL) 10.0O 10.0 10.0 12.0 11.0 12.0 VUCATIONAL ENROLLMENT (I OF SECONDVARYT 14. G Z 6 .0 9. 14 .0 /e 1 4 .0 16. 0 ADULT LITERACY RATE El) ... 2.0 IV. 0 5 5.OL1 817. 0 PERSONS PER RU01M (AVERAGE) 1 . .. .A 2.1 OCCUPIED UWELLINGS WITHIOUT PIPED WATER (C) 80).0 16 .'0 . 6 4.0 80.0Lg ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY (C OF ALL DWELLINGS) 11. 0 2 3.0 .. 4 1.0 50.0 RURAL DWELLINGS CONNECTED TO ELECTRICITY CT) .. . 0 . 1 8. 0 30. 0 C ON SUM1PTION RADOU RECEIVCRS (PER THOU POP) 22.0 45.0 45.u 1V.0 89.0 126.0 PIASSENGER CARS (PER THOU POP) 3.0 8.0 9.0 5.0 4.0 2.0 ELECTRICITY (KWH/YR PER CAP) 100.0 Z35.0 315.0 124.0 241.0 301.0 NEWSPRINT CKG./YAPER CAP) 1 .3 2. 0 1. 5 1 .0 0. 7 3 .4 SEE MOTES AND DEFINITIONS ON REViRSE  AbElf I Page 2 of is pog.s RNOTES Unless otherwise noted, dots for 1960 refer to say year betweso 1959 And 1961, for 1970 botwen 1968 and 1.970, and for Most R-ecat Ratimate betnean 1973 and 1975. -m torso has been seleted ase an objeotlee e,0-trY on the b.ase of its slollar population, location and jocose leve and, like the Phillppicco, it Is expected to gro rapidly in the coining years. PIIIPPRP 1.960 A 1950-55w As Ratio of population under 15 and 65 and over to total labor force; a. 1960-62; /d 1962; A, 7-12 and 13-16 7.ars of Age respectively; /f Not Incluading eooatbona2 ohort-t.n courses. 1970 Ia As permctage of eaploymnt; /b 7-12 and 13-16 years of age respectively; / Not includaing private vocatioata schools or vocational short-tmenocumes. MOS ROtT UDETYIiTRsTE a l972i /b Ratio of poPolation wider 15 sod 65 Ann ova> to total labor force; L. An percantge of of eployment; Id 19Th; /. Includiog idwives; If 1969-71 -vrago; / 7-12 and 13-16 years of age respectively. Tiir,IRN 1970 A 1 96t-66; /b 7-13 and 11-18 years of age resp.ctiv-Jy; /c Public schools which inoods technical education at the pest-secondary leve. TURKEY 1970 A EcPolodee 17 eastern presisices; /b 1965467; /a RAtio of Population wider 15 sad 65 and over to labor force 15 years and over; /a 15 ye.ar and over, excludes ausmployed a. Registered oil)-; If Disposable looms; La In- oloding Assistant nones and midwives; A 1964-66; & 7-fl year of age; L Persons 6 years old and over who tell the canons takers they can reald and writ.. tKOREA, REP. OP 1970 ~As. percentage of sopiopyent; A Registered; /. Relgistered, not all practicing to the country; /d Woter piped inside. R8, Noveber 3, 1976 DEFpNsofTiiS OF SOCIAl. GNDTCATORS Land A--- (th.. j..2) ~~~~~~~~~Popuistion popors -Inc Perso - PuPu1totin divided by saickr of practitina Tet.l Totol oursc ares conp,ising isod cr00 00d alsodwaes OsIo sand female gv-do-t nurso, "tr--d" or "certified" nurs..s, sad Acnic. -sos -revt vstinoce of ogric-ituval arcs used temPOrarily c suiia-y p-r-oe with irsining or ecperiesce. penronc-tly for crops, posture, sarbet & kitchen gardea. or to lie Popoistion nor hospinsi bad - Population divided by omber of h.spitsi beds fallow. av-ilsbis in public and privstc ges-ra and opecislisod haspitsi and r-habilitistio testers., coiud-a suri c bhses sod aotsbiishmamts for GOP er ayis (il) GNfP par capita esltin too arourre a mrks> princ .. uo..cdis.i sd p-oventive caps ealcuIsted by sam convrsion method so World Bsnk AtIss (19 73-c75 e sica suopl of calories i of resuitree tca) - Ceputsd fron energy basis), 1960, 1970 sad 1973 dots. - qiaet of nor food nopplivo -vaisbis is coomtcy per capita per doy; s-aislebl supplies comprise domestic production, imports less moparts, Ponolacion and vital tistintico sod chsnges io stock, set suple cud Ia feed, see.ds, qoanti- Pnvuiakcs(midcr. illin) -An of July firot: if not avilable, cs osd In fod proveuig sod loos en in diotribution, r-qireisooto scrsos of nC. emd-yesroeiso,1960, 1970 and 1975 data. mmcc ospti-ted by FA0 hosed on physiological needs f.r corn1 -ctitiy sod heaslch coniderieg ovir-aoec.ltatinperatare, body weightas, age sand oem diniribo,ciosa of poplistion, aod allowing lit for asate at hasoehold fopulotioc de-oity - Pee sconce us - Mid-year POPo1atio Per Square kilo- leel. mter (lii bect--o) of total ores. Per. aePit ss 4 of e entis(graaa pe d f_ - Protein -oateot of per Pcpuspin dasio-cr Oscar ha of aspic. land - Cmapoted so shov for ospViract sup'ply ovf food pev d.y, slet sppiy of foud is defineda sirioultors1 land onybove; reqolrsesto for all c-umaies sotabliohed by USDA eooi RecS-ph Scroicce y-ide for a ea1M-c allo-ce- oP 60 ares of rot1 Vital a_stini-o prPesi per day, sod 20 gra- of atiand palse protein, of which roebirhpt c huadaesc-Ana iebrh o thousan.d IC) graow sh-Id ha amlisal protein, these standards ore lower thas thosle of sid-yoop Pipsioticon tcc-Year grithoeti caeae ending to 196i and of 75 gros of atatl protein sod 23 grau of asisaI protef